hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert Johnson (English politician)
Sir Robert Johnson (c.1537 – 1622) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1597 to 1614.

He was the eldest son  of William Johnson of Crawley, Buckinghamshire.

He was a surveyor and succeeded to the properties at Crawley on the death of his father in 1558.  He was Keeper of Gawle, Forest of Dean in 1591. In 1597, he was elected Member of Parliament for Monmouth Boroughs where he was named to committees on weights and measures and pawnbrokers. He was re-elected MP for Monmouth in 1601 and took a strong line in parliament then on temperance issues. He proposed, for example, on 3 November that innkeepers who failed to restrain habitual drinkers should suffer corporal punishment.

In 1602 he was Clerk of Deliveries of the Ordnance and was knighted on 10 July 1604. In 1604 and again in 1614 he was re-elected MP for Monmouth.

He died in the first half of 1622. He had married Marion who died in 1585 and had three sons.

Monmouth Boroughs
Monmouth Boroughs (also known as the Monmouth District of Boroughs) was a parliamentary constituency consisting of several towns in Monmouthshire. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliaments of England, Great Britain, and finally the United Kingdom; until 1832 the constituency was known simply as Monmouth, though it included other "contributory boroughs".
10th Venice International Film Festival
The 10th annual Venice International Film Festival  was held from 11 August to 1 September 1949. The Venice Film Festival came back permanently to the Palazzo del Cinema on the Venice Lido.

The award for the Best Film in competition was renamed to Golden Lion of Saint Mark (an allusion to the Lion of Saint Mark, which is one of the best known symbols of the ancient Republic of Venice). Manon, directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot was awarded with the Golden Lion.

Heaven over the Marshes
Heaven over the Marshes (Italian: Cielo sulla palude) is a 1949 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Augusto Genina and starring Rubi Dalma, Michele Malaspina, Inés Orsini and Domenico Viglione Borghese. The film portrays the life of the saint Maria Goretti. Augusto Genina was awarded the Nastro d'Argento for Best Director for the film. In 2008, the film was included on the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage's 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978". The film's sets were designed by Virgilio Marchi.
Philadelphia Freedom (soccer)
The Philadelphia Freedom was a soccer club that competed in the USISL and the USISL Pro League. The team was known as the Pennsylvania Freedom through the 1995/96 indoor season before changing its name prior to the 1996 outdoor season.  The team folded at the end of the 1997 season.

United States Interregional Soccer League
The United States Interregional Soccer League (USISL) was a semi-professional men's outdoor soccer league that played six seasons from 1989 to 1994. It was the first outdoor league to be operated by the organization known today as the United Soccer League. Commencing play in 1989, it received Division 3 status from U.S. Soccer for its final season in 1994. It was split into the USISL Professional League and the amateur USISL Premier League in 1995. The Colorado Comets and Greensboro Dynamo were the most successful clubs in the league, winning two championships each.
Ryan Spooner
Ryan Bradley Spooner (born January 30, 1992) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for Lausanne HC of the National League (NL). He has previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, Edmonton Oilers, and Vancouver Canucks. He was selected by the Boston Bruins in the second round, 45th overall, of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft.

2010 NHL entry draft
The 2010 NHL entry draft was the 48th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 25–26, 2010, at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California, the home arena of the Los Angeles Kings. This was the first time Los Angeles hosted the NHL entry draft. An unofficial record of eleven American-trained players were selected in the first round, starting with Jack Campbell and ending with Brock Nelson. The record was set in the 2006 and 2007 drafts, where ten U.S.-trained players were selected in the first round.

As of 2025 there are 38 active NHL players from this draft.
Splendens Ceptigera
Splendens Ceptigera ("Splendid ruler") is a monodic song (fol. 21v-22) from the Llibre Vermell de Montserrat, one of the oldest extant medieval manuscripts containing music. In modern times it has been recorded by many artists:

Jordi Savall, Hespèrion XX (album Llibre Vermell de Montserrat - siglo XIV, 1978)

New London Consort directed by Philip Pickett (album Llibre vermell, pilgrim songs & dances, 1992)

Ensemble Anonymus (album Llibre vermell, 1993)

Gothart (album Stella splendens, 1997)

Studio der Frühen Musik directed by Thomas Binkley (album Secular music c1300, 1998)

Companyia Elèctrica Dharma (album Llibre Vermell, 2002)

Ensemble Micrologus (album Llibre Vermell de Montserrat, 2002)

Sarband & Osnabrücker Jugendchor (album Llibre Vermell, 2002)

Choeur de Chambre de Namur (album Llibre Vermell, 2007)

Ensemble Kantika (album Estel de mar, 2009)

New London Consort
New London Consort was a London-based Renaissance and Baroque music ensemble, which performed in most of Europe and various other parts of the world. Founded and directed by Philip Pickett, most of its repertoire was recorded and broadcast by BBC (radio and television) and regularly appeared at major venues and festivals.  This repertoire included unpublished works and new interpretations of familiar ones, sometimes controversial. The group has been inactive since its director's conviction as a sex offender in 2015.
Encephalartos
Encephalartos is a genus of cycad native to Africa. Several species of Encephalartos are commonly referred to as bread trees, bread palms or kaffir bread, since a bread-like starchy food can be prepared from the centre of the stem. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος (encéphalos), meaning "head", and ἄρτος (ártos), meaning "bread", referring to the use of the pith to make food. They are, in evolutionary terms, some of the most primitive living gymnosperms.

All the species are endangered, some critically, due to their exploitation by collectors and traditional medicine gatherers. The whole genus is listed under CITES Appendix I which prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except for certain non-commercial motives, such as scientific research.

CITES
CITES (shorter acronym for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of international trade. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975.

Its aim is to ensure that international trade (import/export) in specimens of animals and plants included under CITES does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild. This is achieved via a system of permits and certificates. CITES affords varying degrees of protection to more than 40,900 species.

As of December 2024, the Secretary-General of CITES is Ivonne Higuero.
HIV Medicine
HIV Medicine is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering HIV/AIDS research. It was established in 1999 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the British HIV Association, of which it is the official journal. It is also the official journal of the European AIDS Clinical Society and the Australasian Society for HIV Medicine. The editors-in-chief are Brian Gazzard (Chelsea and Westminster Hospital) and Jens Lundgren (University of Copenhagen). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 3.988, ranking it 18th out of 78 journals in the category "Infectious Diseases".

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital is a 430-bed teaching hospital located in Chelsea, London. The hospital has a rich history in that it serves as the new site for the Westminster Hospital. It is operated by Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and became a member of Imperial College Academic Health Science Centre (Imperial AHSC) in July 2020. The hospital is the central part of Imperial College London Chelsea and Westminster Campus, and plays an integral role in teaching students and conducting medical research at Imperial College London.
Spinazzola
Spinazzola (Barese: Spenazzòle) is a town and comune (municipality) in the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, Apulia, southern Italy. Spinazzola had a population of 6,515 as of December 31 2017. Spinazzola is approximately 70km away from Bari.

Barese dialect
Barese dialect (natively dialètte barése; Italian: dialetto barese) is an Italo-Romance dialect belonging to the "southern intermediate" group (or Neapolitan), spoken in the regions of Apulia and Basilicata. Influences include Messapian, Oscan, Greek, Spanish, Old French, Franco-Provençal and Arabic, creating one of the most distinct Italian dialects both phonetically and lexically.
Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians
Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians, also known as Afro-Trinbagonians or Black Trinidadians and Tobagonians, are people from Trinidad and Tobago whose ancestors are of Sub-Saharan African origin, primarily from West Africa, brought to the islands during the transatlantic slave trade beginning in the 17th century.

According to the 2011 Trinidad and Tobago Census, Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians made up 34.2% of the population, the second largest ethnic group, with an additional 22.8% identifying as Multiracial, including 7.7% who identified specifically as Dougla, a mix of African and Indian descent.

During the colonial era, terms such as Mulatto, Creole, Dougla, Zambo, Maroon, Pardo, Quadroon, Octoroon, and Hexadecaroon (Quintroon) were used to classify people based on proportions of African ancestry. These classifications were common across the Caribbean, Latin America, and North American regions.

Tobago
Tobago, officially the Ward of Tobago, is an island and ward in Trinidad and Tobago. It is 35 kilometres (20 nautical miles) northeast of the larger island of Trinidad and about 160 kilometres (85 nautical miles) off Venezuela's northeastern coast. It is southeast of Grenada and southwest of Barbados.
Fairmount Cemetery (Newark, New Jersey)
Fairmount Cemetery is a 150-acre (0.61 km2) rural cemetery in the West Ward of Newark, New Jersey, in the neighborhood of Fairmount. It opened in 1855, shortly after the Newark City Council banned burials in the central city due to fears that bodies spread yellow fever. The first burial in Fairmount Cemetery was a 24-year-old man named Lewis J. Pierson. Fairmount is still accepting interments.

Along with Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Fairmount has the graves of Newark's most eminent turn of the century citizens, including Clara Maass, who gave her life in the investigation of yellow fever.  A high proportion of the graves belong to German families. Fairmount Cemetery includes large trees, rolling hills, and intricately carved monuments.  Featured near the old South Orange Avenue entrance is the recently restored zinc Settlers' Monument, commemorating the founders of Newark.  There is also a Civil War memorial. The modern entrance to Fairmount Cemetery is on Central Avenue.

New Jersey's 6th congressional district
New Jersey's 6th congressional district is represented by Democrat Frank Pallone, who has served the district in Congress since 1993. The district includes the northern and eastern portions of Middlesex County and the coastal areas of Monmouth County, including towns along the Raritan Bay.

Following the redistricting process in 2021, the 6th district remained similar to its prior configuration, though it gained the liberal towns of Neptune Township and Red Bank, while losing the more conservative Marlboro Township, among other minor changes. According to estimates from The Cook Political Report, the district became slightly more Democratic after redistricting.
The Case of Marcel Duchamp
The Case of Marcel Duchamp is a 1984 British mystery film directed by David Rowan and starring Guy Rolfe, Raymond Francis, Harold Innocent and Juliet Hammond. Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson come out of retirement to solve a final case concerning the artist Marcel Duchamp.

Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (UK: /ˈdjuːʃɒ̃/, US: /djuːˈʃɒ̃, djuːˈʃɑːmp/; French: [maʁsɛl dyʃɑ̃]; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French American artist, chess player, and inventor who played a key role in the development of the avant-garde in the United States and in New York City, where he spent the last 25 years of his life.

Duchamp was the first artist to elevate a toilet to the status of an art form. By the time of World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (such as Henri Matisse) as "retinal," intended only to please the eye. Instead, he wanted to use art to serve the mind. He is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, as one of the three artists who helped to establish the post-industrial perspective in art history, and  his work is considered the progenitor of Conceptual art.
Amina Mohamed Abdi
Amina Mohamed Abdi (Somali: Aamina Maxamed Cabdi; 21 October 1981 – 23 March 2022) was a Somali politician, she was an MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia from 2012 till her death, as a member of the opposition Union for Peace and Development Party.

Union for Peace and Development Party
The Union for Peace and Development Party (Somali: Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka, UPD or XMNH), is a socially conservative political party in Somalia. The ideology is a composition of nationalism and moderate Islamism. The UPD party is one of the largest Somali political parties and some leading members of the party were former members of the government of former Somali president Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, and incumbent Somali president Hassan Sheikh Mohamud. UPD is also a member of the Forum for National Parties which is led by Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.

In 2018, while the UPD was being formed, it was awarded a registration certificate, and the party was officially unveiled on 4 October 2018. The first official gathering took place in mid April 2019 where it elected a new leader of the party, executive members and central body of the party.

As of October 2018, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is the leader of the UPD.
Finn Graff
Finn Graff (born 25 December 1938) is a Norwegian illustrator.

He was born in Wangerooge, Germany as a son of aviator Heinz Friedrich Wöhlecke (1909–1944) and translator Margit-Ruth Graff (1914–2000). He was an older brother of Jens Graff. He moved to Norway in 1946, but had lost his father to the war, and lived at the orphanage Christiania Opfostringshus from 1949 to 1954. He did however take higher education, at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry from 1959 to 1963. In 1960, he was hired as an illustrator and political cartoonist in the newspaper Morgenposten. From 1963 to 1988 he worked in Arbeiderbladet and from 1988 in Dagbladet. He has also illustrated several book covers. He is represented in the National Gallery of Norway. He won the Editorial Cartoon of the Year award in 2000 and 2005. He was decorated as Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 2007.

Political cartoon
A political cartoon, also known as an editorial cartoon, is a cartoon graphic with caricatures of public figures, expressing the artist's opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist. They typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to either question authority or draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills.

Developed in England in the latter part of the 18th century, the political cartoon was pioneered by James Gillray, although his and others in the flourishing English industry were sold as individual prints in print shops.  Founded in 1841, the British periodical Punch appropriated the term cartoon to refer to its political cartoons, which led to the term's widespread use.
Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland
The periods of Restoration and Regeneration in Swiss history lasted from 1814 to 1847. "Restoration" is the period of 1814 to 1830, the restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte on the centralist Helvetic Republic from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the Act of Mediation of 1803. "Regeneration" is the period of 1830 to 1848, when in the wake of the July Revolution the "restored" Ancien Régime was countered by the liberal movement. In the Protestant cantons, the rural population enforced liberal cantonal constitutions, partly in armed marches on the cities. This resulted in a conservative backlash in the Catholic cantons in the 1830s, raising the conflict to the point of civil war by 1847.

Thurgau
Thurgau (/ˈtʊərɡaʊ/ TOOR-gow, Swiss Standard German: [ˈtuːrɡaʊ] ⓘ; French: Thurgovie; Italian: Turgovia; Romansh: Turgovia), anglicized as Thurgovia, and formally as the Canton of Thurgau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts. Its capital is Frauenfeld.

Thurgau is part of Eastern Switzerland. It is named after the river Thur, and the name Thurgovia was historically used for a larger area, including part of this river's basin upstream of the modern canton. The area of what is now Thurgau was acquired as subject territories by the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the mid 15th century. Thurgau was first declared a canton in its own right at the formation of the Helvetic Republic in 1798.

The population, as of December 2020, is 282,909. In 2007, there were a total of 47,390 resident foreigners, constituting 19.9% of the population.
Christoffer Aagaard Melson
Christoffer Aagaard Melson (born 16 August 1984) is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. He was elected into parliament at the 2019 Danish general election.

Venstre (Denmark)
Venstre (Danish: [ˈvenstʁɐ], lit. 'Left', V), full name Venstre, Danmarks Liberale Parti (English: Left, Denmark's Liberal Party), is a conservative-liberal, agrarian political party in Denmark. Founded as part of a peasants' movement against the landed aristocracy, today it espouses an economically liberal, pro-free-market ideology.

Venstre is the major party of the centre-right in Denmark, and the second-largest party in the country. The party has produced many Prime Ministers. In the 2022 general elections, Venstre received 13.3% of the vote and 23 out of 179 seats. Following the resignation of Jakob Ellemann-Jensen, the party is led by Troels Lund Poulsen who serves as the country's Deputy Prime Minister. Since December 2022, the party has been a junior partner in the second Frederiksen government.

The party is a member of Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) and has four MEPs in the European Parliament.
1973 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1973 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships were held at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. Organized by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), the competition took place on February 23 and served as the national championships in indoor track and field for the United States.

At the championships, Tracy Smith broke the world indoor record for 3 miles by just under three seconds. 15,647 spectators attended the event.

The 1973 edition was the first time that women's racewalking was added to the championships.

Tracy Smith (runner)
Tracy Evans Smith (born March 15, 1945, in Altadena, California) is a former American distance runner. He was a member of the 1968 U.S. Olympic Track and Field Team, competing in the 10,000 meters. He was ranked multiple times by Track & Field News as the No. 1 U.S. 5,000- and 10,000-meter runner in the mid- to late 1960s, and was a six-time AAU National Champion from 1966 to 1973, winning outdoors in the 3-mile, 6-mile and 10,000 meters, and three times in the indoor 3-mile. He was a three-time world record holder in the indoor 3-mile.
Jabłonkowanie
Jabłonkowanie (Polish: [jabwɔŋkɔˈvaɲɛ]) or siakanie (Polish: [ɕaˈkaɲɛ]) is a regional phonological feature of the Polish language. It consists of the merger of the series of retroflex sibilants /ʂ/, /t͡ʂ/, /ʐ/, /d͡ʐ/ ⟨sz, cz, ż, dż⟩ and palatal sibilants /ɕ/, /t͡ɕ/, /ʑ/, /d͡ʑ/ ⟨ś, ć, ź, dź⟩ into a phonetically-intermediate series [ʃʲ], [t͡ʃʲ], [ʒʲ], [d͡ʒʲ] (sometimes written ⟨śz, ćz, źż, dźż⟩).

It is named after the Jabłonków subdialect of Polish (named after the town of Jabłonków in Cieszyn Silesia). It occurs in a number of other Polish subdialects.

The feature is linked to the process of dispalatalization (reducing of the number of palatalized consonants) similar to the phenomena of mazurzenie and kaszubienie in other dialects.

Retroflex consonant
A retroflex (/ˈrɛtrəflɛks, -roʊ-/ ⓘ) consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants—especially in Indology. Other terms are domal and cacuminal (/kəˈkjuːmɪnəl/ ⓘ), though in rare cases either word can mean palatal consonants more broadly.

The Latin-derived word retroflex means "bent back"; some retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue fully curled back so that articulation involves the underside of the tongue tip (subapical). These sounds are sometimes described as "true" retroflex consonants. However, retroflexes are commonly taken to include other consonants having a similar place of articulation without such extreme curling of the tongue; these may be articulated with the tongue tip (apical) or the tongue blade (laminal). When apical, they have been called apico-domal or apico-palatal consonants.
History of Braidwood, New South Wales
The history of Braidwood, New South Wales in Australia dates back to the early nineteenth century. The historic nature of the town has been recognised with the listing of the entire town on the former Register of the National Estate on 21 October 1980 and the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 3 April 2006.

John Oxley
John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley (1784 – 25 May 1828) was an English explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. He served as Surveyor General of New South Wales and is perhaps best known for his two expeditions into the interior of New South Wales and his exploration of the Tweed River and the Brisbane River in what is now the state of Queensland.