hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cultivation System
The Cultivation System (Dutch: cultuurstelsel) was a system of forced labor used to grow cash crops to pay taxes and for export. It was Dutch government policy from 1830 until 1870 in its Dutch East Indies colony (now Indonesia), requiring a portion of agricultural production to be devoted to export crops. It is referred to by Indonesian historians as tanam paksa ("enforced planting").

The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth through export growth, averaging around 14%. It brought the Netherlands back from the brink of bankruptcy and made the Dutch East Indies self-sufficient and profitable extremely quickly. As early as 1831, the policy allowed the Dutch East Indies budget to be balanced, using the surplus revenue to pay off debts from the defunct VOC regime. The cultivation system is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in Cirebon and then Central Java, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice.

Self-sustainability
Self-sustainability and self-sufficiency are overlapping states of being in which a person, being, or system needs little or no help from, or interaction with others. Self-sufficiency entails the self being enough (to fulfill needs), and a self-sustaining entity can maintain self-sufficiency indefinitely. These states represent types of personal or collective autonomy. A self-sufficient economy is one that requires little or no trade with the outside world and is called an autarky.
Forensic Files season 11
Forensic Files is an American documentary-style series which reveals how forensic science is used to solve violent crimes, mysterious accidents, and even outbreaks of illness. The series was broadcast on Court TV, narrated by Peter Thomas, and produced by Medstar Television, in association with Court TV Original Productions. It has broadcast 406 episodes since its debut on TLC in 1996 as Medical Detectives.

Peter Thomas (announcer)
Peter Addenbrooke Thomas (June 28, 1924 – April 30, 2016) was an American announcer and narrator of television programs and advertisements. Possessing a "smooth and silky baritone" voice, Thomas enjoyed a career spanning more than 70 years, and was best known as the narrator of the television series Forensic Files.
Houston Roughnecks (XFL)
The Houston Roughnecks were a professional American football team based in Houston, Texas. The Roughnecks competed in the XFL football league. The team was founded by Vince McMahon’s Alpha Entertainment and were an owned-and-operated by Dwayne Johnson’s Alpha Acquico. The Roughnecks played their home games at TDECU Stadium.  The Roughnecks had a franchise regular season record of 12-3 (.800), the highest win percentage among all XFL teams (tied with DC Defenders).

Following the merger of the USFL and XFL in 2024 as the United Football League, the Roughnecks branding was transferred to the former Houston Gamblers, which had competed in the USFL in 2022 and 2023 as a traveling team.

United Football League (2024–present)
The United Football League (UFL) is a professional American football spring league in the United States. The league was created following the merger of the latest iterations of the XFL and United States Football League (USFL); it started play in March 2024. It comprises eight teams, five of which were members of the XFL or USFL prior to the UFL's creation, and all concentrated in the Midwest and Southern United States.
Femøren station
Femøren station is a rapid transit station on the Copenhagen Metro located in the Sundbyøster district of Copenhagen. It opened on 28 September 2007.

The station serves the M2 line. It is located in fare zone 3.

In 2012, the average number of passengers per day was 2,300 people.

Sundbyøster
Sundbyøster (Danish pronunciation: [sɔnpyˈøstɐ]) is one of the 15 administrative, statistical, and tax city districts (bydele) comprising the municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark.  It lies on the southeast border of the municipality on the island of Amager.  It covers an area of 8.60 km2, has a population of 48,673 and a population density of 5,658 per km2, which makes it the most populated district in Copenhagen.

Neighboring city districts are as follows:

to the northwest is Christianshavn, separated from Syndbyøster by Stadsgraven (the city moat)

to the west is Sundbyvester

to the south is Tårnby municipality, which is outside the Copenhagen municipality area

to the east is the Øresund, the strait which separates the island of Zealand from Sweden
Miss Universe Mexico 2025
‌Miss Universe Mexico 2025 was the 2nd edition of the Miss Universe Mexico pageant. The event took place at the Sala Plácido Domingo of the Conjunto Santander de Artes Escénicas in the city of Zapopan, Jalisco, on Saturday, 13 September 2025. Thirty-two contestants from across the Mexican Republic competed for the national title, which was won by Fátima Bosch of Tabasco, who represented Mexico at Miss Universe 2025 in Thailand. Bosch was crowned by the outgoing Miss Universe Mexico, Fernanda Beltrán, becoming the first contestant from Tabasco to compete in Miss Universe.

Zapopan
Zapopan (Latin American Spanish pronunciation: [saˈpopan]) is a city and municipality located in the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is part of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. Zapopan is the most populous municipality in the state of Jalisco.

Zapopan is notable for the Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan, which houses a 16th-century image of the Virgin Mary. The statue has been recognized by various popes and was visited by Pope John Paul II. The municipality is also home to the Centro Cultural Universitario as well as the Estadio Akron, C.D. Guadalajara's official stadium.

The name Zapopan means "among the sapote trees". It derives from the Nahuatl word tzapotl "sapote" with the addition of the locative suffix -pan. The municipality was historically known as 'ex Villa Maicera' (former corn village) due to its past prominence in corn production. The municipal seal, designed by José Trinidad Laris in 1941, commemorates the 400th anniversary of Zapopan's founding.
Fencing at the 2015 European Games – Qualification
A total of 216 qualifying places are available for fencing events at the 2015 European Games. The qualification will be based on the FIE Official Ranking on 30 November 2014 and the Qualifying Competition 20–21 December 2014.

2015 European Games
The 1st European Games (Azerbaijani: 1-ci Avropa Oyunları), also known as the 2015 European Games or Baku 2015 (Azerbaijani: Bakı 2015), were the inaugural edition of the European Games, an international multi-sport event for athletes representing the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the European Olympic Committees. It took place in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 12 to 28 June 2015, and featured almost 6,000 athletes from 50 countries competing in 30 sports, including 15 summer Olympic and 2 non-Olympic sports.
Whittle Rock
Whittle Rock is a granite corestone reef and navigation hazard in False Bay, Western Cape, South Africa. The reef rises from a sandy bottom at about 40 m, to a minimum depth of 3.2 m, and is a well known fishing site and recreational diving area. It has an area of about 1 km2, and can affect the waves at the shore in Kalk Bay in special conditions of a long southeasterly swell. It is marked by a cardinal east buoy with sound and light signals.

Cardinal mark
A cardinal mark is a sea mark (a buoy or other floating or fixed structure) commonly used in maritime pilotage to indicate the position of a hazard and the direction of safe water.

Cardinal marks indicate the direction of safety as a cardinal (compass) direction (north, east, south or west) relative to the mark. This makes them meaningful regardless of the direction or position of the approaching vessel, in contrast to the (perhaps better-known) lateral mark system.
Bernardo de Brito
Friar Bernardo de Brito OCist (20 August 1569 – 27 February 1617) was a Portuguese monk and historian. He is perhaps best known for having authored the first two volumes of Monarchia Lusytana, his magnum opus.

Masterpiece
A masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin for 'great work'), or chef-d'œuvre (French for 'master of work'; pl. chefs-d'œuvre; French: [ʃɛ.d‿œvʁ]) is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.

Historically, a "masterpiece" was a work of a very high standard produced by an apprentice to obtain full membership, as a "master", of a craft guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.
Circles in a Forest (novel)
Circles in a Forest is a novel by Dalene Matthee, originally written and  published in Afrikaans as Kringe in 'n Bos in 1984. It is the first book in her series of four "forest novels", set in the Knysna forest. The other three "forest novels" are Fiela se Kind (Fiela’s Child) published in 1985, Moerbeibos (The Mulberry Forest) published in 1987 and Toorbos (Dreamforest, later translated as Karoelina’s Forest) published in 2003. Circles in a Forest became a best-seller and has been translated into English, Portuguese, Dutch, French, Icelandic, Spanish, Hebrew, German, Swedish, Italian, Finnish and Norwegian. The novel is a coming-of-age story about an Afrikaans woodcutter named Saul Barnard, set in and around the South African town of Knysna in the nineteenth century, focusing on the impact of a gold rush on the Outeniqua forest, its Afrikaans and Khoekhoe residents and the Knysna elephants.

Lumberjack
Lumberjack is a mostly North American term for workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees. The term usually refers to loggers in the era before 1945 in the United States, when trees were felled using hand tools and dragged by oxen to rivers.

The work was difficult, dangerous, intermittent, low-paying, and involved living in primitive conditions. However, the men built a traditional culture that celebrated strength, masculinity, confrontation with danger, and resistance to modernization.
Irina Bolychevsky
Irina Bolychevsky (born 1986) is a British activist and data specialist, focused on Open Data, decentralized technologies, and technical standards. She is currently director of standards and interoperability at the NHSX of the United Kingdom Government. She has been part of large organizations in those fields, including the Open Knowledge Foundation, the World Wide Web Consortium, and the Open Data Institute, and worked for the UK, Dubai and UAE government administrations. She co-founded Redecentralize.org, an advocacy group promoting decentralized technologies.

World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of technical standards for the World Wide Web. As of May 2025, W3C has 350 members. The organization has been led by CEO Seth Dobbs since October 2023. W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.
NGC 5792
NGC 5792 is a barred spiral galaxy about 70 million light-years away in the constellation Libra. There is a magnitude 9.6 star on the northwestern edge of the galaxy. It was discovered on April 11, 1787, by the astronomer William Herschel. It is a member of the Virgo III Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out to the east of the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies.

GALEX (ultraviolet)

The Core of NGC 5792, Hubble Space Telescope

2MASS (near-infrared)

NGC 5792 (SDSS)

Virgo III Cloud
The Virgo III Groups, Virgo III Cloud, or the Virgo-Libra Cloud is a galaxy filament consisting of at least 13 galaxy groups. It is located approximately 87 Mly (27 Mpc) from the Solar System.

The Virgo III Cloud, like the Leo Cloud, is prolate and points toward the Virgo Cluster.
The Underground Man (1981 film)
The Underground Man (Spanish: El hombre del subsuelo) is a 1981 Argentine drama film directed by Nicolás Sarquís. It is based on the novella Notes from Underground by Fyodor Dostoevsky. The film was selected as the Argentine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 54th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

54th Academy Awards
The 54th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1981 and took place on March 29, 1982, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 22 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Howard W. Koch and directed by Marty Pasetta. Comedian and talk show host Johnny Carson hosted the show for the fourth consecutive time.

Chariots of Fire won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included Raiders of the Lost Ark with also four awards, On Golden Pond and Reds with three, Arthur with two; and An American Werewolf in London, Close Harmony, Crac, Genocide, Mephisto, and Violet with one. The telecast garnered 46.2 million viewers in the United States.
NGB
NGB can refer to:

National Geographic Bee, an annual geography contest in the United States

National governing body, a sport governing body for a nation

National Guard Bureau, the federal instrument responsible for the administration of the United States National Guard

Nederlandse Gidsen Beweging (Dutch Guide Movement), one of the Scouting organisations that evolved into the national Scouting organisation of the Netherlands

Neuroglobin protein

Next-Generation Bomber, a medium bomber formally under development by the United States Air Force

Ngb, a trigraph in some African orthographies

Ningbo Lishe International Airport, IATA airport code

Nordic Gene Bank, the former name of NordGen – Nordic Genetic Resource Center

Northern Ngbandi language, ISO 639-3 code

Novagalicia Banco, a Spanish bank

Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory, abbreviated NBG or NGB

Ngbandi language
The Ngbandi language is a dialect continuum of the Ubangian family spoken by a half-million or so people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ngbandi proper) and in the Central African Republic (Yakoma and others). It is primarily spoken by the Ngbandi people, which included the dictator of what was then known as Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko.
Matthias Pechmann
Matthias Pechmann is a retired German swimmer who won two medals in the individual medley events at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. Between 1968 and 1970 he won three national titles in the 400 m medley.

After retirement he worked as a swimming coach at SC DHfK Leipzig, the club he was competing for.

1970 European Aquatics Championships
The 1970 European Aquatics Championships were held in Barcelona, Spain from 5 to 13 September 1970. Titles were contested in swimming, diving and water polo (men). The swimming program was significantly expanded. Both men and women competed in the 200 m freestyle, 100 m breaststroke and 200 individual medley for the first time. Furthermore, in the men's swimming program the 100 m butterfly was introduced and the 100 m backstroke was re-introduced after having been absent for the last two championships. In the women's swimming program, the 800 m freestyle, 200 m backstroke and 200 m butterfly were introduced.
Saginaw Valley State Cardinals football, 1975–1979
The Saginaw Valley State Cardinals football program, 1975–1979 represented Saginaw Valley State College (SVSC) (now known as Saginaw Valley State University) during the 1970s in college football. SVSC was a member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC). The team was led during the period by head coach Muddy Waters.

The team played its home games at Harvey Randall Wickes Memorial Stadium, commonly shortened to Wickes Stadium, in University Center, Michigan.

Harvey Randall Wickes Memorial Stadium
Harvey Randall Wickes Memorial Stadium, known simply as Wickes Stadium, is a 6,800-seat football stadium located in Kochville, Michigan and is a part of the Ryder Center sports complex on the Saginaw Valley State University campus.  It is home to the Saginaw Valley State Cardinals football team.  The Cardinals compete at the NCAA Division II level as a member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

Wickes Stadium can also be used for other events, including high school football, graduation ceremonies, and soccer.  It is named for Harvey R. Wickes, one of the founders of SVSU.
Delek Group
Delek Group (Hebrew: קבוצת דלק) is an Israeli holding conglomerate mainly operating in the petroleum industry. Delek Group's largest subsidiary is Delek – The Israel Fuel Corporation, one of the largest chains of filling stations in Israel. Delek Group also owns E&P operations across the Levant, in the North Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico. Beyond the oil industry, it also owns coffeehouse chain Café Joe as well as 70% of the Israeli franchisee of Burger King.

Delek Group is listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol, DLEKG, and is a member of the TA-35 Index of leading Israeli companies. Delek Group previously held major shares in automobile import company Delek Motors, nutraceuticals company Gadot Biochemistry, desalination company IDE Technologies and holding company Phoenix Holdings, all of which were later sold.

IDE Technologies
IDE Technologies (founded in 1965) is an Israeli water desalination and water treatment company that develops and operates  desalination and water-treatment plants for municipal and industrial clients worldwide.  The company is known for both thermal and membrane desalination technologies, and for delivering some of the world’s largest seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) facilities.
Basavaraju Saraiah
Basavaraju Saraiah  is an Indian politician from Telangana. He served as Minister for backward castes welfare in the Kiran Kumar Reddy led AP State Cabinet and MLA of Warangal East with Congress party. He joined Bharat Rastra Samithi on 23 February 2016.

He was appointed as Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee (TPCC) Vice President on 9 June 2025.

Warangal East Assembly constituency
Warangal East Assembly constituency is a constituency of Telangana Legislative Assembly, India formed after the 2008 delimitation of the earlier Hanamkonda Assembly constituency. It is one of 12 constituencies in Warangal district. It is one of the two constituencies in the City of Warangal and part of Warangal Lok Sabha constituency.

Konda Surekha of Indian National Congress is currently representing the constituency.
The Old Boys' Network
The Old Boys' Network: A Headmaster's Diaries 1970–1986 is the 2009 autobiography by the late headmaster of Westminster School, John Rae. It consists of the journal he kept for most of the period in which he was headmaster of Westminster School (1972– 1986), edited by him shortly before his death in December 2006, aged 75. It was published by Short Books on 2 April 2009. It was serialised as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week from 30 March to 3 April 2009, read by Tim Pigott-Smith.

Tim Pigott-Smith
Timothy Peter Pigott-Smith OBE (13 May 1946 – 7 April 2017) was a British film and television actor and author. For his leading role as Ronald Merrick in the television drama series The Jewel in the Crown, he won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor in 1985. Other television roles included appearance in The Chief, Midsomer Murders, The Vice, The Suspicions of Mr Whicher, King Charles III and two Doctor Who stories (The Claws of Axos (1971) and The Masque of Mandragora (1976)). Pigott-Smith appeared in films including Clash of the Titans (1981), Gangs of New York (2002), Johnny English (2003), Alexander (2004), V for Vendetta (2005), Quantum of Solace (2008), Red 2 (2013) and Jupiter Ascending (2015).
Free-form select
Free-Form Select (with synonyms) is a technique in printmaking, graphic design and image processing.

The effect is to erase background colors or elements from a motif to create stand-alone objects. Today, this is done with graphics software (computer graphics) and computers rather than by cutting away parts with scissors or scalpels.

Almost every modern graphics software includes this feature, such as CorelDRAW, Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, and Microsoft Paint. The motif which is to be cut-out freehanded is defined by a border path around the motif.

Free-Form Select is also understood in coloring parts of a black-and-white images and vice versa. Coloring a single object within a black-and-white environment is sometimes called Sin City effect.

Digital image processing
Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more), digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems. The generation and development of digital image processing are mainly affected by three factors: first, the development of computers; second, the development of mathematics (especially the creation and improvement of discrete mathematics theory); and third, the demand for a wide range of applications in environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical science has increased.
Bill Jones Afwani
Bill Jones Afwani (born 1992) is a Kenyan screenwriter, cinematographer film director and producer  whose first short film Sticking Ribbons was selected at the 2014 Zanzibar International Film Festival and won the Signis award for "Best East African Talent". He is a co-founder of Himiza Narrative. His debut feature film came with SAFARI movie which premiered on Netflix. He has produced other feature films for M-net such as AGONDA & CHINGA, showing on Showmax.

Zanzibar International Film Festival
Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF), also known as Festival of the Dhow Countries, is an annual film festival held in Zanzibar, Tanzania and one of the largest cultural events in East Africa. ZIFF is a non-governmental organization established in 1997 to develop and promote film and other cultural industries as catalyst for the regional social and economic growth.
Khosrow Khan Ardalan
Khosrow Khan Ardalan was the Ardalan beglerbeg (governor) of Kurdistan from 1680 to 1682. He was unpopular amongst his subjects, who claimed his rule was oppressive. He was counselled several times to improve his way of governing, but they all proved ineffective. As a result, he was summoned to Isfahan, where he was executed at the Royal Square (Maydan-e Shah). He was replaced by Timur Khan Ajarlu Shamlu, the first non-Kurdish governor of the province.

Safavid Kurdistan
The province of Kurdistan (also known as Ardalan; Persian: ولایت کردستان, romanized: Velāyat-e Kordestān) was a western province of Safavid Iran, whose size varied throughout its existence due to political and military developments.

The office of vali (viceroy) of Kurdistan was generally held by the Ardalan dynasty, the leading power amongst the Kurdish confederations.
2024 8 Hours of Bahrain
The 2024 8 Hours of Bahrain (officially known as the 2024 Bapco Energies 8 Hours of Bahrain) was an endurance sportscar racing event held on 2 November 2024, as the eighth and final round of the 2024 FIA World Endurance Championship. It was the thirteenth running of the event, and the sixth running of the event in an extended 8-hour format.

Matteo Cairoli
Matteo Cairoli (born 1 June 1996) is an Italian racing driver who currently competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship for Iron Lynx, having previously competed in the IMSA SportsCar Championship as a Lamborghini factory driver. He was the 2014 Porsche Carrera Cup Italia champion.