hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Solanum dimidiatum
Solanum dimidiatum is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common names western horsenettle, Torrey's nightshade, and robust horsenettle. It is native to the central United States, where it grows in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. In California it is known as an introduced species and a noxious weed. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing an erect stem up to 80 centimeters tall. It is covered in yellow prickles and branched hairs. The leaves may be up to 15 centimeters long, their edges wavy to lobed and sometimes toothed. The inflorescence is a branching array of several flowers. Each flower has a bell-shaped corolla measuring 3 to 5 centimeters wide. It is lavender to purple, or white. The five large, yellow anthers are about a centimeter long. The fruit is a spherical yellow berry up to 3 centimeters wide.

Thorns, spines, and prickles
In plant morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles, and in general spinose structures (sometimes called spinose teeth or spinose apical processes), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems, or buds with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically defending plants against herbivory.
Highland Clinical Research Facility
The Highland Clinical Research Facility (HCRF) supports clinical research in the Highlands of Scotland. It was opened in 2009, and is a purpose built facility housed within the Centre for Health Science, adjacent to Raigmore Hospital in Inverness.

Clinical research
Clinical research is a branch of medical research that involves people and aims to determine the effectiveness (efficacy) and safety of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for improving human health. These research procedures are designed for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis or understanding of disease symptoms.

Clinical research is different from clinical practice: in clinical practice, established treatments are used to improve the condition of a person, while in clinical research, evidence is collected under rigorous study conditions on groups of people to determine the efficacy and safety of a treatment.
Hyposmocoma ningorella
Hyposmocoma ningorella is a species of moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Maui. The type locality is Haleakalā, where it was collected at an elevation of 5,000 feet (1,500 m) or higher.

Cosmopterigidae
The Cosmopterigidae  are a family of insects (cosmet moths) in the order Lepidoptera. These are small moths with narrow wings whose tiny larvae feed internally on the leaves, seeds and stems of their host plants. About 1500 species have been described. The taxonomic family is most diverse in the Australian and Pacific region with about 780 species.

Several genera formerly included here have been moved to the Agonoxeninae.
Chris Jack
Christopher Raymond Jack (born 5 September 1978) is a former New Zealand rugby union player who played as a lock. He played for Canterbury and the Tasman Mako in the National Provincial Championship and its successor, the Air New Zealand Cup; the Crusaders in Super Rugby; Saracens in the Guinness Premiership; and internationally for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks.

Canterbury Rugby Football Union
The Canterbury Rugby Football Union (which is also referred to as Canterbury or CRFU) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Canterbury region of New Zealand, and runs the Canterbury representative team. The Canterbury team has won the National Provincial Championship, Air New Zealand Cup, and the ITM Cup 14 times including a "six-peat" from 2008 to 2013 – with five in the National Provincial Championship, two in the Air New Zealand Cup, five in the ITM Cup and one in the Mitre 10 Cup. Their most recent victory was the 2017 Mitre 10 Cup. Canterbury also acts as a primary feeder to the Crusaders, who play in the Super Rugby competition.

The union also administers all club rugby within the region, including senior club rugby and school rugby. Canterbury has produced the most All Blacks of any New Zealand region, with Scott Barrett becoming Canterbury's 200th All Black in 2016.
Fruit pudding
Fruit pudding is a Scottish dish which is a mixture of wheat or oatmeal flour or breadcrumbs, beef suet, brown sugar, currants, raisins, sultanas, salt and cinnamon, formed into the shape of a large sausage.

Normally cut into slices and fried, it is an optional feature of the traditional Scottish breakfast. Although served in this context as part of a savoury meal, its close relationship to clootie dumpling means it may also be served as a dessert.

Many Scottish producers of sausage, sliced sausage, black pudding, white pudding and haggis also make fruit pudding.
It is not uncommon to find a "breakfast pack" consisting of sausage, sliced sausage, black pudding and fruit pudding on sale in Scottish shops.

In London, rock musician Alex Harvey purchased his Scottish breakfast supplies, including fruit pudding, from Fortnum and Mason.

Alex Harvey (musician)
Alexander James Harvey (5 February 1935 – 4 February 1982) was a Scottish rock and blues musician. Although his career spanned almost three decades, he is best remembered as the frontman of the Sensational Alex Harvey Band, with whom he built a reputation as an exciting live performer during the era of glam rock in the 1970s.
Rider Broncs
The Rider Broncs are the athletic teams of Rider University, a private nonsectarian university in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States. The school is a Division I member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and its athletes compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). For wrestling only, Rider is an affiliate member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC).

The intercollegiate sports program at Rider was started by coach Clair Bee in the 1920s. Two of the school's most famous athletic alumni are former Notre Dame basketball coach and current ESPN sportscaster Digger Phelps, who played basketball at Rider from 1959 to 1963 and Jason Thompson who played basketball at Rider from 2004 to 2008 and was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 12th pick of the 2008 NBA Draft.

Digger Phelps
Richard Frederick "Digger" Phelps (born July 4, 1941) is an American former college basketball coach, most notably of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish from 1971 to 1991. For 20 years, from 1993 to 2014, he served as an analyst on ESPN. He got the nickname "Digger" from his friends.
Meat glaze
Meat glaze (French: glace de viande) is a dark brown, gelatinous flavouring agent used in food preparation.  It is obtained by reducing brown stock through evaporation by slow heating. Compared to demi-glace, meat glaze is about twice as concentrated.
Its high viscosity and salt content gives it an unusually long shelf life.

Meat glaze is used to add flavor to soups.

Stock (food)
Stock, sometimes called bone broth, is a savory cooking liquid that forms the basis of many dishes – particularly soups, stews, and sauces. Making stock involves simmering animal bones, meat, seafood, or vegetables in water or wine, often for an extended period. Mirepoix or other aromatics may be added for more flavor.
The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate
The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India is a book by the architectural and art historian Pushkar Sohoni, published in 2018 by I.B. Tauris. It is one of the most comprehensive works on the architecture and urban settlements of the Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar, who ruled in the sixteenth century.

I.B. Tauris
I.B. Tauris is an educational publishing house and imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing. It was an independent publishing house with offices in London and New York City until its purchase in May 2018 by Bloomsbury Publishing.

It specialises in non-fiction books on Asian studies, the history of art, history of the Middle Ages and the modern period, politics and international relations, the Middle East and Islamic world generally, religious studies, geography and environment, and visual culture (including film, photography, and contemporary art). Its books are aimed primarily at the specialist market, including academics and students of higher education. The company also sells to a general audience.
Shiao Yu-jan
Shiao Yu-jan (simplified Chinese: 萧佑然; traditional Chinese: 蕭佑然; pinyin: Xiāo Yòurán; born 9 December 1999) is a Taiwanese artistic gymnast. He won team bronze medals at the 2022 Asian Games and at the 2019 Asian Championships. He is the 2021 World University Games pommel horse bronze medalist, and he represented Chinese Taipei at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

2022 Asian Games
The 2022 Asian Games (2022年亚洲运动会), officially the 19th Asian Games (第十九届亚洲运动会) and also known as Hangzhou 2022 (杭州2022), were a continental multi-sport event which was held from 23 September to 8 October 2023 in Hangzhou, China. The games marked the 110th anniversary since the creation of the first continental event, starting with the 1913 Far Eastern Championship Games.

Originally scheduled to take place from 10 to 25 September 2022, on 6 May 2022 the Games were postponed to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The new dates were announced on 19 July 2022, with the Games remaining branded as Hangzhou 2022. Hangzhou was the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing in 1990 and Guangzhou in 2010.
Vinervine
Vinervine is a monoterpene indole alkaloid of the Vinca sub-group. It is a derivative of akuammicine, with one additional hydroxy (OH) group in the indole portion, hence it is also known as 12-hydroxyakuammicine.

Monoterpene
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings (monocyclic and bicyclic). Modified terpenes, such as those containing oxygen functionality or missing a methyl group, are called monoterpenoids. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids are diverse. They have relevance to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries.
Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2004
This page is a partial listing of incidents of violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in 2004.

IDT = Israeli (civilians/soldiers) killed by Palestinians; cumulative

PDT = Palestinians (civilians/militants) killed by Israelis; cumulative.

Note: This compilation does not include all the casualties of the violence. Many of the Attacks which resulted in Death are not included also many of the attacks that did cause injury are not included.

Qassam rocket
The Qassam rocket (Arabic: صاروخ القسام Ṣārūkh al-Qassām; also Kassam) is a simple, steel artillery rocket developed and deployed by the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military arm of Hamas.

Since the rocket was first manufactured in 2001 by Tito Masoud and Nidal Farhat, three models of the Qassam rocket have been produced and used. More generally, all types of Palestinian rockets fired into southern Israel, for example the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Al Quds rockets, are called Qassams by the Israeli media, and often by foreign media.

Leading international human rights organizations have called Palestinian armed groups' use of Qassam rockets against civilians and civilian targets a war crime and a violation of international law.

Many of the rocket's components are made of common materials such as sugar, fertilizer, firearms cartridges, springs, nails, and steel cylinders.
Avenue de Wagram
The Avenue de Wagram is a street in the 8th and 17th arrondissements of Paris, extending from the Place de Wagram to the Place Charles de Gaulle (formerly Place de l'Étoile, and the site of the Arc de Triomphe). It is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) long and 36 metres (118 ft) wide, and is divided into two sections by the Place des Ternes. It was renamed on 2 March 1864 after Napoleon's 1809 victory at the Battle of Wagram; the section between the Avenue des Ternes and the Place de l'Étoile was formerly known as the Boulevard de l'Étoile or Boulevard de Bezons and the section between the Avenue des Ternes and the Place de Wagram, as Route départementale n°6.

Arrondissements of Paris
The City of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, administrative districts, referred to as arrondissements (French: [aʁɔ̃dismɑ̃] ⓘ). These are not to be confused with departmental arrondissements, which subdivide the larger French departments.

The number of the arrondissement is indicated by the last two digits in most Parisian postal codes, 75001 up to 75020. In addition to their number, each arrondissement has a name, often for a local monument. For example, the 5th arrondissement is also called "Panthéon" in reference to the eponymous building. The first four arrondissements have a shared administration, called Paris Centre.
Thomas Tremblay
Thomas Tremblay, OC GOQ (December 13, 1895 –  April 24, 1988) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and judge.

Born in Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies, Quebec, Tremblay received his secondary education at Collège Ste-Anne de La Pocatière. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1916 and a law degree from Laval University in 1919. He was admitted to the bar the same year and he practiced in Quebec and Montmagny from 1919 to 1937, with various partners, including Armand Lavergne. He was made a King's Counsel in 1938.

He was a Conservative candidate in the riding of L'Islet in the provincial election of 1931 and Montmagny—L'Islet in the federal election of 1935. He was vice-president of the Société des alcools du Québec from 1937 to July 1938. In 1938, he was made a judge of the Court of Sessions of the Peace. In 1948, he became Chief Justice. In 1953, he was named chair of the Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems. He retired in 1969.

L'Islet (provincial electoral district)
L'Islet (French pronunciation: [lilɛ]) was a provincial electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada.

It was created for the 1867 election (and an electoral district of that name existed earlier in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada).  Its final election was in 1970.  It disappeared in the 1973 election and its successor electoral district was Montmagny-L'Islet.
Abstraction (mathematics)
Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying structures, patterns or properties of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena. In other words, to be abstract is to remove context and application. Two of the most highly abstract areas of modern mathematics are category theory and model theory.

Phenomenon
A phenomenon  (pl. phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event. The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon, which cannot be directly observed. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms. Far predating this, the ancient Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus also used phenomenon and noumenon as interrelated technical terms.
LEEP Online Education
LEEP Online Education is a distance learning program offered by the University of Illinois School of Information Sciences (formerly GSLIS [Graduate School of Library and Information Science])

The LEEP program provides students who are not able to relocate to the Urbana-Champaign area a means to attend the university's ALA-accredited Master of Library and Information Science, Master of Information Science or Certificate of Advanced Study (CAS) program. The program, and the iSchool overall, is ranked #1 by U.S. News & World Report.

Certificate of Advanced Study
A Certificate of Advanced Study (CAS), also called an Advanced Certificate (AC), Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study (CAGS), or a Certificate of Advanced Professional Studies (CAPS), is a post-Master's academic certificate designed for professional and non traditional students, as well as practitioners who seek a continuing education program to enhance their professional development in fields such as liberal arts, education, library science, software engineering, area studies, data science, public policy, and management.
Style (2001 film)
Style is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language buddy comedy thriller film directed by N. Chandra. The film stars Sharman Joshi, Sahil Khan, Riya Sen, and Shilpi Sharma. The film was released on 28 December 2001, and was a sleeper hit, earning ₹8.84 crore at the box-office against its budget of ₹2.5 crore.

A sequel titled Xcuse Me was released in 2003.

Sleeper hit
In the entertainment industry, a sleeper hit is a film, television series, music release, video game or other entertainment product that was initially unsuccessful on release, but eventually became a surprise success. A sleeper hit may have had little to no promotion or lack a successful launch, but gradually develops a fandom and spreads via word of mouth, media coverage, or unexpected internet virality. As Variety puts it, "A 'sleeper hit' can be defined as the kind of show that catches us by surprise—programs whose popularity grows over time and can ultimately outshine the preordained hits."

A sleeper hit often lacks star performers or high production values, but prevails, at times against its makers' expectations, on the strength of such qualities as narrative, approach, or novelty, as well as market accidents. Sleeper hit films benefit theater owners because they keep a larger percentage of the money from ticket sales.
Economic potential
Economic potential is the potential of a region, nation, or corporation for economic development and growth. Typically, discussions of economic potential occur when available resources have not yet been tapped and fully developed or exploited, possibly because of missing infrastructure.

The Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (2005) defines economic potential as

"The total capacity of a nation to produce goods and services."

Goods
In economics, goods are anything that is good, usually in the sense that it provides welfare or utility to someone. Goods can be contrasted with bads, i.e. things that provide negative value for users, like chores or waste. A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare.

Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.

Goods are the result of the secondary sector of the economy which involves the transformation of raw materials or intermediate goods into goods.
Kolach
Kolach is the Slavonic term for a number of traditional baked products, such as:

Kolach (bread), a circular bread, most often made as a sweet dish

Slavski kolač, a Serbian variant of the kolach, made for the celebration of Slava

Kolach (cake), a Czech and Slovak sweet pastry different from the above

Klobasnek, a savory bread known as kolache in Texas

Slavski kolač
Slavski kolač (Serbian Cyrillic: славски колач) is a traditional Serbian ritual bread (a type of yeast leavened bread ). It is made for the Orthodox Christian celebration of Slava, a UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The parish priest visits the family to consecrate the kolač and red wine, and to light a beeswax candle stamped with an image of the saint.

Often extended family and friends are invited to the celebration. Wine is poured over the cake, and it is cut or broken by members of the family before lunch.
Nanzih District
Nanzih District (also spelled Nanzi; Chinese: 楠梓區; Hanyu Pinyin: Nánzǐ Qū; Tongyong Pinyin: Nánzǐh Cyu; Wade–Giles: Nan2-tzŭ3 Ch'ü1) is a district located in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It was one of the northernmost districts of Kaohsiung City until Kaohsiung County was merged into the municipality in 2010. Nanzih offers convenient access to transportation, including a train and bus station and an interchange on the Sun Yat-sen Freeway. Moreover, it also contains the Nanzih Industrial Zone.

Tongyong Pinyin
Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, while a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry of Education approved the system in 2002, but its use was optional.

From 1 January 2009, the Ministry of Education began promoting Hanyu Pinyin. Local governments were not able to get financial aid from the central government if they used Tongyong Pinyin-derived romanizations. However, Tongyong Pinyin has continued in use for the transliteration of some place names and personal names in Taiwan (Republic of China). Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin –  for example, Cijin District (旗津區, Cíjin Cyu).
Paul de Lamerie
Paul Jacques de Lamerie (9 April 1688 – 1 August 1751) was a London-based silversmith. The Victoria and Albert Museum describes him as the "greatest silversmith working in England in the 18th century". He was being referred to as the "King's silversmith" in 1717. Though his mark raises the market value of silver, his output was large and not all his pieces are outstanding. The volume of work bearing de Lamerie's mark makes it almost certain that he subcontracted orders to other London silversmiths before applying his own mark.

Silversmith
A silversmith is a metalworker who crafts objects from silver. The terms silversmith and goldsmith are not exact synonyms, as the techniques, training, history, and guilds are (or were, at least) largely the same but differed in that the end product may vary greatly (as may the scale of objects created).
Rock Out (album)
Rock Out is the sixth studio album by Australian hard rock band Wolfmother. Recorded at frontman Andrew Stockdale's home studio and Bangalow Plaza Studios with engineer Cameron Lockwood, it was independently released on 12 November 2021. The album features a lineup of Stockdale on vocals, guitar and bass, Hamish Rosser on drums, and Alexx McConnell on bass for "Humble" and "Only Way". Fraser Lewry of Classic Rock magazine praised opening track "Feelin Love", writing that the song "is typical, with both a riff and a vocal that conjure up the sound of Black Sabbath at the less doomy end of the Sabbath spectrum".

Classic Rock (magazine)
Classic Rock is a British magazine and website dedicated to rock music, owned and published by Future. It was launched in October 1998 and is based in London. The magazine publishes 13 editions a year, mainly covering rock bands from the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, with the likes of Led Zeppelin, AC/DC, Pink Floyd, the Rolling Stones, Queen, Black Sabbath, Aerosmith, Deep Purple, and Van Halen amongst its most prominent cover stars. As well as veteran rock artists, Classic Rock also covers modern rock bands and releases, with Alter Bridge, Rival Sons, Halestorm, Ghost, Blackberry Smoke and the Struts amongst the younger artists to have appeared on its cover in recent years.