hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spar (aeronautics)
In a fixed-wing aircraft, the spar is often the main structural member of the wing, running spanwise at right angles (or thereabouts depending on wing sweep) to the fuselage. The spar carries flight loads and the weight of the wings while on the ground. Other structural and forming members such as ribs may be attached to the spar or spars, with stressed skin construction also sharing the loads where it is used. There may be more than one spar in a wing or none at all. Where a single spar carries most of the force, it is known as the main spar.

Spars are also used in other aircraft aerofoil surfaces such as the tailplane and fin and serve a similar function, although the loads transmitted may be different from those of a wing spar.

Fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air aircraft, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using aerodynamic lift. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft (in which a rotor mounted on a spinning shaft generates lift), and ornithopters (in which the wings oscillate to generate lift). The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are not necessarily rigid; kites, hang gliders, variable-sweep wing aircraft, and airplanes that use wing morphing are all classified as fixed wing.

Gliding fixed-wing aircraft, including free-flying gliders and tethered kites, can use moving air to gain altitude. Powered fixed-wing aircraft (airplanes) that gain forward thrust from an engine include powered paragliders, powered hang gliders and ground effect vehicles. Most fixed-wing aircraft are operated by a pilot, but some are unmanned or controlled remotely or are completely autonomous (no remote pilot).
Kansas City Air Defense Sector
The Kansas City Air Defense Sector (KCADS) is an inactive United States Air Force organization.  Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command 29th Air Division,  being stationed at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri.  It was inactivated on 1 January 1962.

Aerospace Defense Command
Aerospace Defense Command was a major command of the United States Air Force, responsible for air defense of the continental United States. It was activated in 1968 and disbanded in 1980. Its predecessor, Air Defense Command, was established in 1946, briefly inactivated in 1950, reactivated in 1951, and then redesignated Aerospace rather than Air in 1968. Its mission was to provide air defense of the Continental United States (CONUS). It directly controlled all active measures, and was tasked to coordinate all passive means of air defense.
George Feifer
George Feifer (September 8, 1934 – November 12, 2019) was an American journalist, novelist, and historian. Known for his autobiographical novels chronicling life in the Soviet Union, he also wrote three books on the Battle of Okinawa. His novel The Girl from Petrovka was adapted into a film starring Anthony Hopkins and Goldie Hawn.

He was born in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1934, and lived in Manhattan before moving to Passaic, New Jersey, with his mother and attending Passaic High School, where he edited the school's newspaper. He attended Harvard College.

Feifer died in Los Angeles, California, in 2019.

Paterson, New Jersey
Paterson (English pronunciation: /ˈpætɚsən/ ⓘ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, Paterson was the state's third-most-populous municipality, with a population of 159,732, an increase of 13,533 (+9.3%) from the 2010 census count of 146,199, which in turn reflected a decline of 3,023 (-2.0%) from the 149,222 counted in the 2000 census. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 156,452 for 2023, making it the 168th-most populous municipality in the nation.

A prominent mill town within the New York–New Jersey metropolitan area, Paterson has been known as Silk City for its once-dominant role in silk production during the latter half of 19th century. It has since evolved into a major destination for Hispanic immigrants as well as for immigrants from Turkey, the Arab world, and South Asia. Paterson has the nation's second-largest per capita Muslim population.
Henley Bank High School
Henley Bank High School is an 11 to 18 academy in Gloucester, England.  It is sponsored by the Greenshaw Learning Trust. In January 2018, the school was taken over by Greenshaw Learning Trust, in order to assist in improving aspects of the school - this resulted in a name change from Millbrook Academy to Henley Bank High School. The Headteacher is Stephen Derry supported by Executive Head and Director of School Improvement at the Greenshaw Learning Trust, Izzy Ambrose.

Lift Schools
Lift Schools, formerly Academies Enterprise Trust, is a multi-academy trust with 57 primary, secondary and special schools in England. One of the largest networks of schools in the country, it is a non-profit, educational trust, which sponsors schools with academy status.
Akira Ogata (film director)
Akira Ogata (緒方明) is a Japanese film director. He was given the Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award for his film, Boy's Choir, in 2000, and then won the award for best director at the 31st Yokohama Film Festival for Nonchan Noriben.

Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award
The Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award (日本映画監督協会新人賞, Nihon Eiga Kantoku Kyōkai Shinjinshō) is given annually by the Directors Guild of Japan to a new director of a film released that year who is considered the most "suitable" for the award. The winner is selected by a committee formed of DGJ members. All formats—feature film, documentary, television, video, etc.—are eligible for consideration. In some years when there was no apparent winner, the Guild only issued a "citation" (奨励賞 (shōreishō)) or did not give out the award. Multiple awards have been given in other years. With a long history, many of Japan's major postwar directors have received the award, including Nagisa Ōshima, Susumu Hani, Yoshimitsu Morita, Masayuki Suo, Takeshi Kitano, and Shunji Iwai.
2017 Galway Senior Football Championship
The 2017 Galway Senior Football Championship is the 122nd edition of Galway GAA's premier Gaelic football tournament for senior graded clubs in County Galway, Ireland. The winners receive the Frank Fox Cup and represent Galway in the Connacht Senior Club Football Championship.

Twenty teams compete. The championship has a back-door format for the first two rounds before proceeding to a knock-out format. Generally, any team to lose two matches will be knocked out of the championship.

Corofin were the defending champions after they defeated Salthill/Knocknacarra in the previous year's final.

This was Monivea-Abbey's return the senior grade.

Monivea Abbey GAA
Monivea-Abbey is a Gaelic football club based in Monivea, County Galway, Ireland. It is a member of the Galway GAA branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Monivea-Abbey caters for the sport of Gaelic football.
Low-floor bus
A low-floor bus is a bus or trolleybus that has no steps between the ground and the floor of the bus at one or more entrances, and low floor for part or all of the passenger cabin. A bus with a partial low floor may also be referred to as a low-entry bus or seldom a flat-floor bus in some locations.

Low floor refers to a bus deck that is accessible from the sidewalk with only a single step with a small height difference, caused solely by the difference between the bus deck and sidewalk. This is distinct from high-floor, a bus deck design that requires climbing one or more steps (now known as step entrance) to access the interior floor that is placed at a higher height.  Being low-floor improves the accessibility of the bus for the public, particularly the elderly and people with disabilities, including those using wheelchairs and walkers. Almost all are rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout.

Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation
Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), formerly Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, is a state-owned public road transport corporation in the Indian city of Bangalore. It is wholly owned by the Government of Karnataka. It serves the Bangalore Metropolitan Region. As of 28 September 2024, it has a fleet of 6340 vehicles.
John Gamble (priest)
John Gamble (1762–1811) was a British Anglican clergyman and military chaplain. From 1796 to 1810, he served as the first Chaplain General to the Forces and head of the Army Chaplains' Department.

Gamble was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. 1784, M.A. 1787, and becoming a Fellow of the college, He was chaplain to the Duke of York and Albany, and became chaplain-general of the forces. He was rector of Alphamstone, and of Bradwell-juxta-mare in Essex. He died at Knightsbridge on 27 July 1811. He was minister of Knightsbridge's Trinity Chapel, and had resided there, at 3 South Place, from 1801.

In 1795 Gamble published a pamphlet Observations on Telegraphic Experiments, or the different Modes which have been or may be adopted for the purpose of Distant Communication. He followed it with Essay on the different Modes of Communication by Signals (1797). He is credited with the invention at this period of a six-arm semaphore.

Semaphore
Semaphore (lit. 'apparatus for signalling'; from Ancient Greek  σῆμα (sêma) 'mark, sign, token' and Greek  -φόρος (-phóros) 'bearer, carrier') is the use of an apparatus to create a visual signal transmitted over distance.  A semaphore can be performed with devices including: fire, lights, flags, sunlight, and moving arms. Semaphores can be used for telegraphy when arranged in visually connected networks, or for traffic signalling such as in railway systems, or traffic lights in cities.
Huis van Hilde
Huis van Hilde (Hilde's House) is the archaeology information centre and repository of the Dutch province of North Holland, which was opened in Castricum early 2015. It was named after a model and facial reconstruction that was made of a skeletal find from the 4th century and that came to be known as Hilde (of Castricum).

Forensic facial reconstruction
Forensic facial reconstruction (or forensic facial approximation) is the process of recreating the face of an individual (whose identity is often not known) from their skeletal remains through an amalgamation of artistry, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy.  It is easily the most subjective—as well as one of the most controversial—techniques in the field of forensic anthropology.  Despite this controversy, facial reconstruction has proved successful frequently enough that research and methodological developments continue to be advanced.

In addition to identification of unidentified decedents, facial reconstructions are created for remains believed to be of historical value and for remains of prehistoric hominids and humans.
Gao Xu (Northern Wei)
Gao Xu (Chinese: 高緒; pinyin: Gāo xù, 514–545 CE) was a Chinese writer and military leader of Northern and Eastern Wei with the courtesy name "Shuzong" (Chinese: 叔宗; pinyin: Shū zōng).

He was a son of Gao Qianzhi and a grandson of Gao Chong, himself a grandson of King Juqu Mujian of Northern Liang. Gao Xu was eager to learn, and growing up dabbled in book biography. Gao Xu joined the army of Wei as Sikong (Chinese: 司空; pinyin: Sīkōng) and was then appointed Changliu canjun (Chinese: 長流參軍; pinyin: Chángliú cānjūn). He further served as General Zhenyuan (Chinese: 鎮遠將軍; pinyin: Zhènyuǎn jiāngjūn).

He died in the third year of the Wuding Era (545), aged thirty-two.

Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei ((東)魏孝靜帝) (524 – 21 January 552), personal name Yuan Shanjian (元善見), was the founder and the only emperor of China's Eastern Wei dynasty. In 534, the Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei had fled the capital Luoyang to reestablish the imperial government at Chang'an. Northern Wei's paramount general Gao Huan made Emperor Xiaojing emperor as Emperor Xiaowu's replacement. Gao Huan moved the capital from Luoyang to Yecheng, thus dividing Northern Wei into two. Emperor Xiaojing's state became known as Eastern Wei. Although Gao Huan treated him with respect, real power was in the hands of Gao Huan, and then Gao Huan's sons Gao Cheng and Gao Yang. In 550, Gao Yang forced Emperor Xiaojing to yield the throne to him, ending the Eastern Wei and establishing the Northern Qi dynasty. Around the new year 552, the former Emperor Xiaojing was poisoned to death on the orders of the new emperor.
C. Gnanasekharan
C. Gnanasekaran is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Vellore constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1991 and 2006 elections and as a Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) candidate in 1996, and 2001 elections.

In July 2016, Gnanasekharan joined the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).

In July 2019, Gnanasekharan joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).
His father-in-law (Late) Mullai P.Vadivel of DMK, was MLA of Vaniyambadi Constituency, who belongs to illustrious family associated with Justice Party. His daughter-in-law is the daughter of Thiru. M.Thambidurai, Former MP of Karur & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha.

1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
The eleventh legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 2 May 1996 to elect members from 234 constituencies for the state legislature. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led front won the election securing 221 seats in the 234 seat Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, and its leader M. Karunanidhi, became the chief minister.

In the tenth Tamil Nadu assembly, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) held the majority with its leader J. Jayalalithaa as the chief minister. The elections resulted in a landslide defeat for the incumbent government, with the AIADMK winning only four seats. Outgoing chief minister Jayalalithaa lost the election from the Bargur, and became the first incumbent chief minister since M. Bakthavatsalam in 1967 to lose the elections.
Bates distribution
In probability and business statistics, the Bates distribution, named after Grace Bates, is a probability distribution of the mean of a number of statistically independent uniformly distributed random variables on the unit interval. This distribution is related to the uniform, the triangular, and the normal Gaussian distribution, and has applications in broadcast engineering for signal enhancement.

The Bates distribution on  and of parameter  is sometimes confused with the Irwin–Hall distribution of parameter , which is the distribution of the sum (not the mean) of  independent random variables uniformly distributed on the unit interval . More precisely, if  has a Bates distribution on , then  has an Irwin-Hall distribution of parameter  (and support on ). For , both the Bates distribution and the Irwin-Hall distribution coincide  with the uniform distribution on the unit interval .

Grace Bates
Grace Elizabeth Bates (13 August 1914 – 19 November 1996) was an American mathematician and one of few women in the United States to be granted a Ph.D. in mathematics in the 1940s. She became an emeritus professor at Mount Holyoke College.  Bates specialized in algebra and probability theory, and she co-authored two textbooks: The Real Number System and Modern Algebra, Second Course.  Throughout her own education, Bates overcame obstructions to her pursuit of knowledge, opening the way for future women learners.
Snedden
Snedden is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Billy Snedden (1926–1987), Australian politician

Bob Snedden (1867–1931), South African rugby union footballer

Charles Willis "Bill" Snedden (1913–1989), publisher of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner from 1950

Christopher Snedden, Australian political scientist

Colin Snedden (1918–2011), New Zealand cricketer

James Snedden (1849–1919?), Scottish-born recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War

Martin Snedden (born 1958), New Zealand cricketer

Nessie Snedden (1892–1968), New Zealand cricketer

Warwick Snedden (1920–1990), New Zealand cricketer

Warwick Snedden
Warwick Nesbit Snedden (10 July 1920 – 25 December 1990) was a New Zealand cricketer who played two matches for Auckland in the 1946–47 season. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium bowler, Snedden made 92 runs from his two matches at 30.66, largely from one knock of 75. His father, Nessie Snedden and brother Colin Snedden both played first-class cricket, while his son Martin Snedden played 25 Tests and 93 One Day Internationals for New Zealand.
David Hidalgo
David Kent Hidalgo (born October 6, 1954) is an American singer-songwriter, best known for his work with the band Los Lobos. Hidalgo frequently plays accordion, violin, 6-string banjo, cello, requinto jarocho, percussion, drums and guitar as a session musician on other artists' releases.

Leo Kottke
Leo Kottke (born September 11, 1945) is an American acoustic guitarist. He is known for a fingerpicking style that draws on blues, jazz, and folk music, and for syncopated, polyphonic melodies. He has overcome a series of personal obstacles, including partial loss of hearing and a nearly career-ending bout with tendon damage in his right hand, to emerge as a widely recognized master of his instrument. He resides in the Minneapolis area with his family.

Focusing primarily on instrumental composition and playing, Kottke also sings sporadically, in an unconventional yet expressive baritone described by himself as sounding like "geese farts on a muggy day". In concert, Kottke intersperses humorous and often bizarre monologues with vocal and instrumental selections from throughout his career, played solo on six- and 12-string guitars.
Donje Krnjino
Donje Krnjino (Serbian Cyrillic: Доње Крњино) is a village in the municipality of Babušnica, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 271 people. It is around 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Pirot.

Municipalities and cities of Serbia
The municipalities and cities (Serbian: општине и градови / opštine i gradovi) are the first-level administrative division and the basic level of local government of Serbia. The country is divided into 145 municipalities and 29 cities.

Municipalities and cities form 29 administrative districts, except the City of Belgrade which is not part of any district.
En Euforisk Jul
En Euforisk Jul (English: A Euphoric Christmas) was the first concert residency by Swedish singer Loreen. The show was performed at the Moriska Paviljongen in Malmö, Scania, Sweden, from November 26, 2014 and concluded on December 20, 2014 and it was a Christmas show.

We Got the Power (Loreen song)
"We Got the Power" is a song by Swedish singer Loreen. The song was written by Ester Dean and Geoff Earley. It was released in Sweden as a digital download by Warner Music Sweden on 15 May 2013. She performed the song during the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. The song was included as the fourth overall single from the reissue of Loreen's debut studio album Heal.
Hilleary T. Burrows House
The Hilleary T. Burrows House is an historic Queen Anne style home, located at 4520 River Road, Northwest, Washington, D.C., west of Tenley Circle, in the Tenleytown neighborhood.

It was built in 1897, from H. Galloway Ten Eyck pattern book, by B. N. Burgoyne.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Northwest (Washington, D.C.)
Northwest (NW or N.W.) is the northwestern quadrant of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, and is located north of the National Mall and west of North Capitol Street. It is the largest of the four quadrants of the city (NW, NE, SW and SE), and it includes the central business district, the Federal Triangle, and the museums along the northern side of the National Mall, as well as many of the District's historic neighborhoods.

Politically, Northwest is made up of parts of Wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with Wards 1 and 3 being the only wards located entirely within the quadrant. The Northwest is the wealthiest quadrant of the city, particularly west of 16th Street.
Duggan, Edmonton
Duggan is a residential neighbourhood in south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.  The neighbourhood is "named for John Joseph Duggan (1868-1952), an early businessman and mayor of the town of Strathcona and the City of Strathcona. He is remembered by the Duggan House on Saskatchewan Drive, the Duggan School and the Duggan Bridge.

The community is represented by the Duggan Community League, established in 1971, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at 106 Street and 37 Avenue.

Duggan House
The Duggan House, officially the J. J. Duggan Residence, is a brick building in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, that is a both a Provincial Historic Resource and a Municipal Historic Resource. It was listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places in 2008. Located in Edmonton's Old Strathcona district, it was built in 1907 for John Joseph Duggan, two-time mayor of the then city of Strathcona, and a longtime Edmonton businessman. Duggan lived there with his family for 25 years, and then the house was sold to the city and slated for demolition.

Since the early 1980s it has been home to the Alberta Association of Architects, who purchased and restored it as part of an Alberta 75th anniversary initiative. It was further restored by David Murray Architects in 2013.
Steinkopf, South Africa
Steinkopf is a town in Namakwa District Municipality in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

The town is located about 45 km north-north-west of Springbok. Formerly known as Kookfontein, it was established as a mission station of the London Missionary Society, but was later taken over by the Rhenish Mission. It is named after Karl Steinkopf (de), foreign secretary on the British and Foreign Bible Society.

Steinkopf is the birthplace of Tholwana Mohale, winner of South Africa's Got Talent 2014.

SA's Got Talent season 5
In 2014 SA's Got Talent returned for another season. The season started on 7 September. Tatz remained the host. It has been announced that Shado is also staying, but Ian and Kabelo will leave. Lalla Hirayama and DJ Fresh are joined the judging panel this year.
His Brother's Keeper (1940 film)
His Brother's Keeper is a 1940 British second feature ('B') crime film directed by Roy William Neill and starring Clifford Evans, Tamara Desni and Una O'Connor. It was written by Austin Melford, Brock Williams and Neill.

Roy William Neill
Roy William Neill (born Roland de Gostrie, 4 September 1887 – 14 December 1946) was an Irish-born American film director best known for producing and directing almost all of the Sherlock Holmes films starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce, made between 1943 and 1946 and released by Universal Pictures.
Pomerium
The pomerium or pomoerium was a religious boundary around the city of Rome and cities controlled by Rome. In legal terms, Rome existed only within its pomerium; everything beyond it was simply territory (ager) belonging to Rome.

Curia Hostilia
The Curia Hostilia was one of the original senate houses or "curiae" of the Roman Republic. It was believed to have begun as a temple where the warring tribes laid down their arms during the reign of Romulus (r. c. 771–717 BC). During the early monarchy, the temple was used by senators acting as a council to the king. Tullus Hostilius (r. 673–641 BC) was believed to have replaced the original structure after fire destroyed the converted temple. It may have held historic significance as the location of an Etruscan mundus and altar. The Lapis Niger, a series of large black marble slabs, was placed over the altar (known as the Volcanal) where a series of monuments was found opposite the Rostra. This curia was enlarged in 80 BC by Lucius Cornelius Sulla during his renovations of the Comitium. That building burned down in 52 BC when the supporters of the murdered Publius Clodius Pulcher used it as a pyre to cremate his body.