hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Goose Creek (River Raisin)
Goose Creek is a small stream in Hillsdale, Jackson and Lenawee counties in the U.S. state of Michigan.  It is a tributary of the River Raisin.  The headwaters form in Somerset Township in northeast Hillsdale County flowing northeast to join the River Raisin just north of the village of Brooklyn.  The total length of the creek is approximately 12 miles (19 km).  The Goose Greek subbasin covers an area of 40 sq mi (100 km2) with 44% used for agriculture and 38% forest, wetlands, and grasslands.  Only about 12% of the watershed is made up of urban development.  Of all the subbasins within the River Raisin watershed, Goose Creek has maintained the largest share of wetlands and maintains the lowest levels of pollutants.

Lenawee County, Michigan
Lenawee County (/ˈlɛnəweɪ/ LEN-ə-way) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 99,423. The county seat is Adrian. The county was created in 1822, from territory partitioned from Monroe County. Its governing structure was organized in 1826.

Lenawee County comprises the Adrian, Michigan, micropolitan statistical area. It is served by the Toledo Media market. Lenawee County is home to the Potawatomi, Ottawa, Chippewa, Iroquois, Miami, Sauk, Fox, Mascoutens, and Huron tribes.
John S. Penn
John Stanton Penn (November 19, 1926 - November 1, 2013) was an American politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 16th Legislative District from 1984 to 1994.

Born in Brooklyn and raised in Westfield, New Jersey. Penn attended the Wardlaw School (since renamed as the Wardlaw-Hartridge School) and Columbia College. He resided in Far Hills, New Jersey and lived in Bedminster, New Jersey at the time of his death.

Westfield, New Jersey
Westfield is a town in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, located 16 miles (26 km) southwest of New York City. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 31,032, an increase of 716 (+2.4%) from the 2010 census count of 30,316, which in turn reflected an increase of 672 (+2.3%) from the 29,644 counted in the 2000 census.

In March 2018, Bloomberg ranked Westfield as the 99th highest-income place in the United States, and the 18th highest-income location in New Jersey. According to a 2014 nationwide survey, Westfield was ranked as the 30th-safest city to live in the United States.

The town has been one of the state's highest-income communities. Based on data from the American Community Survey for 2013–2017, Westfield residents had a median household income of $159,923, ranked 8th in the state among municipalities with more than 10,000 residents, more than double the statewide median of $76,475.
Fowlkes
Fowlkes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alan Fowlkes (born 1958), American retired professional baseball player

Charles Fowlkes (1916–1980), American baritone saxophonist

Curtis Fowlkes (1950–2023), American jazz trombonist

Eddie Fowlkes (born 1962), American techno DJ

Herman Fowlkes Jr. (1919–1993), American jazz musician and educator

Lauren Fowlkes (born 1988), American soccer player

Tremaine Fowlkes (born 1976), American professional basketball player

Lauren Fowlkes
Lauren Ann Fowlkes (born July 6, 1988) is a retired American soccer player from Lee's Summit, Missouri. She was a defender for the United States women's national under-23 soccer team and the Chicago Red Stars of National Women's Soccer League.
WMHT (TV)
WMHT (channel 17) is a television station licensed to Schenectady, New York, United States, serving the Capital District as a member of PBS. It is owned by WMHT Educational Telecommunications alongside NPR member WMHT-FM (89.1) and adult album alternative station WEXT (97.7 FM). The three stations share studios in the Rensselaer Technology Park in North Greenbush (with a Troy mailing address); the TV station's transmitter is located in the Helderberg Escarpment in New Scotland.

WMHT operates digital translator W23ER-D (channel 23) in Poughkeepsie (part of the New York City market). The translator's ownership was transferred from Dutchess Community College to WMHT in 2014.

Helderberg Escarpment
The Helderberg Escarpment, also known as the Helderberg Mountains, is an escarpment in eastern New York, United States, roughly 11 miles (18 km) west of the city of Albany.  The escarpment is the northeastern extremity of the Allegheny Plateau. It rises steeply from the Hudson Valley below, with an elevation difference of approximately 700 feet (from 400 to 1,100 feet) over a horizontal distance of approximately 2,000 feet. Much of the escarpment is within John Boyd Thacher State Park, and has views of the Hudson Valley and the Capital District.
Rosedale (Charlotte, North Carolina)
Rosedale, also known as Frew's Folly, is a historic plantation house located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.  It was built about 1815, and is a Federal style frame dwelling. It consists of a 2+1⁄2-story, three bay by two bay, central block flanked by 1+1⁄2-story wings. It is sheathed in molded weatherboard and rests on a stone basement. Each section has a gable roof.  The central block is flanked by exterior brick chimneys.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

The restored house and gardens are open to the public.

Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Mecklenburg County (/ˈmɛklənˌbɜːrɡ/) is a county located in the southwestern region of the U.S. state of North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,115,482, making it the second-most populous county in North Carolina (after Wake County), and the first county in the Carolinas to surpass one million in population.  Its county seat is Charlotte, the state's largest municipality.

Mecklenburg County is the central county of the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. On September 12, 2013, it was estimated the county surpassed one million residents.

Like its seat, the county is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom (1761–1818), whose name is derived from the region of Mecklenburg in Germany. It was named for Mecklenburg Castle (Mecklenburg meaning "large castle" in Low German) in the village of Dorf Mecklenburg.
SDHB
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial (SDHB) also known as iron-sulfur subunit of complex II (Ip) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHB gene.

The succinate dehydrogenase (also called SDH or Complex II) protein complex catalyzes  the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ubiquinol). SDHB is one of four protein subunits forming succinate dehydrogenase, the other three being SDHA, SDHC and SDHD. The SDHB subunit is connected to the SDHA subunit on the hydrophilic, catalytic end of the SDH complex. It is also connected to the SDHC/SDHD subunits on the hydrophobic end of the complex anchored in the mitochondrial membrane. The subunit is an iron-sulfur protein with three iron-sulfur clusters. It weighs 30 kDa.

Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons constitutes the exome.
Operation Five Stones
Operation Five Stones was a four-day Israeli military operation in the northern West Bank that lasted from 26 to 29 November 2025. It focused on combatting Palestinian militants in an area of Tubas Governorate dubbed the "Pentagon of Villages": Tubas, Tammun, the al-Fara'a camp, Aqaba, and Tayasir. While some sources described the operation as an extension of Israel's large-scale "Iron Wall" operation, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) said it was not and referred to it as a new and distinct operation.

'Aqqaba
'Aqqaba (Arabic: عقّابة) is a Palestinian town located on a slope in the Jordan Valley in the northern West Bank, 15 kilometers northeast of Jenin in the Tubas Governorate of the State of Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 8,239 inhabitants in the 2017 census.
David Chase
David Henry Chase (born August 22, 1945) is an American writer, producer, and director. A recipient of seven Primetime Emmy Awards, he is best known for being the creator, head writer, and executive producer of the HBO drama The Sopranos, which aired for six seasons between 1999 and 2007. Chase has also produced and written for shows such as The Rockford Files, I'll Fly Away, and Northern Exposure. He created the original series Almost Grown which aired for 10 episodes in 1988 and 1989. Chase's film debut came in 1972 with Grave of the Vampire, and his later filmography includes Not Fade Away (2012) and The Many Saints of Newark (2021), a prequel film to the TV series The Sopranos.

I'll Fly Away (TV series)
I'll Fly Away is an American television drama series that aired on NBC from October 7, 1991, to February 5, 1993. Set during the late 1950s and early 1960s, in an unspecified Southern U.S. state, it stars Regina Taylor as Lilly Harper, a Black housekeeper for the family of district attorney Forrest Bedford, played by Sam Waterston (the character's name is a twist on the name of Confederate Army General Nathan Bedford Forrest, an early leader of the Ku Klux Klan). As the show progresses, Lilly becomes increasingly involved in the Civil Rights Movement, which eventually pulls in her employer as well.
Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line
Guruvayur–Thrissur section is a spur line functioning under Trivandrum railway division of Southern Railway zone. This is a single broad-gauge line which begins at Thrissur city and ends at Guruvayur in Thrissur district of Kerala. The 23 kilometres (14 mi) section was opened for traffic in the year 1994. The line connects the Cultural Capital of Kerala, Thrissur to the Temple Town of Kerala, Guruvayur, the fourth biggest temple in India in terms of the number of devotees per day.

Thrissur district
Thrissur district (Malayalam: [t̪riʃ(ː)uːr] ⓘ), anglicised as Trichur, is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated in the central region of the state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km2 (1,171 sq mi), the district is home to over 9% of Kerala's population.

Thrissur district is bordered by the districts of Palakkad and Malappuram to the north,  the district of Ernakulam to the south and Coimbatore to the east. The Arabian Sea lies to the west and Western Ghats stretches towards the east.  It is part of the historical Malabar Coast, which has been trading internationally since ancient times.  The main language spoken is Malayalam.

Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur city. The district is known for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques.
2017 Nigeria Prize for Literature
The 2017 Nigeria Prize for Literature is a literary award worth US$100,000 given for the best English-language novel published by a Nigerian author. The winner, Ikeogu Oke for his poetry book The Heresiad, was announced on 10 October 2017 in Lagos.

Focused on poetry, the jury consisted of Ernest Emenyonu, the chairman, Tade Ipadeola, the 2013 recipient, and Razinat Mohammed. On 22 July 2017, 11 books were longlisted out of 184 entries.

On 30 August 2017, the shortlist was released and it contained only three books; Songs of Myself by Tanure Ojaide, A Good Mourning by Ogaga Ifowodo and The Heresiad by Ikeogu Oke. On 10 October 2017, chairman of the advisory board of the prize, Ayo Banjo, during the World Press Conference in Lagos announced Ikeogu Oke as the winner.

Tanure Ojaide
Tanure Ojaide (born 1948) is a Nigerian poet and academic. As a writer, he is noted for his unique stylistic vision and for his intense criticism of imperialism, religion, and other issues. He is regarded as a socio-political and an ecocentric poet. He won the 2018 Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa with his collection Songs of Myself: A Quartet (2017).
History of variational principles in physics
In physics, a variational principle is an alternative method for determining the state or dynamics of a physical system, by identifying it as an extremum (minimum, maximum or saddle point) of a function or functional. Variational methods are exploited in many modern software applications to simulate matter and light.

Since the development of analytical mechanics in the 18th century, the fundamental equations of physics have usually been established in terms of action principles, where the variational principle is applied to the action of a system in order to recover the fundamental equation of motion.

This article describes the historical development of such action principles and other variational methods applied in physics. See History of physics for an overview and Outline of the history of physics for related histories.

Gauss's principle of least constraint
The principle of least constraint is one variational formulation of classical mechanics enunciated by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1829, equivalent to all other formulations of analytical mechanics. Intuitively, it says that the acceleration of a constrained physical system will be as similar as possible to that of the corresponding unconstrained system.
María Felicidad González
María Felicidad González (1884 in Paraguarí, Paraguay – 1980) was a Paraguayan academic and feminist activist. She is considered a leading figure in the early history of Paraguayan feminism.

After completing her studies in 1908, González became the director of the Escuela Graduada de la Encarnación. The following year she became regent of the Escuela Normal del Paraguay, a post she held until 1914 when she was promoted to Vice-Director; she later became Director in 1921, a post she held until 1932.

González co-founded the Centro Femenino Paraguayo (Paraguayan Women's Center) in 1921, and she represented Paraguay at the 1922 Pan-American Conference of Women.

Paraguarí
Paraguarí (Spanish pronunciation: [paɾaɣwaˈɾi]; Guarani: Paraguari) is a city, district, and capital of Paraguarí Department in Paraguay. It is located 66 km from the country's capital, Asunción.  According to the census in 2002, it had a population of 22,154.
FNIP1
Folliculin-interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) functions as a co-chaperone which inhibits the ATPase activity of the chaperone Hsp90 (heat shock protein-90) and decelerates its chaperone cycle. FNIP1 acts as a scaffold to load FLCN onto Hsp90. FNIP1 is also involved in chaperoning of both kinase and non-kinase clients.

Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase (/ˈkaɪneɪs, ˈkɪneɪs, -eɪz/) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups to substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation.  Typically ATP is the phosphate donor. Kinases are pervasive, the human genome codes for about 500 of these enzymes.

Kinases are part of the larger family of phosphotransferases. Kinases should not be confused with phosphorylases, which catalyze the addition of inorganic phosphate groups to an acceptor, nor with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups (dephosphorylation). The phosphorylation state of a molecule, whether it be a protein, lipid or carbohydrate, can affect its activity, reactivity and its ability to bind other molecules. Therefore, kinases are critical in metabolism, cell signalling, protein regulation, cellular transport, secretory processes and many other cellular pathways, which makes them very important to physiology.
SKI protein
The SKI protein is a nuclear proto-oncogene that is associated with tumors at high cellular concentrations.  SKI has been shown to interfere with normal cellular functioning by both directly impeding expression of certain genes inside the nucleus of the cell as well as disrupting signaling proteins that activate genes.

SKI negatively regulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) by directly interacting with Smads and repressing the transcription of TGF-beta responsive genes.  This has been associated with cancer due to the large number of roles that peptide growth factors, of which TGF-beta are a subfamily, play in regulating cellular functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, specification, and developmental fate.

The name SKI comes from the Sloan-Kettering Institute where the protein was initially discovered.

Dachshund (gene)
dachshund (dac) is a gene involved in the development of the arthropod compound eye which also plays a role in leg development. It is activated by the Distal-less (Dll) gene.

Dachshund homologue (DACH1) regulates tumorigenesis in humans as a part of the Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) complex, with cancer patients showing altered DACH1 expression. Its homologs form the SKI/SNO/DAC family (Pfam PF02437).
2006 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II – Pool A
Group A of the 2006 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Americas Zone Group II of the 2006 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom two teams proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top teams played for advancement to the 2007 Group I.

2006 Fed Cup
The 2006 Fed Cup was the 44th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women's tennis.

The final took place at Spiroudome in Charleroi, Belgium, on 16–17 September. The home team, Belgium, lost to Italy, 2–3, giving Italy their first title in their first final and Belgium's second final.
Manasseh Mathiang
Manasseh Mathiang is a South Sudanese musician and human rights activist. Having made a living as a musician for many years, in 2021 he was exiled from South Sudan for criticizing the government. In response, he began using his music to solely to promote activism and, together with other exiled South Sudanese artists, formed Anataban, meaning “I am tired” in Arabic. For his criticism of the government, Mathiang has remained a fugitive and is often forced to flee. He currently operates out of Nairobi, Kenya where he serves as executive director of Hagiga Ltd, an NGO aimed at promoting freedom of expression through art.

Anataban Campaign
The Anataban Campaign (Arabic: انا تعبان, Ana Taban, meaning "I am tired") is an artist collective based in Juba, South Sudan. The group uses street theater, graffiti, murals, sculpture and poetry to foster public discussion about the issues of social injustice and government accountability, and transparency. Anataban members see solidarity, courage, integrity, inclusion, non-violence and political neutrality as the important values guiding their work.
Elkhorn, Omaha, Nebraska
Elkhorn is a Western neighborhood of the city of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The population was 6,062 at the 2000 census and was estimated by the Census Bureau at 8,192 in 2005 before it was annexed into Omaha in 2007. It was named after the Elkhorn River. Elkhorn was founded in 1865, platted in 1867, and was incorporated in 1872. It later became uncharted before re-incorporating in 1886. In the 1990s, Elkhorn began annexing municipalities near itself to avoid annexation from Omaha. However, in 2007, Omaha annexed the city.

Elkhorn River
The Elkhorn River is a river in northeastern Nebraska, United States, that originates in the eastern Sandhills and is one of the largest tributaries of the Platte River, flowing 290 miles (470 km) and joining the Platte just southwest of Omaha, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south and 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Gretna.

Located in northeast and north-central Nebraska, the Elkhorn River basin encompasses approximately 7,000 square miles (18,000 km2). The Elkhorn has several tributaries, including its own North and South forks, Logan Creek Dredge, Rock Creek and Maple Creek.
Scinde Medal
The Scinde Medal (Sindhi: سندي ميڊل) was authorised on 22 September 1843 and issued to soldiers of the Honourable East India Company, the 22nd Regiment of Foot of the British Army and members of the Indian Navy who crewed the Indus Flotilla, who participated in Major General Sir Charles Napier's conquest of Scinde between 1842 and 1843.

Charles Napier (British Army officer, born 1782)
General Sir Charles James Napier, GCB (/ˈneɪ.pi.ər/ NAY-pee-ər; 10 August 1782 – 29 August 1853) was an officer and veteran of the British Army's Peninsular and 1812 campaigns, and later a major general of the Bombay Army, during which period he led the British military conquest of Sindh, before serving as the governor of Sindh, and Commander-in-Chief in India.
1970 Cannes Film Festival
The 23rd Cannes Film Festival took place from  3 to 18 May 1970. Guatemalan author and Nobel Prize laureate Miguel Ángel Asturias served as jury president for the main competition.

The Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, then the festival's main prize, was awarded to M*A*S*H by Robert Altman.

In this edition, Robert Favre LeBret, the founder of the festival, decided not to include any films from Russia and Japan (their flags were also omitted on the Croisette). He was supposedly tired of the "Slavic spectacles and Japanese samurai flicks.". The Russians took back their juror Sergei Obraztsov (head of Moscow puppet theater) and left the jury panel with only eight members.

The festival opened with The Things of Life by Claude Sautet and closed with Le Bal du Comte d'Orgel by Marc Allégret.

Promenade de la Croisette
The Promenade de la Croisette (French: [pʁɔm(ə)nad də la kʁwazɛt]), or Boulevard de la Croisette, is a prominent road in Cannes, France. It stretches along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and is about 2 km long. The Croisette is known for the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, where the Cannes Film Festival is held. Many expensive shops, upscale restaurants, and hotels (such as the Carlton, Majestic, JW Marriott Cannes, and Martinez) line the road. It goes completely along the coastline of Cannes.

The Croisette is listed in the cultural heritage general inventory of France.
California Public Employment Relations Board
The California Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) is an independent state agency within the California Labor and Workforce Development Agency.

It is a quasi-judicial administrative agency charged with administering the collective bargaining statutes covering employees of California’s public schools, colleges, and universities, employees of the state government, employees of California local public agencies (cities, counties and special districts), trial court employees, trial court interpreters, supervisory employees of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Judicial Council employees, Orange County Transportation Authority employees, Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) employees, Sacramento Regional Transit District employees, Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District employees, Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority employees, and child care providers who participate in a state-funded early care and education program.

Los Angeles Metro
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, branded as Metro, is the agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the transportation system in Los Angeles County, California, the most populated county in the United States.

Metro directly operates a large public transit system that includes bus, bus rapid transit, light rail, and rapid transit (subway) services. The agency also provides funding for transit it does not operate, including Metrolink commuter rail, municipal bus operators and paratransit services. The agency also provides funding and directs planning for the Los Angeles freeway system and railroad projects within the county.

In 2025, the Metro system had a total ridership of 305,706,300, and had a ridership of 928,600 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025. It is the largest transit agency by ridership in the state of California, and the second-largest in the United States after the New York City Transit Authority.