hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Places of Remembrance
Places of Remembrance is a memorial consisting of 80 different signs affixed to lampposts in the Bavarian Quarter of Berlin's Schöneberg locality. The 50 x 70 cm signs made of aluminum dispersed around the locality, 3 meters high, were designed by artist duo Stih & Schnock. The signs each have a simple image with an anti-Semitic law from 1933-1945 related to the image's depiction inscribed on its backside. The memorial is decentralized, rather than one location, with signs dispersed throughout the neighborhood, since their installation in 1993.

Stih & Schnock
Stih & Schnock is a German artist duo based in Berlin. It was formed by Renata Stih, a professor at the Berlin University of Applied Sciences and chair of Berlin's art in public space advisory commission, and Frieder Schnock, a former curator at the Museum Fridericianum in Kassel and head of education at Berlin's artists association. Their works deal primarily with collective memory in society. The Holocaust is a recurring reference for their artistic interventions.

Stih & Schnock are frequent lecturers and visiting professors primarily in the United States. Their works have been exhibited at the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, the Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale, the Jewish Museum of New York, the Museum London (Ontario)], the Saint Louis Art Museum, and the Boca Raton Museum of Art.

In 2015 Stih & Schnock were honored as Distinguished Service Awardees by the Obermayer German Jewish History Awards.
Kitabatake Chikafusa
Kitabatake Chikafusa (北畠 親房; March 8, 1293 – June 1, 1354) was a Japanese court noble and writer of the 14th century who supported the Southern Court in the Nanboku-cho period, serving as advisor to five Emperors.: 67–68  Some of his greatest and most famous work was performed during the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, under whom he proposed a series of reforms, amounting to a revival or restoration of political and economic systems of several centuries earlier. In addition to authoring a history of Japan and a number of works defending the right of Go-Daigo's line to the throne, Kitabatake fought in defense of the Southern Court as a member of the Murakami branch of the Minamoto clan.

Emperor Go-Daigo
Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) (26 November 1288 – 19 September 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He successfully overthrew the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 and established the short-lived Kenmu Restoration to bring the Imperial House back into power. This was to be the last time the emperor had real power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Kenmu restoration was in turn overthrown by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336, ushering in the Ashikaga shogunate. The overthrow split the imperial family into two opposing factions between the Ashikaga backed Northern Court situated in Kyoto and the Southern Court based in Yoshino. The Southern Court was led by Go-Daigo and his later successors.
Khnumhotep II
Khnumhotep II (ẖnmw-ḥtp, "Khnum is pleased") was an ancient Egyptian Great Chief of the Oryx nome (the 16th nome of Upper Egypt) during the reign of pharaohs Amenemhat II and Senusret II of the 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom (20th century BCE). He is well known for his tomb at Beni Hasan and its decorations.

Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
The Twelfth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty XII) is a series of rulers reigning from c. 1991–1802 BC (c. 190 years), at what is often considered to be the apex of the Middle Kingdom (Dynasties XI–XIV). The dynasty periodically expanded its territory from the Nile Delta and valley South beyond the second cataract and East into Canaan.

The Twelfth Dynasty was marked by relative stability and development. It has a notably well recorded history for the period. Its first pharaoh was Amenemhat I and its final was Sobekneferu.
Qarmas
Qarmas (Arabic: قرمص, also spelled Qurmus) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 46 kilometers (29 mi) southwest of Hama. Nearby localities include Aqrab to the north, Tell Dahab to the east, Kafr Laha to the southeast, al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah to the south, Maryamin to the southwest, Awj and Kafr Kamrah to the west and Baarin to the northwest.

According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Qarmas had a population of 5,331 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites. Most of the village's lands are planted with olive and fig groves and vineyards, while near the village is a small fir and oak forest. As of 2010, most of the working inhabitants were engaged in agriculture and livestock. Qarmas has a primary and secondary school.

Tell Dahab
Tell Dahab (Arabic: تل ذهب, also spelled Tal Dhahab) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northwest of Homs. Nearby localities include Taldou and Kafr Laha, Maryamin and al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah to the southwest, Awj to the west, Aqrab to the northwest, Bisin to the north and Talaf to the east. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Tell Dahab had a population of 12,055 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

An ancient church dedicated to Saints Sergius and Bacchus, built during the Byzantine era, is located in Tell Dahab. During the late Ottoman era, in 1829, Tell Dahab consisted of 65 feddans and paid annual taxes of 6,930 qirsh. It was a well-established village by the 19th-century and during the brief Egyptian, the local agha ("military commander") Abdullah Agha Tayfur invested in Tell Dahab.
Dipika Sanjay Chavan
Dipika Sanjay Chavan is an Indian Politician and was a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. She represents the Baglan Assembly Constituency. She belongs to the Nationalist Congress Party.

She is a Member of Maharashtra State Commission for Women.

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra Vidhānasabhā) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India. It consists of 288 members directly elected from single-seat constituencies. The Assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan in Mumbai, though the winter session is held in Nagpur. Along with the Maharashtra Legislative Council, it constitutes the legislature of Maharashtra. The presiding officer of the Assembly is the Speaker. Members of the Assembly are directly elected by the people of Maharashtra through elections held every five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved earlier. The current Assembly was elected in November 2024.
Yasnye Zori
Yasnye Zori (Russian: Ясные Зори) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Yasnozorenskoye Rural Settlement, Belgorodsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,715 as of 2010. There are 17 streets.

Belgorod Oblast
Belgorod Oblast (Russian: Белгоро́дская о́бласть, romanized: Belgorodskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Belgorod. As of 2021, the population is 1,540,486.
Ave verum corpus
Ave verum corpus is a short Eucharistic chant that has been set to music by many composers. It dates to the 13th century, first recorded in a central Italian Franciscan manuscript (Chicago, Newberry Library, 24). A Reichenau manuscript of the 14th century attributes it to Pope Innocent (variously identified as Innocent III, Innocent IV, Innocent V, or Innocent VI)

During the Middle Ages, it was sung at the elevation of the Eucharist during the consecration at Mass. It was also used frequently during Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.

The prayer is a meditation on Jesus's Real Presence in the Blessed Sacrament, and ties it to the redemptive meaning of suffering in the life of all believers.

Pope Innocent IV
Pope Innocent IV (Latin: Innocentius IV; c. 1195 – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254.

Fieschi was born in Genoa and studied at the universities of Parma and Bologna. He was considered in his own day and by posterity as a fine canonist. On the strength of this reputation, he was called to the Roman Curia by Pope Honorius III. Pope Gregory IX made him a cardinal and appointed him governor of the Ancona in 1235. Fieschi was elected pope in 1243 and took the name Innocent IV. He inherited an ongoing dispute over lands seized by the Holy Roman Emperor, and the following year he traveled to France to escape imperial plots against him in Rome. He returned to Rome in 1250 after the death of the Emperor Frederick II.

On 15 May 1252 he promulgated the bull  Ad extirpanda  authorizing torture against heretics, equated with ordinary criminals.
Palatine Bridge Freight House
Palatine Bridge Freight House is a historic freight depot located at Palatine Bridge in Montgomery County, New York. It is a rectangular limestone building constructed in the mid-1850s.  It measures 300 feet long and is a fine example of a mid 19th century storage house.  It has a low slope gable roof with overhanging eaves.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Montgomery County, New York
Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 49,532. The county seat is Fonda. The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec. The county is part of the Mohawk Valley region of the state.

The county is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy combined statistical area.

Historically occupied by the Mohawk people, one of the original Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, the county was created in 1772 during the period of British colonial rule as Tryon County. In 1784, after the Americans gained independence in the War, it was renamed Montgomery County for one of the heroes.

Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam, NY micropolitan statistical area. The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River.
Verified Audit Circulation
Verified Audit Circulation was a United States company founded by Geraldine Knight in 1951 that conducts circulation audits of both free and paid print publications and of traffic figures for web sites. The company also provides custom research and verifies field delivery of products such as yellow pages, branded delivery bags, and door hangers.

As an independent audit firm, Verified Audit Circulation works with publication circulation figures provided by their publisher clients, to verify or adjust these circulation numbers, based on examining a publication’s printing and financial records. Field research also may be conducted to confirm circulation figures. Circulation audit findings are compiled and released in audit reports, which advertisers use to make decisions about advertising placements.

On December 21, 2022, the company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and liquidated its assets.

Publication
To publish is to make content available to the general public. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). Publication means the act of publishing, and also any copies issued for public distribution.
2014 CEMAC Cup
The 2014 CEMAC Cup is the ninth edition of the CEMAC Cup – the football championship of Central African nations.

The draw was made on 4 October 2014 in Malabo.

Each national team had its own training facility allocated for the duration of the tournament.

Equatorial Guinea in Mbini

Cameroon in Alep

Central African Republic in the Bata Stadium Annex

Gabon in the La Paz stadium

Republic of Congo in the Malabo Stadium Annex

Chad in the Luba Stadium.

Malabo
Malabo (/məˈlɑːboʊ/ mə-LAH-boh, Spanish: [maˈlaβo] ⓘ; formerly Santa Isabel [ˈsantajsaˈβel] ⓘ) is a city in Equatorial Guinea, located in the province of Bioko Norte. It is located on the north coast of the island of Bioko (Bube: Etulá, and as Fernando Pó by the Europeans). In 2018, the city had a population of approximately 297,000 inhabitants.

Spanish is the official language of the city and of the country as well, but Pichinglis is also used as a language of wider communication across Bioko island, including Malabo.

Malabo is the oldest city in Equatorial Guinea and served as its former capital. Ciudad de la Paz is a planned community in mainland Equatorial Guinea which was built to replace Malabo as the capital. The institutions of governance of Equatorial Guinea began the process of locating to Ciudad de la Paz in February 2017. Ciudad de la Paz was officially proclaimed capital of Equatorial Guinea in January 2026.
Vaithilingam
Vaithilingam is a family name. People with this name include:

Daisy Vaithilingam (1925–2014), Singaporean social worker

M. A. Vaithyalingam, Indian politician

R. Vaithilingam, Indian politician

V. Vaithilingam, Indian politician

Vaithilingam Sornalingam (1949–2001), better known as Shankar (Tamil militant)

M. A. Vaithyalingam
M. A. Vaithiyalingam, is an Indian politician and was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Tambaram constituency as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) candidate in the 1989, 1996 and 2001 elections.
Three time MLA, who contested 5 times continuesly as DMK Candidate in Undivided Tambaram Constituency (Now Tambaram constituency limits has been spread over and split as Tambaram, Solonganallur, Vellachery & Pallavaram Assembly constituencies) Official Spelling: M.A.Vaidialingam. In Tamil மீ.அ.வைதியலிங்கம்
Stretcher bearer
A stretcher-bearer is a person who carries a stretcher, generally with another person at its other end, especially in a war or emergency times when there is a very serious accident or a disaster.

In case of military personnel, for example removing wounded or dead from a battlefield, the modern term is combat medic who will have received considerable training. Stretcher-bearers would have received basic first-aid training. The wounded soldier had to wait until the stretcher-bearers arrived or simply the stretcher-bearers will find them.

In times of war, stretcher-bearers may in certain situations be covered by Art. 25 of the First (Geneva) Convention of 1949 under the category of auxiliary medical personnel.

Stretcher
A stretcher, gurney, litter, or pram is an apparatus used for moving patients who require medical care. A basic type (cot or litter) must be carried by two or more people. A wheeled stretcher (known as a gurney, trolley, bed or cart) is often equipped with variable height frames, wheels, tracks, or skids.

Stretchers are primarily used in acute out-of-hospital care situations by emergency medical services (EMS), military, and search and rescue personnel. In medical forensics, the right arm of a corpse is left hanging off the stretcher to let paramedics know it is a deceased person. They are also used to restrain prisoners during executions via lethal injection.
Le Roy Engloys
Le Roi Anglois (English: The English King) is a song found in the Bayeux Manuscript, a collection of more than a hundred songs compiled at the start of the 16th century AD by Charles III de Bourbon and written at the end of the 15th century AD, some dozens of years after the end of the Hundred Years' War.

The song contains numerous historical errors due to the fact that its composition took place close to half a century after the events it recounts. The English King Henry V is said to have died in Saint-Fiacre in Brie, while in reality he died in Vincennes. "Captain Prégent" is Prigent VII de Coëtivy, one of the victors, along with Jean de Clermont, of the Battle of Formigny, on 18 April 1450 (3,500 dead on the English side, 500 on the French side). The Middle French word used for "tails" (couez), bears a resemblance to the word "couard", meaning "coward". The word "Godon" was a French ethnic slur for English people, which may be the result of a corruption of "God-damn".

Battle of Formigny
The Battle of Formigny, fought on 15 April 1450, took place towards the end of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. A decisive French victory that destroyed the last significant English field army in Normandy, it paved the way for the recapture of their remaining strongholds.

Although cannon had been employed in siege warfare since the early 14th century, Formigny is notable as one of the first recorded uses of field artillery on a European battlefield.
1998 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II – Pool B
For tennis tournaments, Group B was one of two pools in the Americas Zone Group II of the 1998 Fed Cup. Eight teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to Group I in 1999.

1998 Fed Cup
The 1998 Fed Cup was the 36th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women's tennis. In the final, Spain defeated Switzerland at Palexpo Hall in Geneva, Switzerland on 19–20 September, giving Spain its fifth title.
Giles B. Harber
Giles Bates Harber (September 24, 1849 – December 29, 1925) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy and one-time Commander-in-Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet. He was born and died in Youngstown, Ohio. Harber, called a "Naval Hero" by The New York Times, was best known as for leading the rescue expedition for the USS Jeannette off of Siberia and the return of the body of her captain. He was also decorated by Congress for his role in the Spanish–American War.

United States Pacific Fleet
The United States Pacific Fleet (USPACFLT) is a theater-level component command of the United States Navy, located in the Pacific Ocean. It provides naval forces to the Indo-Pacific Command. Fleet headquarters is at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, with large secondary facilities at Naval Air Station North Island, California.
Cardium Formation
The Cardium Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It takes the name from the fossilized heart-shaped cockle shells in the family Cardiidae (from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart") present. It was first described along the Bow River banks by James Hector in 1895. It is present throughout western Alberta and in northeastern British Columbia, and it is a major source of petroleum and natural gas.

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.
CI-1017
CI-1017 is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist which is selective for and is approximately equipotent at the M1 and M4 receptors, with 20-30-fold lower affinity for the M2, M3, and M5 subtypes It is the (R)-enantiomer of the racemic compound PD-142,505.

In animals CI-1017 improves learning and memory and increases the electrical activity of the hippocampus through activation of the M1 receptor, while minimally producing parasympathetic side effects and only at very high doses. It also inhibits production of amyloidogenic A beta peptide and increases secretion of soluble amyloid precursor protein via stimulation of the M1 receptor as well. Based on these data, it was hypothesized that CI-1017 could not only treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, but could also potentially slow disease progression. It was tested in clinical trials for this purpose in the early 2000s but was abandoned due to lack of efficacy.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, also known as cholinergic/acetylcholine receptor M3, or the muscarinic 3, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor encoded by the human gene CHRM3.

The M3 muscarinic receptors are located at many places in the body, e.g., smooth muscles, the bladder, the endocrine glands, the exocrine glands, lungs, pancreas and the brain. In the CNS, they induce emesis. Muscarinic M3 receptors are expressed in regions of the brain that regulate insulin homeostasis, such as the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem. These receptors are highly expressed on pancreatic beta cells and are critical regulators of glucose homoestasis by modulating insulin secretion. In general, they cause smooth muscle contraction and increased glandular secretions.

They are unresponsive to PTX and CTX.
Intellectual Property Institute (United Kingdom)
The Intellectual Property Institute (IPI), or IP Institute, is a British non-profit making organisation with the mission of promoting "awareness and understanding of intellectual property law". The Institute has a thirty-year history of intellectual property and economics research. The current director of the Institute is Professor Johanna Gibson who was appointed April 2010.

In 1982 Hugh Brett wrote that the "primary objective of the Institute will be to provide the facilities for research into the relevance and reform of intellectual property law. It is not possible to meet the needs of industry and the demands of innovation without a proper research centre. West Germany, for example, has the famous Max Planck Institute in Munich, with some 50,000 books, and a budget of over one million pounds per year, largely provided by government. A beginning has to be made……"

It was formally dissolved on 21 October 2014. (Ref UK Companies House)

Johanna Gibson
Johanna Gibson is Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law in the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London.

Her research centers around intellectual property law, cultural theory, traditional knowledge, animal law and development. She is the Editor-in-Chief of the Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property and was the founder of the journal.

Until January 2009, Johanna was also a team member of the intellectual property blog, IPKat, along with Jeremy Phillips, Ilanah Simon and David Pearce.
Deborah Hyde
Deborah Hyde (/haɪd/; born 1965) is a British sceptic, folklorist, cultural anthropologist, Ufologist, fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, and editor-in-chief of The Skeptic. She writes and lectures extensively about superstition, cryptozoology, religion and belief in the paranormal, with special regard to the folklore, psychology and sociology behind these phenomena, and has been introduced as a "vampire expert". Hyde has also worked in the motion picture industry.

Superstition
A superstition is any belief or practice considered by non-practitioners to be irrational or supernatural. It is commonly applied to beliefs and practices surrounding luck, fate, magic, amulets, astrology, fortune telling, spirits, and certain paranormal entities, particularly the belief that future events can be foretold by specific unrelated prior events.

The word superstition is also used to refer to a religion not practiced by the majority of a given society regardless of whether the prevailing religion contains alleged superstitions or to all religions by the antireligious.