hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matthew Nicholls (classicist)
Matthew C. Nicholls (born 1978) is visiting professor of classics at the University of Reading and senior tutor at St John's College, University of Oxford. He is a specialist in libraries in the Roman empire and the history of the city of Rome. He has also created a large scale digital reconstruction of the ancient city of Rome, which is the basis of a popular Massive Open Online Course or MOOC.

St John's College, Oxford
St John's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford. Founded as a men's college in 1555, it has been coeducational since 1979. Its founder, Sir Thomas White, intended to provide a source of educated Roman Catholic clerics to support the Counter-Reformation under Queen Mary.

St John's is the wealthiest college in Oxford, with assets worth over £790 million as of 2022, largely due to nineteenth-century suburban development of land in the city of Oxford of which it is the ground landlord.

The college occupies a site on St Giles' and in 2024 had a student body of 419 undergraduates and 244 postgraduates. There are over 100 academic staff, and a like number of other staff. In 2018 St John's topped the Norrington Table, the annual ranking of Oxford colleges' final results, and in 2021, St John's ranked second with a score of 79.8.
Cadillac Gage Ranger
The Cadillac Gage Ranger, known popularly and in United States military service as the Cadillac Gage Peacekeeper or Cadillac Gage Peacekeeper I, is a four-wheeled armored personnel carrier marketed as an internal security vehicle, produced by Cadillac Gage (now Textron Marine & Land Systems). Built on a Dodge truck chassis, production began in 1979 to produce an armored vehicle for the United States Air Force (USAF) Security Forces, its largest customer, though Luxembourg and Indonesia also reportedly used Rangers as well. The Ranger also saw considerable service with law enforcement as a SWAT vehicle.

The Cadillac Gage Ranger is no longer offered by Textron, with trademarks cancelled, though it is unclear when it was discontinued. In 2003, Textron unveiled a successor to the Ranger, the Cadillac Gage Peacekeeper II. As of 2020, the Ranger's per unit replacement cost is approximately US$230,720.

United States Air Force Security Forces
The United States Air Force Security Forces (SF) are the ground combat force and military police service of the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force. The USAF Security Forces were formerly known as Military Police (MP), Air Police (AP), and Security Police (SP) at various points in their history.
2026 Men's T20 World Cup Africa Sub-regional Qualifier C
The 2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Africa Sub-regional Qualifier C will be a cricket tournament that will form part of the qualification process for the 2028 Men's T20 World Cup. It will be hosted by Nigeria in October 2026.

The top two sides in the tournament and advanced to the regional final, where they will be joined by Namibia who were given a bye after having participated in the previous T20 World Cup, and four other teams from sub-regional qualifiers A and B.

2026 Men's T20 World Cup
The 2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup is the tenth edition of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup, co-hosted by Board of Control for Cricket in India and Sri Lanka Cricket from 7 February to 8 March 2026. Sri Lanka had previously hosted the competition in 2012 and India in 2016. A total of twenty teams are competing in 55 matches across five venues in India and three in Sri Lanka.

Twenty teams compete in the tournament, which includes the teams from the two hosts, six of the top seven teams from the previous edition, the four highest-ranked teams in the ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings not already qualified, and eight other teams determined through regional qualifiers. Italy qualified for the Men's T20 World Cup for the first time. India are the defending champions.
Sassenfjorden
Sassenfjorden is a part of Isfjorden at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, in between Bünsow Land and Nordenskiöld Land.  The inner branch of Sassenfjorden is named Tempelfjorden.

Sassenfjorden is a continuation of the valley of Sassendalen.

Nordenskiöld Land
Nordenskiöld Land is the land area between Isfjorden and Van Mijenfjorden on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The area is named after Finnish-Swedish explorer and geologist Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. The coastal region of Nordenskiöld Land (Nordenskiøldkysten) has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports breeding populations of barnacle geese and common eiders.
Everlasting (food)
Everlasting, also known as the Marikina meatloaf, is a Filipino steamed meatloaf originating from Marikina. It is made with ground pork, Chorizo de Bilbao sausages, carrots, bell peppers, raisins, pickle relish, tomatoes, onions, and eggs. It is similar to the hardinera meatloaf of Quezon and is also traditionally steamed in an oval-shaped tin mold known as a llanera (or lyanera).

Meatloaf
Meatloaf is a dish of ground meat combined with other ingredients, formed into the shape of a loaf, then baked or smoked. It may be hand-formed on a baking tray or pan-formed in a loaf pan.  It is usually made with ground beef, although ground lamb, pork, veal, venison, poultry, and seafood are also used, sometimes in combination. Vegetarian adaptations of meatloaf may use imitation meat or pulses.

The cooked meatloaf can be sliced like a loaf of bread to make individual portions. It can easily become dry; therefore, various techniques exist to keep the dish moist, like mixing in bread crumbs and egg, covering it with sauce, wrapping it, or using moisture-enhancing ingredients in the mixture, such as filling it with fatty meats, cheeses, or vegetables.
Carlos López Rivera
Carlos Alberto López Rivera (September 14, 1958 – October 17, 2025) was a Puerto Rican politician who was the mayor of Dorado. López was affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) and served as mayor from 1987 until his death from liver cancer in 2025. López was first sworn in as mayor of Dorado on August 3, 1987 succeeding Alfonso López Chaar. He was then officially elected at the 1988 general elections. He was reelected in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024.

2016 Puerto Rican general election
General elections were held in Puerto Rico on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, to elect the officials of the Puerto Rican government to serve from January 2017 to January 2021, most notably the Governor of Puerto Rico. Ricardo Rosselló was elected governor and Jenniffer González-Colón was elected Resident Commissioner. The elections saw a 23 percentage point drop in turnout and was the lowest voter turnout in Puerto Rican history.

Rossello would go on to serve a two-year term, having to resign on August 2, 2019, after protests as a result of the Telegramgate scandal. Wanda Vázquez Garced succeeded Rossello.
William Dethick
Sir William Dethick (c. 1542–1612) was a long-serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. He was the son of Sir Gilbert Dethick and followed his father as Garter Principal King of Arms. Though he was adjudged a qualified armorist and antiquarian, Dethick's biography is notable for numerous instances of conflict with his colleagues and others.

Arsenal
An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination, whether privately or publicly owned. Arsenal and armoury (British English) or armory (American English) are mostly regarded as synonyms, although subtle differences in usage exist.

A sub-armory is a place of temporary storage or carrying of weapons and ammunition, such as any temporary post or patrol vehicle that is only operational in certain times of the day.
Odorrana utsunomiyaorum
Odorrana utsunomiyaorum is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, and is known from the islands of Ishigaki and Iriomote, both in the Yaeyama Group. The specific name utsunomiyaorum honours Taeko and Yasuaki Utsunomiya for their contributions to clarifying the amphibian fauna of the Yaeyama Group.

Ishigaki Island
Ishigaki Island (Japanese: 石垣島; Yaeyama: Ishanagï; Okinawan: Ishigachi) is a Japanese island south-west of Okinawa Hontō and the second-largest island of the Yaeyama Island group, behind Iriomote Island. It is located approximately 411 km (255 mi) south-west of Okinawa Hontō. It is within the City of Ishigaki in Okinawa Prefecture. The city functions as the business and transport center of the archipelago. The island is served by New Ishigaki Airport, the largest airport in the Yaeyamas.

Much of the island and surrounding waters including Mount Omoto and Kabira Bay are protected as part of Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park.

Ishigaki Island, like the rest of Okinawa, is culturally influenced by both Japan and Taiwan due to its location, about 300 km (186 mi) off the north eastern coast of Taiwan.
Alban Rooman
Alban Rooman was a Belgian sports shooter, who competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics.

At the 1900 Summer Olympics held in Paris, France, Rooman competed in the Men's 50 metre free pistol where he finished in 13th place out of twenty shooters, which contributed towards his team finishing fourth in the Men's 50 metre free pistol, team event.

Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol
The men's individual competition with free revolver event was one of the competitions in the Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics events in Paris. It was held on 1 August 1900. 20 shooters from 4 nations competed, with five shooters per nation. Medals were given for individual high scores, and the scores of the five shooters were summed to give a team score for the team event. The target designed for this competition is still being used today. The event was won by Karl Röderer of Switzerland, with his countryman Konrad Stäheli taking bronze. Between them was Achille Paroche of France with silver.
Marko Vukićević
Marko Vukićević (Serbian Cyrillic: Марко Вукићевић, pronounced [mâːrko ʋukǐːtɕeʋitɕ]; born 27 October 1992 in Ljubljana, Slovenia) is an alpine skier competing for Serbia. He competed for Serbia at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the alpine skiing events. He originally represented Slovenia but switched to compete for Serbia in 2012 since he is of Serbian origin.

Serbia at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Serbia competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 23 February 2014. A team of eight athletes in five sports was selected, representing a decrease of two athletes from Vancouver. Serbia has also qualified in snowboarding for the first time ever.
Daniel Schulman (writer)
Daniel Schulman is an American author and journalist. He is a senior editor at the Washington, D.C. bureau of Mother Jones. In 2014, he wrote the book Sons of Wichita, a biography of the Koch family. In 2015, Schulman, along with David Corn, released a story in Mother Jones questioning whether Bill O'Reilly's story about his coverage of the Falklands War was accurate.

Koch family
The Koch family (/koʊk/ KOHK) is an American family engaged in business, best known for their political activities in the Koch network and their control of Koch Inc, the 2nd largest privately owned company in the United States (with 2019 revenues of $115 billion). The family business was started by Fred C. Koch, who developed a new cracking method for the refinement of heavy crude oil into gasoline. Fred's four sons litigated against each other over their interests in the business during the 1980s and 1990s.

By 2019, Charles Koch and David Koch, commonly referred to as the Koch brothers, were the only ones of Fred Koch's four sons still with Koch Industries. 
Charles and David Koch built a political network of libertarian and conservative donors, and the brothers funneled financial revenue into television and multi-media advertising. David Koch died in August 2019.
Robert H. Waterman Jr.
Robert Hanna Waterman Jr. (November 11, 1936 – January 2, 2022) was an American non-fiction author and expert on business management practices.

Waterman was best known as the co-author, with Tom Peters, of In Search of Excellence. Waterman later directed his own company, The Waterman Group, Inc., after 21 years at the management consulting firm McKinsey & Company.

In Search of Excellence was published in 1982 and became a bestseller, gaining national exposure when a series of television specials based on the book and hosted by Waterman and Peters appeared on PBS. The primary idea espoused was that of solving business problems with as little business process overhead as possible, and empowering decision-makers at multiple levels of a company.

He was also the author of:

The Renewal Factor

Adhocracy: the Power to Change

What America Does Right (Frontiers of Excellence in Europe and UK).

Operating cost
Operating costs or operational costs, are the expenses which are related to the operation of a business, or to the operation of a device, component, piece of equipment or facility. They are the cost of resources used by an organization just to maintain its existence.
Papparapatti, Dharmapuri
Papparapatti is a panchayat town in Dharmapuri district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The original name of this town was Pallur Pettai, later it was officially renamed as Papparapatti by the local government.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
Mikey Maher
Michael "Mikey" Maher (15 July 1869 – 18 May 1947) was an Irish hurler who played as a centre-forward for the Tipperary senior team.

Born in Tubberadora, County Tipperary, Maher first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of twenty-five when he made his senior debut in the 1895 championship. Maher went on to play a key part for Tipperary in what was a hugely successful era, and won five All-Ireland medals and five Munster medals. Maher was the first player to captain a team to All-Ireland success on three occasions.

At club level Maher won three championship medals with Tubberadora.

Maher's retirement came following the conclusion of the 1904 championship.

1895 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 1895 was the ninth series of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition.  Tipperary won the championship, beating Kilkenny 6–8 to 1–10 in the final.
2024 Mangaf building fire
On 12 June 2024, an early-morning fire broke out at a residential building in Mangaf in Kuwait's Ahmadi Governorate housing 196 male migrant workers of NBTC Group, killing 50 migrant workers, at least 46 of whom were from India, and injuring around 50 others. Most victims died of smoke inhalation, while others were fatally injured from falling. The building's owner was arrested in the wake of the fire.

Indian officials such as Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Minister of State for External Affairs Kirti Vardhan Singh offered condolences and aid for the relatives of the victims. They also arranged for the repatriation of the remains of their deceased nationals.

Falling (accident)
Falling is the phenomenon of a person or animal losing balance and limb support for the core, causing the head and torso to end up in a lower position, often on the ground. Mechanical fall is the medical term that describe falling from standing not caused by altered/loss of consciousness (syncope), and a trip is a mechanical fall due to unwanted interactions with other objects in the environment when walking, running or jumping, usually an unintended contact between the feet and things on the ground.

Falling is the second-leading cause of accidental death worldwide and a major cause of personal injury, especially for the elderly. Falls in older adults are a major class of preventable injuries. Construction workers, electricians, miners, and painters are occupations with high rates of fall injuries.

Long-term exercise appears to decrease the rate of falls in older people. About 226 million cases of significant accidental falls occurred in 2015. These resulted in 527,000 deaths.
Torre Monumental
Torre Monumental (Spanish for "Monumental Tower"), formerly known as Torre de los Ingleses ("Tower of the English"), is a clock tower located in the barrio (district) of Retiro in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is situated in the Plaza Fuerza Aérea Argentina (formerly Plaza Británica) by Avenida San Martín and Avenida del Libertador. It was a gift from the local British community to the city in commemoration of the centennial of the May Revolution of 1810.

After the Falklands War in 1982, the tower's original name was dropped, though some still call it Torre de los Ingleses.

Clock tower
Clock towers are a specific type of structure that house a turret clock and have one or more clock faces on the upper exterior walls. Many clock towers are freestanding structures but they can also adjoin or be located on top of another building. Some other buildings also have clock faces on their exterior but these structures serve other main functions.

Clock towers are a common sight in many parts of the world with some being iconic buildings. One example is the Elizabeth Tower in London (usually called "Big Ben", although strictly this name belongs only to the bell inside the tower).
Uncle John from Jamaica
"Uncle John from Jamaica" is a song by Dutch Eurodance group Vengaboys. It was released in May 2000 as the third single from their third album, The Platinum Album (2000), and became a top-10 hit in Austria, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It has been certified gold in New Zealand for sales exceeding 5,000 copies.

The original title of the song was "Uncle Tom from Jamaica", but it was changed when the group found out there was a negative meaning to the term "uncle Tom".

Eurodance
Eurodance (sometimes referred to as Euro-NRG) is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in the late 1980s in Europe. It combines many elements of rap, techno and Eurodisco. This genre of music is heavily influenced by the use of rich vocals, sometimes with rapped verses. This, combined with cutting-edge synthesizers, strong bass rhythm and melodic hooks, establishes the core foundation of Eurodance music.
Crowsoniella
Crowsoniella is a genus of beetles in the order Archostemata. It contains only a single species, Crowsoniella relicta, and is the only member of the monotypic family Crowsoniellidae. It is known only from three male specimens collected in 1973 in the Lepini mountains of central Italy by Roberto Pace. In a degraded pasture, the beetles were found among the roots of a large hawthorn tree, in deep calcareous soil. No other specimens have been found since.

At only 1.5 mm (1⁄16 in) in length, this species is comparatively small for this suborder. They also feature several unusual morphological features such as missing alae, modified and reduced mouth parts, and smooth elytra (lacking window punctures characteristic of this suborder). Nothing is known about this species' biology. Some authors have proposed a close relationship to Micromalthidae.

Monti Lepini
The Monti Lepini (Italian: Lepini mountains) are a mountain range which belongs to the Anti-Apennines of the Lazio region of central Italy, between the two provinces of Latina and Rome.

The range borders to the north with the Colli Albani, to the south-east with the Amaseno Valley, to the south with the Monti Ausoni and to the west with the Pontinian Plain. The highest peak is the Monte Semprevisa (1,536 m).

The name derives probably from the Latin lapis (stone), referring to the mountains’ limestone rocks. In ancient times, the area was settled by the Volsci.

The most striking natural feature is the Gardens of Ninfa. There are also numerous grottoes, including some of the most significant in central Italy. The wildlife of the mountains includes peregrine falcons, griffons and Apennine wolves.
Janapada
The Janapadas (lit. 'Foothold of the people') (pronounced [janapada]) (c. 1100–600 BCE) were the realms, aristocratic republics (Gaṇasaṅgha) and kingdoms (sāmarājya) of the Vedic period in the Indian subcontinent. The Vedic period reaches from the late Bronze Age into the Iron Age: from about 1500 BCE to the 6th century BCE. With the rise of sixteen Mahajanapadas ("great janapadas"), most of the states were annexed by more powerful neighbours, although some remained independent.

Janapadas were the kingdoms and republics of Vedic India from the late Bronze Age to the Iron Age (c. 1200 BCE to 6th century BCE). Emerging from settled agricultural communities, they were originally named after the dominant "Jana" (people/tribe). With the spread of iron tools, these smaller kingdoms grew in size and power, eventually evolving into the larger Mahajanapadas.

Annexation
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act. It is distinct from the concepts of conquest, which describes the gaining of physical control, and cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty.

Annexation can be legitimized if generally recognized by other states and international bodies.

The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using the word annexation in describing their actions; in each of the unresolved annexations by Israel, Morocco and Russia, the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such.
Tell Taya
Tell Taya is an archaeological site at a tell (hill city) in Nineveh Province (Iraq). It was occupied from the third to the first millennia BC. Tell Taya lies about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Mosul and Nineveh.

The location controls a formerly rich agricultural area and an important trade route. The site of Tell al-Rimah is a few miles away.

Nineveh Governorate
Nineveh Governorate is a governorate in northern Iraq. It has an area of 37,323 km2 (14,410 sq mi) and an estimated population of 2,453,000 people as of 2003. Its largest city and provincial capital is Mosul, which lies across the Tigris river from the ruins of ancient Nineveh. Before 1976, it was called Mosul Province and included the present-day Dohuk Governorate.

The region is home to many historical sites including the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh, and the ruins of Hatra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site which was part of the 2nd-century Arab Kingdom of Hatra. An ethnically, religiously and culturally diverse region, where the second largest city, Tal Afar, has an almost exclusively Turkmen population.