hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Independent dominating set
In graph theory, an independent dominating set for a graph  is a subset  that is both a dominating set and an independent set; equivalently, it is a maximal independent set.

The independent domination number  of a graph  is the size of the smallest independent dominating set (equivalently, the smallest maximal independent set). The notation  was introduced by Cockayne and Hedetniemi.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
Esko Järvinen
Kauko Esko Järvinen (15 December 1907 – 7 March 1976) was a Finnish competitor in the Nordic combined and military patrol (precursor to biathlon). He won an individual bronze medal in the Nordic combined at the 1929 World Championships. At the 1928 Winter Olympics he finished fifth in the Nordic combined and 22nd in the ski jumping event. He also placed second in the team military patrol, which was a demonstration sport at those Olympics, and served as the flag bearer for Finland at the opening ceremony.

After retiring from competitions Järvinen opened a ski manufacturing factory in Lahti, which ran until 1974 and went bankrupt in 1991, yet his son continued small-scale production of wooden skis. His brother Erkki was an Olympic triple jumper.

Nordic combined at the 1928 Winter Olympics
At the 1928 Winter Olympics one individual Nordic combined event was contested. It was held on Friday, February 17, 1928 (cross-country skiing) and on Saturday, February 18, 1928 (ski jumping). Unlike today the ski jump was the last event held. Both events were also individual medal events.
Binnish
Binnish (Arabic: بِنِّش, romanized: Binniš, also spelled Binsh) is a city in northwestern Syria, administratively belonging to the Idlib Governorate, located just east of Idlib. Nearby localities include Kafriya and Maarrat Misrin to the northwest, al-Fu'ah to the north,  Ta'um and Taftanaz to the northeast, Afs to the southeast and Sarmin to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Binnish had a population of 52,000 in the 2011 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslim.

The city is situated on a hill. The city name Binnish is mentioned in the Tablets of Ebla 2400 BC. The city is famous for olive, vine and fig trees besides its varied crops of all kinds.

Ebla tablets
The Ebla tablets are a collection of as many as 1,800 complete clay tablets, 4,700 fragments, and many thousands of minor chips found in the palace archives of the ancient city of Ebla, Syria. The tablets were discovered by Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae and his team in 1974–75 during their excavations at the ancient city at Tell Mardikh. The tablets, which were found in situ on collapsed shelves, retained many of their contemporary clay tags to help reference them. They all date to the period between c. 2500 BC and the destruction of the city c. 2250 BC. Today, the tablets are held in museums in the Syrian cities of Aleppo, Damascus, and Idlib.
Elina Syrjälä
Elina Hannele Syrjälä (born 1 March 1982) is a Finnish former football defender who finished her playing career at HJK Helsinki of the Naisten Liiga. She previously played for FC Honka, with whom she also played in the European Cup, and Asker Fotball in Norway's Toppserien. She was also a member of the Finnish national team, appearing in the 2011 World Cup qualifying and the 2011 Algarve Cup. She announced her retirement from football in April 2012.

Kansallinen Liiga
The Kansallinen Liiga ('National League') is the premier division of women's football in Finland. It was previously called the Jalkapallon naisten SM-sarja ('Women's Football Finnish Championship Series') during 1974 to 2006 and the Naisten Liiga (Swedish: Damligan, 'Women's League') during 2006 to 2019, The first season under the name Kansallinen Liiga was played in 2020.
Tonggari station
Tonggari station (Korean: 동가리역) is a railway station in Kŭmch'ŏl-li, Kosan county, Kangwŏn province, North Korea, on the Kangwŏn Line of the Korean State Railway.

The station, along with the rest of the former Kyŏngwŏn Line, was opened by the Japanese on 16 August 1914.

Gyeongwon Line
The Gyeongwon Line is a railway line serving northeastern Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. The line is operated by Korail. The name of the line came from Gyeongseong (Seoul) and Wonsan, the original terminus of the line, in what is now North Korea.
Opolzneve
Opolzneve (Ukrainian: Оползневе; Russian: Оползневое; Crimean Tatar: Kikineiz) is a village in the Yalta Municipality of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Its population was 417 in the 2001 Ukrainian census. Current population: 470 (2014 Census).

Republic of Crimea (Russia)
The Republic of Crimea is a republic of Russia, comprising most of the Crimean Peninsula, but excluding Sevastopol. Its territory corresponds to the pre-2023 territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a de jure subdivision of Ukraine. Russia occupied and annexed the peninsula in 2014, although the annexation remains internationally unrecognized.

The capital and largest city located within its borders is Simferopol, which is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula. As of the 2021 Russian census, the Republic of Crimea had a population of 1,934,630.
Pavlos Rakovitis
Pavlos Nikolaidis (Greek: Παύλος Νικολαΐδης), known by his nom de guerre Rakovitis (Παύλος Ρακοβίτης, "Pavlos of Rakovo") was a member of the Hellenic Macedonian Committee, a revolutionary chieftain of a band of 40 guerrillas that fought in the Macedonian Struggle against the Bulgarians.

Macedonian Struggle
The Macedonian Struggle was a series of social, political, cultural and military conflicts that were mainly fought between Greek and Bulgarian subjects who lived in Ottoman Macedonia between 1893 and 1912. From 1904 to 1908 the conflict was part of a wider guerrilla war in which revolutionary organizations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs all fought over Macedonia and its Christian population. Particularly over the national affiliation of the Slavic population which was forced to declare themselves for either of the sides. Gradually the Greek and Bulgarian bands gained the upper hand. Though the conflict largely ceased by the Young Turk Revolution, it continued as a low intensity insurgency until the Balkan Wars.
Music from Vanilla Sky
Music from Vanilla Sky is the soundtrack to the 2001 film Vanilla Sky. The album has been subject to critical acclaim from its reviewers, being called "a music masterpiece" by The New York Times. The eclectic taste of the soundtrack has been said to be one of the reasons the film has become a cult classic. The eponymous song from the soundtrack, written by Paul McCartney, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Academy Award for Best Original Song
The Academy Award for Best Original Song is one of the awards given annually to people working in the motion picture industry by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is presented to the songwriters who have composed the best original song written specifically for a film. The performers of a song are not credited with the Academy Award unless they contributed either to music, lyrics, or both in their own right. The songs that are nominated for this award are typically performed during the ceremony and before this award is presented.

The award category was introduced at the 7th Academy Awards, the ceremony honoring the best in film for 1934. Nominations are made by Academy members who are songwriters and composers, and the winners are chosen by the Academy membership as a whole. Fifteen songs are shortlisted before nominations are announced.
Helsinki Central Library Oodi
The Helsinki Central Library Oodi (Finnish: Helsingin keskustakirjasto Oodi; Swedish: Helsingfors centrumbibliotek Ode), commonly referred to as Oodi (lit. 'ode'), is a public library in Helsinki, Finland. The library is situated in the Kluuvi district, close to Helsinki Central Station and next to Helsinki Music Centre and Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art. Despite its name, the library is not the main library in the Helsinki City Library system, which is located in Pasila instead; "central" refers to its location in the city centre.

Pasila
Pasila (Finnish: [ˈpɑsilɑ]; Swedish: Böle, Finland Swedish: [ˈbøːˌle]) is a part of Helsinki, Finland, that is both a central-northern neighbourhood and district, bordering the areas of Alppila to the south, the Central Park (Keskuspuisto) to the west, and Vallila to the east.

Pasila is a major transportation hub. At its heart is the Pasila railway station, the second busiest station in Finland. The station serves about 130,000 people per day via 900 trains, 400 trams and 850 buses.
Ovivo (company)
Ovivo is a water and wastewater treatment and purification company. The company is owned by SKion Water GmbH, a subsidiary of German entrepreneur Susanne Klatten’s investment holding SKion GmbH. Ovivo's Head Office is located in Montreal, in the province of Quebec (Canada). It has 36 offices spread across 18 different countries.

Ovivo provides equipment, technology and services for the treatment and purification of water and wastewater for both industrial and municipal markets. As of 2023, Ovivo incorporates over a dozen different brands that were acquired over the past decade. The company’s main competitors are Veolia, Evoqua Water Technologies Corporation, Xylem Inc., Kurita Water Industries and Organo Corporation.

Susanne Klatten
Susanne Hanna Ursula Klatten (née Quandt, born 28 April 1962) is a German billionaire heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of January 2022, her net worth was estimated at US$23.4 billion, making her the wealthiest woman in Germany and the 50th richest person in the world according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.
Črna Vas
Črna Vas (pronounced [ˈtʃəɾna ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Črna vas) is a settlement on the right bank of the Ljubljanica River, south of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It belongs to the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Urban Municipality of Ljubljana
The Urban Municipality of Ljubljana (pronounced [ljuˈbljaːna]), also the City of Ljubljana (Slovene: Mestna občina Ljubljana, acronym MOL) is one of twelve city and metropolitan municipalities in Slovenia. Its seat is Ljubljana, the largest and capital city of Slovenia. As of December 2021, its mayor is Zoran Janković.
Conarium (video game)
Conarium is a Lovecraftian horror adventure video game, inspired by H. P. Lovecraft's novella At the Mountains of Madness. The game was developed by Turkish game development studio Zoetrope Interactive, published by Dutch indie game publisher Iceberg Interactive, and was first released for Microsoft Windows in June 2017. It was subsequently ported to Linux and macOS in 2018, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2019, and the Nintendo Switch in 2021.

Lovecraftian horror
Lovecraftian horror, also called cosmic horror or eldritch horror, is a subgenre of horror, fantasy fiction, and weird fiction that emphasizes the horror of the unknowable and incomprehensible more than gore or other elements of shock. It is named after American author H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937). His work emphasizes things that are strange and eldritch (unnatural), with themes of cosmic dread, forbidden and dangerous knowledge, madness, non-human influences on humanity, religion and superstition, fate and inevitability, and the risks associated with scientific discoveries, which are now associated with Lovecraftian horror as a subgenre. The cosmic themes of Lovecraftian horror can also be found in other media, notably horror films, horror games, and comics.
Derkach
Derkach (Cyrillic: Деркач) is a Ukrainian surname meaning a ratchet, noisemaker. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrii Derkach (born 1967), Ukrainian politician and businessman

Andriy Derkach (footballer) (born 1985), Ukrainian football player

Borys Derkach (1964−2019), Soviet and Ukrainian footballer

Dariya Derkach (born 1993), Italian triple jumper and long jumper

Len Derkach (born 1945), Canadian politician

Leonid Derkach (1939−2022), Ukrainian politician, father of Andrii

Sergei Derkach (born 1966), Russian football player and coach

Volodymyr Derkach (born 1957), Ukrainian musician

Vyacheslav Derkach (born 1976), Ukrainian biathlete

Yana Derkach (born 1998), Ukrainian football player

Leonid Derkach
Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach (Ukrainian: Леонід Васильович Деркач; 19 July 1939 – 14 January 2022) was a Soviet and Ukrainian politician, intelligence officer, and general who was Head of the Security Service of Ukraine from 22 April 1998 to 10 February 2001. Called the "Ukrainian Sorge" (Russian: "Украинский Зорге"), he headed one of the five groups in the Dnipropetrovsk Mafia. The Derkach family maintains very close relationships with Oleg Deripaska, Mikhail Fridman's Moscow-based Alfa Group and Petr Aven's Alfa-Bank.

Both Leonid and Andrii Derkach were also close to Vadim Rabinovich as well as Semyon Mogilevich, Alexander Angert, Leonid Minin, and Sergei Mikhailov, members of the Russian, Ukrainian, and Israeli mafias.
Cotabato's 2nd congressional district
Cotabato's 2nd congressional district is one of the three congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Cotabato. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 1987. The district covers eastern Cotabato bordering Bukidnon and Davao Region. It consists of the provincial capital city, Kidapawan, and the municipalities of Antipas, Arakan, Magpet, Makilala and President Roxas. Prior to redistricting in 2012, the district also included the municipalities of M'lang, Matalam and Tulunan. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by Rudy S. Caoagdan of the Nacionalista.

Makilala
Makilala, officially the Municipality of Makilala (Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Makilala; Cebuano: Lungsod sa Makilala; Tagalog: Bayan ng Makilala), is a municipality in the province of Cotabato, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 87,927 people.
School lunch in Japan
A school meal (whether it is a breakfast, lunch, or evening meal) is a meal provided to students and sometimes teachers at a school, typically in the middle or beginning of the school day. In Japan, this usually refers to school meals served as lunch. The origin of school meals provided in Japan is in 1889, where an elementary school provided free meals for children who could not bring food to school. Post–World War II school meals usually had a loaf of bread and skimmed milk, although rice returned to school meals in 1976.

School nutritionists usually plan the menu for school meals in Japan, and students usually serve the food to students themselves. Local meals are served in some regions.

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (文部科学省, Monbu-kagaku-shō; lit. 'Ministry of Letters and Science'; MEXT) is one of the eleven ministries of Japan that compose part of the executive branch of the government of Japan.
Fumio Kurokawa
Fumio Kurokawa (黒川 文男, Kurokawa Fumio, October 20, 1932 – April 10, 2024) was a Japanese storyboard artist and animated film director. He directed a number of animated television series produced by Nippon Animation during the 1970s and 1980s. Kurokawa was the series director of Animated Classics of Japanese Literature, included among the "100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces" in the 2007 encyclopedia Anime Classics Zettai!. Kurokawa died on April 10, 2024, at the age of 91.

Nippon Animation
Nippon Animation Co., Ltd. is a Japanese animation studio founded on June 3, 1975. The company is headquartered in Tokyo, with its headquarters in their Tama City studio and an administrative head office in the Ginza district of Chūō.

Nippon Animation is known for producing numerous anime series adapted from works of Western literature as well as original works and manga adaptations such as the World Masterpiece Theater series with entries such as Rascal the Raccoon, Anne of Green Gables, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Tales of Little Women, Romeo's Blue Skies among others as well as Maya the Bee, Papuwa, Uchūsen Sagittarius and Chibi Maruko-chan which has become a major hit for the studio in Japan and globally. Amongst many of its past and present staffers include Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata, co-founders of Studio Ghibli. Aside from animation production, the company also handles character licensing.

The titular protagonist from Rascal the Raccoon serves as the studio's mascot.
Molybdopterin synthase
Molybdopterin synthase (EC 2.8.1.12, MPT synthase) is an enzyme required to synthesize molybdopterin (MPT) from precursor Z (now known as cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate). Molydopterin is subsequently complexed with molybdenum to form molybdenum cofactor (MoCo). MPT synthase catalyses the following chemical reaction:

precursor Z + 2 [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-NH-CH2-C(O)SH + H2O  molybdopterin + 2 molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein

Molybdopterin synthase is heterodimeric and coded for by the MOCS2 gene. Genetic deficiencies of enzymes such as MPT synthase, which are involved in MoCo biosynthesis, lead to MoCo deficiency, a rare disease that results in severe neurological abnormalities.

Sulfite oxidase
Sulfite oxidase (EC 1.8.3.1) is an enzyme in the mitochondria of all eukaryotes, with exception of the yeasts. It oxidizes sulfite to sulfate and, via cytochrome c, transfers the electrons produced to the electron transport chain, allowing generation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.  This is the last step in the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds and the sulfate is excreted.

Sulfite oxidase is a metallo-enzyme that utilizes a molybdopterin cofactor and a heme group (in the case of animals). It is one of the cytochromes b5 and belongs to the enzyme super-family of molybdenum oxotransferases that also includes DMSO reductase, xanthine oxidase, and nitrite reductase.

In mammals, the expression levels of sulfite oxidase is high in the liver, kidney, and heart, and very low in spleen, brain, skeletal muscle, and blood.
Juan del Campo (skier)
Juan del Campo Hernández (born 28 June 1994 in Bilbao) is a Spanish World Cup alpine ski racer.

He competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, in the giant slalom and slalom, and in four World Championships.

FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts that included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France (Honore Bonnet) and the USA (Bob Beattie). It was soon backed by International Ski Federation president Marc Hodler during the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966 at Portillo, Chile, and became an official FIS event in the spring of 1967 after the FIS Congress at Beirut, Lebanon.

The inaugural World Cup race was held on 5 January 1967 in Berchtesgaden, West Germany, a slalom won by Heinrich Messner of Austria. Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the overall winners for the first two seasons.
Shakhtarsk Battalion
Battalion of the Special Purpose Militia Patrol Service "Shakhtarsk" (BPSMOP "Shakhtarsk") (Ukrainian: Батальйон патрульної служби міліції особливого призначення «Шахтарськ») is a former volunteer special unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. It was created in June 2014 in the structure of the State Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and named after the town of Shakhtarsk, Donetsk Oblast. On October 17, 2014, it was disbanded due to the discovered facts of looting. On its basis, the Tornado Company was formed.

Shakhtarsk
Shakhtarsk (Ukrainian: Шахтарськ, IPA: [ʃɐxˈtɑrsʲk]) or Shakhtyorsk (Russian: Шахтёрск) is a city in Horlivka Raion, Donetsk Oblast, eastern Ukraine, currently occupied by Russia. Regionally, the city is the administrative center of the Shakhtarsk urban hromada. Population: 48,208 (2022 estimate).
Galate Aliyandru
Galate Aliyandru (transl. Commotional Son-in-law) is a 2000 Indian Kannada-language comedy film, directed by S. Narayan and produced by Anitha Kumaraswamy. This film stars Shiva Rajkumar, Sakshi Shivanand (in her Kannada debut), S. Narayan and Tara whilst Doddanna and Mukhyamantri Chandru play other pivotal roles.

The original score and soundtrack was composed by Deva. The film is a remake of Tamil film Ullathai Allitha (1996) which itself was heavily inspired by the Hindi film Andaz Apna Apna. The film was declared a success upon release.

Sakshi Shivanand
Sakshi Shivanand is an Indian actress, who has appeared in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi films. Her most notable work is Aapko Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai which was directed by Anubhav Sinha and co-starred Priyanshu Chatterjee, Om Puri and Farida Jalal. She has also lent her voice to Cinderella in The Story of Cinderella, an animation television series telecast in India on Just Kids! on Sahara TV.
Thomas and Latitia Gluyas House
Thomas and Latitia Gluyas House is a historic home located near Huntersville, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It was built about 1865, and is a two-story, three-bay, I-house with a one-story rear ell. It has side gable roof, exterior brick end chimneys, and a full-width hip roofed porch.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

I-house
The I-house is a vernacular house type, popular in the United States from the colonial period onward. The I-house was so named in the 1930s by Fred Kniffen, a cultural geographer at Louisiana State University who was a specialist in folk architecture. He identified and analyzed the type in his 1936 study of Louisiana house types.

He chose the name "I-house" because the style was commonly built in the rural farm areas of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, all states beginning with the letter "I". But he was not implying that this house type originated in, or was restricted to, those three states. It is also referred to as Plantation Plain style.