hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wood River Wetland
Wood River Wetland is a marsh wetland and freshwater ecoregion in the heart of Klamath County in Southern Oregon. The wetland neighbors the north shore of Agency Lake and is the focus of a Bureau of Land Management river channel restoration project from agricultural land.

The wetland is flooded by the Wood River, with headwaters that emanate from a large natural spring located in Jackson F. Kimball State Recreation Site that feeds from an aquifer in the east side drainage of Crater Lake National Park. The wetlands is home to a rich biodiversity of wetland vegetation as well as local and migratory fauna of waterfowl.

Klamath County, Oregon
Klamath County (/ˈklæməθ/ KLAM-əth) is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 69,413. The county seat is Klamath Falls. The county was named for the Klamath, the tribe of Native Americans living in the area at the time the first European explorers entered the region. Klamath County comprises the Klamath Falls, OR Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Brudziński's sign
Brudziński's sign or a Brudziński sign is any of three medical signs, all of which may occur in meningitis or meningism. All three are named after Józef Brudziński. In English, the name is often written without the diacritic (like many borrowed words) (Brudzinski) and is pronounced /bruːˈdʒɪnski/.

Whonamedit?
Whonamedit? was an online English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification. Though it was a dictionary, many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies. The dictionary was hosted in Norway and was developed by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen.

As of June 2025, the Whonamedit website has gone offline. The site remains accessible through the Internet Archive.
HMS Foam
Five ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Foam, a figurative term for the sea:

HMS Foam (1856), a wooden Albacore-class gunboat launched in 1856 and sold for breaking in 1867.

HMS Foam (1871), a composite Ariel-class gunboat launched in 1871 and sold for breaking in 1887.

HMS Foam (1896), a Thornycroft two funnel, 30-knot destroyer (classified as a D-class destroyer in 1912) launched in 1896 and sold for breaking in 1914.

HMS Foam (1919), an Admiralty steel drifter, launched in 1919, sold in 1921, and renamed Starwort.

HMS Foam (1943), J405 a Lend-Lease Catherine-class minesweeper launched in 1943 and returned to the US Navy in 1946.

See also

HMS Northern Foam a 655-ton trawler hired in 1939 and returned to her owners in 1945.

HMS Foam (1896)
HMS Foam was a two funnel, 30 knot destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1894 – 1895 Naval Estimates.  She served in the Mediterranean for most of her short career and was sold in 1914, 4 months before the beginning of World War I.
A. W. Tozer
Aiden Wilson Tozer (April 21, 1897 – May 12, 1963) was an American Christian pastor, author, magazine editor, and spiritual mentor. For his accomplishments, he received honorary doctorates from Wheaton and Houghton colleges.

Houghton University
Houghton University is a private Christian liberal arts college in Houghton, New York, United States. Houghton was founded in 1883 by Willard J. Houghton and is affiliated with the Wesleyan Church. Houghton serves roughly 1000 students and has 54 degree majors for primarily undergraduate students.
2023–24 Appalachian State Mountaineers men's basketball team
The 2023–24 Appalachian State Mountaineers men's basketball team represented Appalachian State University in the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers, led by fifth-year head coach Dustin Kerns, played their home games at the Holmes Center in Boone, North Carolina as members in the Sun Belt Conference.

The Mountaineers finished the season 27–7, 16–2 in Sun Belt play, to finish as the conference's regular-season champions. In the Sun Belt tournament, the Mountaineers defeated Georgia Southern in the semifinals but lost to Arkansas State in the quarterfinals. They lost to Wake Forest in the first round of the National Invitation Tournament.

2023–24 Sun Belt Conference men's basketball season
The 2023–24 Sun Belt Conference men's basketball season was the season for Sun Belt Conference men's basketball teams that began with practices in October 2023, followed by the start of the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season in November. Conference play began in December 2023, and concluded on March 2, 2024. The 2024 Sun Belt Conference men's basketball tournament took place from March 5–11, 2024, at the Pensacola Bay Center in Pensacola, Florida.
Avalanche transistor
An avalanche transistor is a bipolar junction transistor designed for operation in the region of its collector-current/collector-to-emitter voltage characteristics beyond the collector-to-emitter breakdown voltage, called avalanche breakdown region.  This region is characterized by avalanche breakdown, which is a phenomenon similar to Townsend discharge for gases, and negative differential resistance. Operation in the avalanche breakdown region is called avalanche-mode operation: it gives avalanche transistors the ability to switch very high currents with less than a nanosecond rise and fall times (transition times). Transistors not specifically designed for the purpose can have reasonably consistent avalanche properties; for example 82% of samples of the 15V high-speed switch 2N2369, manufactured over a 12-year period, were capable of generating avalanche breakdown pulses with rise time of 350 ps or less, using a 90V power supply as Jim Williams writes.

SPICE
SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a general-purpose, open-source analog electronic circuit simulator.
It is a program used in integrated circuit and board-level design to check the integrity of circuit designs and to predict circuit behavior.
Menter Iaith
Menter Iaith (plural: Mentrau Iaith, English: Language Initiative) is a community-based organisation which works to raise the profile of the Welsh language in a specific area. Each local Menter Iaith receives a basic grant from the Welsh Language Board, as well as financial support from a number of other sources, to work with individuals, organisations, and local business to promote the use of Welsh in its area.

The first Menter Iaith to be established was Menter Cwm Gwendraeth in 1991.  Normally a Menter Iaith will operate in an area defined by the local authorities of Wales, with the exception of Carmarthenshire and Powys, which each have a number of smaller Mentrau Iaith operating on a local level. In total, there are 24 organisations in existence. 
In 2008, a Menter Iaith was established in Patagonia, in association with the Urdd, British Council Wales, and support from private businesses.

Principal areas of Wales
The principal areas of Wales, comprising the counties and county boroughs of Wales, are a form of subdivision in Wales. There are currently 22 principal areas in Wales, and they were established in 1996. They are a single-tier form of local government, each governed by a principal council, with eleven styled as a "county" (sir) and the other eleven as a "county borough" (bwrdeistref sirol). They replaced the previous two-tier system of eight counties and 37 districts that were in place in Wales from 1974 to 1996.
Ishikari coalfield
The Ishikari coal basin lies in the tertiary mountains of the mining region of Sorachi, east of the Ishikari Plain in central Hokkaido. These coal veins contain the largest quantity of coal of Japan. Because of its late discovery the historical role of the coalfield could not be compared with that of the Chikuho coalfield, but its economic importance since the Japanese industrial revolution is comparable with that of the southern Chikuhō coalfield.

Chikuhō coalfield
The Chikuhō coalfield (筑豊炭田)  is located on Kyushu Island, Japan. With the promotion of industrial development and the establishment of the Yahata Steel Works, zaibatsu companies and major capital investment led to rapid development of coal mines and the area produced more than half of the nation's coal, making it the largest coal field in Japan before World War II.
National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Italian: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV) is a research institute for geophysics and volcanology in Italy.

INGV is funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research. Its main responsibilities within the Italian civil protection system are the maintenance and monitoring of the national networks for seismic and volcanic phenomena, together with outreach and educational activities for the Italian population. The institute employs around 2000 people distributed between the headquarters in Rome and the other sections in Milan, Bologna, Pisa, Naples, Catania and Palermo.

INGV is amongst the top 20 research institutions in terms of scientific publications production. It participates and coordinates several EU research projects and organizes international scientific meetings in collaboration with other institutions.

Ministry of Education, University and Research
The Ministry of Education and Merit (in Italian: Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito or MIM) is the ministry of the Italian government for the national education system, the Italian universities and research agencies. The current Italian Minister of Public Education is Giuseppe Valditara and the Italian Minister of University and Research is Anna Maria Bernini.
HPGD
Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (the HUGO-approved official symbol = HPGD; HGNC ID, HGNC:5154), also called 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD+], is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HPGD gene.

In melanocytic cells HPGD gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

Human Genome Organisation
The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) is a non-profit organization founded in 1988. HUGO represents an international coordinating scientific body in response to initiatives such as the Human Genome Project. HUGO has four active committees, including the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), and the HUGO Committee on Ethics, Law and Society (CELS).
Aguiar
Aguiar is a surname of Galician-Portuguese origin. Its etymology comes from the Latin word aquilare, translating to "eagle's nest".

Notable people with the surname include:

Antone S. Aguiar Jr. (1930–2014), American judge and politician

Bruno Aguiar, Portuguese footballer

Domingos Malaquias de Aguiar Pires Ferreira, 1st Baron of Cimbres (1788–1859), Brazilian businessman and politician

Ernani Aguiar, Brazilian composer, choral conductor, and musicologist

Fernando Aguiar, Portuguese-born Canadian soccer player

Guma Aguiar, Brazilian-born American energy industrialist

Henry Aguiar (born 1966), Venezuelan sprinter

João Aguiar (writer) (1943–2010), Portuguese writer and journalist

João Aguiar (swimmer) (born 1983),  Angolan swimmer

Joaquim António de Aguiar, Portuguese politician

Joselia Aguiar, Brazilian writer

Luis Aguiar, Uruguayan footballer

Henry Aguiar
Henry Aguiar (born 15 August 1966) is a retired Venezuelan sprinter who specialised in the 400 metres. He won several medals at regional level.

His personal best in the event is 45.93 seconds set in Barquisimeto in 1994.
Mount Jack, New South Wales
Mount Jack parish is a civil parish of Killara County, located in Central Darling Shire, New South Wales.

Mount Jack parish is at 30º 52' 9.37" S 143º 42' 16.91" E and is on the Paroo River near its junction with the Darling River, and Mount Jack Parish is named for the mountain in northwest New South Wales. Mount Jack is at an altitude of about 203m above sea level and the nearest town is White Cliffs, New South Wales.

The economy of the area is based on broad area grazing.

Paroo River
The Paroo River, a series of waterholes, connected in wet weather as a running stream of the Darling catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the South West region of Queensland and Far West region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the home of the Paarkantji people.

Paroo is the local Aboriginal word for the bony bream fish, which are common in the river.
Khushbagh
Khushbagh (also spelled as Khoshbagh; literally "Garden of Happiness") is the garden-cemetery of the Nawabs of Bengal, situated on the west bank of the Hooghly river, about a mile from its east bank, in the Murshidabad-Jiaganj CD block in Lalbag subdivision of Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. Khushbagh hosts the graves of the Nawabs of Bengal of the Afshar dynasty and their family members; while Jafarganj Cemetery hosts the graves of the later Nawabs and their families, starting from Mir Jafar, who belonged to the Najafi dynasty. Khushbagh is the resting place of Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, his wife Lutf-un-nisa, Nawab Alivardi Khan, and his mother, amongst others.

Community development block
In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply a block is a sub-division of a district, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a block development officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
Mahivech Hanim
Mahivech Hanim (Arabic: مھوش هانم; Turkish: Mehveş Hanım; died 13 November 1889) was the first consort of Abbas I of Egypt (1812-1854), and mother of Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha (1836-1860).

Mahivech married Abbas Hilmi, and gave birth to the couple's only child, a son, Prince Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha on 3 January 1836. She was widowed at Abbas Hilmi's death in July 1854. Her son died in September 1860, when his boat capsized while crossing the Bosphorus, near Bebek Palace, at what is now Bebek Bay.

Since the early 1860s, Mehvish Hanim, lived in Aksaray, Fatih, Istanbul. In 1870, she sponsored the rebuilding of Aksaray Oğlanlar Tekke, which had been left ruined since 1840. In 1871–72, she sponsored a fountain in the courtyard of Murad Pasha Mosque in Aksaray.

Mahivech Hanim died on 13 November 1889, and was buried in the mausoleum of Mahmud Hamdi Pasha, Cairo, Egypt.

Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Turkey which is straddled by the city of  Istanbul. The Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and forms one of the continental boundaries between Asia and Europe. It also divides Turkey by separating Asia Minor from Thrace. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation.

Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of Istanbul's metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks.

The Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the Turkish Straits.

Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the strait prone to deposition are periodically dredged.
Bekas Rock
Bekas Rock (Bulgarian: скала Бекас, ‘Skala Bekas’ \ska-'la be-'kas\) is the 140 m long in southwest-northeast direction and 60 m wide rock lying west of Rugged Island on the west side of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The rock is “named after the ocean fishing trawler Bekas of the Bulgarian company Ocean Fisheries – Burgas whose ships operated in the waters of South Georgia, Kerguelen, the South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula from 1970 to the early 1990s.  The Bulgarian fishermen, along with those of the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany are the pioneers of modern Antarctic fishing industry.”

Rugged Island (South Shetland Islands)
Rugged Island (in Spanish Isla Rugosa, variant historical names Lloyds Island or Ragged Island) is an island 3 miles (4.8 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, lying west of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands. Its surface area is 10.4 square kilometres (4.0 sq mi).  The island's summit San Stefano Peak rises to 256 metres (840 ft) above sea level.   Rugged Island is located at 62°38′S 61°15′W﻿ / ﻿62.633°S 61.250°W﻿ / -62.633; -61.250. Rugged Island was known to both American and British sealers as early as 1820, and the name has been well established in international usage for over 100 years.
Ingentidens
Ingentidens is an extinct genus of chroniosuchid reptiliomorph from upper Permian (upper Roadian age) mudstone deposits of Dashankou locality, Xidagou Formation of China. It was first named by Jin-Ling Li and Zheng-Wu Cheng in 1999, from a mandible (IGCAGS V 363). The type species is Ingentidens corridoricus. The generic name means “large” (Inget in Latin) + “tooth” (dens), and the specific name referring to the region of Gansu, the Hexi Corridor where the type specimen was found.

1999 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1999.
Castel Nuovo
Castel Nuovo (Italian: [kaˌstɛl ˈnwɔːvo]; Neapolitan: Castiello Nuovo; 'New Castle'), often called Maschio Angioino (Italian: [ˈmaskjo andʒoˈiːno]; Neapolitan: Maschio Angiuino; 'Angevin Keep'), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall (Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Campania, Italy. Its scenic location and imposing size makes the castle, first erected in 1279, one of the main architectural landmarks of the city. It was a royal seat for kings of Naples, Aragon and Spain until 1815.

It is the headquarters of Società Napoletana di Storia Patria ("Neapolitan Society of Homeland History") and of the Naples Committee of the Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano (Institute for the History of the Italian Risorgimento). In the complex there is also the civic museum, which includes the Palatine Chapel and the museum paths on the first and second floors.

Petrarch
Francis Petrarch (/ˈpɛtrɑːrk, ˈpiːt-/; 20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374; Latin: Franciscus Petrarcha; modern Italian: Francesco Petrarca [franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]), born Francesco di Petracco, was a scholar from Arezzo and poet of the early Italian Renaissance, as well as one of the earliest humanists.

Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissance and the founding of Renaissance humanism. In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio, and, to a lesser extent, Dante Alighieri. Petrarch was later endorsed as a model for Italian style by the Accademia della Crusca.

Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. He is also known for being the first to develop the concept of the "Dark Ages".
Diary of a Mad Band: Europe in the Year of VI
Diary of a Mad Band: Europe in the Year of VI is a live album by sludge/Southern metal band Down. It was released on CD/DVD on October 5, 2010. It is the final Down album to feature Rex Brown as bassist.

Sludge metal
Sludge metal (also known as sludge doom or simply sludge) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music that combines elements of doom metal and hardcore punk. The genre generally includes slow tempos, down-tuned guitars and nihilistic lyrics discussing poverty, drug addiction and pollution.

The sound of sludge metal has its origins in California hardcore punk bands in the early-to-mid-1980s like Black Flag, Flipper and Fang, who began slowing their tempos and embracing the influence of Black Sabbath. This sound was expanded upon by the Melvins towards the end of the decade and the bands they influenced in both the Seattle grunge scene, and in Louisiana with Eyehategod, Crowbar and Acid Bath. In the 1990s and 2000s, the sound of sludge diversified: bands including Neurosis, Isis and Cult of Luna helped to pioneer post-metal, while Baroness and Mastodon fused the genre with progressive metal, while Dystopia did so with crust punk and Grief with anarcho-punk.
Gyalectaria
Gyalectaria is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Coccotremataceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2010 by Imke Schmitt, Klaus Kalb and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with G. jamesii assigned as the type species. The three species transferred to the genus were originally placed in the large genus Pertusaria. Molecular phylogenetics showed that they belong to a lineage distinct from and unrelated to that genus, but with a sister group relationship to the genus Coccotrema. The genus name combines Gyalect- (referring to the morphologically similar genus Gyalecta) and -aria, taken from the generic name Pertusaria.

Gyalecta
Gyalecta is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Gyalectaceae that contains 50 species. Gyalecta was circumscribed by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1808. It forms associations with Trentepohlia algae.
Oliana
Oliana (Catalan pronunciation: [oliˈanɛ]) is a municipality in the comarca of the Alt Urgell in 
Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the Segre valley immediately below the Oliana reservoir.
There is a factory of domestic electrical appliances in the town, and the presence of non-farming employment has meant that 
Oliana has escaped the depopulation experienced by most municipalities in north-west Catalonia. It is 
currently the second-largest town (by population) in the Alt Urgell, behind the comarcal capital La Seu d'Urgell. The 
town is served by the C-14 road between Ponts and La Seu d'Urgell. It has a population of 1,839 (register office, 2024) .

Alt Urgell
Alt Urgell (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈalt uɾˈdʒeʎ]) is a comarca (county) in the Alt Pirineu region, in Catalonia, Spain. It is part of the historic County of Urgell (ca. 789 – 1413) and the historic region of Urgellet. The capital is La Seu d'Urgell.
Phil Kleckler
Phil Klecker (born c. 1984) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Lindsey Wilson University, a position he has held since 2022. He also coached for Averett, Occidental, and Benedictine (IL). He played college football for Monmouth (Illinois).

Monmouth College
Monmouth College is a private Presbyterian liberal arts college in Monmouth, Illinois, United States. It enrolls 727 students in Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degree programs including a four-year nursing program and four-year electrical engineering and mechanical engineering programs.
Kevin Krautgartner
Kevin Krautgartner (born 1988) is a German architectural and landscape photographer, best known for his aerial images of urban and large ground spaces highlighting the aesthetic value of colors, lines and geometric patterns in them. His oeuvre has been awarded at international contests, and featured in mainstream media.

Architectural photography
Architectural photography is the subgenre of the photography discipline where the primary emphasis is made to capturing photographs of buildings and similar architectural structures that are both aesthetically pleasing and accurate in terms of representations of their subjects. Architectural photographers are usually skilled in the use of specialized techniques and cameras for producing such specialized photography.