hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
43rd Independent Gurkha Infantry Brigade
The 43rd Independent Gurkha Infantry Brigade, also called the 43rd Indian Infantry Brigade or the 43rd Gurkha Lorried Infantry Brigade, was an infantry brigade of the Indian Army during World War II. It was created in 1943, by the renaming of the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade (a part of the 1st Indian Armoured Division) and instead of Indian cavalry regiments, it consisted of three Regular Army Gurkha infantry battalions. It was sent to join the 4th, 8th and the 10th Indian Infantry Divisions, and fought in the Italian Campaign.

From 25 September 1944, during the fighting on the Gothic Line, under the command of Brigadier Alan Barker, the brigade was temporarily assigned to the British 56th Infantry Division, replacing the British 168th Infantry Brigade which was being disbanded. The brigade left the division on 7 October 1944.

In the partition of 1947 it was a part of the Punjab Boundary Force.

8th Infantry Division (India)
The 8th Mountain Division is a division of the present-day Indian Army that specialises in mountain warfare.

It was initially raised as the 8th Indian Infantry Division, an infantry division, in Meerut on 25 October 1940 under Major-General Charles Harvey, a British Indian Army officer, as part of the Indian Army during World War II. It served in the Middle East in the garrisoning of Iraq and then the invasion of Persia to secure the oil fields of the area for the Allies. A brigade was detached to the Western Desert to reinforce the British Eighth Army as it withdrew before the Axis forces. Following training in the Near East, the division entered the Italian Campaign landing at Taranto on mainland Italy.

The division was disbanded at the end of World War II in 1946, but re-formed again in 1963 as a specialist mountain division of the Indian Army.
2009 Guzzini Challenger – Singles
The 2009 Guzzini Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on Hard courts. This was the sixth edition of the tournament which is part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Recanati, Italy between 20 July and 26 July 2009. In the singles competition, Horacio Zeballos chose to not defend his 2008 title. Stéphane Bohli defeated Andrey Golubev in the final 6–4, 7–6(4).

Andrey Golubev
Andrey Golubev (Russian: Андре́й Алекса́ндрович Го́лубев; born July 22, 1987) is a Kazakhstani professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 33, achieved on 4 October 2010, and his doubles ranking is world No. 21, achieved on 16 May 2022. Golubev won the 2010 International German Open, an ATP 500 event, to claim Kazakhstan's first-ever ATP Tour title in the Open Era. In 2021, he reached the French Open men's doubles final with Alexander Bublik, becoming the first Kazakhstani male players to contest a major final.
July 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 19 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 21

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on August 2 by Old Calendar.

For July 20th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 7.

Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days.

There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha (Easter), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle.
Giovanna d'Arco
Giovanna d'Arco (Joan of Arc) is an operatic dramma lirico with a prologue and three acts by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, who had prepared the libretti for Nabucco and I Lombardi. It is Verdi's seventh opera.

The work partly reflects the story of Joan of Arc and appears to be loosely based on the 1801 play Die Jungfrau von Orleans by Friedrich von Schiller. Verdi wrote the music during the autumn and winter of 1844/45 and the opera had its first performance at Teatro alla Scala in Milan on 15 February 1845.

This opera is not to be confused with Rossini's cantata of the same name, which was composed in 1832 for contralto and piano, and runs approximately 15 minutes.

Roger Parker
Roger Parker (born London United Kingdom, 2 August 1951) is an English musicologist who was previously Thurston Dart Professor of Music at King's College London.
His work has centred on opera. Between 2006 and 2010, while Professor of Music at Gresham College, London, Parker presented four series of free public lectures, one example being "Verdi and Milan" in 2007 which is available on video.

In addition to teaching, Parker has been active as joint editor in the preparation of critical editions of the work of 19th-century Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti for the Milan publishing house Ricordi.  He also acts as Repertory Consultant to the UK's specialised recording company, Opera Rara, which has commissioned performances and recordings of rare Donizetti operas such as Belisario in 2012 and Les Martyrs in 2014. Additionally, Parker has presented talks on UK radio on aspects of opera, including his talk  "Verdi 200: Viva Verdi" on BBC Radio 3 on 6 January and 13 October 2013.
Sertum laetitiae
Sertum laetitiae (November 1, 1939) is an encyclical from Pope Pius XII to the Catholic Church of the United States of America in memory of the 150th anniversary of the installation of the first American bishop.

Encyclical
An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from the Late Latin encyclios (originally from the Latin encyclius, a Latinization of Greek ἐγκύκλιος (enkyklios), meaning "circular", "in a circle", or "all-round", also part of the origin of the word encyclopedia).

The term is now primarily associated with papal encyclicals from the Catholic Church for letters outlining the church's perspective on a topic, but is also used among Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
David Guy
David Wade Guy (1897-1960) was an American military aviator. Guy flew biplanes for both France's Aeronautique Militaire and the U.S. Army Air Service during World War I. He served in the Lafayette Flying Corps, a group of 180 American pilots who flew for France.

Lafayette Flying Corps
The Lafayette Flying Corps is a name given to the American volunteer pilots who flew in the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) during World War I.  It includes the pilots who flew with the bona fide Lafayette Escadrille squadron.
The Anti-Politics Machine
The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho is a book by James Ferguson, originally published in 1990 by Cambridge University Press. The 1994 edition is available from the University of Minnesota Press. This book is a critique of the concept of "development" in general, viewed through the lens of failed attempts, specifically the Thaba-Tseka Development Project in Lesotho from 1975 to 1984. He writes about the countless "development agencies" that have their hand in the so-called "Third World" but points out the consistent failure of these agencies to bring about any sort of economic stability. This is what Ferguson calls the "development discourse fantasy", which arises from backward logic.

Economic stability
Economic stability is the absence of excessive fluctuations in the macroeconomy. An economy with fairly constant output growth and low and stable inflation would be considered economically stable. An economy with frequent large recessions, a pronounced business cycle, very high or variable inflation, or frequent financial crises would be considered economically unstable.
David James Dunstan
David James Dunstan is a British physicist and an academic. He is the Professor of Experimental Physics at the School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London.

Dunstan's research spans theoretical and experimental solid-state physics, including the design of experiments for optical spectroscopy and micromechanics.

Dunstan was named a fellow by the Institute of Physics in 1993.

Experimental physics
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as experiments by Galileo Galilei, to more complicated ones, such as the Large Hadron Collider.
Malanjkhand
22°00′05″N 80°42′33″E﻿ / ﻿22.00139°N 80.70917°E﻿ / 22.00139; 80.70917

Malanjkhand also referred to as MCP (acronym for Malanjkhand Copper Project) is an open-pit copper mine  in India, located near the town of Balaghat to Malajkhand , Madhya Pradesh State. It is located nearby to the Kanha National Park. It is the largest base metal mine in India. The Closepet series of the Dharwarian formation is prominent there. It is the main source of copper to Malanjkhand Copper plant functioning there. Besides copper, quartzite, copper pyrite and manganiferous rocks are other important mineral sources found in Malanjkhand. The place is home of about 10,000 people. MCP although a small place has social communities from all parts of India: Maharashtra, Bengal, Kerala, Andhra, Bihar, and others. They have groups which are more popularly referred to as Samaj.

Base metal
A base metal is a common and inexpensive metal, as opposed to a precious metal such as gold or silver.  In numismatics, coins often derived their value  from the precious metal content; however, base metals have also been used in coins in the past and today.
Variable-frequency oscillator
A variable frequency oscillator (VFO) in electronics is an oscillator whose frequency can be tuned (i.e., varied) over some range. It is a necessary component in any tunable radio transmitter and in receivers that work by the superheterodyne principle. The oscillator controls the frequency to which the apparatus is tuned.

Phase noise
In signal processing, phase noise is the frequency-domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, corresponding to time-domain deviations from perfect periodicity (jitter).  Generally speaking, radio-frequency engineers speak of the phase noise of an oscillator, whereas digital-system engineers work with the jitter of a clock.
Styphelia nitens
Styphelia nitens is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub that was first formally described in 1904 by Ernst Georg Pritzel in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie from specimens collected in Darlington (now a suburb of Perth). In 1964, Hermann Otto Sleumer transferred the species to Styphelia, but since the name S. nutans referred to a different species (now known as Trochocarpa nutans ) the new species was given the name S. nitens. The original specific epithet (nutans) means "nodding".

Styphelia nitens is found in the Avon Wheatbelt and Jarrah Forest bioregions of south-western Western Australia and is listed as "not threatened", by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.

Ernst Georg Pritzel
Ernst Georg Pritzel (15 May 1875 – 6 April 1946) was a German botanist.

He is known for his research in the fields of phytogeography and taxonomy. He contributed works on Lycopodiaceae, Psilotaceae and Pittosporaceae to Engler & Prantl’s "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien".

In 1900–02, with Ludwig Diels, he collected plants in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. They published the results of their expedition (a collection of 5700 species) in the Botanische Jahrbücher in 1904–05. Their findings included 235 new species. Pritzel issued and distributed the exsiccata-like specimen series Plantae Australiae occidentalis 1901–1902 editae.

The fungi genus Pritzeliella was named after him by Paul Christoph Hennings in 1903 and Melaleuca pritzelii (originally Melaleuca densa var. pritzelii) by Karel Domin in 1923.
Alberta Highway 564
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 564 commonly referred to as Highway 564, is a highway in the province of Alberta, Canada. It runs mostly west–east from the east Calgary boundary (formerly at 84 Street NE, Range Road 290), through no town or village, through Wintering Hills, then north to Highway 569 south of the Red Deer River and Drumheller. It is known as Country Hills Boulevard in Calgary.

Red Deer River
The Red Deer River is a river in Alberta and a small portion of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a major tributary of the South Saskatchewan River and is part of the larger Saskatchewan / Nelson system that empties into Hudson Bay.

The river has a total length of 724 km (450 mi) and a drainage area of 45,100 km2 (17,400 sq mi). Its mean discharge is 70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s).

The river is named for the translation of a native term for the river, wâwâskêsiw sîpiy, which means "elk river" in the Cree language. "Red deer" was an alternative name for elk, referring to a closely related Eurasian species.

Communities located along the Red Deer River include Sundre, Red Deer, Drumheller, and Empress, The city of Brooks, as well as Dinosaur Provincial Park, are also located in the Red Deer River Basin. A glacial flood about 18,000 years ago eroded out a portion of this basin and apparently all or most of the scenic badlands bearing the dinosaur and other Cretaceous fossils.
Empire of the Ants (film)
Empire of the Ants is a 1977 science fiction horror film co-written and directed by Bert I. Gordon. Based very loosely on the 1905 short story "Empire of the Ants" by H. G. Wells, the film involves a group of prospective land buyers led by a land developer, pitted against large mutated ants.

It is the third and last film released in A.I.P.'s H.G. Wells film cycle, which include The Food of the Gods (1976) and The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977).

Robert Pine
Robert Pine (born Granville Whitelaw Pine; July 10, 1941) is an American actor. He is best known as Sgt. Joseph Getraer on the television series CHiPs (1977–1983). Including CHiPs, Pine has appeared in over 400 episodes of various television shows.
Electricity Authority (New Zealand)
The Electricity Authority (Māori: Te Mana Hiko) is an independent Crown entity responsible for the regulation of the New Zealand electricity market. The Authority was established in November 2010, following a government review of the electricity industry, and replaced the Electricity Commission. The Authority has a narrower focus on industry competition, reliability and efficiency than the Electricity Commission had.

Crown entity
A Crown entity (from the Commonwealth term Crown) is an organisation that forms part of New Zealand's state sector established under the Crown Entities Act 2004, a unique umbrella governance and accountability statute. The Crown Entities Act is based on the corporate model where the governance of the organisation is split from the management of the organisation.
Community correspondent
A community correspondent, also known as a rural correspondent or country correspondent, is someone who produces a regular column on community events, places and people for publication in their local—typically weekly—newspaper. The writer is generally not a regular member of the newspaper staff but is a stringer who receives little or no pay for their submissions, outside of a free subscription to the periodical.

Column (periodical)
A column is a recurring article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication, in which a writer expresses their own opinion in a section allotted to them on a regular basis by the publication. The author of a column is a columnist.
Small nucleolar RNA Z13/snr52
In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snR52 (homologous to Z13) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z13 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.

snoRNA snR52 was initially discovered using a computational screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome; subsequent work identified Z13 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Further experiments have shown that snR52 is transcribed by RNA polymerase III.

Methylation
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom.  These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and biology.

In biological systems, methylation is catalyzed by enzymes; such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA processing. In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also a way to reduce some histological staining artifacts. The reverse of methylation is demethylation.
Zadoff–Chu sequence
A Zadoff–Chu (ZC) sequence : 152  is a complex-valued mathematical sequence which, when applied to a signal, gives rise to a new signal of constant amplitude. When cyclically shifted versions of a Zadoff–Chu sequence are imposed upon a signal the resulting set of signals detected at the receiver are uncorrelated with one another.

Amplitude
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the variable's extreme values. In older texts, the phase of a periodic function is sometimes called the amplitude.
Califon, New Jersey
Califon is a borough in Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 1,005, a decrease of 71 (−6.6%) from the 2010 census count of 1,076, which in turn reflected an increase of 21 (+2.0%) from the 1,055 counted in the 2000 census.

The borough's name is said to have been inspired by the California gold rush of 1849. The name was shortened to Califon, supposedly because the longer name could not be fit on signs at the train station.

Merv Griffin
Mervyn Edward Griffin Jr. (July 6, 1925 – August 12, 2007) was an American television show host and media mogul. He began his career as a radio and big band singer, later appearing in film and on Broadway. From 1962 to 1986, Griffin hosted his own talk show, The Merv Griffin Show. Griffin also created several game shows, including Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, through his production companies, Merv Griffin Enterprises and Merv Griffin Entertainment.
2009 European Parliament election in Belgium
An election of the delegation from Belgium to the European Parliament was held on Sunday, 7 June 2009. The elections were on the same day as regional elections to the Flemish Parliament, Walloon Parliament, Brussels Parliament and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community.

As a result of the Treaty of Nice – that became active in November 2004 – the number of Belgian delegates in the European Parliament decreased from 24 (in 2004) to 22 delegates: 13 delegates were elected by the Dutch-speaking Electoral College, 8 delegates by the Francophone Electoral College and 1 by the German-speaking Electoral College.

French Community of Belgium
In Belgium, the French Community (French: Communauté française (de Belgique), pronounced [kɔmynote fʁɑ̃sɛːz də bɛlʒik], CFB) refers to one of the three constituent constitutional linguistic communities. Since 2011, the French minority has used the name Wallonia-Brussels Federation (French: Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, pronounced [fedeʁɑsjɔ̃ walɔni bʁysɛl], FWB), which is controversial because its name in the Belgian Constitution has not changed and because it is seen as a political statement. The name "French Community" refers to the French language and not to France. As such, the French minority of Belgium is sometimes rendered in English as "the French-speaking Community of Belgium" for clarity, in analogy to the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

The Community has its own parliament, government, and administration. It and its predecessor entity have used the flag of Wallonia since 1975.
Juha Janhunen
Juha Antero Janhunen (born 12 February 1952) is a Finnish linguist whose wide interests include Uralic and Mongolic languages. Since 1994, he has been Professor in East Asian studies at the University of Helsinki. He has done fieldwork on Samoyedic languages and on Khamnigan Mongol. More recently, he has collaborated with Chinese scholar Wu Yingzhe to produce a critical edition of two newly discovered Liao Dynasty epitaphs written in the Khitan small script. Janhunen has also worked along with Ekaterina Gruzdeva on revitalizing the Nivkh language.

He is a critic of the Altaic hypothesis.

Samoyedic languages
The Samoyedic (/ˌsæməˈjɛdɪk, -mɔɪ-/) or Samoyed languages (/ˈsæməˌjɛd, -mɔɪ-/) are spoken around the Ural Mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by approximately 25,000 people altogether, accordingly called the Samoyedic peoples. They derive from a common ancestral language called Proto-Samoyedic, and form a branch of the Uralic languages. Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC, they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an outgroup, branching off first from the other Uralic languages.
1st federal electoral district of Coahuila
The 1st federal electoral district of Coahuila (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 01 de Coahuila) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of eight such districts in the state of Coahuila.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first past the post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the second region.

The current member for the district, re-elected in the 2024 general election, is Brígido Ramiro Moreno Hernández of the Labour Party (PT).

Villa Unión Municipality
Villa Unión is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Villa Unión. The municipality covers an area of 1540.3 km2.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 6,138.

On November 29, 2019, four police officers and seven armed civilians, members of the Cartel del Noreste, were killed in a shootout during an attack on the Villa Unión Municipal palace. Six other police officers were injured.