hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nevada Gas
"Nevada Gas" is a short story by writer Raymond Chandler.  It was first published in June 1935 in the magazine Black Mask. The "Nevada gas" of the title refers to cyanide gas, used for executions in the state of Nevada at the time.

Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen cyanide (also called prussic acid) is a chemical compound with the formula HCN and structural formula H−C≡N. It is a highly toxic and flammable liquid that boils slightly above room temperature, at 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). HCN is produced on an industrial scale and is a highly valued precursor to many chemical compounds ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals. Large-scale applications are for the production of potassium cyanide and adiponitrile, used in mining and plastics, respectively. It is more toxic than solid cyanide compounds due to its volatile nature. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water, represented as HCN(aq), is called hydrocyanic acid. The salts of the cyanide anion are known as cyanides.

Whether hydrogen cyanide is an organic compound or not is a topic of debate among chemists. It is traditionally considered inorganic, but can also be considered a nitrile, giving rise to its alternative names of methanenitrile and formonitrile.
Love and Hate (1924 film)
Love and Hate is a 1924 British silent comedy film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring George Foley, Eve Chambers and Frank Perfitt. It was made by British & Colonial Kinematograph Company at the company's Walthamstow Studios.

Walthamstow Studios
Walthamstow Studios was a British film studio located in Walthamstow, London which operated between 1914 and 1930. Two earlier studios had previously existed in Walthamstow. It was the base of Broadwest films for a number of years, which also used Catford Studios as an overflow facility. It was later owned by British Filmcraft. After the bankruptcy the studios were sold off for non-film use.
2012 Madison Cash Spiel
The 2012 Madison Cash Spiel was held from November 30 to December 2 at the Madison Curling Club in Madison, Wisconsin as part of the 2012–13 World Curling Tour. The event was held in a round robin format.
In the men's final, Pete Fenson won his second consecutive title and fourth title overall with a win over former teammate John Shuster. Fenson defeated Shuster in an extra end with a score of 6–5. In the women's final, Erika Brown defeated Jill Mouzar with a score of 8–7 to win her second consecutive and overall title.

Jill Brothers
Jillian Brothers (born May 20, 1983 as Jill Mouzar [pronounced "MOW-zer"]) is a Canadian curler. She currently plays third on Team Christina Black. Brothers was born in Liverpool, Nova Scotia and now resides in Bedford, Nova Scotia.
RPG-16
The RPG-16 is a handheld anti-tank grenade launcher for anti-tank warfare. It was developed in 1968 and adopted by the Soviet Army in 1970 for special operation teams and the Soviet airborne troops (VDV). These were deployed during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and saw service during several battles in that conflict.

Anti-tank warfare
Anti-tank warfare refers to the military strategies, tactics, and weapon systems designed to counter and destroy enemy armored vehicles, particularly tanks. It originated during World War I following the first deployment of tanks in 1916, and has since become a fundamental component of land warfare doctrine. Over time, anti-tank warfare has evolved to include a wide range of systems, from handheld infantry weapons and anti-tank guns to guided missiles and air-delivered munitions.

Anti-tank warfare evolved rapidly during World War II, leading to infantry-portable weapons.

Through the Cold War of 1947–1991, the United States, anti-tank weapons have also been upgraded in number and performance.

Since the end of the Cold War in 1992, new threats to tanks and other armored vehicles have included remotely detonated improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, drones and loitering munitions have attacked and destroyed tanks.
Ottenberg (surname)
Ottenberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hans-Günter Ottenberg (born 1947), German musicologist and teacher

Mel Ottenberg, American fashion designer

Nettie Ottenberg (1887–1922), Russian-born American social worker and advocate for women's suffrage

Miriam Ottenberg (1914–1982), American journalist

Reuben Ottenberg (1882–1959), American physician and haematologist

Reuben Ottenberg
Reuben Ottenberg (1882 in New York City – 1959) was an American physician and haematologist, who served Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City with distinction for 50 years.

He received his B.A. from Columbia University in 1902 and his M.D. degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons three years later.

He published his groundbreaking paper on blood transfusion before World War I. In haemocompatibility tests, which he had started in 1907, he found out that patient antibodies against donor red cells could be harmful but not vice versa. This report led to the use of group O (“zero”) individuals as universal donors.

In 1954 Ottenberg was the first to be awarded the Karl Landsteiner Award from the
American Society of Blood Banks for "distinguished pioneering contributions to blood banking and hemotherapy."
October 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
October 20 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 22

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on November 3 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 21st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on October 8.

Hilarion
Hilarion (291–371), also known by the bynames of Thavata, of Gaza, and in the Orthodox Church as the Great was a Christian anchorite who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example of Anthony the Great (c. 251–356). While Anthony is considered to have established Christian monasticism in the  Egyptian Desert, Hilarion, who lived in the coastal area near Gaza, is considered by his biographer Jerome (c. 342/347 – 420), to be the founder of  Palestinian monasticism - regarding this claim see also Hilarion's contemporary, Chariton (mid-3rd century – c. 350), founder of monasticism in the Judaean Desert. Hilarion is venerated as a saint exemplifying monastic virtues by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
Ray Demmitt
Charles Raymond Demmitt (February 2, 1884 – February 19, 1956) was a professional baseball player who played outfielder in the Major Leagues from 1909-1919 for the New York Highlanders, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, and Chicago White Sox.

Demmitt was born in Illiopolis, Illinois and died in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. He went to college at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology.

Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology
Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology (RHIT) is a private university in Terre Haute, Indiana, United States. It was founded in 1874 and houses twelve academic departments with over thirty undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science, engineering, technology, and engineering management, leading to bachelor's and master's degrees.
Federal Home Loan Bank Board
The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) was a U.S. board created by the Federal Home Loan Bank Act in 1932 that governed the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB or FHLBanks), also created by the act; the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC); and nationally-chartered thrifts. It was abolished and superseded by the Federal Housing Finance Board and the Office of Thrift Supervision in 1989 due to the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s, as Federal Home Loan Banks gave favorable lending to the thrifts it regulated, leading to regulatory capture.

Regulatory capture
In politics, regulatory capture (also called agency capture) is a form of corruption of authority that occurs when a political entity, policymaker, or regulator is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group.

When regulatory capture occurs, a special interest is prioritized over the general interests of the public, leading to a net loss for society. The theory of client politics is related to that of rent-seeking and political failure; client politics "occurs when most or all of the benefits of a program go to some single, reasonably small interest (e.g., industry, profession, or locality) but most or all of the costs will be borne by a large number of people (for example, all taxpayers)".
Ed Linta
Edward Linta (born 1932) is an American former football coach.  He was the 28th head football coach at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas, serving for two seasons, from 1965 to 1966, and compiling a record of 4–13–1.   Linta played college football as an end at Kansas State University from 1952 to 1954. before coming to Washburn as an assistant in 1964, he was the head football coach at Eastern Arizona Junior College—now known as Eastern Arizona College—in 1963 and was an assistant football coach at the University of Arizona from 1959 to 1961 and the University of Wyoming in 1962.

End (gridiron football)
In gridiron football, an end is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles.  Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on each end of the line is an eligible receiver who can catch forward passes.  There are two types on offense: the split end, or wide out, and the tight end. On defense, the position name survives in the name of the defensive end; in function, this position no longer corresponds to its offensive counterparts, which are defended more commonly by the edge rusher (which is sometimes a defensive end depending on formation) against the tight end and the cornerback against the split end.

It is also used in terminology such as an end run.
Zieleń, Łódź Voivodeship
Zieleń [ˈʑɛlɛɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Uniejów, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Uniejów, 15 km (9 mi) west of Poddębice, and 52 km (32 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
USS Sibyl
USS Sibyl was a wooden-hull steamer outfitted with heavy guns, purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

Sibyl was used by the Union Navy primarily as a dispatch boat in the blockade of ports and waterways of the Confederate States of America.  She carried messages (dispatches) between ships and shore; but, with her heavy guns, she was also prepared to act as a gunboat if the need  presented itself.

Union navy
The Union navy is used to describe the United States Navy (USN) during the American Civil War, when it fought the Confederate States Navy (CSN). The term is sometimes used to describe vessels of war used on the rivers of the interior under the control of the Union army.
NEXPTIME
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NEXPTIME (sometimes called NEXP) is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine using time .

In terms of NTIME,

Alternatively, NEXPTIME can be defined using deterministic Turing machines as verifiers. A language L is in NEXPTIME if and only if there exist polynomials p and q, and a deterministic Turing machine M, such that

For all x and y, the machine M runs in time  on input ⁠⁠

For all x in L, there exists a string y of length  such that ⁠⁠

For all x not in L and all strings y of length , ⁠⁠

We know

P ⊆ NP ⊆ EXPTIME ⊆ NEXPTIME

and also, by the time hierarchy theorem, that

NP ⊊ NEXPTIME

If P = NP, then NEXPTIME = EXPTIME (padding argument); more precisely, E ≠ NE if and only if there exist sparse languages in NP that are not in P.

Sparse language
In computational complexity theory, a sparse language is a formal language (a set of strings) such that the complexity function, counting the number of strings of length n in the language, is bounded by a polynomial function of n. They are used primarily in the study of the relationship of the complexity class NP with other classes. The complexity class of all sparse languages is called SPARSE.

Sparse languages are called sparse because over some finite alphabet  there are a total of  strings of length n, and if a language only contains polynomially many of these, then the proportion of strings of length n that it contains rapidly goes to zero as n grows. All unary languages are sparse. An example of a nontrivial sparse language is the set of binary strings containing exactly k 1 bits for some fixed k; for each n, there are only  strings in the language, which is bounded by nk.
Howling Trains and Barking Dogs
Howling Trains and Barking Dogs is the ninth album by Cidny Bullens, released in 2010 on Blue Rose Records. It was produced by Bullens himself.

AllMusic stated in its review of the album, "Some country creeps into the equation, but it's mostly a steady stream of 4/4 beats and attitude that drives his solid, soulful voice and electric and acoustic guitars, mandolin, or harmonica."

Matraca Berg
Matraca Maria Berg Hanna (/məˈtreɪsə/; born February 3, 1964) is an American country music singer and songwriter. She has released five albums: three for RCA Records, one for Rising Tide Records and one for Dualtone Records, and has charted in the top 40 of the U.S. Billboard country chart with "Baby, Walk On" and "The Things You Left Undone," both at No. 36. Besides most of her own material, Berg has written hits for T.G. Sheppard, Karen Brooks, Trisha Yearwood, Deana Carter, Patty Loveless, Kenny Chesney and others. In 2008 she was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and in 2018 she received the Poet's Award from the Academy of Country Music Awards. Since 1993 she has been married to Jeff Hanna of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.
Giridava Glacier
Giridava Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Гиридава, romanized: lednik Giridava, IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ ɡiriˈdavɐ]) is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) long and 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km; 0.69 mi) wide glacier on the west side of Urda Ridge on Clarence Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated north of Skaplizo Glacier and southwest of Bersame Glacier.  It drains the slopes of Mount Irving, flows northwestwards and enters Chinstrap Cove east of Vaglen Point.

The glacier is named after the Thracian settlement of Giridava in Northern Bulgaria.

Mount Irving
Mount Irving is a mountain rising to ca. 1,950 metres (6,398 ft) that is the dominant elevation on Clarence Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  (Some older sources used to give the elevation as 2,300 metres (7,546 ft).)  Recent research suggests a lower figure of 1772m. The rounded, heavily glaciated mountain is situated in Urda Ridge occupying the southern part of the island. A prominent feature, the mountain doubtless was known to sealers in the area in the 1820s. It was named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Rear Admiral Sir Edmund George Irving, Royal Navy, Hydrographer of the Navy, 1960–1966. First ascent by a team comprising Capt. Crispin Agnew, John Hult and Flight Sgt George Bruce BEM, RAF. of the Joint Services Expedition to Elephant Island on 6 December 1970.
Rhodri Lloyd
Rhodri Lloyd (born 22 July 1993) is a retired Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played most recently as a second-row forward for the Widnes Vikings in the Championship and Wales at international level.

He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for the Wigan Warriors and the London Broncos in the Super League.

Italy national rugby league team
The Italy national rugby league team represents Italy in rugby league football. With origins dating back to the 1950s and 1960s, the team has competed regularly in international competitions since 2008, when their current governing body, the Federazione Italiana Rugby League, was formed. They are currently ranked 17th in the IRL World Rankings.
Theme Park Inc
Theme Park Inc. (known as SimCoaster in the United States and Australia and Theme Park Manager in Germany) is a construction and management simulation video game. It is the sequel to Theme Park World (1999). Theme Park Inc. was developed by Bullfrog Productions and published by Electronic Arts. It was the last game to bear the Bullfrog logo before the company's merger with EA UK in 2004.

EA Bright Light
EA Bright Light (formerly known as EA UK) was a British video game developer founded in 1995 by Electronic Arts. The studio was primarily known for its work on licensed franchises such as the video game adaptation of the Harry Potter series. As of 2019, a subsidiary known as EA UK exists, albeit being a publishing operation.
Hristo Iliev (footballer)
Hristo Bristov Iliev (Bulgarian: Христо Бристов Илиев; 11 May 1936 – 24 March 1974) was a Bulgarian footballer. He played as a forward and spent the majority of his career with Levski Sofia. Iliev also represented Bulgaria at international level in the 1962 World Cup and in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics, where Bulgaria did reach the 5th place in the final ranking.

Iliev died in a car crash on 24 March 1974.

Bulgaria national football team
The Bulgaria national football team (Bulgarian: Български национален отбор по футбол, romanized: Bǎlgarski natsionalen otbor po futbol) represents Bulgaria in men's international football, and is administered by the Bulgarian Football Union, a member association of UEFA.

Bulgaria's best achievements are reaching the final at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the fourth-place finish at the FIFA World Cup in 1994. Bulgaria have competed at a total of seven World Cups, debuting in 1962 and last appearing in 1998. In addition, they have participated in two European Championships, in 1996 and 2004, the latter marking their most recent major tournament appearance. The team has also competed at and won three titles in the Balkan Cup.
Promyrmekiaphila clathrata
Promyrmekiaphila clathrata is a species of wafer-lid trapdoor spider in the family Euctenizidae that is endemic to the state of California in the United States. Its range is restricted to the central and northern California Coast Ranges, from San Benito County to Glenn County. Like its sister species, C. winnemem, it can be distinguished from species in similar genera by the dusky chevron pattern on its abdomen. It prefers vegetated, mesic habitats that retain some moisture, where it builds burrows in soil up to 30 cm deep. Like other members of this family, it covers its burrow entrance with a door made of silk and soil.

California Coast Ranges
The Coast Ranges of California span 400 miles (644 km) from Del Norte or Humboldt County, California, south to Santa Barbara County. The other three coastal California mountain ranges are the Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges and the Klamath Mountains.

Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. UNESCO has included the "California Coast Ranges Biosphere Reserve" in its Man and the Biosphere Programme of World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 1983.
Ludmila Anatolievna Yaroshevskaya
Ludmila Anatolievna Yaroshevskaya (14 September 1906 – 27 March 1975) was a Soviet composer, pianist, and concertmistress. A native of Kiev, she studied piano with V. Pukhalsky at the Lysenko Music School there, graduating in 1930. She was concertmistress at the Lviv Music School from 1923 to 1926. She died in Lviv in 1975.

Her compositions include:

Kyiv National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University
The Kyiv National Ivan Karpovych Karpenko-Karyi Theatre, Cinema and Television University (Ukrainian: Київський національний університет театру, кіно і телебачення імені Івана Карповича Карпенка-Карого) is the national university specializing exclusively in performing arts and located in Kyiv, Ukraine. The university is a multidisciplinary institution that includes a department of theatrical arts and the Institute of Screen Arts.

The university has four campuses around the city of Kyiv and a separate student dormitory. The acting rector of the university is Inna Kocharian.
Kwaku Ananse (film)
Kwaku Ananse is a 2013 short film directed by Akosua Adoma Owusu. The short film combines semi-autobiographical elements with the tale of Kwaku Ananse, a trickster in West African and Caribbean stories who appears as both a spider and a man. The fable of Kwaku Ananse is combined with the story of a young outsider named Nyan Koronhwea, who attends her estranged father's funeral. At the funeral, she retreats to the woods in search of her father. The film starred legendary musician Koo Nimo and veteran actress Grace Omaboe.

The screenplay was co-written by Pakistani-American filmmaker and entrepreneur Iram Parveen Bilal. The script was written for MaameYaa Boafo, a Pakistani born-Ghanaian actress, who was originally cast in the lead role as Nyan Koronhwea. However, the production team in New York City eventually decided to recast the character during the pre-production stage with Jojo Abot, an emerging Ghanaian artist.

Iram Parveen Bilal
Iram Parveen Bilal is a Pakistani-American filmmaker, activist and entrepreneur. In 2020, her feature film I'll Meet You There debuted at South by Southwest (SXSW) in the festival's narrative competition.
Janne Blichert-Toft
Janne Blichert-Toft is a geochemist, specializing in the use of isotopes with applications in understanding  planetary mantle-crust evolution, as well as the chemical composition of matter in the universe. To further this research, Blichert-Toft has developed techniques for high-precision Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry measurements.

Mantle (geology)
A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Mantles are made of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density.  All terrestrial planets (including Earth), half of the giant planets, specifically ice giants, a number of asteroids, and some planetary moons have mantles.
Sambucuccio d'Alando
Sambucuccio d'Alando was a fourteenth-century Corsican revolutionary.

Leader of a jacquerie, Sambucuccio fought against feudal lords and local partisans of the king of Aragon and his allies.  He was allied with Genoa, whose presence he helped cement on the island.  Little else is known with certainty about him, and his presence in the area is not recorded after 1370.

Sambucuccio is generally seen as a local hero on Corsica, but some historians choose instead to view him as an instrument of the Genoans.  Nevertheless, the reforms which he advocated were an important step in the dismantling of feudalism in the area.

Revolutionary
A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution. The term revolutionary can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society.