hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kuruçeşme
Kuruçeşme is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,846 (2022). It is on the European side of the Bosphorus between the neighbourhoods of Ortaköy and Arnavutköy.

Historically, the neighbourhood was called by various names such as Bithias or Bythias, Kalamos, Amopolos, Bytharia. It was located in ancient Thrace and inhabited through Roman times. The present name refers to a historical fountain from the 15th century mosque built by Osman Efendi, the chief tezkire poet of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II (reigned 1444–1446, 1451–1481), and means literally the "Dried fountain".

The popular concert venue Paraf Kuruçeşme Arena is situated in Kuruçeşme and the Cemil Topuzlu Park in Kuruçeşme is the finish point of the annual Bosphorus Cross Continental Swim.

Tezkire
Tezkire (Arabic: تذکرة), from Arabic tadhkirah meaning "something that causes one to remember" or "memorandum", is a form of bibliographical dictionary or bibliographical compendium which flourished in the 16th-century Ottoman Empire. The most widely known are the tezkires of poets, but the books also focused on the works of government officials and artists in general. First seen in early Arab literature before the 10th century, they then made their way into Persian literature and later Ottoman literature.

One of the most famous Persian tezkires is the Tazkirat al-Awliya of Fariduddin Attar. The most important tezkire in Chagatai-Turkic is Majolis un-Nafois by Ali-Shir Nava'i.
John Cheney (gentleman at arms)
John Cheney (died 19 March 1567) was an English soldier and politician during the Tudor period.

John Cheney was the son of John Cheney Senior of West Woodhay House in Berkshire, by his wife, Jane, the daughter, by his third wife, of Sir William Norreys of Ockwells and Yattendon. His father was a nephew of King Henry VII's friend and cousin, Baron Cheney. John was a gentleman at arms in the Royal household. He was also elected Member of Parliament for Dover (November 1554) and for Winchelsea (1558) through the influence of his father's cousin, Thomas Cheney, the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and then for Berkshire from 1563 to 1567. With a group of others, he attacked and murdered a man named Robert Paris in a sword fight at Newbury, Berkshire in 1550 but was pardoned for it in 1552.

Tudor period
In England and Wales, the Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603, including the Elizabethan era. The Tudor period coincides with the reign of the House of Tudor, which began with the accession of Henry VII and ended with the death of Elizabeth I.  Under the Tudor dynasty, art, architecture, trade, exploration, and commerce flourished. Historian John Guy (1988) argued that "England was economically healthier, more expensive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time since the ancient Roman occupation.
Caerdroia
A caerdroia is a Welsh turf maze, usually in the sevenfold Cretan labyrinth design.  They were created by shepherds on hilltops and were apparently the setting for ritual dances, the nature of which has been lost.  At the centre of each caerdroia was a small hillock—in Welsh, twmpath.  A gathering for folk dancing in Wales is still called a twmpath dawns. While the caerdroia is typically Welsh, at least one is known to have been constructed abroad. It was discovered by historian Mario Ziccardi in Petrella Tifernina, Italy.

Folk dance
A folk dance is a dance that reflects the life of the people of a certain country or region. Not all ethnic dances are folk dances. For example, ritual dances or dances of ritual origin are not considered to be folk dances. Ritual dances are usually called "religious dances" because of their purpose.

The terms "ethnic" and "traditional" are used when it is required to emphasize the cultural roots of the dance. In this sense, nearly all folk dances are ethnic ones. If some dances, such as polka, cross ethnic boundaries and even cross the boundary between "folk" and "ballroom dance", ethnic differences are often considerable enough to mention.
Two (Utah Saints album)
Two is the second album by British electronic group Utah Saints, released on 23 October 2000 in the UK and 14 August 2001 in the US and Canada. The album features guest vocalists Michael Stipe ("Sun", "Punk Club", "Rhinoceros", "Wiggedy Wack"), Chuck D ("Power to the Beats"), Edwin Starr ("Funky Music") and Guy Leger ("Sick").

"Love Song" peaked at No. 37 on the UK Singles Chart.

Edwin Starr
Charles Edwin Hatcher  (January 21, 1942 – April 2, 2003), known by his stage name Edwin Starr, was an American singer and songwriter. He is best remembered for his Norman Whitfield-produced Motown singles of the 1970s, most notably the number-one hit "War".

Born in Nashville and raised in Cleveland, Ohio, he later lived in Detroit while singing for Ric-Tic and Motown Records. He was backed by the band that became known as "Black Merda". Hawkins and Veasey of the group played on most of his early hits on the Ric Tic Label. Starr's songs "Twenty-Five Miles" and "Stop the War Now" were also major successes, in 1969 and 1971 respectively. In the 1970s Starr moved to England, where he continued to produce music and resided until his death.
Paper Lion (film)
Paper Lion is a 1968 sports comedy film starring Alan Alda as writer George Plimpton, based on Plimpton's 1966 nonfiction book of the same name depicting his tryout with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League.  The film premiered in Detroit on October 2, 1968, and was released nationwide the week of October 14, 1968.

St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)
From 1960 to 1987, the professional American football team now known as the Arizona Cardinals played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Cardinals.

The team moved from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960, and played their first home game there on October 2 at Busch Stadium against the New York Giants. Their last home game in St. Louis, played at Busch Memorial Stadium on December 13, 1987, was also against the Giants. Their last game as a St. Louis–based club was on December 27, 1987, at the Dallas Cowboys.

During the Cardinals' 28 years in St. Louis, they advanced to the playoffs just four times (1964, 1974, 1975, and 1982), and never hosted a playoff game. Their only postseason win came in the 1964 Playoff Bowl.

Their winning percentage of .481 during their time in St. Louis—187 victories, 202 losses, and 13 ties—is better than those in the other two cities the Cardinals have called home.

The team moved to Tempe, Arizona, in 1988.
Kathleen Martins
Kathleen Martins is an American adjunct professor, former teacher and social worker from Hooksett, New Hampshire, who served from March 2020 to January 2021 as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, winning a special election to replace Republican incumbent Richard Marple (who had died in office).

Her district (Merrimack 24) consists of four seats, and in the November 2020 general election she lost by 30 votes to Stephen Boyd, the fourth-ranked candidate of the four Republican nominees.

Hooksett, New Hampshire
Hooksett is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 14,871 at the 2020 census, up from 13,451 at the 2010 census. The town is located between Manchester, the state's largest city, and Concord, the state capital. A prominent landmark is Robie's Country Store, a National Historic Landmark and a frequent stop for presidential candidates during the New Hampshire primary.

The central village in town, where 5,283 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Hooksett census-designated place and is located at a bridge crossing of the Merrimack River. The town also contains the census-designated place of South Hooksett.
Spice Dream Uno
The Spice Dream Uno is a mobile phone co-developed by Google as a part of its Android One initiative. The initiative is headed by Sundar Pichai in an effort to provide affordable, yet feature-rich smartphones to developing nations. India is the first country to promote and sell the phone, which was first made available on September 10, 2014 through Flipkart for online customers. A few months later  the smartphone was made available on Amazon, Saholic, Snapdeal and at some retail outlets in India such as Mobile Store and Spice Hotspot. The phone shares the same features as the Micromax Canvas A1.

Flipkart
Flipkart Inc. is an Indian e-commerce company, headquartered in Bengaluru, and incorporated in Singapore as a private limited company. The company initially focused on online book sales before expanding into other product categories such as consumer electronics, fashion, home essentials, groceries, and lifestyle products. In 2025, the company shifted domicile from Singapore to India.

The service competes primarily with Amazon India and domestic rival Snapdeal. As of FY23, Flipkart held a 48% market share in the Indian e-commerce industry. Flipkart has a dominant position in the apparel segment, bolstered by its acquisition of Myntra, and was described as being "neck and neck" with Amazon in the sale of electronics and mobile phones.
Oldham Evening Chronicle
The Oldham Evening Chronicle was a daily newspaper published each weekday evening. It served the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England. There were also four sister editions, called the Oldham Extra, Saddleworth Extra, Tameside Extra and Dale Times, which were published on the first Thursday of each month. The paper was owned by Hirst, Kidd and Rennie Ltd.

In February 2018, the main Evening Chronicle title relaunched online after it was bought by a local radio station.

Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. It is named after its largest town, Oldham. The borough had a population of 251,560 in 2024, making it the sixth-largest district by population in Greater Manchester. The borough spans 142 square kilometres (55 sq mi).
USS Bluefish
Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Bluefish, after the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix).

USS Bluefish (SS-222), was a Gato-class submarine, commissioned in 1943 and struck in 1959.

USS Bluefish (SSN-675), was a Sturgeon-class submarine, commissioned in 1971 and struck in 1996.

USS Bluefish (SS-222)
USS Bluefish (SS-222), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bluefish. Between 9 September 1943 and 29 July 1945 she completed nine war patrols. Her operating area extended from the Netherlands East Indies to the waters south of Honshū. According to the notoriously unreliable JANAC accounting, Bluefish sank 12 Japanese ships totaling 50,839 tons.
USS Tennessee
Six ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Tennessee in honor of the 16th state.

SS Republic (1853), originally Tennessee, was a paddlewheel steamer captured from the Confederacy at New Orleans on 2 April 1862.

CSS Tennessee (1863) was a Confederate ironclad captured from the Confederacy in the Battle of Mobile Bay on 16 February 1864.

USS Tennessee (1865) was a wooden screw frigate originally built and named as Madawaska.

USS Tennessee (ACR-10) was the lead ship of her class of armored cruiser.

USS Tennessee (BB-43) was the lead ship of her class of battleship, was damaged in the Attack on Pearl Harbor, repaired and saw action in the Pacific during World War II, broken up 1959.

USS Tennessee (SSBN-734) is an Ohio-class submarine

SS Republic (1853)
SS Republic was a sidewheel steamship, originally named SS Tennessee (also named CSS Tennessee, USS Tennessee, and USS Mobile for a time), lost in a hurricane off the coast of Georgia in October 1865, en route to New Orleans.

In 2003, the wreck was located 100 mi (160 km) off the coast of Savannah, Georgia, and artifacts are on display in selected museums, along with video stories about passengers and crew members.
2023 deaths in the United Kingdom
The following notable deaths of British people occurred in 2023. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

Name, age, citizenship at birth, nationality (in addition to British), or/and home nation, what subject was noted for, birth year, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Notability in the English Wikipedia
In the English version of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, notability is a criterion to determine whether a topic merits a separate Wikipedia article. It is described in the guideline "Wikipedia:Notability". In general, notability is an attempt to assess whether the topic has "gained sufficiently significant attention by the world at large and over a period of time" as evidenced by significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic". The notability guideline was introduced in 2006 and has since been subject to various controversies.
Callista Chimombo
Madame Callista Chapola-Chimombo (Callista Mutharika) (born 24 May 1959) is a Malawian politician and the widow of President Bingu wa Mutharika. She served as the First Lady of the Republic of Malawi from 2010 to 2012. Chimombo was a  member of the Cabinet of Malawi as a National Coordinator of Maternal, Infant and Child Health and HIV/Nutrition/Malaria and Tuberculosis.

She served from 2022 as the High Commissioner of Malawi in the Republic of Kenya. She has served as a member of the Pan-African Parliament, and as the Malawi Minister of Tourism, Wildlife and Culture.

In 2005, she was Secretary of the Malawi Parliamentary Women's Caucus. Chimombo was a member of the Democratic Progressive Party and a member of the United Democratic Front (UDF).

President of Malawi
The president of the Republic of Malawi (Chichewa: Mtsogoleri wa Dziko la Malawi; Tumbuka: Mlongozgi wa Charu cha Malaŵi) is the head of state and head of government of Malawi. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Malawi and is the commander-in-chief of the Malawian Defence Force. The current president is Peter Mutharika, who has served since being re-elected in September 2025.
Maybe There's No Heaven
Maybe There's No Heaven is the fourth studio album by Australian pop punk band Short Stack, released through UNFD on 8 April 2022. The album was announced on 1 December 2021 and scheduled for released on 25 February 2022 but on 9 February, the band delayed the release until 8 April 2022 citing "a desire to tie its launch in to their forthcoming national tour" in a press conference.

According to the band, Maybe There's No Heaven is their most authentic. In December 2021, frontman Shaun Diviney said, "There was a tension between the band that we wanted to be and the band that other people around us wanted to be". Drummer Bradie Webb added the album "isn't in any way what someone else told us we should be. [We] finally have our hands on the steering wheel."

Short Stack
Short Stack are an Australian pop punk band. The band consists of members Shaun Diviney (lead vocals, guitar), Andy Clemmensen (bass, backing vocals) and Bradie Webb (drums). Shannon Hotchkins was also a member of Short Stack before any song was performed or recorded.

Short Stack were twice named Channel V Oz Artist of the Year, and produced two gold-selling albums, three top ten singles, a ARIA number one chart award and a platinum-selling single.

The group split in 2012, and their former label released Art Vandelay the following year without any promotion. In April 2014, the band announced their reformation and shortly released "Television". "Amy" was released as the lead single from third studio album Homecoming in August 2015. They disbanded shortly after in 2015.

They announced their return with a tour in 2020. They released their first song in six years "Burn You Down" in March 2021.
Zhang Bi
Zhang Bi (simplified Chinese: 张泌; traditional Chinese: 張泌; pinyin: Zhāng Bì; born 930, date of death unknown), was a Chinese Ci lyric poet who lived during the Later Shu.  He was one of the chief poets of the group influenced by Wen Tingyun which became known as the "Huajian Faction".  Translators of his verse include Herbert Giles and Qiu Xiaolong.

Later Shu
Shu, referred to as Later Shu (traditional Chinese: 後蜀; simplified Chinese: 后蜀; pinyin: Hòu Shǔ) and Meng Shu (Chinese: 孟蜀) in historiography, was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was located in present-day Sichuan with its capital in Chengdu and lasted from 934 to 965.
Ethereal wave
Ethereal wave, also called ethereal darkwave, ethereal goth or simply ethereal, is a subgenre of dark wave music that is variously described as "gothic", "romantic", and "otherworldly". It developed in the early 1980s in the United Kingdom as an outgrowth of gothic rock, and was mainly represented by 4AD bands such as Cocteau Twins, This Mortal Coil, and early guitar-driven Dead Can Dance.

In the second half of the 1980s, the genre continued to develop in the United States and was primarily associated with C'est La Mort Records, which featured artists such as Area (later the Moon Seven Times) and Heavenly Bodies, a band formed by ex-members of Dead Can Dance and This Mortal Coil, as well as with Projekt Records, which featured groups like Black Tape for a Blue Girl, Love Spirals Downwards and Lycia.

Ethereal wave, especially the music of Cocteau Twins, was one of the key inspirations for the British dream pop/shoegaze scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Tinderbox (Siouxsie and the Banshees album)
Tinderbox is the seventh studio album by the English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees. It was released on 21 April 1986 by Wonderland and Polydor Records in the United Kingdom and by Geffen Records in the United States. It was the band's first full-length effort recorded with then-new guitarist John Valentine Carruthers; Carruthers had previously only added a few parts on the 1984 EP The Thorn. The first recording sessions for the album took place at Hansa by the Wall in Berlin in May 1985.

Two songs were released as singles between late 1985 and early 1986, "Cities in Dust" and "Candyman". Tinderbox peaked at number 13 on the UK Albums Chart and at number 88 on the US Billboard 200.

PopMatters included it on their list of the "12 essential alternative rock albums from the 1980s", and alternative rock artists including Billy Howerdel of A Perfect Circle, Jean-Benoît Dunckel of Air and Rachel Goswell of Slowdive, have cited it as an inspiration.
Victoria Murphy
Victoria Anne Murphy is a linguist, academic, and author. She is a professor of Applied Linguistics and Director of the Department of Education at the University of Oxford as well as a Fellow of St. Anne's College. Previously, she served as Chair of the National Association of Language Development in the Curriculum (NALDIC) from 2018 to 2021.

Murphy's research focuses on the connections between child second language learning, vocabulary acquisition, and literacy development. She has published journal articles and two books including Second Language Learning in the Early School Years: Trends and Contexts and Early Childhood Education in English for Speakers of Other Languages. Her work has been supported by grants from the Education Endowment Foundation, the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), The Nuffield Foundation, and The Leverhulme Trust.

Vocabulary learning
Vocabulary learning is the process of acquiring building blocks in second language acquisition. The impact of vocabulary on proficiency in second language performance "has become […] an object of considerable interest among researchers, teachers, and materials developers". From being a "neglected aspect of language learning", vocabulary has gained recognition in the literature and reclaimed its position in teaching. Educators have shifted their attention from accuracy to fluency by moving from the grammar–translation method to communicative approaches to teaching. As a result, incidental vocabulary teaching and learning have become one of the two major types of teaching programs along with the deliberate approach.
Vassal state
A vassal state is any state that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire, in a status similar to that of a vassal in the feudal system in medieval Europe. Vassal states were common among the empires of the Near East, dating back to the era of the Egyptian, Ottoman, Hittite, and Mitanni conflict, as well as in ancient China.

The relationships between vassal rulers and empires were dependent upon the policies and agreements of each empire. While the payment of tribute and military service was common amongst vassal states, the degree of independence and benefits given to vassal states varied. Today, more common terms are puppet state, protectorate, client state, associated state, or satellite state.

Vassal
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe and elsewhere. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty.
The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief.

In contrast, fealty (fidelitas) is sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch.
Strangeways Research Laboratory
Strangeways Research Laboratory is a research institution in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It was founded by Thomas Strangeways in 1905 as the Cambridge Research Hospital and acquired its current name in 1928. Organised as an independent charity, it was historically funded primarily by the Medical Research Council and is currently managed by the University of Cambridge, also its sole trustee. Formerly a site of research on rheumatic arthritis and connective tissue disorders, it has since 1997 focused on the study of genetic epidemiology.

Tissue culture
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism. This technique is also called micropropagation. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows.