hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Raja
Raja (/ˈrɑːdʒɑː/; from IAST rājan-) is a noble or royal Sanskrit title historically used by some Indian rulers and monarchs and highest-ranking nobles. The title was historically used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

The title has a long history in South Asia and Southeast Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a rājan- is a ruler, see for example the daśarājñá yuddhá, the "Battle of Ten Kings".

The title has equivalent cognates in other Indo-European languages, notably the Latin Rex and the Celtic Rix.

The Maratha title "Rao" (or "Rao") functions as both a given name and an honorific title, derived from words like the Sanskrit "Rājā" meaning "king," is a associated with the Kshatriya varna and can be considered a Kshatriya title.

Battle of the Ten Kings
The Battle of the Ten Kings (Sanskrit: दाशराज्ञयुद्धम्, IAST: Dāśarājñá yuddhá) was first alluded to in the 7th Mandala of the Rigveda (RV) and took place on the bank of river Parushni between a king of the Bharata tribe named Sudas, and a confederation of Puru, Yadu, Turvasa, Anu, Druhyu, Alina, Paktha, Bhalnas, Shiva and Vishanin tribes. It resulted in a decisive victory for the Bharatas and subsequent formation of the Kuru polity. The Battle of the Ten Kings, mentioned in the Rigveda may have "formed the 'nucleus' of story" of the Kurukshetra War in the Mahabharata.
Piping and plumbing fitting
A fitting or adapter is used in pipe systems to connect  sections of pipe (designated by nominal size, with greater  tolerances of variance) or tube (designated by actual size, with lower tolerance for variance), adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow. These fittings can manipulate the conveyance of fluids  such  as water for potatory, irrigational, sanitary, and refrigerative purposes, or other liquids like gas,  petroleum, and liquid waste.

Fittings allow multiple  pipes to be connected to cover longer distances, increase or decrease the size of the pipe  or tube, or extend a network  by branching, and make possible more complex systems than could be achieved with only individual pipes. Valves are specialized fittings that  permit regulating the flow of fluid within a plumbing system.

Cooling
Cooling is removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower temperature and/or phase change. Temperature lowering achieved by any other means may also be called cooling.
The transfer of thermal energy may occur via thermal radiation, heat conduction or convection. Examples can be as simple as reducing temperature of tea.
Hereward Wake
Hereward Wake could refer to:

Hereward the Wake (born 1035), 11th-century Anglo-Saxon leader

A number of the Wake baronets:

Sir Hereward Wake, 12th Baronet (1852–1916)
Sir Hereward Wake, 13th Baronet (1876-1963), British Army general
Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet (1916–2017), British Army officer and countryman
Sir Hereward Charles Wake, 15th Baronet (born 1952)

Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet
Major Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet, MC (7 October 1916 – 11 December 2017) was a British Army officer and countryman, he was educated at Sandroyd School and Eton College. Wounded in World War II while serving as a major in the King's Royal Rifle Corps, he served as Northamptonshire's High Sheriff in 1955 and Vice-Lieutenant from 1984 to 1991.

He married Julia Lees in 1952: the couple had three daughters and one son, Hereward, who succeeded his father as the 15th Baronet. The family lived at Courteenhall in Northamptonshire.
Longquan, Beijing
Longquan Town (Chinese: 龙泉镇; pinyin: Lóngquán Zhèn) is a town that lies on the eastern side of Mentougou District, Beijing, China. It borders Miaofengshan and Junzhuang Towns to the north, Wulituo and Guangning Subdistricts to the east, Yongding and Tantuo Towns to the south, Yongding and Wangping to the west. In 2020, Longquan had a census population of 52,072.

The name Longquan (Chinese: 龙泉; lit. 'Dragon Spring') was given for the town's location near Jiulong Mountain and Yongding River.

Guangning Subdistrict, Beijing
Guangning Subdistrict (Chinese: 广宁街道; pinyin: Guǎngníng Jiēdào) is a subdistrict that makes up the northwestern corner of Shijingshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Wulituo Subdistrict to the north, Jinding Street Subdistrict to the east, Gucheng Subdistrict to the south, and Mentougou District to the west. As of 2020, it had a total of 14,684 inhabitants.

The name Guangning (Chinese: 广宁; lit. 'Extensive Tranquility') comes from Count of Guangning of the Ming dynasty, who was buried here after his death.
We Have Always Fought
"'We Have Always Fought': Challenging the 'Women, Cattle and Slaves' Narrative" is an essay by science fiction writer Kameron Hurley, addressing the portrayal of women in science fiction, and in general. It was first published as a post to A Dribble of Ink in May 2013, and was republished in Lightspeed's special issue "Women Destroy Science Fiction".

In 2014, it won the Hugo Award for Best Related Work, the same year that Hurley won Hugo for Best Fan Writer.

Lightspeed (magazine)
Lightspeed is an American online fantasy and science fiction magazine edited and published by John Joseph Adams. The first issue was published in June 2010 and it has maintained a regular monthly schedule since. The magazine published four original stories and four reprints in every issue, in addition to interviews with the authors and other nonfiction. All of the content published in each issue is available for purchase as an ebook and for free on the magazine's website. Lightspeed also made selected stories available as a free podcast, produced by Audie Award–winning editor Stefan Rudnicki.
The Backs
The Backs is a picturesque area to the east of Queen's Road in the city of Cambridge, England, where several colleges of the University of Cambridge back on to the River Cam with their grounds covering both banks of the river.

In 2013, National Trust chairman Simon Jenkins included The Backs as one of his top ten views in England.

King's College Chapel, Cambridge
King's College Chapel is the chapel of King's College in the University of Cambridge. It is considered one of the finest examples of late Perpendicular Gothic English architecture and features the world's largest fan vault. The Chapel was built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515, a period which spanned the Wars of the Roses and three subsequent decades. The Chapel's large stained glass windows were completed by 1531, and its early Renaissance rood screen was erected in 1532–36. The Chapel is an active house of worship, and home of the King's College Choir. It is a landmark and a commonly used symbol of the city of Cambridge.
Rosalnice
Rosalnice (pronounced [ɾɔˈsaːlnitsɛ] or [ɾɔˈsaːu̯nitsɛ]; German: Rosalnitz) is a village on the left bank of the Kolpa River, east of the town of Metlika in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia, on the border with Croatia. The railway line from Novo Mesto to Karlovac runs through the settlement before it crosses the Kolpa River into Croatia. The entire area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

White Carniola
White Carniola (Slovene: Bela krajina; Croatian: Bela krajina; German: Weißkrain or Weiße Mark) is a traditional region in southeastern Slovenia on the border with Croatia. Due to its smallness, it is often considered a subunit of the broader Lower Carniola region, although with distinctive cultural, linguistic, and historical features.

Due to its proximity with Croatia, White Carniola shares many cultural and linguistic features with the neighboring Kajkavian Croatian areas. It is generally considered the Slovenian region with the closest cultural affinity with other South Slavic territories. It was part of Slavonia until the 12th century, after which it shared the historical fate with the Windic March and Lower Carniola to the north. During the 19th century, it was one of the regions with the highest emigration rate in the Slovene Lands, and the Austrian Empire in general. During World War II, it was an important center of anti-Fascist resistance in Slovenia.
Landlord–tenant law in Tamil Nadu
Landlord–tenant law in Tamil Nadu is the law governing the legal relationship or jural relationship that exists between the landlord and tenant as long as the valid tenancy continues between them with regard to the demised premises. The principal landlord–tenant statute in Tamil Nadu is The Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 [Tamil Nadu Act No. XVIII of 1960].

Legal relationship
A legal relationship, jural relationship, or legal relation is a connection between two persons or other entities that is governed by law. A legal relationship may exist, for example, between two individuals or between an individual and a government. Legal relationships often imply rights and obligations. Examples of legal relationships include contracts, marriage, and citizenship. As with other fundamental legal concepts, many different ways of defining and classifying legal relationships have been put forward.
Karmapolice
Karmapolice is a 2023 French neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Julien Paolini. His second feature film, Karmapolice was written by Paolini in collaboration with Manolis Mavropoulos and Syrus Shahidi. It stars Shahidi as a troubled cop who investigates his mysterious neighbour. Alexis Manenti and Karidja Touré appear in supporting roles. It premiered on 21 October 2023 at the Festival Polar de Cognac, before being theatrically released in France on 17 July 2024.

Neo-noir
Neo-noir is a film genre from the 1970s, in the era of New Hollywood, which is primarily associated with the subversion and visual style of classic film noir tropes, adapting the themes of 1940s and 1950s American film noir for contemporary audiences, often with vibrant colors and high-contrast, more graphic depictions of violence or sexuality, thematic motifs, and nonlinear narrative or editing.

During the 1970s and the mid 1980s, the term "neo-noir" surged in popularity, fueled by movies such as Roman Polanski’s Chinatown (1974), Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), Sydney Pollack's Absence of Malice (1981), Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), Paul Verhoeven's The Fourth Man (1983 film) and David Lynch’s Blue Velvet (1986). The French term film noir translates literally to English as "black film", indicating sinister stories often presented in a shadowy cinematographic style. Neo-noir has a similar style but with updated themes, content, style, and visual elements.
1968 Israel Super Cup
The 1968 Israel Super Cup was the fifth Israel Super Cup, an annual Israeli football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and Israel State Cup. As the match was not set by the Israel Football Association, it was considered an unofficial cup, with a trophy donated by the Maccabi Association.

The match was played between Maccabi Tel Aviv, champions of the 1966–68 Liga Leumit and Bnei Yehuda, winners of the 1967–68 Israel State Cup. At the match, played at Bloomfield Stadium, Maccabi Tel Aviv won 2–1.

Bloomfield Stadium
Bloomfield Stadium (Hebrew: אצטדיון בלומפילד) is a football stadium in Tel Aviv, Israel, with a capacity of 29,400. It is the home stadium of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Maccabi Tel Aviv. The stadium also serves the Israel national football team for some select home matches.
Sullivan County
Sullivan County is the name of six counties in the United States of America:

Sullivan County, Indiana

Sullivan County, Missouri

Sullivan County, New Hampshire

Sullivan County, New York

Sullivan County, Pennsylvania

Sullivan County, Tennessee

Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Sullivan County is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,063, making it the second-least populous county in New Hampshire. Its county seat is Newport.

Sullivan County is included in the Claremont-Lebanon, NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Tirohia
Tirohia is a rural community in the Hauraki District and Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It was one of the main areas used by Ngāti Hako, including Te Rae o te Papa pā. A bridge was built over the Waihou River in 1919.

Ngāti Hako
Ngāti Hako is a Māori iwi of New Zealand. The people of Ngāti Hako are acknowledged as the earliest settlers in the Hauraki region. Although Ngāti Hako endured long periods of conflict with the Marutūāhu peoples, they were never completely overcome. They have maintained a presence in Hauraki to the present day. Their origins are not known, but it is suggested that they belonged to the ancient Te Tini o Toi people, who were descendants of the Polynesian navigator Toitehuatahi.

The survival of Ngāti Hako through the period of Marutūāhu expansion was assisted by a strategic marriage. The high-born Ngāti Hako woman Ruawehea was married to Tamatera, the son of Marutūāhu. The special relationship between Ngāti Hako and the lands of Hauraki is recalled in their traditional call of welcome.
Mircea cel Bătrân National College (Constanța)
Mircea cel Bătrân National College (Romanian: Colegiul Național "Mircea cel Bătrân" Constanța) is a high school located at 6 Ștefan cel Mare Street, Constanța, Romania. It was founded as a gymnasium on September 1, 1896 and took the name of Mircea the Elder in 1901.

It is one of the most appreciated high schools in the country, constantly appearing in the top 10 schools ordered by admission grades and having students who achieved very good results at national and International Science Olympiads. At the 2024 evaluation of  Romanian secondary schools, the college came in 9th place, with a score of 9.47/10.

International Science Olympiad
The International Science Olympiads are a group of worldwide annual competitions in various areas of the formal sciences, natural sciences, and social sciences. The competitions are designed for the 4-6 best high school students from each participating country selected through internal National Science Olympiads, with the exception of the IOL, which allows two teams per country, the IOI, which allows two teams from the hosting country, and the IJSO, which is designed for junior secondary students and also allows two teams from the hosting country. Early editions of the first Olympiads were limited to the Eastern Bloc, but later they gradually spread to other countries.
Pimperna
Pimperna is a village and rural commune in the Cercle of Sikasso in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 161 square kilometers and includes 10 villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 11,329. The village of Pimperna, the administrative center (chef-lieu) of the commune, is 16 km northwest of Sikasso on the RN11, the main road between Sikasso and Koutiala.

Sikasso Region
Sikasso Region (Bambara: ߛߌߞߊߛߏ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Sikaso Dineja) is the southernmost region of Mali. The region's capital city, Sikasso, is the country's second-largest city. Major ethnic groups include the Senoufo, known for masks and reverence for animals, the Samago, known for being Mali's best farmers, and the main ethnic group in Mali, the Bambara people.
Effa Muhse
Dr. Effa Funk Muhse (19 June 1877 - 7 February 1968) was an American biologist. She was the first woman to obtain a PhD from Indiana University. While at Indiana, she studied glands in toads. After earning her degree, she went on to promote the National Woman's Party in Pennsylvania, Idaho, and Chicago. Later she became a biology teacher at Chevy Chase Junior College which later named a science building after her.

Gland
A gland is a cell or an organ in an animal's body that produces and secretes different substances that the organism needs, either into the bloodstream or into a body cavity or outer surface. A gland may also function to remove unwanted substances such as urine from the body.

There are two types of gland, each with a different method of secretion. Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their products, hormones,  directly into interstitial spaces to be taken up into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands secrete their products through a duct into a body cavity or outer surface.

Glands are mostly composed of epithelial tissue, and typically have a supporting framework of connective tissue, and a capsule.
Sargocentron violaceum
Sargocentron violaceum, the violet squirrelfish, is a nocturnal species of squirrelfish in the genus Sargocentron. It can be found in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean from Aldabra and the Laccadive Islands to the Society Islands, north to Ryukyu, Japan, south to the southern Great Barrier Reef, and from Palau to the eastern Caroline and Marshall Islands in Micronesia. It is an uncommon inhabitant atoll reef flats, lagoon patch reefs, and steep outer reef slopes. It is a solitary and secretive species and can occasionally be seen in small crevices in clear water habitats. It is usually among rich coral growth and it mainly feeds on benthic crabs and shrimps.

Caroline Islands
The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the central and eastern parts of the group, and Palau at the extreme western end. Historically, this area was also called Nuevas Filipinas or New Philippines, because they were part of the Spanish East Indies and were governed from Manila in the Philippines.

The Carolines are scattered across a distance of approximately 3,540 kilometres (2,200 mi; 1,910 nmi), from the westernmost island, Tobi, in Palau, to the easternmost island, Kosrae, a state of the FSM.
Ashish Jaiswal
Ashish Nandkishore Jaiswal is an Indian politician and Minister of State for Finance, Planning, Agriculture, Assistance, and Rehabilitation, as well as Law and Justice, in the State of Maharashtra. Shiv Sena MLA Ramtek constituency. Member of the Shiv Sena from Nagpur district, Maharashtra. He is a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Ramtek Vidhan Sabha constituency of Nagpur, Maharashtra, as an independent member. He had been elected for three consecutive terms in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly in 1999, 2004, 2009, 2019 and 2024.

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra Vidhānasabhā) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India. It consists of 288 members directly elected from single-seat constituencies. The Assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan in Mumbai, though the winter session is held in Nagpur. Along with the Maharashtra Legislative Council, it constitutes the legislature of Maharashtra. The presiding officer of the Assembly is the Speaker. Members of the Assembly are directly elected by the people of Maharashtra through elections held every five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved earlier. The current Assembly was elected in November 2024.
2011–12 Segunda División B
The 2011–12 Segunda División B season was the 35th since its establishment within the Spanish football league system. The first matches of the season were played on 20 August 2011, and the season ended on 24 June 2012 with the promotion play-off finals.

2011 Segunda División B play-offs
The 2011 Segunda División B play-offs (Playoffs de Ascenso or Promoción de Ascenso) were the final playoffs for promotion from 2010–11 Segunda División B to the 2011–12 Segunda División. The four first placed teams in each of the four Segunda División B groups played the Playoffs de Ascenso and the four last placed teams in Segunda División were relegated to Segunda División B. It also decided the two teams which placed 16th to be relegated to the 2011–12 Tercera División.
Hard systems
Hard systems is a problem-solving approach in systems science. It can be contrasted with soft systems, for which systems thinking must handle many ill-defined, or not easily quantified elements.

Hard systems approaches such as systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on, assume that the problems associated with such systems are well-defined and likely to have a single, optimum solution, so a problem-solving approach will work well as technical factors tend to predominate.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Quantum turbulence
Quantum turbulence is the name given to the turbulent flow – the chaotic motion of a fluid at high flow rates – of quantum fluids, such as superfluids. The idea that a form of turbulence might be possible in a superfluid via the quantized vortex lines was first suggested by Richard Feynman. The dynamics of quantum fluids are governed by quantum mechanics, rather than classical physics which govern classical (ordinary) fluids. Some examples of quantum fluids include superfluid helium (4He and Cooper pairs of 3He), Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), polariton condensates, and nuclear pasta theorized to exist inside neutron stars. Quantum fluids exist at temperatures below the critical temperature  at which Bose-Einstein condensation takes place.

Classical physics
Classical physics consists of scientific theories in the field of physics that are non-quantum or both non-quantum and non-relativistic, depending on the context. In historical discussions, classical physics refers to pre-1900 physics, while modern physics refers to post-1900 physics, which incorporates elements of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. However, relativity is based on classical field theory rather than quantum field theory, and is often categorized as a part of "classical physics".
Francisco Javier Díaz Madriz
Francisco Javier Díaz Madriz is the Director General of the National Police of Nicaragua. He was appointed by president Daniel Ortega on July 5, 2018, following Aminta Granera's resignation from the position in the face of mass protests across Nicaragua and the widespread criticism of the aggressive police response that followed. The appointment became public August 23 and Díaz was officially sworn in on September 5, 2018.

Díaz was sanctioned by the U.S. State Department on July 5, 2018—a few hours before the decree appointing Díaz Director-General—under the Magnitsky Act for what the State Department called "serious human rights abuse against the people of Nicaragua" by police under his supervision during the protests.

Díaz and Ortega are related through their children's marriage.

Magnitsky Act
The Magnitsky Act, formally the Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012, is a bipartisan U.S. federal law enacted in 2012. It imposes sanctions on Russian officials deemed responsible for the death of Russian tax lawyer Sergei Magnitsky in a Moscow prison in 2009. The act also repealed the Jackson–Vanik amendment, granting permanent normal trade relations status to Russia and Moldova. It was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012.

The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, enacted in 2016 as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, extends the original act's framework to sanction foreign officials worldwide for human rights violations or significant corruption, authorizing asset freezes and U.S. entry bans.