hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
T-norm
In mathematics, a t-norm (also T-norm or, unabbreviated, triangular norm) is a kind of binary operation used in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces and in multi-valued logic, specifically in fuzzy logic. A t-norm generalizes intersection in a lattice and conjunction in logic. The name triangular norm refers to the fact that in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces t-norms are used to generalize the triangle inequality of ordinary metric spaces.

Probabilistic metric space
In mathematics, probabilistic metric spaces are a generalization of metric spaces where the distance no longer takes values in the non-negative real numbers R ≥ 0, but in distribution functions.

Let D+ be the set of all probability distribution functions F such that F(0) = 0 (F is a nondecreasing, left continuous mapping from R into [0, 1] such that max(F) = 1).

Then given a non-empty set S and a function F: S × S → D+ where we denote F(p, q) by Fp,q for every (p, q) ∈ S × S, the ordered pair (S, F) is said to be a probabilistic metric space if:

For all u and v in S, u = v if and only if Fu,v(x) = 1 for all x > 0.

For all u and v in S, Fu,v = Fv,u.

For all u, v and w in S, Fu,v(x) = 1 and Fv,w(y) = 1 ⇒ Fu,w(x + y) = 1 for x, y > 0.
The Dressmaker (Ham novel)
The Dressmaker is a Gothic novel written by the Australian author Rosalie Ham, and is Ham's debut novel. It was first published by Duffy & Snellgrove on January 1, 2000. The story is set in a 1950s fictional Australian country town, Dungatar, and explores love, hate and haute couture.

Since its release the novel has sold over 75,000 copies and has been translated into a number of languages including German and French.

A film adaptation of the book was released on October 29, 2015, with Kate Winslet as the protagonist Tilly Dunnage. A special film tie-in edition of the novel, featuring a new book cover with Winslet as the titular character, was released worldwide from August to October 2015. The tie-in-edition of the book sold 90,000 hard copies and 20,000 ebooks.

Book cover
A book cover is any protective covering used to bind together the pages of a book. Beyond the familiar distinction between hardcovers and paperbacks, there are further alternatives and additions, such as dust jackets, ring-binding, and older forms such as the nineteenth-century "paper-boards" and the traditional types of hand-binding. The term bookcover is also commonly used for a book cover image in library management software. This article is concerned with modern mechanically produced covers.
Kia Rio
The Kia Rio (Korean: 기아 리오) is a subcompact car manufactured by Kia from 1999 to 2023. Body styles have included a three and five-door hatchback and four-door sedan, equipped with inline-four gasoline and diesel engines, and front-wheel drive.

The Rio replaced the first generation Pride—a rebadged version of the Ford Festiva—and the Avella, a subcompact sold as a Ford in some markets. A second generation was introduced in 2005 in Europe and in 2006 in North America, sharing its platform with the Hyundai Accent, a subcompact manufactured by its sister Hyundai Motor Company in South Korea.

In August 2023, the K3 was introduced as its successor in several markets such as Mexico and the GCC countries.

Euro NCAP
The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) is a European voluntary car safety performance assessment programme (i.e. a New Car Assessment Program) based in Leuven, Belgium. Formed in 1996, the first results were released in February 1997. It was originally started by the Transport Research Laboratory for the UK Department for Transport but later backed by several European governments, as well as by the European Union (EU). Their slogan is "For Safer Cars".
Katni River
Katni River is a river that flows through the Katni District in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Located in the northeastern part of India.
The river was named after Katewa, a gotra of Jats now found in the state of Rajasthan. Katewa built a fort on the river's banks for the Janapada of Katewa during their rule of the area.

Gotra
In Hindu culture, the term gotra (Sanskrit: गोत्र) is considered to be equivalent to lineage. It broadly refers to people who are descendants in an unbroken male line from a common male ancestor or patriline. Generally, the gotra forms an exogamous unit, with marriage within the same gotra being regarded as incest and prohibited by custom. The name of the gotra can be used as a surname, but it is different from a surname and is strictly maintained because of its importance in marriages among Hindus, especially among castes. Pāṇini defines gotra as apatyam pautraprabhrti gotram (IV. 1. 162), which means "the word gotra denotes the descendance (or descendants), apatya, of a couple consisting of a pautra, a son and a bharti, a mother, i.e. a daughter-in-law."  (Based on Monier Williams Dictionary definitions.)
Jacob Brown (footballer)
Jacob Samuel Brown (born 10 April 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward, winger or wing-back for EFL Championship club Portsmouth, on loan from EFL League One club Luton Town, and the Scotland national team.

Brown started his career with Barnsley, making his professional debut in October 2016. After spending time out on loan at Chesterfield in 2017–18, he broke into the first team at Oakwell, helping them gain promotion to the Championship in 2018–19. In September 2020 he joined Stoke City for an undisclosed fee. Brown spent three seasons with Stoke before joining Luton Town in August 2023.

Born and raised in England, Brown was selected by the Scotland national team in November 2021, being eligible via his Glaswegian mother.

West Riding County Cup
The West Riding County Cup is an annual football competition held between the clubs of the West Riding County Football Association which was first competed in 1927.  It is the senior county cup for the historic West Riding of Yorkshire since the demise of the Senior Cup in 1999. The first winners were Leeds United Reserves in 1927.

According to the Rules of the County FA, entry to the competition is by invite from the Council or an authorised committee assigned to run the competition.

The competition was not held between 1933 and 1950.
Kafta Humera
Kafta Humera (Tigrinya: ቃፍታ ሑመራ) is a woreda in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Located in the Western Tigray of Tigray, Kafta Humera is bordered on the south by Tsegede, on the west by Sudan, by the Tekezé River which separates Kafta Humera from Eritrea on the north, on the east by the North Western zone, and on the southeast by Welkait. Towns in Kafta Humera include Adi Hirdi and Humera.

North Western Zone, Tigray
The North Western Zone (Tigrinya: ዞባ ሰሜን ምዕራብ) is a zone in Tigray Region of Ethiopia. It is bordered on the east by the Central Zone, the south by the Amhara Region, the west by the Western Zone and on the north by Eritrea. The Zone is subdivided into the six woredas (districts), which are Asgede, Tsimbla, La'ilay Adiyabo, Medebay Zana, Tahtay Adiyabo, Tahtay Koraro and Tselemti. Major towns and cities in the zone include Shire, Sheraro, Inda Aba Guna, Selekleka, Adi Daero, May Tsebri. The North Western Zone was split off from Western Zone in 2005.
Normally flat ring
In algebraic geometry, a normally flat ring along a proper ideal I is a local ring A such that  is flat over  for each integer .

The notion was introduced by Hironaka in his proof of the resolution of singularities as a refinement of equimultiplicity and was later generalized by Alexander Grothendieck and others.

Local ring
In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple, and serve to describe what is called "local behaviour", in the sense of functions defined on algebraic varieties or manifolds, or of algebraic number fields examined at a particular place, or prime. Local algebra is the branch of commutative algebra that studies commutative local rings and their modules.

In practice, a commutative local ring often arises as the result of the localization of a ring at a prime ideal.

The concept of local rings was introduced by Wolfgang Krull in 1938 under the name Stellenringe.  The English term local ring is due to Zariski.
Islama köfte
Islama köfte is a traditional dish originated in Adapazarı, the capital of Sakarya Province in Turkey.

They are served with bread slices and unfermented grape juice on the side. The sliced bread is dipped in meat broth and grilled along with the meatballs. Tomato slices and green hot peppers accompany the dish, also piyaz can be eaten along with it.

Islama köfte is a popular dish in Turkey.

Adapazarı
Adapazarı (pronounced [ɑˈdɑpɑzɑɾɯ]) is a municipality and the capital district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 324 km2, and its population 281,489 (2022). It covers the central and northern part of the agglomeration of Adapazarı and the adjacent countryside.
Carlos Davis (screenwriter)
Carlos Davis (born James Carlos Davis; October 11, 1948 – September 24, 2020) was an American screenwriter, film producer, playwright, and best selling novelist. He was best known for writing the 1991 cult comedy Drop Dead Fred, starring Rik Mayall and Phoebe Cates, and writing with the novelist James LePore the national best selling novel, No Dawn For Men.

Davis was living in Manhattan when he died.

Phoebe Cates
Phoebe Belle Cates Kline (born July 16, 1963) is an American businesswoman and retired actress and model. She appeared in the films Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), Gremlins (1984), Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990), Drop Dead Fred (1991) and Princess Caraboo (1994). In 2005, she founded the Blue Tree boutique.
Emancipation (Prince album)
Emancipation is the nineteenth studio album by American recording artist Prince. It was released on November 19, 1996, by NPG Records and EMI Records as a triple album. The title refers to Prince's freedom from his contract with Warner Bros. Records after 18 years, with which he had a contentious relationship. The album was Prince's third to be released that year (along with Chaos and Disorder and the soundtrack album of the Spike Lee movie Girl 6), which made 1996 one of the most prolific years for material released by Prince.

Girl 6
Girl 6 is a 1996 American black comedy film produced and directed by Spike Lee. The film stars Theresa Randle, Isaiah Washington, and Lee. Suzan-Lori Parks wrote the screenplay, making it the first film directed by Lee that he did not also write. Directors Quentin Tarantino and Ron Silver make cameo appearances as film directors at a pair of auditions.

The accompanying soundtrack is composed entirely of songs written by Prince. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section of the 1996 Cannes Film Festival.
Tempe Terra
Tempe Terra is a heavily cratered highland region in the northern hemisphere of the planet Mars. Located at the northeastern edge of the Tharsis volcanic province, Tempe Terra is notable for its high degree of crustal fracturing and deformation. The region also contains many small shield volcanoes, lava flows, and other volcanic structures.

The region is named after the albedo feature Tempe, first used by astronomer E.M. Antoniadi in 1930 to describe a bright patch of terrain centered near 40°N, 70°W. The name comes from the Vale of Tempe, a valley located south of Mount Olympus and celebrated by the ancient Greeks for its beauty. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally designated the region Tempe Terra in 1979. Terra (pl. terrae) is a Latin descriptor term used in planetary geology for continent-like highland regions (i.e., extensive land masses) on other planets.

E. M. Antoniadi
Eugène Michel Antoniadi (Greek: Ευγένιος Αντωνιάδης; 1 March 1870 – 10 February 1944) was a Greek-French astronomer. He is known for creating the Antoniadi scale as well as for his observations of the planets, and was a major opponent of the notion of Martian canals. He created some of the most detailed maps of Mars at the time, and many features on the planet are still known by the names he suggested. He also created the first map of Mercury, though it turned out to be incorrect.
Thomas Michael Sullivan
Thomas Michael Sullivan is an actor, producer, and founding member of Stage13. He is executive producer of The Deertrees Theatre Festival now in its 10th year, bringing New York productions to the Lakes Region of Maine every August. Thomas has produced over 30 Equity showcases. Off-Broadway production credits include The Voyage of the Carcass by Dan O'Brien. In 2008, he joined as executive producer with London producers Rotozazza and The Foundry Theatre NYC to present Etiquette as part of The Public Theater’s Under the Radar Festival.  He started Studio13, a film production company, about to release the9tthdot, an interactive web series, and Hysterical Psycho, a feature horror film written and directed by Dan Fogler.  He originated and still produces "...a little bit louder", a weekly NYC poetry series that has won two National Slam Championships.

Hysterical Psycho
Hysterical Psycho is a 2009 American horror comedy film written and directed by Dan Fogler.  It stars Randy Baruh, Noah Bean, Kelly Hutchinson, Charissa Chamorro, Nicholas DeCegli, and Kate Gersten as a group of friends who encounter "lunar radiation" that causes people to go insane.
Crash (soundtrack)
Crash: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2004 film of the same name. It was released by Superb Records on June 7, 2005, in a double-disc edition The album features 13 tracks from the original score composed by Mark Isham and two tracks—Kathleen York's "In the Deep" and Stereophonics' "Maybe Tomorrow", which appear in the film. The complete score was released on iTunes which had been arranged in the order of its appearance in the film, compared to the commercial CD release, which was edited, incomplete and in suite form. Crash: Music from and Inspired by the Film is the soundtrack containing the songs as heard in the film, released on the second volume of the same disc as the score.

Kathleen York
Kathleen "Bird" York is an American actress, screenwriter, and Oscar-nominated singer-songwriter recording artist. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "In the Deep" from the 2004 film Crash.
1933 Giro d'Italia
The 1933 Giro d'Italia was the 21st edition of the Giro d'Italia, organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 6 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 169 km (105 mi) to Turin, finishing back in Milan on 28 May after a 284 km (176 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 3,343 km (2,077 mi). The race was won by Alfredo Binda of the Legnano team (his fifth triumph in the Giro). Second and third respectively were the Belgian Jef Demuysere and Italian Domenico Piemontesi.

This 20th edition covered 3,343 km at an average speed of 30.043 km/h, for a total of 17 stages, including for the first individual time trial in the Giro.

La Gazzetta dello Sport
La Gazzetta dello Sport (Italian: [la ɡadˈdzetta dello ˈspɔrt]; English: "The Sports Gazette") is an Italian daily newspaper dedicated to coverage of various sports. Founded in 1896, it is the most widely read daily newspaper of any type in Italy (in 2018).
2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2017 proceeded according to rules most recently amended in 2016. As in the past, the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players, with results announced on January 18, 2017. The BBWAA elected Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez to the Hall of Fame.

The three voting panels that had replaced the more broadly defined Veterans Committee following a July 2010 rules change were replaced by a new set of four panels in July 2016. The newly created Today's Game Committee convened early in December 2016 to select from a ballot of retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport after 1987. John Schuerholz and Bud Selig were elected by this committee.

A formal induction ceremony was held in Cooperstown, New York, on July 30, 2017.

Bill King
Wilbur "Bill" King (October 6, 1927 – October 18, 2005) was an American sports announcer. In 2016, the National Baseball Hall of Fame named King recipient of the 2017 Ford C. Frick Award, the highest honor for American baseball broadcasters.

King was the radio voice of the Oakland Athletics for more than 20 seasons as well as the longtime radio play-by-play announcer for the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders and the San Francisco/Golden State Warriors. Earlier in his career, he had been a member of the San Francisco Giants original broadcasting team (together with Russ Hodges and Lon Simmons) when the Giants moved west from New York in 1958, and had called football and basketball games for the University of California.

King was widely recognized by his distinctive handlebar moustache and Van Dyke beard, as well as his broadcasting catchphrase, "Holy Toledo!".
Ira Smith (baseball)
Ira Lamonte Smith (born August 4, 1967) is an American former college and minor league baseball player from Chestertown, Maryland. While playing collegiately at University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Smith was the first player to win two NCAA batting titles as well as the first to win the award in consecutive seasons.

University of Maryland Eastern Shore
The University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) is a public historically black land-grant research university in Princess Anne, Maryland. It is part of the University System of Maryland. It is classified among "Research Colleges and Universities". It was established as Delaware Conference Academy. It has also been known as Princess Anne Academy and other names during its evolution.
The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists
The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists is a 1996 American direct-to-video animated adventure musical film produced by Universal Animation Studios (formerly known as Universal Cartoon Studios) and directed by Roy Allen Smith. It is the fourth installment in the Land Before Time series as well as the final installment to feature any cast members from the original film. The film was nominated for two Annie Awards. This was also the final film to feature Linda Gary as the voice of Grandma Longneck, as she died on October 5, 1995.

The Land Before Time
The Land Before Time is a franchise consisting of American animated adventure family films centered around dinosaurs, including a theatrical movie, various straight-to-home video sequels, and a spin-off TV series. Based on an original story by Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss and distributed by Universal Pictures, the franchise began in 1988 with the eponymous film, directed and produced by Don Bluth and executive produced by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg. Its success spawned an additional thirteen direct-to-video musical sequels before expanding into other media including video games, soundtracks, and related merchandising. Notably, the additional movies and TV show did not include the collaborative participation of Bluth, Lucas, nor Spielberg.

The 14 films were released as a Complete Collection DVD set on June 14, 2016.
Brady Murray
Braden Murray (born August 17, 1984) is a Canadian born-American former professional ice hockey forward. He last played for HC Lugano of the Swiss National League A (NLA). He was selected 152nd overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Los Angeles Kings.

Murray was born in Brandon, Manitoba and raised in Faribault, Minnesota. His father Andy Murray, is the head coach of the Western Michigan Broncos and coached at a number of other teams as well. Brady grew up in Switzerland, Philadelphia, Hershey, Winnipeg, Calgary, Faribault and Los Angeles. His childhood friends include NHLers Alexander Steen, Zach Parise and Patrick Eaves.

HC Lugano
Hockey Club Lugano, often abbreviated to HC Lugano or HCL, is a professional ice hockey club based in Lugano, Switzerland. The team competes in the National League (NL), the highest league in Switzerland. It has won seven Swiss championships.
Haplodiplatys
Haplodiplatys is a genus of Asian earwigs erected by Walter Douglas Hincks in 1955.  It is the only member of the monotypic family Haplodiplatyidae, with many species originally placed in the genus Diplatys; a key to them was prepared by Alan Brindle.

Walter Douglas Hincks
Walter Douglas Hincks FRES (3 September 1906 – 12 June 1961) was a British entomologist and museum curator. He was a world expert on the Dermaptera, but worked extensively on beetles such as the Chrysomelidae.
Sun Ying
Sun Ying (November 1936 – 6 July 2025) was a Chinese politician. He was born in Baodi District, Tianjin. Sun graduated from Shanxi Normal University in 1958. He was Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Taiyuan, Shanxi from 1987 to 1992. Sun was governor (1996–1998) and Communist Party Committee Secretary (1998–2001) of Gansu. He died in Beijing on 6 July 2025, at the age of 88.

Shanxi Normal University
Shanxi Normal University (Chinese: 山西师范大学) is a Chinese university in Linfen, Shanxi. It was founded as a teacher training school in 1958; then, promoted and renamed to Shanxi Normal University in 1984.

Shanxi Normal University has 21,205 undergraduate and 4,128 graduate students on three campuses. With 21 departments, students study in economics, philosophy, the science of law, literature, history, science, engineering and other disciplines.
Arıkören railway station
Arıkören station is a station in Arıkören in Turkey, on the Konya-Yenice railway. It is serviced by the Taurus Express and the Konya-Karaman Regional, which the later serves as a connecting train to Karaman for YHT trains terminating in Konya. The station was opened on 25 October 1904 by the Baghdad Railway.

Arıkören station is 61.9 km (38.5 mi) southeast of Konya station and 307.1 km (190.8 mi) northwest of Adana station.

Karaman
Karaman is a city in south central Turkey, located in Central Anatolia, north of the Taurus Mountains, about 100 km (62 mi) south of Konya. It is the seat of Karaman Province and Karaman District. Its population is 175,390 (2022). The town lies at an average elevation of 1,039 m (3,409 ft). The Karaman Museum is one of the major sights.
Look Mum No Computer
Sam Battle (born 1990 or 1991), better known online as Look Mum No Computer (stylised in all caps), is an English musician, YouTuber, electronics enthusiast, and composer who posts videos about making pro audio gear and synthesizers, as well as original music tracks.

He is known for making and playing unusual, esoteric, and eccentric electronic musical devices made from vintage technology; notably such devices as a Furby organ, a synthesizer fused with a classic Raleigh Chopper bicycle, and a Game Boy Triple Oscillator synthesizer. Battle runs This Museum Is Not Obsolete, a museum in Ramsgate, Kent which showcases vintage analogue devices repurposed for humorous uses. He is set to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026.

Raleigh Chopper
The Raleigh Chopper is a bicycle for children and young adults, manufactured and marketed by the Raleigh Bicycle Company of Nottingham, England. The unique design became a cultural icon and is fondly remembered by many who grew up in that period. The design was influenced by "chopped" motorcycles which had themselves evolved from and caricatured American Dirt track racing motorcycles. Early chopper style motorcycles were featured in the 1953 film The Wild One and in the film Easy Rider which was released in 1969 at the height of the chopper motorbike craze. MK1 models were produced from 1968 to 1972, MK2 models were produced from 1972 to 1983 and MK3 models were produced from 2004 to 2012 and sold through to 2018.