hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Iowa people
The Iowa, also known as Ioway or Báxoje (Iowa-Oto: Báxoje ich'é, "grey snow people"), are a Native American tribe. Historically, they spoke a Chiwere Siouan language. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes: the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.

The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes were all once part of the Ho-Chunk people and were all Chiwere language speakers. They left their ancestral homelands in Southern Wisconsin for Eastern Iowa, a state that bears their name.

In 1837, the Iowa were moved from Iowa to reservations in Brown County, Kansas, and Richardson County, Nebraska. Bands of Iowa were forced into Indian Territory in the late 19th century and settled south of Perkins, Oklahoma, to become the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma.

Richardson County, Nebraska
Richardson County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,871. Its county seat is Falls City.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Richardson County is represented by the prefix 19 (it had the nineteenth-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922).

Parts of the Ioway Reservation and the Sac and Fox Reservation are located in the southeast corner of the county between Falls City, Rulo (Nebraska), and Hiawatha (Kansas). The incorporated village of Preston, Nebraska is located inside the latter reservation.
Frühauf
Frühauf or Fruhauf is a German-language surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Aline Fruhauf (1907–1978), American caricaturist and painter

Peter Frühauf (1982), Slovak ice hockey player

Tina Frühauf (1972), German-American musicologist

Aline Fruhauf
Aline Fruhauf  (1907–1978) was an American caricaturist and painter known for her various mixed-media caricatures of musicians, the Supreme Court justices, and artists such as Stuart Davis, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Max Weber, and Raphael Soyer, among others.
Māori identity
Māori identity is the objective or subjective state of perceiving oneself as a Māori person and as relating to being Māori (Māoriness). The most commonly cited central pillar of Māori identity is whakapapa (genealogy), which in its most literal sense requires blood-ancestry to Māori people.

Kaumātua
A kaumātua is a respected tribal elder in a Māori community who has been involved with their whānau for a number of years. They are appointed by their people who believe the chosen elders have the capacity to teach and guide both current and future generations. Kaumātua have good knowledge of Māori tikanga, language and history; and their contribution ensures that the mana of the whānau, hapū and iwi are maintained. Barlow (1994) refers to kaumātua as being the "keepers of knowledge and traditions of the family, sub-tribe and tribe". Although the term kaumātua is widely used to refer to all elders, male kaumātua are more correctly called koroua or koro, and female elders are called kuia.

The word kaumātua comes from kau, meaning alone, without or none, and mātua, meaning parents; thus, kaumātua literally means "no parents" and reflects how the parents of older generations have passed on.
Anderson localization
In condensed matter physics, Anderson localization (also known as strong localization) is the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium. This phenomenon is named after the American physicist P. W. Anderson, who was the first to suggest that electron localization is possible in a lattice potential, provided that the degree of randomness (disorder) in the lattice is sufficiently large, as can be realized for example in a semiconductor with impurities or defects.

Anderson localization is a general wave phenomenon that applies to the transport of electromagnetic waves, acoustic waves, quantum waves, spin waves, etc. This phenomenon is to be distinguished from weak localization, which is the precursor effect of Anderson localization (see below), and from Mott localization, named after Sir Nevill Mott, where the transition from metallic to insulating behaviour is not due to disorder, but  to  a strong mutual Coulomb repulsion of  electrons.

Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system's energy spectrum or its set of energy eigenvalues, is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the system's total energy. Due to its close relation to the energy spectrum and time-evolution of a system, it is of fundamental importance in most formulations of quantum theory.

The Hamiltonian is named after William Rowan Hamilton, who developed a revolutionary reformulation of Newtonian mechanics, known as Hamiltonian mechanics, which was historically important to the development of quantum physics. Similar to vector notation, it is typically denoted by , where the hat indicates that it is an operator. It can also be written as  or .
Avianca Cargo México
Aerotransporte de Carga Unión S.A. de C.V., operating as Avianca Cargo México and formerly known as AeroUnion, is a scheduled cargo airline headquartered in Hangar Zone G at Mexico City International Airport in Mexico City, Mexico. It operates cargo services within and between Mexico and the United States.

Cargo airline
Cargo airlines (or air freight carriers, and derivatives of these names) are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport of cargo by air. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines.
In 2018, airline cargo traffic represented 262,333 million tonne-kilometres with a 49.3% load factor: 52.1% for dedicated cargo operations, and 47.9% within mixed operations (belly freight of passenger airliners).

Dedicated cargo airlines such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, operate a fleet of cargo aircraft and handle the entire freight transportation process. Many airlines, like Emirates and Qatar Airways, have dedicated cargo divisions that operate their own fleet of cargo aircraft alongside their passenger operations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, airlines like American Airlines, Air Canada, and Delta Air Lines utilized their passenger planes, removing seats to create space for cargo, to meet the demand for freight transport.
WUHU
WUHU (107.1 FM) is a hot adult contemporary–formatted radio station licensed to Smiths Grove, Kentucky, United States, and serving the Bowling Green area of south central Kentucky. The station is currently owned by Seven Mountains Media. The station share studios on Scottsville Road in southern Bowling Green, and its transmitter is located along Halifax-Bailey Road between Bowling Green and Scottsville. WUHU features programming from Compass Media Networks.

Compass Media Networks
Compass Media Networks is an American radio network. The company launched in January 2009.
 It is owned by former Westwood One CEO and former COO  of Connoisseur Media, Peter Kosann. The company focuses on radio and offers representation and marketing services for national radio.
1982 Colombian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Colombia on 14 March 1982 to elect the Senate and Chamber of Representatives. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 104 of the 199 Chamber seats and 55 of the 114 Senate seats.

The Liberal Party had split shortly before the elections, with a breakaway faction forming New Liberalism.

This election is notable for including the election of Pablo Escobar as a congressman.

Colombian Liberal Party
The Colombian Liberal Party (Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano; PLC) is a  centre-left political party in Colombia. It was founded as a classical liberal party but later developed a more social-democratic tradition, joining the Socialist International in 1999.

The Liberal Party along with the Colombian Conservative Party dominated the Colombian political scene from the end of the 19th century until 2002, in bipartisan political hegemony. The two parties were in direct military conflict between 1948 and 1958, during the civil war period known as La Violencia, after which they established the "National Front", agreeing to rotate power, intercalating for a period of four presidential terms. The election victory of independent candidate Álvaro Uribe in 2002 put an end to dominance of two party politics in Colombia.

Currently, the Liberal Party is the largest party in Congress and supported the left-wing presidency of Gustavo Petro until leaving Petro's coalition on 28 November 2023.
Grand Casemates Square
Grand Casemates Square (colloquially Casemates Square or Casemates) is the larger of the two main squares within the city centre of Gibraltar (the other being John Mackintosh Square). The square takes its name from the British-built Grand Casemates, a casemate and bombproof barracks at the northern end of the square completed in 1817.

Located at the northern end of Main Street, the square is lined with numerous pubs, bars and restaurants and acts as the gateway into Gibraltar's city centre for most tourists.

Moorish Castle
The Moorish Castle is the name given to a medieval fortification in Gibraltar comprising various buildings, gates, and fortified walls, with the dominant features being the Tower of Homage and the Gate House. Part of the castle itself also housed the prison of Gibraltar until it was relocated in 2010. The Tower of Homage is clearly visible to all visitors to Gibraltar; not only because of its striking construction, but also because of its dominant and strategic position. Although sometimes compared to the nearby alcazars in Spain, the Moorish Castle in Gibraltar was constructed by the Marinid dynasty, making it unique in the Iberian Peninsula.
Aïn Taya
Aïn Taya is a suburb of Algiers, Algeria. It is located in the administrative constituency of Dar El Beïda in the Governorate of Greater Algiers. Its postal code is 16019 and its municipal code is 1638. Prior to its being part of the Governorate of Greater Algiers, it was part of Boumerdès Province with postal code 35310. The current president of the People's Municipal Assembly (mayor) is Abdelkader Rakkas (2017-2022). Aïn Taya has a budget of 46 million DZD.

Daïra
A daïra or daerah (Arabic: دائرة circle; plural dawaïr) is an administrative division in Algeria and Western Sahara in West Africa, as well as Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia in Southeast Asia. It is commonly translated in English as "district".
Iserhoff River
The Iserhoff River is a tributary of Lake Waswanipi, flowing into Regional County Municipality (RCM) of Eeyou Istchee James Bay (municipality) in the area of the Nord-du-Québec, Canadian province of Quebec, Canada.

The course of the Iserhoff river successively crosses the townships of Desjardins, Berthiaume and Bergeres.

The hydrographic slope of the Iserhoff River is accessible from roads R1026 (North-South) and R1018 (North-South). These two roads are connected to the South at road 113 linking Lebel-sur-Quévillon to Chibougamau.

The surface of the Iserhoff River is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Nord-du-Québec
Nord-du-Québec (French pronunciation: [nɔʁ d͜zy kebɛk]; English: Northern Quebec) is the largest, but the least populous, of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec, Canada.

Spread over nearly 14 degrees of latitude, north of the 49th parallel, the region covers 860,692 km2 (332,315 sq mi) on the Labrador Peninsula, making it larger than Alberta, and slightly smaller than British Columbia or Ontario. It is just over half of the province's total land area.
William Gates (soldier)
William Gates (6 April 1788 – 7 October 1868) was a long serving career United States Army officer who served on active duty from when he entered West Point as a cadet in 1801 until his final retirement in 1867. He was a veteran of the War of 1812, Seminole Wars, the Mexican War and the American Civil War, to which he was called to duty at the age of 73.

Fort Moultrie
Fort Moultrie is a series of fortifications on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, built to protect the city of Charleston, South Carolina. The first fort, formerly named Fort Sullivan, built of palmetto logs, inspired the flag and nickname of South Carolina, as "The Palmetto State". The fort was renamed for the U.S. patriot commander in the Battle of Sullivan's Island, General William Moultrie. During British occupation, in 1780–1782, the fort was known as Fort Arbuthnot.
Magnetic scalar potential
Magnetic scalar potential, ψ, is a physical quantity in classical electromagnetism analogous to electric potential.  It is used to specify the magnetic H-field in cases when there are no free currents, in a manner analogous to using the electric potential to determine the electric field in electrostatics. One important use of ψ is to determine the magnetic field due to permanent magnets when their magnetization is known. The potential is valid in any simply connected region with zero current density, thus if currents are confined to wires or surfaces, piecemeal solutions can be stitched together to provide a description of the magnetic field at all points in space.

Current density
In electromagnetism, current density is the amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. The current density vector is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area at a given point in space, its direction being that of the motion of the positive charges at this point. In SI base units, the electric current density is measured in amperes per meter square.
Richard H. Barrett
Richard Howard Barrett (June 10, 1915 – December 24, 1994), was an American speech-language pathologist and co-author of two early textbooks on the subject of orofacial myology: Oral Myofunctional Disorders, and Fundamentals of Orofacial Myology.  Barrett was a founding father of the professional association that would become the International Association of Orofacial Myology, and he served as its president from 1977 to 1979. In his clinical practice he treated swallowing disorders related to muscular dysfunction and trained hundreds of other clinicians in the use of his techniques.

Orofacial myofunctional disorders
Orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMD) (sometimes called “oral myofunctional disorder", and “tongue thrust”) are muscle disorders of the face, mouth, lips, or jaw due to chronic mouth breathing.

Recent studies on the incidence and prevalence of tongue thrust behaviors are not available. However, according to previous research, 38% of various populations have OMD. The incidence is as high as 81% in children exhibiting speech/articulation problems (Kellum, 1992).
ElkY
Bertrand Grospellier (French pronunciation: [bɛʁtʁɑ̃ ɡʁopɛlje]; born 8 February 1981 in Melun), also known as ElkY /ˈɛlki/, is a French poker player and former StarCraft: Brood War and Warcraft III esports player. As of February 2025, his total live poker earnings exceeds $15.4 million. He has won two World Series of Poker bracelets.

He has won a World Poker Tour (WPT), a World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelet and a European Poker Tour (EPT) title, giving him the Triple Crown. He is a PartyPoker Pro, and he currently resides in Prague, Czech Republic, as of 2024. ElkY maintained the number-one rank on the Global Poker Index for 18 weeks between July 2011 and October 2012. In November 2015, ElkY returned to the esports scene by joining Team Liquid as a Hearthstone player.

World Series of Poker
The World Series of Poker (WSOP) is a series of poker tournaments held annually in Paradise, Nevada, and since 2004, sponsored by Caesars Entertainment. It dates its origins to 1970, when Benny Binion invited seven of the best-known poker players to the Horseshoe Casino for a single tournament, with a set start and stop time, and a winner determined by a secret ballot of the seven players.

As of 2020, the WSOP consists of 101 events, with most major poker variants featured. Events traditionally take place during one day or over several consecutive days during the series in June and July.

The 2024 WSOP was held at the Horseshoe and Paris Las Vegas, and saw record-breaking attendance for the Main Event tournament. In August 2024, Caesars Entertainment announced it had sold the WSOP brand to GGPoker operator NSUS Group for $500 million.
2016 Ghana Movie Awards
2016 Ghana Movie Awards is an annual award ceremony that awards actors and actress in the year of review for their best performances for the roles they played in various movies they cast in. The 2016 Ghana Movie Award was held at the Kempinski Hotel.

Kempinski
Kempinski Hotels S.A., commonly known as Kempinski, is a luxury hotel management company headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1862, making Kempinski the oldest hospitality company in the world, but the brand opened its first hotel at Berlin in 1897, as the Hotelbetriebs-Aktiengesellschaft, the group currently operates 77 five-star hotels and residences in 35 countries.
Plummer Family Helluva Handball Bash
The Plummer Family Helluva Handball Bash (formerly known as Jake Plummer's Annual Halloween Handball Bash) is an annual American handball tournament which takes place each Fall in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Organized by former NFL Quarterback Jake Plummer, the event was first held in 2008 and now draws many top handball professionals each year. In 2010 the event drew roughly a dozen top professionals and over one hundred amateur competitors. Elite handballers to attend include Emmett Peixoto, who has been the number one ranked Three–Wall Handball player in the United States. Plummer hopes to make the event "the Super Bowl of handball".

Plummer attempts to ensure that the event has a low–key atmosphere. Both beer and Gatorade are served as refreshment for the athletes, even during morning matches. The event, which takes place at Peak Health and Wellness Center, also includes a youth clinic. Competitors in the event raise money for local charities.

Gatorade
Gatorade is a brand of sports drinks owned and manufactured by PepsiCo and is distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was developed in 1965 by a team of researchers at the University of Florida led by Robert Cade. It was originally made for the school's student-athletes, the Gators, to replenish the carbohydrates that they burned and the combination of water and electrolytes that they lost in sweat during vigorous sports activities. Stokely-Van Camp acquired the rights to produce and market the Gatorade brand in 1965 before the company was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, which, in turn, was bought by PepsiCo in 2001.

As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo's fourth-largest brand, on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It competes with Coca-Cola's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide, and with Lucozade in the United Kingdom. Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 61.6% of market share in the sports drink category as of 2025.
2014 Crédit Agricole Suisse Open Gstaad – Doubles
Jamie Murray and John Peers were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Facundo Bagnis and Federico Delbonis.
Andre Begemann and Robin Haase won the title, defeating Rameez Junaid and Michal Mertiňák in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

Federico Delbonis
Federico Delbonis (Spanish pronunciation: [feðeˈɾiko ðelˈβonis]; born 5 October 1990) is an Argentine former professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 33 on 9 May 2016. He also reached a career-high doubles ranking of No. 110 on 22 July 2019.

Delbonis was known for his unorthodox serve, an exaggerated trophy serve in which he would raise his racquet, toss the ball unusually high and follow through.
Otto Schnellbacher
Otto Ole Schnellbacher (April 15, 1923 – March 10, 2008) was an American professional football player who was a safety and end for the New York Yankees of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). A two-time Pro Bowler, Schnellbacher was the first player in pro football history with multiple seasons of 10 interceptions (1948, 1951); only six other players have had multiple seasons of 10 interceptions since Schnellbacher did so. He also was a professional basketball player, playing for the Basketball Association of America's Providence Steamrollers and St. Louis Bombers in the 1948–49 season.

Providence Steamrollers
The Providence Steamrollers were a Basketball Association of America team based in Providence, Rhode Island. As of 2025, the Steamrollers were the last professional sports franchise from one of the Big Four leagues to be based in Rhode Island.
Old Billy
Old Billy (also called Bily) was the longest-living horse on record, verified to have lived 61 years. He was born in Woolston, Cheshire, England, in 1761. Billy became a barge horse, pulling barges along canals. He was described as resembling a large cob/shire horse, brown in color with a white blaze.

Billy died on 27 November 1821 at the estate of William Earle, a director of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company, in Everton, Liverpool.

Billy's skull now resides in the Manchester Museum. A lithograph shows Old Billy with Squire Henry Harrison, who had "known the animal for fifty-nine years", and a portrait of him is held at the Warrington Museum & Art Gallery. Billy's taxidermied head was returned to Warrington from Bedford Art Gallery & Museum in July 2024, after a team of local artists established a 'Bring Back Old Billy Committee'.

Everton, Liverpool
Everton is a suburb of north Liverpool, in Merseyside, England, and part of the Liverpool Walton constituency. It is bordered by Vauxhall to the west, Kirkdale to the north, and Anfield to the north-east. Historically in Lancashire, at the 2011 Census the population was 14,782.
Mad sausage
Mad sausage (Italian: salsiccia matta; also ciavàr) is an Italian sausage made from pig offal and other parts, including tongue, cheek, heart and head. It is typical on the Romagna side of the Apennines. It is a traditional product of those living in the Romagnolo valleys, including Bagno di Romagna, San Piero in Bagno, and Santa Sofia. It is also eaten in Forlì, Cesena, Rimini and other areas of Romagna. Dark in color, it is made with salt, pepper, garlic and Sangiovese wine. It is eaten year-round grilled or cooked in the oven and sometimes preserved in oil (if made with less perishable pig parts). It is listed on the Ark of Taste.

Forlì
Forlì (/fɔːrˈliː/ for-LEE; Italian: [forˈli] ⓘ; Romagnol: Furlè [furˈlɛ]; Latin: Forum Livii) is a comune (municipality) and city in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, and is, together with Cesena, the capital of the Province of Forlì-Cesena.

The city is situated along the Via Emilia, to the east of the Montone river, and is an important agricultural centre. The city hosts some of Italy's culturally and artistically significant landmarks; it is also notable as the birthplace of painters Melozzo da Forlì and Marco Palmezzano, humanist historian Flavio Biondo, physicians Geronimo Mercuriali and Giovanni Battista Morgagni. The University Campus of Forlì (part of the University of Bologna) is specialized in Economics, Engineering, Medicine, Political Sciences as well as the Advanced school of Modern Languages for Interpreters and Translators (SSLMIT).