hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Knowles
William Knowles is the name of:

William Standish Knowles (1917–2012), American chemist

William Erskine Knowles (1872–1951), Canadian Liberal MP (1906–1921)

William David Knowles (1908–2000), Canadian Progressive Conservative MP (1968–1979)

William James Knowles (1832–1927), Irish amateur archaeologist

W. C. G. Knowles (William Charles Goddard Knowles, 1908–1969), British businessman in Hong Kong

William Erskine Knowles
William Erskine Knowles (November 28, 1872 – July 17, 1951) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Alliston, Ontario, Knowles was educated at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Ontario. A lawyer by profession, he was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Assiniboia West in a by-election held on February 6, 1906. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1908 and 1911 for the electoral district of Moose Jaw. He did not run in 1917. From 1918 to 1927, he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. From 1918 to 1921, he was the Provincial Secretary and from 1919 to 1921 he was the Minister of Telephones. He attempted a federal comeback in the 1921 and 1923 elections but was defeated.

Knowles resigned his seat in the Saskatchewan assembly in 1927 after he was named a judge.
The Hipster Handbook
The Hipster Handbook (2003) is a satirical guide to hipster culture by Williamsburg, Brooklyn author Robert Lanham.

It includes a lexicon of words such as "deck" which means "cool" and "fin" which means "not so cool", as well as chapters that describe and explain all that which makes up a hipster. A quiz in the back of the book rates readers on their level of hipsterdom, rewarding high scores to those who answer the questions in the manner of art school students and well-cultured, well-dressed, self-proclaimed hyper-intellectuals. Esquire called the book "The Official Preppy Handbook for people who wear Atari T-shirts."

Cool (aesthetic)
Coolness, or being cool, is the aesthetic quality of something (such as attitude, behavior, appearance, or style) being compatible with currently admirable social norms of society or a group of people. Because of the varied and changing interpretation of what is considered cool, as well as its subjective nature, the word has no single meaning. For most, coolness is associated with exemplifying composure and self-control. When used in conversation, it is often as an expression of admiration or approval, and can be used when referencing both people and items of interest. Although commonly regarded as slang, cool is widely used among disparate social groups and has endured in usage for generations.
Payne Field
Payne Field is a former World War I military airfield, located 4.3 miles (6.9 km) north-northeast of West Point, Mississippi.  It operated as a training field for the United States Army Air Service between 1918 until 1920.

The airfield was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established in 1917 after the United States entry into World War I.  It was the first airport constructed in Mississippi.

West Point, Mississippi
West Point is a city in Clay County, Mississippi, United States, in the Golden Triangle region of the state. The population was 10,105 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Clay County and the principal city of the West Point Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Columbus-West Point Combined Statistical Area.
Matkus Shopping Center
The Matkus Shopping Center (Finnish: Kauppakeskus Matkus) is a shopping mall in the southern part of Kuopio, Finland, located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of its city center along the Highway 5 (E63), in the Matkus business area of the Hiltulanlahti district. It is the fifth largest business center in Finland. On bus line 25 (including 25A and 25X) from the Kuopio Market Square directly to the shopping center.

The mall was opened on November 1, 2012. The shopping center have about 70-90 stores, and it belongs to INGKA Centres, a division of INGKA Holding. The shops are positioned according to a concept, so all the sports stores, for example, will be together to make it easier for customers to find the things they are looking for. The fashion boutiques will be sited according to their target groups.

In the summer 2020, the Kuopio-themed Olopuisto outdoor activity park was completed, right next to the shopping center.

Multimäki
Multimäki is a central district in the heart of Kuopio, Finland. Many of Kuopio's most significant attractions, including the Kuopio's Market Square and Market Hall, Heroes' Park (also known as Hatsala Cemetery) and the Kuopio City Hall, are located in the district. Kuopio Lyceum High School and two kindergartens also operate in the district. Multimäki borders district of Maljalahti in the north, Vahtivuori in the east, Kuopionlahti in the south, and Hatsala in the west. The boundaries of the district are street Minna Canthin katu (named after Minna Canth) in the south, Vuorikatu in the east, Suokatu in the north and Puistokatu in the west.

The name Multimäki is not very commonly used, but this district name appears mainly in zoning. It is common to talk about the city center, which in addition to Multimäki includes the Väinölänniemi, Vahtivuori, Hatsala, Maljalahti and Kuopionlahti districts.
Daniel Biro
Daniel Andrew Biro (born 1963) is a composer, keyboard player, songwriter and producer based in London. He is the founder of the Sargasso record label, established in 1993. Biro (pronounced Bee-ro) has released over 25 albums of original music as a solo artist and in collaboration with bands such as Mysteries of the Revolution (with Peter BB Davis), Echo Engine (with Rob Palmer), and Colin Bass (member of prog band Camel). His music is at the crossroads between electronic, ambient, experimental, jazz-fusion, progressive rock and is mainly instrumental, although he has also written many songs for collaborative projects. Biro's sound is built around his use of the Rhodes electric piano and vintage analogue synthesisers. He has also composed soundtracks for various film, TV, and live performance theatre projects.]

Sargasso Records
Sargasso is a London-based record label and live events promotion company founded by Daniel Biro.

It was established 1993 and integrated into Esfor Limited in 2008. It specialises in mostly avant garde, innovative and contemporary experimental music.
Knight Center Complex
The  James L. Knight Center is a contemporary entertainment and convention complex located in Downtown Miami, Florida. Located within the Miami Central Business District, the venue opened in 1982. The complex is named after famed newspaper publisher, James L. Knight. Since its opening, the complex has hosted many business, entertainment and political events. Annually, it hosts Miami Dade College graduation ceremonies. It also hosted Miss Universe in 1984 and 1985, Miss USA in 1986 and Miss Teen USA in 1985 and the OTI Festival 1989.  Most recently, the CONMEBOL hosted the draw for the 2024  Copa America™ Group Stage at the James L. Knight Center.

Miss Universe
Miss Universe is an annual international major beauty pageant that is run by the Thailand and Mexican-based Miss Universe Organization. Along with Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth, it is one of the Big Four beauty pageants.

The Miss Universe Organization and its brand is owned by JKN Global Group and Legacy Holding Group USA Inc., an American division of Mexican company Legacy Holding through the joint venture company JKN Legacy Inc. Telemundo had the licensing rights to air the pageant through 2023. The pageant's advocacy is "humanitarian issues and is a voice to affect positive change in the world".

The reigning Miss Universe is Fátima Bosch from Mexico who was crowned on November 20, 2025, in Pak Kret, Thailand.
Coyote Buttes
Coyote Buttes is a section of the Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). It spans extreme south-central Utah and north-central Arizona, south of US 89 halfway between Kanab, Utah and Page, Arizona. 
It is divided into two areas: Coyote Buttes North and Coyote Buttes South. 
A hiking permit is required to visit either of the Coyote Buttes areas.

The Coyote Buttes area is an exposure of cross-bedded aeolian Jurassic Navajo Sandstone. The variable coloration of the sandstones is a result of various iron oxide pigments within the layers. A dinosaur trackway or trample surface is found in the area and provides evidence of a variety of dinosaurs. The area includes dramatic swirling erosional rock formations such as The Wave.

The Wave and Buckskin Gulch share the Wire Pass Trailhead on House Rock Valley Road.

Aeolian processes
Aeolian processes, also spelled eoulian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets).  Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials. They are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation, a lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments. Although water is a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as deserts.

The term is derived from the name of the Greek god Aeolus, the keeper of the winds.
Bad Schönborn Süd station
Bad Schönborn Süd station is the busier of two stations in the town of Bad Schönborn in the German state of  Baden-Württemberg. The other is Bad Schönborn-Kronau station. It is located on the Rhine Valley Railway in the district of Bad Langenbrücken. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn (DB) as a category 4 station. It has three platforms and is located in the area of the Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (Karlsruhe Transport Association, KVV), which manages regional rail services and sets fares. Since December 2003, it has been exclusively served by services on lines S3 and S4 of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn.

Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn
The Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn (S-Bahn RheinNeckar) forms the backbone of the urban rail transport network of the Rhine Neckar Area, including the cities of Mannheim, Heidelberg and Ludwigshafen.

The S-Bahn operates over 603 km (375 mi) of route in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg, and in small sections in Saarland and Hesse. S-Bahn trains operate about 7.5 million kilometres per year, with 113 stations served by class 425 electric multiple units.
The Simpsons season 20
The twentieth season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons aired on Fox between September 28, 2008, and May 17, 2009. The season was produced by Gracie Films and 20th Century Fox Television. The showrunner for the season was Al Jean. With this season, the show tied Gunsmoke as the longest-running American primetime television series in terms of total number of seasons. The season was released on Blu-ray on January 12, 2010, making this the first season to be released on Blu-ray as well as the only one to contain both 16:9 widescreen and high-definition episodes. It was released on DVD in Region 1 on January 12, 2010, and in Region 4 on January 20, 2010. The season was only released on DVD in Region 2 on September 17, 2010, in a few areas.

16:9 aspect ratio
16:9 or sixteen-nine is an aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units. Once seen as an exotic aspect ratio, since 2009, it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors, and is also the standard aspect radio for the 1080p, 2160p and 4320p formats. 16:9 is the widescreen standard format and Wide-aspect Clear-vision. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 15:9 ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced the wider ratio 16:9. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9. It is the only aspect ratio natively supported by Blu-ray Disc, but Blu-ray producers can also choose to show even a wider ratio such as 2.40:1 within the 16:9 frame adding Letterbox black bars within the image itself.
Autun oil shale deposit
The Autun oil shale deposit is a sedimentary basin containing oil shale of the Autunian age (between 299 and 282 million years old) in the vicinity of Autun in Saône-et-Loire, in the center-east of France.

The extraction of the shale commenced in 1824 at Igornay. Oil shale production began as early as 1837 for public lighting purposes, with facilities undergoing continuous improvement to diversify production. The largest of these facilities was the Télots mine, which was equipped with a refinery in 1936 and employed several hundred workers to produce automobile fuel. This mine was the last to close in 1957. The total production of the deposit is estimated at 13 million tons.

The vestiges of this industrial activity, in the form of ruins and slag heaps, persist in the early 21st century, particularly in the villages of Dracy-Saint-Loup, Saint-Forgeot, and Tavernay.

Spoil tip
A spoil tip (also called a boney pile, culm bank, gob pile, waste tip or bing) is a pile built of accumulated spoil – waste material removed during mining.  Spoil tips are not formed of slag, but in some areas, such as England and Wales, they are referred to as slag heaps and sometimes as pit heaps.  In Scotland the word bing is used. In North American English the term is mine dump or mine waste dump.

The term "spoil" is also used to refer to material removed when digging a foundation, tunnel, or other large excavation. Such material may be ordinary soil and rocks (after separation of coal from waste), or may be heavily contaminated with chemical waste, determining how it may be disposed of. Clean spoil may be used for land reclamation.

Spoil is distinct from tailings, which is the processed material that remains after the valuable components have been extracted from ore.
IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship
The IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship is one of the major titles in the Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South. The title debuted as the Lightweight Title in 1996, evolving to the current weight class in 1998.

IWA Mid-South
Independent Wrestling Association (IWA) Mid-South (also known as IWA Mid-South, IWA-MS, and IWA Mid South Wrestling) was an American independent professional wrestling promotion based in New Albany, Indiana. It was formed by Ian Rotten in 1996.
Sand flag
A sand flag is a flag designed to be fitted to the front of an off-road vehicle during operation on sandy or dusty terrain. It is mounted on a long (usually slender, whiplike) pole that projects high enough from the vehicle to be clearly visible above the dust or sand cloud generated while the vehicle is in motion. The flag indicates the actual position of the vehicle within the cloud which can be important for safety reasons. Similar devices are often seen on vehicles such as sand rails – a small fluorescent triangle flag mounted to the rear of the vehicle, although in that case it also is helpful to allow other vehicles to see its location beyond the crest of a dune. It is similar, although generally larger and taller than, safety flags used by some bicyclists in urban areas, which allow them to be more visible when in front of a tall vehicle, or obscured by an object or vehicle.

Off-road vehicle
An off-road vehicle (ORV), also known as an off-highway vehicle (OHV), overland vehicle or adventure vehicle, is a type of transportation specifically engineered to navigate unpaved roads and surfaces. These include trails, forest roads, and other low-traction terrains. Off-road vehicles are widely used in various contexts, from recreational activities to practical applications like agriculture and construction. Events such as the annual Dakar Rally, which spans multiple countries and challenges participants with diverse and extreme terrains, have brought significant attention to these vehicles.
2008 Shanghai Masters
The 2008 Roewe Shanghai Masters was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 29 September and 5 October 2008 at the Shanghai Grand Stage in Shanghai, China. The second edition of the tournament since its inaugural staging the previous year, it was the second ranking event of the 2008/2009 season.

Former World Champion Graeme Dott withdrew from the competition after breaking his left arm on 30 September, during an informal football match with other snooker players. As a result, Jamie Cope, who was due to play Dott in the first round, received a bye to the last 16, where he made the 64th official maximum break against Mark Williams.

Qualifier Ricky Walden won in the final 10–8 against World Champion Ronnie O'Sullivan to win his first ranking title.

Shanghai Indoor Stadium
The Shanghai Indoor Stadium (上海体育馆) is a multi-purpose gymnasium in Shanghai used mostly for basketball games.

Hailed as a great feat of engineering at the time of its construction, the building is now considered dated and out-classed by newly constructed sporting facilities nearby. It is now used for entertainment events and sporting competitions, like table tennis.
Plenti
Plenti was an American rewards program created by American Express in 2015 and discontinued in 2018. During its operation, Plenti let users earn points at one retailer and use them at the same or other retailers that were enrolled in the program.

Direct Energy
Direct Energy LP is a North American retailer of energy and energy services. The company was founded in Toronto in 1986 and now has more than four million customers in Canada and the United States. Direct Energy is a subsidiary of NRG Energy.
Caroline Märklin
Caroline Märklin (née Carolina Friederika Hettich; 13 March 1826 – 2 December 1893) was a woman of affairs and manager of the German company Märklin.

She was born in Ludwigsburg, Germany. When her husband Theodor Märklin founded the company Märklin, she became involved in it as a travelling salesman. Following the accidental death of her first husband in 1866, she took over the management of the toy company, which she managed until her sons took over the company in 1888. Women in Germany would become fully legally able to do business only a century later.

Ludwigsburg
Ludwigsburg (German pronunciation: [ˈluːtvɪçsˌbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Stuttgart city centre, near the river Neckar. It is the largest and primary city of the Ludwigsburg district with about 94,000 inhabitants. It is situated within the Stuttgart Region, and the district is part of the administrative region (Regierungsbezirk) of Stuttgart.
Karma (play)
Karma is a play that was written by Algernon Blackwood with Violet Pearn and was published in 1918.

The play is arranged in five sections: a prologue, epilogue, and three acts. It is at once a romance, an expression of Blackwoods spirituality, and a work of wartime homefront propaganda. It contains many connections to Blackwood's corpus of writing.

Prologue
A prologue or prolog (from Ancient Greek πρόλογος prólogos, from πρό pró, "before" and λόγος lógos, "speech") is an opening to a story that establishes the context and gives background details, often some earlier story that ties into the main one, and other miscellaneous information. The Ancient Greek word πρόλογος includes the modern meaning of prologue, but was of wider significance, more like the meaning of preface. The importance, therefore, of the prologue in Greek drama was very great; it sometimes almost took the place of a romance, to which, or to an episode in which, the play itself succeeded.
Fort Morrow Army Airfield
Fort Morrow Army Airfield is a former United States Army airfield and radar station located six nautical miles (7 mi, 11 km) northeast of the central business district of Port Heiden, in the Lake and Peninsula Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Following its closure and remediation of toxic substances, it was redeveloped into Port Heiden Airport.

Two early American forts were also called "Fort Morrow". One was a stockade built in Ohio during the War of 1812, now in Delaware State Park. Another in Tennessee was built under the direction of Capt. John Morrow and usually called "Fort Marr"; it confined the Cherokee in 1837 shortly before the Trail of Tears and is now part of Hiwassee/Ocoee Scenic River State Park.

Hiwassee Scenic River State Park
The Hiwassee Scenic River State Park is a Tennessee state park in Polk County, Tennessee, United States, that provides access to the Hiwassee River.

In 1972, a 23-mile (37 km) stretch of the Hiwassee River, extending from the North Carolina state line to U.S. Route 411, was the first river to be designated by the State Scenic River Program. In September 2025, the park, which had been called the Hiwassee/Ocoee Scenic River State Park since 1983, was split into two separate parks with each taking the name of their respective river.
Metius (crater)
Metius is a lunar impact crater located in the rugged highlands to the southeast of the Moon's near side. To the southwest the rim is attached to the crater Fabricius. Offset to the west-northwest is the heavily worn crater Brenner. Further away to the northeast is the crater Rheita and the long gorge Vallis Rheita.

The rim of Metius does not protrude prominently into the surroundings and has an insignificant rampart. A few small craters mar the outer wall, but generally it has a smoothed down appearance that is almost free of terraces. The floor is relatively flat with low central peaks. The most prominent crater on the floor is Metius B, located near the northeast rim.

Metius is a crater of Nectarian age.

The eponym for this crater is the Dutch geometer and astronomer Adriaan Adriaanszoon, who went by the name of Metius.

Nectarian
The Nectarian Period of the lunar geologic timescale was from 3.920 billion years ago to 3.850 billion years ago. It is the period during which the Nectaris Basin and other major basins were formed by large impact events. Ejecta from Nectaris form the upper part of the densely cratered terrain found in lunar highlands. The period ended with the formation of the Imbrium basin, which initiated the Imbrian Period. Magnetic anomalies found in some Nectarian Period basins suggest that the Moon possessed a core dynamo magnetic field at that time.
Faculty of Actuaries
The Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland was the professional body representing actuaries in Scotland. The Faculty of Actuaries was one of two actuarial bodies in the UK, the other was the Institute of Actuaries, which was a separate body in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. While the Faculty of Actuaries and the Institute of Actuaries were separate institutions, they worked very closely together, and the professional qualifications and professional standards for actuaries were identical in each of them. On 25 May 2010, voting members of the Faculty who took part in a ballot voted to merge the Faculty with the Institute of Actuaries, thus creating the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries which came into being on 1 August 2010, superseding the Faculty of Actuaries which ceased to exist on that date.

Professional association
A professional association (also called  a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest. In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms.