hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought
Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein is a collection of essays on themes in the history of physics by Gerald Holton. It was originally published in 1973 by Harvard University Press, who issued multiple reprints of the book leading up to the publication of a revised edition in 1988. The book has been translated into several languages and has received many reviews.

History of physics
Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena from superstitions.

The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, especially the discovery of the law of gravity, began a process of knowledge accumulation and specialization that gave rise to the field of physics.

Mathematical advances of the 18th century gave rise to classical mechanics, and the increased used of the experimental method led to new understanding of thermodynamics.

In the 19th century, the basic laws of electromagnetism and statistical mechanics were discovered.

At the beginning of the 20th century, physics was transformed by the discoveries of quantum mechanics, relativity, and atomic theory.

Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and modern physics.
Montney Formation
The Montney Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Lower Triassic age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in British Columbia and Alberta.

It takes the name from the hamlet of Montney and was first described in Texaco's Buick Creek No. 7 well by J.H. Armitage in 1962. The well was drilled 41 kilometers (25 mi) north of Fort St. John, immediately east of the Alaska Highway.

Stratigraphic unit
A stratigraphic unit is a volume of rock of identifiable origin and relative age range that is defined by the distinctive and dominant, easily mapped and recognizable petrographic, lithologic or paleontologic features (facies) that characterize it.

Units must be mappable and distinct from one another, but the contact need not be particularly distinct. For instance, a unit may be defined by terms such as "when the sandstone component exceeds 75%".
Abdul Rasul (Iraqi scientist)
Abdul Rahman Rasul was an Iraqi nuclear engineer and a nuclear scientist. He was the central figure in Iraq's nuclear weapon program and is considered a nuclear weapon technologist. He was the head of Iraq's nuclear program from 1973 until 1981. He was heavily involved in France-Iraq nuclear cooperation deal. During his visit to France, he was poisoned at a Paris lunch by Mossad and died in 1981. Tzipi Livni, Israel's prominent and powerful politician is believed to be involved in his murder. He worked at Osirak, which was a nuclear reactor site reportedly involved in the development of nuclear weapons.

Mossad
The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים, romanized: ha-Mosád le-Modiʿín u-le-Tafkidím Meyuḥadím), popularly known as Mossad (UK: /ˈmɒsæd/ MOSS-ad, US: /moʊˈsɑːd/ moh-SAHD), is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security).

Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection, covert operations, and counter-terrorism. Its director answers directly and only to the prime minister. Its annual budget is estimated to be around ₪10 billion (US$2.73 billion), and it is estimated that it employs around 7,000 people, making it one of the world's largest espionage agencies. The organization has orchestrated many assassination plots across a variety of locations.
Grand Lodge of Russia
The Grand Lodge of Russia (GLoR) (Russian: Великая ложа России) is the Regular Masonic jurisdiction for Russia. The Grand Lodge was established on 24 June 1995. It was the first national grand lodge to be created in the country after the closure of the original Russian grand lodges in 1922 by the Bolsheviks.
The Grand Lodge of Russia has jurisdiction across the entire nation, and enjoys mutual recognition with most of the regular Grand Lodges worldwide, including the three senior or "home" Grand Lodges, namely the United Grand Lodge of England (recognition in 1996), the Grand Lodge of Ireland, and the Grand Lodge of Scotland; more than 100 other Grand Lodges in the world also exchange recognition.

In July 2016 the GLoR reported over 700 members, in more than 33 Lodges nationwide. The current Grand Master of the GLoR is Andrei Vladimirovich Bogdanov.

Regular Masonic jurisdiction
In Freemasonry, regularity is one of the factors by which individual Grand Lodges judge whether to recognise one another for the purposes of allowing formal interaction at the Grand Lodge level and visitation by members of other jurisdictions. Each individual Grand Lodge determines which other Grand Lodges it considers Regular (and the standards for determining this are not uniform between Grand Lodges).
Ria Persad
Ria Nutan Persad (born on June 18, 1974, in Trinidad and Tobago), also known as Ria Carlo, is a mathematician and a classical musician of Indian descent. She moved to the United States of America as a child. She currently mentors technology companies and is a public speaker.  She is signed as a fashion model, was the Ms. Tennessee titleholder in 2017 and the 2017 Ms. America (US) National Choice Winner. In 2018, Persad was a finalist and titleholder and was granted the title “Mrs. Grand Universe" in a pageant organized by Mrs. Universe in Cebu, Philippines.

Mrs. Universe
Mrs. Universe is an annual international event for "the most honorable married woman". The event is open to married, divorced, and widowed women from nations on all continents around the world, who are between the ages of 18 and 55, have a family and career, and are involved in a "significant cause". It is based in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Blocco-Juve
Blocco-Juve (Italian pronunciation: [ˌblɔkkoˈjuːve], Juve Block), also known as Blocco Juventus, (pronounced [ˈblɔkko juˈvɛntus], Juventus Block) was the nickname of the group of Juventus FC players called up to have been the backbone to the Italy national football team managed by Enzo Bearzot to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup Final and reached the semifinals of the 1978 FIFA World Cup and in the 1980 European Championship.

With this group the side managed by Giovanni Trapattoni dominated the Italian football and had one of the best teams in Europe and the world since the second half of the 1970s to the first half of the 1980s, winning amongst others six national championships, two Italian Cups and all international club competitions (world record), and included Dino Zoff, Claudio Gentile, Gaetano Scirea, Antonio Cabrini, Marco Tardelli, Roberto Bettega and Paolo Rossi.

Enzo Bearzot
Enzo Bearzot Grande Ufficiale OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɛntso bearˈtsɔt, -ˈdzɔt]; 26 September 1927 – 21 December 2010) was an Italian professional football player and manager. A defender and midfielder in his playing career, he also coached the Italy national team to victory in the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

Nicknamed Vecio (standard Italian vecchio, 'old man'), Bearzot coached the Italy national team the most (104 times, between September 1975 to June 1986). He was noted for his phlegmatic personality and pipe smoking.

A year after his death, an award was named in honour of the 1982 World Cup winning coach, the "Enzo Bearzot Award", for the best Italian coach of the year.
Dade Christian School
Dade Christian School is a private Christian school that enrolls kindergarten through 12th grade students in Miami, Florida.

The school was founded as a segregation academy in response to the court-ordered desegregation of Miami-Dade public schools. It is one of two private schools run by New Testament Baptist Church, a Southern Baptist church that also runs The Master's Academy. Dade Christian School had a 2024-2025 enrollment of 595.

Christian school
A Christian school is a religious school run on Christian principles or by a Christian organization. These schools often include religious education and worship in their curriculum. They may also have a distinct Christian mission or philosophy.

The nature of Christian schools varies enormously from country to country, according to the religious, educational, and political cultures. In some countries, there is a strict separation of church and state, so all religious schools are private; in others, there is an established church whose teachings form an integral part of the state-operated educational system; in yet others, the state subsidizes religious schools of various denominations.
David Harkness
David S. Harkness (born May 29, 1965) is an American former professional tennis player.

A left-hander, Harkness played four years of collegiate tennis while attending Brigham Young University (BYU). He was named WAC Freshman of the Year in 1985 and was a two-time All-American during his time at BYU.

Harkness, who turned professional in 1989, had a best singles world ranking of 256 and featured in the qualifying draw for the 1990 Wimbledon Championships. He won an ATP Challenger doubles title in Jakarta in 1990 (with Mike Briggs).

In 2017 he was inducted into the Utah Tennis Hall of Fame.

1990 Wimbledon Championships
The 1990 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 104th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 25 June to 8 July 1990.
Denisha Cartwright
Denisha Cartwright (born 28 December 1999) is a Bahamian sprinter and sprint hurdler. She competed in the 100 metre hurdles at the 2024 Olympic Games and 60 metres hurdles at the 2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships.

60 metres hurdles
60 metres hurdles is a distance in hurdling which is generally run in indoor competitions. It is equivalent with the first 5 hurdles of a standard outdoor hurdle race. The current women's and men's world records are 7.65 seconds (Devynne Charlton) and 7.27 seconds (Grant Holloway), respectively.
Thaddeus Weclew
Dentist Dr. Thaddeus V. Weclew (1906–1992) was one of the creators of the Academy of General Dentistry in 1952. He also was the founder and first chancellor of the Academy of Continuing Dental Education. Dr. Weclew served on the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry and its dental radiology department for 32 years.

Throughout his career, Dr. Weclew received numerous honors, including the rank of officer, Ordre des Palmes Académiques, from the French government for his work with the Academy of General Dentistry.

Annually, the Academy of General Dentistry confers a Thaddeus V. Weclew Fellowship, and the University of Illinois at Chicago holds a Weclew Lecture, funded by a gift from the Academy of General Dentistry.

Dr. Weclew died October 16, 1992.

Ordre des Palmes académiques
The Ordre des Palmes académiques (French pronunciation: [ɔʁdʁ de palm(z‿)akademik]; French for 'Order of Academic Palms') is a national order bestowed by the French Republic on distinguished academics and teachers and for valuable service to universities, education and science.

Originally established in 1808 by Emperor of the French Napoleon as a decoration to honour eminent members of the University of Paris, it was changed into its current form as an order of merit on 4 October 1955 by President René Coty, making it one of the oldest civil honours bestowed by the French Republic.
Ban Pho railway station
Ban Pho station (Thai: สถานีบ้านโพ) is a railway station located in Ban Pho Subdistrict, Bang Pa-In District, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya. It is a class 3 railway station located 62.75 km (39.0 mi) from Bangkok railway station.

Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, or locally and simply  Ayutthaya (historically Iudea, Iudiad, Iudia, Juthia or Judia), is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Ang Thong, Lopburi, Saraburi, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Suphan Buri.
1992 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
The 1992 NAIA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament was held in March at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. The 55th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. The 1991 finalists were again competing for the title in the 1992 tournament's last game. Oklahoma City again won against Central Arkansas (82–73).

Hy-Vee Arena
Hy-Vee Arena, previously known as Kemper Arena, is an indoor arena located in Kansas City, Missouri. Prior to conversion to a youth sports and community gymnasium facility, Kemper Arena was previously a 19,500-seat professional sports arena. It has hosted NCAA Final Four basketball games, professional basketball and hockey teams, professional wrestling events, the 1976 Republican National Convention, concerts, and is the ongoing host of the American Royal livestock show.

It was originally named for Rufus Crosby Kemper Sr., a member of the powerful Kemper financial clan and who donated $3.2 million from his estate for the arena. In 2016, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its revolutionary design by Helmut Jahn.
Nako (Obotrite prince)
Nako, Nakon, Nakko, or Nacco (flourished 954 – c. 966) was an Obotrite leader who, along with his brother Stoigniew, led the forces of a Slavic confederacy in a revolt against the Germans, especially Herman Billung, Duke of Saxony.

In 955 Nako and Stoignew were defeated at the Battle of Recknitz by Otto I of Germany. While Stoignew was beheaded, Nako probably accepted Christianity, because there followed roughly thirty years of peace, during which, according to Adam of Bremen, the Slavs were Christian. Nako and his successors, the Nakonids, resided in a "ringwall" of fortresses: Mecklenburg, Starigard, Liubice, and Lenzen (Lunkini). When the Sephardic geographer Abraham ben Jacob travelled through the territory, he referred to Mecklenburg, Nako's principal palace, as "Nako's castle."

He was succeeded by his sons Mstivoj and Mstidrag, but they abandoned Christianity and revolted against the Germans again.

Lenzen (Elbe)
Lenzen (Elbe) (German pronunciation: [ˈlɛntsn̩] ⓘ) is a small town in the district of Prignitz, in Brandenburg, northern Germany. The town lies to the north of the Löcknitz River, not far from where the Löcknitz flows into the Elbe. It is part of the Amt Lenzen-Elbtalaue.
Tosirips perpulchrana
Tosirips perpulchrana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Russian Far East (Amur, Siberia), north-eastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), Korea, Japan and Taiwan.

The wingspan is 19–21 mm for males and 25–27 mm for females. Adults are on wing in June.

The larvae feed on Salix koreensis.

Salix pierotii
Salix pierotii, the Korean willow, is a species of willow native to northeast China, far eastern Russia, the Korean peninsula and Japan. They are shrubs or trees reaching 8 m. Because their twisted wood is not good for timber or making tools, in Japan Salix pierotii trees are used to demarcate property lines between farms.
Brazil at War
Brazil at War is a 1943 propaganda short documentary film produced by the Office of War Information and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.

The 9-minute-long film starts by showing Brazil's comparisons with the United States, such as its geographic size, population, and military history during World War I. It trumpets Brazil's supposed "progressiveness" under Getúlio Vargas, noting that Rio de Janeiro is a "modern city" known for its arts and culture, and that Brazil's constitution allows freedom for its workers and social services. Then shots of the Brazilian Army and Navy are shown, and we are told that 3 million conscripts are planned. (A Brazilian Expeditionary Force did later see action in the Italian Campaign.)

After the segment on Brazil's military, the economic contributions of Brazil are delved into, especially its rubber and crystal production.

United States Office of War Information
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a United States government agency created during World War II. The OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other forms of media, the OWI was the connection between the battlefront and civilian communities. The office also established several overseas branches, which launched a large-scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. From 1942 to 1945, the OWI reviewed film scripts, flagging material which portrayed the United States in a negative light, including anti-war sentiment.
James Hill Dickson
James Hill Dickson (6 August 1863 – 5 July 1938) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland.

Dickson was a landowner and served as a county councillor for the Ulster Unionist Party.  He was elected to the first Senate of Northern Ireland, and served until 1938. He was also a JP in the 20s

He was a prominent Down agriculturist, serving in the Country Down Committee of Agriculture, and a committee member of Listooder Ploughing Society from c. 1926 to c. 1936.

Listooder
Listooder is a hamlet and townland situated outside Crossgar towards both Ballynahinch and Saintfield in County Down, Northern Ireland. Listooder derives its name from the Irish word Lios an tSúdaire meaning "fort of the leather tanner" or "ring-fort".  From the mid 19th century, the hamlet was known as The Cock, while the townland which centres around the fort was called Listooder.

The hamlet has a small working farm, a missionary hall, an Orange Lodge, and a Non-Subscribing Presbyterian church. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Listooder also had a shop, public house, and a primary school. Housing has extended from the crossroads (postbox) towards Saintfield in recent decades. According to the 2011 census, there were then nine houses and 31 people living in Listooder.
John Hassett
John Joseph Hassett (died 24 November 1955) was an Irish politician. A farmer, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary constituency at the June 1927 general election. He was re-elected at the September 1927 and 1932 general elections. He did not contest the 1933 general election.

Tipperary (Dáil constituency)
Tipperary was a parliamentary constituency that was represented in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (the legislature of Ireland), from 1923 to 1948 and again from 2016 to 2024. The constituency elected deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Mario Búcaro
Mario Adolfo Búcaro Flores is a Guatemalan diplomat who previously served as CEO of the Miss Universe Organization from October to December 2025. A former civil servant, Bucaro served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from February 2022 to January 2024, under the government of Alejandro Giammattei. Previously, he was the Guatemalan Ambassador to Mexico, Israel, Bulgaria and Cyprus.

Cabinet of Alejandro Giammattei
The Cabinet of Alejandro Giammattei constituted the fifty-first cabinet of Guatemala.

Giammattei's cabinet succeeded the Morales cabinet, after the 2019 general election. The officials took office on January 14, 2020, and dissolved on January 14, 2024.
Fontenelle Dam
Fontenelle Dam was built between 1961 and 1964 on the Green River in southwestern Wyoming. The 139-foot (42 m) high zoned earthfill dam impounds the 345,360-acre-foot (0.42600 km3) Fontenelle Reservoir. The dam and reservoir are the central features of the Seedskadee Project of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages the Fontenelle impoundment primarily as a storage reservoir for the Colorado River Storage Project. The dam suffered a significant failure in 1965, when the dam's right abutment developed a leak. Emergency releases from the dam flooded downstream properties, but repairs to the dam were successful. However, in 1983 the dam was rated "poor" under Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams (SEED) criteria, due to continuing seepage, leading to an emergency drawdown. A concrete diaphragm wall was built through the core of the dam to stop leakage.

Trona
Trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) is a non-marine evaporite mineral. It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production. Turkey is also a major producer.
Jouni
Jouni is a Finnish masculine given name. Notable people with the given name include:

Jouni Apajalahti, Finnish pastor and writer

Jouni Grönman, Finnish weightlifter

Jouni Helminen, Finnish bowler

Jouni Hynynen, Finnish musician

Jouni Ilomäki, Finnish wrestler

Jouni Inkala, Finnish poet

Jouni Joensuu, Finnish football manager

Jouni Kailajärvi, Finnish weightlifter

Jouni Kaipainen, Finnish composer

Jouni Kaitainen, Finnish nordic combined skier

Jouni Kortelainen, Finnish runner

Jouni Kotiaho, Finnish politician

Jouni Lanamäki, Finnish entrepreneur

Jouni Loponen, Finnish ice hockey player

Jouni Mykkänen, Finnish journalist and politician

Jouni Ovaska, Finnish politician

Jouni Pellinen, Finnish freestyle skier

Jouni Rinne, Finnish ice hockey player

Jouni Seistamo, Finnish ice hockey player

Jouni Tähti, Finnish billiards player

Jouni Vainio, Finnish sport shooter

Jouni Virpiö, Finnish ice hockey player

Jouni Weckman, Finnish curler

Jouni Apajalahti
Jouni Arto Aarre Apajalahti (10 April 1920 – 31 May 2009) was a Finnish Lutheran pastor, writer and politician, born in Kemi. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1966 to 1970, representing the National Coalition Party.
SS Ben Seyr
SS Ben Seyr was a steel-built coastal cargo vessel which was operated out of Ramsey, Isle of Man for the Ramsey Steamship Company;  ostensibly to Liverpool, Belfast and Whitehaven. Her name, Ben Seyr, came from the Manx Gaelic term for gentlewoman. She was lost in a storm in either the northern part of the Celtic Sea, or the southern part of the Irish Sea, in October 1938, going down with the loss of all hands.

Rosslare Harbour
The village of Rosslare Harbour (Irish: Calafort Ros Láir), also known as Ballygeary, grew up to serve the needs of the harbour of the same name (now called Rosslare Europort), first developed in 1906 by the Great Western Railway and the Great Southern and Western Railway to accommodate steamferry traffic between Great Britain and Ireland. This port also serves France and Spain, traffic is mainly roll-on roll-off (RoRo). Rosslare Harbour railway station opened on 30 August 1906.
Lewis Island (Antarctica)
Lewis Island is a small rocky island rising to 30 metres (100 ft), marking the east side of the entrance to Davis Bay in Antarctica. It was delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47) and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for James B. Lewis, Passed Midshipman on the sloop Peacock of the U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838–42) under Charles Wilkes.

USS Peacock (1813)
USS Peacock was a sloop-of-war in the United States Navy that served in the War of 1812 and later the United States Exploring Expedition. Peacock ran aground and broke apart on the Columbia Bar without loss of life in 1841.