hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Smidt
Smidt is a surname. In many cases, it is a spelling variation of the German surname Schmidt, originated from Plattdeutsch language Frisian. Notable people with the surname include:

Eric Smidt (born 1960), American businessman

Heinrich Smidt (1798–1867), German writer

Hendrik Jan Smidt (1831–1917), Dutch politician

J. H. Smidt van Gelder (1887–1969), Dutch pediatrician and art collector

Johann Smidt (1773–1857), German politician and theologian

Johannes Smidt (1887–1973), Norwegian theologian and priest

Karl Smidt (1903–1984), German naval commander

Karoline Smidt Nielsen (born 1994), Danish footballer

Kristian Smidt (1916–2013), Norwegian literary historian

Mathias Bay-Smidt (born 1996), Danish badminton player

Orville Smidt (1943–2025), American politician

Rupert de Smidt (1883–1986), South African cricketer

Steen Smidt-Jensen (born 1945), Danish athlete

Wolbert Klaus Smidt (1936–2016), German secret service official, diplomat and publicist

J. H. Smidt van Gelder
Joan Hendrik Smidt van Gelder (6 April 1887, Amsterdam - 3 June 1969, Rheden) was the director of the children's hospital in Arnhem, the Netherlands. He was the son of Van Gelder Zonen paper manufacturer Pieter Smidt van Gelder (1851-1934) owner of van de Vereenigde Koninklijke Papierfabrieken der firma Van Gelder Zonen, and Maria Cornelia Kaars Sijpesteijn. Joan Smidt van Gelder Studied Medicine at Rijks Universiteit Leiden, and lived at Breestraat 144, in Leiden. After an arrest warrant was issued by the German occupied forces for his arrest, his home at the Velperweg in Arnhem was commandeered by the Ortskommandantur. His brother Pieter Smidt van Gelder also was an avid art collector.
1820s
The 1820s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1820, and ended on December 31, 1829.

It saw the rise of the First Industrial Revolution. Photography, rail transport, and the textile industry were among those that largely developed and grew prominent over the decade, as technology advanced significantly. European colonialism began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, and trade with the Qing Dynasty began to open up more towards foreign traders, particularly those from Europe. As European imperialism gained momentum, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the Java War and the Greek War of Independence. Resistance in the form of separatism and nationalism (particularly in the Spanish American wars of independence) led to the independence of many countries around the world, such as Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia.

Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 resulted from the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829; war broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to  Russian ships and in November 1827 revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention
in retaliation for the participation of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Battle of Navarino of October 1827.

The Ottoman Empire had bloodily abolished its centuries-old regular army, the Janissary Corps, in 1826. A year later, Great Britain, France, and Russia jointly raided the Ottoman Navy at Navarino. When war broke out between the Ottomans and Russia in 1828, the Ottomans possessed neither a regular army nor a navy. After suffering several defeats, both in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, the Sultan decided to sue for peace, which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople on 14 September 1829.
KOAN (AM)
KOAN (1080 AM) is a commercial radio station in Anchorage, Alaska. It is owned by Iglesia Pentecostal Vispera del Fin. Its studios are located on Business Park Boulevard in Anchorage, and its transmitter is located in South Anchorage.

KOAN is an Alaskan clear-channel Class A station, broadcasting with 10,000 watts with a non-directional antenna. Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator K236CG on 95.1 MHz.

International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) is a labor union that represents approximately 860,000 workers and retirees in the electrical industry in the United States, Canada, Guam, Panama, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands; in particular electricians, or inside wiremen, in the construction industry and lineworkers and other employees of public utilities. The union also represents some workers in the computer, telecommunications, and broadcasting industries, and other fields related to electrical work.
Lupe Rumazo
Lupe Rumazo Cobo (born October 14, 1933) is an Ecuadorian writer. She is the author of 11 books of essays, short stories and novels.

Cobo was born in Quito, the daughter of Ecuadorian historian Alfonso Rumazo González.  Her books have been prologued by authors such as Ernesto Sábato, Juana de Ibarbourou, and Benjamín Carrión. She is a member of the Ecuadorian Academy of Language, the House of Ecuadorian Culture, and the Circle of Venezuelan Writers. She resides in Venezuela.

Juana de Ibarbourou
Juana Fernández Morales de Ibarbourou, also known as Juana de América, (March 8, 1892 – July 15, 1979) was a Uruguayan poet and one of the most popular writers of Spanish America. Her poetry, the earliest of which is often highly erotic, is notable for her identification of her feelings with nature around her. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1959, 1960 and 1963.
Thomas Barnsley
Thomas Edward Barnsley OBE FCA (1 September 1919 – 31 August 1992) was a British businessman.  He was managing director, Tube Investments 1974–1982 and director, H.P. Bulmer Holdings, 1980–1987.  He was the son of Alfred E. Barnsley and Ada F. Nightingale. He married Margaret Gwyneth Llewellin. They had one son, Thomas Barnsley, and a daughter, Victoria Barnsley. He was awarded OBE in 1975.  During the Second World War he was a member of the Friends' Ambulance Unit.

Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) is a professional membership organisation that promotes, develops and supports chartered accountants and students around the world. As of December 2024, it has over 210,000 members and students in 150 countries. ICAEW was established by Royal Charter in 1880.
TEK search engine
TEK is an email-based search engine developed by the TEK project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The search engine enables users to search the Web using only email. It is intended to be used by people with low internet connectivity (for example, high-priced internet connection and low bandwidth connection in developing countries).

TEK stands for "Time Equals Knowledge"; the search engine compensates the searching availability to the time needed for searching. To perform a web search, a user sends a query via email to a server (which is located at MIT). The server then performs the search using existing search engines, downloads actual pages, and emails a subset of those pages back to the user.

Bandwidth (computing)
In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.

This definition of bandwidth contrasts with usage in signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which bandwidth is used to refer to the signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power. The actual bit rate that can be achieved depends not only on the signal bandwidth but also on the noise on the channel.
The Autograph Man
The Autograph Man, published in 2002, is the second novel by Zadie Smith.  It follows the progress of a Jewish-Italian-Chinese Londoner named Alex-Li Tandem, who buys and sells autographs for a living and is obsessed with celebrities. Eventually, his obsession culminates in a meeting with the elusive American-Russian actress Kitty Alexander, a star from Hollywood's Golden Age.  In 2003, the novel won the Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Prize. The novel was a commercial success, but was not as well received by readers and critics as her previous and first novel, White Teeth (2000). Smith has stated that before she started work on The Autograph Man she had writer's block.

Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Prize
The Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Prize is an annual British literary prize inaugurated in 1977. It is named after the host Jewish Quarterly and the prize's founder Harold Hyam Wingate. The award recognises Jewish and non-Jewish writers resident in the UK, British Commonwealth, Europe and Israel who "stimulate an interest in themes of Jewish concern while appealing to the general reader". As of 2011 the winner receives £4,000.

The Jewish Chronicle called it "British Jewry's top literary award", and Ynet said it is a "prestigious literature prize".
Bromborough Pool
Bromborough Pool, also known as Bromborough Pool Village and Price's Village, is a village within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England, to the north of Bromborough. It is situated on the Wirral Peninsula, to the south of Bebington and to the north of Eastham.

Before local government reorganisation on 1 April 1974, it was part of the urban district of Bebington, within the county of Cheshire.

Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
The Metropolitan Borough of Wirral is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, in North West England. It has a population of 328,873 (2024), and encompasses 62 square miles (161 km2) of the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula. Major settlements include Birkenhead, Wallasey, Bebington, Heswall, Hoylake and West Kirby. It is one of the six boroughs of the Liverpool City Region, a combined authority area with a population of more than 1.5 million.

Wirral is England's westernmost metropolitan borough, faced by the City of Liverpool to the northeast over the River Mersey.
Eleni Myrivili
Eleni Myrivili (Greek: Ελένη Μυριβήλη) is the United Nations Human Settlements Programme's Chief Heat Officer (CHO), the City of Athens Chief Resilience Officer, a member of the European Union Mission Board for Adaptation to Climate Change Mission, a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Adrienne Arsht – Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council, a tenured assistant professor at the Department of Cultural Technology & Communications at the University of the Aegean, and a former Loeb Fellow at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

Myrivili received her Ph.D. from Columbia University's Department of Anthropology in 2004.

United Nations Human Settlements Programme
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) is the United Nations programme for human settlements and sustainable urban development. It was established in 1977 as an outcome of the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I) held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976.  UN-Habitat maintains its headquarters at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya. It is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The mandate of UN-Habitat derives from the Habitat Agenda, adopted by the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1996. The twin goals of the Habitat Agenda are adequate shelter for all and the development of sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world.
Bakero
Bakero is a Spanish surname.  Notable people with the surname include:

Itziar Bakero (born 1969), Spanish former footballer

Jon Bakero (born 1996), Spanish footballer

Jon Bakero (born 1971), Spanish retired footballer

José Mari Bakero (born 1963), Spanish retired footballer

Santiago Bakero (born 1958), Spanish retired footballer

Itziar Bakero
Itziar Bakero Escudero (born 24 July 1969) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a midfielder for Añorga KKE in the former División de Honor, with which she won three championships and three national cups.
 She was a member of the Spain women's national team through the late 1980s and the first half of the 1990s.

Her brother José María was also an international footballer.
Canton of Villersexel
The canton of Villersexel is an administrative division of the Haute-Saône department, northeastern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Villersexel.

It consists of the following communes:

Haute-Saône
Haute-Saône (French: [ot soːn] ⓘ; Frainc-Comtou: Hâte-Saône; English: Upper Saône) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of northeastern France. Named after the river Saône, it had a population of 235,313 in 2019. Its prefecture is Vesoul; its sole subprefecture is Lure.
Mačkovac
Mačkovac can refer to several places in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia:

Serbia

Mačkovac (Kruševac), village in the Kruševac municipality

Mačkovac, Kuršumlija, village in the Kuršumlija municipality

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Mačkovac (Gradiška), village in the Gradiška municipality

Mačkovac, Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, village in the Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje municipality

Mačkovac, Lopare, village in the Lopare municipality

Croatia

Mačkovac, Brod-Posavina County, village in the Vrbje municipality

Mačkovac, Virovitica-Podravina County, village in the Voćin municipality

Voćin
Voćin is a village and municipality in western Slavonia, Croatia, located southwest of Slatina and east of Daruvar. The population of the municipality is 1,911, with 956 people living in Voćin itself (census 2021).
Baritú National Park
The Baritú National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Baritú) is a national park in Argentina, located in Santa Victoria Department, in the north of Salta Province, in the Argentine Northwest. The park borders Bolivia (Tarija Department), and its only road access is through that country. It has an area of 720 square kilometres (72,000 ha) and it is the only tropical park in Argentina.

The park was created in 1974. It is bordered by mountains. The protected area belongs to the Southern Andean Yungas ecoregion, which is located in the Sub-Andean mountain range, with heights averaging 1,500–2,500 m (4,900–8,200 ft). The climate is wet and hot, with summer rainfall that goes from 900–1,300 mm (35–51 in).

The fauna of the park includes several endangered species, such as the jaguar and the onza.

The cedro salteño trees (Salta cedrelas) reach large sizes in this region. Their wood is considered extremely valuable.

Cedrela
Cedrela is a genus of several species in the mahogany family, Meliaceae. They are evergreen or dry-season deciduous trees with pinnate leaves, native to the tropical and subtropical New World, from southern Mexico south to northern Argentina.

On 28 October 2022, all Neo-tropic Cedrela species were added to the list of species requiring international protections, in CITES Appendix II.
1962–63 Scottish Cup
The 1962–63 Scottish Cup was the 78th staging of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by Rangers who defeated Celtic in the replayed final. The first round tie between Airdrie and Stranraer is notable for having been rearranged no fewer than 33 times due to inclement weather during the winter of 1962–63 in the United Kingdom.

Pathé News
Pathé News was a British-French producer of newsreels and documentaries from 1910 to 1970 in the United Kingdom. Its founder, Charles Pathé, was a pioneer of moving pictures in the silent era. The Pathé News archive is known today as "British Pathé". Its collection of news film and movies is fully digitised and available online.

Pathé News was a subsidiary of the French Pathé group, which today remains one of Europe’s leading film industry players.
Canton of Baccarat
The canton of Baccarat is an administrative division of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, northeastern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Baccarat.

It consists of the following communes:

Baccarat, Meurthe-et-Moselle
Baccarat (IPA: [bakaʁa]; German: Burgambach) is a town and commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

The commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.
Ana (2020 film)
Ana (released in some territories as The Guardian) is a 2020 American comedy-drama film directed by Charles McDougall and written by Cris Cole, from a story by McDougall, Cole, Luillo Ruiz and Jorge González. The film is set in Puerto Rico in the aftermath of the devastating 2017 Hurricane Maria, and stars Andy García as struggling used car salesman Rafael "Rafa" Rodriguez and Dafne Keen as Ana, an 11-year-old girl placed in Rafa's care as the two embark on a road trip across Puerto Rico. The film also features Jeanne Tripplehorn, Lauren Vélez and Ramón Franco in supporting roles. It received generally positive reviews, praising the performances and setting while criticizing the story.

The film was released on video on demand by Gravitas Ventures on January 3, 2020.

Gravitas Ventures
Gravitas Ventures is an American film distribution company owned by Shout! Studios. The company was founded by Nolan Gallagher in Los Angeles in 2006, and moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to Cleveland in 2019. It focuses on the distribution of independent feature films and documentaries.

Home media releases of its films are handled as a distribution partner by Studio Distribution Services, a joint-venture between Universal Pictures and Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.
Formigliana
Formigliana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Vercelli. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 548 and an area of 17.1 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi).

Formigliana borders the following municipalities: Balocco, Carisio, Casanova Elvo, Santhià, and Villarboit.

Santhià
Santhià (Italian pronunciation: [sanˈtja]; Piedmontese: Santià [saŋˈtjɑ] or Santcià [saŋˈtʃɑ]) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Vercelli.

Santhià is home to a historic carnival named the Carnevale Storico di Santhià, held since the 14th century.
Mitterteich
Mitterteich (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪtɐˌtaɪç] ⓘ; Northern Bavarian: Miederdeich) is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 10 km northwest of Tirschenreuth, and 17 km southwest of Cheb.

Cheb
Cheb (Czech pronunciation: [xɛp] ⓘ; German: Eger) is a town in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 33,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Ohře River.

Before the expulsion of Germans in 1945, the town was the centre of the German-speaking region known as Egerland. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Slap-Happy Pappy
Slap-Happy Pappy is a Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical cartoon featuring Porky Pig. It was directed by Bob Clampett, written by Warren Foster, and scored by Carl W. Stalling. The short was released on April 13, 1940.

Warren Foster
Warren Foster (October 24, 1904 – December 13, 1971) was an American writer and animator. He was best known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons, contributing prominently (mostly stories) towards the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series; he garnered acclaim not by his animation, but by his stories that proved to be influential in animation. He worked for Hanna-Barbera at a similar role until his retirement.
Plaque-forming unit
A plaque-forming unit (PFU) is a measure used in virology to describe the number of virus particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume.  It is a proxy measurement rather than a measurement of the absolute quantity of particles: viral particles that are defective or which fail to infect their target cell will not produce a plaque and thus will not be counted.

For example, a solution of tick-borne encephalitis virus with a concentration of 1,000 PFU/μL indicates that 1 μL of the solution contains enough virus particles to produce 1000 infectious plaques in a layer of cells. However, the number of virus particles might be greater than the number of PFU if some virus particles fail to form plaques because they are defective or otherwise failed to infect cells. The concept of plaque-forming units of virus is equivalent to the concept of colony-forming units of bacteria.

Proxy (statistics)
In statistics, a proxy or proxy variable is a variable that is not in itself directly relevant, but that serves in place of an unobservable or immeasurable variable. In order for a variable to be a good proxy, it must have a close correlation, not necessarily linear, with the variable of interest. This correlation might be either positive or negative.

Proxy variable must relate to an unobserved variable, must correlate with disturbance, and must not correlate with regressors once the disturbance is controlled for.
Punctelia appalachensis
Punctelia appalachensis, commonly known as the Appalachian speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in the eastern United States and eastern Canada. The lichen was first formally described in 1962 by lichenologist William Culberson as a species of Parmelia. He collected the type specimen growing on tree bark in West Virginia, Hildur Krog transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus Punctelia in 1982.

The thallus of Punctelia appalachensis is shiny and greenish-gray (drier individuals are bluish-grey); the surface is covered with maculae (spots or blotches) and pseudocyphellae. The underside of the thallus is black, at least in the center, with pale brown edges. Its dark underside allows it to be readily distinguished from other morphologically similar species in its range, such as Punctelia rudecta or P. caseana. The lichen usually grows on the bark of trees, but is sometimes found growing on rock.

Hildur Krog
Hildur Krog (22 March 1922 – 25 August 2014) was a Norwegian lichenologist and university professor who made contributions to the field of lichenology, particularly in the areas of lichen taxonomy, chemotaxonomy, and floristics.
Pecan anthracnose
Pecan anthracnose is a fungal disease of pecan trees caused by the ascomycete Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. It is a widespread disease found wherever pecan trees are grown. Pecan anthracnose has been reported as far back in time as 1914 (Rand 1914), and as far away as Argentina (Mantz, Minhot et al. 2010). Glomerella cingulata has two anamorphs which cause disease on pecan trees, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum (Latham 1995). The occurrence of Colletotrichum on pecans has contributed to a significant decline in pecan production in various years. An increase in the incidence of pecan anthracnose is highly correlated with heavy rainfall, especially heavy rainfall occurring in early spring. The severity of symptoms increases as the season progresses, often culminating in leaf drop in the late autumn. This defoliation is linked to lower yield and poorer quality of nuts (Brenneman 2010).

Pecan
The pecan (/pɪˈkæn/ pih-KAN, also US: /pɪˈkɑːn, ˈpiːkæn/ pih-KAHN, PEE-kan, UK: /ˈpiːkən/ PEE-kən; Carya illinoinensis) is a species of hickory native to the Southern United States and northern Mexico in the region of the Mississippi River.

Originally native to the south-central U.S., the tree is cultivated for its seed primarily in the U.S. states of Georgia, New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana and in Mexico. The seed is an edible nut used as a snack and in various recipes, such as praline candy and pecan pie. The pecan is the state nut of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Texas, and Louisiana, and is also the state tree of Texas.