hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NOVA (filesystem)
The NOVA (non-volatile memory accelerated) file system is an open-source, log-structured file system for byte-addressable persistent memory (for example non-volatile dual in-line memory module (NVDIMM) and 3D XPoint DIMMs) for Linux.

NOVA is designed specifically for byte-addressable persistent memories and aims to provide high-performance, atomic file and metadata operations, and fault tolerance. To meet these goals NOVA combines several techniques found in other file systems. NOVA uses log structure, copy-on-write (COW), journaling, and log-structured metadata updates to provide strong atomicity guarantees, and it uses a combination replication, metadata checksums, and RAID 4 parity to protect data and metadata from media errors and software bugs. It also supports checkpoints to facilitate backups.

Non-volatile memory
Non-volatile memory (NVM) or non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory that can retain stored information even after power is removed. In contrast, volatile memory needs constant power in order to retain data.

Non-volatile memory typically refers to storage in memory chips, which store data in floating-gate memory cells consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors), including flash memory storage such as NAND flash and solid-state drives (SSD).

Other examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory (ROM), EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) and EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM), ferroelectric RAM, most types of computer data storage devices (e.g. disk storage, hard disk drives, optical discs, floppy disks, and magnetic tape), and early computer storage methods such as punched tape and cards.
William Ralph Nairn
William Ralph Nairn (1873/4 – 1960) was an Australian politician. He was a member of Swan in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 1914 to 1921, representing the Liberal Party and then the Nationalist Party.

His brother, Walter Nairn, was a member of the Australian House of Representatives and federal Speaker of the House.

Nationalist Party (Australia)
The Nationalist Party, also known as the National Party, was an Australian political party. It was formed in February 1917 from a merger between the Liberal Party and the National Labor Party, the latter formed by Prime Minister Billy Hughes and his supporters after the 1916 Labor Party split over World War I conscription. The Nationalist Party was established as a 'united' non-Labor opposition that had remained a political trend once the Labor party established itself in federal politics. The party  was in government (from 1923 in coalition with the Country Party) until electoral defeat in 1929. From that time it was the main opposition to the Labor Party until it merged with pro-Joseph Lyons Labor defectors to form the United Australia Party (UAP) in 1931. The party is a direct ancestor of the Liberal Party of Australia, the main centre-right party in Australia.
Rudrapur, Nepal
Rudrapur was a village development committee in Rupandehi District in Lumbini Province of southern Nepal. It is located about 30 km south west from butwal and 20 km north from Lumbini. Haraiya bazar, Thakali chowck and Gargare are the major trade and business center of this village . At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 14,060 people living in 2539 individual households but in 2074 BS/2017 AD Rudrapur VDC merged with Gazedi VDC and became Kanchan Rural municipality.

Lumbini Province
Lumbini Province (Nepali: लुम्बिनी प्रदेश, romanized: Lumbinī pradēśa, IPA: [lumbiniː]) is a province in western Nepal. The country's third largest province in terms of area as well as population, Lumbini is home to the World Heritage Site of Lumbini, where according to Buddhist tradition Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born.

Lumbini borders Gandaki Province and Karnali Province to the north, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India to the south. Lumbini's capital, Deukhuri, is near the geographic center of the province. The major cities in the province are Butwal and Siddharthanagar in Rupandehi district, Nepalgunj in Banke district, Tansen in Palpa district, and Ghorahi and Tulsipur in Dang district.
2010 Wimbledon Championships – Gentlemen's invitation doubles
Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis were the defending champions but were eliminated in the round robin.

Donald Johnson and Jared Palmer defeated the defending champions Wayne Ferreira and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the final, 6–3, 6–2, to win the gentlemen's invitation doubles tennis title at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships.

Paul Haarhuis
Paul Vincent Nicholas Haarhuis (Dutch pronunciation: [pʌul ˈhaːrhœys]; born 19 February 1966) is a Dutch tennis coach and a former professional player. He is a former world No. 1 doubles player, having reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 18 in November 1995. He has won 54 doubles titles, including six Grand Slam titles, five with Jacco Eltingh, and one with Yevgeny Kafelnikov.
Mbhashe River
Mbhashe River is one of the major rivers in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It flows in a southeastern direction and has a catchment area of 6,030 km2 (2330 sq. mi.).  The river drains into the Indian Ocean through an estuary located near the lighthouse at Bashee, south of Mhlanganisweni.

After passing under national road N2, the Mbhashe River  encounters southwest of Elliotdale and north-east of Dutywa the more rugged terrain of the Wild Coast and suddenly enters into a 64 km (40 mile) long series of violent twists and turns known as the Collywobbles before continuing more sedately towards the Indian Ocean.

The Mbhashe river's main tributaries are the Xuka River, Mgwali River, Dutywa River and the Mnyolo River. Presently this river is part of the Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management Area.

Elliotdale
Elliotdale (Xhosa: Xhora) is a town in Amatole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

The town lies 50 km south of Mthatha and 22 km south-east of Mqanduli. It is named after Sir Henry Elliot, Chief Magistrate of the Transkei from 1891 to 1902.
Nousiainen (surname)
Nousiainen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Heikki Nousiainen (born 1945), Finnish actor

Mikko Nousiainen (born 1975), Finnish actor

Mona-Liisa Nousiainen (1983–2019), Finnish cross country skier

Viljo Nousiainen (1944–1999),  Sweden Finn athletics coach

Ville Nousiainen (born 1983), Finnish cross-country skier

Ville Nousiainen
Ville Nousiainen (born 5 December 1983, in Kouvola) is a Finnish cross-country skier who has been competing since 2002. He finished fifth in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada.

Nousiainen won his first world championship medal, a bronze, in the team sprint event with Sami Jauhojärvi at Liberec in 2009. He then followed it with another bronze in the 4 × 10 km relay at the same championships.

First place victories include two 10 km FIS races and most recently two National Championships in Finland in 2010 (50 km, 19.8 km).

Ville Nousiainen was married to compatriot cross-country skier Mona-Liisa Nousiainen since 2015 until her death in 2019. They have one daughter together.
Aresh
Aresh  is a village development committee in Rolpa District in  Lumbini Province of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2801 people living in 497 individual households.

Rolpa District
28°22′N 082°33′E﻿ / ﻿28.367°N 82.550°E﻿ / 28.367; 82.550﻿ (Rolpa District, Nepal)

Rolpa (Nepali: रोल्पा जिल्ला)Listenⓘ, is a "hill" district in Lumbini Province of Nepal. Rolpa district covers an area of 1,879 km2 (725 sq mi) with population (2011) of 221,177.  Rolpa town is the district's administrative center.

The various grievances of Rolpa's population made the district ripe for revolt.  It became a "Maoist Stronghold" of the Communist Party of Nepal.  In May 2002 a major battle between Maoist guerrillas and the army was fought at Lisne Lekh near the Rolpa-Pyuthan border.
4th Pennsylvania Regiment
The 4th Pennsylvania Regiment, first known as the 3rd Pennsylvania Battalion, was raised on December 9, 1775, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for service with the Continental Army. The regiment was assigned to Thomas Mifflin's brigade in the main army on June 26, 1776. Part of the unit was captured at Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The regiment fought at Brandywine, Paoli, Germantown, Monmouth and the Sullivan Expedition. The regiment was furloughed on January 17, 1781, at Trenton, New Jersey and disbanded on January 1, 1783.

Battle of Paoli
The Battle of Paoli, also known as the Battle of Paoli Tavern or the Paoli Massacre, was a battle in the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought on September 20, 1777, in the area surrounding present-day Malvern, Pennsylvania. Following the Continental Army's retreat in the Battle of Brandywine and the aborted Battle of the Clouds, George Washington left a force behind under the command of Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to monitor and resist the British as they prepared to attack and occupy the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia.

On the evening of September 20, British forces under Major General Charles Grey led a surprise attack on Wayne's encampment near the Paoli Tavern in present-day Malvern, resulting in many American casualties. Due to American propagandists making false claims that the British gave no quarter to Wayne's troops, the engagement came to be known in the United States as the "Paoli Massacre."
Zhili
Zhili, alternately romanized as Chihli, was a northern administrative region of China since the 14th century that lasted through the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty until 1911, when the region was dissolved, converted to a province, and renamed Hopei in 1928. The capital city of Imperial China, Beijing, was located within Zhili.

Provinces of China
Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions, the first-level subdivisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC, and one further province that is claimed but not administered, which is Taiwan.

The local governments of Chinese provinces consist of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a party secretary and a provincial standing committee.
Floridean starch
Floridean starch is a type of storage glucan found in glaucophytes and in red algae (or rhodophytes), in which it is usually the primary sink for fixed carbon from photosynthesis. It is found in grains or granules in the cell's cytoplasm and is composed of an α-linked glucose polymer with a degree of branching intermediate between amylopectin and glycogen, though more similar to the former. The polymers that make up floridean starch are sometimes referred to as "semi-amylopectin".

Glaucophyte
The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments, less common today than they were during the Proterozoic. The stated number of species in the group varies from about 14 to 26. Together with the much larger sister taxa Rhodophyta (red algae) and Viridiplantae/Chloroplastida (green algae and land plants), they form the primary algae clade Archaeplastida.

The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the evolution of chloroplasts as they may be similar to the ancestral algal type that led to the red algae and green plants, i.e. glaucophytes may be basal archaeplastids.

Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.
Philosophy Bites
Philosophy Bites is a podcast series featuring philosophers being interviewed for 15–20 minutes on a specific topic. The series, which has been running since 2007, is hosted by Nigel Warburton, freelance lecturer, and David Edmonds, and has featured interviews with guests including Barry C. Smith, Simon Blackburn, A. C. Grayling, Martha Nussbaum, Peter Singer, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Michael Dummett, Tzvetan Todorov, David Chalmers, and C. A. J. Coady. The podcast has been one of the top 20 most downloaded series in the United States and has over 34 million downloads.

Kwame Anthony Appiah
Kwame Akroma-Ampim Kusi Anthony Appiah FRSL (/ˈæpiɑː/ AP-ee-ah; born 8 May 1954) is an English-American philosopher and writer who has written about political philosophy, ethics, the philosophy of language and mind, and African intellectual history. Appiah is Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he joined the faculty in 2014, and has been a Silver Professor since 2025. He was previously the Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University. Appiah was elected President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in January 2022.
Sprite Animation Studios
Sprite Animation Studios is an American computer animation studio founded in 2002 by former members of Square USA led by Motonori "Moto" Sakakibara, co-director of Square Pictures and Columbia Pictures’ feature film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within. The studio specializes in the design and creation of 3D computer animation for film and television productions, video games, and commercial advertising, and its short productions have screened at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, the SIGGRAPH Electronic Theater, the Ottawa International Animation Festival, and other venues.

In 2009, Sprite entered into a partnership with OLM, Inc., a famous Japanese animation studio, producer of the Pokémon anime.

Animation studio
An animation studio is a company producing animated media. The broadest such companies conceive of products to produce, own the physical equipment for production, employ operators for that equipment, and hold a major stake in the sales or rentals of the media produced. They also own rights over merchandising and creative rights for characters created or held by the company, much like authors holding copyrights. In some early cases, they also held patent rights over methods of animation used in certain studios that were used for boosting productivity. Overall, they are business concerns and can function as such in legal terms.
Frank Teruggi
Frank Teruggi, Jr. (1949–1973) was an American student, journalist, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World, from Chicago, Illinois, who became one of the victims of General Augusto Pinochet's military shortly after the September 11, 1973, Pinochet-led coup d'état against Socialist President Salvador Allende.

A Chilean court in 2014 found that the United States played a key role in Teruggi's murder.

Costa-Gavras
Konstantinos "Kostas" Gavras (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος "Κώστας" Γαβράς; born 12 February 1933), known professionally as Costa-Gavras, is a Greek-French film director, screenwriter, and producer who lives and works in France. He is known for political films, such as the political thriller Z (1969), which won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and Missing (1982), for which he won the Palme d'Or and an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Most of his films have been made in French, but six have been in English, including Hanna K.
Fat Bastard (wine)
Fat Bastard (stylized as Fat bastard) is a brand of French wine introduced in 1998 and produced and distributed by a French and British partnership that began as a collaboration between French winemaker Thierry Boudinaud and British wine importer Guy Anderson. Originally launched as a Chardonnay, the brand has been expanded to include additional varietals including Merlot, Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon. It is sold primarily in the United States, and has been discontinued on the U.K. market. The price point for the brand is at the modest "entry level", at about $8 per bottle (as of 2006), and about 420,000 cases (5 million 750 ml bottles) per year for the brand are exported to the U.S. market (as of 2016). The brand's Chardonnay is (or has been at one time) the largest-selling brand of French Chardonnay in the United States. The label features a cartoon hippopotamus.

Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Sauvignon (French: [kabɛʁnɛ soviɲɔ̃]) is one of the world's most widely recognized red wine grape varieties. It is grown in nearly every major wine producing country among a diverse spectrum of climates from Australia and  British Columbia, Canada to Lebanon's Beqaa Valley.

This grape variety appeared in France in the 17th century as a result of natural crossbreeding. Its popularity is often attributed to its ease of cultivation—the grapes have thick skins and the vines are hardy and naturally low yielding, budding late to avoid frost and resistant to viticulture hazards.

The classic profile of Cabernet Sauvignon tends to be full-bodied wines with high tannins and noticeable acidity that contributes to the wine's aging potential. In cool areas, it has flavors of blackcurrant and green pepper; in warmer places, it may taste like black cherry and olive; in very hot climates, it can have a jammy flavor.
The Killian Curse
The Killian Curse is a New Zealand kidult horror-fantasy television show, directed by Thomas Robins and Wayne Vinton. Starring Nick Blake and local New Zealand children, The Killian Curse tells the 21 stories of the students from Room 21, who must each face an evil curse placed on them by the sinister Charles Killian. Killian wants to get revenge on the people who caused his death shortly after founding the school in 1906. He needs to capture eleven souls to rise from the dead. There are two series, which first aired in 2006 and 2008.

Kidult
A kidult is an adult whose interests or media consumption is traditionally seen as more suitable for children. It can also mean a parent who acts childishly with their children and does not take on their duties as a disciplinarian.

Most kidults tend to use their interests as a form of escapism, or as a break from their stressful adult lifestyle. There has been a significant increase in this due to the high pressure found in modern living and conditions.

Similar portmanteau terms for such people are rejuvenile and adultescent. A related concept is that of Peter Pan syndrome, where a person is reluctant to grow emotionally after childhood.
Poduri
Poduri is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Bucșești, Cernu, Cornet, Negreni, Poduri, Prohozești, and Valea Șoșii.

The Poduri archeological site of the Late Neolithic Cucuteni-Trypillian culture is significant due to its thirteen habitation levels that were constructed on top of each other over many years.

Late Neolithic
In the archaeology of Southwest Asia, the Late Neolithic, also known as the Ceramic Neolithic or Pottery Neolithic, is the final part of the Neolithic period, following on from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic and preceding the Chalcolithic. It is sometimes further divided into Pottery Neolithic A (PNA) and Pottery Neolithic B (PNB) phases.

The Late Neolithic began with the first experiments with pottery, around 7000 BCE, and lasted until the discovery of copper metallurgy and the start of the Chalcolithic around 4500 BCE.
Ion Ioniță (general)
Ion Ioniță (June 14, 1924, Mătăsaru commune, Dâmbovița County - July 27, 1987, Bucharest) was a Romanian army general and politician who served as Minister of the Armed Forces from 1966 to 1976 and as deputy prime minister from 1976 to 1982.

Căile Ferate Române
Căile Ferate Române (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkə.ile feˈrate roˈmɨne]; abbreviated as the CFR) was the state railway carrier of Romania. The company was dissolved on 1 October 1998 by splitting into several successor companies. CFR as an entity existed from 1880, even though the first railway on current Romanian territory was opened in 1854. CFR was divided into four autonomous companies:

CFR Călători, responsible for passenger services;

CFR Marfă, responsible for freight transport;

Compania Națională de Căi Ferate CFR, manages the infrastructure on the Romanian railway network; and

Societatea Feroviară de Turism, or SFT, which manages scenic and tourist railways.

CFR was headquartered in Bucharest and had regional divisions centered in Bucharest, Brașov, Cluj-Napoca, Constanța, Craiova, Galați, Iași, and Timișoara. Its International Union of Railways code is 53-CFR.
Sara Skyttedal
Sara Magdalena Skyttedal Dihang (née Skyttedal; born 6 August 1986) is a Swedish politician previously of the Christian Democrats party. She was Member of the European Parliament from 2019 to 2024.

Between 2013 and 2016, she chaired the Young Christian Democrats. From 2016 to 2019, she was a municipal commissioner for Linköping.

Linköping
Linköping (/ˈlɪnʃəpɪŋ/ ⓘ LIN-shə-ping, Swedish: [ˈlɪ̂nːˌɕøːpɪŋ] ⓘ) is a city in southern Sweden, with around 167,000 inhabitants as of 2024. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality and the capital of Östergötland County. Linköping is also the episcopal see of the Diocese of Linköping (Church of Sweden) and is well known for its cathedral. Linköping is the center of an old cultural region and celebrated its 700th anniversary in 1987. Dominating the city's skyline from afar is the steeple of the cathedral (Domkyrkan).

Nowadays, Linköping is known for its university and its high-technology industry. Linköping wants to create a sustainable development of the city and therefore plans to become a carbon-neutral community by 2025. Located on the Östergötland Plain, Linköping is closely linked to Norrköping, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the east, near the sea.
Whitwell-on-the-Hill
Whitwell-on-the-Hill is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The civil parish population (including Crambe and Foston) at the 2011 Census was 311. It is near the A64 road.

It was part of the Ryedale district between 1974 and 2023. It is now administered by North Yorkshire Council.

The local parish church is dedicated to St John.

Langdale's 1822 Topographical Dictionary reports "a well of remarkably clear water, from which the town derives its name". The 1828 The New Yorkshire Gazetteer or Topographical Dictionary by Stephen Reynolds Clarke states that Whitwell is "6 miles S.W. from Malton [has] a singular well, the water of which is nearly the colour of milk, and from which the township derives its name."

Ryedale District
54°08′20″N 0°47′24″W﻿ / ﻿54.139°N 0.79°W﻿ / 54.139; -0.79

Ryedale was a non-metropolitan district in North Yorkshire, England. It was in the Vale of Pickering, a low-lying flat area of land drained by the River Derwent. The Vale's landscape is rural with scattered villages and towns. It has been inhabited continuously from the Mesolithic period. The economy was largely agricultural with light industry and tourism playing an increasing role.

Towns included Helmsley, Kirkbymoorside, Malton, Norton-on-Derwent, and Pickering. Part of Ryedale lies within the North York Moors National Park. The A64 passed through Ryedale and villages such as Rillington. In the 2011 Census, the population of this primarily rural area of 150,659 hectares, the largest district in North Yorkshire, was 51,700.