hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Theodoric Borgognoni
Theodoric Borgognoni (1205 – 1296/8), also known as Teodorico de' Borgognoni, and Theodoric of Lucca, was an Italian who became one of the most significant surgeons of the medieval period. A Dominican friar and Bishop of Cervia, Borgognoni is considered responsible for introducing and promoting important medical advances including basic antiseptic practice in surgery and the use of anaesthetics.

Anesthetic
An anesthetic (American English) or anaesthetic (British English; see spelling differences) is a drug used to induce anesthesia ⁠— ⁠in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. They may be divided into two broad classes: general anesthetics, which result in a reversible loss of consciousness, and local anesthetics, which cause a reversible loss of sensation for a limited region of the body without necessarily affecting consciousness.

A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice.  Many are rarely used outside anesthesiology, but others are used commonly in various fields of healthcare. Combinations of anesthetics are sometimes used for their synergistic and additive therapeutic effects. Adverse effects, however, may also be increased.  Anesthetics are distinct from analgesics, which block only sensation of painful stimuli. Analgesics are typically used in conjunction with anesthetics to control pre-, intra-, and postoperative pain.
Joseph Allen (clergyman)
Joseph Allen (August 15, 1790 – February 23, 1873) was an American Congregational clergyman.  He was the father of authors Joseph Henry Allen and William Francis Allen.

Joseph Allen was born on August 15, 1790 in Medfield, Massachusetts.  He graduated from Harvard in 1811, and was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Northborough in 1816, which relation he sustained until his death. He was a delegate to the International Peace Congress of Paris in 1849. His published works include Historical Account of Northborough (1826), History of the Worcester Association (1868), and Allen Genealogy (1869), besides sermons, text-books, and Sunday-school books.

Joseph Allen died on February 23, 1873 in Northborough, Massachusetts.

International Peace Congress
International Peace Congress, or International Congress of the Friends of Peace, was the name of a series of international meetings of representatives from peace societies from throughout the world held in various places in Europe from 1843 to 1853. An initial congress at London in 1843 was followed by an annual series of congresses from 1848 until 1853.
Castle of the Pico
The Castle of the Pico (in Italian Castello dei Pico) is a castle in the city center of Mirandola, in the province of Modena, Italy.

Famous in Europe as a legendary impregnable fortress, it belonged to the House of Pico della Mirandola, who ruled over the city for four centuries (1311-1711) and who enriched it in the Renaissance period with important pieces of art.

The castle, that dominates the long Costituente square and Circonvallazione boulevard (built in place of the ancient walls, demolished during the 19th century), was restored in 2006 after many years of neglect, but was then severely damaged by the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes, which made it unusable again.

Province of Modena
The province of Modena (Italian: provincia di Modena) is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Modena.
It has an area of 2,689 square kilometres (1,038 sq mi) and a total population of about 701,000 (2015). There are 48 comuni (sg.: comune) in the province (see list of comuni of the province of Modena). The largest after Modena are Carpi, Sassuolo, Formigine and Castelfranco Emilia.
Caer
Caer (Welsh pronunciation: [kɑːɨr]; Old Welsh: cair or kair) is a placename element in Welsh meaning "stronghold", "fortress", or "citadel", roughly equivalent to an Old English suffix (-ceaster) now variously written as -caster, -cester, and -chester.

In modern Welsh orthography, caer is usually written as a prefix, although it was formerly—particularly in Latin—written as a separate word. The Breton equivalent is kêr, which is present in many Breton placenames as the prefix Ker-.

Citadel
A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city, meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.

In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system.
Shai (Haganah unit)
Shai (Hebrew: ש"י, an acronym for Sherut Yediot (שירות ידיעות‎), lit. Information Service), established in 1940, was the intelligence and counter-espionage arm of the Haganah and the forebear of the Military Intelligence Directorate in Mandate Palestine.

Counterintelligence
Counterintelligence (counter-intelligence) and its primary subfield, counterespionage (counter-espionage), are activities aimed at protecting an agency's intelligence program from an opposition's intelligence service. It includes gathering information and conducting activities to prevent espionage, sabotage, assassinations or other intelligence activities conducted  by, for, or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons.

Many countries will have multiple organizations focusing on a different aspect of counterintelligence, such as domestic, international, and counter-terrorism. Some states will formalize it as part of the police structure, such as the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Others will establish independent bodies, such as the United Kingdom's MI5, others have both intelligence and counterintelligence grouped under the same agency, like the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS).
Oskari Jussila
Oskari Heikki Jussila (Oskar Henrik; 16 April 1888, in Leppävirta, Finland – 24 April 1955, in Alatornio, Finland) was a Conservative Laestadian provost, vicar for multiple parishes, and the area provost of the Tornio area in 1938–1955. He also worked as editor for the religious newspapers Siionin lähetyslehti and Zions missionstidning in 1919–1945, as well as a member of parliament with the National Coalition Party in 1922–1929 and 1930–1933. Jussila's father was Heikki Jussila (1863–1955), a Conservative Laestadian lay preacher and Volksschule teacher.

Leppävirta
Leppävirta (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈlepːæˌʋirtɑ]) is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the North Savo region, 56 kilometres (35 mi) south of Kuopio along the Finnish national road 5. The municipality has a population of 8,974
(30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,519.64 square kilometres (586.74 sq mi) of
which 383.62 km2 (148.12 sq mi)
is water. The population density is
7.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (20/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.
French cruiser Châteaurenault
Châteaurenault has been the name of a number of ships of the French Navy, in honour of François Louis de Rousselet, Marquis de Châteaurenault:

French cruiser Châteaurenault (1868) - second-class cruiser, present at Battle of Fuzhou (1884)

French cruiser Châteaurenault (1898), a protected cruiser

French cruiser Châteaurenault (D 606), the rebuilt Italian cruiser Attilio Regolo, a Capitani Romani-class cruiser.

Capitani Romani-class cruiser
The Capitani Romani class was a class of light cruisers acting as flotilla leaders for the Regia Marina (Italian Navy). They were built to outrun and outgun the large new French destroyers of the Le Fantasque and Mogador classes. Twelve hulls were ordered in late 1939, but only four were completed, just three of these before the Italian armistice in 1943. The ships were named after prominent ancient Romans (Capitani Romani (lit. Roman Captains)).
Podszyn
Podszyn [ˈpɔtʂɨn] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zawichost, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Zawichost, 18 km (11 mi) north of Sandomierz, and 80 km (50 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Sandomierz
Sandomierz (pronounced: [sanˈdɔmjɛʂ] ⓘ; Latin: Sandomiria, Yiddish: צויזמר, צוזמיר, romanized: Tsouzmer, Tsoyzmer) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017), situated on the Vistula River near its confluence with the San, in the Sandomierz Basin. It is the capital of Sandomierz County within the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Sandomierz is known for its preserved Old Town, a major cultural and tourist attraction which the President of Poland declared a National Monument of Poland in 2017.

In the past, Sandomierz was one of the most important urban centers not only of Lesser Poland, but also of the whole country. It was a royal city of the Polish Crown and functioned as a regional administrative centre from the High Middle Ages to the 19th century.
Swan Vesta
Swan Vestas is a brand of matches. Shorter than normal pocket matches, they are particularly popular with smokers and have long used the tagline "the smoker's match", although this has been replaced by the prefix "the original" on the current packaging. Until 2018 they were "strike-anywhere" matches, but in response to a change in EU regulations banning the necessary chemicals Swan Vestas were changed to be safety matches.

Swan Vestas matches are manufactured under the House of Swan brand, which is also responsible for making other smoking accessories such as cigarette papers, flints and filter tips. The matches are manufactured by Swedish Match in Sweden using local, sustainably grown aspen.

Rolling paper
Rolling paper is a specialty paper used for making cigarettes (commercially manufactured filter cigarettes and individually made roll-your-own cigarettes) and related items (e.g., cannabis joints). Rolling papers often sold as packs of several cigarette-size sheets. Paper cigarettes became popular in the second half of the 19th century and rolling paper companies emerged to produce the paper.
Thomas Davison
Thomas Davison (1794 – 1826) was a British radical journalist and printer-publisher of a series of journals, including Medusa, the London Alfred, the Deist's Magazine, as well as the James Griffin-edited Cap of Liberty and the Robert Shorter-edited Theological Comet.

Known for his republican and Deist views, Davison actively supported Richard Carlile in his battle with the British establishment of the time, which resulted in Carlile's imprisonment on charges of blasphemous libel in October 1819.

Davison's publication of material critical of the Bible in the Deist's Magazine resulted in his own prosecution. Found guilty of blasphemy like Carlile after his trial in October 1820, Davison was fined £100 and imprisoned for two years. Reduced to poverty in his last years, he eked out a living as a bookseller following his release in 1822.

Bookselling
Bookselling is the commercial trading of books, which is the retail and distribution end of the publishing process.

People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookdealers, book people, bookmen, or bookwomen.
Nissan Motor Indonesia
PT Nissan Motor Indonesia (also called NMI) is a subsidiary of Nissan Motor Company in Indonesia. The company was founded in 2001 and headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. Previously, Nissan vehicles were distributed by PT Indocitra Buana (established 1986), a joint venture company between Indomobil Group and Bimantara Citra. Together with PT Nissan Motor Distributor Indonesia, these companies acts as both national sales/distribution company and formerly a manufacturing company.

In January 2019, NMI closed their Plant 1 in Purwakarta, effectively ending the production of Grand Livina, X-Trail, Serena and Juke. The plant would be converted to an engine manufacturing plant for Mitsubishi. Meanwhile, Datsun models stay on production in their Plant 2 until its closure in January 2020. On 18 March 2020, President of NMI Isao Sekiguchi officially announced the end of Nissan vehicle manufacturing in Indonesia. Manufacturing previously based in Indonesia was moved to Thailand.

Purwakarta Regency
Purwakarta Regency (Sundanese: ᮕᮥᮁᮝᮊᮁᮒ) is a district area located in the Province of West Java, Indonesia. The administrative capital is the large town of Purwakarta, which is approximately 80 km southeast of Jakarta and 44 km northwest of Bandung. This district borders Karawang Regency in the west and Subang Regency in the east, while to the south it borders West Bandung Regency and Cianjur Regency.

The land area of the Regency is 971.72 km2, and it had a population of 852,521 in the 2010 Census and 997,869 in the 2020 Census, while the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 1,050,344 - comprising 532,509 males and 517,835 females - for a density of 1,067.2 people per km2. The west of the regency includes the huge reservoir of the Waduk Jatiluhur (which forms a freshwater lake with a surface area of 83 km2), west of Purwakarta town and 70 km from Jakarta, created by the Jatiluhur Dam on the Tarum River.
New Royal Opera House in Berlin
The New Royal Opera House in Berlin was a project of the Prussian government and Kaiser Wilhelm II to build a new opera house in Berlin, which was prevented by the First World War and the financial shortage of the Weimar Republic. It was one of the most protracted and convoluted building projects of the imperial era. In 1924, the critic and journalist Paul Westheim described it as the "most grotesque architectural comedy of all time".

Amphitheatre
An amphitheatre  (American English: amphitheater) is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (amphitheatron), from ἀμφί (amphi), meaning "on both sides" or "around" and θέατρον (théātron), meaning "place for viewing".

Ancient Greek theatres were typically built on hillsides and semi-circular in design. The first amphitheatre may have been built at Pompeii around 70 BC. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast, both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area.

Modern English parlance uses "amphitheatre" for any structure with sloping seating, including theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round, and stadia. They can be indoor or outdoor.
Punjab Youth Festival
Punjab Youth Festival (Urdu: پنجاب یوتھ فیسٹیول) is a sports festival held annually in Punjab, Pakistan. Chief Minister of the Punjab Shahbaz Sharif inaugurated it on 20 October 2012. The opening ceremony was held on that day in the National Hockey Stadium, Lahore. During the ceremony, 42,813 students sang the National Anthem in what became a Guinness World Record (GWR) for the highest number of people to have ever sung a national anthem in a live gathering. The previous record had been held by India, in which fifteen thousand people had participated in an anthem singing.

On 21 December 2013 member National Assembly Hamza Shahbaz Sharif and Provincial Minister for Sports & Youth Affairs Rana Mashhood Ahmed Khan unveiled the logo of Punjab Youth Festival 2014 at Gymnasium of Punjab Sports Board Lahore.

National Hockey Stadium, Lahore
National Hockey Stadium is a purpose-built field hockey stadium in Lahore, Pakistan. Located inside the Nishtar Park Sports Complex, it is the largest terrace field hockey stadium in the world, having a capacity of 45,000 spectators.

The offices of Sports Board Punjab and Pakistan Hockey Federation are also located in the stadium compound.
Cuvelier
Cuvelier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Florent Cuvelier (born 1992), Belgian footballer

Henri Cuvelier (1908–1937), French water polo player

Jean Cuvelier (1882–1962), bishop of Matadi

Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras (13th century), French trouvère

Johannes Cuvelier (14th century), French writer

Joseph Cuvelier (1869–1947), Belgian archivist and historian.

Paul Cuvelier, Belgian comics artist

Florent Cuvelier
Florent Paul Pierre Christian Cuvelier (born 12 September 1992) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Cuvelier began his career with Mouscron before joining the Academy of English side Portsmouth. Due to Portsmouth's financial demise, Cuvelier signed for Stoke City in the summer of 2010. At Stoke, he has spent time out on loan at Walsall and Peterborough United. He joined Sheffield United in September 2013 for an undisclosed fee. He joined Port Vale on loan in January 2014 and picked up a serious injury during the loan spell. After returning to fitness, he was loaned to Burton Albion in March 2015. He signed with Walsall in June 2016 and played there for two seasons. He joined Morecambe for a brief spell in October 2018.
Paris-East Créteil University
Paris-East Créteil University (French: Université Paris-Est Créteil, commonly known as Paris XII or UPEC) is a public university located in Créteil, Île-de-France, France. It was inaugurated in 1970. The institution provides instruction in the social sciences, educational sciences, economics and development, administration and exchange, law, arts and humanities, and science and technology.

The university is composed of seventeen institutes situated in Créteil (Val-de-Marne), Seine-Saint-Denis, Seine-et-Marne, and in the 14th arrondissement of Paris.

Seine-et-Marne
Seine-et-Marne (French pronunciation: [sɛn e maʁn] ⓘ; lit. 'Seine and Marne') is a department in the Île-de-France region in Northern France. Named after the rivers Seine and Marne, it is the region's largest department with an area of 5,915 square kilometres (2,284 square miles); it roughly covers its eastern half. In 2019, it had a population of 1,421,197. Its prefecture is Melun, although both Meaux and Chelles have larger populations.
Chestnut-quilled rock pigeon
The chestnut-quilled rock pigeon (Petrophassa rufipennis) is a dark sooty brown pigeon with a distinctive bright chestnut patch on its wing visible in flight. It has distinctive pale lines across its face curving above and below its eye. A species of bird in the family Columbidae, it is very similar in behaviour and habitat to the white-quilled rock pigeon but it is only found on rocky escarpments in western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia.

Flight
Flight or flying is the motion of an object through an atmosphere or through the vacuum of space, in this case also called spaceflight, without contacting any planetary surface. This can be achieved by generating aerodynamic lift associated with gliding or propulsive thrust, aerostatically using buoyancy, or by ballistic movement.

Many things can fly, from animal aviators such as birds, bats and insects, to natural gliders/parachuters such as patagial animals, anemochorous seeds and ballistospores, to human inventions like aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, airships, balloons, etc.) and rockets which may propel spacecraft and spaceplanes.

The engineering aspects of flight are the purview of aerospace engineering. It has three subfields:

aeronautics — the study of vehicles that travel through the atmosphere.

astronautics — the study of vehicles that travel through space.

ballistics — the study of the flight of projectiles.
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University (SRMU) is a private university in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in July 2012.

The university was established in 2012 under UP State Govt. ACT 1. It holds recognition from the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE). SRMU is a member of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU). It offers courses approved by the Council of Architecture (COI), National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), Pharmacy Council of India (PCI), and Bar Council of India (BCI).

Barabanki
Barabanki is a city and a municipal board in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Barabanki district and a part of Ayodhya division. The city is about 27 kilometres east of Lucknow, the state capital. It has a population of 146,831 with a density of 331.00 per square kilometre (860.0/sq mi).
WLTC
WLTC (103.7 FM) is a commercial radio station that is licensed in Cusseta, Georgia and serves the city of Columbus, Georgia and its metro area. The station is owned by PMP Broadcasting and airs an urban adult contemporary format, branding as "103.7 Smooth FM".

The station broadcasts with a power of 8,800 watts of Effective radiated power (ERP). This makes it a class C3 station. Its transmitter is located off Buena Vista Road.

Columbus metropolitan area, Georgia
The Columbus metropolitan area, officially the Columbus metropolitan statistical area, and colloquially known as Greater Columbus or the Chattahoochee Valley, is a metropolitan statistical area consisting of six counties in the U.S. state of Georgia and one county in Alabama, anchored by the city of Columbus.

At the 2020 U.S. census, the Columbus area had a population of 328,883; in 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the Columbus MSA's population to be 324,110.

The Columbus metropolitan area is a component of the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika (GA-AL) combined statistical area, a trading and marketing region. It is split between the eastern time zone, the time zone of the Georgia metropolitan counties, and central time zone, the time zone of Russell County, Alabama. The Columbus metropolitan area is one of two metropolitan areas split between multiple time zones, with the other being the Chattanooga metropolitan area in Tennessee.
Stefan Lewandowski
Stefan Lewandowski ( 30 May 1930 – 2 December 2007) was a Polish middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was Two-time Olympian (Helsinki 1952, Rome 1960) and Polish doctor, orthopedic surgeon and athlete, called the 'flying doctor'.

Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres middle distance event at the 1960 Olympic Games took place between August 31 and September 2. Fifty-one athletes from 35 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress.

All three nations earning medals in 1960 were new to the podium in the event. The event was won by Peter Snell of New Zealand, the nation's first medal in the men's 800 metres. Snell would defend his title in 1964. Roger Moens took silver, earning Belgium's first medal. George Kerr took bronze for the British West Indies, one of only two medals that nation earned in its brief Olympic history (the 4 × 400 metres relay bronze a few days later would be the other). After four straight gold medals from 1936 to 1956, the United States failed to even make the final.