hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Piara Singh Gill
Piara Singh Gill (28 October 1911 – 23 March 2002) was an Indian nuclear physicist and a pioneer in cosmic ray nuclear physics. He was the first director of Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIO) of India. He was research fellow of University of Chicago (1940). He was research Professorship fellow of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) (1947), Officer-on-Special Duty (OSD) with the Atomic Energy Commission in New Delhi. Professor and head of the Department of Physics at Aligarh University (1949), Director of Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIO) (1959) and Professor Emeritus at Punjab Agricultural University (1971).

Research fellow
A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator.

Research fellow positions vary in different countries and academic institutions.
2022 Ostrava Open – Singles
Barbora Krejčíková defeated Iga Świątek in the final, 5–7, 7–6(7–4), 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2022 Ostrava Open. It was Krejčíková's second WTA Tour title in back-to-back weeks, and she ended Świątek's streak of ten consecutive victories in WTA Tour finals. This marked only Świątek's second career loss in a WTA Tour-level final, out of twelve played (the other being at the 2019 Ladies Open Lugano).

Anett Kontaveit was the defending champion, but retired in the second round against Tereza Martincová.

2019 Ladies Open Lugano – Singles
Polona Hercog defeated Iga Świątek in the final, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2019 Ladies Lugano Open. It was Świątek's first WTA Tour final.

Elise Mertens was the reigning champion, but did not participate.
Tradeston Flour Mills explosion
On 9 July 1872 the Tradeston Flour Mills, in Glasgow, Scotland, exploded. Eighteen people died, and at least sixteen were injured. An investigation suggested that the explosion was caused by the grain feed to a pair of millstones stopping, causing them to rub against each other, resulting in a spark or fire igniting the grain dust in the air. That fire was then drawn by a fan into an "exhaust box" designed to collect grain dust, which then ignited, causing a second explosion which destroyed the building. At the time, there were general concerns about similar incidents worldwide, so the incident and investigation were widely reported across the world.

Millstone
Millstones or mill stones are stones used in gristmills, used for triturating, crushing or, more specifically, grinding wheat or other grains. They are sometimes referred to as grindstones or grinding stones.

Millstones come in pairs: a stationary base with a convex rim known as the bedstone (or nether millstone) and a concave-rimmed runner stone that rotates. The movement of the runner on top of the bedstone creates a "scissoring" action that grinds grain trapped between the stones. Millstones are constructed so that their shape and configuration help to channel ground flour to the outer edges of the mechanism for collection.

The runner stone is supported by a cross-shaped metal piece (millrind or rynd) fixed to a "mace head" topping the main shaft or spindle leading to the driving mechanism of the mill (wind, water (including  tide), or other means).
Vaunage
The Vaunage (Occitan: Vaunatge) is an area of southern France made up of the plain and the small hills around Nages, which is known for its Gallic oppidum. The Vaunage area is located between Languedoc and Provence and between Sommières and Nîmes. It is north of the Camargue. From east to west the villages of Vaunage are: Caveirac, Clarensac, Langlade, Saint-Dionizy, Nages-et-Solorgues, Calvisson, Boissières, Saint-Côme-et-Maruéjols, Congénies.

Oppidum
An oppidum (pl.: oppida) is a large fortified Iron Age settlement or town. Oppida are primarily associated with the Celtic late La Tène culture, emerging during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, spread across Europe, stretching from Britain and Iberia in the west to the edge of the Hungarian Plain in the east. These settlements continued to be used until the Romans conquered Southern and Western Europe. Many subsequently became Roman-era towns and cities, whilst others were abandoned. In regions north of the rivers Danube and Rhine, such as most of Germania, where the populations remained independent from Rome, oppida continued to be used into the 1st century AD.
Stanhope Demonstrator
The Stanhope Demonstrator was the first machine to solve problems in logic.  It was designed by Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope to demonstrate consequences in logic symbolically.

The first model was constructed in 1775.  It consisted of two slides coloured red and gray mounted in a square brass frame.  This could be used to demonstrate the solution to a syllogistic type of problem in which objects might have two different properties and the question was how many would have both properties.  Scales marked zero to ten were used to set the numbers or proportions of objects with the two properties.  This form of inference anticipated the numerically definite syllogism which Augustus De Morgan laid out in his book, Formal Logic, in 1847.

Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope
Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, aka Charles Mahon, 3rd Earl Stanhope, FRS (3 August 1753 – 15 December 1816), was a British statesman, inventor, and scientist. He was the father of Lady Hester Stanhope and brother-in-law of William Pitt the Younger. He is sometimes confused with an exact contemporary of his, Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington.
Harold Newcomb Hillebrand
Harold Newcomb Hillebrand (1887–1953) was a professor of English literature.

Harold was the son of William Francis Hillebrand, a chemist with specialization in geochemistry and Martha May Hillebrand, née Westcott. His brother was an electrical engineer at Palo Alto, California. His grandfather was the botanist William Hillebrand, who went into practise with Wesley Newcomb and married his stepdaughter Anne Post.

After Harold's studies he became a member of the English department (1914–1944) at the University of Illinois. He was head of that department from 1934-1944. His manuscripts are deposed in the archives of the university of Illinois. His research interest was theatre and play writing. His treatise on the Edmund Kean 1787-1833) counts to the best biography about the actor and provides the first scholarly examination of the evidence on Kean's parentage, birth, and upbringing. He published several articles within The Journal of English and Germanic philology.

William Hillebrand
Wilhelm or William Hillebrand (November 13, 1821 – July 13, 1886) was a German physician. He practiced medicine in several countries, including the Hawaiian Islands for over 20 years. In 1850, Hillebrand lived at what is now Foster Botanical Garden in Honolulu and gained acknowledgement as a botanist.
Turn This Mutha Out
Turn This Mutha Out is a 1977 album by Idris Muhammad. Produced and arranged by CTI/Kudu staff arranger David Matthews, it was aimed more at the R&B/disco market than the jazz market. One of only a few Kudu albums not produced by label owner Creed Taylor, Turn This Mutha Out spawned two pop and R&B hits, the title track and "Could Heaven Ever Be Like This".

Creed Taylor
Creed Bane Taylor V (May 13, 1929 – August 22, 2022) was an American record producer, best known for his work with Creed Taylor, Inc. which he founded in 1966 and the CTI Records label. His career also included periods at Bethlehem Records, ABC-Paramount Records (including its jazz label, Impulse!), Verve, and A&M Records. In the 1960s, he signed bossa nova artists from Brazil to record in the US including Antonio Carlos Jobim, Eumir Deodato, João Gilberto, Astrud Gilberto, and Airto Moreira.
Stoneybridge
Stoneybridge (Scottish Gaelic: Staoinebrig) is a village on the island of South Uist in Scotland. The Crois Chnoca Breaca standing stone is situated to the west of the village. Stoneybridge is within the parish of South Uist and the chapel was also situated west of the settlement at Ardmichael, having been in existence prior to 1854. The burial ground is still present at the site.

The Scottish comedy series Absolutely used the name for a village in a recurring sketch, satirising local politics and the petty Bonapartism of local council leaders. The cast were unaware of the existence of a real Stoneybridge when writing the original scripts, and the Stoneybridge in the show is described as being near the Yetts o' Muckhart, placing it in Clackmannanshire (although Breich was used as the location for filming exterior shots).

Absolutely (TV series)
Absolutely is a British comedy sketch show. The cast and crew are mainly Scottish; the principal writers and performers are Moray Hunter, Jack Docherty, Peter Baikie, Gordon Kennedy (all of whom had performed together as The Bodgers for many years), Morwenna Banks (Cornish) and John Sparkes (Welsh). The original television series, produced by Absolutely Productions, aired on Channel 4 for four series between May 1989 and February 1993. Following an award-winning one-off radio reunion special for BBC Radio 4 in 2013, the show returned for a new four-part radio series with most of the original cast in September 2015. A second Radio 4 series of four programmes was broadcast from 25 June 2017, and a third in July 2019.
Everland
Everland (Korean: 에버랜드) is South Korea's largest theme park. It is located at the Everland Resort in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province. In 2018, it received 5.85 million visitors and was ranked 19th in the world for amusement park attendance. As of 2010, Everland is measured to be approximately 1,200,000 square yards. Along with its main attractions, Everland includes a zoo and water park known as Caribbean Bay. Everland is operated by Samsung C&T Corporation (formerly known as Samsung Everland, Cheil Industries), a subsidiary of the Samsung Group.

It first opened under the name Yongin Farmland (용인자연농원; lit. Yongin Natural Farm), and received its current name in 1996.

The park is accessible by public transportation (buses and the EverLine railway), as well as by dedicated shuttle buses that stop by various places in Seoul.

Temple of Heaven
The Temple of Heaven (simplified Chinese: 天坛; traditional Chinese: 天壇; pinyin: Tiāntán) is a complex of imperial religious Confucian buildings situated in the southeastern part of central Beijing. The complex was visited by the Emperors of the Ming and then later restored by the Qing dynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for a good harvest and other seasonal rites. The Temple of Heaven was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1998 and was described as "a masterpiece of architecture and landscape design which simply and graphically illustrates a cosmogony of great importance for the evolution of one of the world's great civilizations..." as the "symbolic layout and design of the Temple of Heaven had a profound influence on architecture and planning in the Far East over many centuries."
RAF Harlaxton
Royal Air Force Harlaxton or more simply RAF Harlaxton is a former Royal Air Force satellite station near the village of Harlaxton, 3 mi (4.8 km) south west of Grantham, Lincolnshire, England.  The airfield was located in a triangle of flat fields midway between Harlaxton Manor (now the University of Evansville's British campus) and the nearby village of Stroxton.

Originally constructed as a Royal Flying Corps aerodrome in November 1916 it closed between the wars, reopening in 1942 as a Royal Air Force flying training establishment until its final closure in 1957.

During the Second World War Harlaxton Manor was requisitioned by the Royal Air Force as the station's officers' mess and later to temporarily house the headquarters of the 1st Airborne Division.

Grantham
Grantham (/ˈɡrænθəm/) is a market town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the banks of the River Witham and bounded to the west by the A1 road; it lies 23 miles (37 km) south of Lincoln and 22 miles (35 km) east of Nottingham. The population in 2016 was 44,580. The town is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the South Kesteven District.

Grantham was the birthplace of the UK's former prime minister Margaret Thatcher. The mathematician and scientist Isaac Newton was educated at the King's School. The town was the workplace of the UK's first warranted female police officer, Edith Smith, in 1914. The UK's first running diesel engine was made there in 1892 and the first tractor in 1896. Thomas Paine worked there as an excise officer in the 1760s. The villages of Manthorpe, Great Gonerby, Barrowby, Londonthorpe and Harlaxton form outlying suburbs of the town.
Rochester Zen Center
The Rochester Zen Center (RZC) is a Sōtō and Rinzai Zen Buddhist sangha in the Kapleau lineage, located in Rochester, New York and established in 1966 by Philip Kapleau. It is one of the oldest Zen centers in the United States.

Rinzai school
The Rinzai school (Japanese: 臨済宗, romanized: Rinzai-shū, simplified Chinese: 临济宗; traditional Chinese: 臨濟宗; pinyin: Línjì zōng), named after Linji Yixuan (Romaji: Rinzai Gigen, died 866 CE) is one of three sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism, along with Sōtō and Ōbaku. The Chinese Linji school of Chan Buddhism was first transmitted to Japan by Myōan Eisai (1141–1215). Contemporary Japanese Rinzai is derived entirely from the Ōtōkan lineage transmitted through Hakuin Ekaku (1686–1769), who is a major figure in the revival of the Rinzai tradition.
Dr.Web
Dr.Web is a software suite developed by Russian anti-malware company Doctor Web. First released in 1992, it became the first anti-virus service in Russia.

The company also offers anti-spam solutions and is used by Yandex to scan e-mail attachments. It also features an add-on for all major browsers which checks links with the online version of Dr Web.

Dr.Web has withdrawn from AV tests such as Virus Bulletin VB100% around 2008 stating that they believe that virus scans on viruses are different subject from that of real world malware attacks.

Virus Bulletin
Virus Bulletin is a magazine about the prevention, detection and removal of malware and spam. It regularly features analyses of the latest virus threats, articles exploring new developments in the fight against viruses, interviews with anti-virus experts, and evaluations of current anti-malware products.
Eretis plistonicus
Eretis plistonicus, commonly known as the Ghana elf, is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Togo and Nigeria. The habitat consists of forest edges and secondary growth.

The larvae feed on Acanthaceae species.

Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae (/ækænˈθeɪsiːˌaɪ, -siˌi/) is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. Representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, scrublands, wet fields and valleys, sea coast and marine areas, swamps, and mangrove forests.
Southeast Ohio Magazine
Southeast Ohio Magazine is a magazine that covers the 20-county region of southeastern Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia. The publication is the only student-run regional magazine in the United States. Magazine journalism students at Ohio University's E.W. Scripps School of Journalism publish an issue each academic semester (fall and spring).

The origin of Southeast Ohio lies in a one-time publication created by students in winter 1970 called Appalachia 70, which was followed by Reach Out, another one-shot created in spring 1970. Following the publishing and academic success of these magazines, the Scripps School created Athens Magazine, which focused on the Athens, Ohio community and which ran from 1971 until 1988. In 1988, the magazine's focus was expanded to 20 counties in southeastern Ohio, and the publication was retitled to reflect the change.

Academic term
An academic term (or simply term) is a portion of an academic year during which an educational institution holds classes. The schedules adopted vary widely. Common terms such as semester, trimester, and quarter are used to denote terms of specific durations. In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer.
Department of Energy & Water Supply
The Department of Energy and Water Supply (DEWS) was a department of the Queensland Government which is responsible for the state's energy and water industries. The department's head office was at 1 William Street, Brisbane.

1 William Street, Brisbane
1 William Street (colloquially known as the Tower of Power) is a skyscraper in William Street, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. At 267 metres (876 ft), it is the third-tallest building in the city and 9th-tallest building in Australia as of 2025. The modernist office building is located in the Brisbane CBD, and in close proximity to the neighbouring Parliament House. The building was developed for the Queensland Government as part of its plan for a renewed Government Administrative Precinct and to meet accommodation demands. It was completed in October 2016 with over 5,000 government staff moving in over six weekends.
JFM
JFM can refer to:

Jack FM, a radio network brand

Jake Fraser-McGurk, an Australian cricketer

Justice for Myanmar, a Burmese activist group

Joseph Menna, an American sculptor-engraver who sculpted the Union Shield design used on the reverse of the 2010 Lincoln Cent

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, a scientific journal in the field of fluid mechanics

Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik, a project which has been incorporated into Zentralblatt MATH

JFM committee, joint forest management committee

JFM (Danish media group), a Danish media group, formerly known as Jysk Fynske Medier

January, February, March, a 3-month season period

Journal of Fluid Mechanics
The Journal of Fluid Mechanics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of fluid mechanics. It publishes original work on theoretical, computational, and experimental aspects of the subject.

The journal is published by Cambridge University Press and retains a strong association with the University of Cambridge, in particular the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Until January 2020, volumes were published twice a month in a single-column B5 format, but the publication is now online-only with the same frequency.

The journal was established in 1956 by George Batchelor, who remained the editor-in-chief for some forty years. He started out as the sole editor, but later a team of associate editors provided assistance in arranging the review of articles. Detlef Lohse is the author who has most papers (180 times) appeared in this journal.
Tiwanaku, La Paz
Tiwanaku is a village and municipality in the La Paz Department, Bolivia. Towards the south of the village, there is the pre-Columbian archaeological site of Tiwanaku.

The village has about 1,000 inhabitants, mostly belonging to the Aymara ethnic group.

According to the 2024 Bolivian census, the population of the municipality of Tiwanaku was 13,568 inhabitants.

Aymara people
The Aymara or Aimara (Aymara: aymara, listenⓘ) people are an Indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America. Approximately 2.3 million Aymara live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

The Aymara have lived in the region for over 7,250 years. By the late 15th century or early 16th century, they became a subject people of the Inca Empire and later of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Following the Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1825), the Aymara became subjects to the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), Chile annexed territory inhabited by the Aymara population.
Georges Rayet
Georges-Antoine-Pons Rayet (12 December 1839 – 14 June 1906) was a French astronomer.

He was born in Bordeaux, France.  He began working at the Paris Observatory in 1863.  He worked on meteorology in addition to astronomy.  He specialized in what was then the new field of spectroscopy.

He was the founder and director of the Bordeaux Observatory for more than 25 years until his death.

Rayet discovered Wolf–Rayet stars together with Charles Wolf in 1867 using a spectroscope the pair had made with an emission spectrum, rather than using absorption spectroscopy which was more typical for the time.

He was awarded the Janssen Medal from the French Academy of Sciences in 1891.

Emission spectrum
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to electrons making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photons is equal to the energy difference between the two states. There are many possible electron transitions for each atom, and each transition has a specific energy difference. This collection of different transitions, leading to different radiated wavelengths, make up an emission spectrum. Each element's emission spectrum is unique. Therefore, spectroscopy can be used to identify elements in matter of unknown composition. Similarly, the emission spectra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances.
2017 United Arab Emirates Air Force crash
On 11 August 2017, a Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk helicopter operated by the United Arab Emirates Air Force crashed while on a mission in Shabwa, Yemen during the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war, killing four of the soldiers on board. According to the Emirates News Agency, the crash was due to a technical malfunction.

Seven soldiers survived the crash, including a member of the royal Al Nahyan family. Emirati officials asked for help rescuing the survivors from Major General Miguel Correa, then the defense attaché at the United States Embassy in Abu Dhabi, which resulted in sending American special forces on two Ospreys for a rescue mission. The American medical team flew the seven injured soldiers to the USS Bataan in Gulf of Aden. After 48 hours, they were sent to an airport in Yemen, where they boarded an Air Force C-17 cargo plane destined for Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany.

House of Nahyan
The House of Nahyan (Arabic: آل نهيان, romanized: Āl Nuhayān) is the ruling royal family of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and one of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates. The family is a branch of the House of Al Falahi (Āl Bū Falāḥ), a branch of the Bani Yas tribe. They are related to the House of Al Falasi from which the ruling family of Dubai, the Al Maktoum, descends.
Mud Lake (Illinois)
There are several lakes named Mud Lake within the U.S. state of Illinois.

Mud Lake, Barrington Hills, Cook County, Illinois.		42°09′06″N 88°12′55″W﻿ / ﻿42.15167°N 88.21528°W﻿ / 42.15167; -88.21528

Mud Lake (historic), Chicago, Cook County, Illinois. Was part of the Chicago Portage. No longer exists.

Mud Lake, Gallatin County, Illinois.	37°35′54″N 88°09′50″W﻿ / ﻿37.59833°N 88.16389°W﻿ / 37.59833; -88.16389

Mud Lake, Lake County, Illinois.		42°26′20″N 88°11′11″W﻿ / ﻿42.43889°N 88.18639°W﻿ / 42.43889; -88.18639

Mud Lake, Mason County, Illinois.		40°24′15″N 89°57′06″W﻿ / ﻿40.40417°N 89.95167°W﻿ / 40.40417; -89.95167

Mud Lake, Sangamon County, Illinois.	39°50′56″N 89°33′46″W﻿ / ﻿39.84889°N 89.56278°W﻿ / 39.84889; -89.56278

Mason County, Illinois
Mason County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 13,086. Its county seat is Havana. The county is named in honor of George Mason, a member of the Virginia legislature who campaigned for the adoption of the United States Bill of Rights.