hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
A Study of Confucius as a Reformer of Institutions
A Study of Confucius as a Reformer of Institutions or On Confucius as a Reformer (Chinese: 孔子改制考), also translated as A Study of Kongzi as a Reformer, A Study of Confucius as Reformist, is a book written by Kang Youwei that preaches the idea of "changing the institutions based on the teachings of the old times" (托古改制). The book was started in 1886 and first published in 1897 to suggest substantial changes to the imperial system of Qing dynasty.

The book dresses up the otherwise conservative Confucius as someone who is full of enterprising spirit and advocating democratic ideas and a notion of equality. According to Kang, Confucius was a visionary of institutional change who articulated a concept of progress that had been obscured by Old Text scholars.

After the publication of A Study of Confucius as a Reformer of Institutions, it yielded a tremendous social influence. Finally, the book was banned by the Qing government in 1898 and again in 1900 for political reasons.

Idea
In philosophy and in common usage, an idea (from the Greek word: ἰδέα (idea), meaning 'a form, or a pattern') is the result of thought. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create  and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings.

An idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, when we talk about the idea of a person or a place. A new or an original idea can often lead to innovation. Our actions are based upon beliefs, beliefs are patterns or organized sets of ideas.
Samica (musical instrument)
The samica (meaning 'alone' in Croatian and Serbian, due to it being played solo) is a small stringed and fretted traditional Croatian and Serbian folk instrument.

Its overall shape is similar to that of the dangubica, and has up to four strings. One of these strings is used to play a melody, the rest being used as drones, playing a single note.

The samica is often played to accompany dancing and singing. Along with the dangubica, the samica is one of the forerunners of the modern tamburitza.

Drone (sound)
In music, a drone is a harmonic or monophonic effect or accompaniment where a note or chord is continuously sounded throughout most or all of a piece.  A drone may also be any part of a musical instrument used to produce this effect; an archaic term for this is burden (bourdon or burdon) such as a "drone [pipe] of a bagpipe", the pedal point in an organ, or the lowest course of a lute. Α burden is also part of a song that is repeated at the end of each stanza, such as the chorus or refrain.
Eliogabalo
Eliogabalo (Heliogabalus) is an opera by the Italian composer Francesco Cavalli based on the reign and assassination of the debauched teenage Roman emperor Heliogabalus. The author of the original libretto remained anonymous, but it was probably reworked by Aurelio Aureli. The opera was composed in 1667 and was intended to be premiered during the Venetian Carnival season of 1668. In fact, it was not staged in Cavalli's lifetime and was replaced with a revised text by Aureli, in which Eliogabalo repents and lives, and with music by the much younger composer Giovanni Antonio Boretti, perhaps because Cavalli's style was considered too old-fashioned or because the Jesuits, who were regaining power in Venice at the time, were thought likely to oppose putting a story about a regicide on stage.

Nadine Sierra
Nadine Sierra (born May 14, 1988) is an American soprano. She is best known for her interpretation of Gilda in Verdi's Rigoletto, and Lucia in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. Currently performing in leading roles in the top opera houses around the world, she received the 1st Prize and People's Choice Award 2013 at the Neue Stimmen competition, is the 2017 Richard Tucker Music Foundation Award Winner, and was awarded the Beverly Sills Artists Award in 2018. Her debut album on the Universal Music Group label, There's a Place for Us, was released on August 24, 2018, and her second album, Made for Opera, was released March 4, 2022.
Gui River
The Gui River (Chinese: 桂江; pinyin: Guì Jiāng) is a river in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, and a tributary of the Xi Jiang. It is formed in Pingle by the confluence of the Li River and Lipu River and flows southeast, merging with the Xun Jiang to form the Xi at Wuzhou.

Pingle County
Pingle County (simplified Chinese: 平乐县; traditional Chinese: 平樂縣; pinyin: Pínglè Xiàn; Zhuang: Bingzloz Yen) is a county in the northeast of Guangxi, China. It is under the administration of Guilin city.
Miedzna Murowana
Miedzna Murowana [ˈmjɛd͡zna murɔˈvana] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żarnów, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Żarnów, 10 km (6 mi) south of Opoczno, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Żarnów
Żarnów [ˈʐarnuf] is a town in Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district called Gmina Żarnów. It lies approximately 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Opoczno and 77 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The town belongs to historic region of Lesser Poland. Its name most probably comes from the phrase miejsce żarne - burned-out area, and refers to burning of forests in ancient times, to make fields. Żarnów has a long history, in the early years of Polish state it was a major urban center of the country. The first written mention of the settlement dates from 1065.
2024–25 Basketball League of Serbia
The 2024–25 Admiral Bet Basketball League of Serbia (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошаркашка лига Србије 2024–25.) is the 19th season of the Basketball League of Serbia, the top-tier professional basketball league in Serbia. Also, it is the 80th national championship played by Serbian clubs inclusive of the nation's previous incarnations as Yugoslavia and Serbia & Montenegro.

Crvena zvezda Meridianbet is the 9-time defending champion.

Partizan Mozzart Bet did not register several of its best players for this competition.

Serbian basketball league system
The Serbian basketball league system, or Serbian basketball league pyramid is a series of interconnected competitions for professional basketball clubs in Serbia. The system has a hierarchical format with a promotion and demotion system between competitions at different levels.
Charaxes marieps
Charaxes marieps, the Marieps emperor, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in South Africa.

The wingspan is 48–60 mm in males and 65–70 mm in females. Has two broods from September to November and March to May.

Larvae feed on Ochna species. The habitat is montane forest.

Notes on the biology of marieps are given by Pringle et al (1994).

Ochna
Ochna is a genus comprising 79 species of evergreen trees, shrubs and shrublets belonging to the flowering plant family Ochnaceae. These species are native to tropical woodlands of Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes and Asia. Species of this genus are usually called ochnas, bird's-eye bushes or Mickey-mouse plants, a name derived from the shape of the drupelet fruit. The name of this genus comes from the Greek word ὄχνη (ókhnē), used by Theocritus and meaning "wild pear", as the leaves are similar in appearance. Some species, including Ochna integerrima (yellow Mai flower) and O. serrulata (bird's eye plant), are cultivated as decorative plants.
2002 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships
The 2002 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships were held at the Queen Elizabeth II Park in Christchurch, New Zealand, between December 12–14, 2002. They were held together with the 2002 Oceania Open Championships.
A total of 34 events were contested, 17 by boys and 17 by girls.

Queen Elizabeth II Park
Queen Elizabeth II Stadium was a multi-use stadium in Christchurch, New Zealand, located in a large park called Queen Elizabeth II Park. The stadium had a capacity of 25,000 people and was built in 1973 to host the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, with a temporary 10,000 seat western stand erected for that event to take the capacity to 35,000. The stadium suffered some damage in the September 2010 Canterbury earthquake but was able to reopen, only to be damaged beyond repair in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.

The park is now home to two schools: Avonside Girls' and Shirley Boys' and Taiora QEII Recreation and Sport Centre – all newly built since the earthquakes.
Poisson boundary
In mathematics, the Poisson boundary is a probability space associated to a random walk. It is an object designed to encode the asymptotic behaviour of the random walk, i.e. how trajectories diverge when the number of steps goes to infinity. Despite being called a boundary, it is in general a purely measure-theoretical object and not a boundary in the topological sense. However, in the case where the random walk is on a topological space, the Poisson boundary can be related to the Martin boundary, which is an analytic construction yielding a genuine topological boundary. Both boundaries are related to harmonic functions on the space via generalisations of the Poisson formula.

Poisson kernel
In mathematics, and specifically in potential theory, the Poisson kernel is an integral kernel, used for solving the two-dimensional Laplace equation, given Dirichlet boundary conditions on the unit disk. The kernel can be understood as the derivative of the Green's function for the Laplace equation. It is named for Siméon Poisson.

Poisson kernels commonly find applications in control theory and two-dimensional problems in electrostatics.
In practice, the definition of Poisson kernels are often extended to n-dimensional problems.
Asima Chatterjee
Asima Chatterjee (23 September 1917 – 22 November 2006) was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university.

Vinca alkaloid
Vinca alkaloids are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule alkaloid agents originally derived from the periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus (basionym Vinca rosea) and other vinca plants.  They block beta-tubulin polymerization in a dividing cell.
Faking Love
"Faking Love" is a song written by Matraca Berg and Bobby Braddock, and recorded by American country music artists T. G. Sheppard and Karen Brooks.  It was released in October 1982 as the second single from Sheppard's  album Perfect Stranger.  The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks within the Top 40.

Matraca Berg
Matraca Maria Berg Hanna (/məˈtreɪsə/; born February 3, 1964) is an American country music singer and songwriter. She has released five albums: three for RCA Records, one for Rising Tide Records and one for Dualtone Records, and has charted in the top 40 of the U.S. Billboard country chart with "Baby, Walk On" and "The Things You Left Undone," both at No. 36. Besides most of her own material, Berg has written hits for T.G. Sheppard, Karen Brooks, Trisha Yearwood, Deana Carter, Patty Loveless, Kenny Chesney and others. In 2008 she was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and in 2018 she received the Poet's Award from the Academy of Country Music Awards. Since 1993 she has been married to Jeff Hanna of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.
Moses Chamberlain Edey
Moses Chamberlain Edey (1845–1919) was an Ottawa architect who designed the Aberdeen Pavilion at Lansdowne Park, a National Historic Site and the Daly Building (1905–1992), which was Ottawa's first department store.

His architectural styles were Gothic, Romanesque, and Beaux Arts, with the Daly Building a Chicago style.
Edey had worked with Ottawa architect W.E. Noffke and Ottawa architect Francis Conroy Sullivan had once worked as a draftsman for Edey.

Chicago school (architecture)
The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from the architecture of Chicago. In the history of architecture, the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial esthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism. Much of its early work is also known as Commercial Style.

A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist esthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems, such as the tube-frame structure.
Fela Sowande
Chief Olufela Obafunmilayo "Fela" Sowande ListenⓘMBE (29 May 1905 – 13 March 1987) was a Nigerian musician and composer. Considered the father of modern Nigerian art music, Sowande is perhaps the most internationally known African composer of works in the European "classical" idiom.

Art music
Art music (alternatively called classical music, cultivated music, serious music, and canonic music) is music considered to be of high phonoaesthetic value. It typically implies advanced structural and theoretical considerations or a written musical tradition. In this context, the terms "serious" or "cultivated" are frequently used to present a contrast with ordinary, everyday music (i.e. popular and folk music, also called "vernacular music"). Many cultures have art music traditions; in the Western world, the term typically refers to Western classical music.
Ventana
Ventana (Spanish for "window") can refer to:

Club Hotel de la Ventana, a hotel resort opened in 1911 in Argentina

Sierra de La Ventana, a small town in Tornquist Partido in Argentina

Ventana Cave, a National Historic Landmark in Arizona, U.S.

Ventana Double Cone, a twin mountaintop in the Ventana Wilderness

Ventana Wilderness, an area in the Santa Lucia Mountains in California

Ventana Wildlife Society, a  non- profit environmental organization in California

La Ventana, a town in Baja California Sur,  Mexico

La Ventana (yearbook),  the yearbook of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, U.S.

a fictional nuclear power plant in the 1979 movie  The China Syndrome

Ventana Wildlife Society
Ventana Wildlife Society (VWS) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in 1977 by a group of private citizens to restore endangered species native to central California. VWS has three full-time staff biologists, together with seasonal interns, monitoring, tracking and researching endangered species, songbirds and butterflies. Educational science programs for school children bring youth in touch with nature in their own neighborhoods, or through summer science camps.

Since 1997, they have released captive-bred condors into the wild. During the 2020 Dolan Fire, 12 Condors were killed and a research building was destroyed.
Jean-Marc Bosman
Jean-Marc Bosman (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁk bɔsman]; born 30 October 1964) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. His judicial challenge of the football transfer rules led to the Bosman ruling in 1995.

This landmark judgement, which was handed down by the European Court of Justice, completely changed the way footballers are employed, allowing professional players in the European Union to move freely to another club at the end of their contract with their present team.

Belgian Cup
The Belgian Cup (French: Coupe de Belgique; Dutch: Beker van België; German: Belgischer Fußballpokal) is the main knockout football competition in Belgium, run by the Royal Belgian FA. The competition started in 1908 with provincial selections as the "Belgian Provinces Cup". Starting from 1912 only actual clubs were allowed to partake. As of 1964, the Belgian Cup has been organised annually. Since the 2015–16 edition, the Belgian Cup is called the Croky Cup, for sponsorship purposes. The final traditionally takes place at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels.

The most successful cup club is Club Brugge with 12 Belgian Cups in their possession. The current champions are Club Brugge, having beaten rivals Anderlecht 2–1 in the 2025 final. The winners are awarded a challenge cup and qualify for the UEFA Europa League and the Belgian Supercup.
Ignazio Marabitti
Ignazio Marabitti (6 September 1719 in Palermo – 1797 in Palermo) was a Sicilian sculptor of the late Baroque period.

He trained in Rome in the studio of Filippo della Valle, head of the Accademia di San Luca, but was mainly active in Sicily, where his works can be found in Siracusa, Caltanisetta, Catania, Messina, and Palermo.

Among his notable works is the Fontana del Genio a Villa Giulia, and statues on the facades of the Cathedral of Syracuse and the Cathedral of Palermo.

Palermo Cathedral
Palermo Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo, located in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy. It is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. As an architectural complex, it is characterized by the presence of different styles, due to a long history of additions, alterations and restorations, the last of which occurred in the 18th century.
Theron Strinden
Theron Strinden (May 26, 1919 – March 3, 2011) was an American politician and businessman from North Dakota.

Born in Litchville, North Dakota, Strinden went to college and then served in the United States Army during World War II. After the war, he returned to Litchville to work in his family's hardware and farm implement business. From 1963 to 1967 and 1969 to 1981, he served in the North Dakota State Senate and was President Pro Tempore of the North Dakota Senate. His younger brother Earl Strinden served in the North Dakota House of Representatives.

North Dakota Senate
The North Dakota State Senate is the upper house of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly, smaller than the North Dakota House of Representatives.

Per the state constitution, North Dakota is divided into between 40 and 54 legislative districts apportioned by population as determined by the decennial census.  The 2000 redistricting plan provided for 47 districts, with one senator elected from each district.

Senators serve four-year terms. Elections are staggered such that half the senate districts have elections every two years. In the 2022 North Dakota elections, a ballot measure passed with 63.4% of the vote creating term limits of eight years in the North Dakota Senate, which was put into effect starting January 2023.

The Senate Chamber is located in the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, North Dakota.
Ingrata
The species name ingrata (Latin for "offensive") is a common element in taxonomic names. Examples include:

Fungi:

Clavulina ingrata, a species of coral fungus found in Malaysia

Hygrocybe ingrata, a species of waxcap mushroom found in Europe

Insects:

Caloptilia ingrata, a species of insect known from Tanzania

Endothenia ingrata, a species of moth in the genus Endothenia

Eupithecia ingrata, a synonym of Eupithecia nigrilinea, a species of moth found in central Asia

Stemmatophora ingrata, a synonym of Hypotia proximalis, a species of snout moth found in Azerbaijan and Pakistan

Terias ingrata, a synonym of Eurema boisduvaliana, a species of butterfly found from Costa Rica to Mexico

Trychosis ingrata, a species of wasp found in much of Europe

Plants:

Acacia ingrata, a species of shrub native to Western Australia

Michelia ingrata, a species of plant endemic to China

Myristica Ingrata, a species of tree in the genus Myristica found in Asia and the western Pacific

Eupithecia nigrilinea
Eupithecia nigrilinea is a moth in the  family Geometridae. It is found in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Nepal and northern Thailand. The habitat consists of mountainous areas at altitudes ranging from 1,700 to 4,500 meters.

There is one generation per year with adults on wing in summer.
Road Movie (1973 film)
Road Movie is a 1973 road movie drama film produced and directed by Joseph Strick, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Judith Rascoe. It stars Robert Drivas, Regina Baff, Barry Bostwick, and David Bauer.

The film is based on Strick's experiences one summer, working as a long-haul truck driver.

Truck driver
A truck driver  (commonly referred to as a trucker, teamster or driver in the United States and Canada; a truckie in Australia and New Zealand; an HGV driver in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the European Union, a lorry driver, or driver in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Malaysia and Singapore) is a person who earns a living as the driver of a truck, which is commonly defined as a large goods vehicle (LGV) or heavy goods vehicle (HGV) (usually a semi truck, box truck, or dump truck).
Aurseulles
Aurseulles (French pronunciation: [ɔʁsœl]) is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France. It was established on 1 January 2017 by the merger of the former communes of Anctoville, Longraye, Saint-Germain-d'Ectot and Torteval-Quesnay. The commune has its administrative offices in Anctoville.

Calvados (department)
Calvados (UK: /ˈkælvədɒs/, US: /-doʊs, ˌkælvəˈdoʊs, ˌkɑːlvəˈ-/; French: [kalvados] ⓘ) is a department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the Normandy coast. In 2019, it had a population of 694,905.
2014 Hong Kong Tennis Open
The 2014 Hong Kong Tennis Open was a women's professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was part of the 2014 WTA Tour and a return of the Hong Kong Open women's tennis tournament last held in 1993. It took place in Victoria Park, Hong Kong, from September 8 to 14.

Misa Eguchi
Misa Eguchi (江口 実沙, Eguchi Misa; born 18 April 1992) is a former professional Japanese tennis player.

In her career, she won six singles and seven doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 12 September 2016, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 109. On 17 November 2014, she peaked at No. 185 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Eguchi won her first $50k title at the 2014 Burnie International, defeating Elizaveta Kulichkova in the final. Six months later, she advanced to her first ever WTA Tour quarterfinal at the Baku Cup, losing in three sets to Bojana Jovanovski.
Mabel Clint
Mabel Brown Clint, ARRC (June 21, 1874 – March 17, 1939) was a Canadian nurse and author. She served with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in France, Belgium, and Greece during the First World War. Born in Quebec, she worked as a nurse and volunteered for duty when war was declared in 1914. She embarked for the United Kingdom with the first set of troops and was among the first 100 nurses to serve near the Western Front in France. She published her memoir, Our Bit: Memories of War Service by a Canadian Nursing-Sister, in 1934.

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.