hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Social discount rate
Social discount rate (SDR) is the discount rate used in computing the value of funds spent on social projects. Discount rates are used to put a present value on costs and benefits that will occur at a later date. Determining this rate is not always easy and can be the subject of discrepancies in the true net benefit to certain projects, plans and policies. The discount rate is considered as a critical element in cost–benefit analysis when the costs and the benefits differ in their distribution over time, this usually occurs when the project that is being studied is over a long period of time.

Discount function
In economics, a discount function is used in economic models to describe the weights placed on rewards received at different points in time.  For example,  if time is discrete and utility is time-separable, with the discount function f(t) having a negative first derivative and with ct (or c(t) in continuous time) defined as consumption at time t, total utility from an infinite stream of consumption is given by:

Total utility in the continuous-time case is given by:

provided that this integral exists.

Exponential discounting and hyperbolic discounting are the two most commonly used examples.
Aurelio Saliceti
Aurelio Saliceti (Mosciano Sant'Angelo, 1804 – Turin, 1862) was an Italian politician, lawyer and patriot, affiliate of the Risorgimento.

He was among the first affiliates to Young Italy. In 1848 he was appointed by the Constitutional Government as Minister for Justice, a position from which he resigned a few days later, having failed to pass his reform plans. He went to Rome to fight in favor of the Roman Republic and was later sent in exile to London. There he lived as a poor man, but remained a committed patriot, now adhering to the Italian National Committee of Giuseppe Mazzini.

He moved to Paris in 1851, where he withdrew from Mazzini to join a project intended to oust the Bourbons from Naples, and replace it with a descendant of Joachim Murat. He returned to Naples in 1860 and there held the chair of the Supreme Court and obtained a university chair. He died in 1862.

Young Italy
Young Italy (Italian: La Giovine Italia, pronounced [la ˈdʒoːvine iˈtaːlja]) was an Italian political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. A few months after leaving Italy, in June 1831, Mazzini wrote a letter to King Charles Albert of Sardinia, in which he asked him to unite Italy and lead the nation. A month later, convinced that his demands did not reach the king, he founded the movement in Marseille. It would then spread out to other nations across Europe. The movement's goal was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire. Mazzini's belief was that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy. The slogan that defined the movement's aim was "Union, Strength, and Liberty". The phrase could be found in the tricolor Italian flag, which represented the country's unity.
HMS Hyperion
Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Hyperion, after Hyperion, one of the Titans of Greek mythology. A third was planned but never completed:

HMS Hyperion (1807) was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1807 and broken up in 1833.

HMS Hyperion was to have been a wooden screw frigate. She was ordered in 1861 and cancelled in 1863.

HMS Hyperion (H97) was a H-class destroyer launched in 1936. She was scuttled in 1940 after being damaged by a mine.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Iain Marsh
Iain Marsh (born 6 October 1980) is a former rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at representative level for Scotland, and at club level for the Salford City Reds, St Helens (A-Team), the Barrow Raiders, Oldham, the Batley Bulldogs, Rochdale Hornets and Workington Town, as a wing, centre or second-row.

Workington Town
Workington Town  is a semi-professional rugby league club based in Workington, West Cumbria, England. The club plays home games at Derwent Park and competes in the RFL Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Workington have won the League Championship once in 1951 and Challenge Cup in 1952.

The club's traditional home colours are white shirt with a blue band. Their main rivals are Whitehaven, while they also have a Cumbrian rivalry with Barrow Raiders.
Uganda mangabey
The Uganda mangabey (Lophocebus albigena ugandae) is a subspecies of the grey-cheeked mangabey (L. albigena), an Old World monkey, found only in Uganda and in the Minziro Forest Reserve, just over the border in Tanzania. Colin Groves upgraded the Ugandan population of this crested mangabey to the new species L. ugandae on 16 February 2007, but this is not widely accepted. This subspecies is significantly smaller than the other subspecies of grey-cheeked mangabey, with a shorter skull and smaller face. 2018 was the most recent year in which the International Union for Conservation of Nature assessed the conservation status of L. albigena ugandae, describing it as being of vulnerable.

Minziro Forest Reserve
The Minziro (Nature) Forest Reserve  is a 24,841 ha (95.91 sq mi)  forest reserve in Tanzania along the Kagera River in Bukoba District  of Kagera Region. It protects one of the largest forests in Tanzania, of a forest type that is unique in the country. It was gazetted in 1947 and is situated at an elevation of around 1,150 m (3,770 ft). in fairly level terrain. The forest is continuous with the Malabigambo Forest over the nearby Uganda border. The largest part consists of Baikiaea–Podocarpus seasonal swamp forests while the remainder is flooded acacia woodlands.
Persiaran Persekutuan, Putrajaya
Persiaran Persekutuan is a major highway in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It connects Wetland Interchange of the South Klang Valley Expressway in the north to Persiaran Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah in the south.

South Klang Valley Expressway
The E26 South Klang Valley Expressway, or SKVE (Malay: Lebuhraya Lembah Klang Selatan), is an expressway in the southern part of Klang Valley, Malaysia's most densely populated region. This 51.7 km (32.1 mi) dual-carriageway provides links to the booming towns in southern Klang Valley, including the country's administrative capital, Putrajaya. South Klang Valley Expressway is the fifth east–west-oriented expressway in the Klang Valley after the Federal Highway, the New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), the Kuala Lumpur–Kuala Selangor Expressway (LATAR) and the Shah Alam Expressway (KESAS).
Bishop of Rochester
The Bishop of Rochester is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Rochester in the Province of Canterbury.

The town of Rochester has the bishop's seat, at the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary, which was founded as a Catholic cathedral in 604. After the English Reformation, during the late 17th and 18th centuries, it was customary for the Bishop of Rochester to also be appointed Dean of Westminster. The practice ended in 1802.  The diocese covers two London boroughs and West Kent, which includes Medway and Maidstone.

The bishop's residence is Bishopscourt in Rochester. His Latin episcopal signature is: "(firstname) Roffen", Roffensis being the genitive case of the Latin name of the see. The office was created in 604 at the founding of the diocese in the Kingdom of Kent under King Æthelberht.

Jonathan Gibbs has served as Bishop of Rochester since the confirmation of his election, on 24 May 2022.

Ordinary (church officer)
An ordinary (from Latin ordinarius) is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws.

Such officers are found in hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have an ecclesiastical legal system. For example, diocesan bishops are ordinaries in the Catholic Church and the Church of England. In Eastern Christianity, a corresponding officer is called a hierarch (from Greek ἱεράρχης hierarkhēs "president of sacred rites, high-priest" which comes in turn from τὰ ἱερά ta hiera, "the sacred rites" and ἄρχω arkhō, "I rule").

During at least the 17th and 18th centuries the title of Ordinary was used for prison chaplains in England, such as the one who attended condemned men before their execution at Newgate.
Christiane Seidel
Christiane Julie Louise Seidel (born April 3, 1988) is a German-Danish-American actress, having had roles in Boardwalk Empire (2011-2014), Schmidts Katze (2014), The Hollow (2016), Godless (2017), Fosse/Verdon and Human Capital (2019), and Paradise Highway in 2022.

Human Capital (2019 film)
Human Capital is a 2019 American-Italian drama film directed by Marc Meyers. The screenplay by Oren Moverman is based on the 2004 Stephen Amidon novel of the same name, which was also adapted into the 2013 Italian film by Paolo Virzì. The film stars Liev Schreiber, Marisa Tomei, Peter Sarsgaard, Maya Hawke, Alex Wolff, Betty Gabriel, Aasif Mandvi, Paul Sparks and Fred Hechinger.

The film premiered on September 10, 2019 at the Toronto International Film Festival. It was released through DirecTV Cinema on February 20, 2020, before being theatrically released on July 17, 2020, by Vertical Entertainment.
Thomas Libiih
Thomas Libiih (born 17 November 1967) is a Cameroonian former footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for various clubs, including Tonnerre Yaoundé and Ohud Medina. He also participated in the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cups with the Cameroon national football team.

Libiih had a brief spell with LDU Portoviejo in Ecuador.

He works as a coach at FC Lotus-Terek Yaoundé, a Cameroonian farm team of Russian FC Terek Grozny, created by Guy Stephane Essame.

Cameroon national football team
The Cameroon national football team (French: Équipe du Cameroun de football), also known as the Indomitable Lions (French: les lions indomptables), represents Cameroon in men's international football. It is controlled by the Fédération Camerounaise de Football, a member of FIFA and its African confederation CAF.

The team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup eight times, more than any other African team, and four times in a row between 1990 and 2002. However, the team has only made it out of the group stage once. They were the first African team to reach the quarter-final of the World Cup in 1990, losing to England in extra time. They have also won five Africa Cup of Nations.

Cameroon is the first and, as of 2022, only African country to win against Brazil in tournament play, defeating them in the 2003 Confederations Cup and 2022 FIFA World Cup by identical 1–0 scores.
Brandåa Hydroelectric Power Station
The Brandåa Hydroelectric Power Station (Norwegian: Brandåa kraftverk) is a hydroelectric power station in Rindal Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is a run-of-river hydro power station utilizing a drop of 373 meters (1,224 ft) in some tributaries of the Surna River. Permission was granted for construction in 2006 and the plant came into operation in 2009. It is operated by Svorka Produksjon AS. It operates at an installed capacity of 4.1 megawatts (5,500 hp), with an average annual production of about 15.8 gigawatt-hours (57 TJ).

Kilowatt-hour
A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a non-SI unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules (MJ) in SI units, which is the energy delivered by one kilowatt of power for one hour. Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by electric utilities. Metric prefixes are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ).
Queen of Cups
The Queen of Cups is a card used in Latin-suited playing cards (Italian, Spanish, and tarot decks). It is the queen from the suit of cups. In Tarot, it is part of what tarot card readers call the "Minor Arcana".

Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play tarot card games. In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, tarot cards came to be utilized primarily for divinatory purposes.

Tarot card games
Tarot games are card games played with tarot packs designed for card play and which have a permanent trump suit alongside the usual four card suits. The games and packs which English-speakers call by the French name tarot are called tarocchi in the original Italian, Tarock in German and similar words in other languages.

Tarot games are increasingly popular in Europe, especially in France where French tarot is the second most popular card game after Belote. In Austria, Tarock games, especially Königrufen, have become widespread and there are several major national and international tournaments each year. Italy, the home of tarot, remains a stronghold. Games of the tarot family are also played in Hungary, Slovenia, Liechtenstein, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark, south Germany and south Poland.
Tom Winslade
Thomas Simon Winslade (born 28 May 1990) is an English cricketer.  Winslade is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break.  He was born in Epsom, Surrey.

While studying for his degree at Loughborough University, Winslade made his only first-class appearance for Loughborough MCCU against Kent in 2010. Opening the batting in this match, he scored a single run in Loughborough's first-innings, before being dismissed Simon Cook, while in their second-innings he was dismissed for 17 by Joe Denly, with the match ending in a draw.

Loughborough MCC University
Loughborough MCC University (previously known as Loughborough University Centre of Cricketing Excellence) is a cricket coaching centre based at Loughborough University in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England, and the name under which the university's cricket team plays.

The former Loughborough University Centre of Cricketing Excellence played 27 first-class matches from 2001 to 2009. As Loughborough Marylebone Cricket Club University, the team has played fourteen first-class matches from 2010 to 2015.
Altaf Hussain (Welsh politician)
Altaf Hussain is a Welsh Conservative politician, serving from 2015 to 2016 and again since re-elected in 2021 as the Member of the Senedd for South Wales West. He is also a retired consultant orthopaedic surgeon.

Prior to dissolution of the fourth assembly, he sat on the Health Committee at the National Assembly for Wales, and was Shadow Minister for Social Services. He was defeated in the 2016 Welsh Assembly elections. In 2017 he was elected to Bridgend County Borough Council. In January 2018 appointed as Chair of the Brynawel Rehab Board of Trustees UK.

4th National Assembly for Wales
This is a list of Assembly Members (AMs; Welsh: Aelodau'r Cynulliad, ACau) elected to the fourth National Assembly for Wales at the 2011 election. There are a total of 60 members elected, 40 were elected from first past the post constituencies with a further 20 members being returned from five regions, each electing four AMs through mixed-member proportional representation. 20 AMs were elected for the first time.
HMS Ulster
Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Ulster, after Ulster, one of the four provinces of Ireland:

HMS Ulster (1917) was a modified R-class destroyer launched in 1917 and sold in 1928.

HMS Ulster (R83) was a U-class destroyer launched in 1942. She was converted into a Type 15 fast anti-submarine frigate between 1954 and 1956, and was sold in 1980.

Type 15 frigate
The Type 15 frigate was a class of British anti-submarine frigates of the Royal Navy. They were conversions based on the hulls of World War II-era destroyers built to the standard War Emergency Programme "utility" design.
Rieti Airport
Rieti Airport (Italian: Aeroporto di Rieti, ICAO: LIQN) is an aerodrome located 1.34 nautical miles (2.48 km; 1.54 mi) northwest of Rieti, a city in the Lazio region in Italy. It is also known as G. Ciuffelli Airport.

The aerodrome is operated by the Ministry of Transport and Navigation and administered by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority (ENAC) of Rome/Ciampino. The air traffic service (ATS) authority is ENAV S.p.A.  Prior to 1997 it was a military airport operated by the Italian Air Force.

Ciampino
Ciampino (pronounced [tʃamˈpiːno]) is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, Italy. It was a frazione of Marino until 1974, when it became a comune; it obtained the city (Italian: città) status (being therefore officially known as Città di Ciampino) in 2004 by a presidential decree.

It is best known for the local "Giovan Battista Pastine" International Airport, best known as Rome Ciampino, a military airport  which also hosts several civil flights, especially from low-cost companies such as Ryanair. The city is named after Giovanni Giustino Ciampini, a religious, scientist and archaeologist who lived here in the 17th century. It grew from 5,000 inhabitants in 1951 to 28,000 in 1971. Today, the city has circa 38,700 inhabitants.
Auguste Liesch
Jean-Baptiste Auguste Liesch (18 August 1874 – 13 March 1949) was a Luxembourgish liberal politician, writer, and civil servant.

He held the positions of Director-General for Justice and Director-General for Public Works in the government of Émile Reuter from 28 September 1918 to 15 April 1921. A member of the Liberal League, Liesch resigned from the government along with Michel Welter in 1921 in order to hold to account the majority Party of the Right.

After his departure from the government, he served as the Inspector-General for Customs and Assizes until 1939.  On 23 January 1937, he was appointed to the Council of State of Luxembourg, in which he sat until 16 November 1945 (although only nominally for most of that period, due to the German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II).

Liberal League (Luxembourg)
The Liberal League (Luxembourgish: Liberal Liga; French: Ligue Libérale; German: Liberale Liga) was a political party in Luxembourg between 1904 and 1925.  It was the indirect predecessor of the Democratic Party (DP), which has been one of the three major parties in Luxembourg since the Second World War.

For the first decade of its existence, the Liberal League maintained the liberal dominance under Prime Minister Paul Eyschen.  In 1908, they formed an alliance with the Socialists, leading to confrontations with the Party of the Right over secularism.  During the First World War, the party lost much of its advantage, and was replaced as the dominant party by the Party of the Right.  In the early 1920s, riven by rivalries between its classical liberal and progressive wings, the party collapsed.
Eastwood, Nottinghamshire
Eastwood is a town and civil parish in the Broxtowe district of Nottinghamshire, England, 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Nottingham. Mentioned in Domesday Book, it expanded rapidly during the Industrial Revolution. The Midland Railway was formed here and it is the birthplace of D. H. Lawrence.

River Trent
The Trent, the third-longest river in the United Kingdom, has its source in Staffordshire, on the southern edge of Biddulph Moor. It flows through and drains the North Midlands into the Humber Estuary. The river is known for dramatic flooding after storms and spring snowmelt, which in the past have often caused the river to change course.

The river passes through Stoke-on-Trent, Stone, Staffordshire, Rugeley, Burton-upon-Trent, Nottingham, Newark-on-Trent and Gainsborough before joining the Yorkshire Ouse at Trent Falls to form the Humber Estuary, which empties into the North Sea between Kingston upon Hull in Yorkshire and Immingham in Lincolnshire. The wide Humber estuary has often been characterised as the boundary between the Midlands and Northern England ("The North").
Proteas of Zeugma
Proteas (Ancient Greek: Πρωτέας) was an ancient grammarian and the author of a commentary on Homer. His dates are uncertain, but as he was seemingly cited by Herodian he could have lived no later than the middle of the 2nd century AD. He was a native of the city of Zeugma in Syria. Stephanus of Byzantium cites him as a famous Zeugmatite.

Proteas's commentary is lost and is known only from three citations. It is quoted in two in scholia, one on the Odyssey and one on the Iliad, although the identification of the source as Proteas in the first case is not completely certain. In addition, the Byzantine Etymologicum Magnum cites Proteas Zeugmatites arguing that the name of the Cimmerians mentioned in the Odyssey is a corruption of "Cheimerians", inhabitants of the city of Cheimerion. The three separate attestations show that the work dealt with orthography, etymology and exegesis.

Homeric scholarship
Homeric scholarship is the study of any Homeric topic, especially the two large surviving epics, the Iliad and Odyssey. It is currently part of the academic discipline of classical studies. The subject is one of the oldest in education.
I Can Do It
"I Can Do It" was the fourth single released by the English band The Rubettes and the second single from their album We can do it.  The song was written and produced by Wayne Bickerton and Tony Waddington. It reached number 7 in the UK charts, making it the band's third top 10 UK hit from four single releases.
The single was significant in that it was the first release on the State Records, a label set up by Bickerton, Waddington and John Fruin in 1975, bearing the catalogue number STAT 1.

Tony Waddington (songwriter)
Anthony Brandon Joseph Waddington (born 1943) is an English singer-songwriter, record producer, film producer, screenplay writer, and creative media executive.  He became well known with Wayne Bickerton, as writer and producer of a series of UK chart hits in the 1970s for The Rubettes. He also received an Ivor Novello Award as "Songwriter of the Year".
Raveendra Wimalasiri
Raja Raveendra Wimalasiri (Sinhala: රාජා රවීන්ද්‍ර විමලසිරි; born 19 August 1969) is a Sri Lankan cricket umpire and former cricketer. He stood in his first One Day International, between Sri Lanka and South Africa, on 23 July 2013 and his first Twenty20 International on 2 August 2013, also between the same teams.

In October 2019, he was appointed as one of the twelve umpires to officiate matches in the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates. In January 2020, he was named as one of the sixteen umpires for the 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup tournament in South Africa.

Umpire (cricket)
In cricket, an umpire (from the Old French nompere meaning not a peer, that is, not a  member of one of the teams, impartial) is a person who has the authority to make decisions about events on the cricket field according to the Laws of Cricket. Besides making decisions about legality of delivery, appeals for wickets and general conduct of the game in a legal manner, the umpire also keeps a record of the deliveries and announces the completion of an over.

The umpires in cricket are not to be confused with the referee who usually presides only over international matches and makes no decisions affecting the outcome of the game.
Dawlatpur Degree College
Dawlatpur Degree College is a private college in Belkuchi Upazila, of Sirajganj District, Bangladesh. The college is affiliated to the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rajshahi and National University.

Sirajganj District
Sirajganj District (Bengali: সিরাজগঞ্জ জেলা) is a district in North Bengal, Bangladesh, it is located in Rajshahi Division. It is the 25th largest district by area and 9th largest district by population in Bangladesh. It is known as the gateway to North Bengal.

Its administrative headquarter is Sirajganj. It is famous for its hand-loom cottage industries. In 1885, Sirajganj emerged as a thana. Formerly under Mymensingh District in Dacca Division, it was transferred to Pabna District on 15 February 1866. It was upgraded to become a subdivision of Pabna in 1885. In 1984, it was upgraded to a district.