hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lester S. Hill
Lester S. Hill (1891–1961) was an American mathematician and educator who was interested in applications of mathematics to communications.  He received a bachelor's degree (1911) and a master's degree (1913) from Columbia College and a Ph.D. from Yale University (1926).  He taught at the University of Montana, Princeton University, the University of Maine, Yale University, and Hunter College.  Among his notable contributions was the Hill cipher.  He also developed methods for detecting errors in telegraphed code numbers and wrote two books.

Columbia College, Columbia University
Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college of Columbia University, a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.

Columbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by alumni Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

Columbia College is distinctive for its comprehensive Core Curriculum and is among the most selective of American colleges, with an admission rate of 3.85% in 2024.
Legend S: Baptism XX
Legend S: Baptism XX is the seventh live video album by Japanese heavy metal band Babymetal, released in Japan on August 1, 2018, through BMD Fox Records and Toy's Factory. It contains footage from the shows of the same name at Hiroshima Green Arena in December 2017.

Toy's Factory
Toy's Factory Inc. (株式会社トイズファクトリー, Kabushiki-gaisha Toizu Fakutorī) is a Japanese record label founded in the late 1980s as a subsidiary of the entertainment company VAP, based in Japan. On May 30, 1990, it was established as an independent company. It is an associate member of the Recording Industry Association of Japan. By the first half of 2012, Toy's Factory was the fourth-biggest Japanese record label.
Toyota W transmission
Toyota Motor Corporation's W family is a family of RWD/4WD transmissions built by Aisin.  Physically, these transmissions have much in common (like the bell housing-to-body bolt pattern) with other Aisin-built transmissions, like the Jeep AX-5 and the Toyota G-series. The W55, W56, W57, W58, and W59 are externally and internally very similar aside from the gear ratios.

Toyota Comfort
The Toyota Comfort (Japanese: トヨタ・コンフォート, Hepburn: Toyota Konfōto) and the long-wheelbase Toyota Crown Comfort are a line of mid-size sedans produced by Toyota between 1995 and 2018. A platform derivative of the Toyota Mark II (X80), the Comfort was aimed at fleet buyers with a primary focus on taxicab operators. A third model was released in 2001 as the 11th generation Crown Sedan (the first Crown Sedan not based on the normal Crown executive car) for the Japanese market only. The Crown Sedan was also aimed at fleet buyers, as a high end taxi or for corporate use.

Its main competitors were the Nissan Crew (discontinued in June 2009) and the Nissan Cedric Y31 (discontinued in 2015). Production of the Comfort ceased in January 2018, after more than 22 years in production, and it was subsequently replaced by the Toyota JPN Taxi which was launched at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in October 2017.
Ulf Lennart Österberg
Ulf Österberg is a Swedish-American physicist specializing in optical fibers, nonlinear optics, and ultrafast and THz spectroscopy. With Walter Margulis, he discovered efficient second-harmonic generation in optical fibers, and his optical precursor studies are particular noteworthy.

Precursor (physics)
Precursors are characteristic wave patterns caused by dispersion of an impulse's frequency components as it propagates through a medium. Classically, precursors precede the main signal, although in certain situations they may also follow it. Precursor phenomena exist for all types of waves, as their appearance is only predicated on the prominence of dispersion effects in a given mode of wave propagation. This non-specificity has been confirmed by the observation of precursor patterns in different types of electromagnetic radiation (microwaves, visible light, and terahertz radiation) as well as in fluid surface waves and seismic waves.
Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's singles
The women's singles badminton tournament at the 2024 Summer Olympics took place from 27 July to 5 August 2024 at the Porte de La Chapelle Arena in Paris. A total of 39 players from 34 nations competed at the tournament.

South Korea's An Se-young defeated China's He Bingjiao in the final, 21–13, 21–16, to win the gold medal in women's singles badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics. An subsequently became the first women's singles gold medalist from South Korea since Bang Soo-hyun, who achieved the feat in 1996. Gregoria Mariska Tunjung of Indonesia won the bronze medal after Spain's Carolina Marín was forced to withdraw from the match due to a knee injury.

China's Chen Yufei was the defending Olympic champion, but failed to retain the title after losing to compatriot He Bingjiao in the quarter-finals.

South Korea at the 2024 Summer Olympics
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. It was the nation's nineteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, except Moscow 1980, as part of US-led boycott.

Silver medalist pistol shooter Kim Ye-ji went viral alongside Yusuf Dikeç for possessing "main character energy" and Terminator-style outfit on social media.
Kris Kamm
Kris Kamm (born November 29, 1964) is an American actor, most recognizable from his role as Stuart Rosebrock in the sitcom Coach.

Kamm was born in Evanston, Illinois. His first acting roles were small parts on television shows. He has appeared on such television series as Murder, She Wrote; Married... with Children; and 21 Jump Street. His most famous work was as Stuart Rosebrock on Coach. He left the show to pursue other acting interests but returned for the final episode. After Coach, Kamm continued to work in small roles in television. He appeared in such films as The Heroes of Desert Storm, When the Party's Over and Wyatt Earp.

Wyatt Earp (film)
Wyatt Earp is a 1994 American epic biographical Western drama film about the lawman of the same name. Directed by Lawrence Kasdan, who co-wrote the screenplay with Dan Gordon, the film follows Earp from his early life to his career as a marshal and his involvement in the O.K. Corral gunfight. It features an ensemble cast led by Kevin Costner as Earp, with Gene Hackman, Mark Harmon, Michael Madsen, Catherine O'Hara, Bill Pullman, Dennis Quaid, Isabella Rossellini, Tom Sizemore, JoBeth Williams, and Mare Winningham in supporting roles.

The film was developed in competition with Tombstone, another adaptation of Earp's life and the O.K. Corral gunfight that came out six months earlier. Released on June 24, 1994, Wyatt Earp received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances and Kasdan's direction, but criticized the three-hour runtime and unfavorably compared it to Tombstone. It was a box office failure, grossing $55.9 million on a $63 million budget.
Kshmr
Niles Hollowell-Dhar (born October 6, 1988), known professionally as Kshmr (pronounced "Kashmir" and stylized in all caps), is an American musician, DJ, songwriter, record producer, former rapper, and singer who came to prominence as a member of the production team the Cataracs under the stage name Cyrano. He was ranked 23rd on DJ Mag's 2015 Top 100 DJs poll and was awarded highest new entry for the year. In the same poll he elevated to 12th in 2016 and 2017, and again in 2020. He was ranked 11th in the same poll in 2021; and in 2022 in same poll he ranked 12. In July 2017, he launched Dharma Worldwide, a sublabel of Spinnin' Records. Kshmr performed live at many music festivals like Coachella, Tomorrowland, EDC, Ultra and Sunburn.

Vassy (singer)
Vasiliki Karagiorgos (Greek: Βασιλική Καραγιώργος, Vasilikí Karagiórgos; born 18 February 1983), known as Vassy, is an Australian singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. She is the first woman to win an Icon Award at the 2023 Electronic Dance Music Awards. She was supposed to represent the United States in Intervision 2025, but withdrew before the competition began.
Literacy (journal)
Literacy is a  peer-reviewed academic journal published thrice annually by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the United Kingdom Literacy Association. The journal was established in 1967 as Reading and obtained its current name in 2004. It covers research on the study and development of literacy, including topics such as phonics, phonology, morphology, and language. The editors-in-chief are Natalia Kucirkova (University of Stavanger) and Diane Collier (Brock University).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.400, ranking it 91st out of 162 journals in the category "Linguistics" and 150th out of 206 journals in the category "Education & Educational Research".

United Kingdom Literacy Association
The United Kingdom Literacy Association (UKLA) is a registered charity in the United Kingdom which aims to promote good practice and raise standards in literacy.  It was founded in 1963 as the United Kingdom Reading Association, but changed its name in 2003.
Wiley-Blackwell publishes a journal entitled Journal of Research in Reading on behalf of the UKLA.

The UKLA organizes the UKLA Book Awards for children's books. It is judged by teachers.
Keraites
The Keraites (also Kerait, Kereit, Khereid, Kazakh: керейт; Kyrgyz: керей; Mongolian: ᠬᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠳ, Хэрэйд; Nogai: Кереит; Uzbek: Kerait; Chinese: 克烈, Persian: کرایت) were one of the five dominant Turco-Mongol tribal confederations (khanates) in the Altai-Sayan region during the 12th century. They had converted to the Church of the East in the early 11th century and are one of the possible sources of the European Prester John legend.

Their original territory was expansive, corresponding to much of what is now Mongolia. Vasily Bartold (1913) located them along the upper Onon and Kherlen rivers and along the Tuul river. They were defeated by Genghis Khan in 1203 and became influential in the rise of the Mongol Empire, and were gradually absorbed into the succeeding Mongol khanates during the 13th century.

Kherlen River
Kherlen River (also known as Kerülen; Mongolian: Хэрлэн гол; Chinese: 克鲁伦河; pinyin: Kèlǔlún hé) is a 1,254 km river in Mongolia and China. It is also one of the two longest rivers in Mongolia, along with the Orkhon River.
Chaoulli v Quebec (AG)
Chaoulli v Quebec (AG) [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791, 2005 SCC 35, was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada of which the Court ruled that the Quebec Health Insurance Act and the Hospital Insurance Act prohibiting private medical insurance in the face of long wait times, up to 9 months, violated the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. In a 4 to 3 decision, the Court found the Acts violated Quebecers' right to life and security of person under the Quebec Charter. The ruling is binding only in Quebec. Three of the seven judges also found that the laws violated section seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. One judge did not rule on the Canadian Charter. The result was a 3–3 tie on the question of the Canadian Charter, so the Chaoulli decision does not apply to any other province.

Right to life
The right to life is the belief that a human (or other animal) has the right to live and, in particular, should not be killed by another entity. The concept of a right to life arises in debates on issues including: capital punishment, with some people seeing it as immoral; abortion, with some considering the killing of a human embryo or fetus immoral; euthanasia, in which the decision to end one's life outside of natural means is seen as incorrect; meat production and consumption, in which the breeding and killing of animals for their meat is seen by some people as an infringement on their rights; and in killings by law enforcement, which are seen by some as an infringement on those persons' right to live. However, individuals may disagree in which of these areas the principle of a right to life might apply.
Louis-Daniel Perrier
Louis-Daniel Perrier (1818–1903) was a Swiss architect from Neuchâtel, Switzerland. He was born in Paris although he was originally from the towns of Sainte-Croix and Orges in Switzerland. He studied art in Paris and Berlin before moving to Neuchâtel in 1848.

He was the architect for the government of the Canton of Neuchâtel between 1849 and 1863. In 1864 and until 1867, he was construction director for the city of Neuchâtel. He constructed Philippe Suchard's house, the church of Les Brenets, the primary school "Le Collège de la Promenade" in Neuchâtel, and restored the castles of Neuchâtel and Cormondrèche among other works.

He was married to Cécile Dardel and is the father of the Federal Councillor Louis Perrier. He was also the great-grandfather of Denise and Raymonde Berthoud.

Corcelles-Cormondrèche
Corcelles-Cormondrèche (French pronunciation: [kɔʁsɛl kɔʁmɔ̃dʁɛʃ]) is a former municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021 the former municipalities of Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Peseux and Valangin merged into the municipality of Neuchâtel.
1949–50 Serie C
The 1949–50 Serie C was the twelfth edition of Serie C, the third highest league in the Italian football league system.

To reduce the groups into an 18-team formula, additional relegations were added during the season. However, the plan was later partially postponed.

Serie C
The Serie C (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈtʃi]), officially known as Serie C Sky Wifi for sponsorship purposes, is the third-highest division in the Italian football league system after the Serie B and Serie A. The Lega Italiana Calcio Professionistico (Lega Pro) is the governing body that operates the Serie C.

The unification of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione and the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as Lega Pro Divisione Unica (often also abbreviated as Lega Pro) in 2014 reintroduced the format of the original Serie C that existed between 1935 and 1978 (before the split into Serie C1 and Serie C2). In May 2017, the Lega Pro assembly unanimously approved renaming the competition to its original name, Serie C.
Bruce Branit
Bruce Branit is an American filmmaker with a strong background in Computer graphics and visual effects.  He has received eight Emmy Award nominations for his work on shows such as Westworld, Breaking Bad and Star Trek: Voyager. He is the owner of Branit FX based in Kansas City which provides visual effects work for feature television, film and commercials. His production company Lucamax Pictures is currently developing several long and short form entertainment projects.

Branit created World Builder, an emotional short film demonstrating futuristic computer interfaces used to create a holographic world for a woman apparently in a medical coma. The movie won several short film awards such as the KC Filmmakers Jubilee, the Indianapolis International Film Festival and the Indy Shorts Fest.  Branit is also known for his work on the short film "405".  This 3-minute film, co-produced by Jeremy Hunt, shows a DC-10 airliner make a suspenseful emergency landing on a Los Angeles freeway.

Indy Film Fest
Indy Film Fest, formerly known as the Indianapolis International Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Indianapolis, United States. The festival champions films that entertain, challenge, and expand perspectives in Indianapolis and beyond. Its inaugural edition took place in 2004, featuring Lars von Trier's Dogville as the closing film.
Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
The Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment (also known as simply Połk Kalinoŭskaha, the Kalinoŭski Regiment or Bel Warriors), formerly the Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion until May 2022, is a group of Belarusian opposition volunteers, which was formed during the Russo-Ukrainian War in order to defend Ukraine against the Russian invasion in 2022.

In March 2022, it was reported that more than a thousand Belarusians have applied to join the unit. According to its own statements, the battalion is not incorporated into the International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine in order to preserve greater autonomy.

The unit is named after the Belarusian and Polish national hero Kastuś Kalinoŭski, who was a leader of the January Uprising in 1863 against the Russian Empire in Belarus and Lithuania.

The regiment is confirmed to have suffered thirteen killed as of March 2025.

Belarus in the Russian Empire
The Belarusian history within the Russian Empire is associated with the history of Belarus from the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to the October Revolution when the present-day Belarus' lands were made part of the Russian Empire.
Île des Pingouins
Île des Pingouins (French pronunciation: [il de pɛ̃ɡwɛ̃]), or Penguin Island, is an uninhabited island in the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago of the southern Indian Ocean.  With an area of only 3 km2 (1 sq mi) it is one of the smaller islands of the group.  Administratively, it is part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.  It is an important nesting site for seabirds.

Crozet Islands
The Crozet Islands (French: Îles Crozet French pronunciation: [il kʁozɛ]; or, officially, Archipel Crozet [aʁʃipɛl -]) are a sub-Antarctic archipelago of small islands in the southern Indian Ocean. They form one of the five administrative districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
Guarda Fiscal
The Guarda Fiscal (Fiscal Guard in English) was a Portuguese special military force, tasked with the border and maritime control of people and goods and the law enforcement, particularly in the fields of taxation and customs.

In time of peace, the Guarda Fiscal was under the authority of the Ministry of Finance. In case of war, the Guarda Fiscal would pass for the authority of the Portuguese Armed Forces, forming combat units that would be used primarily in the border defense.

The Guarda Fiscal was formed on September 17, 1885, based on the Barrier Guards detached from the former Royal Guard of the Police (ancestor of the present National Republican Guard) for the tax and customs service. In 1993, the Guarda Fiscal was dissolved as an independent corps, becoming the Fiscal Brigade of the National Republican Guard (GNR). In 2009, the Fiscal Brigade was divided into the current Fiscal Action and Coastal Control units of the GNR.

Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. Traditionally, customs has been considered as the fiscal subject that charges customs duties (i.e. tariffs) and other taxes on import and export. In recent decades, the views on the functions of customs have considerably expanded and now covers three basic issues: taxation, security, and trade facilitation.

Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, enforced by their respective customs authorities; the import/export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden entirely. A wide range of penalties are faced by those who break these laws.
Hunterian transliteration
The Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India" and the one officially adopted by the Government of India. Hunterian transliteration was sometimes also called the Jonesian transliteration system because it derived closely from a previous transliteration method developed by William Jones (1746–1794). Upon its establishment, the Sahitya Akademi (India's National Academy of Letters) also adopted the Hunterian method, with additional adaptations, as its standard method of maintaining its bibliography of Indian-language works.

William Jones (philologist)
Sir William Jones FRS FRAS FRSE (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was a Welsh philologist, scholar and judge. Born in Westminster, London to Welsh mathematician William Jones, he moved to the Bengal Presidency where Jones served as a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William and also became a scholar of ancient Indian history. He is known for being one of the earliest scholars to assert the kinship of the Indo-European languages, albeit not the first. Jones also founded the Asiatic Society in Calcutta in 1784.
Wersestadion
Not to be confused for the Weserstadion, in Bremen.

The Wersestadion is a multi-use stadium in Ahlen, Germany.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Rot Weiss Ahlen. The stadium is able to hold 12,500 people and was built in 1997.

51°45′12″N 7°54′18″E﻿ / ﻿51.75333°N 7.90500°E﻿ / 51.75333; 7.90500

Ahlen
Ahlen (German pronunciation: [ˈaːlən] ⓘ; Westphalian: Aulen) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 30 km southeast of Münster. Ahlen is part of the District of Warendorf and is economically the most important town in that district. Ahlen is part of the larger Münster region, and of the historic Münsterland area.
The nearby villages of Dolberg, Vorhelm and Tönnishäuschen
are part of Ahlen, as well. The largest neighboring town is the city of Hamm to the southwest.
Hydration (web development)
In web development, hydration or rehydration is a technique in which client-side JavaScript converts a web page that is static from the perspective of the web browser, delivered either through static rendering or server-side rendering, into a dynamic web page by attaching event handlers to the HTML elements in the DOM. Because the HTML is pre-rendered on a server, this allows for a fast "first contentful paint" (when useful data is first displayed to the user), but there is a period of time afterward where the page appears to be fully loaded and interactive, but is not until the client-side JavaScript is executed and event handlers have been attached.

Frameworks that use hydration include Next.js and Nuxt. React v16.0 introduced a "hydrate" function, which hydrates an element, in its API.

Web page
A web page, or webpage, is a Web document that is accessed in a web browser. A website typically consists of many web pages linked together under a common domain name. The term "web page" is therefore a metaphor of paper pages bound together into a book.
Harvinder Singh (cricketer)
Harvinder Singh pronunciationⓘ (born 23 December 1977) is an  Indian cricketer who played in three Test matches and 16 One Day International (ODI) matches from 1997 to 2001.

Harvinder made his debut in ODI cricket for India against Pakistan during the 1997 Sahara Cup in Toronto. In 2020, he became an Indian national selector.

Selector (cricket)
A selector in cricket is a person given the administrative duty to choose the players that will represent a particular team in a match.

There is typically heavy scrutiny on national team selectors, including those of the major Test cricketing nations like Australia, England, and India. This is largely because in cricket, the highest level of the sport uniquely revolves around international competition, leaving national team selectors with a great deal of responsibility. Should the teams they select fail, the selectors are often vilified for the national side's poor performances.
Khuran-e Sofla
Khuran-e Sofla (Persian: خوران سفلي, also Romanized as Khūrān-e Soflá) is a village in Nabovat Rural District, in the Central District of Eyvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 166, in 26 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

Ilam province
Ilam Province (Persian: استان ایلام) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ilam.

The province is in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2 (7,785.41 mi2). It shares 425 km (264 mi) of the border with Iraq, and also borders on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan.