hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Berlin Society of Friends of Natural Science
The Berlin Society of Friends of Natural Science, (Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, in German) (GNF) is a scientific society, one of the most important such societies of the late 18th century. After the Danziger Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, it is the oldest private natural society in Germany. It was founded in 1773 by F.H.W. Martini, and originally was based around 12 experts in the natural sciences who visited each other's collections and built up a collection and library for the society. The society also published a journal, in which great care was taken to publish accurate illustrations.

The society exists still, with about 140 members. After a decade of inactivity following the Second World War, it has since been associated with the Free University of Berlin.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Harry M. Buland
Harry Marshall Buland (June 10, 1884 – July 14, 1933) was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at Bethany College in Bethany, West Virginia from 1920 to 1921. He was a graduate of Eastern Michigan University–then known as Ypsilanti Normal School.

Buland began his coaching career at Jacksonville High School in Jacksonville, Illinois.

Bethany College (West Virginia)
Bethany College is a private liberal arts college in Bethany, West Virginia, United States. Founded in 1840 by minister Alexander Campbell of the Restoration Movement, who gained support by the Virginia legislature, Bethany College was the first institution of higher education in what is now West Virginia. The college has an enrollment of approximately 620 students.
Elegant quail
The elegant quail (Callipepla douglasii) is a species of New World quail endemic to Pacific-slope thorn forest of north-western Mexico, from southern Sonora to Nayarit. These are common, mainly ground-dwelling birds, and the IUCN has rated them as being a "species of least concern".

Thorn forest
A thorn forest is a dense scrubland with vegetation characteristic of dry subtropical and warm temperate areas with monsoonal rainfall averaging 300 to 700 mm (12 to 28 in). The trees are often 6 to 10 m (20 to 33 ft), widely spaced, and have thick bark, small leaves, or spines to reduce water loss and protect themselves from grazing animals. Common plants include acacias, euphorbias, date palms and cacti (in the Americas). Thorn forests are generally transition zones between deserts and more fertile tropical/subtropical deciduous forests.
Ammar Al Bannai
Ammar Ahmed Ghuloom Al Bannai (Arabic: عمار أحمد غلوم البناي; born 1973) is a Bahraini politician, journalist, and businessman of Iranian descent. He was sworn into the Council of Representatives on December 12, 2018, on behalf of the fourth district of the Capital Governorate.

Capital Governorate, Bahrain
The Capital Governorate (Arabic: محافظة العاصمة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat al-ʿĀṣimah) is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. The governorate includes Manama, the capital of Bahrain. It is the most populous administrative region in the country, with a population of over half million people in 2020.
TR RV class
The TR RV class, later known as the EAR 21 class, was a class of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge steam locomotives designed and built for the Tanganyika Railway (TR) as a 4-8-2 development of the 2-8-2 TR MK class.  The eight members of the RV class were built by Vulcan Foundry, in Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire (now part of Merseyside), England.

The "RV" class designation was short for "River", as each RV class locomotive was named after a river in the Tanganyika Territory.  The class entered service on the TR between 1928 and 1930, and its members were later operated by the TR's successor, the East African Railways (EAR).

2-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. This configuration of steam locomotive is most often referred to as a Mikado, frequently shortened to Mike.

It was also at times referred to on some railroads in the United States as the McAdoo Mikado and, during World War II, the MacArthur.

The notation 2-8-2T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement, the "T" suffix indicating a locomotive on which the water is carried in tanks mounted on the engine rather than in an attached tender.
Lugarawa
Lugarawa is a village of Ludewa District in Njombe Region, in the southern highlands of Tanzania. The zip code is 59418. The village is located a few kilometers off the main road from Njombe to Ludewa.

In the 2022 census, the population of the ward was counted as 9,687. At the time of the 2012 census, the ward had about 8,535 residents.

Njombe
Njombe is a town in southern Tanzania. It is the regional capital of Njombe Region as well as the district headquarter of Njombe Rural District and Njombe Urban District. It is located at nearly 2000 meters of altitude on the eastern edge of the Kipengere Range and has the reputation of being a cold town.
Hradec nad Svitavou
Hradec nad Svitavou (German: Greifendorf) is a municipality and village in Svitavy District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,700 inhabitants.

Hradec nad Svitavou lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Svitavy, 63 km (39 mi) south-east of Pardubice, and 154 km (96 mi) east of Prague.

Pardubice Region
Pardubice Region (Czech: Pardubický kraj) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice. As an administrative unit, Pardubice Region has existed three times in the course of history. It was established for the first time in 1850, and extended from Český Brod to the Bohemian-Moravian border. In its second existence, it was one of 19 regions as they were set between 1949 and 1960. After 1960, Pardubice became the capital of Pardubice district, which was part of the Eastern Bohemian Region (capital Hradec Králové). The Pardubice Region, as it is now, was reestablished in 2000.
2021 SCSA Regional Tournament
The 2021 Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance Regional Tournament was the 11th edition of the Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance's postseason club soccer tournament, which was held at ECU's North Recreational Complex in Greenville, North Carolina, from October 29–31, 2021. A tournament was held for each the men's and women's division, with each tournament champion receiving an automatic bid to the 2021 NIRSA National Soccer Championship's championship division. The remaining 2 of NIRSA Region II's automatic bids for each division were given out based on RPI, with a special consideration to this tournament's performance. This tournament marked the first SCSA regional tournament held since the COVID-19 pandemic and was an expansion of the previous tournament with both divisions adding 4 teams.

Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance
The Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance (SCSA), also referred to as NIRSA Region II, is a NIRSA-affiliated, structured, divisional play for men's and women's collegiate club soccer programs in the US which seek to qualify for the Region 2 Soccer Tournament which is a qualifier for the NIRSA National Soccer Championships. Region 2 Soccer consists of non-varsity club teams representing accredited colleges and universities from the following states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. While NIRSA has had an official region 2 for soccer since 1995, the current SCSA wasn't created until 2010.
Beans (rapper)
Robert Edward Stewart II, also known as Beans (born July 3, 1971), is an American rapper. He was a member of the underground hip hop group Antipop Consortium. He is a founder of the record label Tygr Rawwk Rcrds.

Anticon
Anticon (often styled as anticon.) was an independent record label/collective based in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1998 by seven musicians and manager Baillie Parker. It was collectively owned among six musicians, co-founder Parker, and manager Shaun Koplow. The original musicians signed to Anticon were once referred to as the Anticon collective. Following the death of one of its founding members in 2018, the label dissolved.
Matthias T. J. Grimme
Matthias T. J. Grimme (born 24. June 1953, in Hamburg, Germany), stage name Tatsu Otoko (竜男Dragon Man), is a German author, publisher of sadomasochistic literature and magazines, a photographer and a rope artist in Japanese style bondage.

Sadism and masochism in fiction
The role of sadism and masochism in fiction has attracted serious scholarly attention. Anthony Storr has commented that the volume of sadomasochist pornography shows that sadomasochistic interest is widespread in Western society; John Kucich has noted the importance of masochism in late-19th-century British colonial fiction. This article presents appearances of sadomasochism in literature and works of fiction in the various media.
Robert Philpot-Brookes
Captain Robert Francis Hugh Philpot-Brookes  (11 August 1912 – 28 May 1940) was a first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Born in Fulham in 1912, he was educated at King's College School in Wimbledon, joining the cricket team there.

Joining the British Army, Philpot-Brookes was commissioned as an officer in the 1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment and was posted to British India Whilst serving there, he took part in two first-class cricket matches representing Europeans, scoring a century during the former. In 1935, Philpot-Brookes also represented Punjab.

In 1940, Philpot-Brookes, who had transferred to the 2nd Battalion, traveled to France to be part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). During the German invasion, Captain Philpot-Brookes was killed during the Battle of Dunkirk in a rearguard action at Mont-Saint-Éloi. He was buried at Bus House Cemetery.

Century (cricket)
In cricket, a century is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings by a batter. The term is also included in "century partnership" which occurs when two batsmen add 100 runs to the team total when they are batting together. A century is regarded as a landmark score for batters and a player's number of centuries is generally recorded in their career statistics. Scoring a century is loosely equivalent in merit to a bowler taking a five-wicket haul, and is commonly referred to as a ton or hundred. Scores of more than 200 runs are still statistically counted as a century, although these scores are referred to as double (200–299 runs), triple (300–399 runs), and quadruple centuries (400–499 runs), and so on. Reaching 50 runs in an innings is known as a half-century.

Scoring a century at Lord's cricket ground in London earns the batter a place on the Lord's honours boards.
Buffalo Soldier Hill
Buffalo Soldier Hill is a summit, a hill, in Roosevelt County, New Mexico, in the United States. With an elevation of 3,993 feet (1,217 m), Buffalo Soldier Hill is the 2511st highest summit in New Mexico.

The summit was the scene of the Buffalo Soldier tragedy of 1877, from which it takes its name. Old variant names were Nigger Hill, and Dead Negro Hill. The current name of the hill was approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names around 2005.

Dead Negro Draw in Texas was likely named in memory of the same event.

Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains. Hills fall under the category of slope landforms.
Grocholice, Poddębice County
Grocholice [ɡrɔxɔˈlit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poddębice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) west of Poddębice and 47 km (29 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Why Am I So Single?
Why Am I So Single? is a musical with a book, music, and lyrics by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss. Loosely based on their own lives, Why Am I So Single? follows two musical theatre writers and best friends who are struggling to navigate the frustrations of being constantly single while also trying to write a musical.

The show received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best New Musical & four WhatsOnStage Award nominations (including Best New Musical) and won for Best Casting Direction.

Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical
The Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical is an annual award presented by the Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in professional London theatre. The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976, and renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor and director Laurence Olivier.
Planetary Fourier Spectrometer
The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) is an infrared spectrometer built by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (Italian National Institute for Astrophysics) along with the  Istituto di Fisica dello spazio Interplanetario and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italian National Research Council). The instrument is currently used by the European Space Agency on both the Mars Express Mission and the Venus Express Mission. It consists of four units which together weigh around 31.4 kg, including a pointing device, a power supply, a control unit, and an interferometer with electronics.

The main objective of the instrument is to provide temperature profiles of Mars's carbon dioxide atmosphere, and to the study composition of the planet's atmosphere through the infrared radiation that is reflected and emitted by the planet.

National Institute for Astrophysics
The National Institute for Astrophysics (Italian: Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, or INAF) is an Italian research institute in astronomy and astrophysics, founded in 1999. INAF funds and operates twenty separate research facilities, which in turn employ scientists, engineers and technical staff. The research they perform covers most areas of astronomy, ranging from planetary science to cosmology.
Jennifer Camelon
Jennifer Camelon  is the former interim master (president and CEO) of the Royal Canadian Mint, and currently serves as its chief financial officer and senior vice president of finance and administration. She held the position from July 2, 2018, following the resignation of Sandra Hanington, until the appointment of Marie Lemay to the role on January 21, 2019. She was the fifth woman to serve in this capacity, following Ruth Hubbard, Danielle Wetherup, Marguerite Nadeau and Hanington.

Ruth Hubbard
Ruth Hubbard (March 3, 1924 – September 1, 2016) was a professor of biology at Harvard University, where she was the first woman to hold a tenured professorship position in biology.

During her active research career from the 1940s to the 1960s, she made important contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry and photochemistry of vision in vertebrates and invertebrates. In 1967, Hubbard and George Wald shared the Paul Karrer Gold Medal for their work in this area.

In the late 1960s, her interests shifted from science to societal issues and activism.
Rome Laboratory
Rome Laboratory (Rome Air Development Center until 1991) is a U.S. Air Force research laboratory for "command, control, and communications" research and development and is responsible for planning and executing the USAF science and technology program.

It is located at Griffiss International Airport, New York. The Griffiss airfield was previous Griffiss Air Force Base for decades.

Hanscom Air Force Base
Hanscom Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force base located predominantly within Bedford, Massachusetts, with portions extending into the adjoining towns of Lincoln, Concord and Lexington. The facility is adjacent to Hanscom Field which provides general aviation and charter service.

Hanscom AFB is a part of the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center, one of six centers under Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC).  The Air Force Life Cycle Management Center is the single center responsible for total life cycle management of Air Force weapon systems and is headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.   The host unit at Hanscom is the 66th Air Base Group (66 ABG) assigned to AFMC.

A portion of the base is listed as a census-designated place by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes. The resident population as of 2020 was 1,516 at the 2020 census.
Society for Italic Handwriting
The Society for Italic Handwriting (SIH) is a British organisation promoting the use of italic handwriting, and better and more legible handwriting in general. It was founded in 1952 by Alfred Fairbank and other members of the Society of Scribes & Illuminators.

The Scotsman wrote in 1956 that the society "did a good deal to rouse public interest and make “scribes” of ordinary or indifferent penmen".

Handwriting
Handwriting is the personal and unique style of writing with a writing instrument, such as a pen or pencil in the hand. Handwriting includes both block and cursive styles and is separate from generic and formal handwriting script/style, calligraphy or typeface. Because each person's handwriting is unique and different, it can be used to verify a document's writer. The deterioration of a person's handwriting is also a symptom or result of several different diseases. The inability to produce clear and coherent handwriting is also known as dysgraphia.
Gneixendorf
Gneixendorf is a village near Krems in Lower Austria. It was the location of Stalag XVII-B, the setting of the Billy Wilder film Stalag 17.

The stone-age pre-history, the history of Christian orders settlement and rule and their stately renaissance buildings, followed by a manorial history, particularly of the van Beethoven and von Schweitzer families between 1820 and 1935 and the World War II break with the STALAG XVII B Prisoner-of-War camp 1940-1945 are all comprehensively documented by "Chronik von Gneixendorf", published in 2009 by Verschoenerungsverein Gneixendorf. See also Krems-Gneixendorf. Gneixendorf has been incorporated with the town of Krems since 1968.

The composer Ludwig van Beethoven spent the period September–December 1826 in Gneixendorf as the guest of his younger brother Johann, who had acquired Schloss Wasserhof (see A. Thayer, "Life of Beethoven", Princeton University Press (1964)).

Stalag 17
Stalag 17 is a 1953 American war film that recounts the story of a group of American airmen confined in a German prisoner-of-war camp. The film focuses on one particular barracks, where the men come to suspect that one of their number is an informant.

The film was directed and produced by Billy Wilder, who with Edwin Blum adapted the screenplay from the Broadway play of the same name. The play was written by Donald Bevan and Edmund Trzcinski on the basis of their experiences as prisoners in Stalag 17B in Austria.

The film stars William Holden in an Oscar-winning performance, along with Don Taylor, Robert Strauss, Harvey Lembeck, Peter Graves, Neville Brand, Richard Erdman, Sig Ruman, and Otto Preminger. Strauss and Lembeck appeared in the original Broadway production.
Worth B. Yancey
Worth Bryan Yancey (July 3, 1879 – August 26, 1912) was an American college football player and coach and minor league baseball player. He served as the head football coach at Bethany College in Bethany, West Virginia from 1907 to 1908.

Yancey attended Kentucky University—know known as Transylvania University—Lexington, Kentucky, where he played football. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Bethany College in 1909.

Yancey played for the Americus Pallbearers of the Georgia State League in 1906. He also managed the Lexington Baseball Club. Yancey died on August 26, 1912, at his mother's home in Lexington, following a 17-month-long illness.

Americus (baseball)
There have been eight Minor leagues teams that have represented the city of Americus, Georgia. Since classification of the minors began, seven of them have been labeled as class D loops and one played in an independent league.
Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
The men's singles figure skating competition at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 8 and 10 February at the Capital Indoor Stadium in Beijing, China. Nathan Chen of the United States won the gold medal, while Yuma Kagiyama and Shoma Uno, both of Japan, won the silver and bronze, respectively. In addition to setting a new world record score in the short program, Nathan Chen found redemption after performing below expectations at the 2018 Winter Olympics, where he had been predicted to win the gold medal.

Salchow jump
The Salchow jump is an edge jump in figure skating. It was named after its inventor, Ulrich Salchow, in 1909. The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple". Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.

In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40, for a double Salchow it is 1.30, for a triple 4.30, 9.70 for a quadruple, and 14 for a quintuple.
C.D. Real San Esteban
Club Deportivo Real San Esteban  is a Salvadoran professional football club based in San Esteban Catarina, San Vicente, El Salvador.

The club currently plays in the Tercera Division de Fútbol Salvadoreño.

Football club (association football)
In association football, a football club (or association football club, alternatively soccer club) is a sports club that acts as an entity through which association football teams organise their sporting activities. The club can exist either as an independent unit or as part of a larger sports organization as a subsidiary of the parent club or organization.

The sport of association football allows teams that partake in some sort of club activity to participate in tournaments such as leagues and other competitions. Teams must register their players as well as staff and other personnel to be eligible to represent the club in any activity as it regards to association football competitions.