hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Negative refraction
In optics, negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for electric permittivity (ε) and magnetic permeability (μ); in such cases the material can be assigned a negative refractive index. Such materials are sometimes called "double negative" materials.

Negative refraction occurs at interfaces between materials at which one has an ordinary positive phase velocity (i.e., a positive refractive index), and the other has the more exotic negative phase velocity (a negative refractive index).

Poynting vector
In physics, the Poynting vector (or Umov–Poynting vector) represents the directional energy flux (the energy transfer per unit area, per unit time) or power flow of an electromagnetic field. The SI unit of the Poynting vector is the watt per square metre (W/m2); kg/s3 in SI base units. It is named after its discoverer John Henry Poynting who first derived it in 1884.: 132  Nikolay Umov is also credited with formulating the concept. Oliver Heaviside also discovered it independently in the more general form that recognises the freedom of adding the curl of an arbitrary vector field to the definition.  The Poynting vector is used throughout electromagnetics in conjunction with Poynting's theorem, the continuity equation expressing conservation of electromagnetic energy, to calculate the power flow in electromagnetic fields.
Beate Schücking
Beate A. Schücking (born 14 January 1956) is a German professor of Health Science and Psychosocial Medicine. She is the author of numerous articles and papers on aspects of scientific research and professional education. From 2011 to 2022, Schücking was the 968th President of Leipzig University as the first woman to become President since its founding in 1409.

Outline of health sciences
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health sciences:

Health sciences – those sciences that focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. Health sciences relate to multiple academic disciplines, including STEM disciplines and emerging patient safety disciplines (such as social care research).
Arambam Somorendra
Arambam Somorendra (12 July 1935 - 10 June 2000), also known as Arambam Samarendra, was a writer dramatist and socialist. He formed the Amateur Artist Association in 1956. He is also one of the founding member of "Pan-Manipuri Youth League" which was an active youth organization for unifying the Manipuris in Manipur, Cachar, Myanmar and Bangladesh. He along with some followers of Hijam Irabot and some tribal activist formed the United National Liberation Front in 1964. He worked as Chairman of UNLF until 1975.

Hijam Irabot
Hijam Irabot (30 September 1896 – 26 September 1951), also known as Jana Neta (Meeyamgi Luchingba in Manipuri) Hijam Irabot, was a politician and leader of Communist party of India and revolutionary social activist from Manipur. He fought against the social evils of the society. He later was jailed for supporting the second Nupi Lan demonstration in 1939 led by women in Manipur, British India against the colonial authorities. In the June/July 1948 election to the Manipur Assembly, Irabot won from the Utlou Constituency.
Northern State Correctional Facility
The Northern State Correctional Facility (NSCF) is a state prison in the city of Newport, Orleans County, Vermont, United States. It holds up to 433 medium security male prisoners and is the largest prison in Vermont. The Vermont Department of Corrections is responsible for running this prison.

A branch of the Community High School of Vermont is located there. It is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. It graduated 13 men in 2007.

In 2008, the budget for the facility was $10 million. The total expenditures for Fiscal Year 2010 were $16,698,753.

In 2013, the superintendent named four gangs prevalent among the prisoners: the Crips, the Bloods, the Aryan Nation, and a local gang, the Chittenden County White Boys. He indicated that Vermont is not violent and the local culture prevails with minimum conflict among the gangs.

Crips
The Crips are a primarily African-American alliance of street gangs that are based in the coastal regions of Southern California. Founded in Los Angeles, California, in 1969, mainly by Raymond Washington and Stanley Williams, the Crips began as an alliance between two autonomous gangs, and developed into a loosely connected network of individual "sets", often engaged in open warfare with one another. Its members have traditionally worn blue clothing since around 1973.

The Crips are one of the largest and most violent associations of street gangs in the United States. With an estimated 30,000 to 35,000 members in 2008, the gangs' members have been involved in murders, robberies, and drug dealing, among other crimes. They have a long and bitter rivalry with the Bloods.

Some self-identified Crips have been convicted of federal racketeering.
Ron Pompei
Ron Pompei is an American designer born in Washington, D.C.. Trained as an artist, sculptor, and designer. He received a Bachelor of Architecture from the Cooper Union in New York and a B.A. in Fine Arts from the Philadelphia College of Art and studied Industrial Design at Pratt Institute.

Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute is a private university with its main campus in Brooklyn, New York. It has an additional campus in Manhattan and an extension campus in Utica, New York at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute. The institute was founded in 1887 with programs primarily in engineering, architecture, and fine arts. Comprising six schools, the institute is primarily known for its programs in architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and fine arts.
Fréjus Road Tunnel
The Fréjus Road Tunnel (Italian: Traforo del Fréjus, French: Tunnel du Fréjus) is a tunnel that connects France and Italy. The tunnel runs for 13 km (8.1 mi) under Col du Fréjus in the Cottian Alps between Modane in France and Bardonecchia in Italy. It is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes between France and Italy being used for 80% of the commercial road traffic.

The French section is managed by the French company SFTRF (Société Française du Tunnel Routier du Fréjus), and the Italian section by the Italian company SITAF (Società Italiana per il Traforo Autostradale del Frejus). The tunnel can be reached from the Italian side by the A32 Turin–Bardonecchia motorway, or by SS335 from Oulx, which joins SS24 ("del Monginevro"), before reaching Bardonecchia. From the French side, it can be reached by the A43 ("l'Autoroute de la Maurienne") from Lyon and Chambéry. A toll is charged to all traffic.

Chambéry
Chambéry (UK: /ˈʃɒ̃bəri/, US: /ˌʃɒ̃beɪˈriː/, French: [ʃɑ̃beʁi]; Arpitan: Chambèri; Italian: Ciamberì) is the prefecture and largest city of the Savoie department in the southeastern Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France.

The population of the commune of Chambéry was 60,251 as of 2022, while the population of the Chambéry metropolitan area was 263,919. The city is located at the foot of the French Alps between Bauges and Chartreuse mountains, and is a railway and highway crossroads.

It has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, made the city his seat of power. The annexation of Savoy merged the city to France in 1860. Together with other alpine towns Chambéry engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Chambéry was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2006.
NGC 1415
NGC 1415 (also known as IC 1983) is a Lenticular Galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. it was Discovered on Dec 9, 1784 by William Herschel (listed as NGC 1415)
also observed on a unknown date by John Herschel and
Discovered on Oct 8, 1896 by Lewis Swift (and listed as IC 1983)

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.
Feyzabad, Torbat-e Jam
Feyzabad (Persian: فيض اباد, also Romanized as Feyẕābād) is a village in Salehabad Rural District, Salehabad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 238, in 66 families.

Salehabad County
Salehabad County (Persian: شهرستان صالح‌آباد) is in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Salehabad, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 8,625 in 2,198 households.
Photometric-standard star
Photometric-standard stars are a series of stars that have had their light output in various passbands of photometric system measured very carefully.  Other objects can be observed using CCD cameras or photoelectric photometers connected to a telescope, and the flux, or amount of light received, can be compared to a photometric-standard star to determine the exact brightness, or stellar magnitude, of the object.

A current set of photometric-standard stars for UBVRI photometry was published by Arlo U. Landolt in 1992 in The Astronomical Journal.

Passband
A passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter. For example, a radio receiver contains a bandpass filter to select the frequency of the desired radio signal out of all the radio waves picked up by its antenna. The passband of a receiver is the range of frequencies it can receive when it is tuned into the desired frequency as in a radio station or television channel.

A bandpass-filtered signal (that is, a signal with energy only in a passband), is known as a bandpass signal, in contrast to a baseband signal. The bandpass filter usually has two band-stop filters.
Troisgros family
Troisgros (French pronunciation: [tʁwaɡʁo]) is a French restaurant and hotel with a primary location in Ouches (Loire, France) and additional affiliated restaurants in Roanne and Iguerande, in France.

It started in 1930 as a restaurant located in Roanne, held by Jean-Baptiste Troisgros and his wife Marie, then by their sons Jean and Pierre under the name of Les Frères Troisgros in 1957, and finally by their grandson Michel, owner of the current Le Bois sans feuilles restaurant in Ouches. It has been awarded three Michelin stars since 1968.

The hotel (five stars) has been a member of Relais & Châteaux since 1966.

Roanne station
Roanne station (French: Gare de Roanne) is a French railway station located on the Moret–Lyon railway line in the city of Roanne, an administrative center of the department of the Loire in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

This station is served by the SNCF (Intercités) and by Fret SNCF. It is also a regional station of the TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes network (a regional rail network serving the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region), connecting by "express regional" (TER) trains.

Eighty-six trains are used by 3,300 travelers each day.
Gos Trisang Yalag
Minister Go Trizang Yalag (Tibetan: མགོས་ཁྲི་བཟང་ཡབ་ལག; 8th century) known as Go Pema Gungtsen of the Go family was a minister of religion for Trisong Detsen during the Tibetan Empire.

He was a "Zang" (ཞང, imperial line) of the Tibetan king, trusted by Trisong Detsen and a Buddhist. With his help, Trisong Detsen removed the minister Mazang Trompa Kye, and exiled the minister Nganlam Takdra Lukhong to Changtang.

Buddhism was then recognised as Tibet's state religion. Bon supporters were forced to convert to Buddhism. Their cannons were buried or thrown into the water.

Trisong Detsen then was able to host a two-year debate from 792-794 CE in Tibet, known as the Samye Debate in modern scholarship, between the Chinese and Indian Buddhist traditions and their possible roles in Tibetan Buddhism. Trisong Detsen supported Kamalaśīla, an Indian Buddhist, against Chan Buddhist Moheyan. Eventually, Kamalaśīla won the debate, and Moheyan was driven out of Tibet.

Moheyan
Heshang Moheyan (Chinese: 和尚摩訶衍; pinyin: Héshang Móhēyǎn) was a late 8th century Buddhist monk associated with the East Mountain Teaching. Moheyan (摩訶衍) is a brief translation of Mahayana in Chinese, so the name literally means a Mahayana monk. He became famous for representing Chan Buddhism in the so called "Council of Lhasa," a debate between adherents of the Indian teachings of "gradual enlightenment" and the Chinese teachings of "sudden enlightenment," which according to tradition was won by the "gradual teachings."
Antelope Valley (Eureka County)
The Antelope Valley of southern Eureka County is a small 35 mi (56 km) long valley, surrounded by four mountain ranges. Antelope Wash flows north, to endorheic flatlands at the valley's north end.  Eureka, Nevada lies 20 mi east nestled among mountain ranges.  From Eureka U.S. Route 50 travels west through the north end of the valley on a route to Austin.

Austin, Nevada
Austin is an unincorporated census-designated place in, and former county seat of, Lander County, Nevada, United States. In 2020, the place had a population of 167. It is located on the western slopes of the Toiyabe Range at an elevation of 6,575 feet (2,004 m); U.S. Route 50 passes through.
2008 European Badminton Championships
The 2008 European Badminton Championships were the 21st tournament of the European Badminton Championships. They were held in Messecenter, Herning, Denmark, from April 16 to April 20, 2008, and they were organised by the Badminton Europe and the Danmarks Badminton Forbund.

The competition was preceded by the 2008 European Mixed Team Badminton Championships, held between April 12 and April 15.

Badminton Europe
Badminton Europe (BEC) is the governing body of badminton in Europe. It is one of the five continental bodies under the flag of the Badminton World Federation (BWF). It  has 53 member associations and 1 associate member. It was founded on 27 September 1967 in Frankfurt, Germany.

At its annual meeting held on 8 April 2006 the members decided to change the name from European Badminton Union, to Badminton Europe.
KLLT (New Mexico)
KLLT was a radio station on 95.3 MHz in Grants, New Mexico, that operated between April 16, 1980, and July 27, 1988. The station's deep indebtedness, combined with a refusal of permission to build a mountaintop tower and move into the Albuquerque radio market, led the station to cease operations.

Grants, New Mexico
Grants is a city in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. It is located about 78 miles (126 km) west of Albuquerque. The population was 9,163 at the 2020 Census. It is the county seat of Cibola County.

Grants is located on Historic Route 66, and along the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.
Engya-Sayylyga
Engya-Sayylyga (Russian: Энгя-Сайылыга; Yakut: Эҥэ Сайылыга, Eŋe Sayılıga) is a rural locality (a selo) in Adychchinsky Rural Okrug of Verkhoyansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 66 kilometers (41 mi) from Batagay, the administrative center of the district and 20 kilometers (12 mi) from Betenkyos, the administrative center of the rural okrug. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 6; up from 1 recorded in the 2002 Census.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Theodore C. Maino
Theodore C. Maino (October 29, 1913 – 1997) was a political appointee who served as the American Ambassador to Botswana.  A close friend of William P. Clark Jr. and an avid big game hunter, the construction company executive “ asked the White House to appoint him Ambassador to Kenya, a country whose game parks are among the best in the world.”  The post wasn't available but in October 1982, he was off to Botswana as Ambassador. He served until 1985.,

Maino was president of Maino Construction Co., Inc., in San Luis Obispo, California since 1954 and vice president and general superintendent from 1946 to 1954. He was owner of Maino Properties Commercial Rentals in 1954-1981 and chairman of the board of Swift Air Lines, Inc. from 1969 to 1980. He was president of San Luis Obispo Savings and Loan Association in 1967-1975 and was director of Central Savings and Loan Association in 1946–1967.  Maino graduated from the University of Santa Clara (R.S., 1935).

William P. Clark Jr.
William Patrick Clark Jr. (October 23, 1931 – August 10, 2013) was an American rancher, judge, and public servant who served under President Ronald Reagan as the deputy secretary of state from 1981 to 1982, United States national security advisor from 1982 to 1983, and the secretary of the interior from 1983 to 1985.
Belladonna Series
Belladonna* Collaborative (or Belladonna Series, Inc.) is a small press non-profit publisher and collaborative organization based in Brooklyn, New York City. It was founded in 1999 by Rachel Levitsky as a reading series at Bluestockings in New York, NY. The reading series quickly expanded to a matrix of readings, publications, and informal salons, featuring avant-garde feminist writing, with an emphasis on hybrid and language-focused writing. Currently, the press operates as a non-hierarchical collaborative, publishing books and hosting literary events with attention to diversity in its roster of authors and editorial board.

Caroline Bergvall
Caroline Bergvall (born 1962) is a French-Norwegian poet who has lived in England since 1989. Her work includes the adaption of Old English and Old Norse texts into audio text and sound art performances.
FOW Tag Team Championship
The FOW Tag Team Championship was a professional wrestling tag team title in American independent promotion Future of Wrestling. The title was created when The Masked Assassins (Bobby and Rusty Brooks) won the titles in Miami, Florida on May 20, 1998. It was defended throughout southern Florida, most often in Davie, Oakland Park, Pembroke Pines and occasionally in Ft. Lauderdale and Miami, Florida. There have been a total of 33 recognized individual champions and 16 recognized teams, who have had a combined 24 official reigns.

South Florida
South Florida, sometimes colloquially shortened to SoFlo, is the southernmost region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is one of Florida's three most commonly referred to directional regions; the two others are Central Florida and North Florida. South Florida is the southernmost part of the continental United States and the only region of the continental U.S. that includes some areas with a tropical climate.

South Florida is dominated by the Miami metropolitan area and the Everglades. It also contains the Florida Keys; three U.S. national parks: Biscayne, Dry Tortugas, and Everglades; and multiple cities.
Party Up (Up in Here)
"Party Up (Up in Here)" is a song by American  rapper DMX, released as the second single from his third album ... And Then There Was X (1999) and was his most successful single (in the US). There are three versions of the song: an explicit/album version; a censored album version, and a radio/video edit version. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance but lost to Eminem's "The Real Slim Shady".

The song was voted number 56 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '00s. It was listed at No. 388 on Rolling Stone's "Top 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2021.

Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance
The Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance was awarded from 1991 to 2011, alongside the Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.  Previously, a single award was presented for Best Rap Performance.

In 2003, this award was split into separate awards for Best Female Rap Solo Performance and Best Male Rap Solo Performance.  In 2005, it was again presented as a single award.

As of 2012, the award was permanently discontinued due to a major overhaul of Grammy categories. Since 2012, all solo and duo/group rap performances has been shifted to the revived Best Rap Performance category.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released from October a year and a half prior to September the previous year.
Molly Malone (actress)
Violet Isabel Malone (stage name Molly Malone) (February 2, 1888 – February 14, 1952) was an American actress of the silent film era. She appeared in more than 80 films between 1916 and 1929. Her father, Lewis Malone, was a metallurgist for mining companies. Her mother was Violet St. John, born in Nebraska to immigrant parents from England.

She started her movie career aged 17 and soon caught the eye of comedic actor and director Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, who cast her in a number of his shorts including Back Stage and The Garage plus his feature film The Round-Up. She also appeared in films directed by John Ford and Clarence Badger. Her last film was the Universal-Stern silent comedy short The Newlyweds' Pest in 1929.

Clarence Badger
Clarence G. Badger (June 9, 1880 – June 17, 1964) was an American film director of  feature films in the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s. His films include It and Red Hair, more than a dozen features and shorts starring Will Rogers, and two features starring Raymond Griffith, Paths to Paradise and Hands Up!

He moved to Australia to direct Rangle River (1936) and decided to retire there, only making one more feature, That Certain Something (1941).
Kashubian language
Kashubian (/kəˈʃuːbiən/) or Cassubian (/kəˈsuːbiən/; endonym: kaszëbsczi jãzëk; Polish: język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.

Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language. It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and the extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages.

The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education.

Friedrich Lorentz
Friedrich Lorentz (18 December 1870, Güstrow – 29 March 1937) was a German historian. He is the author of publications in the field of linguistics, as well as Kashubian and Slovincian culture. As he wrote, Kashubian is a language having 76 different subdialects.