hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1940 in Canadian football
The only two-game total point series in Grey Cup history was played between the Ottawa Rough Riders and the Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers. It was Ottawa's first Grey Cup championship since the Senators won back-to-back titles in 1925 and 1926. It was Balmy Beach's fourth and final appearance at a Grey Cup, winning two times in four opportunities.

The Canadian Rugby Union arranged the series after it refused to allow the WIFU winners, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers to compete in the final. The reason for the refusal was based on the WIFU season being played under rules that varied from IRFU rules.

East Division (CFL)
The East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League, its counterpart being the West Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the East Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues.

The four teams in the division are the Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Montreal Alouettes, and Ottawa Redblacks.  Several now-defunct teams have also played in the East Division including two teams from the United States and a large number of teams that have played in Hamilton, Montreal, and Ottawa prior to the current teams from those cities.  Additionally, current West Division team, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers have, in the past, spent a number of seasons in the East over three separate stints.
Army Women Corps Education Centre
Army Women Corps Education Centre is an educational command responsible for training Indonesian women to become soldiers for Indonesian Army. The centre operates under the auspices of Indonesian Army Doctrine, Education and Training Development Command and led by a female colonel who serves as its commander. The centre was founded on 4 December 1961 and formally opened on 10 November 1961 by Gatot Subroto. The centre was located on Lembang, West Bandung Regency, West Java.

Lembang
Lembang is a town and an administrative district (kecamatan) of West Bandung Regency in the province of West Java on Java, Indonesia. The town has about 14,000 inhabitants (as at mid 2024). The population of the Lembang District was 173,350 at the 2010 Census and 197,640 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 209,084 and the land area was 98.22 km2. 
The district is sub-divided into sixteen administrative villages (desa), all sharing the post code of 40391.

Lembang is situated between 1,312 and 2,084 metres above sea level. Its highest point is on top of Tangkuban Perahu Mt. The temperature usually ranges between 17 and 24 degrees Celsius.

Lembang means "dent" in Sundanese.
2008 Ivy League Baseball Championship Series
The 2008 Ivy League Baseball Championship Series took place at Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park in Hanover, New Hampshire on May 6 and 7, 2008.  The series matched the regular season champions of each of the league's two divisions.  Columbia, the winner of the series, claimed the Ivy League's automatic berth in the 2008 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.  It was Columbia's first Championship Series victory.

Dartmouth made their fourth appearance in the Championship Series, and first since 2004.  They had yet to win the event.

Columbia Lions baseball
The Columbia Lions baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Columbia University in New York City. The team is a member of the Ivy League, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Columbia's first baseball team was fielded in 1868. The team plays its home games at Robertson Field at Satow Stadium in New York City. The Lions are coached by Brett Boretti.
Stathis Kalyvas
Stathis N. Kalyvas (Greek: Στάθης Ν. Καλύβας; born 7 March 1964) is a Greek political scientist who is the Gladstone Professor of Government, at the University of Oxford and a University Academic Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.

Kalyvas held the Arnold Wolfers Chair in Political Science at Yale University (from 2003 to 2017), where he founded the Program on Order, Conflict, and Violence; prior to that,he held professorships at the University of Chicago, New York University, and Ohio State University. He has also conducted research at the Peace Research Institute Oslo. Kalyvas has written extensively on civil wars, ethnicity, and political violence.

He was a main founder, with Nikos Marantzides, of a current in Modern Greek historiography called the "New Wave" which was focused principally on the study of the Greek Civil War. Among his works is The Logic of Violence in Civil War, which challenges the view of violence in civil wars as irrational.

Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation
The Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation was created by Harry Guggenheim.

The foundation writes: "He was convinced that solid, thoughtful, scholarly and scientific research, experimentation, and analysis would in the end accomplish more than the usual solutions impelled by urgency rather than understanding. We do not yet hold the solution to violence, but better analyses, more acute predictions, constructive criticisms, and new, effective ideas will come in time from investigations such as those supported by our grants."

Research grants are for "violence related to youth, family relationships, media effects, crime, biological factors, intergroup conflict related to religion, ethnicity, and nationalism, and political violence deployed in war and sub-state terrorism, as well as processes of peace and the control of aggression."

In 2014, the foundation gave out the inaugural Guggenheim-Lehrman Prize in Military History to Allen C. Guelzo, for Gettysburg: The Last Invasion.
Sandy Jolly
Sandra L. "Sandy" Jolly (born 1954) is a former businessperson and politician in Nova Scotia, Canada. She represented Dartmouth North in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1988 to 1998 as a Liberal member.

Jolly was born in Kentville, Nova Scotia and was educated at Kings County Academy and Mount Saint Vincent University. She entered provincial politics in the 1988 election, defeating Progressive Consertvative cabinet minister Laird Stirling by 121 votes in the Dartmouth North riding. Jolly was re-elected in the 1993 election, defeating New Democrat Jerry Pye by 423 votes.

On June 11, 1993, Jolly was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Minister of Municipal Affairs. In June 1996, she was moved to Minister of Business and Consumer Services. Jolly was left out of cabinet when Russell MacLellan took over as premier in July 1997, and resigned as MLA in January 1998.

Nova Scotia Liberal Party
The Nova Scotia Liberal Party (officially the Liberal Association of Nova Scotia) is a centrist provincial political party in Nova Scotia, Canada and the provincial section of the Liberal Party of Canada. The party currently holds two seats in the Legislature, under the interim leadership of Iain Rankin. The party was in power most recently from the 2013 election until the 2021 election.

The party is the only party in the province with uninterrupted presence in the legislature since confederation. It has formed the Government of Nova Scotia for 90 of the approximately 160 years since it became a province of Canada. It won 25 of the province's 42 elections, but was supplanted by the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party as the official opposition for three consecutive elections in 1999, 2003 and 2006, and again in the most recent election in 2024.
2021 BGL Luxembourg Open
The 2021 BGL BNP Paribas Luxembourg Open was a professional women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts sponsored by BNP Paribas. It was the 25th edition of the Luxembourg Open, and part of the WTA 250 tournaments category of the 2021 WTA Tour. It was held in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg from 13 to 19 September 2021.

Mandy Minella
Mandy Carla Minella (born 22 November 1985) is a Luxembourgish politician and former professional tennis player. Having made her debut on the WTA Tour in 2001, she peaked at No. 66 in the WTA singles rankings in September 2012, and No. 47 in doubles in April 2013.

Minella won two doubles tournaments on the WTA Tour, as well as one singles title and three doubles events of WTA 125 tournaments. She also won 16 singles and ten doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

Minella was coached by Norbert Palmier from May 2008 until 2011, and later by Tim Sommer, her husband, from October 2014 until she retired.

After her retirement in 2022, she began a career in national politics, joining the Democratic Party and being elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 2023.
1973 Point Mugu earthquake
The 1973 Point Mugu earthquake occurred at 06:45:57 local time on February 21 in the Point Mugu area of southeastern Ventura County of southern California. It had a moment magnitude of 5.8 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VII (Very strong). This oblique-slip shock resulted in several injuries and $1 million in damage. The epicenter was near the Oxnard Plain and the northern terminus of the Santa Monica Mountains, in the California South Coast region.

Epicenter
The epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
2008 Italian Open – Men's singles
Novak Djokovic defeated Stanislas Wawrinka in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2008 Italian Open.

Rafael Nadal was the three-time defending champion, but lost in the second round to Juan Carlos Ferrero. Notably, this marked the first of two instances that Nadal lost his opening match at a clay court tournament.

Luis Horna
Luis Horna Biscari (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlwis ˈoɾna]; born 14 September 1980 in Lima) is a former tour professional tennis player from Peru, who turned professional in 1998. Known by his nickname "Lucho", he won 2 career singles titles, reached the quarterfinals of the 2004 Madrid Masters and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 33 in August 2004.

Together with Pablo Cuevas, Horna also won the men's doubles at the 2008 French Open. At the 2003 French Open, he defeated Roger Federer in the first round.
Asphalt literature
Asphalt literature is a term that was used in Germany to refer to "metropolitan literature that is no longer rooted in its homeland". The term was first used in 1918, and became popular in the Third Reich when Joseph Goebbels used it in his speech on 10 May 1933 at the burning of books on Berlin's Opernplatz. Meyer's Lexikon defined asphalt literature in the 1936 edition as a "designation for rootless urban writers", which before 1933 had been a "phenomenon of fashion and decay, partly of foreign origin".

Asphalt literature included works by Alfred Döblin, Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Erich Kästner and other writers who were persecuted by the Nazi regime.

Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
Meyers Konversations-Lexikon or Meyers Lexikon was a major encyclopedia in the German language that existed in various editions, and by several titles, from 1839 to 1984, when it merged with the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie.

Joseph Meyer (1796–1856), who had founded the publishing house Bibliographisches Institut in 1826, intended to issue a universal encyclopaedia meant for a broad public: people having a general knowledge as well as businessmen, technicians and scholars, considering contemporary works like those of Pierer and Brockhaus to be superficial or obsolete.
1936–37 Ranji Trophy
The 1936–37 Ranji Trophy was the third edition of India's first-class cricket championship. Matches were played from 3 December 1936 to 10 February 1937 with a total of 17 teams participating. The sides were divided into four zonal groups, but the tournament utilised a knockout format. Fifteen of the 1935–36 teams returned but Northern India did not. The two newcomers were Bihar and Nawanagar, who won the title at the first attempt after defeating Bengal by 256 runs in the final.

Amar Singh (cricketer)
Ladhabhai Nakum Amar Singh pronunciationⓘ (4 December 1910 – 21 May 1940) was an Indian Test cricketer. A right-arm fast-medium bowler and effective lower-order batsman, Amar Singh Ladha played in seven Tests for India before World War II. He took 28 wickets in these matches. He was the first Indian Fast bowler and All-rounder, and the first Indian to receive a Test cap. He also scored India's first half-century in Test cricket, in India's first Test.
Yún (surname)
Yun (traditional Chinese: 雲; simplified Chinese: 云; pinyin: Yún) is a Chinese surname, listed 41st in the  Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames.

The Chinese surname Yun (雲) may be confused with the common Korean surname Yun (윤) which instead derives from the Chinese character 尹 (yǐn), meaning "governor".

Ulanhu
Ulanhu or Ulanfu (Chinese: 乌兰夫; pinyin: Wūlánfū; 23 December 1907 – 8 December 1988), born Yun Ze (Chinese: 云泽), was the founding Chairman of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, serving from 1947 to 1966.

An ethnic Tumed Mongol, he took the nom de guerre Ulanhu (lit. 'Red son') and had the nickname of "Mongol Prince” during his political career. He served as Vice Premier between 1956 and 1966. He was purged during the Cultural Revolution but later reinstated. Between 1983 and 1988 he held the office of Vice President of China.

Ulanhu was the highest-ranking minority official in PRC history, and became an icon of loyalty both to the Mongolian people and to the PRC. Except for the period of the Cultural Revolution, his family dominated the politics of Inner Mongolia. His son Buhe served as Chairman of Inner Mongolia for a decade, and his granddaughter Bu Xiaolin was appointed to the same position in 2016.
Proof (comics)
Proof is an American comic book series, published by Image Comics and created by writer Alex Grecian and artist Riley Rossmo. The story concerns John "Proof" Prufrock, a sasquatch, who works for a secret government organization. He hunts cryptids with his partner, Ginger Brown, and seeks clues to his past. The book was influenced by The X-Files and Tarzan.

The first issue was released on October 24, 2007. Besides individual issues and trade paperbacks, Proof is also available on the iPhone and iPod Touch.

Thunderbird (mythology)
The thunderbird is a mythological bird-like spirit in North American indigenous peoples' history and culture. It is considered a supernatural being of power and strength.

It is frequently depicted in the art, songs, and oral histories of many Pacific Northwest Coast cultures, but is also found in various forms among some peoples of the American Southwest, US East Coast, Great Lakes, and Great Plains.
Eduard Shevchenko
Eduard Hryhorovych Shevchenko (Ukrainian: Едуард Григорович Шевченко; born 19 April 1977) is a Ukrainian soldier of the Ukrainian Navy, captain 1st rank, head of the 73rd Naval Center of Special Operations between 2016 and 2017. Knight of the II and III degree Orders of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, full knight of the Order for Courage. He was detained by the Security Service of Ukraine on March 7, 2023, as an agent of Russian intelligence who was engaged in preparations for the capture by the Russian Army of the city of Ochakiv in the Mykolaiv Oblast during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Order for Courage
The Order for Courage (Ukrainian: Орден «За мужність», romanized: Orden “Za muzhnist”) is a Ukrainian award established by Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma on August 21, 1996. The medal is designed by Ukrainian artist Mykola Lebid.
Greg Finley
Gregory Finley (born December 22, 1984) is an American actor, known for his role as Jack Pappas in the teenage drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager as well as Drake in the series Star Crossed and iZombie, and Girder in The Flash.

IZombie (TV series)
iZombie is an American supernatural procedural drama television series developed by Rob Thomas and Diane Ruggiero-Wright for the CW. It is an adaptation of the DC comic book series iZombie created by Chris Roberson and Michael Allred. The series premiered on March 17, 2015, and ran for five seasons, ending on August 1, 2019. It follows the adventures of doctor-turned-zombie Olivia "Liv" Moore (Rose McIver), a Seattle Police medical examiner who helps solve murders after eating the victims' brains and temporarily absorbing their memories and personalities.
Lyapunov fractal
In mathematics, Lyapunov fractals (also known as Markus–Lyapunov fractals) are bifurcational fractals derived from an extension of the logistic map in which the degree of the growth of the population, r, periodically switches between two values A and B.

A Lyapunov fractal is constructed by mapping the regions of stability and chaotic behaviour (measured using the Lyapunov exponent ) in the a−b plane for given periodic sequences of a and b. In the images, yellow corresponds to  (stability), and blue corresponds to  (chaos).

Lyapunov fractals were discovered in the late 1980s by the Germano-Chilean physicist Mario Markus from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology. They were introduced to a large public by a science popularization article on recreational mathematics published in Scientific American in 1991.

Popular science
Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.

It may be written by scientists themselves or by professional journalists. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging.
Petros Solomon
Petros Solomon (Tigrinya: ጴጥሮስ ሰሎሞን; born 5 May 1951) is an Eritrean politician. He was an Eritrean People's Liberation Front commander and played a key role during the Eritrean War of Independence, following independence he served in several positions in the Cabinet, including Minister of Defense and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

He has been imprisoned in an undisclosed location since September 2001 for opposing the rule of President Isaias Afewerki. Amnesty International has named him a prisoner of conscience.

Prisoner of conscience
A prisoner of conscience (POC) is anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. The term also refers to those who have been imprisoned or persecuted for the nonviolent expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.

Most often associated with the human rights organisation Amnesty International, the term was coined by that organisation's founder Peter Benenson in a 28 May 1961 article ("The Forgotten Prisoners") for London newspaper The Observer.
Osbern
Osbern is a given name. Variants include Osbearn and Osbarn.

Notable people with the name include:

Osbeorn Bulax (died 1054), son of Siward of Northumbria

Osbern the Steward a.k.a. Osbern de Crépon (died c. 1040), steward and seneschal of two Norman dukes

Osbern Pentecost (d.1054) pre conquest Norman knight in England and Scotland

Osbern FitzOsbern a.k.a. Osbern of Exeter (died 1103), Bishop of Exeter, Osbern the Steward's son and William FitzOsbern's brother

Osbern of Canterbury (died 1090), English Benedictine monk

Osbern of Westminster a.k.a. Osbert of Clare (died c. 1158), English Benedictine monk, abbot and author

Osbern of Gloucester (died 1200), English Benedictine monk and hagiographer

Osbern Bokenam (died c. 1447), English poet

Osbern fitzRichard, Anglo-Norman baron, Richard FitzScrope's son

Osbern FitzHugh, descendant of Richard FitzScrope's family

Osbern Pentecost
Sir Osbern Pentecost (died 27 July 1054) was a Norman knight who followed Edward the Confessor to England upon Edward's return from exile in Normandy in 1041.

He was one of the few Norman landholders in England prior to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Under the patronage of Ralph the Timid, Earl of Hereford, Osbern built the castle at Ewyas in Herefordshire in 1048, one of the first Motte and Bailey types to be constructed in England.

On the return from exile in 1052 of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, the Normans were banished from England. Osbern obtained a safe passage from Leofric of Mercia and ventured north to join the court of Macbeth, King of Scotland.

During Earl Siward's invasion of Scotland in 1054, Osbern Pentecost was one of the Normans killed at the Battle of Dunsinane on 27 July 1054, which was Siward's great defeat of the Scots.
Oxford, Missouri
Oxford is an unincorporated community in southwest Worth County, Missouri, United States.

Oxford is located on Missouri Route U approximately eight miles southwest of Grant City and five miles west of Worth. Parnell in adjacent Nodaway County is about four miles to the west. The Grand River flows past one mile west of the community. Only a cemetery remains where Oxford once was.

Old variant names were "West Point" and "Rose Hill". A post office called Oxford was established in 1861, and remained in operation until 1905. The present name is taken from Oxford, England. The population in the 1870s was about 150.

Parnell, Missouri
Parnell is a city in northeast Nodaway County, Missouri, United States, near the Platte River. The population was 135 at the 2020 Census. It was home to the father-son horse trainers Ben and Jimmy Jones, whose horses won eight Kentucky Derbies and two Triple Crowns.
Émile Nelligan
Émile Nelligan (December 24, 1879 – November 18, 1941) was a Canadian Symbolist poet from Montreal who wrote in French. Even though he stopped writing poetry after being institutionalized at the age of 19, Nelligan remains an iconic figure in Quebec culture and was considered by Edmund Wilson to be the greatest Canadian poet in any language.

Artistic symbol
In works of art, literature, and narrative, a symbol is a concrete element like an object, character, image, situation, or action that suggests or hints at abstract, deeper, or non-literal meanings or ideas. The use of symbols artistically is symbolism. In literature, such as novels, plays, and poems, symbolism goes beyond just the literal written words on a page, since writing itself is also inherently a system of symbols.

Artistic symbols may be intentionally built into a work by its creator, which in the case of narratives can make symbolism a deliberate narrative device. However, it also may be decided upon by the audience or by a consensus of scholars through their interpretation of the work. Various synonyms exist for this type of symbol, based on specific genre, artistic medium, or domain: visual symbol, literary symbol, poetic symbol, etc.
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF fourth round
In the fourth round of the CONCACAF 2006 World Cup qualification, the six remaining teams from the third round were put in a single group, and played against each other home-and-away. The three teams with most points qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The fourth-placed team, Trinidad and Tobago, advanced to the AFC-CONCACAF playoff against the winner of the fourth round of Asia, Bahrain.

2006 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC fourth round
The AFC fourth round of 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification was held on 8 and 12 October 2005 between the two teams that finished third in the third round.

The winning team advanced to a play-off against the fourth-placed team of the CONCACAF qualifying group, Trinidad and Tobago. The winner of this playoff qualified for the 2006 World Cup finals.

The first leg was originally played on 3 September 2005 but the match was ordered to be replayed by FIFA after a refereeing mistake. With Uzbekistan leading the tie 1–0, a penalty was awarded to them but the referee disallowed the resulting goal and offered an indirect free kick to Bahrain for encroachment. Uzbekistan had formally requested for the match to be recorded as an automatic 3–0 victory.