hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Circulation (physics)
In physics, circulation is the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve embedded in the field. In fluid dynamics, the field is the fluid velocity field. In electrodynamics, it can be the electric or the magnetic field.

The term circulation was introduced by William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) in 1869 to denote the line integral of velocity around a closed curve as a kinematic measure of rotational motion in a fluid, independent of any particular application.
In aerodynamics, circulation appears in a more specialised context in relation to the calculation of lift, where it is evaluated on contours enclosing a body under additional flow assumptions. In this context, circulation was first used independently by Frederick Lanchester, Ludwig Prandtl, Martin Kutta and Nikolay Zhukovsky. It is usually denoted by Γ (uppercase gamma).

Frederick W. Lanchester
Frederick William Lanchester (23 October 1868 – 8 March 1946), was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering and to aerodynamics, and co-invented the topic of operations research.

Lanchester became a pioneer British motor-car builder, a hobby which resulted in him building the first British car in 1895 and developing a successful car company.

Some of the innovations Lanchester developed have gone on to become widely adopted in the car industry.
James Devereux
James Patrick Sinnott Devereux (February 20, 1903 – August 5, 1988) was a United States Marine Corps general, Navy Cross recipient, and Republican congressman. He was the officer-in-charge (OIC) of the 1st Defense Battalion Detachment during the defense of Wake Island in December 1941. He was captured on Wake Island as a prisoner of war, along with his men, after a 15-day battle with the Japanese. After his release in September 1945, he concluded his military career as a colonel in 1948, where upon his retirement he was promoted to brigadier general. He later represented the second congressional district of the state of Maryland in the United States House of Representatives for four terms from 1951 to 1959.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for election as Governor of Maryland in 1958.

Maryland's 2nd congressional district
Maryland's 2nd congressional district elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives every two years.  The district comprises parts of Carroll and Baltimore counties, as well as a sliver of Baltimore City. The seat has been represented by Johnny Olszewski of the Democratic Party since 2025.
Ty Harrington
Ty Lee Harrington (born July 16, 1964) is an American former baseball player and coach. He served as the head baseball coach at Texas State University from 2000 through the 2019 season. Under Harrington, the Texas State Bobcats to three NCAA tournament appearances, two Southland Conference baseball tournament championships, and three Southland Conference baseball regular season championships. Harrington is the most victorious coach in program history.

Southland Conference baseball tournament
The Southland Conference baseball tournament is the conference championship tournament in baseball for the Southland Conference. The winner of the tournament receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
Wycliff Kambonde
Wycliff Mathou Kambonde (born 10 January 1988) is a Namibian football midfielder with the Jomo Cosmos of the Premier Soccer League in South Africa.

He previously played for Blue Waters in Namibia.

Kambonde played for the Namibia national football team at the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations, where he appeared in one match.

Jomo Cosmos F.C.
Jomo Cosmos is a South African soccer club based in Johannesburg that plays in the ABC Motsepe League. The club is owned and coached by South African football legend Jomo Sono.

At the end of the 2021–22 National First Division season, the club was relegated to the third tier of football in South Africa for the first time.
Saddle ring
A saddle ring is a metal ring attached to the receiver of a carbine, rifle, or shotgun allowing it to be tied to a saddle or used with a specialized sling.

Saddle rings could be attached directly to the firearm, or in some cases to a saddle ring bar, which allowed the saddle ring to slide along the action, such as on the British Enfield P1856, a short cavalry version of the Pattern 1853 Enfield used in the American Civil War.

Virtually every carbine-sized weapon used in the Civil War was equipped with a saddle ring and/or saddle ring/bar. Saddle rings are most commonly found on lever-action rifles and other firearms of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that were suitable for use on horseback. The muzzle of the rifle was placed in a (carbine socket or boot) scabbard.

The idea behind using the saddle ring, and its carbine sling, is to allow the mounted soldier to never be separated from his weapon.

Pattern 1853 Enfield
The Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket (also known as the Pattern 1853 Enfield, P53 Enfield, and Enfield rifle-musket) was a .577 calibre Minié-type muzzle-loading rifled musket, used by the British Empire from 1853 to 1867; after which many were replaced in service by the cartridge-loaded Snider–Enfield rifle.
Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies
The  Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) is a structured interview for psychiatric disorders designed by researchers from the National Institute of Mental Health, first published in 1991. Although most of the diagnoses were based on DSM-III-R criteria, the instrument was also able to generate diagnoses for certain disorders in other systems including DSM-IV, Research Diagnostic Criteria, ICD-10 and Feighner Criteria. This was possible because the instrument records symptoms in sufficient detail to allow different criteria to be applied.
The DIGS interview has gone through a number of revisions since being published. The latest version is DIGS 4.0/BP which was published in 2005. All DIGS versions are available to download from the NIMH Center for Collaborative Genomic Studies on Mental Disorders

Research Diagnostic Criteria
The Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) are a collection of influential psychiatric diagnostic criteria published in late 1970s under auspices of Statistics Section NY Psychiatric Institute, authors were Spitzer, R L; Endicott J; Robins E. PMID 1153649. As psychiatric diagnoses widely varied especially between the US and Europe, the purpose of the criteria was to allow diagnoses to be consistent in psychiatric research.

Some of the criteria were based on the earlier Feighner Criteria, although many new disorders were included; "The historical record shows that the small group of individuals who created the Feighner criteria instigated a paradigm shift that has had profound effects on the course of American and, ultimately, world psychiatry."

The RDC is important in the history of psychiatric diagnostic criteria as the DSM-III was based on many of the RDC descriptions, head of DSM III Edition was R L Spitzer.
Welsh Tax Acts etc. (Power to Modify) Act 2022
The Welsh Tax Acts etc. (Power to Modify) Act 2022 (asc 2) (Welsh: Deddf Deddfau Trethi Cymru etc. (Pŵer i Addasu) 2022) is an Act of Senedd Cymru which allows Welsh ministers to amend tax law using regulatory powers. The Tax Acts in question are the Tax Collection and Management (Wales) Act 2016, the Land Transaction Tax and Anti-avoidance of Devolved Taxes (Wales) Act 2017, and the Landfill Disposals Tax (Wales) Act 2017.: §3

It was introduced by Rebecca Evans, the Finance and Local Government minister in the Welsh government, on 13 December 2021. It was passed by Senedd Cymru on 12 July 2022 and came into effect on 9 September 2022, the day after it received royal assent.

Peter Fox (Welsh politician)
Peter Alan Fox OBE (born 24 December 1961) is a British Conservative politician who is the Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Transport and Rural Affairs in the Senedd.  Fox was Leader of Monmouthshire County Council from 2008 until May 2021, when he was elected as a Member of the Senedd (MS) for the Monmouth constituency.
Guards Rifles Battalion
The Guards Rifles Battalion (German: Garde-Schützen-Bataillon; French: Bataillon des Tirailleurs de la Garde; nicknamed: Neuchâteller in High German; Neffschandeller in Berlin German dialect) was an infantry unit of the Prussian Army. Together with the  Guards Ranger Battalion (German: Garde-Jäger-Bataillon) it formed the light infantry within the 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade in the 2nd Guards Division of the Guards Corps. The battalion consisted of four companies.

Berlin German
Berlin German, or Berlinese (High German: Berliner Dialekt, Berliner Mundart, Berlinerisch or Berlinisch; fondly derogative: Berliner Schnauze, pronounced [bɛʁˌliːnɐ ˈʃnaʊtsə] ⓘ), is the regiolect spoken in the city of Berlin as well as its surrounding metropolitan area. It originates from a Brandenburgisch dialect. However, several phrases in Berlin German are typical of and unique to the city, indicating the manifold origins of immigrants, such as the Huguenots from France.
Cláudia Gadelha
Ana Cláudia Dantas Gadelha (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈklawdʒɐ ɡaˈdeʎɐ]; born December 7, 1988) is a Brazilian former professional mixed martial artist who competed in the Women's Strawweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

Since 2022, Gadelha has worked for the UFC on fighter development in her native Brazil. Gadelha was later made a Director of Business Development for the UFC and the UFC BJJ Senior Director of Jiu-Jitsu Strategy & Business Development.

Strawweight (MMA)
The strawweight division in mixed martial arts is for competitors weighing between 106 and 115 lb (48 to 52 kg). It sits between the lighter atomweight division and the heavier flyweight division.

The UFC's strawweight division, which groups competitors within 106 to 115 lb (48 to 52 kg)

The ONE Championship's strawweight division, with upper limit at 56.7 kg (125.0 lb)

The Road FC's strawweight division, with upper limit at 115 lb (52 kg)

Pancrase's strawweight division, which groups competitors within 110.2 to 115.2 lb (50 to 52.2 kg)

Oktagon MMA's women’s strawweight division, with upper limit at 53 kg (116.8 lb)

Shooto's strawweight division, with upper limit at 52 kg (114.6 lb) and 52.2 kg (115.1 lb) for women’s competitors.

The Legacy Fighting Alliance's women’s strawweight division, with upper limit at 115 lb (52.2 kg)

Jungle Fight's women’s strawweight division, with upper limit at 52 kg (114.6 lb)
Linowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Linowo [liˈnɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biały Bór, within Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) west of Biały Bór, 21 km (13 mi) north of Szczecinek, and 153 km (95 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 60.

Szczecinek
Szczecinek (Polish: [ʂt͡ʂɛˈt͡ɕinɛk] ⓘ; German: Neustettin) is a historic city in Middle Pomerania, northwestern Poland, capital of Szczecinek County in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, with a population of more than 40,000 (2011). The town's total area is 48.63 square kilometres (18.78 square miles).

The turbulent history of Szczecinek reaches back to the High Middle Ages, when the area was ruled by Pomeranian dukes and princes. The majority of the city's architecture survived World War II and, subsequently, its entire Old Town was proclaimed a national heritage monument of Poland. Szczecinek is the location of one of the oldest museums and one of the oldest high schools in Pomerania and northern Poland, and one of the places of production of krówki. It is an important railroad junction, located along the main Poznań - Kołobrzeg line, which crosses less important lines to Chojnice and Słupsk.
Peloronectria
Peloronectria is a genus of fungi in the Hypocreales order. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family. Unchanged in 2020.

Hypocreales
The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes.

In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the Stachybotryaceae. 
Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order. According to the Catalog of Life, as of April 2021 the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species. Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order, where Cylindriaceae was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed Cylindriaceae in class Xylariomycetidae. Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed. Hence, Cylindriaceae should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales.
Grant Gillespie (writer)
Grant Gillespie is an English novelist, screenwriter and actor who lives in Central London.

As an actor, his credits include: Television - Will (TNT), Catastrophe, Siblings, the Channel 4 mocumentary Cast Offs, Hollyoaks, Holby City, Eastenders, Doctors, Casualty, Poirot Midsomer Murders; Film - Kingsman - The Golden Circle, Florence Foster Jenkins, Lecture 21.

His debut novel, The Cuckoo Boy, was published by London publishing house To Hell with Publishing in 2010.

Siblings (TV series)
Siblings is a BBC Three sitcom starring Charlotte Ritchie and Tom Stourton in the lead roles. Written by Keith Akushie, the show piloted on 7 August 2014. A second series was commissioned by the BBC on 10 September 2014 before the first series had finished airing. The second series began broadcasting on 4 January 2016.

The last episode of the second series aired on 8 February 2016. Following BBC Three's move into an online based channel, on 18 July 2016, it was announced that no third series would be made.
Saiyaara (soundtrack)
Saiyaara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2025 film of the same name directed by Mohit Suri and produced by Akshaye Widwani under Yash Raj Films, starring debutants Ahaan Panday and Aneet Padda. The soundtrack consists of seven songs composed by Mithoon, Sachet–Parampara, Tanishk Bagchi, The Rish, Vishal Mishra, Faheem Abdullah and Arslan Nizami with lyrics written by Mithoon, Kant, Raj Shekhar, and Irshad Kamil. The soundtrack was released through YRF Music on 4 July 2025. The extended album, that contained eighteen additional songs (used as background music), released on 10 September 2025.

Aneet Padda
Aneet Padda (born 13 October 2002) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi films and series. She began her career with a brief role in the drama Salaam Venky (2022) and had her first lead role in the Amazon Prime Video series Big Girls Don't Cry (2024). Her lead role as a songwriter diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's in Mohit Suri's romantic drama Saiyaara (2025) earned her wider recognition.
Chippewa National Forest
Chippewa National Forest is a national forest located in north central Minnesota, United States, in the counties of Itasca, Cass and Beltrami. Forest headquarters are located in Cass Lake, Minnesota. There are local ranger district offices in Blackduck, Deer River and Walker.

National Park Service ranger
National Park Service rangers are among the uniformed employees charged with protecting and preserving areas set aside in the National Park System by the United States Congress and the President of the United States. While all employees of the agency contribute to the National Park Service mission of preserving unimpaired the natural and cultural resources set aside by the American people for future generations, the term "park ranger" is traditionally used to describe all National Park Service employees who wear the uniform. Broadly speaking, all National Park Service rangers promote stewardship of the resources in their care—either voluntary stewardship via resource interpretation, or compliance with statute or regulation through law enforcement.  These comprise the two main disciplines of the ranger profession in the National Park Service.
Hip Hop Congress
The Hip Hop Congress (HHC) is a non profit, international grassroots organization. The organization's goal is to educate, demonstrate, commicate, and inspire hip-hop culture.  This includes events and workshops focused on the Hip Hop arts of DJing and turntablism, MCing/rapping, breakdancing, graffiti art and beatboxing. Between 2004 and 2008, it was part of an umbrella organizing group of hip hop groups called the Generational Alliance. Its headquarters is located in Redwood City, California. The Hip Hop Congress currently works with about 25 chapters on university campuses, high schools, and communities around the world.

Beatboxing
Beatboxing (also, and sometimes, called beat boxing) is a form of vocal percussion primarily involving the art of mimicking drum machines (usually a TR-808), using one's mouth, lips, tongue, throat, and voice. It may also involve vocal imitation of turntablism, and other musical instruments. Beatboxing today is connected with hip-hop culture, often referred to as "the fifth element" of hip-hop, although it is not limited to hip-hop music. The term "beatboxing" is sometimes used to refer to vocal percussion in general.
Superstar in a Housedress
Superstar in a Housedress (2004) is a feature-length documentary by independent filmmaker Craig Highberger about the life and legend of Warhol superstar Jackie Curtis. Highberger also wrote the biography of the same name, published by Penguin imprint Chamberlain Bros. in 2005. The film includes interviews with surviving superstars Holly Woodlawn, Penny Arcade and Joe Dallesandro; as well as Paul Morrissey, the director of the Warhol films Flesh and Women In Revolt that Jackie appeared in; and Tony Award winners Harvey Fierstein, and Lily Tomlin who also narrates. The film also includes twenty friends and colleagues of Curtis who round out the story of the artist's life. Rare footage includes Curtis performing in Vain Victory, Heaven Grand in Amber Orbit, and Glamour, Glory and Gold.

Holly Woodlawn
Holly Woodlawn (October 26, 1946 – December 6, 2015), born Haroldo Santiago Franceschi Rodriguez Danhakl and for some years known as Harold Ajzenberg, was  an American actress. Best known as a Warhol superstar, she appeared in the films Trash (1970) and Women in Revolt (1971). She also acted in Off-off Broadway theater productions. In 1991, Woodlawn published a memoir entitled A Low Life in High Heels.

Woodlawn was mentioned in Lou Reed's 1972 hit song "Walk on the Wild Side".
Arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department
The 2 arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department are:

Arrondissement of Briançon, (subprefecture: Briançon) with 36 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 33,304 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Gap, (prefecture of the Hautes-Alpes department: Gap) with 126 communes.  The population of the arrondissement was 107,672 in 2021.

Prefectures in France
In France, a prefecture (French: préfecture, pronounced [pʁefɛktyʁ] ⓘ) may be:

the chef-lieu de département, the commune in which the administration of a department is located;

the chef-lieu de région, the commune in which the administration of a region is located;

the jurisdiction of a prefecture;

the official residence or headquarters of a prefect.

Although the administration of departments and regions is distinct, a regional prefect is ex officio prefect of the department in which the regional prefecture is located. The officeholder has authority upon the other prefects in the region on a range of matters.
Branson West Airport
Branson West Airport, also known as Branson West Municipal Airport, (ICAO: KFWB, FAA LID: FWB) is a city-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) west of the central business district of the City of Branson West, in Stone County, Missouri, United States. The airport is also known as Emerson Field, named for Robert Emerson, an aviator who relinquished the air rights of his nearby airfield so the Branson West airport could operate safely and obtain a federal grant.

Funded via a federal grant of $16 million, Branson West is a general aviation airport designed for private and charter aircraft. The airport was built on 200 acres (0.81 km2) donated by The Conco Companies of Springfield, with an additional 40 acres (160,000 m2) acquired by the city for runway protection zones.  Another 450 acres (1.8 km2) donated by Kay Renfro will be used for future development, and 200 acres (0.81 km2) donated by city treasurer Martin Eastwood will serve as a conservation buffer zone.

Buffer zone
A buffer zone, also historically known as a march, is a neutral area that lies between two or more bodies of land; usually, between countries. Depending on the type of buffer zone, it may serve to separate regions or conjoin them.
Common types of buffer zones are demilitarized zones, border zones and certain restrictive easement zones and green belts. Such zones may be comprised by a sovereign state, forming a buffer state.

Buffer zones have various purposes, politically or otherwise. They can be set up for a multitude of reasons, such as to prevent violence, protect the environment, shield residential and commercial zones from industrial accidents or natural disasters, or even isolate prisons. Buffer zones often result in large uninhabited regions that are themselves noteworthy in many increasingly developed or crowded parts of the world that unintentionally create a de facto wildlife sanctuary.
Adopt Me!
Adopt Me! (stylized in all caps) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game  developed by Uplift Games (formerly known as DreamCraft) on the gaming and game development platform Roblox. The original focus of the game was a role-play wherein players pretended to be either a parent adopting a child, or a child getting adopted, but as the game was developed, its focus shifted to adopting and caring for virtual pets, which can be traded with other players. Uplift Games, the independent studio behind the game, employs roughly 40 people and earns US$60 million a year, mostly from microtransactions. The game was averaging 160,000 concurrent players as of September 2022, making it one of the most popular and successful games on Roblox. As of November 2025, Adopt Me! has over 40.8 billion visits, their record being with the "Dress Your Pets" update, with over 1.6 million concurrent players.

Virtual pet
A virtual pet (also known as a digital pet, artificial pet, or pet-raising simulation) is a type of artificial human companion. They are usually kept for companionship or enjoyment, or as an alternative to a real pet.

Digital pets have no concrete physical form other than the hardware they run on. Interaction with virtual pets may or may not be goal oriented. If it is, then the user must keep it alive as long as possible and often help it to grow into higher forms. Keeping the pet alive and growing often requires feeding, grooming and playing with the pet. Some digital pets require more than just food to keep them alive.  Daily interaction is required in the form of playing games, virtual petting, providing love and acknowledgment can help keep your virtual pet happy and growing healthy.

Digital pets can be simulations of real animals, as in the Petz series, or fantasy ones, like the Tamagotchi or Digimon series. Unlike biological simulations, the pet does not usually reproduce.