hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aircraft deicing fluid
In ground deicing of aircraft, aircraft de-icing fluid (ADF), aircraft de-icer and anti-icer fluid (ADAF) or aircraft anti-icing fluid (AAF) are commonly used for both commercial and general aviation. Environmental concerns include increased salinity of groundwater where de-icing fluids are discharged into soil, and toxicity to humans and other mammals.

Salinity
Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰).

Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure, governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water. These in turn are important for understanding ocean currents and heat exchange with the atmosphere.

A contour line of constant salinity is called an isohaline, or sometimes isohale.
Japanese lacquerware
Japanese Lacquerware (日本漆器, shikki) is a Japanese craft with a wide range of fine and decorative arts, as lacquer has been used in urushi-e, prints, and on a wide variety of objects from Buddha statues to bento boxes for food.

The characteristic of Japanese lacquerware is the diversity of lacquerware using a decoration technique called maki-e (蒔絵) in which metal powder is sprinkled to attach to lacquer. The invention of various maki-e techniques in Japanese history expanded artistic expression, and various tools and works of art such as inro are highly decorative.

A number of terms are used in Japanese to refer to lacquerware. Shikki (漆器) means "lacquer ware" in the most literal sense, while nurimono (塗物) means "coated things", and urushi-nuri (漆塗) means "lacquer coating."

The terms related to lacquer or lacquerware such as "Japanning", "Urushiol" and "maque" which means lacquer in Mexican Spanish, are derived from Japanese lacquerware.

Shibata Zeshin
Shibata Zeshin (柴田 是真, March 15, 1807 – July 13, 1891) was a Japanese lacquer painter and print artist of the late Edo period and early Meiji era.  He has been called "Japan's greatest lacquerer", but his reputation as painter and print artist is more complex: In Japan, he is known as both too modern, a panderer to the Westernization movement, and also an overly conservative traditionalist who did nothing to stand out from his contemporaries. Despite holding this complicated reputation in Japan, Zeshin has come to be well regarded and much studied among the art world of the West, in Britain and the United States in particular.
African Americans in Illinois
African Americans have significantly contributed to the history, culture, and development of Illinois since the early 18th century. The African American presence dates back to the French colonial era where the French brought black slaves to the U.S. state of Illinois early in its history, and spans periods of slavery, migration, civil rights movement, and more. Contributions span over politics, business, arts, and social justice sectors shaping the overall cultural landscape of Illinois.

During and between the two World Wars, blacks began leaving states in the South for Illinois and other states in the north. The Great Migration increased Illinois’ black population by 81% from 1920 to 1930. Many African Americans would reside in Chicago where they would build communities in the South and West sides of Chicago, creating churches, businesses, community organizations, and more to survive and sustain themselves in the segregated city.

World war
A world war is an international conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers. Conventionally, the term is reserved for the two major international conflicts that occurred during the first half of the 20th century: World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945). Some historians have also characterized other global conflicts as world wars, such as the Cold War and the War on terror.
Ottawa station (Rock Island Line)
Ottawa station was a Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad station in Ottawa, Illinois. It was located just east of Columbus Street and on the south side of the track. The building had the same design as Rock Island Line stations in Iowa City and Council Bluffs, Iowa. The station is east of a junction with the Illinois Railway (former CB&Q branch line to Streator). The still standing station house is used for CSX maintenance of way vehicles.

Streator, Illinois
Streator /ˈstriːtər/ is a city in LaSalle and Livingston counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The city is situated on the Vermilion River approximately 81 miles (130 km) southwest of Chicago in the prairie and farm land of north-central Illinois.  As of the 2020 census, the population of Streator was 12,500.
Bijbaniya
Bijbaniya is a village development committee in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, it had a population of 3,816 people living in 512 individual households. There were 1,987 males and 1,829 females at the time of the census.

Parsa District
Parsa District (Nepali: पर्सा जिल्लाListenⓘ), a part of Madhesh Province in Terai plain, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Birgunj as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,353 km2 (522 sq mi) and has a population (2001) of 497,219. According to the locals, Parsa is named after the Parashnath temple situated in Mahuwan.
John R. Raper
John Robert "Red" Raper (1911–1974) was an American mycologist who studied genetic control of sexuality in fungi, mating type compatibility, fungal genetics, and taught at Harvard University among other places.

Schizophyllum commune
Schizophyllum commune is a species of fungus in the genus Schizophyllum. The mushroom resembles undulating waves of tightly packed corals or a loose Chinese fan. Gillies or split-gills vary from creamy yellow to pale white in colour. The cap is 1–4 centimetres (3⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) wide with a dense yet spongey body texture.

It is found on rotting wood throughout the world. This fungus is an opportunistic environmental pathogen.
Eastbourne International
The Eastbourne Open (also known as Eastbourne International, formerly Rothesay) is a tennis tournament on the WTA Tour and the ATP Tour held at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club, Eastbourne, United Kingdom. Held since 1974, it is classified as an ATP Tour 250 series on the ATP Tour and a WTA 250 series on the WTA Tour (downgraded from WTA 500 in 2025). The tournament is played on outdoor grass courts, and is generally considered a "warm-up" for the Wimbledon Championships, a major tournament, which begins the following week. It was originally just part of the WTA Tour, but from 2009 it was combined as an ATP Tour event. It replaced the Nottingham Open grass court tournament from 2009–2014. Nottingham returned for 2015–2016 with no men's event in Eastbourne, however Eastbourne replaced the Nottingham event again from 2017 onwards. From 2022 until 2024, it was sponsored by Rothesay, with past sponsors including Viking Cruises, Nature Valley and AEGON.

Aegon UK
Aegon UK (Aegon) is an Edinburgh based financial services provider specialising in pensions, investments and insurance.

Aegon is the brand name for Scottish Equitable plc and it is a subsidiary of Aegon Ltd, a multi-national life insurance, pension and asset management company headquartered in Bermuda.
Tsurugi, Tokushima
Tsurugi (つるぎ町, Tsurugi-chō) is a town in Mima District, Tokushima Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku in Japan.

The town was formed on March 1, 2005 as a result of the merger of the towns of Handa and Sadamitsu, and the village of Ichiu, all from Mima District.

The area is 194.84 km² and the registered population, as of June 1, 2019, was 7,877 by a population density of 40.4 per km².

Tokushima Prefecture
Tokushima Prefecture (徳島県, Tokushima-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [to.kɯ̥ꜜ.ɕi.ma, tokɯ̥.ɕiꜜ.ma, to.kɯ̥.ɕi.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Tokushima Prefecture has a population of 682,439 (1 February 2025) and has a geographic area of 4,146 km2 (1,601 sq mi). Tokushima Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the north, Ehime Prefecture to the west, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southwest.

Tokushima is the capital and largest city of Tokushima Prefecture, with other major cities including Anan, Naruto, and Yoshinogawa. Tokushima Prefecture is located on the Kii Channel, connecting the Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea, across from Wakayama Prefecture on the Kii Peninsula of the island of Honshu. Tokushima Prefecture is connected to Awaji Island across the Naruto Strait by the Ōnaruto Bridge as part of the Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway, connecting the prefecture to the city of Kobe and the San'yō Expressway on Honshu.
Akseli Listo
Akseli August (A. A.) Listo (2 April 1856 – 17 November 1921; surname until 1906 Lilius) was a Finnish jurist, civil servant and politician, born in Hattula. He was a member of the Diet of Finland in 1894, 1897, 1899 and 1900 and of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1917, representing the Finnish Party.

Diet of Finland
The Diet of Finland (Finnish Suomen maapäivät, later valtiopäivät; Swedish Finlands Lantdagar), was the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906 and the recipient of the powers of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates. (The term valtiopäivät today means an annual session of the Parliament of Finland, while in Swedish Riksdagen is now the name for both the Parliament and its sessions.)
Çavuşlu, Bismil
Çavuşlu (Kurdish: Çawişlî) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bismil, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and had a population of 498 in 2022.

It was burned by authorities in 1995, during the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.

Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
The number of Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey is estimated at around 3,000. Since 1984, the Turkish military has embarked on a campaign to eradicate the Kurdistan Workers Party; by the year 2000, some 30,000 people had died and two million Kurdish refugees had been driven out of their homes into cities.
4 of a Kind
4 of a Kind is the fourth album by the American crossover thrash band D.R.I., which was released in 1988 through Metal Blade Records. The album features the song "Suit And Tie Guy", which had a music video made for it. It was the first D.R.I. song to get a video. The album would go on to be D.R.I's first to chart on the Billboard 200, peaking at #116.

Loudwire listed it as one of the greatest releases on Metal Blade Records.

Metal Blade Records
Metal Blade Records (often shortened to Metal Blade) is an American independent record label founded by Brian Slagel in 1982 based in the U.S. state of California. The label primarily focuses on heavy metal.
Stephen Parkinson, Baron Parkinson of Whitley Bay
Stephen Parkinson, Baron Parkinson of Whitley Bay (born 30 June 1983) is a British Conservative member of the House of Lords who served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Libraries from March 2022 to July 2024.

Lord Parkinson was previously a Special Adviser to Theresa May when she was Home Secretary and Prime Minister, and previously a think tank researcher and lobbyist.

ConservativeHome
ConservativeHome is a UK politically conservative news website and events company. It was first established by Tim Montgomerie in 2005 with the aim of arguing for a broad conservative spectrum, which is serious about both social justice and a fair competitive economy. A second aim of the blog is to represent grassroots Conservatives, and is independent of, but supportive of, the Conservative Party.
Lipocosma intermedialis
Lipocosma intermedialis is a moth in the family Crambidae first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1912. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas and Maryland.

James Halliday McDunnough
James Halliday McDunnough (10 May 1877 – 23 February 1962) was a Canadian linguist, musician, and entomologist best known for his work with North American Lepidoptera, but who also made important contributions about North American Ephemeroptera.
India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 3
India's Best Dancer 3, also known as India's Best Dancer: Har Move Se Karenge Prove, is the third season of the Indian reality TV series India's Best Dancer. It premiered on 8 April 2023 on Sony Entertainment Television. This season is hosted by Jay Bhanushali and judged by Geeta Kapoor, Terence Lewis and Sonali Bendre. Sonali Bendre has replaced Malaika Arora, who judged the previous seasons.

Sony Entertainment Television
Sony Entertainment Television (abbreviated as SET) is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel that was launched in 1995 and is owned by Sony Pictures Networks, a division of Sony Pictures.
Armadale, Sutherland
Armadale (Scottish Gaelic: Armadal, Scots: Airmadale) is a small village on the north coast of Scotland, in the council area of Highland. The village is part of the parish of Farr, in the county of Sutherland. Armadale is about 30 miles (50 kilometres) west of the town of Thurso, off the A836 road. The population of Armadale is 50 and shrinking, with 32% of the population being retired, and the remaining 68% population are working or at school.

A836 road
The A836 is a major road entirely within the Highland area of Scotland. It is 122 miles (196 km) long and runs from Ross and Cromarty to Caithness, with the majority of its length in Sutherland. At 58.648°N where it passes through East Mey, it is the northernmost A-class road in mainland Great Britain.
1987–88 Toto Cup Leumit
The 1987–88 Toto Cup Leumit was the fourth season of the third most important football tournament in Israel since its introduction.

It was held in two stages. First, the 14 Liga Leumit teams, with Hapoel Haifa and Hapoel Jerusalem from Liga Artzit, were divided into four groups. The group winners advanced to the semi-finals, which, like the final, were one-legged matches.

The competition was won by Shimshon Tel Aviv, who beat Bnei Yehuda 4–2 in the final.

Hapoel Jerusalem F.C.
Hapoel Jerusalem Football Club (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הפועל ירושלים, Mo'adon Kaduregel Hapoel Yerushalayim) is an Israeli professional football club based in Jerusalem. It competes in the Israeli Premier League, the top flight of Israeli football. Founded in 1926, their home ground is the Teddy Stadium.
As a protest against the conduct of the club's owners since the 1990s, the Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem football club was established in 2007, the first football club in Israel owned by its fans. The club was named after Katamon Stadium, which was formerly used by Hapoel Jerusalem. The club existed in parallel with Hapoel Jerusalem for 12 years.

In 2019 Hapoel Jerusalem was disbanded and in August 2020, Hapoel Katamon acquired the rights to the name Hapoel Jerusalem and officially became Hapoel Jerusalem. Since then, the club is owned by its fans and is managed by a board of seven members.

The team's record achievement is winning the State Cup and third place in the First League in 1973.
Welland Canal Bridge 11
Bridge 11, also known as the Allanburg Bridge, is a vertical-lift bridge over the Welland Canal within the City of Thorold and community of Allanburg, Ontario, Canada. The location was used for the groundbreaking ceremony for the canal. It was constructed and completed in 1930. The bridge carries Hwy 20 connecting Niagara Falls to Fonthill.

The bridge has a 60.9-metre (200 ft) main span. It was designed by Harrington, Howard & Ash, the predecessor of HNTB. It was rehabilitated in 2001 and is a through-truss vertical-lift bridge with 36.5 m (119.8 ft) clearance for shipping.

On August 11, 2001, the bridge was struck by the MS Windoc (1959) when the lift span was lowered before the ship cleared the structure. The ship caught fire. After minor repairs to the bridge, it reopened to vehicular traffic on November 16, 2001.

John L. Harrington
John Lyle Harrington (December 7, 1868 – May 20, 1942) was an American civil engineer and a leading expert in the field of moveable bridge design.  He was a senior partner in several bridge engineering firms, President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1923-24, and Chief of the engineers' board advising the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.
Giovanni Peak
Giovanni Peak (70°2′S 71°22′W﻿ / ﻿70.033°S 71.367°W﻿ / -70.033; -71.367) is a peak rising to about 500 m at the south end of Debussy Heights, above Mozart Ice Piedmont in the north part of Alexander Island, Antarctica.

First mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1960.  Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in association with the Mozart ice piedmont after Mozart's opera Don Giovanni.

Alexander Island
Alexander Island, also known as Alexander I Island, Alexander I Land, Alexander Land, Alexander I Archipelago, and Zemlja Alexandra I, is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula from which it is separated by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. The George VI Ice Shelf entirely fills George VI Sound and connects Alexander Island to Palmer Land. The island partly surrounds Wilkins Sound, which lies to its west. Alexander Island is about 390 kilometres (240 mi) long in a north–south direction, 80 kilometres (50 mi) wide in the north, and 240 kilometres (150 mi) wide in the south. Alexander Island is the second-largest uninhabited island in the world, after Devon Island.
Stephen Messer (entrepreneur)
Stephen Messer (born May 12, 1971) is an American Internet entrepreneur, inventor and investor who has founded several global businesses, most notably LinkShare (sold in 2005 for $425 million) and Collective[i].

Messer served as LinkShare's CEO and chairman of the board, helping to create the sector of online marketing commonly referred to as affiliate marketing. Under his leadership, LinkShare expanded its network of websites to become one of the largest of its kind with its global reach extending from the United States to Japan, Canada and Europe. Messer was a board member of both LinkShare and LinkShare Japan until 2006.

Affiliate marketing
Affiliate marketing is a marketing arrangement in which affiliates receive a commission for each visit, signup or sale they generate for a merchant. This arrangement allows businesses to outsource part of the sales process. It is a form of performance-based marketing where the commission acts as an incentive for the affiliate; this commission is usually a percentage of the price of the product being sold, but can also be a flat rate per referral.

Affiliate marketers may use a variety of methods to generate these sales, including organic search engine optimization, paid search engine marketing, e-mail marketing, content marketing, display advertising, organic social media marketing, and more.

Though the largest companies run their own affiliate networks (for example Amazon), most merchants join affiliate networks which provide reporting tools and payment processing.
Timothy Creamer
Timothy John Creamer (born November 15, 1959) is a NASA flight director, retired astronaut and a colonel in the United States Army. Creamer was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, but considers Upper Marlboro, Maryland, to be his hometown. He is married to the former Margaret E. Hammer. They have two children.

United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence
The U.S. Army Aviation Center of Excellence is the United States Army Aviation Branch's headquarters, and its training and development center, located at Fort Rucker, Alabama. The Aviation Center of Excellence coordinates and deploys aviation operations and trains aviation officers in a variety of topics, including classroom navigation instruction, aircraft piloting, and basic combat.

The Center of Excellence includes three aviation brigades, the 1st Aviation Brigade, 110th Aviation Brigade, and 128th Aviation Brigade, various army tenant organizations, and a non-commissioned officers' academy.
Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano
Pedro Benito Antonio Quevedo y Quintano (Villanueva del Fresno, 1736 - Ourense, 1818) was a Spanish Roman Catholic clergyman and politician.

Named a bishop in 1776, he founded the Seminary of Ourense in 1803, and was one of the five people chosen for the Council of Regency that operated as the executive body of Spain's Supreme Central Junta after Ferdinand VII was deposed during the Peninsular War. He was also, at the time, the last Grand Inquisitor, until the Spanish Inquisition was abolished by the Cortes of Cádiz – which the Supreme Central Junta had established in 1810 to act as a parliamentary Regency. In 1816 Pope Pius VII named him a cardinal.

His sepulchre in the Ourense Cathedral was designed by sculptor Antoni Solà.

Tomb
A tomb (from Ancient Greek: τύμβος tumbos, meaning "mound" or "burial monument") is a repository for the remains of the dead. It may be above or below ground and can vary greatly in form, size, and cultural significance. Tombs are one of the oldest forms of funerary monuments, serving both as a means of final disposition and as expressions of religious belief, commemoration, and social status.

Placing a body in a tomb can be called entombment, distinct from simpler burial practices. Tombs often involve architectural or artistic design and can become significant cultural or religious landmarks.
Broken Oath
Broken Oath (Chinese: 破戒; pinyin: Po jie) is a 1977 Hong Kong Mandarin-language kung fu film directed by Jeong Chang-hwa, a South Korean director. The film was produced by Golden Harvest. It is an unofficial remake of the 1973 film Lady Snowblood, itself an adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Kazuo Koike and Kazuo Kamimura.

Kazuo Koike
Kazuo Koike (Japanese: 小池 一夫, Hepburn: Koike Kazuo; May 8, 1936 – April 17, 2019) was a prolific Japanese manga writer (gensakusha), novelist, screenwriter, lyricist and entrepreneur. He is best known for his violent, artful seinen manga, notably Lone Wolf and Cub (with Goseki Kojima, 1970–6), Lady Snowblood (with Kazuo Kamimura, 1972–3) and Crying Freeman (with Ryoichi Ikegami, 1986–8), which – along with their numerous media adaptations − have been credited for their influence on the international growth of Japanese popular culture.