hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Birnbaum's theorem
Birnbaum's Theorem is a pivotal result in the foundations of statistics, formulated by the American statistician Allan Birnbaum in 1962. The theorem formally demonstrates that the likelihood principle is logically equivalent to the combination of two more widely accepted statistical principles: the sufficiency principle and the conditionality principle.

The publication of the theorem in the Journal of the American Statistical Association was a landmark event that sparked intense debate between frequentist and Bayesian statisticians, as the likelihood principle implies that many standard frequentist methods (such as p-values and confidence intervals) violate basic axioms of consistency.

Journal of the American Statistical Association
The Journal of the American Statistical Association is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the American Statistical Association. It covers work primarily focused on the application of statistics, statistical theory and methods in economic, social, physical, engineering, and health sciences. The journal also includes reviews of books which are relevant to the field. The journal was established in 1888 as the Publications of the American Statistical Association. It was renamed Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association in 1912, obtaining its current title in 1922.
Pyramid G3-c
G3-c (also G3c, G3 c, GIIIc) is one of the three satellite pyramids of the larger Pyramid of Menkaure, located at the Giza pyramid complex. This structure is situated south of the main pyramid and is the westernmost of the three satellites.

The American archaeologist George Andrew Reisner speculated that either this pyramid or G3-b may have been meant for Menkaure's half-sister, Shepsetkau, the daughter of Meresankh III and Khafre.

The pyramid was built during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, presumably for one of the wives of Menkaure. The surface of the pyramid is stepped, consisting of four platforms that decrease toward the top. The pyramid's base is 31.24 metres (102.5 ft) square, and its height is 21.2 metres (70 ft).

Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty IV) is characterized as a "golden age" of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Dynasty IV lasted from c. 2613 to c. 2498 BC. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is officially documented.

The Fourth Dynasty heralded the height of the pyramid-building age. The peaceful rule of the Third Dynasty allowed artistic expressions to flourish. Building experiments done by King Sneferu led to the evolution of mastaba tombs into the smooth-sided pyramids like those seen on the Giza Plateau. According to some historians, no other period in Egyptian history equaled the accomplishments achieved during the Fourth Dynasty.
President's Room
The President's Room is one of the most ornate rooms in the United States Capitol, richly adorned with fresco paintings by Greek-Italian artist Constantino Brumidi. The room was completed in 1859 as part of the Capitol's vast extension, which added new Senate and House wings and the new cast-iron dome. The President's Room is room number S-216.

Constantino Brumidi
Constantino Brumidi (26 July 1805 – 19 February 1880) was an Italian-American painter, born in Italy to an Italian Mother & Greek Father, he was later naturalized an American citizen, best known and honored for his fresco work, Apotheosis of Washington, in the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.
Gustav Adolf Neuber
Gustav Adolf Neuber (24 June 1850 – 13 April 1932) was a German surgeon born in Tondern (today- Tønder.

He studied medicine in several universities, receiving his doctorate in 1875 at the University of Giessen. Later he worked as an assistant to Friedrich von Esmarch (1823-1908) at the University Surgical Clinic in Kiel.

In 1884 he first proposed the use of separate operating rooms for septic and non-septic surgery, emphasizing the need for complete cleanliness in all aspects of surgery. In 1886, he opened his own private hospital on Königsweg in Kiel, where he implemented modern principles of asepsis. Neuber's clinic in Kiel is considered to be the first aseptic hospital in the world.

In 1879 he developed a "decalcified bone tube" for wound drainage. In the field of plastic surgery, he introduced a procedure for "fat auto-grafting".

Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. This kind of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
Nastro d'Argento for Best Producer
The Nastro d'Argento (Silver Ribbon) is a film award assigned each year, since 1946, by Sindacato Nazionale dei Giornalisti Cinematografici Italiani ("Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists"), the association of Italian film critics.

This is the list of Nastro d'Argento awards for Best Producer. Angelo Barbagallo, Mario Cecchi Gori and Nanni Moretti are the most awarded Producers in this category, with 5 awards each.

Vittorio Cecchi Gori
Vittorio Cecchi Gori (Italian pronunciation: [vitˈtɔːrjo ˈtʃekki ˈɡɔːri]; born 27 April 1942) is an Italian film producer and politician.
He pleaded guilty to bankruptcy and was sentenced in February 2020 to eight years and five months of imprisonment.

Born in Florence, Italy, he is the son of Mario Cecchi Gori. He has produced numerous films, most notably Il Postino: The Postman (1994), which received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture, and Life Is Beautiful (1997), which received an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

He was also a senator from the Italian People's Party.

He owned the football club Fiorentina from 1993 to 2002, as well as the private television channel La7. On 3 June 2008, he was arrested in Rome for bankruptcy, and again on 25 July 2011.
Khasyn
The Khasyn (Russian: Хасын) is a river in Magadan Oblast, Russian Far East, a tributary of the Arman. It is 115 kilometres (71 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi). The R504 Kolyma Highway runs by the riverside along a 40 km (25 mi) long stretch.

The name of the river originated in the Even language word "Khesen", meaning "herd".

Magadan Oblast
Magadan Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Magadan Oblast has a population of 136,085 (2021 Census), making it the least populated oblast and the third-least populated federal subject in Russia.

Magadan is the largest city and the capital of Magadan Oblast with the majority of the oblast's inhabitants living in the city itself. The coastline has a less severe climate than the interiors, although both are relatively cold for their latitudes.

It borders Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the north, Kamchatka Krai in the east, Khabarovsk Krai in the south and the Sakha Republic in the west. The economy is primarily based on mining, particularly gold, silver and other non-ferrous metals.
Dorsolateral pontine reticular formation
The dorsolateral pontine reticular formation contains noradrenergic pain-inhibiting neurons which project to inhibitory interneurons of the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior grey column in the spinal cord. It thus complements the classical serotonergic-opioid peptide descending pain-inhibiting system: whereas the serotonergic-opioid peptide pathway ultimately pre-synaptically inhibits first-order nociceptive group C neurons, the DLPRF inhibits - by way of presumably GABAergic inhibitory interneurons - the second-order neurons of the ascending pain pathway. The DLPRF pathway is not affected by opioid agonists or antagonists.

It is also involved in REM sleep.

Group C nerve fiber
Group C nerve fibers are one of three classes of nerve fiber in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The Group C fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter and low conduction velocity, whereas Groups A and B are myelinated. Group C fibers include postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV fiber). These fibers carry sensory information.

Damage or injury to nerve fibers causes neuropathic pain. Capsaicin activates C fibre vanilloid receptors, providing the burning sensation associated with chili peppers.
KAB-1500S-E
The KAB-1500S-E (Russian: КАБ-1500С-Э) is a precision guided bomb, part of KAB-1500 family, designed for the Russian Aerospace Forces to carry out precision attacks, using 24-channel GLONASS and is equivalent to the United States Air Force (USAF) Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) family of Global Positioning System (GPS) guided weapons.

It is believed to be similar to the KAB-500S-E, and to use the same Kompas PSN-2001 (Pribor Sputnikovoy Navigatsii) satellite receiver. The manufacturer, Tactical Missiles Corporation aka KTRV, has fully completed testing of products of the K08B and K029B (UPAB-1500B) types, both products are in serial production and are delivered to combat units.

Russia intends to fit it to the Su-24M, Su-34, Su-35 and MiG-35 aircraft. They hope to export to India and China.

Sukhoi Su-24
The Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name: Fencer) is a supersonic, all-weather tactical bomber developed in the Soviet Union. The aircraft has a variable-sweep wing, twin engines and a side-by-side seating arrangement for its crew of two. It was the first of the USSR's aircraft to carry an integrated digital navigation/attack system.

The Su-24 started development in the early 1960s and first flew in 1967. It entered service in 1974 and production ceased in 1993. It remains in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces, Iranian Air Force, Ukrainian Air Force, Algerian Air Force and various other air forces to which it was exported.
Henrik Vorum
Henrik Vorum is a clinical professor at Aalborg University Hospital, specializing in eye disorders.

Vorum's research into the identification of specific proteins by the use of mass spectroscopy has been named the Vorum's silver staining procedure. He has focused on cancer research and cell biology. Vorum has participated in a major research project on the diagnosing of patients with hypothermia.

Over the course of his career, Vorum has received both grants and prizes for his scientific contributions.

Aalborg University Hospital
Aalborg University Hospital is the largest hospital in the North Denmark Region, Denmark.

It is also northern Jutland's largest employer, with approximately 6,500 employees.
The hospital consists of Section South and North in Aalborg and Dronninglund Hospital. Surgical Department A in Hobro, the Eye, Nose and Throat Department and the Ophthalmology Department in Hjørring, the clinic-chemical functions in Hobro and Farsø and the dialysis section in Hjørring are also part of Aalborg Hospital.

Aalborg Hospital handles highly specialised regional functions for approximately 640,000 inhabitants, including parts of the Central Denmark Region, regional functions for approximately 490,000 inhabitants and basic hospital functions, except for certain elective procedures, for approximately 250,000 inhabitants.
2022 Vietnamese Cup
The 2022 Vietnamese Cup (Vietnamese: Giải bóng đá Cúp Quốc gia 2022) (known as the BaF Meat-National Cup 2022 for sponsorship reasons) was the 30th edition of the Vietnamese National Cup, the football knockout tournament of Vietnam organized by the Vietnam Football Federation.

The tournament followed the cancellation of the 2021 edition due to COVID-19 safety concerns. Hanoi successfully defended its 2020 title by defeating for its 3rd successive title in the final Binh Phuoc, 2–0. The champion would automatically qualify in the 2023–24 AFC Champions League playoff round as well as the 2023 Vietnamese Super Cup.

Vietnam Football Federation
The Vietnam Football Federation (VFF; Vietnamese: Liên đoàn Bóng đá Việt Nam) is the national governing body of football in Vietnam. It is responsible for the all Vietnamese teams of association football, futsal and beach soccer as well as national competitions.

VFF is currently a member of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF). Its headquarters is located in Lê Quang Đạo Street, Mỹ Đình 1 ward, Nam Từ Liêm district, Hanoi. Administratively, VFF is placed under the jurisdiction of the Vietnam Ministry of Home Affairs alongside supervisor and specialty management from the Vietnam Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.
HD 212771
HD 212771, also named Lionrock, is a solitary star in the equatorial-southern zodiac constellation of Aquarius. It has an apparent magnitude of 7.60, making  it readily visible with binoculars but not the naked eye. Parallax measurements place the object at a distance of 364 light-years, and is currently receding with a radial velocity of 15 km/s.

HD 212771 has a stellar classification of G8 IV, indicating that it is a subgiant evolving towards the red giant branch after being an F-type main-sequence star for 1.7 billion years.  However, a close analysis of its asteroseismology and properties indicate that it has already reached the red giant branch. It has 142% the mass of the Sun and 4.4 times its  radius. It radiates at 11.67 solar luminosities from its slightly enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,065 K, giving it a yellow-hue. Unlike most planetary hosts, HD 212771 is slightly metal deficient, and spins with a projected rotational velocity of about 2 km/s.

F-type main-sequence star
An F-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence, core-hydrogen-fusing star of spectral type F. The spectral luminosity class is V. They have from around 1.1 to 1.6 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 6,000 and 7,200 K. This temperature range gives the F-type stars a whitish hue when observed through the atmosphere. Notable examples include Procyon A, Gamma Virginis A and B, and Tabby's Star.
Giuseppe Morante
Giuseppe Morante (Benevento 19 May 1909 – Rome 8 April 1992) was a lieutenant commander (and later Division Admiral) known for his role in the Japanese-Italian War. He was in charge of the command of the Italian ironclad Lepanto, alongside his second in command, Guglielmo Stevens. He made the decision to sink the ironclad alongside the presence of Roberto De Leonardis.

Benevento
Benevento (Italian: [beneˈvɛnto] ⓘ; Beneventano: Biniviento [biniˈvjendə]) is a city and comune (municipality) of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento. It is situated on a hill 130 metres (427 feet) above sea level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino (or Beneventano) and the Sabato. As of June 30, 2025, Benevento has 55,319 inhabitants. It is also the seat of a Catholic archbishop.

Benevento occupies the site of the ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or even earlier Maloenton. In the imperial period, its founder was deemed to have been Diomedes after the Trojan War.

Due to its artistic and cultural significance, the Santa Sofia Church in Benevento was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011, as part of a group of seven historic buildings inscribed as Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.).

The patron saint of Benevento is Saint Bartholomew, the Apostle, whose relics are kept at the Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta.
Flag of Gibraltar
The flag of Gibraltar is an elongated banner of arms based on the coat of arms of Gibraltar, granted by Royal Warrant from Queen Isabella I of Castile on 10 July 1502. Gibraltar is unique as it is the only British Overseas Territory whose flag does not feature the Union Jack in any form, although the latter is widely flown as a standalone flag within the colony.

Banner of arms
A banner of arms is a type of heraldic flag, characterised by sharing its imagery with that of the coat of arms (i.e. the shield of a full heraldic achievement, rendered in a square or rectangular shape of the flag).

The term is derived from the terminology of heraldry but mostly used in vexillology. Examples of modern national flags which are banners of arms are the flags of Austria, Iraq, and Switzerland.

The banner of arms is sometimes simply called a banner, but a banner is in a more strict sense a one of a kind personal flag of a nobleman held in battle.
1933 college football rankings
The 1933 college football rankings included mathematical systems operated by William F. Boand and Frank G. Dickinson. Both systems selected the undefeated Michigan Wolverines as the national champion.

The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin being published continuously until 1936. (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934)

Dickinson System
The Dickinson System was a mathematical point formula that awarded national championships in college football. Devised by University of Illinois economics professor Frank G. Dickinson, the system ranked national teams from 1924 to 1940. The 1924 ratings were made retroactively by Dickinson during the 1925 college football season, the first in which a number 1 team was designated at the end of the season. The retroactive choice on October 16, 1925, for the 1924 season was Notre Dame.

The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference.  Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and awarded the Rissman Trophy to the winning university.

The Dickinson System was the first to gain widespread national public and media acceptance as a "major selector" according to the NCAA prior to the establishment of the Associated Press poll in 1936.
Lucius Venuleius Apronianus Octavius Priscus
Lucius Venuleius Apronianus Octavius Priscus was a Roman senator active during the first half of the second century AD. He was suffect consul around the year 145, then ordinary consul in 168 with Lucius Sergius Paullus as his colleague. Priscus is known only from non-literary sources.

Priscus has his origins in Pisa; not only were both the fragmentary inscriptions (one lost) used to define his career found in that city, a lead pipe stamped with his name proves he owned property in the town. His father was Lucius Venuleius Apronianus Octavius Priscus.

The Venuleii family owned the magnificent villa-estate at Massaciuccoli.

Glossary of ancient Roman religion
The vocabulary of ancient Roman religion was highly specialized. Its study affords important information about the religion, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Romans. This legacy is conspicuous in European cultural history in its influence on later juridical and religious vocabulary in Europe, particularly of the Christian Church. This glossary provides explanations of concepts as they were expressed in Latin pertaining to religious practices and beliefs, with links to articles on major topics such as priesthoods, forms of divination, and rituals.

For theonyms, or the names and epithets of gods, see List of Roman deities. For public religious holidays, see Roman festivals. For temples see the List of Ancient Roman temples. Individual landmarks of religious topography in ancient Rome are not included in this list; see Roman temple.
Marcello Amador
Marcello Amador (born 27 September 1980) is a Mexican former professional tennis player.

Amador, who was born in Lagos de Moreno, reached a career high singles ranking of 323 while competing on the professional tour. He won two singles and two doubles titles on the ITF Futures Circuit.

In 2001 and 2002 he represented the Mexico Davis Cup team, appearing in a total of three singles rubbers. He finished 0–3 from these matches, but did manage to take a set off former world number one Marcelo Ríos in Querétaro.

At the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games in San Salvador, Amador won a gold medal in the team event as well as a singles bronze medal for Mexico.

2002 Central American and Caribbean Games
The 19th Central American and Caribbean Games were held in San Salvador, El Salvador from November 22 to December 8, 2002 and included 4,301 competitors from 31 nations, competing in 32 sports. The main stadium for these championships was the Estadio Nacional Flor Blanca. For political reasons, Cuba decided to boycott the event. Squash made its debut at the Central American and Caribbean Games.
Louisville Grays
The Louisville Grays were a 19th-century United States baseball team and charter member of the National League, based in Louisville, Kentucky. They played two seasons, 1876 and 1877, and compiled a record of 65–61.  Their home games were at the Louisville Baseball Park. The Grays were owned by businessman Walter Newman Haldeman, owner and publisher of the Louisville Courier-Journal newspaper.

Courier Journal
The Courier Journal, also known as the Louisville Courier Journal (and informally The C-J or The Courier), and called The Courier-Journal between November 8, 1868, and October 29, 2017, is a daily newspaper published in Louisville, Kentucky, and owned by USA Today Co., which bills it as "Part of the USA Today Network".

It is the newspaper with the highest number of recorded circulation in Kentucky. According to the 1999 Editor & Publisher International Yearbook, the paper is the 48th-largest daily paper in the United States.
Marek Kotlinowski
Marek Bolesław Kotlinowski (['marɛk kɔtliˈnɔfski], born 13 May 1956 in Gorlice) is a Polish politician and lawyer, Vice-Marshal of the Sejm. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 9,421 votes in 13 Kraków district as a candidate from the League of Polish Families list. From 6 November 2006 to 6 November 2015 he was a judge of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal.

He was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005.

Gorlice
Gorlice (pronounced [ɡɔrˈlʲit͡sɛ]) is a town and an urban municipality ("gmina") in south-eastern Poland with around 29,500 inhabitants (2008). It is situated south east of Kraków and south of Tarnów between Jasło and Nowy Sącz in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Nowy Sącz Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Gorlice County.
Elaine Walker (politician)
Elaine Nogay Walker (born August 6, 1951) is an American politician from the Democratic Party and a former Secretary of State of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Walker served as Commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Parks and, prior to her appointment as Secretary of State, served as the 39th mayor of Bowling Green, Kentucky.

Bowling Green, Kentucky
Bowling Green is a city in and the county seat of Warren County, Kentucky, United States. Its population was 72,294 as of the  2020 census, making it the third-most populous city in the state, after Louisville and Lexington. The Bowling Green metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in the state and had a population of 179,639 in 2020.

Founded by pioneers in 1798, Bowling Green was the provisional capital of Confederate Kentucky during the American Civil War. In the 21st century, it is the location of numerous manufacturers, including General Motors, Spalding, and Fruit of the Loom. The Bowling Green Assembly Plant has been the source of all Chevrolet Corvettes built since 1981. Bowling Green is also home to Western Kentucky University (or WKU for short), and the National Corvette Museum.