hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Overlap coefficient
The overlap coefficient, or Szymkiewicz–Simpson coefficient, is a similarity measure that measures the overlap between two finite sets. It is related to the Jaccard index and is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the smaller of two sets:

Note that . If set A is a subset of B or the converse, then the overlap coefficient is equal to 1.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
BMOC
BMOC can refer to:

Backup mission operations center, in spacecraft operations

"Big Man on Campus", an American colloquialism for a popular high school or college boy involved in some high-profile activity, such as varsity sports or school government

British Mathematical Olympiad Committee

"B.M.O.C." (The Cleveland Show), an episode of the U.S. TV series The Cleveland Show

Big Man on Campus, a television series

BMOC: Best Music On/Off Campus, 1961 album

British Mathematical Olympiad
The British Mathematical Olympiad (BMO) forms part of the selection process for the UK International Mathematical Olympiad team and for other international maths competitions, including the European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad, the Romanian Master of Mathematics and Sciences, and the Balkan Mathematical Olympiad. It is organised by the British Mathematical Olympiad Subtrust, which is part of the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust. There are two rounds, the BMO1 and the BMO2.
1999 Chinese football match-fixing scandal
The 1999 Jia-A League match-fixing controversy refers to a match between Chongqing Longxin and Shenyang Haishi during the final round of the 1999 Chinese Jia-A League, held on December 15, 1999. The match was won by Shenyang Haishi by 2–1 under heavy match fixing accusation from Chongqing fans. Both teams eventually were investigated and fined by the Chinese Football Association (CFA) in 2000 for passive play as no evidence of bribery was found. In a documentary of the game aired by CCTV-5's Football Night program, referee Lu Jun was suggested to play a central role in ensuring final round's results.

Chinese Football Association
The Chinese Football Association (Chinese: 中国足球协会; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì), abbreviated as CFA (Chinese: 中国足协; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúxié), is the governing body for association football, beach soccer and futsal in the People's Republic of China (Mainland China). The CFA organizes the men's and women's national teams and administers the country's professional leagues as well as organizing the national knockout cup competition Chinese FA Cup. As members of East Asian Football Federation its national teams are eligible for the East Asian Football Championship and the country's membership in AFC allows teams to participate in that organizations club and national team competitions. China is also a member of FIFA and is therefore eligible to play in the World Cup.
Billy Warbrick
William Warbrick (c. 1866 – 28 October 1901) was a New Zealand rugby union footballer who toured with the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team on their 107-match tour of New Zealand, Australia, and the British Isles. Playing at fullback, he was one of five Warbrick brothers who participated in the tour, which was captained and organised by his half-brother Joe.

Billy Warbrick played at least 59 matches during the Natives' tour, including at least 36 in the British Isles. He was one of the star players on tour, and was described by tour manager Thomas Eyton as "a dashing player, grand tackler, first-class kick, very quick at follow up".

Following the tour Warbrick moved to Australia where he played for Queensland, and then New South Wales. He also coached Australia in their first ever Test match—against the British Isles in 1899.

He contracted tuberculosis and returned to New Zealand shortly before he died in 1901.

Test match (rugby union)
A test match in rugby union is an international match, usually played between two senior national teams, that is recognised as such by at least one of the teams' national governing bodies.

Some teams do not represent a single country but their international games are still considered test matches (for example the British and Irish Lions). Likewise some countries award caps for games between their full national teams and some invitation teams such as the Barbarians.
Mikko Leinonen
Simo Mikko Yrjänä Leinonen (born July 15, 1955 in Tampere, Finland) is a retired Finnish Ice hockey player and currently the chief executive of Finnish elite league SM-liiga team Tappara.  He played 162 games in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Washington Capitals.

Tappara
Tappara (pronounced [ˈtɑpːɑrɑ]; Finnish for "Battle axe") is a Finnish professional ice hockey team playing in the SM-liiga. They play at Nokia Arena in Tampere, Finland. The team has won 20 Finnish league championships, which makes them the most successful club in Finland. The team continued the traditions of the Tammerfors Bollklub.
Viktoropol
Viktoropol (Russian: Викторополь) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Viktoropolskoye Rural Settlement, Veydelevsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,144 as of 2010. There are 14 streets in the settlement.

Veydelevsky District
Veydelevsky District (Russian: Ве́йделевский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Veydelevsky Municipal District. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,356 square kilometers (524 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a settlement) of Veydelevka. Population: 21,332 (2021 Census); 21,670 (2010 Census); 24,555 (2002 Census); 24,108 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Veydelevka accounts for 34.4% of the district's total population.
Cathy Olesen
Cathy Olesen (born c. 1961) is a politician in Alberta, Canada. She served on Strathcona County Council from 1995, first as a councillor then mayor, until her defeat in 2010. Olesen then went into provincial politics, and has represented Sherwood Park from the 2012 provincial election until her defeat in the 2015 provincial election.

Strathcona County
Strathcona County is a specialized municipality in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region within Alberta, Canada between Edmonton and Elk Island National Park. It forms part of Census Division No. 11.

Strathcona County is both urban and rural in nature. Approximately 73% of its population lives in Sherwood Park, which is an urban service area east of Edmonton, remains an unincorporated hamlet. The balance lives beyond Sherwood Park within a rural service area.
Nedžad Mulabegović
Nedžad Mulabegović (born 4 February 1981) is a  Croatian shot putter of Bosniak origin. His personal best throw is 20.67 metres, achieved in July 2014 in Varaždin, Croatia.

He finished twelfth at the 2000 World Junior Championships and won the bronze medal at the 2003 Summer Universiade. He also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games, the 2006 European Championships, the 2007 World Championships, the 2008 Olympic Games, 2009 World Championship in Berlin and the 2012 Olympic Games, without reaching the finals. He attended Purdue University.

2006 European Athletics Championships
The 19th European Athletics Championships were held in Gothenburg, Sweden, between 7 August and 13 August 2006. The competition arena was the Ullevi Stadium and the official motto "Catch the Spirit". Gothenburg also hosted the 1995 World Championships in Athletics, and Stockholm, Sweden's capital, hosted 1958 European Athletics Championships.
Maraleina F.C.
Maraleina Football Club (Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลมาราเลน่า), is a Thai professional football club based in Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand. The club is currently playing in the Thai League 3 Western region.

Pathum Thani province
Pathum Thani (Thai: ปทุมธานี, pronounced [pā.tʰūm tʰāːnīː]) is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise): Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok, Chachoengsao, Bangkok, and Nonthaburi.

The province is north of Bangkok and is part of the Bangkok metropolitan area. In many places, the boundary between the two provinces is not noticeable as both sides of the boundary are equally urbanized. Pathum Thani town is the administrative seat, but Ban Rangsit, seat of Thanyaburi district, is the largest populated place in the province.

Pathum Thani is an old province, heavily populated by the Mon people, dotted with 186 temples and parks. The Dream World amusement park is here.
Junior World Artistic Gymnastics Championships – Girls' balance beam
The Junior World Championships in artistic gymnastics were first held in 2019.  Originally meant to be held every two years, the second edition of the event was not held until 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Three medals are awarded: gold for first place, silver for second place, and bronze for third place. Tie breakers were used in the first year of the event but were not used subsequently.

Artistic Gymnastics Junior World Championships
The FIG Artistic Gymnastics Junior World Championships, or FIG World Junior Artistic Gymnastics Championships, is an artistic gymnastics competition organized by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG).
European Video Corporation
The European Video Corporation, also known as EVC, is a European home video distribution company. They have released various low-budget films on VHS, VCC, and Betamax, ranging in year from 1949 to 1986. Their home media films have been released in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Video 2000
Video 2000 (also known as V2000, with the tape standard Video Compact Cassette, or VCC) is a consumer videocassette system and analogue recording standard developed by Philips and Grundig to compete with JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax video technologies. It was designed for the PAL color television standard, but some models additionally handled SECAM. Distribution of Video 2000 products began in 1979 exclusively in Europe, South Africa and Argentina and ended in 1988.

Although some initial models and advertising featured a mirror-image "VCR" badge based on the logo of Philips's earlier Video Cassette Recording (VCR) system, Video 2000 was an entirely new (and incompatible) format, which incorporated many technical innovations. Despite this, the format was not a major success and was eventually discontinued, having lost out to the rival VHS system in the videotape format war.
The Wake of the Gods
The Wake of the Gods: Melville's Mythology is a book-length literary critique of selected works written by American author Herman Melville. This book was written by the American cultural historian and scholar H. Bruce Franklin, and published by Stanford University Press in 1963.

Mardi
Mardi: and a Voyage Thither is the third book by American writer Herman Melville, first published in London in 1849. Beginning as a travelogue in the vein of the author's two previous efforts, the adventure story gives way to a romance story, which in its turn gives way to a philosophical quest.
Talawana Track
The Talawana Track is a remote unsealed track that runs between Windy Corner on the Gary Highway and the Marble Bar Road in Western Australia, a distance of 596 kilometres.  The majority of it was built by Len Beadell and the Gunbarrel Road Construction Party in 1963 as part of a series of connecting roads for the Woomera rocket range in South Australia.  It was the final road they built.

Major roads in the Pilbara region of Western Australia
Main Roads Western Australia controls the major roads in the state's Pilbara region. There are two main highways in the region: Great Northern Highway, which travels north through the region to Port Hedland and then north-west along the coast, as well as North West Coastal Highway, which heads south-west from Port Hedland. A series of main roads connects towns to the highways, and local roads provide additional links. The majority of these roads service the western half of the region, with few located in the various deserts east of the Oakover River. Roads are often named after the towns or areas they connect.

The region's main roads are important for multiple aspects of the Pilbara's economy. These activities include mining (despite most products being transported by rail), agriculture and pastoral leases, and tourism, especially to the national parks at Karijini, Millstream-Chichester, and Rudall River.
Walter Davenport Bromley
Walter Davenport Bromley (born Walter Davenport; 5 February 1787 – 1 December 1862) was a Church of England clergyman and art collector. Four paintings previously owned by him are now in the National Gallery, London, three each in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Fitzwilliam Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, eight in the Courtauld Gallery and one each in the Brera Academy and the National Gallery of Ireland.

He became vicar of Ellastone and his only child was the future Conservative MP William Bromley-Davenport.

Fitzwilliam Museum
The Fitzwilliam Museum is the art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge. It is located on Trumpington Street opposite Fitzwilliam Street in central Cambridge. It was founded in 1816 under the will of Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam (1745–1816), and comprises one of the best collections of antiquities and modern art in western Europe. With over half a million objects and artworks in its collections, the displays in the museum explore world history and art from antiquity to the present. The treasures of the museum include artworks by Monet, Picasso, Rubens, Vincent van Gogh, Renoir, Rembrandt, Cézanne, Van Dyck, and Canaletto, as well as a winged bas-relief from Nimrud. Admission to the public is always free.

The museum is a partner in the University of Cambridge Museums consortium, one of 16 Major Partner Museum services funded by Arts Council England to lead the development of the museums sector.
P. G. Narayanan
Thiru P. G. Narayanan an Indian politician from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party is an incumbent member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Bhavani constituency. He is a former Member of the Parliament of India representing Tamil Nadu in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament.

He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Bhavani constituency in 1980, and 1984 elections.

1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
The seventh legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 28 May 1980. The election was held two years before the end of the M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) administration's term, as it was dissolved for the failure of the state machinery by the then President of India Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam allied with the Indian National Congress (Indira) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam allied with Janata Party. Despite their landslide victory of 37 out of 39 seats at the general election in January 1980, DMK and the Indira Congress failed to win the legislative assembly election. AIADMK won the election and its leader and incumbent Chief Minister MGR was sworn in as Chief Minister for the second time.
U.S. Route 4 in Vermont
U.S. Route 4 (US 4) in the U.S. state of Vermont extends for 66.059 miles (106.312 km) between the New York state line at Fair Haven and the New Hampshire state line at White River Junction. It is one of the main arteries between New York and New Hampshire.

Rutland (city), Vermont
Rutland is the only city in and the seat of Rutland County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 15,807. It is located approximately 65 miles (105 km) north of the Massachusetts state line, 35 miles (56 km) west of New Hampshire state line, and 20 miles (32 km) east of the New York state line. Rutland is the third largest city in the state of Vermont after Burlington and South Burlington. Rutland City is completely surrounded by Rutland Town, which is a separate municipality. The downtown area of the city is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.
Environmental impact of reservoirs
The environmental impact of reservoirs comes under ever-increasing scrutiny as the global demand for water and energy increases and the number and size of reservoirs increases.

Dams and reservoirs can be used to supply drinking water, generate hydroelectric power, increase the water supply for irrigation, provide recreational opportunities, and flood control. In 1960 the construction of Llyn Celyn and the flooding of Capel Celyn provoked political uproar which continues to this day. More recently, the construction of Three Gorges Dam and other similar projects throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America have generated considerable environmental and political debate. Currently, 48 percent of rivers and their hydro-ecological systems are affected by reservoirs and dams.

Ecohydrology
Ecohydrology (from Greek οἶκος, oikos, "house(hold)"; ὕδωρ, hydōr, "water"; and -λογία, -logia) is an interdisciplinary scientific field studying the interactions between water and ecological systems. It is considered a sub discipline of hydrology, with an ecological focus. These interactions may take place within water bodies, such as rivers and lakes, or on land, in forests, deserts, and other terrestrial ecosystems.  Areas of research in ecohydrology include transpiration and plant water use, adaption of organisms to their water environment, influence of vegetation and benthic plants on stream flow and function, and feedbacks between ecological processes, the soil carbon sponge and the hydrological cycle.
Transphonologization
In historical linguistics, transphonologisation (also known as rephonologisation or cheshirisation, see below) is a type of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature X evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes associated with a different feature Y.

For example, a language contrasting two words */sat/ vs. */san/ may evolve historically so that final consonants are dropped, yet the modern language preserves the contrast through the nature of the vowel, as in a pair /sa/ vs. /sã/. Such a situation would be described by saying that a former contrast between oral and nasal consonants has been transphonologised into a contrast between oral and nasal vowels.

The term transphonologisation was coined by André-Georges Haudricourt. The concept was defined and amply illustrated by Hagège & Haudricourt; it has been mentioned by several followers of panchronic phonology, and beyond.

Vowel
A vowel (/ˈvaʊ.əl/) is a speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, loudness, and length. They are usually voiced and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress. The nucleus, or "center", of a syllable typically consists of a vowel sound (though this is not always the case).

The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis, meaning "vocal" (i.e. relating to the voice). 
In English, the word vowel is commonly used to refer both to vowel sounds and to the written symbols that represent them: ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, and sometimes ⟨y⟩, and ⟨w⟩.
Attention to Detail (album)
Attention to Detail is the second solo studio album by Nigerian singer Kcee. It was released on 24 August 2017 by Five Star Music and features guest appearances from Falz, 2Baba, Tekno, Flavour, Olamide, Patoranking, Phyno, Shatta Wale, and Sauti Sol. Its production was mainly handled by Mystro, along with additional production from Blaq Jerzee, Dr Amir, and Krizbeatz. The album serves as a follow-up to Kcee's debut, Take Over (2013).

Falz
Folarin Falana (Listenⓘ; born 27 October 1990), better known by his stage name Falz, is a Nigerian rapper, songwriter, and actor. He began his career in secondary school after forming a group called The School Boys with a friend, before launching his professional music career in 2009. Falz gained wider recognition after releasing the song "Marry Me" featuring vocals from Poe and Yemi Alade.

He currently owns an independent record label called Bahd Guys Records. He released his debut album Wazup Guy in 2014. His second album Stories That Touch was released in 2015. He released 27 in 2017, and his fourth studio album Moral Instruction in 2019.
Drumbar Halt railway station
Drumbar Halt railway station served Donegal in County Donegal, Ireland.

The station opened on 1 August 1906 on the Donegal Railway Company line from Donegal to Ballyshannon.

It closed on 1 January 1960.

Ballyshannon
Ballyshannon (Irish: Béal Átha Seanaidh, meaning 'the mouth of Seannach's ford') is a town in County Donegal, Ireland. It is located at the southern end of the county where the N3 from Dublin ends and the N15 crosses the River Erne. The town was incorporated in the early 17th century, receiving a town charter in March 1613.
Jochem Bobeldijk
Jochem Bobeldijk (12 April 1920 Zaandam – 18 November 2010, Egmond aan Zee) was a Dutch sprint canoer who competed in the late 1940s and the early 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he earned his best finish of sixth in the K-1 10000 m event at London in 1948.

Zaandam
Zaandam (Dutch pronunciation: [zaːnˈdɑm] ⓘ) is a city in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad and received city rights in 1811. It is located on the river Zaan, just north of Amsterdam.

The statistical district Zaandam, which encompasses both the city and the surrounding countryside, has about 76,804 residents. Zaandam was a separate municipality until 1974, when it became a part of the new municipality of Zaanstad.
UploadFTP
UploadFTP was an FTP/SFTP/FTPS/FTPES/FXP client for Windows, developed by Brightek Software. The product has been discontinued, and the company website is no longer online. UploadFTP was shareware and a freeware version UploadFTP Free was also available with some restrictions.

Freeware
Freeware is software, often proprietary, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and reverse engineering are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others. Unlike with free and open-source software, which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is typically not made available. Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and shareware business models; or by collecting and selling user's personal data.