hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gerard de Zeeuw
Gerard de Zeeuw (born 11 March 1936) is a Dutch scientist and Emeritus professor Mathematical modelling of complex social systems at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. He is known for his work on the theory and practice of action research,  particularly on the "Problems of increasing competence", "Second order organisational research" and "Three phases of science: A methodological exploration".

Action research
Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. Kurt Lewin, then a professor at MIT, first coined the term "action research" in 1944. In his 1946 paper "Action Research and Minority Problems" he described action research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action".
Bangowani
Bangowani is a village located in the Gurdaspur district, Punjab, India. Most of the inhabitants are of the Sandhu and Saran clans. Nearby villages include Dulanagal, Sahari, and Virk. The village is situated on the west bank of the Uppar Bari Canal. The population is around 1400. The most common industry is agriculture.

Sandhu
The Sandhu or Sindhu clan (Punjabi: ਸੰਧੂ (Gurmukhi); سندھو (Shahmukhi)) is the second-largest clan of Jats in the Punjab, spanning both India and Pakistan. The Sandhus have had a significant impact on Sikh history, founding several Sikh states, including the Nakai Misl, Shaheedan Misl, and Kanhaiya Misl.
Fatemeh Behboudi
Fatemeh Behboudi (Persian: فاطمه بهبودی; born 1985) is an Iranian photojournalist and documentary photographer. She was awarded a World Press Photo award in 2015, a Pictures of the Year International award in 2014, and she is a member of Women Photograph. Fatemeh is the first Iranian woman photographer who won the World Press Photo Award 2015. She is best known for her projects "Mothers of Patience", "The War is Still Alive" "Life After shock" and "One Moment".

Documentary photography
Documentary photography usually refers to a popular form of photography used to chronicle events or environments both significant and relevant to history and historical events as well as everyday life. It is typically undertaken as professional photojournalism, or real-life reportage, but it may also be an amateur, artistic, or academic pursuit. Social documentary photography aims to draw the public's attention to social issues or to the life of underprivileged people.
Richard Roberts (priest)
Richard Henry Roberts (23 April 1884 – 6 July 1970) was a Welsh Anglican clergyman in the Church in Wales who served as Archdeacon of St Asaph from 1942 to 1959.

He was born in Brynamman, Glamorgan, and educated at Keble College, Oxford, and ordained in 1908.  He held incumbencies at Llangennech, Betws with Ammanford and Rhyl  before his appointment as Archdeacon.

He retired in 1959 and died in Swansea in 1970.

Ammanford
Ammanford (Welsh: Rhydaman ⓘ) is a town and community in Carmarthenshire, Wales. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 5,445, and the wider built up area had a population of 8,285.

Ammanford is served by the A483 and A474 roads. Ammanford railway station is a stop on the Heart of Wales Line, with trains to Llanelli and Swansea to the south and Shrewsbury to the north.

Ammanford is twinned with Breuillet, Essonne.
Abrell
Abrell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brad Abrell (1965–), American actor

Charles G. Abrell (1931–1951), United States Marine and Medal of Honor recipient

Dick Abrell (1892–1973), American football player

Jakob Abrell (1935–2003), German author

Charles G. Abrell
Charles Gene Abrell (August 12, 1931 – June 10, 1951) was a United States Marine Corps corporal who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during the UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive in the Korean War. After being wounded twice during a single-handed assault against an enemy bunker at Hwacheon, Abrell pulled the pin from a hand grenade and hurled himself into the bunker, killing the enemy gun crew and himself in the explosion.
Georgy Lukich Smirnov
Georgy Lukich Smirnov (Russian: Георгий Лукич Смирнов; 14 November 1945, in Volgograd Oblast - 29 November 1999, in Moscow) was a Soviet Russian political scientist. Doktor Nauk in Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1987).
He was director of the Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences (1983-1985). 
He was director of the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute (1987-1991). Candidate for membership in the Central Committee of the CPSU (since 1970).

Member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union since 1943.

He graduated from the Faculty of History of Volgograd State Pedagogical University in 1952.

He was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1981.

Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian: Институт философии РАН) is the central research institution of Russia which conducts scientific work in the main areas and topical issues of modern philosophical knowledge.
Jessica Hodgins
Jessica K. Hodgins is an American roboticist and researcher who is a professor at Carnegie Mellon's Robotics Institute and School of Computer Science. She is currently VP, Strategic Projects & Research at the RAI Institute in Boston. She was elected the president of ACM SIGGRAPH in 2017. Until 2016, she was Vice President of Research at Disney Research and was the Director of the Disney Research labs in Pittsburgh and Los Angeles. Hodgins also founded the Facebook AI Research lab in Pittsburgh next to Carnegie Mellon.

Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science
The School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is a degree-granting school for computer science established in 1988, making it one of the first of its kind in the world. It has been consistently ranked among the best computer science programs in the world. As of 2024 U.S. News & World Report ranks the graduate program as tied for No. 1 with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and University of California, Berkeley.

Researchers from Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science have made fundamental contributions to the fields of algorithms, artificial intelligence, computer networks, distributed systems, parallel processing, programming languages, computational biology, robotics, language technologies, human–computer interaction and software engineering.
Anti-Greek sentiment
Anti-Greek sentiment, also known as Hellenophobia (Greek: ελληνοφοβία, romanized: ellinophobía), anti-Hellenism (Greek: ανθελληνισμός, romanized: anthellinismós), mishellenism (Greek: μισελληνισμός, romanized: misellinismós), or Greek-bashing, refers to negative attitudes, dislike, hatred, derision, racism, prejudice, stereotypes, or discrimination towards Greeks, the Hellenic Republic, or Greek culture. Hellenophobia is the opposite of philhellenism.

Macedonian Struggle
The Macedonian Struggle was a series of social, political, cultural and military conflicts that were mainly fought between Greek and Bulgarian subjects who lived in Ottoman Macedonia between 1893 and 1912. From 1904 to 1908 the conflict was part of a wider guerrilla war in which revolutionary organizations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs all fought over Macedonia and its Christian population. Particularly over the national affiliation of the Slavic population which was forced to declare themselves for either of the sides. Gradually the Greek and Bulgarian bands gained the upper hand. Though the conflict largely ceased by the Young Turk Revolution, it continued as a low intensity insurgency until the Balkan Wars.
Ploština
49°11′51″N 17°57′29″E﻿ / ﻿49.19750°N 17.95806°E﻿ / 49.19750; 17.95806

Ploština was a small settlement in what is today the municipality of Drnovice in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. On 19 April 1945, at the end of World War II, it was burned and its people were massacred by Nazis in response to their support of the anti-Nazi resistance movement. The massacre was conducted by the German special SS unit Zur besonderen Verwendung-Kommando Nr. 31, led by Walter Pawlofski, and by the SS anti-partisan unit Josef consisting of members of Slovak Hlinka-Guard, whose headquarters was in Vizovice.

Twenty-four people were burned alive, three more people were executed, and one person was tortured to death during interrogation.

Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Czechoslovak resistance to the German occupation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during World War II began after the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia and the formation of the protectorate on 15 March 1939. Similar resistance could be found in the German speaking parts of the Czechoslovakia []. 
German policy deterred acts of resistance and annihilated organizations of resistance. In the early days of the war, the Czech population participated in boycotts of public transport and large-scale demonstrations. Later on, armed communist partisan groups participated in sabotage and skirmishes with German police forces. The most well-known act of resistance was the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. Resistance culminated in the so-called Prague uprising of May 1945; with Allied armies approaching, about 30,000 Czechs seized weapons. Four days of bloody street fighting ensued before the Soviet Red Army entered the nearly liberated city.
It Came Out of the Sky
"It Came Out of the Sky" is a song written by John Fogerty that was included on Creedence Clearwater Revival's 1969 album Willy and the Poor Boys.  It was also released as a single in some countries and has appeared on several of the group's compilation albums. It was included occasionally in the group's live set even after John Fogerty left the group and the remaining members reformed as Creedence Clearwater Revisited.

Willy and the Poor Boys
Willy and the Poor Boys is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival, released on October 29, 1969, by Fantasy Records.  It was the last of three studio albums the band released that year, arriving just three months after Green River. In 2020, Rolling Stone ranked the album number 193 on its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".
Sabulodes aegrotata
Sabulodes aegrotata, the omnivorous looper,  is a moth of the  family Geometridae. It is found in north-western North America, south to northern California.

The wingspan is 35–44 mm. Adults are on wing year round.

The larvae feed on the foliage of various flowering trees and shrubs, including Alnus, Holodiscus discolor, Rubus spectabilis, Salix and Umbellularia californica.

Umbellularia
Umbellularia californica is a large hardwood tree native to coastal forests and the Sierra foothills of California, and to coastal forests extending into Oregon. It is the sole species in the genus Umbellularia, in the laurel family Lauraceae. The tree's pungent leaves have a similar flavor to bay leaves, though stronger, and it may be mistaken for bay laurel.

The tree is endemic to the California Floristic Province. It is a host of the pathogen that causes sudden oak death. The dry wood has a color range from blonde (like maple) to brown (like walnut). It is considered an excellent tonewood and is sought after by luthiers and woodworkers.
Paxman Valenta
The Paxman Valenta, also known as Y3J and RP200, is a diesel fuelled internal combustion engine formerly made by Paxman in Colchester, England.  It was originally developed for, and previously used in the British Rail (BR) Class 43 diesel-electric locomotives, a pair of which powered the InterCity 125 High Speed Train (HST) in a push-pull train set configuration.  The Valenta has also been used for electricity generation in diesel generators on offshore oil rig platforms in British waters.

It is still in use in various marine applications today, such as the Upholder / Victoria class submarines, and additionally to provide the electrical power to propel and operate the Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates.  The Valenta marine range was available brake powers ranging from 695 to 3,655 kilowatts (940 to 4,970 metric horsepower; 930 to 4,900 brake horsepower) rated to ISO 3046.

State Rail Authority
The State Rail Authority, a former statutory authority of the Government of New South Wales, operated and maintained railways in the Australian state of New South Wales from July 1980 until December 2003.
2021 Teréga Open Pau–Pyrénées – Doubles
Benjamin Bonzi and Antoine Hoang were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Romain Arneodo and Tristan-Samuel Weissborn won the title after defeating Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi and David Vega Hernández 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

Benjamin Bonzi
Benjamin Bonzi (French pronunciation: [bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ bɔ̃zi]; born 9 June 1996) is a French professional tennis player. Bonzi has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 42 achieved on 6 February 2023. He also has a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 121 achieved on 19 September 2022.
Johann Balthasar Schupp
Johann Balthasar Schupp (1 March 1610 – 26 October 1661) was a German satirical author and a writer of Christian lyrics. After 1654, his having switched mid-career to a position as a high-profile Lutheran pastor, the content and populist approach of Schupp's sermons and of the printed pamphlets which he now started to publish brought him into increasingly acrimonious conflict with Hamburg's (relatively) conservative church establishment.

Much of his later written work appeared under a succession of pseudonyms.  These included Antenor, Philandron, Ehrnhold, Philanderson, Mellilambius and Ambrosius.

Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (German: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hesse. It was formed in 1567 following the division of the Landgraviate of Hesse among the four sons of Landgrave Philip I.

The residence of the landgraves was in Darmstadt, hence the name. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the landgraviate was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Hesse following the Empire's dissolution in 1806.
Gold Watch and Chain: Their Complete Victor Recordings (1933–1934)
Gold Watch and Chain: Their Complete Victor Recordings (1933–1934) is a compilation of recordings made by American country music group the Carter Family, released in 1998. It is the seventh of nine compilations released by Rounder Records of the group's Victor recordings. The original Carter Family group consisting of Alvin Pleasant "A.P." Delaney Carter, his wife Sara Dougherty Carter, and his sister-in-law Maybelle Addington Carter recorded many of what would become their signature songs for Victor Records.

Emmylou Harris covered "Gold Watch and Chain" on her 1980 album Roses in the Snow.

The tracks have all been digitally remastered and include liner notes by country music historian Charles K. Wolfe.

Rounder Records
Rounder Records is an independent record label founded in 1970 in Somerville, Massachusetts, by Marian Leighton Levy, Ken Irwin, and Bill Nowlin. Focused on American roots music, Rounder's catalogue of more than 3000 titles includes records by Alison Krauss and Union Station, George Thorogood, Tony Rice, and Béla Fleck, in addition to re-releases of seminal albums by artists including Carter Family, Jelly Roll Morton, Lead Belly, and Woody Guthrie. "Championing and preserving the music of artists whose music falls outside of the mainstream," Rounder releases have won 54 Grammy Awards representing diverse genres, from bluegrass, folk, reggae, and gospel to pop, rock, Americana, polka, and world music. Acquired by Concord in 2010, Rounder is based in Nashville. In 2016, the founders of Rounder (Levy, Irwin and Nowlin) were inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame.
Financial asset securitization investment trust
A financial asset securitization investment trust (FASIT) was a type of special purpose entity used for securitization of any debt and issuance of asset-backed securities, defined under section 1621 of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, and repealed under section 835 of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. They were similar to a Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (REMIC) but could also securitize non-mortgage debts, such as automobile loans and credit card debt.

In the Enron scandal, Enron used FASITs to avoid Subpart F rules on foreign income. The United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation staff, in their investigation of the Enron scandal, recommended that FASIT rules be repealed as they were "not widely used in the manner envisioned by the Congress and thus have failed to further their intended purposes" and because of the "abuse potential inherent in the FASIT vehicle".

American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108–357 (text) (PDF)) was a federal tax act that repealed the export tax incentive (ETI), which had been declared illegal by the World Trade Organization several times and sparked retaliatory tariffs by the European Union. It also contained numerous tax credits for agricultural and business institutions as well as the repeal of excise taxes on both fuel and alcohol and the creation of tax credits for biofuels.

The bill was introduced by Representative Bill Thomas on June 4, 2004, passed the House June 17, the Senate on July 15, and was signed by President George W. Bush on October 22.
Andraca
Andraca is a genus of moths of the family Endromidae.

The genus had been placed in the family Bombycidae for over 150 years, but was recently transferred to family Endromidae based on the molecular study of Zwick et al. in 2011.

Bombycidae
The Bombycidae are a family of moths known as silkworm moths. The best-known species is Bombyx mori (Linnaeus), or domestic silk moth, native to northern China and domesticated for millennia. Another well-known species is Bombyx mandarina, also native to Asia.
Birmingham sound
The Birmingham sound is a subgenre of techno  that emerged in Birmingham, England in the early 1990s. It is most commonly associated with the city's House of God club night, the Downwards Records label, and the local DJs and producers Regis, Surgeon and Female. It is characterised by a hard, fast and uncompromising style that strips the music of the bassline funk that characterised the techno of Detroit and Berlin, leaving only "huge slabs of unrelentingly unchanging minimalism".

The Birmingham sound marked a turning point in the development of techno and its influence can be heard throughout the Berlin techno of the Berghain and Ostgut Ton. It also formed the starting point for Regis and Female's later Sandwell District project.

Ostgut Ton
Ostgut Ton (also known as Ostgut Tonträger) is a German record label owned by the club Berghain in Berlin. Resident Advisor described it "a dominant force in dance music, beloved for its mix series and dozens of EPs, albums and compilations."

The label's first releases were by Berghain/Panorama Bar residents such as André Galluzzi, Cassy, and Ben Klock.

Amongst the producers that have released for the label are André Galluzzi, Ben Klock, Cassy, Edit-Select, Efdemin, Len Faki, Luke Slater, Marcel Dettmann, Marcel Fengler, Murat Tepeli, My My, Nick Höppner, Paul Brtschitsch, Prosumer, Samuli Kemppi, Shed, Tama Sumo, Tobias Freund, Tim Paris, and Vatican Shadow.

Ostgut Ton closed in December 2021, reopened in May 2025.
94 Aurora
94 Aurora is one of the largest main-belt asteroids. With an albedo of only 0.04, it is darker than soot, and has a primitive composition consisting of carbonaceous material. It was discovered by J. C. Watson on September 6, 1867, in Ann Arbor, and named after Aurora, the Roman goddess of the dawn.

This asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 5.62 years and a relatively low eccentricity of 0.092. It is spinning with a rotation period of 7.22 hours. Observations of an occultation using nine chords indicate an oval outline of 225×173 km. The asteroid's pole of rotation lies just 4–16° away from the plane of the ecliptic.

James Craig Watson
James Craig Watson (January 28, 1838 – November 23, 1880) was a Canadian-American astronomer, discoverer of comets and minor planets, director of the University of Michigan's Detroit Observatory in Ann Arbor, and awarded with the Lalande Prize in 1869.
D. G. K. Goldberg
D. G. K. Goldberg (Diane Gail Kelly Goldberg) (October 20, 1953 – January 14, 2005)
Kelly Goldberg graduated from Coker College and also received an MSSW from the University of Tennessee. After working at several agencies as a clinical social worker, she became a writer. As d.g.k. goldberg, she published two horror novels, Skating on the Edge and Doomed to Repeat It, and published hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles. Her topics were varied and her writing appeared in publications as divergent as Chicken Soup for the Romantic Soul, More Monsters from Memphis, and Trackside. A lifelong NASCAR fanatic, much of her non-fiction dealt with the sport. She also traveled widely and wrote for many travel websites and publications. She was a member of the Horror Writers Association, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, and the International Food, Wine and Travel Writers Association. The Goldberg Horror Award is named in her honor.

Master of Social Work
The Master of Social Work (MSW) is a master's degree in the field of social work. It is a professional degree with specializations compared to Bachelor of Social Work (BSW). MSW promotes macro-, mezzo- and micro-aspects of professional social work practice, whereas the BSW focuses more on direct social work practices in community, hospitals (outpatient and inpatient services) and other fields of social services. In some countries, such as Australia, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong SAR, some MSW degrees are considered equivalent to BSW qualifications as a qualifying degree.

The degree may also be conferred as Master of Arts in Social Work or Master of Science in Social Work.
Kvirike IV of Kakheti
Kvirike IV (Georgian: კვირიკე IV) (died 1102) was a King of Kakheti and Hereti in eastern Georgia from 1084 to 1102.

He succeeded upon the death of his father Aghsartan I. He ruled as a tributary to the Seljuq dynasty and opposed the energetic Georgian king David IV who pursued a vigorous domestic and foreign policy aimed at asserting Georgia's integrity and its hegemony in the Caucasus. Kvirike lost the fortress of Zedazeni to David, but was still able to secure the succession to his son Aghsartan II.

Zedazeni Monastery
Zedazeni Monastery (Georgian: ზედაზნის მონასტერი) is a monument of medieval Georgian architecture and a monastic complex, is located northeast of Mtskheta, on the left bank of the Aragvi River, on the slope of Zedazeni Mountain of the forested Saguramo Ridge. According to historical tradition, a pagan idol of Zaden stood here, on whose site, in the 540s, one of the Thirteen Assyrian Fathers, John, founded a Christian monastery. Later he became known as John of Zedazeni, and the monastery as the Monastery of John of Zedazeni. Of the scribes who worked at Zedazeni, only the abbot Michael (11th century) is known; on his initiative and based on material he supplied, an anonymous author created the metaphrastic version of The Life of John of Zedazeni.