hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bayrampaşa—Maltepe
Bayrampaşa—Maltepe is a rapid transit station on the M1 line of the Istanbul Metro. It is located in southern Eyüp, adjacent to the O-3 highway. An out-of-system connection Demirkapı station on the T4 light rail line is available as well as İETT buses.

T4 (Istanbul Tram)
T4 Topkapı - Mescid-i Selam tram line (Turkish: T4 Topkapı - Mescid-i Selam tramvay hattı) is a light rail line in Istanbul, Turkey, operated by Istanbul Ulaşım AŞ. It runs from Topkapı north to Mescid-i Selam, a total of 15.3 km (9.5 mi). The T4 line operates its own right-of-way in a street median for most of its route, though with a few at-grade crossings, thus technically making it light rail though the operator Metro Istanbul categorizes it as a tramline.

The first section of the T4 line opened between Edirnekapı and Mescid-i Selam on 12 September 2007. An extension southwest of Edirnekapı to Topkapı was opened on 18 March 2009.

Connections to the M1 line are available at Vatan station, while connections to the T1 tram line and the Istanbul Metrobus are available at Topkapı station.
District 26 (Chamber of Deputies of Chile)
District 26 (Spanish: Distrito 26) is one of the 28 multi-member electoral districts of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the National Congress, the national legislature of Chile. The district was created by the 2015 electoral reform and came into being at the following general election in 2017. It consists of the communes of Ancud, Calbuco, Castro, Chaitén, Chonchi, Cochamó, Curaco de Vélez, Dalcahue, Futaleufú, Hualaihué, Maullín, Palena, Puerto Montt, Puqueldón, Queilén, Quellón, Quemchi and Quinchao in the region of Los Lagos. The district currently elects five of the 155 members of the Chamber of Deputies using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2021 general election the district had 424,820 registered electors.

Puqueldón
Puqueldón is a Chilean commune in Chiloé Archipelago which is part of Chiloé Province and Los Lagos Region.  The commune is located on Lemuy Island and consists of eight villages the biggest of which is Puqueldón. Puqueldón was one of the towns to receive the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundations scholarship in 2002.
Clavascidium sinense
Clavascidium sinense is a species of squamulose (scaley), ground-dwelling lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in Northwest China, it was formally described as a new species in 2022 by Tingting Zhang and Xinli Wei. The type specimen was collected in Datong City (Yanggao County, Shanxi) at an altitude of 1,147 m (3,763 ft). The species epithet sinense refers to its Chinese distribution.

Characteristics of Clavascidium sinense include the presence of both uniseriate (lined up in a single row) and biseriate (lined up in two rows) ascospores in the asci, pycnidia that are superficial on the surface of the squamules (laminal), and mixed-type medulla (with both rounded and elongated cells). The lichen does not react with any of the standard chemical spot tests, and no lichen products were detected using thin-layer chromatography.

Squamulose lichen
A squamulose lichen is a lichen that is composed of small, often overlapping "scales" called squamules. If they are raised from the substrate and appear leafy, the lichen may appear to be a foliose lichen, but the underside does not have a "skin" (cortex), as foliose lichens do.
 Squamulose lichens are composed of flattish units that are usually tightly clustered. They are like an intermediate between crustose and foliose lichens.

Examples of squamulose lichens include Vahliella leucophaea, Cladonia subcervicornis and Lichenomphalia hudsoniana.
NASA Astronaut Group 16
NASA Astronaut Group 16 ("The Sardines") was a group of 44 astronauts announced by NASA on May 1, 1996.  The class was nicknamed "The Sardines" for being such a large class, humorously implying that their training sessions would be as tightly packed as sardines in a can.  These 44 candidates compose the largest astronaut class to date.  NASA selected so many candidates in preparation for the anticipated need for ISS crew members, along with regular shuttle needs. Nine of the 44 astronauts selected were from other countries, including 1 each from 5 Europe nations and 2 each from Canada and Japan.

Three members of this group, William C. McCool, David M. Brown, and Laurel B. Clark, died in the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, during STS-107. These three received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

The group includes identical twins Mark and Scott J. Kelly. The group also includes Lisa Nowak, who was expelled from the astronaut corps in 2007.

STS-126
STS-126 was the one hundred and twenty-fourth NASA Space Shuttle mission, and twenty-second orbital flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour (OV-105) to the International Space Station (ISS). The purpose of the mission, referred to as ULF2 by the ISS program, was to deliver equipment and supplies to the station, to service the Solar Alpha Rotary Joints (SARJ), and repair the problem in the starboard SARJ that had limited its use since STS-120. STS-126 launched on 15 November 2008 at 00:55:39 UTC from Launch Pad 39A (LC-39A) at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) with no delays or issues. Endeavour successfully docked with the station on 16 November 2008. After spending 15 days, 20 hours, 30 minutes, and 30 seconds docked to the station, during which the crew performed four spacewalks, and transferred cargo, the orbiter undocked on 28 November 2008. Due to poor weather at Kennedy Space Center, Endeavour landed at Edwards Air Force Base on 30 November 2008 at 21:25:09 UTC.
Reading Viaduct
The  Reading Viaduct, also called The Rail Park, is a disused elevated rail line in the Callowhill district of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that has been partly transformed into a rail trail. The viaduct opened on January 29, 1893, and originally led to Reading Terminal in Center City Philadelphia. It was abandoned in 1984 after Philadelphia's Center City Commuter Tunnel opened. In 2010, the Center City District and a new community organization, Friends of the Rail Park, began to evaluate options to convert the abandoned viaduct into an elevated park. Phase 1 of the park opened on June 14, 2018.

Center City, Philadelphia
Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It comprises the area that made up the City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854, which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County.
Patrick Baum (table tennis)
Patrick Baum  (born 23 June 1987 in Worms, West Germany) is a male table tennis player from Germany. He won the singles title at the 2005 World Junior Table Tennis Championships. Since 2008, he has won several medals in singles and team events in the World Table Tennis Championships, in the Table Tennis World Cup, and in the Table Tennis European Championships. In 2013, he defeated Dimitrij Ovtcharov in the round of 16 in the 2013 World Table Tennis Championships but was defeated by eventual champion Zhang Jike in the quarterfinals 4–1.

European Table Tennis Championships
The European Table Tennis Championships is an international table tennis competition for the national teams of the member associations of the European Table Tennis Union (ETTU). First held in 1958, the ETTU organised the European Championships every two years in even-numbered years until 2002, when they changed to odd-numbered years. Since 2007, the competition has been contested annually.
Aptrootia
Aptrootia is a genus of fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae. It has four species. The genus was circumscribed by Robert Lücking and Harrie Sipman in 2007, with Aptrootia terricola assigned as the type species. This species, originally described by Dutch mycologist André Aptroot as a species of Thelenella, is known from Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica. Later molecular work showed that the species did not belong in Thelenella (Aptroot himself had expressed doubt about this generic placement), but rather, in the Trypetheliaceae, with a sister taxon relationship to a branch including Bathelium and a lineage containing Trypethelium floridanum. The new genus name honours Aptroot, "in recognition of his numerous contributions to tropical lichenology".

Species in genus Aptrootia have completely immersed perithecia with a brown-black ostiolar region. This is surrounded by a white, cartilaginous thallus reminiscent of those in family Gomphillaceae.

Ostiole
An ostiole is a small hole or opening through which algae or fungi release their mature spores.

The word is a  diminutive of "ostium", "opening".

The term is also used in higher plants, for example to denote the opening of the involuted  syconium (fig inflorescence) through which fig wasps enter to pollinate and breed.
The species pharamacosycea have an arrangement  interlocking pattern but there is an exception because of insipdia because it is partly cover the ostiole. On the adaxial side of the bracts is made out of cubic cells, that has a staining reactions and contain phenolic compounds.

Sometimes a stomatal aperture is called an "ostiole".
John Richardson Wigham
This article concerns the Irish-based inventor and lighthouse engineer, not his cousin the shipbuilder John Wigham Richardson.

John Richardson Wigham (15 January 1829 – 16 November 1906) was a prominent lighthouse engineer of the 19th century.

Light characteristic
A light characteristic is all of the properties that make a particular navigational light identifiable. Graphical and textual descriptions of navigational light sequences and colours are displayed on nautical charts and in Light Lists with the chart symbol for a lighthouse, lightvessel, buoy or sea mark with a light on it. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing.
Chiyayoc
22°43′28″S 65°11′52″W﻿ / ﻿22.72444°S 65.19778°W﻿ / -22.72444; -65.19778

Chiyayoc is a small village in northwestern Argentina. It is part of the Iruya Department in the Salta Province. The village is located at an elevation of 3100 meters, 4 km east of the village of Salta and 9 km north of the village of Iruya.

Chiyayoc is part of the Finca el Potrero and has a school with about 30 children. The village lives from agriculture and tourism. It is easily accessible from Iruya in a six hours walk.

Iruya Department
Iruya is a department is located in the north of Salta Province in northwest Argentina in the high altitude basin of the Bermejo River. It is one of 23 administrative units in the province.

Adjacent departments are Santa Victoria Department in the north of Iruya, Orán Department in the east and south and Humahuaca Department of the Jujuy Province in the west.

The capital of the Iruya Department is the homonymous village of Iruya.
Raymond MacDonald
Raymond MacDonald is a saxophonist, composer and psychologist with an extensive career in music, cross-disciplinary arts and academia. Much of his work explores the boundaries and ambiguities between what is conventionally seen as improvisation and composition. As a saxophonist and composer, MacDonald has released over 60 CDs, toured and broadcast worldwide and has composed music for film, television, theatre, radio and art installations. He is currently Professor of Music Psychology and Improvisation at Edinburgh University and his recent book, The Art of Becoming: How Group Improvisation Works (co-authored with Graeme Wilson) explores the nature of improvisation. MacDonald has also co-edited five texts and published over 80 academic papers and book chapters.

David Mackenzie (director)
David Hugh Mackenzie (born 10 May 1966) is a Scottish film director and co-founder of the Glasgow-based production company Sigma Films. He has made ten feature films including Young Adam (2003), Hallam Foe (2007), Perfect Sense (2011) and Starred Up (2013). In 2016, Mackenzie's film Hell or High Water premiered at Cannes and was theatrically released in the United States in August. The same year he executive produced Damnation, a TV pilot for Universal and USA Network. Mackenzie also directed Outlaw King (2018), a historical film for Netflix. Mackenzie and his films have been described as not fitting neatly into any particular genre or type.
Schwarz function
The Schwarz function of a curve in the complex plane is an analytic function which maps the points of the curve to their complex conjugates. It can be used to generalize the Schwarz reflection principle to reflection across arbitrary analytic curves, not just across the real axis.

The Schwarz function exists for analytic curves. More precisely, for every non-singular, analytic Jordan arc  in the complex plane, there is an open neighborhood  of  and a unique analytic function  on  such that  for every .

The "Schwarz function" was named by Philip J. Davis and Henry O. Pollak (1958) in honor of Hermann Schwarz, who introduced the Schwarz reflection principle for analytic curves in 1870. However, the Schwarz function does not explicitly appear in Schwarz's works.

Neighbourhood (mathematics)
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a neighbourhood (or neighborhood) is one of the basic concepts in a topological space. It is closely related to the concepts of open set and interior. Intuitively speaking, a neighbourhood of a point is a set of points containing that point where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point without leaving the set.
Colophon (city)
Colophon (/ˈkɒləˌfɒn, -fən/; Ancient Greek: Κολοφών, romanized: Kolophṓn) was an ancient city in Ionia. Founded around the end of the 2nd millennium BC, it was likely one of the oldest of the twelve cities of the Ionian League. It was located between Lebedos (120 stadia to the west) and Ephesus (70 stadia to its south). Its ruins are south of the town Değirmendere in the Menderes district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

The city's name comes from the word κολοφών, "summit", (which is also the origin of the bibliographic term "colophon", in the metaphorical sense of a 'crowning touch',) as it was sited along a ridgeline. The term colophony for rosin comes from the term colophonia resina (Ancient Greek: Κολοφωνία ῥητίνη Kolophōnia rhētinē), resin from the pine trees of Colophon, which was highly valued for increasing friction of the bow hairs of stringed musical instruments.

İzmir Province
İzmir Province (Turkish: İzmir ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in western Anatolia, situated along the Aegean coast. Its capital is the city of İzmir, which is in itself composed of the province's central 11 districts out of 30 in total. To the west, it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea, and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir. Its area is 11,891 square kilometres (4,591 square miles), and its population is 4,462,056 (2022). Neighboring provinces are Balıkesir to the north, Manisa to the east, and Aydın to the south. The traffic code of the province is 35.

Major rivers of the province include the Küçük Menderes river, Koca Çay (with Güzelhisar dam), and Bakırçay.
Nowell Twopeny
Christianity portal

Thomas Nowell Twopeny or Twopenny (6 February 1819 – 3 November 1869) was a priest of the Church of England who was Archdeacon of Flinders in  Australia.

He was the eldest son of Thomas Nowell Twopenny of East Knoyle, Wiltshire. He was educated at Uppingham School and Oriel College, Oxford and was ordained in 1844. He was Rector of Little Casterton, Rutland, from 1844 (succeeding his grandfather Rev. Richard Twopeny, rector 1781–1843), then in 1859 of South Weston, Oxfordshire, before going out to Australia with the Melrose mission in ca 1860.

Twopeny married Mathilde Anaïse Louis (or Lewis) on 22 October 1851, at St Matthew's Church, Jersey. His sons, born in Little Casterton, Edward Nowell Twopeny and Richard Ernest Nowell Twopeny were prominent in Australia.

A stained glass window by William Wailes was erected in his memory in the chapel of St Peter's College, Adelaide in 1872.

William Wailes
William Wailes (1808–1881) was the proprietor of one of England's largest and most prolific stained glass workshops.

At Saltwell is a street named for him, William Wailes Walk, which is where Saltwell Park and his estate is located.
Keith Howe
Keith Howe (birth unknown) is a former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Rodillians RUFC (Old Boys of Rothwell Grammar School), and club level rugby league (RL) for Castleford, as a wing or centre.

The Rodillian Academy
The Rodillian Academy (formerly Rodillian School) is a mixed secondary School and sixth form with academy status located in Lofthouse, West Yorkshire, England. The school has 1,556 pupils aged between 11 and 18. The school also has Specialist Arts College status. The name 'Rodillian' is derived from the name that was given to former pupils of the Rothwell Grammar School.
First inauguration of Jakaya Kikwete
The first inauguration of Jakaya Kikwete as the 4th president of Tanzania took place on Wednesday, 21 December 2005. It marked the commencement of the first five-year term of Jakaya Kikwete as President and Ali Mohamed Shein as Vice President.

Kikwete won the 2005 presidential election by a landslide receiving 80.28 percent of the popular vote.

President of Tanzania
The President of the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania) is the head of state and head of government of Tanzania.

Samia Suluhu Hassan, sworn in on 19 March 2021, is the first female president of the United Republic of Tanzania. She succeeded John Magufuli following his death on 17 March 2021.
Rhein-Hellweg-Express
The Rhein-Hellweg-Express (RE 11) is a Regional-Express service in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), running from Kassel via Dortmund, Bochum, Essen, Duisburg and Düsseldorf Airport to Düsseldorf Hbf. It is named after the Rhine and the Westphalian Hellweg. The line is part of the Rhine-Ruhr Express (RRX) network and is operated by National Express.

Düsseldorf Airport station
Düsseldorf Airport (Bahnhof Düsseldorf Flughafen) is a railway station in Düsseldorf, Germany, on the Cologne–Duisburg line that connects Düsseldorf Airport to Düsseldorf-Stadtmitte and long-distance trains, most of them ICE trains. Opened in May 2000, the new railway station has the capacity of 300 train departures per day.
Federal Reserve Bank Building (Boston)
The Federal Reserve Bank Building is the seventh tallest building in Boston, Massachusetts. It is located at Dewey Square, on the convergence of Fort Point and the Financial District neighborhoods. In close proximity to the Boston Harbor, the Fort Point Channel and major intermodal South Station terminal, the building is marked by a distinctive opening near ground level which allows sea breezes to pass through.

Fort Point, Boston
Fort Point is a neighborhood or district of Boston, Massachusetts, and where a fort stood which guarded the city in colonial times. Much of the neighborhood is part of the Fort Point Channel Historic District.
Azrieli Group
Azrieli Group (Hebrew: קבוצת עזריאלי) is an Israeli real estate and holding company named after its founder David Azrieli. The company is engaged mainly in the development and management of shopping malls and office buildings in Israel.

The company is traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the symbol AZRG, and is part of the Tel Aviv 35 Index.

TA-35 Index
TA-35 Index is an Israeli stock market index computed by the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange tracking the performance of 35 large companies listed on stock exchanges in Israel.

It is one of the most commonly followed equity indices in Israel, considered as the flagship index in Israel and as a proxy to the Israeli economy similarly to the S&P 500 in the USA

TA-25 was launched in January 1992, with a value of 100 points as a base value.

The index was expanded on February 12, 2017, to include 35 instead of 25 stocks, in an attempt to improve stability and therefore reduce risk for trackers and encourage foreign investment.
Education in Ukraine
Starting in September 2018, children who start school have 12 years of education, while those already in school complete their studying by 11-year system. As a rule, schooling begins at the age of 6, unless your birthday is on or after 1 September.  In 2016/17, the number of students in primary and secondary school reached 3,846,000, in vocational school 285,800, and in higher education 1,586,700 students. According to 2017 EduConf speech of the (then) Minister of Education and Science of Ukraine, Liliya Hrynevych, the amount of budget financing for the sphere of education would reach about ₴53 billion in 2017 (compared to 42 in 2016).

The NGO Human Rights Measurement Initiative in the spring of 2022 concluded that Ukraine is fulfilling 84.2% of what they should be fulfilling on the right to education, based on their level of income.

Human Rights Measurement Initiative
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) is a non-profit organisation primarily housed in Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 2016 by Anne-Marie Brook, K. Chad Clay, and Susan Randolph, experts in human rights and economics, who noticed a gap in easily accessible and understandable human rights data. HRMI produces a free database of metrics, summarizing human rights performance in countries around the world. They believe that with a good set of measures, it will be easier to improve human rights around the world.
Operation Downfall order of battle
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of the Japanese home islands near the end of World War II.

The operation had two parts, Operation Olympic, intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, and Operation Coronet, the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the main Japanese island of Honshu. Olympic was scheduled for November 1945, to be followed by Coronet in early 1946.

If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history, surpassing D-Day. The planned operation was canceled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the invasion of Manchuria.

Eighth Army (United States)
The Eighth Army is a U.S. field army which commands all United States Army forces in South Korea. It is headquartered at the Camp Humphreys in the Anjeong-ri of Pyeongtaek, South Korea. Eighth Army relocated its headquarters from Yongsan to Camp Humphreys in the summer of 2017. It is the only field army in the U.S. Army. It is responsible to United States Forces Korea and United States Army, Pacific.
Brigantine Yankee
The brigantine Yankee was a steel hulled schooner, originally constructed by Nordseewerke, Emden, Germany as the Emden, renamed Duhnen, 1919. As Yankee, it became famous as the ship that was used by Irving Johnson and Exy Johnson to circumnavigate the globe four times in eleven years.  She appeared on the cover of National Geographic in December 1959.

Electa Johnson
Electa S. "Exy" Johnson (August 17, 1909 – November 9, 2004) was an American author, lecturer, adventurer, and sail training pioneer.

She completed many sailing feats, including sailing around the world seven times while training younger sailors.