hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Williams (Georgia politician)
Michael Williams is an American politician and businessman. He served as a Republican member of the Georgia State Senate from Senate District 27, covering the majority of Forsyth County. He was also a candidate for Governor of Georgia, but was defeated in the 2018 primary.

First elected to the Georgia State Senate in 2014, Williams defeated longtime Republican incumbent State Senator Jack Murphy in a runoff election. Williams won the race with 66% of the vote to Murphy's 34%. Williams largely self-funded his campaign, contributing over $300,000 of his own money toward the race.

Williams did not seek re-election in 2018 for his Senate seat, in a bid to run for Governor of Georgia. Williams came in last place in the May 22, 2018 primary, with just 4.8% of the vote.

Georgia State Senate
The Georgia State Senate is the upper house of the Georgia General Assembly, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The Georgia State Senate and the lower house of the General Assembly, the Georgia House of Representatives, comprise the bicameral legislature of the state. Combined, the Senate and the House maintain authority under Article III. of the 1983 Constitution of Georgia to enact laws "necessary and proper for the welfare of the state", although state law is subordinate to the state constitution, the United States Constitution, and federal law.

Like most upper houses in the United States, the Senate has the exclusive power to confirm various appointments made by the governor of Georgia, and to try cases of impeachment brought by the House. The Senate is often considered a springboard for those ultimately seeking higher office; all of the state's most recent governors have served in the State Senate.
Intertwingularity
Intertwingularity is a term coined by Ted Nelson to express the complexity of interrelations in human knowledge.

Nelson wrote in Computer Lib/Dream Machines (Nelson 1974, p. DM45): "EVERYTHING IS DEEPLY INTERTWINGLED. In an important sense there are no "subjects" at all; there is only all knowledge, since the cross-connections among the myriad topics of this world simply cannot be divided up neatly."

He added the following comment in the revised edition (Nelson 1987, p. DM31): "Hierarchical and sequential structures, especially popular since Gutenberg, are usually forced and artificial. Intertwingularity is not generally acknowledged—people keep pretending they can make things hierarchical, categorizable and sequential when they can't."

Intertwingularity is related to Nelson's coined term hypertext, partially inspired by "As We May Think" (1945) by Vannevar Bush.

Subject (documents)
In library and information science documents (such as books, articles and pictures) are classified and searched by subject – as well as by other attributes such as author, genre and document type. This makes "subject" a fundamental term in this field. Library and information specialists assign subject labels to documents to make them findable. There are many ways to do this and in general there is not always consensus about which subject should be assigned to a given document. To optimize subject indexing and searching, we need to have a deeper understanding of what a subject is. The question: "what is to be understood by the statement 'document A belongs to subject category X'?" has been debated in the field for more than 100 years (see below)
Qutani (Cochabamba)
Qutani (Aymara quta lake, -ni a suffix, "the one with a lake (or lakes)", also spelled Khotani, Kkotani) is a 3,482-metre-high (11,424 ft) mountain in the Bolivian Andes. It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Carrasco Province, Pocona Municipality. Qutani lies south of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Inkallaqta, north of the village of Pocona. The next peak to the southeast is Qucha Qucha (Quechua for "a complex of lakes").

Inkallaqta
Inkallaqta (Quechua inka Inca, llaqta place (village, town, city, country, nation), "Inca place", Hispanicized spellings Incallacta, Incallajta, Incallakta, Inkallajta, Inkallakta) is a monumental Inca site in central Bolivia. It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Carrasco Province, Pocona Municipality, approximately 130 kilometers east of Cochabamba. It was most recently excavated by Larry Coben. He believes that the site was used to perform rites for the ceremonial calendar. The site has several important structures such as the Kallanka. It was the largest single roofed room in the western hemisphere when it was built, and measures 78 by 25 meters. There's also an ushnu or a ritual platform on the site. The Torreon of Inkallaqta is also located on this site. Positioned on the western side of the site this six sided structure supposedly had calendrical or astronomical significance. There is a zigzag wall immediately north of the site which is meant to mark and protect it.
Central Asia–Center gas pipeline system
The Central Asia – Center gas pipeline system is a Gazprom controlled system of natural gas pipelines, which run from Turkmenistan via Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to Russia. The eastern branch includes the Central Asia – Center (CAC) 1, 2, 4 and 5 pipelines, which start from the south-eastern gas fields of Turkmenistan.  The western branch consists of the CAC-3 pipeline and a project to build a new parallel Caspian pipeline. The western branch runs from the Caspian Sea coast of Turkmenistan to north. The branches meet in western Kazakhstan. From there the pipelines run to north where they are connected to the Russian natural gas pipeline system.

Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, historically known as the Oxus, is a major river in Central Asia which flows through Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Rising in the Pamir Mountains, north of the Hindu Kush, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, in the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea. However, today the Amu Darya does not reach the Aral Sea, and its mouth is in a dried-up area, of what was once the Aral Sea. In its upper course, the river forms part of Afghanistan's northern border with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. In ancient history, the river was regarded as the boundary of Greater Iran with Turan, which roughly corresponded to present-day Central Asia. The Amu Darya has a flow of about 70 cubic kilometres per year on average.
Alaeddine Abbes
Alaeddine Abbes (born 6 February 1990) is a Tunisian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Saudi club Al-Qous. He played in the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 for Étoile Sahel, ES Zarzis, Olympique Béja, AS Marsa, Stade Tunisien, Kairouan and Étoile Métlaoui. He was a squad member for the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup.

Al-Qous FC
Al Qous Club (Arabic: نادي القوس) is a Saudi professional football club based in Al Khurmah, Mecca and competes in the Saudi Second Division, the third tier of Saudi football. The club was founded in 1984 and consists of various other departments including table tennis, volleyball, and weightlifting.

Al Qous earned their first promotion to the Second Division, the third tier of Saudi football, after finish first their group during the 2021–22 Third Division. They finished as runners-up after losing 2–1 in the final to Al-Suqoor.
Mafrum
Mafrum, also spelled "mafroom" (Arabic: مفروم), is a Libyan Jewish stuffed vegetable dish. Root vegetables are hollowed out and filled with a blend of ground meat and spices. These stuffed vegetables are then fried and simmered in a tomato-based sauce. While potatoes are the vegetable typically used, certain recipes employ eggplants, zucchinis, onions and/or bell peppers.

Mafrum is traditionally served with couscous and eaten during Shabbat and Jewish holidays. It spread beyond Libya due to the mass Jewish exodus from the country in the 1950s and 60s. In Italy, mafrum was introduced to the Jewish community of Rome after the evacuation of Libyan Jews following the Six-Day War in 1967. In Israel, it became a popular dish, with interpretations by Jews from Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt.

History of the Jews in Libya
The history of the Jews in Libya stretches back to the 3rd century BCE, when Cyrenaica was under Greek rule. The Jewish population of Libya, a part of the Sephardi-Maghrebi Jewish community, continued to populate the area continuously until modern times. During World War II, Libya's Jewish population was subjected to antisemitic laws by the Fascist Italian regime and deportations by both the Italian and German armies.

After the war, anti-Jewish violence caused many Jews to leave the country, principally for Israel, though significant numbers moved to Italy and North America. Under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, who ruled the country from 1969 to 2011, the situation deteriorated further, eventually leading to the emigration of the remaining Jewish population. The last Jew in Libya, 80-year-old Rina Debach, left the country in 2003.
Ian Merrigan
Ian Merrigan (born February 12, 1983) is an American actor, playwright and musician known for his roles in Paradise and The Chi.

Merrigan gained recognition for his portrayal of Trent, the town librarian in the 2025 Hulu series Paradise.

His musical, The Unfortunates, co-created by Merrigan, Jon Beavers, Ramiz Monsef, Casey Hurt, and Kristoffer Diaz, premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in 2013. It was later produced at ACT San Francisco in 2016 before being made available for theatrical licensing in 2021 with Uproar Theatrics.

American Conservatory Theater
The American Conservatory Theater (ACT) is a nonprofit theater company in San Francisco, California, United States, that offers both classical and contemporary theater productions. It has an attached acting school.
Radiarctia jacksoni
Radiarctia jacksoni is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Zaire and Tanzania.

The larvae feed on Commelina, Aster, Bidens pilosa, Galimsoga parviflora, Zinnia, Boerhavia and Solanum.

Solanum
Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae, comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles (unrelated to the genus of true nettles, Urtica), as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.

Solanum species show a wide range of growth habits, such as annuals and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon (the tomatoes) and Cyphomandra are now included in Solanum as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500–2,000 species.
Bujor Hălmăgeanu
Bujor Hălmageanu (14 February 1941 – 23 November 2018) was a Romanian retired association football defender and manager.  He competed for his country at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, where Romania reached the quarter-finals.

Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics
The football competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics started on 11 October and ended on 23 October. Only one event, the men's tournament, was contested. The tournament features 14 men's national teams from six continental confederations. The 14 teams are drawn into two groups of four and two groups of three and each group plays a round-robin tournament. At the end of the group stage, the top two teams advanced to the knockout stage, beginning with the quarter-finals and culminating with the gold medal match at the Olympic Stadium on 23 October 1964. There was also three consolation matches played by losing quarter-finalists. The winner of these matches placed fifth in the tournament.
Julien Ingrassia
Julien Ingrassia (born 26 November 1979) is a French retired rally co-driver. Working with Sébastien Ogier, he became World Rally Champion in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 with Volkswagen Motorsport, 2017 and 2018 with M-Sport World Rally Team, and in 2020 and 2021 with Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT.

Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT
The Toyota Gazoo Racing World Rally Team is a competitor of the World Rally Championship (WRC) based in Finland, serving as the entry for the car manufacturer Toyota. Its team principal is former WRC driver Jari-Matti Latvala and its drivers for 2023 include reigning champion Kalle Rovanperä, alongside Elfyn Evans, Takamoto Katsuta and Sébastien Ogier. The team made its debut during the 2017 season, where it entered the Toyota Yaris WRC.

The team is a separate operational unit to the Toyota Gazoo Racing team that competes in the World Endurance Championship, but both are a part of Toyota Gazoo Racing Europe.

In 2018, the team won the championship for manufacturers, Toyota's first since 1999, followed by more wins in 2021 and 2022. The team have also delivered championship titles for drivers and co-drivers from 2019 to 2023.
1911 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1911 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1911 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Ray Morrison and Harry Costello were selected for Outing magazine's "Football Honor List for 1911" selected by coaches from the East and West. Vanderbilt won the SIAA championship.

1911 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1911 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1911 college football season. The season began on September 23.

Edwin Pope's Football's Greatest Coaches notes: "A lightning-swift backfield of Lew Hardage, Wilson Collins, Ammie Sikes, and Ray Morrison pushed Vandy through 1911 with only a 9–8 loss to Michigan." The Atlanta Constitution voted Vanderbilt's the best backfield in the South. Morrison is considered one of the best quarterbacks in Vanderbilt's long history.

Tulane reapplied for SIAA membership in late 1910, having withdrawn previously.
Battle of Bergen (1799)
The Battle of Bergen was fought on 19 September 1799 and resulted in a Franco-Batavian victory under Generals Guillaume Brune and Herman Willem Daendels (Brune commanded both French and Batavians) against the landed in North Holland Anglo-Russian forces under the Duke of York as supreme commander and Lieutenant General Ivan Hermann. The battlefield is marked by the Russisch Monument (1902).

Langedijk
Langedijk (Dutch: [ˌlɑŋəˈdɛik] ⓘ; West Frisian Dutch: Langedìk) is a former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and the region of West-Frisia. Langedijk received city rights in 1415.

Langedijk and the former municipality of Heerhugowaard merged into the new municipality of Dijk en Waard on 1 January 2022.
2017 Toyota Premier Cup
The 2017 Toyota Premier Cup was the 7th Toyota Premier Cup. It's a single-game cup competition organized by the Toyota and Football Association of Thailand. It features SCG Muangthong United the winners of the 2016 Thai League Cup and Sanfrecce Hiroshima as an invited team from the 2016 J1 League (Japan). Competition features at National Stadium, Bangkok and sponsored by Toyota.

Muangthong United F.C.
Muangthong United Football Club (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลเมืองทอง ยูไนเต็ด) is a Thai professional football club based in Muang Thong Thani, Pak Kret district, Nonthaburi province. The club plays in the Thai League 1, the top-flight football league of Thailand. Muangthong United has participated in the highest level of the Thai football league system since 2009 after having won the Thai Division 1 League title in 2008.

Muangthong United is one of Thailand's leading football clubs, having the biggest fan base with over 3.7 million followers on social media as of 14 November 2023. The club, also known as The Kirins was for a period one of the richest football clubs in Thailand.
GNU Manifesto
The GNU Manifesto is a call-to-action by Richard Stallman encouraging participation and support of the GNU Project's goal in developing the GNU free computer operating system. The GNU Manifesto was published in March 1985 in Dr. Dobb's Journal. It is held in high regard within the free software movement as a fundamental philosophical source.

The full text is included with GNU software such as Emacs, and is publicly available.

Direct action
Direct action is a form of activism in which participants use economic power or political power to achieve their goals. The aim of direct action is to either obstruct a certain practice such as a government's laws or actions or to draw attention to and create a dialogue in order to solve perceived problems.

Direct action may include activities, that can be either violent or nonviolent, targeting people, groups, institutions, actions, or property that its participants deem objectionable. Violent direct action may include political violence, assault, arson, sabotage, and property destruction. Nonviolent direct action may include peaceful demonstrations, civil disobedience, sit-ins, strikes, and counter-economics.
Julien Tadrowski
Julien Tadrowski (born 17 May 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for IV liga Masovia club Talent Warsaw. He also serves as the assistant coach of Legia Warsaw's under-19 team. Born in France, he represented Poland at youth international levels and has spent most of his career with Polish clubs.

IV liga Masovia
IV liga Masovia (grupa mazowiecka), also known as Decathlon IV liga mazowiecka for sponsorship reasons, is one of the groups of IV liga, the fifth level of Polish football league system.

The league was created in the 2000–01 season, after a new administrative division of Poland was implemented. Until the end of the 2007–08 season, IV liga was the fourth tier of league system, but this was changed with the formation of the Ekstraklasa as the top level league in Poland.

The clubs from Masovian Voivodeship compete in the group. The winner is promoted to III liga, group I. The bottom teams are relegated to the groups of Masovian group of the V liga.
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical, observational, and instrumental astronomy and astrophysics. It is operated by an editorial team under the supervision of a board of directors representing 27 sponsoring countries plus a representative of the European Southern Observatory. The journal is published by EDP Sciences and the current editors-in-chief are Thierry Forveille and João Alves.

EDP Sciences
EDP Sciences (Édition Diffusion Presse Sciences) is an STM publisher that disseminates scientific information for specialist and more general audiences (general public, decision-makers, teachers, etc.). EDP produces and publishes international journals, books, conferences, and websites with predominantly scientific and technical content.  Originally a joint venture of four French learned societies in science, mathematics, and medicine, the company was acquired by China Science Publishing & Media in 2019.
Student Volunteer Forces
Student Volunteer Forces (Korean: 학도의용군) or Student Volunteer Troops (학도의용대), also known as Student Volunteer Soldiers (학도의용병) or simply Student Soldiers (학도병), were students that fought against the North Korean forces and Chinese forces on behalf of South Korea during the Korean War.

Students volunteered or were conscripted into the Republic of Korea Armed Forces as emergency troops to fight against North Korea's invasion of South Korea, which almost overran the country. The student volunteer troops were demobilized when South Korean and United Nations forces secured the 38th parallel in March 1951, when most of them returned to their education and some enlisted in the ROK Army.

Military volunteer
A military volunteer (or war volunteer) is a person who enlists in military service by free will, and is not a conscript, mercenary, or a foreign legionnaire. Volunteers sometimes enlist to fight in the armed forces of a foreign country, for example during the Spanish Civil War. Military volunteers are essential for the operation of volunteer militaries. Many armies, including the U.S. Army, formerly distinguished between "Important Volunteers" enlisted during a war, and "regulars" who served on long-term basis.
Duke Street, Barrow-in-Furness
Duke Street is a road running through the town centre and Hindpool area of Barrow-in-Furness, England. Stretching almost one mile from east to west it connects two major A roads as well as intersecting Abbey Road roughly midway. Designed by Sir James Ramsden as the centrepiece of the 19th century planned town of Barrow, Duke Street is home to three squares (Ramsden Square, Town Square and Schneider Square) alongside many listed buildings including Barrow Town Hall and the Main Public Library. The Forum performing arts centre and Craven Park Stadium (home of the rugby league side Barrow Raiders) are also located on Duke Street.

The Forum, Barrow-in-Furness
The Forum (formerly Forum 28) is a theatre, media and arts centre located in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England. The complex is currently home to an adaptable auditorium and stage, several conference and function rooms, Barrow's main tourist information centre and a Costa Coffee outlet. The Forum is situated in Central Barrow, opposite the town hall. A fatal outbreak of legionellosis in 2002 was traced to the Forum's air conditioning system.

The Forum is one of the area's main cultural and art centres and has hosted many musical artists, comedians and other performers, as well as hosting such events as the local multicultural festival and various career conventions. Many local and international theatre groups have used the Forum for their productions, plays and pantomimes.
Fonthill Vase
The Fonthill Vase, also called the Gaignières-Fonthill Vase after François Roger de Gaignières and William Beckford's Fonthill Abbey, is a bluish-white Qingbai Chinese porcelain vase dated to 1300–1340 AD. It is famous as the earliest documented Chinese porcelain object to have reached Europe.

The vase is an early piece of Jingdezhen porcelain, and comes from the final years of Qingbai ware in Jingdezhen before it was replaced by the new blue and white porcelain, which started in earnest after 1320.  It is an unusual "experimental" vase with applied relief decoration in the medallions, in the usual monochrome blueish-white Qingbai glaze.

After probably arriving in Europe when nearly new, the history of the vase can mostly be documented.  Eventually it reached the National Museum of Ireland in 1882, and in 2018 was on display in the "Curator's Choice" permanent display at the National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History (Collins Barracks, Dublin).

Jingdezhen
Jingdezhen is a prefecture-level city in eastern Jiangxi province with a total population of 1,669,057 (2018), bordering Anhui to the north. It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producing Chinese ceramics for at least 1,000 years, and for much of that period Jingdezhen porcelain was the most important and finest quality in China.  The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2,000 years.