hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gazikumukh Shamkhalate
"Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" is a term introduced in Russian-Dagestan historiography starting from the 1950s–60s to denote the kumyks state that existed on the territory of present-day Dagestan in the period of the 8th to 17th centuries with the capital in Gazi-Kumukh, and allegedly disintegrated in 1642. However, In the 16th century's Russian archival sources Tarki is stated to be the "capital of Shamkhalate" and "the city of Shamkhal", while "Kazi-Kumuk" is mentioned as a residence. These facts contradict "1642 disintegration" date. Moreover, there is absolutely no source before the 1950s containing the term "Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" or a statement that Gazi-Kumukh had ever been the capital of Shamkhalate. Historically, Shamkhalate is widely described as Tarki Shamkhalate or just Shamkhalate.

Shirvan
Shirvan (from Classical Persian شروان Shirwān or شیروان Shīrwān [Iranian Persian: شروان Shervân or شیروان Shirvân]; Azerbaijani: Şirvan; Tat: Şirvan) is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, as known in both pre-Islamic Sasanian and Islamic times. Today, the region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the Republic of Azerbaijan that stretches between the western shores of the Caspian Sea and the Kura River, centered on the Shirvan Plain.
Rap Star (TV series)
Rap Star (simplified Chinese: 说唱听我的; traditional Chinese: 說唱聽我的) is a Chinese rap competition television series that airs on the streaming service platform Mango TV.  The show, which is hosted by Du Haitao, features judges including Wang Linkai (Xiao Gui), Tia Ray, Danko, Yang Changqing, Air, Mc Guang Guang, Fa Lao, and Pact.  The show is the second major Chinese rap competition show after The Rap of China, which airs on iQIYI since 2017.

The first season of Rap Star began airing on June 7, 2020 and concluded on August 30, 2020.

The second season of Rap Star began airing on July 18, 2021.

Du Haitao
Du Haitao (simplified Chinese: 杜海涛; traditional Chinese: 杜海濤; pinyin: Dù Hǎitāo) (born 28 October 1987) is a Chinese television host and actor. Du is known for hosting the Hunan TV variety show Happy Camp.
Karashizuke
Karashizuke (からし漬け) is pickled vegetable made in Japan. Like other forms of kasuzuke, the vegetables are pickled in soft sake lees (sake kasu) with salt, sugar, and mirin and then used to pickle salted vegetables.

Nasu Karashizuke (eggplant pickled in mustard and sake lees) is a popular type of karashizuke.

Sake kasu
Sake kasu (酒粕) or sake lees are the pressed lees left from the production of sake (Japanese rice wine). It is a white paste used in cooking. Its taste is fruity and similar to sake. A by-product of Japanese sake production, it typically contains 8% alcohol, has high nutritional value, and might have health benefits.

Sake kasu is used as a marinade for Japanese dishes based on fish, vegetables, and meat, and contributes an umami flavor to the dish. Sake kasu is also found in cosmetics and skincare products. Sake kasu is considered a part of the Japanese "no waste" culture since the waste of the sake production is used in various ways. Mirin, a type of sweet Japanese sake, can also produce kasu called mirin kasu. Similar to sake kasu, mirin kasu can also be used as a healthy food ingredient.
Polytope compound
In geometry, a polyhedral compound is a figure that is composed of several polyhedra sharing a common centre.  They are the three-dimensional analogs of polygonal compounds such as the hexagram.

The outer vertices of a compound can be connected to form a convex polyhedron called its convex hull. A compound is a faceting of its convex hull.

Another convex polyhedron is formed by the small central space common to all members of the compound. This polyhedron can be used as the core for a set of stellations.

Vertex (geometry)
In geometry, a vertex (pl.: vertices or vertexes), also called a corner, is a point where two or more curves, lines, or line segments meet or intersect. For example, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the point where edges of polygons and polyhedra meet are vertices.
Grundberg
Grundberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Betty Grundberg (born 1938), American politician

Helena Grundberg (born 1972), Swedish figure skater

Svante Grundberg (1943–2019), Swedish actor, author, director, and stand-up comedian

Hans Grundberg (born 1977), Swedish diplomat

Betty Grundberg
Betty Alice Grundberg (February 16, 1938 – April 8, 2022) was an American politician in the state of Iowa.

Grundberg was born Betty Meyer in Woden, Iowa and attended Wartburg College and the University of Iowa. She became a high school teacher and served for sixteen years on the Des Moines School Board, including a stint as president. A Republican, she was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003 for the 73rd district.
Kardeşlerim
Kardeşlerim (International title: For My Family or My Siblings) is a Turkish television series starring Celil Nalçakan.,  Yiğit Koçak, Lizge Cömert, Su Burcu Yazgı Coşkun, Onur Seyit Yaran, Fadik Sevin Atasoy, Melis Minkari and Recep Usta. The drama premiered on ATV on February 20, 2021, and concluded with four seasons on June 8, 2024.

The series was a huge success in its native Turkey and was  internationally broadcast in Spain on Antena 3, Albania on TV Klan, Chile on TVN, South Africa on eExtra and e.tv and Kazakhstan on Qazaqstan TV and on Iraq newline.tv and in Lebanon on MTV Lebanon, Morocco 2M TV are also broadcast internationally

MTV (Lebanon)
Murr Television, marketed and known as MTV Lebanon, is a Lebanese television station based in Naccache, Metn District. It was founded in 1991 by businessman Gabriel Murr (brother of Lebanese politician Michel Murr) as an independent channel emphasizing local programming while also broadcasting Arab and Western content. From its early stages, MTV states that it sought to represent the "complexity and richness" of Lebanese viewers’ identities, placing special focus on local programming while acquiring foreign formats under a self-regulatory code of ethics.
Aqua Playa
"Aqua Playa" is a song written by Marcos Ubeda and performed by Afro-dite at Melodifestivalen 2003, where it ended up 7th. The single peaked at 30th position at the Swedish singles chart. On 30 March 2003, the song was tested for Svensktoppen but failed to enter chart.

It was also released as a single.

Sverigetopplistan
Sverigetopplistan (Swedish: [ˈsvæ̂rjɛˌtɔpːlɪstan], lit. "the Sweden top list") is the Swedish national record chart, based on sales data from IFPI Sverige.  It was formerly known as Topplistan (1975–1997) and Hitlistan (1998–2007) and has been known by its current name since October 2007. Before Topplistan, music sales in Sweden were recorded by Kvällstoppen, whose weekly chart was a combined albums and singles list.
Felipe Trigo Awards
The Felipe Trigo Awards (Spanish: Premios Felipe Trigo) are annual literary honors created in 1981 on the initiative of the City Council of Villanueva de la Serena, Spain. On 24 November 1980, the Municipal Assembly agreed to institute it as a tribute to the writer Felipe Trigo, born in the city in 1864.

It is given in two categories: Novel and Short Narrative. A third, Short Narrative by Extremaduran Author, was added in the award's 2nd edition, but then discontinued in its 8th edition in 1988.

The economic endowment of the Felipe Trigo Award is currently €6,000 for Short Narrative (originally 200,000 pesetas) and €20,000 for Novel (originally 400,000 pesetas). It is granted in December, and the winning works are published by Editorial Algaida.

In August 2001, the Government of Extremadura removed the subsidy that had been given to the award. In spite of this, Villanueva de la Serena's councilor of the Felipe Trigo Award, María Lozano, affirmed that it would continue to be given.

Spanish peseta
The peseta (/pəˈseɪtə/, Spanish: [peˈseta]) was the currency of Spain between 1868 and 2002. Along with the French franc, it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender).
Van Gogh Primary
Van Gogh Primary is a coeducational primary school operated by Dunraven Educational Trust and located in the Stockwell area of the London Borough of Lambeth, England. The school is based over two sites, on Hackford Road and Cowley Road.

Originally known as Durand Primary School, it became Durand Academy in 2010. The school then became an all-through school for pupils aged 2 to 16. After a protracted period of financial and legal controversy in 2018 the school once again became a primary school and was renamed Van Gogh Primary.

Leisure centre
A leisure centre, sports centre, or recreation centre is a purpose-built building or site, usually owned and provided by the local government authority, where people can engage in a variety of sports and exercise, and keep fit.
WWU
The term WWU has the following meanings:

University of Münster (Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster), in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Walla Walla University, in Washington, U.S.

Warehouse Workers United

Western Washington University, a university located in Bellingham, Washington, U.S.

William Woods University, in Fulton, Missouri, U.S.

Working Women United, a women's rights organisation

Working Women United
Working Women United (WWU) (later known as the Working Women United Institute) is a women's rights organisation based in the United States which was formed in Ithaca, New York in 1975, to combat sexual harassment of women in the workplace.

In the beginning of the organization's activism, their definition for sexual harassment was "the treatment of women workers as sexual objects," but the organization did not specify which behaviors constituted such harassment.
Ivan Ishchenko
Ivan Ivanovych Ishchenko (Ukrainian: Іван Іванович Іщенко; born May 19, 1980, in Mykolaiv) is an amateur Ukrainian freestyle wrestler, who played for the men's super heavyweight category. He won a silver medal for his division at the 2006 European Wrestling Championships in Moscow, Russia, losing out to Russia's Kuramagomed Kuramagomedov. Ishchenko is a member of the wrestling team for Dynamo-Osvita Mykolaïv, and is coached and trained by Ruslan Savlokhov.

Ishchenko represented Ukraine at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for the men's 120 kg class. He received a bye for the preliminary round of sixteen match, before losing out to Turkey's Aydın Polatçı, with a three-set technical score (3–0, 0–1, 0–1), and a classification point score of 1–3.

Kuramagomed Kuramagomedov
Kuramagomed Sharipovich  Kuramagomedov (Russian: Курамагомед Шарипович Курамагомедов; born 21 March 1978) is a freestyle wrestler who competed for Russia in the 2004 Summer Olympics. He won a world title in 1997 at 97 kg. He also represented Russia at the World Championships in 1998, where he won bronze at 97 kg. From 2003 to 2005, he competed for Russia at 120 kg.  He won a silver medal at the 2005 World Championships.
Gedikdere, Tercan
Gedikdere (Kurdish: Pirnaşel) is a village in the Tercan District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Aşûran, Çarekan and Lolan tribes and had a population of 82 in 2021.

The hamlets of Alataş, Aslançayırı, Derviş, Kale, Yukarıgedikdere, Yusufbey and Yüceler are attached to the village.

Tercan District
Tercan District is a district of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The municipality of Tercan is the seat and the district had a population of 16,110 in 2021. Its area is 1,614 km2.

It is home to the Armenian Aprank Monastery, a significant landmark best known for the pair of two monumental khachkars.
Warriors' Gate
Warriors' Gate is the fifth serial of the 18th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was written by Stephen Gallagher and was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 3 to 24 January 1981.

The serial is set at an intersection between the universe of E-Space and the home universe of the alien time traveller the Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker). In the serial, the Doctor and his travelling companion Romana (Lalla Ward) seek to free the time-sensitive Tharils from a group of slavers led by Captain Rorvik (Clifford Rose).

Warriors' Gate is the last of three loosely connected serials set in E-Space. It is the last serial to feature Ward as Romana and the last regular appearance of John Leeson as the voice of K9.

Companion (Doctor Who)
In the long-running BBC television science fiction programme Doctor Who and related works, the term "companion" refers to a character who travels with, or shares adventures with, the Doctor. A companion is generally the series' co-lead character alongside the Doctor for the duration of their tenure, and in most Doctor Who stories acts as an audience surrogate by providing the lens through which the viewer is introduced to the story, and often, the series itself.

The companion character often furthers the story by asking questions and getting into trouble; also by helping, rescuing, or challenging the Doctor. This designation is applied to a character by the show's producers and appears in the BBC's promotional material and off-screen fictional terminology. The Doctor also refers to the show's other leads as their "friends" or "assistants"; the British press have also used the latter term.
Shona McCallin
Shona McCallin (born 18 May 1992), is an English former international field hockey player who played as a midfielder for England and Great Britain. She was an Olympic gold medalist at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

McCallin began playing hockey in Newark at the age of six. She then progressed through Nottinghamshire county ranks, regional and England U16, U18 and U21 squads, the last of which she captained at the Junior World Cup. She moved to Tilburg, Netherlands to pursue further hockey opportunities, and spent almost four years in the country, gaining a university degree in international business and also becoming fluent in Dutch.

Upon return she was selected for the centralised Great Britain training programme at Bisham Abbey. She was selected for the Rio 2016 Olympic squad and helped them to win the gold medal. On 17 October 2023, she announced her retirement from international hockey.

England women's national field hockey team
The England women's national field hockey team are the current Commonwealth Games champions having previously won silver 3 times. England have also won the 2006 Women's Field Hockey World Cup Qualifier and the 2002 Champions Challenge.
Aryaloka Buddhist Center
The Aryaloka Buddhist Center is a Buddhist organization in Newmarket, New Hampshire, affiliated with the Triratna Buddhist Community. It currently holds various activities for the Buddhist community, including yoga and meditation retreats.

Newmarket, New Hampshire
Newmarket is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 9,430 at the 2020 census. Some residents are students and employees at the nearby University of New Hampshire in Durham.

The densely settled center of town, where 5,797 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Newmarket census-designated place and is located at the junction of New Hampshire routes 108 and 152, along the Lamprey River.
Dimov Gate
Dimov Gate (Dimova Porta \'di-mo-va 'por-ta\) is a 300 m wide ice-covered pass in Antarctica, located in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and bounded by Rayna Knyaginya Peak in Bowles Ridge to the southeast and by Hemus Peak to the northwest. The pass separates the glacial catchments of Kaliakra Glacier, and the tributary glacier draining the area between Hemus Peak and Bowles West Peak and flowing west-southwestwards into Perunika Glacier. It affords overland access from Perunika Glacier to the northern slopes of Bowles Ridge and to upper Kaliakra Glacier.

The pass is named after Dimo Dimov, geologist at St. Kliment Ohridski in 1994/95 and subsequent seasons, who was the first postmaster of the post office Antarctica 1090 operated at the base since the 1994/95 season in compliance with standard Bulgarian postal regulations and procedures.

Bowles West Peak
Bowles West Peak (Bulgarian: връх западен Боулс, romanized: vrah zapaden Bouls, IPA: [ˈvrɤɣ ˈzapɐdɛn ˈbɔuɫs]) is a peak rising to 678 m at the western extremity of Bowles Ridge in eastern Livingston Island in Antarctica.  The peak has precipitous and partly ice-free western slopes and overlooks Perunika Glacier to the southwest.

The feature takes its name from Mount Bowles, the summit of the eponymous ridge.
Richard Fiedler
Richard Fiedler was a German scientist who invented the modern flamethrower, a weapon that projects a stream of nitrogen. He submitted evaluation models of his Flammenwerfer to the German Army (German Empire) in 1901. The most significant model submitted was a man-portable device, consisting of a vertical single cylinder 4 feet (1.2 m) long, horizontally divided in two, with pressurized gas in the lower section and flammable oil in the upper section. On depressing a lever the propellant gas forced the flammable oil into and through a rubber tube and over a simple igniting wick device in a steel nozzle. The weapon projected a jet of fire and enormous clouds of smoke some 20 yards (18 m). It was a single-shot weapon - for burst firing, a new igniter section was attached each time it was used for battle or other uses of any sorts. It was first used on the western front both by the Central Powers and the Entente.

It was used extensively in World War II by both Allied and Axis troops.

Nozzle
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (specially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.

A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy.
Coahuilasaurus
Coahuilasaurus (meaning "Coahuila lizard") is an extinct genus of kritosaurin ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Cerro del Pueblo Formation of Coahuila, Mexico. The genus contains a single species, C. lipani, known from the associated tips of the upper and lower jaw and other fragmentary skull bones. It is a large kritosaurin with an estimated body length of 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) and body mass of over 4 metric tons (4.4 short tons).

Ornithopoda
Ornithopoda (/ˌɔːrnəˈθɒpədə/) is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs, called ornithopods (/ˈɔːrnəθəˌpɒdz, ɔːrˈnɪθ-/). They represent one of the most successful groups of herbivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous. The most primitive members of the group were bipedal and relatively small-sized, while advanced members of the subgroup Iguanodontia became quadrupedal and developed large body size. Their major evolutionary advantage was the progressive development of a chewing apparatus that became the most sophisticated ever developed by a non-avian dinosaur, rivaling that of modern mammals such as the domestic cow. They reached their apex of diversity and ecological dominance in the hadrosaurids (colloquially known as 'duck-bills'), before they were wiped out by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event along with all other non-avian dinosaurs. Members are known worldwide.
Lucija, Piran
Lucija (pronounced [luˈtsiːja]; Italian: Lucia) is a settlement in the Municipality of Piran in the Slovene Istria region. With a population over 6,000, it is the largest settlement in Slovenia that is not a municipality in its own right.

Slovene Istria
Slovene Istria is a region in southwest Slovenia. It comprises the northern part of the Istrian peninsula and is part of the wider geographical-historical region known as the Slovene Littoral. Its largest urban center is Koper. Other large settlements are Izola, Piran, and Portorož. The entire region has around 120 settlements. In its coastal area, both Slovene and Italian are official languages.
Glycerol-1,2-carbonate
Glycerol-1,2-carbonate is formally the cyclic ester of carbonic acid with glycerol and has aroused great interest as a possible product from the "waste materials" carbon dioxide CO2 and glycerol (especially from biodiesel production) with a wide range of applications.

The currently unsatisfactory yields and complex process conditions in direct synthesis stand in the way of a further spread of glycerol carbonate as a solvent and molecular building block from renewable raw materials.

Carbonic acid
Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2CO3. The molecule rapidly converts to water and carbon dioxide in the presence of water. In contrast to early-twentieth century textbooks, numerous studies conducted since ca. 1990 identified H2CO3 as a real molecule with a distinct Raman spectrum and with a first-order life-time of ca. 20 ms at 37 °C. Solid anhydrous carbonic acid has also been isolated.

The interconversion of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is related to the breathing process of all aerobic organisms and to the acidification of natural waters.
Vinnie Monks
Vinnie Monks is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by comedian Bobby Davro. He made his first appearance on 8 October 2007. It was announced on 19 July 2008 that Davro quit the show to do other projects. He made his final appearance on 1 December 2008.

Linda Henry
Linda Valiris (née Henry; born 24 August 1959) is an English actress, known for her roles as Yvonne Atkins in the ITV prison drama series Bad Girls and Shirley Carter in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. She had previously appeared in EastEnders as the original Lorraine Salter, the mother of Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton), from 1991 to 1992; her former Bad Girls co-star Victoria Alcock took over the role on the character's return in 2012. Her other acting credits include Cracker (1995), Prime Suspect (1997) and Trial & Retribution (1998). She has also appeared in the films Beautiful Thing (1996) and The Business (2005).
Emily Patterson-Kane
Emily Patterson-Kane is a Kiwi-American animal psychologist who specializes in animal welfare science.

Patterson-Kane was born in Hamilton, New Zealand and obtained a master's degree from University of Waikato. She obtained a PhD in animal psychology from the Victoria University of Wellington in 1999. She did postdoctoral research in animal science at Purdue University and studied sustainable livestock systems at Scottish Agricultural College. She was an assistant professor in psychology at Bradley University and Victoria University. In 2007, she accepted position of animal welfare scientist for the American Veterinary Medical Association's Animal Welfare Division.

Patterson-Kane has co-authored Animal Welfare Science: an Inter-disciplinary Guide (2025), The Sciences of Animal Welfare (2008) and Rethinking the Animal Rights Movement (2022). She is currently Director of Research of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA).

American Veterinary Medical Association
The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) is an American not-for-profit association founded in 1863 that represents more than 105,000 veterinarians.

The AVMA provides information resources, continuing education opportunities, publications, and discounts on personal and professional products, programs, and services. The AVMA indicates that it lobbies for animal friendly legislation within a framework that supports the use of animals for human purposes (e.g., food, fiber, research, companionship).

The AVMA Council on Education is the designated accrediting body for schools of veterinary medicine in the United States.

The AVMA publishes the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) and the American Journal of Veterinary Research (AJVR).

The AVMA's veterinary student organization is the Student American Veterinary Medical Association (SAVMA).