hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2014–15 Fogo eruption
The 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo began on 23 November 2014, continuing until 8 February 2015.  It was the first eruption of Pico do Fogo in 19 years, and the longest since its 1857 eruption. It had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 3, making it the largest eruption of the volcano since records began.

It caused an estimated five billion escudos (€45.3 million) in damages.

Volcanic explosivity index
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a scale used to measure the size of explosive volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey and Stephen Self in 1982.

Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from "gentle" to "mega-colossal") are used to determine the explosivity value. The scale is open-ended with the largest eruptions in history given a magnitude of 8. A value of 0 is given for non-explosive eruptions, defined as less than 10,000 m3 (350,000 cu ft) of tephra ejected; and 8 representing a supervolcanic eruption that can eject 1.0×1012 m3 (240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column height of over 20 km (66,000 ft). The scale is logarithmic, with each interval on the scale representing a tenfold increase in observed ejecta criteria, with the exception of between VEI-0, VEI-1 and VEI-2.
Milutin Kukanjac
Milutin Kukanjac (Serbian Cyrillic: Милутин Кукањац; 1 January 1935 – 16 January 2002) was a Yugoslav military officer who was a colonel general with the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) at the beginning of the Bosnian War.

Colonel general
Colonel general is a military rank used in some armies. It is particularly associated with Germany, where historically general officer ranks were one grade lower than in the Commonwealth and the United States, and Generaloberst was a rank above full General, but below Generalfeldmarschall. The rank of colonel general is also used in the armed forces organized along the lines of the Soviet model, where it is comparable to that of a lieutenant general.
CD52
CAMPATH-1 antigen, also known as cluster of differentiation 52 (CD52),  is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the CD52 gene.

CD52 is present on the surface of mature lymphocytes, but not on the stem cells from which these lymphocytes were derived. It also is found on monocytes and dendritic cells. Further, it is found within the male genital tract and is present on the surface of mature sperm cells.

CD52 is a peptide of 12 amino acids, anchored to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). Since it is highly negatively charged and present on sperm cells and lymphocytes, it has been conjectured that its function is anti-adhesion, allowing cells to freely move around.

CD52 binds the ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif)-bearing sialic acid-binding lectin SIGLEC10.

Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include T cells (for cell-mediated and cytotoxic adaptive immunity), B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity), and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs; "innate T cell-like" cells involved in mucosal immunity and homeostasis), of which natural killer cells are an important subtype (which functions in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte" (with cyte meaning cell). Lymphocytes make up between 18% and 42% of circulating white blood cells.
2025 Miami Open – Men's doubles
Marcelo Arévalo and Mate Pavić defeated Julian Cash and Lloyd Glasspool in the final, 7–6(7–3), 6–3 to win the men's doubles tennis title at the 2025 Miami Open. They completed the Sunshine Double, having already won Indian Wells; Arévalo and Pavić were the first pair to accomplish the feat since Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut in 2016, and the sixth pair in history to do so.

Rohan Bopanna and Matthew Ebden were the defending champions, but chose not to compete together this year. Bopanna partnered Ivan Dodig, but lost in the first round to Yuki Bhambri and Nuno Borges. Ebden partnered John Peers, but lost in the second round to Arévalo and Pavić.

Nuno Borges (tennis)
Nuno Borges (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈnunu ˈβɔɾʒɨʃ]; born 19 February 1997) is a Portuguese professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 30, achieved on 9 September 2024 and a doubles ranking of No. 69, achieved on 19 September 2022. He is currently the No. 1 singles player from Portugal.

Borges won his first ATP singles title at the 2024 Swedish Open in Båstad, Sweden. In the final, he beat Rafael Nadal, becoming one of only five players (with Federer, Djokovic, Murray and Zeballos) to beat Nadal in a clay court final. He also has one title in doubles.
Itakura Katsuaki (Bitchu-Matsuyama)
Itakura Katsuaki (板倉 勝晙) (August 10,1784 – July 8, 1804) was the fifth Itakura daimyō of Bitchū-Matsuyama Domain. Katsuaki was the fourth son of Itakura Katsumasa. His mother was the daughter of Toda Ujihide, daimyō of Ōgaki Domain. His childhood name was Shinjuro (新十郎).

He succeeded the title in 1801, after his father's death. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Itakura Katsutsune, after his death in 1804.

Ōgaki Domain
Ōgaki Domain (大垣藩, Ōgaki-han) was a fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of  Edo period Japan.  It was located in Mino Province, in the Tōkai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Ōgaki Castle, in what is now the city of Ōgaki in Gifu Prefecture. It was ruled for most of its existence by the Toda clan.
Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven
Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven (transl. Give me yourself, and I'll give you myself) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language war drama film produced by R. B. Choudary of Super Good Films and directed by Kavi Kalidas, in his only directorial credit. The film stars Ajith Kumar and Simran, while Nassar, Raghava Lawrence, Manivannan, and Kitty play supporting roles and Parthiban in a guest appearance. The music was composed by S. A. Rajkumar with cinematography by Agilan and editing by V. Jaishankar. The film was released on 19 May 2000 and failed at the box office.

R. B. Choudary
Ratanlal Bhagatram Choudary is an Indian film producer who has worked in several film industries, predominantly in Tamil and Telugu along with a few films in Malayalam and Hindi. He is the founder of the production company Super Good Films.
Ceutorhynchus
Ceutorhynchus is a genus of true weevils in the tribe Ceutorhynchini.  There are at least 400 described species in Ceutorhynchus.

Ceutorhynchus succinus Legalov, 2013 is a species from the Eocene of Europe found in Baltic amber.

Baltic amber
Baltic amber or succinite is amber from the Baltic region, home of its largest known deposits. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that this forested region provided the resin for more than 100,000 tons of amber. Today, more than 90% of the world's amber comes from Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It is a major source of income for the region; the local Kaliningrad Amber Combine extracted 250 tonnes of it in 2014 and 400 tonnes in 2015. Baltic amber is also found in Poland, as well as the Baltic states.

Bitterfeld amber from the brown coal mines near Bitterfeld in Germany was previously thought to be redeposited Baltic amber, but is now known to be chemically distinct, though like with Ukrainian Rovno amber, it is thought to have been deposited around the same time as Baltic amber.

Because Baltic amber contains 3–8% succinic acid, it is also termed succinite.
Ottermere, Ontario
Ottermere is an unincorporated place and community in Unorganized Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada.

Ottermere railway station is in the community. The station is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line, between Malachi to the west and Wade to the east, and is served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains.

Via Rail
Via Rail Canada Inc. (reporting mark VIA) (/ˈviːə/), operating as Via Rail or Via (stylized as VIA Rail), is a Canadian Crown corporation that operates intercity passenger rail service in Canada.

As of December 2023, Via Rail operates 406 trains per week  across eight Canadian provinces and 12,500 kilometres (7,800 mi) of track, 97 percent of which is owned and maintained by other railway companies, mostly by Canadian National Railway (CN). Via Rail carried approximately 4.1 million passengers in 2023, 96 percent of which were along the Corridor routes connecting the major cities of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, and had an on-time performance of 85.4 per cent. Attracting international tourism forms an important part of Via Rail's long distance trans-continental services.
Aviasouz Cruise
The Aviasouz Cruise is a Russian ultralight trike, designed and produced by Aviasouz of Kazan. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

The company was formed by former employees of the Tupolev Design Bureau.

Rotax 582
The Rotax 582 is a 48 kW (64 hp) two-stroke, two-cylinder, rotary intake valve, oil-in-fuel or oil injection pump, liquid-cooled, gear reduction-drive aircraft engine manufactured by BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co. KG. It is for use in non-certified aircraft operating in day visual flight rules.

Production of the engine ended at the end of 2021.
November 1891 East Sydney colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 7 November 1891 because Edmund Barton (Protectionist) was appointed Attorney General in the third Dibbs ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested and the other seven other ministers, George Dibbs (The Murrumbidgee), Henry Copeland (New England), John Kidd (Camden), William Lyne (The Hume), John See (Grafton), Thomas Slattery (Boorowa) and Francis Suttor (Bathurst), were re-elected unopposed.

Electoral district of Murrumbidgee
Murrumbidgee is a former electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, named after the Murrumbidgee River. It existed in various forms from the creation of the Legislative Assembly in 1856 until its abolition in 2015.
Amanda Jaeger
Amanda Jaeger (born March 12, 1991) is an American beauty pageant titleholder, news reporter, and TikTok star from Moberly, Missouri, who was crowned Miss Kansas 2014. She competed for the Miss America 2015 title in September 2014.

Title of honor
A title of honor or honorary title is a title bestowed upon individuals or organizations as an award in recognition of their merits.

Sometimes the title bears the same or nearly the same name as a title of authority, but the person bestowed does not have to carry out any duties, except for ceremonial ones. The title may sometimes be temporary, only valid for the individual's visit or for a single day, though they can also be permanent titles. In some cases, these titles are bestowed posthumously.

Some historical honorary titles may be bought, like certain titles of nobility. This has long been a matter of fraud, both outright and indirect. Honorary titles also serve as positions of sinecure and honorary retirement.
FK Kozara Gradiška
Fudbalski klub Kozara Gradiška (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Koзapa Градишка) is a professional football club from the town of Gradiška, in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club played in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 2002–03 season. However, they ended up being relegated to the First League of the Republika Srpska after their first season in the country's top league. The club played from 2003 to 2011 in the second level of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the season 2010–11, the team's promoted again to the Premier League. At the end of the 2011–12 season, they finished on 16th position and were relegated again to the lower tier.

2002–03 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 2002–03 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the third season since its establishment and distinguishes itself from previous seasons by having expanded the country-wide league to include the clubs from Republika Srpska in the competition. This season began on 3 August 2002 and ended on 24 May 2003.

The league was won by FK Leotar after a dramatic last round where they defeated away team Rudar Ugljevik (2–1). Široki Brijeg defended successfully against the defending home champions Željezničar (1–0).
BEQ
BEQ is an abbreviation for:

Bachelor Enlisted Quarters, which are buildings on U.S. Military bases for quartering enlisted personnel (as opposed to BOQ (Bachelor Officer Quarters) used by unmarried commissioned officers.

Brendan Emmett Quigley, an American crossword puzzle constructor

Business Ethics Quarterly, a scholarly journal sponsored by the Society for Business Ethics

The IATA code for RAF Honington

Bioanalytical equivalent, a measure of potency estimates in cell bioassays

beq, branch if equal, an RISC-V instruction

Belur railway station (station code: BEQ), West Bengal, India

Society for Business Ethics
The Society for Business Ethics is a non-profit organization established in 1980 to promote the advancement and understanding of ethics in business. Its mission is to provide a forum in which moral, legal, empirical, and philosophical issues of business ethics may be openly discussed and analyzed. Members include scholars, students, and professionals from several countries with a common interest in research, teaching, or the application of ethical principles to business management. The society sponsors a scholarly journal, Business Ethics Quarterly, publishes a newsletter, and hosts an annual conference. Individual members receive access to the journal, the right to vote for candidates for the Board of Directors, and a discount on registration for the annual conference.
South Brooklyn Railway
40°39′16″N 74°00′36″W﻿ / ﻿40.6545436°N 74.0099555°W﻿ / 40.6545436; -74.0099555

The South Brooklyn Railway (reporting mark SBK) is a railroad in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is owned by the government of New York City and operated by the New York City Transit Authority. Its original main line ran parallel to 38th Street from the Upper New York Bay to McDonald Avenue, and south on McDonald Avenue to the Coney Island Yards, mostly underneath the former Culver Shuttle and the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway.

Parts of the original line still exist. The section between the BMT West End Line's Ninth Avenue station and its interchange yard at Second Avenue and 39th Street is still open. The section under the IND Culver Line has been paved over. Today, it runs only from the 36th–38th Street Yard in the east to the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal in the west.

Culver Shuttle
The Culver Shuttle was a New York City Subway shuttle, running along a remnant of the BMT Culver Line, most of which is now the IND Culver Line. The shuttle was originally part of the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT)'s 5 service, providing through service on the Culver Line between Coney Island and Manhattan. The F train is the current successor to Culver Line service. The line had 1,000 riders a day during its final month of service in 1975.
Allium aeginiense
Allium aeginiense is a plant species endemic to Greece. It is known only from the area near Meteora in the Thessaly region.

Allium aeginiense produces an egg-shaped bulb up to 25 mm across. Leaves are flat, green, very narrow, up to 10 cm long but rarely more than 1.5 mm wide, covered with hairs up to 2 mm long. Scape is round in cross-section, up to 20 cm tall, hairless, bearing an umbel of up to 40 flowers. Flowers are bell-shaped, pinkish-purple, with yellow anthers and a green ovary.

Umbel
In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin umbella "parasol, sunshade". The arrangement can vary from being flat-topped to almost spherical. Umbels can be simple or compound. The secondary umbels of compound umbels are known as umbellules or umbellets. A small umbel is called an umbellule. The arrangement of the inflorescence in umbels is referred to as umbellate, or occasionally subumbellate (almost umbellate).

Umbels are a characteristic of plants such as carrot, parsley, dill, and fennel in the family Apiaceae; ivy, Aralia and Fatsia in the family Araliaceae; and onion (Allium) in the family Alliaceae.

An umbel is a type of indeterminate inflorescence.
A compressed cyme, which is a determinate inflorescence, is called umbelliform if it resembles an umbel.
Florin Croitoru
Florin Ionuț Croitoru (born 25 August 1993) is a Romanian weightlifter who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's 56 kg. He finished fourth place at the 2013 European Championships, but later he won gold, after all three medalists (Valentin Hristov, Igor Bour, Zulfugar Suleymanov) were suspended for doping.

In May 2019 he was disqualified from the 2012 Summer Olympics after the re-analysis of his samples. Croitoru tested positive for dehydrochlormethyltestosterone, metenolone and stanozolol.

Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone
Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT; brand name Oral Turinabol), also known as 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one, is an anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS). It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone (dehydromethyltestosterone).
Norton AntiVirus
Norton AntiVirus is a proprietary software anti-virus and anti-malware product founded by Peter Norton, developed and distributed by Symantec (now Gen Digital) since 1990 as part of its Norton family of computer security products. It uses signatures and heuristics to identify viruses. Other features included in it are e-mail spam filtering and phishing protection.

Symantec distributes the product as a download, a box copy, and as OEM software. Norton AntiVirus held a 13% US retail market share for security suites as of 2025. When combined with the Gen Digital family, the firm held a 27% market share.

Norton AntiVirus runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS, with the related product Norton Mobile Security running on Android and iOS.

Trojan horse (computing)
In computing, a trojan horse (or simply trojan; often capitalized, but see below) is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program.

Trojans are generally spread by some form of social engineering. For example, a user may be duped into executing an email attachment disguised to appear innocuous (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or into clicking on a fake advertisement on the Internet. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller who can then have unauthorized access to the affected device. Ransomware attacks are often carried out using a trojan.

Unlike computer viruses and worms, trojans generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves.
Ely Pits and Meadows
Ely Pits and Meadows is an 85.8-hectare (212-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) on the eastern outskirts of Ely in Cambridgeshire. It is the only SSSI in the county which is designated both for its biological and geological interest. It is also a Geological Conservation Review site, and an area of 8 hectares is the Roswell Pits nature reserve, which is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.

This site on the bank of the River Great Ouse has disused clay and beet pits, grassland and ponds. It has yielded an extensive assemblage of fossils reptiles dating to the Kimmeridgian, around 155 million years ago in the late Jurassic. Its biological interest lies mainly in its breeding birds, especially nationally rare wintering and breeding bitterns. There are also water voles and at least six species of bat.

There is access to Roswell Pits by a footpath from Kiln Lane.

European water vole
The European water vole (Arvicola amphibius) or northern water vole is a semi-aquatic rodent. It is often informally called the water rat, though it only superficially resembles a true rat. Water voles have rounder noses than rats, deep brown fur, chubby faces and short fuzzy ears; unlike rats their tails, paws and ears are covered with hair.

In the wild, on average, water voles only live about five months. Maximum longevity in captivity is two and a half years.
Salt Lake City bids for the Winter Olympics
Salt Lake City, Utah, has been chosen on four occasions by the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) as the United States candidate city to bid for the Winter Olympic Games. It has been chosen by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the host city twice, holding the 2002 Winter Olympics and preparing to host the 2034 Winter Olympics.

Thomas Bach
Thomas Bach (born 29 December 1953) is a German lawyer, former foil fencer, and Olympic gold medalist. He served as the ninth president of the International Olympic Committee from 2013 to 2025. He was the first ever Olympic champion to be elected to that position. Since 2025, he has served as Honorary President of the International Olympic Committee. Bach is also a former German individual foil champion as well as a team world champion, and former member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation's executive board.
Nowhere, Sideshow, Thin Air
Nowhere, Sideshow, Thin Air (Music for Dance Volume 6) is a studio album by English guitarist, composer and improvisor Fred Frith, and is the sixth of a series of Music for Dance albums he made.

Nowhere, Sideshow, Thin Air consists of three commissions by three choreographers, each sharing, according to Frith, "a certain obsession with melodic deconstruction". "Nowhere" and "Sideshow" were written by Frith for violinist Carla Kihlstedt, and are performed by Frith, Kihlstedt and others. "Thin Air" features Frith, Hande Erdem (violin) and Theresa Wong (cello).

Improvisation
Improvisation or improvization (often shortened to improv) is the activity of making or doing something not planned beforehand, using whatever can be found. The origin of the word itself is in the Latin "improvisus", which literally means un-foreseen. Improvisation in the performing arts is a very spontaneous performance without specific or scripted preparation. The skills of improvisation can apply to many different faculties across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines; see Applied improvisation.
Lopes Trovão
José Lopes da Silva Trovão, better known as Lopes Trovão (May 23, 1848 – July 17, 1925), was a Brazilian physician, journalist, and politician.

He was the son of Portuguese diplomats José Maria dos Reis Lopes Trovão and Maria Jacinta Lopes Trovão. He supported the Republican Manifesto of 1870 and was a noted orator, speaking out against the monarchy and slavery. Lopes Trovão served in the chamber of deputies between 1891 and 1895. He was a senator from 1895 to 1902.

He worked on a design for the Brazilian flag which was first presented in November 1889. It was adopted for four days and became known as the Provisional Flag of the Republic.  Ultimately it was rejected as too similar to the U.S. flag upon which it was based.

In his later years, Trovão served on the executive boards of several newspapers. He died in Rio de Janeiro in 1925. A school was named after him in 1908. A medal is awarded in his name, presented in his hometown of Angra dos Reis.

Angra dos Reis
Angra dos Reis (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɐ̃ɡɾɐ duʒ ˈʁejʃ]; Portuguese for cove or bay of the Kings) is a municipality located in the southern part of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. The city is located by the sea and includes in its territory many offshore islands, the largest being Ilha Grande.

The area was first documented by Europeans on January 6, 1502, and has been under continual settlement since 1556. Its population was estimated, on 2021 by IBGE, to be 210,171 inhabitants.