hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Courtenay (1451–1512)
Sir William Courtenay (1451–1512) of Powderham in Devon, was a Lancastrian loyal to Henry Tudor, the future King Henry VII.

Courtenay was the eldest son and heir of Sir William Courtenay (1428–1485) of Powderham and Margaret, daughter of William Bonville, Baron Chewton Mendip.

In about 1476 he married Cecily Cheney, daughter of Sir John Cheney of Pinhoe, by whom he had children including four sons:

Sir William Courtenay (1477–1535), eldest son and heir.

Sir James Courtenay (1479–1529) of Upcott, Devon.

Piers Courtenay (1481 – 2 Oct 1508)

Edward Courtenay

He also had seven daughters: Elizabeth (born 1483), Anne (born 1485), Joan, Cecily, Eleanor (born 1493), Margaret, and one other.

Daughter Margaret married Sir Thomas Danvers, son of Sir John Danvers by his wife, Anne Stradling*

Courtenay died in November 1512.

Powderham Castle
Powderham Castle is a fortified manor house in Exminster, Devon, 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Exeter and 1⁄4 mile (0.4 km) north-east of the village of Kenton, where the main public entrance gates are located. It is a Grade I listed building. The park and gardens are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

It is on flat ground on the west bank of the River Exe estuary where it is joined by its tributary the River Kenn. On the opposite side of the Exe is the small village of Lympstone. Starting with a structure built sometime after 1390, the present castle was expanded and altered extensively in the 18th and 19th centuries. The castle is the seat of the Courtenay family, Earls of Devon.
Zbigniew Brym
Zbigniew Brym, nom-de-guerre "Zdunin", (born 1919; died 1 December 2006) was a Polish colonel, soldier of the Home Army, participant in the Warsaw Uprising, photographer and publicist.

He graduated from the Officer Cadet School for Sappers in Modlin. Brym took part in the Polish September Campaign as part of the Independent Operational Group Polesie under General Franciszek Kleeberg. After the Polish defeat he was the commander of one of the sapper companies of the Secret Polish Army and later of Union of Armed Struggle.

During the Warsaw Uprising he led the 3rd company of the Chrobry II Battalion. He was a noted photographer during the uprising, leaving an extensive photographic record. After the uprising he was sent to the Oflag at Gross Born.

He was a member of the Honorary Committee during the construction of the Museum of the Warsaw Uprising.

His brother, Mieczysław Brym (Tolimierz) also took part in the uprising and was killed.

Modlin, Nowy Dwór County
52°26′N 20°41′E﻿ / ﻿52.433°N 20.683°E﻿ / 52.433; 20.683

Modlin was a village near Warsaw in Poland near the banks of rivers Narew and Vistula. In 1961 it was incorporated into the town of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki.

There is a former Modlin Fortress holding a junction of the two rivers, built in the 19th century, and last used during World War II. Currently, there is Modlin Airport in a part of the fortress.
All-or-none law
In physiology, the all-or-none law (sometimes the all-or-none principle or all-or-nothing law) is the principle that if a single nerve fibre is stimulated, it will always give a maximal response and produce an electrical impulse of a single amplitude. If the intensity or duration of the stimulus is increased, the height of the impulse will remain the same. The nerve fibre either gives a maximal response or none at all.

It was first established by the American physiologist Henry Pickering Bowditch in 1871 for the contraction of heart muscle.

An induction shock produces a contraction or fails to do so according to its strength; if it does so at all, it produces the greatest contraction that can be produced by any strength of stimulus in the condition of the muscle at the time.

This principle was later found to be present in skeletal muscle by Keith Lucas in 1909. The individual fibres of nerves also respond to stimulation according to the all-or-none principle.

Henry Pickering Bowditch
Henry Pickering Bowditch (April 4, 1840 – March 13, 1911) was an American soldier, physician, physiologist, and dean of the Harvard Medical School.
Following his teacher Carl Ludwig, he promoted the training of medical practitioners in a context of physiological research. His teaching career at Harvard spanned 35 years. He is known for Bowditch effect.
Hemaris dentata
Hemaris dentata, the Anatolian bee hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Otto Staudinger in 1887. It is known from southern Turkey as far west as the Taurus Mountains.

The wingspan is 36–45 mm. It is a diurnal species. Adults are on wing from mid to late July in one generation per year.

The larvae probably feed on Lonicera species.

Taurus Mountains
The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları or Toroslar; Kurdish: Çiyayên Torosê) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the east. It is a part of the Alpide belt in Eurasia.
1637 Group
The 1637 Group of warships for the Navy Royal of King Charles I consisted of two 300 ton 'pinnaces' (early frigates) intended to carry fourteen pieces of ordnance and sixteen banks of oars, which were ordered on 12 December 1636. These vessels as built would carry thirty pieces of ordnance with ten pairs of ports on the gundeck, with two pairs of lighter guns forward and four pairs aft on the upper deck. The waist would be unprotected until two more pairs of gun ports were added later. Their measurements would compare favourably to the 'frigate' type vessels built a decade later. Their proportions (their keel length to beam ratio of 3.46 : 1) anticipated by nearly a decade the true frigates like the Constant Warwick. Their initial deployment was to the coast of Morocco, where both ships participated in an attack against the Barbary corsairs of Salé.

English ship Constant Warwick
Constant Warwick was originally a 32-gun privateer, built in 1645 as a private venture between the Earl of Warwick and Sir William Batten and intended to operate as a privateer. Hired for service in the Parliamentarian navy during the First English Civil War, her captain William Batten defected to the Royalists during the 1648 Second English Civil War. After her crew mutinied in November 1648, she returned to England and was purchased by Parliament for the Commonwealth Navy on 20 January 1649.

Described as an "incomparable sailer", she was noted for her sharpness and fine lines, and was considered by some as the first true frigate of the Royal Navy (although the Expedition and Providence of 1637, which predated her by eight years and originally described as "pinnaces", were certainly categorised as frigates by the time of the English Civil War). Mainly used for patrolling, she was captured by the French in 1691.

Constant Warwick was the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear that name.
RMS Ophir
RMS Ophir was an Orient Steam Navigation Company (Orient Line) steam ocean liner that was built in 1891 and scrapped in 1922. Her regular route was between London and Sydney via the Suez Canal, Colombo and Melbourne.

In 1901 she was the royal yacht HMS Ophir, taking the then Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York on a tour of the British Empire. From 1915 to 1919 she again served in the Royal Navy, this time as an armed merchant cruiser. After the First World War she was laid up, and in 1922 she was scrapped.

Orient Steam Navigation Company
The Orient Steam Navigation Company, also known as the Orient Line, was a British shipping company with roots going back to the late 18th century. From the early 20th century onwards, an association began with P&O which became 51% shareholder in 1919 and culminated in the Orient Line being totally absorbed into that company in 1966.
Tone Schunnesson
Tone Live Schunnesson (born 17 January 1988) is a Swedish novelist and playwright.

Schunnesson studied writing at Biskops Arnös författarskola. In 2016, she debuted with the novel Tripprapporter. It was nominated to the Borås Tidnings debutantpris. The book was well received by critics.

She has also written the radio play Härlig är min avgrund which premiered on Sveriges Radio on 16 September 2016. Since March 2020, Schunnesson has been a culture columnist for Aftonbladet. Her 2020 novel Dagarna, dagarna, dagarna was translated to English by Saskia Vogel as Days and days and days and published by Heloise Press in the United Kingdom, in 2023. For Aftonbladet she also hosts the cultural podcast Café Bambino which has featured guests such as former Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson.

Sveriges Radio
Sveriges Radio AB (Swedish: [ˈsvæ̌rjɛs ˈrɑ̌ːdɪʊ]; lit. 'Sweden's Radio'; SR), also called Swedish Radio in English, is Sweden's national publicly funded radio broadcaster. Sveriges Radio is a public limited company, owned by an independent foundation, previously funded through a licensing fee, the level of which is decided by the Swedish Riksdag. As of 1 January 2019, the funds stem from standard taxation. No advertising is permitted. Its legal status could be described as that of a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization.
Mesmes language
The Mesmes language is an extinct West Gurage language, one of the Ethiopian Semitic languages spoken in Ethiopia. There are still many people who claim the Mesmes ethnic identity, but none who speak the language.  The last speaker of the language, named Abegaz, was interviewed by a language survey team when he was approximately 80 years old. He had not spoken the language for 30 years, having nobody to speak it with since his brother died.

The Mesmes have shifted to speaking the Hadiyya language. However, they still maintain some cultural distinctives, including their own style of  house architecture.

The comparative method has shown that the language is most closely related to the Inor variety of Gurage.

A study of the phonology of Mesmes has shown evidence of rhinoglottophilia.

Language shift
Language shift, also known as language transfer, language replacement or language assimilation, is the process whereby a speech community shifts to a different language, usually over an extended period of time. Often, languages that are perceived to be of higher-status stabilize or spread at the expense of other languages that are perceived—even by their own speakers—to have lower status. An example is the shift from Gaulish to Latin during the time of the Roman Empire.

Language assimilation may operate alongside other aspects of cultural assimilation when different cultures meet and merge.
Butv10
BUTV10 (stylized butv10) is Boston University’s student-operated media production and distribution network. Live-streamed and on-demand programming is available online at butv10.com and on campus television channel 10. The network's production facilities and administrative departments are based at the Boston University College of Communication (COM).

Established in 1984 as BUTV by then COM freshman Staffan Sandberg and rebranded BUTV10 in 2005, the organization produces an array of news, information, sports, drama, comedy, and variety programming. Content has received multiple Associated Press, NATAS, Telly, and Webby Award recognitions.

National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), also known as the National Television Academy until 2007, is an American professional service organization founded in 1955 for "the advancement of the arts and sciences of television and the promotion of creative leadership for artistic, educational and technical achievements within the television industry". Headquartered in New York City, NATAS membership is national and the organization has local chapters around the country. NATAS distributes several groups of Emmy Awards, including Daytime, Sports, News and Documentary, and Children's and Family Emmys. NATAS is a sister organization to the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, the other two bodies that present Emmy Awards to other sectors of television programming.
Progressive Democratic Party (Liberia)
The Progressive Democratic Party (PRODEM) is a political party in Liberia, formed in 2005. It fielded candidates in the 11 October 2005 elections.

The party's presidential candidate, Sekou Conneh, was chairman of the rebel group Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) during Liberia's second civil war. Conneh won 0.6% of the vote in the presidential poll. The party failed to win any seats in the Senate or House of Representatives.

House of Representatives of Liberia
The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the bicameral legislative branch of Liberia, and together with the Senate comprises the Legislature of Liberia. The number of seats is fixed by law at 73, with each county being apportioned a number of seats based on its percentage of the national population. House members represent single-member districts within the counties drawn up by the National Elections Commission and serve six-year terms. The House meets at the Capitol Building in Monrovia.

The primary purpose of the House is to pass bills in conjunction with the Senate so that they may be sent to the president for signature or veto. The House also holds the exclusive right to introduce revenue bills into the Legislature, as well as to impeach the president, the vice president and judges upon the concurrence of two-thirds of its members. The House is led by the Speaker of the House, elected at the beginning of each new legislature from among its members only.
Monilink
Monilink Limited (stylized MONILINK) was the banking service operating in the United Kingdom that gave customers access to their financial information directly from their mobile phones. Created in 2003 Monilink was a joint venture between Monitise and LINK. Promotional material promised consumers that, through the service: “The future of banking is in your hands”.

Latterly, Monilink offered customers the chance to check their bank balance in real-time, view a mini statement detailing the last six transactions and add credit to up to five pay as you go phones. Future services would include options to move money between accounts, pay bills, and purchase travel tickets.

The company became inactive around 2011 and was dissolved in 2015.

Tesco Mobile
Tesco Mobile Limited is a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. It is operated by British retailer Tesco, using the network O2 as its carrier except in Ireland, where the network operator is Three Ireland.
1916 Detroit Tigers football team
The 1916 Detroit Tigers football team  was an American football team that represented the University of Detroit in the 1916 college football season. In its second season under head coach Harry Costello, the team compiled a 3–2–2 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 98 to 38.

1916 college football season
The 1916 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Army and Pittsburgh as national champions. Both Army and Pittsburgh claim a national championship for the 1916 season. Georgetown led the nation in scoring with 464 points.
Texana Presbyterian Church
Texana Presbyterian Church is a historic church in Brackenridge Recreation Complex outside of Edna, Texas.

The church was originally built in 1859 in the former town of Texana. The church was relocated to Edna in 1884 where it was situated at the intersection of Apollo Drive and Country Club Lane. In 2001, the church was again moved to its present location along Brackenridge Parkway near Lake Texana and restored.

The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981.

Lake Texana
Lake Texana is a reservoir on the Navidad River, 8 miles (13 km) east of Edna, in Jackson County, Texas.  The reservoir is formed by the construction of Palmetto Bend Dam.  The dam and lake are managed by the Lavaca-Navidad River Authority, and supply water to surrounding communities and industries.  Lake Texana is the only reservoir managed by the Authority.
Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men
The Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men (Arabic: كتاب الكافر والحكماء الثلاثة, Catalan: Llibre del gentil e dels tres savis) is an apologetic by Ramon Llull. It was first written in Arabic, then in Catalan and Latin.

Apologetics
Apologetics (from Ancient Greek  ἀπολογία (apología) 'speech in defense') is the religious discipline of  defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists. In 21st-century usage, apologetics is often identified with debates over religion and theology.
Dracaena serrulata
Dracaena serrulata, also called the Arabian or Yemen dragon tree, is a distinctive tree reaching around 5m tall with a single trunk. It is found in the dry escarpment mountains of southwestern Arabia in Oman, South Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

Escarpment
An escarpment is a steep slope or long cliff that forms as a result of faulting or erosion and separates two relatively level areas having different elevations.

Similarity causes  the term scarp to be incorrectly used interchangeably with escarpment, which refers to the margin between two landforms as opposed to scarp, which refers to a cliff or a steep slope. In this usage, an escarpment is a ridge that has a gentle slope on one side and a steep scarp on the other side.

More loosely, the term scarp also describes a zone between a coastal lowland and a continental plateau that shows a marked, abrupt change in elevation caused by coastal erosion at the base of the plateau.
Masanobu Shinozuka
Masanobu Shinozuka (December 23, 1930 – November 5, 2018) was a Japanese applied mechanics expert in earthquake and structural engineering.  Shinozuka's research focuses on field theory and risk assessment methodology in civil engineering. His works have been applied numerously in earthquake engineering in buildings, bridges, lifeline and environmental systems.

Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics.: xi  QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. The current standard model of particle physics is based on QFT.

Despite its extraordinary predictive success, QFT faces ongoing challenges in fully incorporating gravity and in establishing a completely rigorous mathematical foundation.
Belumbury Dany
The Belumbury Dany is a city car a little over three metres, able to accommodate up to 4 people and is available with either an electrical or internal combustion engine. The Dany was developed in collaboration with the University of Camerino, with Woodpecker (manufacturer of racing cars niche) and Carcerano (Atelier design).

The Dany was introduced in 2011 at the Milan International Motorcycle Show. Due to its limited speed, it is categorised as a motorised quadricycle (L7e) and can be driven with a European A1 licence.

The Dany is made in Italy – Belumbury is based in Rome – and made specifically for each customer, with seat materials, body colors and stereo options all up for debate. It intends to attract affluent customers who are looking for something entirely customizable. Belumbury has sold around 100 Dany vehicles in the year since it went on sale.

Quadricycle (EU vehicle classification)
The quadricycle is a European Union vehicle category for four-wheeled microcars, which allows these vehicles to be designed to less stringent requirements when compared to regular cars. Quadricycles are defined by limitations in terms of weight, engine power and speed.

There are two categories of quadricycles: light quadricycles (L6e) and heavy quadricycles (L7e).
Veguli Penn
Veguli Penn (transl. An Innocent Girl) is a 1971 Indian Tamil-language mystery drama film directed and co-written by S. S. Devadoss. The film stars Gemini Ganesh and Devika, with R. Muthuraman, Nagesh, V. K. Ramasamy, V. Nirmala, Radhika, K. Balaji and S. Varalakshmi in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman who becomes pregnant, and the mystery surrounding the father of her child.

Veguli Penn is an adaptation of the play Vellikizhamai (transl. Friday) by Kalaignanam. The film was released on 2 July 1971, received critical acclaim and became a commercial success, with a 100-day run in theatres. It also won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 19th National Film Awards.

V. K. Ramasamy (actor)
Virudhunagar Kanthan Ramasamy (1 January 1926 – 24 December 2002)  better known as VKR was an Indian actor, comedian and film producer who was known for his versatility in various character roles, he played in Tamil films from 1947 to 2001.
Jeongwang station
Jeongwang station (Korean: 정왕역) is a station on Seoul Subway Line 4 and the Suin–Bundang Line located in the Jeongwang-dong area of Siheung, South Korea. Its secondary station name is Tech Univ. of Korea. The name of the station originated from the local name.

This station has a significantly higher ridership compared to neighboring Oido station. There are many restaurants and shops located close to the station including a large E-Mart.

Seoul Subway Line 4
Seoul Subway Line 4 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is a long line crossing from the southwest to the northeast across the Seoul Metropolitan Area. The central section in Seoul City is operated by Seoul Metro with some trains offering through service to Korail's Ansan and Gwacheon Lines. The southern terminus (Oido) is in Jeongwang 4-dong, Siheung City, and the northern terminus (Jinjeop) is in Jinjeop-eup, Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do; the newly built northern section (officially called the Jinjeop Line) is correspondingly owned by a company owned by Namyangju-si, with operations contracted to Seoul Metro. In 2022, the Seoul Metro operated section (excluding the Jinjeop Line) had an annual ridership of 219,587,000 or about 601,608 passengers per day.

Express train service stops at all stations between Danggogae and Sanbon, then at Sangnoksu, Jungang, Choji, Ansan, Jeongwang, and Oido. The express service only operates during rush hours on weekdays.
Muse clashes
Three months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'etat, the Muse clashes erupted between the Myanmar military and the Northern Alliance. According to the Democratic Voice of Burma, gunfire broke out in Muse on 23 May 2024. Fighting also took place in the Chinese border area of Mongko between the MNDAA and the Myanmar Army.

Muse, Myanmar
Muse (Burmese: မူဆယ်မြို့, MLCTS: mu hcai mrui.; Shan: မူႇၸေႊ; Chinese: 木姐) is the capital of Mu Se District and the principal town of Mu Se Township in northern Shan State, Myanmar (Burma). It is a border town situated on the Shweli River (Nam Mao), and is connected by a bridge to Ruili (Shweli, [ʃwèlì], in Burmese) in Yunnan Province, China. The town is a major regional trade hub with China, accounting for 70% of cross-border trade between the two nations.
Denis Campbell
Denis Campbell was a Scottish Anglican priest in Ireland.

A Scotsman,  he became Archdeacon of Limerick in 1583 and Dean of Limerick in 1588. In 1603, he was nominated to the Sees of Derry, Clogher, and Raphoe.

Bishop of Raphoe
The Bishop of Raphoe (/ræˈfoʊ/ ra-FOH) is an episcopal title which takes its name after the town of Raphoe in County Donegal, Ireland. In the Catholic Church it remains a separate title, but in the Church of Ireland it has been united with another bishopric.