hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Taraxacum bicorne
Taraxacum bicorne, commonly known as the two-horned dandelion or Russian dandelion, is a perennial species of dandelion native to Central Asia, the western Himalaya, and the Russian Far East. It primarily inhabits temperate biomes and occurs in regions such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and parts of western China, including Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang. The species was first formally described in 1906 by Swedish botanist Gustaf Dahlstedt in Arkiv för Botanik. In Chinese, it is referred to as 双角蒲公英 (shuang jiao pu gong ying).

Gustav Adolf Hugo Dahlstedt
Gustav Adolf Hugo Dahlstedt (8 February 1856, Linköping – 2 October 1934, Lidingö)  was a Swedish botanist who worked at the Bergianska Trädgården and Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm. In 1907 he received his honorary doctorate.

Dahlstedt specialized in research of the plant genera Taraxacum and Hieracium, of which he circumscribed many species. The botanical genus Dahlstedtia from the subfamily Faboideae is named in his honor, as are taxa with the specific taxa of dahlstedtii, an example being Taraxacum dahlstedtii, a plant sometimes referred to as "Dahlstedt's dandelion". Dahlstedt edited several exsiccata series focussed on Hieracium and Taraxacum specimens, namely Hieracia  exsiccata (1889-1891), Herbarium Hieraciorum Scandinaviae distributed from 1892 until 1911 and Taraxaca Scandinavica exsiccata.
Electron-transfer dissociation
Electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) is a method of fragmenting multiply-charged gaseous macromolecules in a mass spectrometer between the stages of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Similar to electron-capture dissociation, ETD induces fragmentation of large, multiply-charged cations by transferring electrons to them. ETD is used extensively with polymers and biological molecules such as proteins and peptides for sequence analysis. Transferring an electron causes peptide backbone cleavage into c- and z-ions while leaving labile post translational modifications (PTM) intact. The technique only works well for higher charge state peptide or polymer ions (z>2). However, relative to collision-induced dissociation (CID), ETD is advantageous for the fragmentation of longer peptides or even entire proteins. This makes the technique important for top-down proteomics. The method was developed by Hunt and coworkers at the University of Virginia.

Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass." Polymers are physical examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene) and polyamides (nylon).
Houria Bouteldja
Houria Bouteldja (French pronunciation: [uʁja butɛldʒa], Arabic: حورية بوتلجة; born January 5, 1973) is a French-Algerian political activist. She served as spokesperson for the Indigènes de la République until 2020.

Institut du monde arabe
The Institut du monde arabe (French: [ɛ̃stity dy mɔ̃d aʁab], Arab World Institute; abbr. IMA) is an organisation founded in Paris in 1980 by France with 18 Arab countries to research and disseminate information about the Arab world and its cultural and spiritual values. The Institute was established as a result of a perceived lack of representation for the Arab world in France, and seeks to provide a secular location for the promotion of Arab civilisation, art, knowledge, and aesthetics. Housed within the institution are a museum, library, auditorium, restaurant, offices and meeting rooms.
Sphere spectrum
In stable homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics, the sphere spectrum S is the monoidal unit in the category of spectra. It is the suspension spectrum of S0, i.e., a set of two points. Explicitly, the nth space in the sphere spectrum is the n-dimensional sphere Sn, and the structure maps from the suspension of Sn to Sn+1 are the canonical homeomorphisms. The k-th homotopy group of a sphere spectrum is the k-th stable homotopy group of spheres.

The localization of the sphere spectrum at a prime number p is called the local sphere at p and is denoted by .

Localization of a topological space
In mathematics, well-behaved topological spaces can be localized at primes, in a similar way to the localization of a ring at a prime. This construction was described by Dennis Sullivan in 1970 lecture notes that were finally published in (Sullivan 2005).

The reason to do this was in line with an idea of making topology, more precisely algebraic topology, more geometric. Localization of a space X is a geometric form of the algebraic device of choosing 'coefficients' in order to simplify the algebra, in a given problem. Instead of that, the localization can be applied to the space X, directly, giving a second space Y.
Great Harwood railway station
Great Harwood railway station was located in the south east side of Great Harwood, Lancashire, England on Station Road, which still remains. The station was on a branch line, usually known as the Great Harwood loop, of the East Lancashire Line from Burnley to Blackburn via Rose Grove, Padiham, Simonstone and Great Harwood.

East Lancashire line
The East Lancashire line is a railway line in the Lancashire region of England, which runs between Preston and Colne, through Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley (Barracks and Central) and Nelson. The line formerly ran onto Skipton but this closed in 1970.

It is operated by Northern. Services on this line stop at every station on the line, although Pleasington, Hapton and Burnley Barracks are now request stops only. It was designated by the Department for Transport as a community rail line in November 2006.
Fernão Ferro
Fernão Ferro is a civil parish, in the municipality of Seixal in the district of Setúbal, Portugal. It is part of the Lisbon metropolitan area. The population in 2011 corresponded to 17 059, in an area of 24.13 km².

The parish was created on June 1, 1993 from separating from the parishes of Aldeia de Paio Pires, Amora and Arrentela.

Concelho
Concelho (Portuguese: [kõˈseʎu]) is the Portuguese-language term for municipality, referring to the territorial subdivision in local government. In comparison, the word município ([muniˈsipiu]) refers to the organs of State. This differentiation is still in use in Portugal and some of its former overseas provinces, but is no longer in use in Brazil following the abolition of these organs, in favour of the French prefecture system. It is similar to borough and council.
Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's team sprint
The men's team sprint at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 15 at the Laoshan Velodrome.

After delivering three superb rides in the process, British trio Chris Hoy, Jason Kenny, and Jamie Staff defeated France by a 0.523-second margin to dominate the team sprint final with a gold-medal time in 43.128. The French threesome of Grégory Baugé, Kévin Sireau, and Arnaud Tournant took home the silver in 43.651, while Germany's René Enders, Maximilian Levy, and Stefan Nimke edged out the Aussies by eight hundredths of a second for the bronze in 44.014.

Jamie Staff
Jamie Alan Staff MBE (born 30 April 1973) is an English racing cyclist and coach, formerly on BMX and later on the track. A World and Olympic champion, he has also won numerous other medals at World Championships, World Cups and at the Commonwealth Games.
Marguerite Feitlowitz
Marguerite Feitlowitz is an American author and translator whose work has focused on "languages-within-languages" and the way disaster "affects our relationship to language." She is the author of A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture, a 1998 New York Times Notable Book and a finalist for the L. L. Winship/PEN New England Award, as well as numerous essays and translations.

A vocal critic of the Bush administration's human rights record, Feitlowitz has published a number of articles on the subject in Salon  and The International Herald Tribune

She is a professor of Literature at Bennington College in Vermont.

PEN New England Award
The PEN New England Award (previously L. L. Winship/PEN New England Award and Laurence L. & Thomas Winship/PEN New England Award) is awarded annually by PEN New England (today PEN America Boston) to honor a New England author or book with a New England setting or subject. The award was established in 1975 by The Boston Globe in conjunction with PEN to honor the veteran Boston Globe editor Laurence L. Winship.

Since 2005, the award has been presented in three categories: fiction, non-fiction, and poetry with each winner receiving $1,000. For one year in 2012, the award was called the Laurence L. & Thomas Winship/PEN New England Award in honor of father and son, Thomas Winship, both long-time Boston Globe editors. It was renamed to simply PEN New England Award starting with the 2013 award.

The award presentation is sponsored in part by the JFK Presidential Library. The award is one of many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN affiliates in over 145 PEN centres around the world.
Balis (Syria)
Balis (Arabic: بالس), also known as Barbalissos (Medieval Greek: Βαρβαλισσός) and Barbalissus (Latin), was an ancient and medieval fortress on the Euphrates River near the ruins of the still more ancient Emar. It is particularly known for the 253 Battle of Barbalissos, where the Roman army was defeated by Sassanid Persia. The fortress town's own ruins are located at the modern Qala'at Balis (Arabic: قلعة بالس) in the Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.

Roman army
The Roman Army (Latin: Exercitus Romanus) served ancient Rome and the Roman people enduring through the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476/1453), including the Western Roman Empire (collapsed AD 476/480) and the Eastern Roman Empire (collapsed AD 1453). It is thus a term that broadly spans approximately 2,206 years, during which the force underwent numerous permutations in size, composition, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions.
Frantz Kruger
Frantz Kruger (born 22 May 1975 in Kempton Park, South Africa) is a South African born Finnish discus thrower who won the Olympic bronze medal in 2000. He is also a double African champion. His personal best throw of 70.32 metres, achieved in May 2002 in Salon-de-Provence, is the current African record.

He was married to Finnish former triple jumper Heli Koivula-Kruger (divorced 2016), and received Finnish citizenship in 2007. Kruger has been available to represent Finland by a special permit from the government of IAAF since 20 August 2007. In international discus competition at Helsingborg, he set a new Finnish discus record, 69.97 metres.

Helsingborg
Helsingborg (/ˈhɛlsɪŋbɔːrɡ/, US also /-bɔːr(jə), -bɔːri, ˌhɛlsɪŋˈbɔːri/; Swedish: [hɛlsɪŋˈbɔrj] ⓘ) is a city and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania (Skåne), Sweden. It is the second-largest city in Scania (after Malmö) and ninth-largest in Sweden, with a population of 151,404 (2024). Helsingborg is the central urban area of northwestern Scania and Sweden's closest point to Denmark: the Danish city Helsingør is clearly visible about 4 km (2.5 mi) to the west on the other side of the Øresund.

Historic Helsingborg, with its many old buildings, is a scenic coastal city. The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress (Kärnan) in the city centre, and more modern commercial buildings. The streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways. Kullagatan, the main pedestrian shopping street in the city, was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden.
Koggenland
Koggenland (West Frisian: Koggelân) is a municipality in North Holland province  and the region of West-Frisia of the Netherlands. It came into existence on 1 January 2007 upon the merger of the two former municipalities of Obdam and Wester-Koggenland.

The name of the municipality refers to the historic Kogge from the middle-ages.  A kogge or cogge was a jurisdiction area of several villages or bannen (mostly around 4 or 5).

West Frisian language
West Frisian (Westerlauwersk Frysk; Dutch: Westerlauwers Fries), or simply Frisian (Frysk [frisk]; Dutch: Fries [fris]), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages.

In the study of the evolution of English, West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy, these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family.
Andy Drake
Andrew J. Drake (1907 - death date unknown) was an American professional baseball catcher in the Negro leagues. He played with the Birmingham Black Barons, Louisville Black Caps, Chicago American Giants, and St. Louis Stars from 1932 to 1939.

Louisville Black Caps
The Louisville Black Caps were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Louisville, Kentucky. The team played as the Black Caps in the Negro National League in 1930 before playing as the Louisville White Sox in 1931.

In 1932, they joined the Negro Southern League, again playing as the Black Caps.  Only five months into the season, the team relocated to play as the Columbus Turfs for the remaining month and a half before folding.
Perdicium
Perdicium is a genus of plants in the tribe Mutisieae within the family Asteraceae. It includes two species native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa.

Species

Several dozen species have at one time been considered members of Perdicium. Almost all of them are now regarded as better suited to other genera (Acourtia Ainsliaea Chaptalia Gerbera Haplocarpha Holocheilus Leibnitzia Leucheria Perezia Trixis). Only two remain:

Perdicium capense L. - South Africa

Perdicium leiocarpum DC. - South Africa

Cape Provinces
The Cape Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "CPP". It includes the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape, the Northern Cape and the Western Cape, together making up most of the former Cape Province.

The area includes the Cape Floristic Region, the smallest of the six recognised floral kingdoms of the world, an area of extraordinarily high diversity and endemism, home to more than 9,000 vascular plant species, of which 69 percent are endemic.
Show Me Your Soul (2003 song)
"Show Me Your Soul" is a song recorded by P. Diddy, Lenny Kravitz, Pharrell Williams, and Loon. The song was released by Bad Boy and Universal as the fourth single from the soundtrack album for the 2003 film Bad Boys II, an action comedy movie directed by Michael Bay, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, and starring Martin Lawrence and Will Smith. All instrumental parts were performed by Lenny Kravitz and Pharrell Williams. The song was aired on Soul Train on November 15, 2003. Chris Robinson directed the music video. The song "Dirrty" by Christina Aguilera was referenced in the lyrics.

Bad Boy Records
Bad Boy Entertainment, doing business as Bad Boy Records, is an American record label founded by Sean "Puffy" Combs. The first signee, Craig Mack, gained significant commercial success after the release of his 1994 single "Flava In Ya Ear". The label then signed other hip-hop and R&B acts, including The Notorious B.I.G., Faith Evans, Mase, 112, Total, the Lox, Shyne, and Carl Thomas. At its peak in 1997, Bad Boy was worth an estimated $100 million. During the 2000s, Bad Boy Records signed several notable artists, including French Montana, Machine Gun Kelly, Janelle Monáe, and Cassie Ventura.

In 2023, Combs founded a successor label, Love Records, to independently release his fifth studio album, The Love Album: Off the Grid, in September of that year.
Ramin Guliyev
Ramin Guliyev (born 22 June 1981) is an Azerbaijani football manager and former player who played as a defender. He is currently the manager of the Azerbaijan U17, and a former player of Azerbaijan. He  was a former player of Dinamo Baku, which was eliminated in expect.

FC Baku
FC Baku (Azerbaijani: "Bakı" Futbol Klubu), founded as Dinamo Baku in 1997, was an Azerbaijani football club based in Baku that had been an amateur club since 2016. Prior to that, Baku played 18 seasons in the Azerbaijan Premier League, winning the championship twice and the National Cup three times. The club ceased operations in 2018.
2011 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I – Pool B
Group B of the 2011 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania zone of the 2011 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom two teams proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top teams played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom teams faced potential relegation to Group II.

2011 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs
The 2011 World Group II play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2012 World Group II, while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups.
Bathybagrus sianenna
Bathybagrus sianenna is a species of claroteid catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika on the border of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are rivers and freshwater lakes.  It grows to a length of 23.0 cm (9.1 inches) SL and is a component of local subsistence fisheries.

Subsistence economy
A subsistence economy is an economy directed to basic subsistence (the provision of  sufficient food, clothing and shelter to sustain life) rather than oriented to sustaining a market in essential and desirable assets.
HMS Wellington
At least three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Wellington:

The French brig Oreste was renamed HMS Wellington after her capture in 1810 but never commissioned and was broken up in 1812.

HMS Wellington (1816) was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line. Initially named Hero during construction, the vessel was renamed first to Wellington and then HMS Akbar in 1861, when the vessel was converted to a training ship. The ship was broken up in 1908.

HMS Wellington (U65) is a Grimsby-class sloop, launched in 1934. After World War II she was converted to the "Head Quarters Ship" HQS Wellington at Chatham Dockyard and moored at Victoria Embankment, London. Until 2023 she was the floating livery hall of the Honourable Company of Master Mariners.

Victoria Embankment
Victoria Embankment is part of the Thames Embankment (the other sections are the Albert and Chelsea Embankments).  It is partly a road and river-walk along the north bank of the River Thames in London, England. Built in the 1860s, it runs from the Palace of Westminster to Blackfriars Bridge in the City of London, and acts as a major thoroughfare for road traffic between the City of Westminster and the City of London.  Of more pressing importance when built, it contains the low-level Northern Outfall Sewer, a strategic conduit which conveys away sewage instead of dumping it in the Thames.  It also contains part of the District Line underground railway.

It is noted for several memorials, such as the Battle of Britain Monument, permanently berthed retired vessels, such as HMS President, and public gardens, including Victoria Embankment Gardens.
Skidegate Inlet
Skidegate Inlet is a broad inlet on the east coast of the Haida Gwaii archipelago of the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is the easternmost of a series of waterways separating Graham Island to the north from Moresby Island to the south.

British Columbia Coast
The British Columbia Coast, popularly referred to as the BC Coast or simply the Coast, is a geographic region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. As the entire western continental coastline of Canada along the Pacific Ocean is in the province, it is synonymous with being the West Coast of Canada.

While the exact boundaries are variously defined, the region is generally defined to include the 15 regional districts that have coastline along the Pacific Ocean or Salish Sea, or are part of the Lower Mainland, a subregion of the British Columbia Coast. Other boundaries may exclude parts of or even entire regional districts, such as those of the aforementioned Lower Mainland.
Boetie Gaan Border Toe
Boetie Gaan Border Toe is a 1984 satire film set during the South African Border War. The film was directed by Regardt van den Bergh, and stars Arnold Vosloo (his film debut), Frank Dankert and Frank Opperman. Production was assisted by the South African Defence Force (SADF).

South African Defence Force
The South African Defence Force (SADF) (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag) comprised the armed forces of South Africa from 1957 until 1994. Shortly before the state reconstituted itself as a republic in 1961, the former Union Defence Force was officially succeeded by the SADF, which was established by the Defence Act (No. 44) of 1957. The SADF, in turn, was superseded by the South African National Defence Force in 1994.
Birney (Toronto streetcar)
In 1920, the Toronto Civic Railways (TCR) acquired 25 single-truck, double-ended Birney streetcars from the J. G. Brill Company. In 1921, the Toronto Transportation Commission (TTC) acquired all assets of the TCR including the 25 Birney cars. In 1927, the TTC sold 3 of the Birney cars to Cornwall, Ontario and 8 to Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1941, the remaining 14 Birney cars were sold, again going to Halifax.

The Birney cars were the TCR's first cars that could be operated by a single person. Normally, they could seat 28 passengers with a provision for 32 using folding seats.

Toronto Transportation Commission
The Toronto Transportation Commission (TTC) was the public transit operator in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, beginning in 1921. It operated buses, streetcars and the island ferries. The system was renamed the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) in 1954.
Hadik
Hadik is a surname.

Notable people from the noble Hungarian Hadik de Futak family include:

András Hadik (1710–1790), Austrian field marshal

Endre Hadik (1862–1931), Hungarian politician

János Hadik (1863–1933), Hungarian politician

Karl Joseph Hadik (1756–1800), Austrian general

Miksa Hadik (1868–1921), Austro-Hungarian diplomat

Miksa Hadik
Count Miksa Hadik de Futak (German: Maximilian Graf Hadik von Futak) (1868–1921) was a Hungarian diplomat, who served as Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to Mexico from 1909 to 1911 and to Sweden from 1912 to 1918, until end of the First World War.
Guiyang–Kaiyang intercity railway
The Guiyang–Kaiyang intercity railway (Chinese: 贵开城际铁路) is a higher-speed railway within Guizhou province, connecting the provincial capital of Guiyang to Kaiyang. It starts at Guiyang North station, travelling 62 km (39 mi) north-east to Kaiyang station.

Higher-speed rail
Higher-speed rail (HrSR) is used to describe inter-city passenger rail services that have top speeds higher than conventional rail but not fast enough to be called high-speed rail services. The term is also used by planners to identify the incremental rail improvements to increase train speeds and reduce travel time as alternatives to larger efforts to create or expand the high-speed rail networks.

Though the definition of higher-speed rail varies from country to country, most countries refer to rail services operating at speeds up to 200 km/h (125 mph).

The concept is usually viewed as stemming from efforts to upgrade a legacy railway line to high speed railway standards (speeds in excess of 250 km/h or 155 mph), but usually falling short on the intended speeds. The faster speeds are achieved through various means including new rolling stock such as tilting trains, upgrades to tracks including shallower curves, electrification, in-cab signalling, and less frequent halts/stops.