hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Downton Castle Sandstone
The Downton Castle Sandstone is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period. As its name would suggest the formation predominantly consists of sandstone with minor siltstone and mudstone. The oldest known Trigonotarbid Palaeotarbus is known from the formation.

Trigonotarbida
The order Trigonotarbida is a group of extinct arachnids whose fossil record extends from the late Silurian to the early Permian (Pridoli to Sakmarian). These animals are known from several localities in Europe and North America, as well as a single record from Argentina. Trigonotarbids can be envisaged as spider-like arachnids, but without silk-producing spinnerets. They ranged in size from a few millimetres to a few centimetres in body length and had segmented abdomens (opisthosoma), with the dorsal exoskeleton (tergites) across the backs of the animals' abdomens, which were characteristically divided into three or five separate plates. Probably living as predators on other arthropods, some later trigonotarbid species were quite heavily armoured and protected themselves with spines and tubercles. About seventy species are currently known, with most fossils originating from the Carboniferous coal measures.
HMAS Diamantina (K377)
HMAS Diamantina (K377/F377/A266/GOR266), named after the Diamantina River in Queensland, is a River-class frigate that served the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Constructed in the mid-1940s, Diamantina was active from 1945 until 1946, was placed in reserve, then was recommissioned as a survey ship from 1959 until 1980.

Following her second decommissioning, the frigate was preserved at the Queensland Maritime Museum as a museum ship. She was the last World War II-era frigate to leave RAN service, and of the 151 River-class frigates constructed for 19 navies worldwide, Diamantina is one of only two preserved as a museum ship.

Diamantina River
The Diamantina River is a major river in Central West Queensland and the far north of South Australia.

The river was named by William Landsborough in 1866 for Lady Diamantina Bowen (née Roma), wife of Sir George Bowen, the first Governor of Queensland. It has three major tributaries the Western River, Mayne River and Farrars Creek.
Charles Burrell (musician)
Charles Burrell (October 4, 1920 – June 17, 2025) was an American classical and jazz bass player most prominently known for being the first African American to be a member of a major American symphony (the Denver Symphony Orchestra, now known as the Colorado Symphony). For this accomplishment, he is often referred to as "the Jackie Robinson of Classical Music".

Denver Symphony Orchestra
The Denver Symphony Orchestra, established in 1934 and dissolved in 1989, was a professional American orchestra in Denver, Colorado.   Until 1978, when the Boettcher Concert Hall was built to house the symphony orchestra, it performed in a succession of theaters, amphitheaters, and auditoriums. It was the predecessor to the Colorado Symphony, although the two ensembles were legally and structurally separate.
Södra Råda Old Church
Södra Råda Old Church (Swedish: Södra Råda gamla kyrka) was an early 14th-century timbered church in the parish of Södra Råda in Gullspång Municipality, Västra Götaland in Sweden. It was one of the oldest preserved wooden churches in the country.

The paintings covering the walls and the trefoil-shaped wooden ceiling of the church were considered one of the best and best-preserved examples of Scandinavian wall-painting from the Middle Ages. The oldest, anonymous, paintings in the chancel dated to 1323. Later paintings in the nave dated from 1493 and were signed by a painter named Amund.

The church was burnt down on 12 November 2001. A mentally ill man convicted for the murder of a five-year-old girl in 2003 also confessed to and was convicted for the burning of the church. A project led by the Swedish National Heritage Board has since excavated the site, and a reconstruction of the church, using medieval methods of construction, has been completed and opened in 2022.

Swedish National Heritage Board
The Swedish National Heritage Board (Swedish: Riksantikvarieämbetet; RAÄ) is a Swedish government agency responsible for World Heritage Sites and other national heritage monuments and historical environments. It is governed by the Ministry of Culture.

The goals of the agency are to encourage the preservation and protection of historic environments and to promote the respect for and knowledge of historic environments. In order to do this, it tries to ensure that Swedish heritage is accessible to all citizens, to spread information about that heritage, and to "empower heritage as a force in the evolution of a democratic, sustainable society".
Noack volatility test
The Noack volatility test, named after Kurt Noack, determines the evaporation loss of lubricants in high-temperature service. This test is standardized as ASTM D5800.

In this test, a sample is heated at 250 °C for 60 minutes with a constant flow of air over it. The weight fraction lost is the result for the Noack volatility test.

As the lighter hydrocarbon fraction of motor oils evaporate, the viscosity of the remaining oil increases, contributing to poor circulation, reduced fuel economy, increased oil consumption, wear and tailpipe emissions.

Exhaust gas
Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends, or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume.

It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal combustion engines), which can also include crankcase blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.

Air pollution from burning fossil fuels is estimated to kill over 5 million people each year. Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities.
2006 Wyoming elections
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Wyoming on Tuesday, November 7, 2006. All of the state's executive officers—the Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Public Instruction—were up for election.

Max Maxfield
Max Maxfield (born February 17, 1945) is an American politician who served as the 20th Secretary of State for the U.S. state of Wyoming. He assumed the position in January 2007 and was handily reelected in November 2010. He was not a candidate for a third term in the August 2014 Republican primary election.

From 1999 to 2007, he was the 18th state auditor of Wyoming. Because Wyoming has no position of lieutenant governor, under the terms of the state's constitution, the secretary of state is first in the line of succession to be governor.
Paul J. Hopper
Paul J. Hopper was born in Great Britain and is an American linguist. In 1973, he proposed the glottalic theory regarding the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European consonant inventory, in parallel with the Georgian linguist Tamaz Gamkrelidze and the Russian linguist Vyacheslav Ivanov. He later also became known for his theory of emergent grammar (Hopper 1987), for his contributions to the theory of grammaticalisation and other work dealing with the interface between grammar and usage. He currently works as the Paul Mellon Distinguished Professor of Humanities at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, United States.

Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze
Tamaz Valerianis dze Gamkrelidze (Georgian: თამაზ ვალერიანის ძე გამყრელიძე; 23 October 1929 – 10 February 2021) was a Georgian linguist, orientalist public benefactor and Hittitologist, Academic (since 1974) and President (2005–2013) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Doctor of Sciences (1963), Professor (1964).
Kevin Isaac
Kevin Monroe Isaac is a diplomat representing Saint Kitts and Nevis. He has been the High Commissioner of Saint Kitts and Nevis to the United Kingdom since 12 January 2011. He is the first career diplomat to be appointed High Commissioner of Saint Kitts and Nevis to London. Isaac is the Saint Kitts and Nevis Permanent Representative to the International Maritime Organization, and Governor on the Board of the Commonwealth Secretariat.

Isaac graduated from Birmingham University with an MA in International Studies in 1995 and was awarded the honorary degree of DUniv by Birmingham University in 2012.

High commissioner (Commonwealth)
In the Commonwealth of Nations, a high commissioner is the senior diplomat, generally ranking as an ambassador, in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. Instead of an embassy, the diplomatic mission is generally called a high commission.
Kunal Jaisingh
Kunal Jaisingh (born 29 July 1989) is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Hindi television. Jaisingh is widely recognised for his portrayal of Omkara Singh Oberoi in Ishqbaaaz and its spin-off series, Dil Boley Oberoi. The former earned him an Indian Telly Award and a Gold Award.

Jaisingh made his acting debut in 2011 with Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya. He is known for playing Ranveer Shergill in The Buddy Project, Reyansh Khurana in Pavitra Bhagya, Veer Pratap Singh in Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye and Kabir Singh Shekhawat Muskuraane Ki Vajah Tum Ho. Jaisingh made his web debut with Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka 2 as Ruhaan.

Gold Awards
The Gold Awards is an annual awards show that honours the best performers in the Hindi-language television industry.

The awards are presented in various areas of excellence, such as popular programming, including music programmes, news, entertainment programmes, sports, travel, lifestyle and fashion; best television channel in a particular category including news, sports, music and entertainment; technical awards and popular awards. The event is managed and founded by Vikaas Kalantari.
Robert Alexander Webb
Robert Alexander Webb (21 September 1856 – 23 May 1919) was an American Presbyterian minister and theologian.

Webb was born in Oxford, Mississippi and was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian Church in the United States in 1883, serving as minister of Bethel Presbyterian Church in Clover, South Carolina. He became Professor of Systematic Theology at Southwestern Presbyterian University in 1892, and Professor of Systematic Theology at Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary in 1908, where he served until his death.

Webb wrote many books, most notably The Reformed Doctrine of Adoption (Eerdmans, 1947).
Along with Charles Hodge and B. B. Warfield, Webb believed in universal infant salvation.

Webb's father-in-law was John Girardeau.

William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company is a religious publishing house based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Founded in 1911 by Dutch American William B. Eerdmans  and still independently owned with William's daughter-in-law Anita Eerdmans as president, Eerdmans has long been known for publishing a wide range of Christian and religious books, from academic works in Christian theology, biblical studies, religious history, and reference to popular titles in spirituality, social and cultural criticism, and literature.
Battle of Cronium
The Battle of Cronium (c. 376 BC) was part of the Sicilian Wars and took place in Sicily. A Syracusan army, led by Dionysius I, was defeated by a Carthaginian army, led by Himilco Mago, Mago II's son. The Carthaginians won the day having routed the enemy army. Leptines, Dionysius' brother, was killed during the battle. The location of Cronium (Greek: Κρόνιον, Krónion) is considered to be close to modern Palermo.

Leptines of Syracuse
Leptines (Ancient Greek: Λεπτίνης; died 375 BC) was a military leader from Syracuse, Sicily, Magna Graecia, active during his brother, Dionysius the Elder's wars. He showed bravery in the fights against Carthage and mercy with the Thurians.
Streptococcus mitis
Streptococcus mitis is a species of Gram-positive, mesophilic, alpha-hemolytic bacteria in the genus Streptococcus, belonging to the viridans streptococci group. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, and made up of non-motile and non-sporing cocci (round cells) that are catalase negative. It is a commensal and commonly inhabits the human mouth, throat, and upper respiratory tract, as part of the oral microbiota. They are clinically important for humans, as under certain conditions, it can cause opportunistic infections, such as infective endocarditis.

Mesophile
A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from 20 to 45 °C (68 to 113 °F). The optimum growth temperature for these organisms is 37 °C (about 99 °F). The term is mainly applied to microorganisms.  Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremophiles. Mesophiles have diverse classifications, belonging to two domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and to kingdom Fungi of domain Eukarya.  Mesophiles belonging to the domain Bacteria can either be gram-positive or gram-negative. Oxygen requirements for mesophiles can be aerobic or anaerobic. There are three basic shapes of mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, and spiral.
Lødingen Municipality
Lødingen (Northern Sami: Lodegak) is a municipality in Nordland county in Norway. Lødingen is located on the southeastern corner of the island of Hinnøya, and is part of the traditional district of Ofoten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lødingen. Other villages in the municipality include Våge and Ytterstad. Lødingen has the nickname "Biketown" because it hosts several annual bicycle races, including "Lofoten Insomnia" and Vestbygd-rittet.

The 527-square-kilometre (203 sq mi) municipality is by area the 201st largest out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Lødingen Municipality is the 279th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,060. The municipality's population density is 3.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (10/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 8.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Districts of Norway
The country of Norway is historically divided into a number of districts. Many districts have deep historical roots, and only partially coincide with today's administrative units of counties and municipalities. The districts are defined by geographical features, often valleys, mountain ranges, fjords, plains, or coastlines, or combinations of the above. Many such regions were petty kingdoms up to the early Viking Age.
Min Wŏnsik
Min Wŏnsik (Korean: 민원식; Hanja: 閔元植, July 12, 1886 – February 17, 1921) was a politician and journalist during the late Joseon dynasty and the Japanese colonial era. He was an advocate for Korean political rights and autonomy. Also a noted writer and poet, he used the art names of Chŏngam (정암; 正菴), Nan'gok (난곡; 蘭谷), Handong (한동; 韓東), and Yangha (양하; 養何).

Min believed in the Japanese support of Korean interests. Until his assassination, he supported a system of Korean autonomy within the Japanese imperial system.

Governor-General of Chōsen
The Governor-General of Chōsen (Japanese: 朝鮮総督, romanized: Chōsen Sōtoku; Korean: 조선총독, romanized: Joseon Chongdok) was the chief administrator of the Government-General of Chōsen, a part of an administrative organ established by the Imperial government of Japan. The position existed from 1910 to 1945.

The governor-general of Chōsen was established shortly after the Korean Empire was formally annexed by the Empire of Japan in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 to replace the title of Resident-General. The governor-general of Chōsen was appointed from Tokyo and accountable to the emperor of Japan. The governor-general of Chōsen was responsible for the administrate ministry of the Chōsen regionin, including infrastructure, culture, justice, censorship, and the suppression of the Korean independence movement.

The governor-general of Chōsen was seated in the General Government Building in Keijō after its completion in 1926. Pending its completion, the governor-general resided at Namsan.
Gail F. Burrill
Gail F. Burrill is a mathematics educator who was president of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) from 1996 to 1998. She works as a specialist in the Program in Mathematics Education at Michigan State University.

Burrill worked for nearly 30 years as a high school mathematics teacher; she is also the author of multiple textbooks, and has pushed to include statistics in the curriculum.

She won the Presidential Award for Excellence in Teaching Mathematics in 1985, and the lifetime achievement award of the NCTM in 2012. She was also given an honorary doctorate by the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in 2000. In 1994, she was elected as a fellow of the American Statistical Association.

President's Education Awards Program
The President's Education Awards Program (PEAP) is awarded on behalf of the President of the United States and the United States Secretary of Education. PEAP was founded in 1983. The purpose of the program is to recognize students in elementary, middle and high school for their educational achievements.

Both the President's Award for Educational Excellence and the President's Award for Educational Achievement can be given at the sole discretion of the participating school's principal.
The Man Who Never Was (book)
The Man Who Never Was is a 1953 book by Ewen Montagu about the World War II Operation Mincemeat. Montagu played a leading role in the 1943 scheme to deceive the Germans about the planned Allied invasion of Sicily.  The scheme entailed releasing a dead body just off the coast of Spain, where strong currents caused it to drift ashore in an area where a skilled German secret agent was known to operate. The corpse was to appear to be the victim of an airplane crash, the non-existent Royal Marine Captain (Acting Major) William Martin, who had letters in a briefcase that hinted at a forthcoming Allied invasion of Greece and Sardinia, rather than the obvious target of Sicily.

Montagu's work formed the basis for a 1956 film by the same title.

Acting rank
An acting rank is a designation that allows military personnel to assume a higher military rank, which is usually temporary. They may assume that rank either with or without the pay and allowances appropriate to that grade, depending on the nature of the acting promotion. An acting officer may be ordered back to the previous grade.  This situation may arise when a lower-ranking officer is called upon to replace a senior officer, or fill a position higher than the incumbent rank.
Duboscia macrocarpa
Duboscia macrocarpa occurs from Nigeria to  the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is a tree which grows to 30 m, and often has a fluted trunk. The leaves and young stems are covered in dense hairs. The flowers are pink-reddish brown, with bracts below. The fruits are ribbed and very fibrous.

The species was first described by Henri Théophile Bocquillon in 1866.

Henri Théophile Bocquillon
Henri Théophile Bocquillon (5 June 1834, Crugny – 15 May 1884, Paris) was a French botanist.

In Paris, he successively worked as an instructor at the Lycée Napoleon (from 1858), Lycée Louis-le-Grand (from 1862), Lycée Henri-IV (from 1864) and Lycée Fontanes (from 1867). At the latter two schools he served as chair of natural sciences.

In 1862 he obtained his doctorate in natural sciences, and in 1866, he received his medical doctorate. In 1869 he became an associate professor to the faculty of medicine at Paris. He was a member of the Société botanique de France and a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.

He was the taxonomic authority of the genera Baillonia, Duboscia and Desplatsia.
Homestead High School (Indiana)
Homestead Senior High School, in Fort Wayne, United States, is a public four-year high school. Part of Southwest Allen County Schools, the school receives accreditation from the Indiana Department of Education and the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.

North Central Association of Colleges and Schools
The North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA), also known as the North Central Association, was a membership organization, consisting of colleges, universities, and schools in 19 U.S. states engaged in educational accreditation. It was one of six regional accreditation bodies in the U.S. and its Higher Learning Commission was recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) as a regional accreditor for higher education institutions.

The organization was dissolved in 2014.  The primary and secondary education accreditation functions of the association have been merged into AdvancED with the postsecondary education accreditation functions vested in the Higher Learning Commission.
Battle of Rotterdam
The Battle of Rotterdam was a Second World War battle fought during the Battle of the Netherlands. Fought between 10 and 14 May 1940, it was a German attempt to seize the Dutch city. It ended in a German victory, following the Rotterdam Blitz.

Nieuwe Maas
The Nieuwe Maas (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌniu.ə ˈmaːs]; "New Meuse") is a distributary of the Rhine River, and a former distributary of the Maas River, in the Dutch province of South Holland. It runs from the confluence of the rivers Noord and Lek, and flows west through Rotterdam. It ends west of the city where it meets the Oude Maas ("Old Meuse"), near Vlaardingen, to form Scheur. After a few miles, the Scheur continues as the artificial Nieuwe Waterweg. The total length of the Nieuwe Maas (excluding the Scheur) is approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi).
Oxford Shul
The Oxford Shul is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Riviera, near the suburbs of Saxonwold, Houghton and Killarney, in Johannesburg, in the region of Gauteng, South Africa. The congregation was established in 1943 and moved into its current building in 1962. The sanctuary is one of the largest in the Southern Hemisphere, with seating for 1,500 congregants.

Sanctuary
A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred place, such as a shrine, protected by ecclesiastical immunity. By the use of such places as a haven, by extension the term has come to be used for any place of safety. This secondary use can be categorized into human sanctuary, a safe place for people, such as a political sanctuary; and non-human sanctuary, such as an animal or plant sanctuary.
Lohu
Lohu (German: Loal) is a village in Kohila Parish, Rapla County, in northwestern Estonia.  Lohu railway station, on the Tallinn - Viljandi railway line operated by Elron, in a short distance from the village.

The Lohu Lelu company in Lohu produces wooden toys. It started trading in 1993.

Viljandi
Viljandi (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈvilʲːjɑnʲːdi]) is a city and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,255 in 2024. It is the capital of Viljandi County and is geographically located between two major Estonian cities, Pärnu and Tartu.

The town was first mentioned in 1283, upon being granted its town charter by Wilhelm von Endorpe. The town became a member of the Hanseatic League at the beginning of the 14th century, and is one of five Estonian cities and cities in the league. The once influential Estonian newspaper Sakala was founded in Viljandi in 1878.