hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gnana Kuzhandhai
Gnana Kuzhandhai (pronounced [ɲaːnakkːuɻan̪ðaɪ] transl. Child of Wisdom) is a 1979 Indian Tamil-language Hindu mythological film, directed by K. Kameshwara Rao and written by Era. Pazhanisamy. The film stars Baby Sudha and Master Sridhar, with Gemini Ganesan Venniradai Nirmala V. S. Raghavan R. S. Manohar, S. V. Subbaiah, Jai Ganesh, Latha and K. A. Thangavelu in supporting roles. It was released on 24 June 1979.

R. S. Manohar
Rasipuram Subramaniyan Iyer Manohar (29 June 1925 – 10 January 2006) was an Indian actor who performed roles ranging from hero to villain to comedic characters. He was born at Namakkal in 1925. He  acted in over 200 films. He is known for his versatility and dominating personality. He is also known as Nadaga Kavalar for his love of stage plays and his undeterred passion in continuing to stage mythological plays almost his entire life.
Xaagá
Xaagá (pronounced Saaga) is a small town South-West from the town of San Pablo Villa de Mitla in the Valles Centrales of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is about 10 km (as the crow flies) far away from Hierve el Agua. It is located at an elevation of 1,745 meters above sea level.

Hierve el Agua
Hierve el Agua (Spanish for "the water boils") is a set of natural travertine rock formations in San Lorenzo Albarradas, Oaxaca, Mexico that resemble cascades of water. The site is located about 70 km east of Oaxaca City, and consists of two rock shelves or cliffs which rise between fifty and ninety metres from the valley below, from which extend nearly white rock formations which look like waterfalls. These formations are created by fresh water springs, whose water is over-saturated with calcium carbonate and other minerals. As the water trickles over the cliffs, the excess minerals are deposited, much in the same manner that stalactites are formed in caves. One of the cliffs, called the "cascada chica" (small waterfall) or the Amphitheatre, contains two large artificial pools for swimming as well as a number of small natural pools. One of the artificial pools is very near the edge of the cliff.
The Knot Atlas
The Knot Atlas is a website, an encyclopedia rather than atlas, dedicated to knot theory. It and its predecessor were created by mathematician Dror Bar-Natan, who maintains the current site with Scott Morrison. According to Schiller, the site contains, "beautiful illustrations and detailed information about knots," as does KnotPlot.com. According to the site itself, it is a knot atlas (collection of maps), theory database, knowledge base, and "a home for some computer programs".

Atlas
An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth. Advances in astronomy have also resulted in atlases of the celestial sphere or of other planets.

Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today, many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographical features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious, and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it.
Steven Hatfill
Steven Jay Hatfill (born October 24, 1953) is an American pathologist and biological weapons expert. In 2002, he came to worldwide attention as a suspect in the 2001 anthrax attacks, a charge of which he was eventually exonerated, and later compensated for, after extensive litigation.

In 2020, Hatfill became an advisor to the first Trump White House, in which capacity he promoted the use of hydroxychloroquine to treat the COVID-19 virus despite FDA objections to the drug. After the 2020 election he participated in Donald Trump's attempt to overturn the election results.

In April 2025, Hatfill became a special advisor to the second Trump administration on the subject of pandemic preparedness. He was fired from the Department of Health and Human Services on October 27, 2025.

The New York Times Company
The New York Times Company is an American mass media corporation that publishes The New York Times and its associated publications such as The New York Times International Edition and other media properties. The New York Times Company's headquarters are in the New York Times Building, a skyscraper in Manhattan, New York City.
Forgan of St Andrews
Forgan of St Andrews is a British manufacturing company of golf equipment, founded in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. Having been established in 1860, Forgan is the oldest golf club manufacturing company in the world. Apart from golf clubs, Forgan commercialises bags and clothing, such as t-shirts, hats and jackets.

In past years, Forgan was a subsidiary of American corporation Spalding in the 1940s, and then of Sports PLC, a European online retailer.

Jacket
A jacket is a garment for the upper body, usually extending below the hips. A jacket typically has sleeves and fastens in the front or slightly on the side. Jackets without sleeves are vests. A jacket is generally lighter, tighter-fitting, and less insulating than a coat, but both are outerwear. Some jackets are fashionable, while some others serve as protective clothing.
The Sausage Factory
The Sausage Factory, also known in the United States as MTV's Now What? or Much Ado About Whatever, is a teen sitcom that followed the lives of four friends in their junior year at West Boulder High School.

The four friends were Zack (Adam Brody), trying to win over his unrequited crush Lisa; Ted, the stereotypical rich kid who tries to consummate with his girlfriend, Nancy (Kristen Renton); J.C. (Kenny Fisher), who finds himself constantly approached by middle-aged women; and Gilby (Johnny Lewis), the class clown, who regularly creates trouble.

Produced in 2000 and 2001, it ran for one season. The single-camera series was shot without an audience and included no laugh track.

Originally aired in Canada on The Comedy Network, reruns were later screened on CTV and YTV. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it airs on Trouble. Sky One previously aired it.

Trouble (TV channel)
Trouble was a subscription television channel operating in the United Kingdom and Ireland that was owned and operated by Virgin Media Television.

Trouble had a key demographic of young adults and teenagers, aged between 15 and 24. The channel aired primarily American and Australian imports, with only a small margin of programmes being British.
Before...12:01...and After
Before...12:01...and After is a collection of science fiction, fantasy, mystery and horror stories by author Richard A. Lupoff. It was released in 1996 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 2,100 copies of which 100 were signed by the author and the artist. Many of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Pagoda, Fantasy and Science Fiction, Heavy Metal, Fantastic, Whispers, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Detective Story Magazine, Hardboiled and Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.

Heavy Metal (magazine)
Heavy Metal is an American science fantasy comics magazine, first published in 1977. The magazine is known primarily for its blend of dark fantasy, science fiction, erotica, and steampunk comics. Following a brief hiatus in 2023, it relaunched in 2024 with new owners and a new editorial team consisting of Dave Kelly, Frank Forte, and Chris Thompson.

Unlike the traditional American comic books of that time bound by the restrictive Comics Code Authority, the magazine-format Heavy Metal featured explicit nudity, sexual situations, and graphic violence. The magazine started out primarily as a licensed translation of the French science-fantasy magazine Métal hurlant, marking for many Americans their first introduction to the work of European cartoonists like Enki Bilal, Philippe Caza, Guido Crepax, Philippe Druillet, Jean-Claude Forest, Jean Giraud (a.k.a. Moebius), Chantal Montellier, and Milo Manara.
Sebahattin Öztürk
Sebahattin Öztürk (born 1 July 1962) is a Turkish politician, civil servant and bureaucrat who served as the Minister of the Interior of Turkey between March and August 2015. Previously the Undersecretary to the Interior Ministry since 2014, he took over as Minister from Justice and Development Party politician Efkan Ala three months prior to the June 2015 general election, as required by Article 114 of the Turkish Constitution. He is, formally, of no political affiliation.

Ministry of Interior (Turkey)
The Ministry of Interior or Ministry of the Interior or Interior Ministry (Turkish: İçişleri Bakanlığı lit. Ministry of Internal Affairs) is a government ministry of the Republic of Turkey, responsible for interior security affairs in Turkey.

As of 10 February 2026, the current Minister of the Interior is Mustafa Çiftçi.
Madaria, Gorakhpur
Madaria is a village in Gola Block and Tehsil (sub-district) of Gorakhpur district in the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. The total geographical area of the village is 75.21 hectares. The village has 247 households. The village has a post office and Gram Panchayat. The native language is Hindi. 
Madaria is located 61.1 km from Gorakhpur and 7 km from sub-district headquarters Gola Bazar.

Gorakhpur
Gorakhpur is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, along the banks of the Rapti river in the  Purvanchal region. It is situated 272 kilometres east of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur district, North Eastern Railway Zone and Gorakhpur division. The city is home to the Gorakhnath Math, a Gorakhnath temple. The city also has had an Indian Air Force station since 1963. Gita Press, the world's largest publisher of Hindu religious texts like Ramayana and Mahabharata, has been established here since 1926.
Bo (dog)
Bo (October 9, 2008 – May 8, 2021) was a pet dog of the Obama family, the first family of the United States from 2009 until 2017. President Barack Obama and his family were given the male Portuguese Water Dog as a gift after months of speculation about the breed and identity of their future pet. The final choice was made in part because elder daughter Malia's allergies dictated a need for a hypoallergenic breed. Bo was occasionally called "First Dog". In August 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny, a female dog of the same breed.

Bo was named by sisters Malia and Sasha after their cousins' cat, First Lady Michelle Obama's father, and as a reference to the R&B musician Bo Diddley. Bo's name was also Barack Obama's initials.

Hypoallergenic
Hypoallergenic, meaning "below average" or "slightly" allergenic, is a term meaning that something (usually cosmetics, pets, textiles, food, etc.) causes fewer allergic reactions. The term was first used in 1953 in an advertising campaign for cosmetics or perhaps as early as 1940. A 2017 study of the top-selling skin moisturizers from Amazon, Target, and Walmart found 83% of those marketed as "hypoallergenic" contained at least one potentially allergenic chemical.

The term is also commonly applied to pet breeds which are claimed to produce fewer allergens than other breeds of the same species, due to some combination of their coat type, absence of fur, or absence of a gene that produces a certain protein. All breeds still produce allergens and a 2011 study failed to find a difference in allergen concentrations in homes with dogs of "hypoallergenic breeds" and other breeds.
Deshe Bideshe
Deshe Bideshe (Bengali: দেশে বিদেশে) is the first book and one of the most famous works of Bengali author, journalist, travel enthusiast, academic, scholar and linguist Syed Mujtaba Ali. The book describes his experience on his stay in Kabul from 1927 to 1929 and was originally published serially during 1948 in the Indian weekly magazine Desh, New Age Publishers Pvt. Ltd. of Kolkata published it in book form the same year.

An English translation by Nazes Afroz, the former BBC executive editor of South and Central Asia, was published by Speaking Tiger Books as In a Land Far from Home in 2015. The book was shortlisted for the Raymond Crossword Book Award 2016.

Desh (magazine)
Desh (Bengali: দেশ) is a Bengali literary magazine featuring short stories, novels, commentary, criticism, poetry, essays, and book reviews. Launched on November 24, 1933, first as a weekly and later as a biweekly, it is one of India's oldest magazines.  Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the magazine published works of prominent Bengali writers including Rabindranath Tagore, Jibanananda Das, Sunil Gangopadhyay, Satyajit Ray, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, and Joy Goswami.

A 2008 study by Dr. Chaitali Dutta in the Kolkata metropolitan area found that Desh was more popular among female readers, while males favored Saptahik Bartaman.
Pleurotus eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom, French horn mushroom, eryngi, king oyster mushroom, king brown mushroom, boletus of the steppes, trumpet royale, aliʻi oyster) is an Old World species of fungus.

Old World
The "Old World" (Latin: Mundus vetus) is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously thought of by the Europeans as the entire world, with the "New World", a term for the newly encountered lands of the Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.
Directed information
Directed information is an information theory measure that quantifies the information flow from the random string   to the random string . The term directed information was coined by James Massey and is defined as

where  is the conditional mutual information .

Directed information has applications to problems where causality plays an important role such as the capacity of channels with feedback, capacity of discrete memoryless networks, capacity of networks with in-block memory, gambling with causal side information, compression with causal side information, real-time control communication settings, and statistical physics.

Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:

Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.
Rossoshinsky
Rossoshinsky (Russian: Россошинский) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 611 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

Uryupinsky District
Uryupinsky District (Russian: Урю́пинский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Uryupinsky Municipal District. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,460 square kilometers (1,340 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Uryupinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 28,775 (2010 Census); 30,615 (2002 Census); 33,266 (1989 Soviet census).
Wood Moy
Wood Moy (10 June 1918 – 8 November 2017) was an American film and theater actor from New York City. He developed an interest in acting while attending St. John's University, Shanghai. He was an early member of the Asian American Theater Company in San Francisco. He is best known for a lead role in Chan Is Missing, the debut film by Wayne Wang.

In 1972, Mr. Moy was the first to join the Asian American Theatre Training Program led by Frank Chin at the American Conservatory Theater.  In 1983, Moy wrote the play "Lo Foo and the Missing Ming Artifact" for the Asian American Theater Company. In "Lo Foo," Moy plays detective Charlie Chan, lured out of retirement to pursue a stolen artifact. In 1994, Moy was cast in the Berkeley and Los Angeles theatrical adaptations of Maxine Hong Kingston's novel, The Woman Warrior, as Ah Goong.  Moy also appeared in The Wash at Eureka Theatre and Pay the Chinaman at the Zephyr Theatre. He died in November 2017 at the age of 99.

American Conservatory Theater
The American Conservatory Theater (ACT) is a nonprofit theater company in San Francisco, California, United States, that offers both classical and contemporary theater productions. It has an attached acting school.
Centimetre
A centimetre (International spelling) or centimeter (American English), with SI symbol cm, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one hundredth of a metre, centi- being the SI prefix for a factor of ⁠1/100⁠. Equivalently, there are 100 centimetres in 1 metre. The centimetre was the base unit of length in the now deprecated centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.

Though for many physical quantities, SI prefixes for factors of 103—like milli- and kilo-—are often preferred by technicians, the centimetre remains a practical unit of length for many everyday measurements; for instance, human height is commonly measured in centimetres. A centimetre is approximately the width of the fingernail of an average adult person.

CJK characters
In internationalization, CJK characters is a collective term for graphemes used in the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean writing systems, which each include Chinese characters. It can also go by CJKV to include Chữ Nôm, the Chinese-origin logographic script formerly used for the Vietnamese language, or CJKVZ to also include Sawndip, used to write the Zhuang languages.
Clustered file system
A clustered file system (CFS) is a file system which is shared by being simultaneously mounted on multiple servers.  There are several approaches to clustering, most of which do not employ a clustered file system (only direct attached storage for each node).  Clustered file systems can provide features like location-independent addressing and redundancy which improve reliability or reduce the complexity of the other parts of the cluster.  Parallel file systems are a type of clustered file system that spread data across multiple storage nodes, usually for redundancy or performance.

Direct-attached storage
Direct-attached storage (DAS) is digital storage directly attached to the computer accessing it, as opposed to storage accessed over a computer network (i.e. network-attached storage). DAS consists of one or more storage units such as hard drives, solid-state drives, optical disc drives within an external enclosure. The term "DAS" is a retronym to contrast with storage area network (SAN) and network-attached storage (NAS).
Greek Women of Souli Running to Their Death
Greek Women of Souli Running to Their Death is an oil painting created by female French painter Constance Blanchard, exhibited in Paris at the Salon of 1838. The French Ministry of Interior purchased Blanchard's painting on September 20, 1838, at the request of Caze, deputy for Haute-Garonne. The work is on display at the Musée des Augustins in Toulouse, France.

An identical unsigned painting was completed around the same period which is now in Nicosia, Cyprus at the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation Cultural Center.

Ary Scheffer
Ary Scheffer (10 February 1795 – 15 June 1858) was a Dutch-French Romantic painter. He was known mostly for his works based on literature, with paintings based on the works of Dante, Goethe, Lord Byron and Walter Scott, as well as religious subjects. He was also a prolific painter of portraits of famous and influential people in his lifetime. Politically, Scheffer had strong ties to King Louis Philippe I, having been employed as a teacher of the latter's children, which allowed him to live a life of luxury for many years until the French Revolution of 1848.
Dundee Royal Infirmary
Dundee Royal Infirmary, often shortened to DRI, was a major teaching hospital in Dundee, Scotland. Until the opening of Ninewells Hospital in 1974, Dundee Royal Infirmary was Dundee's main hospital. It was closed in 1998, after 200 years of operation.

Teaching hospital
A teaching hospital or university hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools.

Teaching hospitals use a residency program to educate qualified physicians, podiatrists, dentists, and pharmacists who are receiving training after attaining the degree of MD, DO, DPM, DDS, DMD, PharmD, BDS, BDent, MBBS, MBChB, or BMed. Those that attend a teaching hospital or clinic practice medicine under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior medical clinician registered in that specialty, such as an attending physician or consultant. The purpose of these residency programs is to create an environment where new doctors can learn to practice medicine in a safe setting which is supervised by physicians that provide both oversight and education.
Jiří Běhounek
Jiří Běhounek (born 13 May 1952) is a Czech physician and politician. He served as the governor of the Vysočina Region from November 2008 to November 2020 and Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from October 2013 to October 2021.

Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic
The Chamber of Deputies, officially the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Czech: Poslanecká sněmovna Parlamentu České republiky, PS PČR), is the lower house of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. The chamber has 200 seats and deputies are elected for four-year terms using the party-list proportional representation system with the Imperiali and Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas. Since 2002, there have been 14 constituencies, matching the Czech regions, with district size varying from 8 to 26 representatives. A Cabinet is answerable to the Chamber of Deputies and the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as they retain the support of a majority of its members. The quorum is set by law to one third (67) of elected deputies. Any changes to the constitutional laws must be approved by at least 60 percent of the Chamber of Deputies. The seat of the Chamber of Deputies is the Thun Palace in Malá Strana, Prague.
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle of the pharynx. It is the uppermost and thinnest of the three pharyngeal constrictors.

The muscle is divided into four parts according to its four distincts origins: a pterygopharyngeal, buccopharyngeal, mylopharyngeal, and a glossopharyngeal part. The muscle inserts onto the pharyngeal raphe, and pharyngeal spine. It is innervated by pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus. It acts to convey a bolus down towards the esophagus, facilitating swallowing.

Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve is the principal motor nerve of the pharynx. It represents the motor component of the pharyngeal plexus, and ultimately provides motor innervation to most of the muscles of the soft palate (all but the tensor veli palatini muscle), and of the pharynx (all but the stylopharyngeus muscle).

The neuron cell bodies of the axons of the pharyngeal branch reside in the nucleus ambiguus. The pharyngeal branch arises from the superior portion of the inferior ganglion of vagus nerve. It passes in between the external carotid artery and internal carotid artery; upon reaching the superior border of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle the nerve ramifies into numerous filaments that contribute to the formation of the pharyngeal plexus.