hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ormon Khan
Ormon Khan (Kyrgyz: Ормон хан; c. 1792 – 1854) was the first and only khan of the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate, ruling from 1842 until his death in 1854. A member of the powerful Sarybagysh tribe, Ormon's reign saw a centralization of the Kyrgyz tribes, with the establishment of legal and judicial systems. Ormon was a close ally of the Russian Empire in the region, winning a series of wars against the Khanate of Kokand and defeating a Kazakh army led by Kenesary Khan, who had been rebelling against the Russians. In 1854, during a conflict with a rival Kyrgyz tribe, Ormon was captured in battle and executed. Ormon's khanate collapsed following his death, with the region falling under Russian control by 1868.

Chüy Valley
The Chüy Valley (Kyrgyz: Чүй өрөөнү, romanized: Chüy Öröönü; Kazakh: Шу аңғары, romanized: Şu añğary; Russian: Чуйская долина) is a large valley located in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan, in the northern part of the Tian Shan. It extends from Boom Gorge in the east to Muyunkum Desert in the west. It is 250 km (160 mi) long and has an area of about 32,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi). It borders Kyrgyz Ala-Too in the south, and Chu-Ili mountains in the north. Through the Boom Gorge in the narrow eastern part Chüy Valley is linked with Issyk-Kul Valley. The river Chu (Chüy) is the major stream of the valley.

The warm summer and availability of drinking and irrigation water makes this area one of the most fertile and most densely populated regions of Kyrgyzstan.

There are deposits of zinc ore, lead, gold, and construction materials. The 2006 World Drug Report estimated that 400,000 hectares of cannabis grow wild in the Chüy Valley.
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (/dʒəˈkoʊbi/; German: [jaˈkoːbi]; 25 January 1743 – 10 March 1819) was a German philosopher, writer and socialite. He is best known for popularizing the concept of nihilism. He promoted the idea that it is the necessary result of Enlightenment thought and the philosophical systems of Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.

Jacobi advocated Glaube (variously translated as faith or "belief") and Offenbarung (revelation) instead of speculative reason. According to one view, Jacobi can be seen to have anticipated present-day writers who criticize secular philosophy as relativistic and dangerous for religious faith. His aloofness from the Sturm and Drang movement was the basis of a brief friendship with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

He was the younger brother of poet Johann Georg Jacobi and the father of the great psychiatrist Maximilian Jacobi.

Revelation
Revelation, or divine revelation, is the disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity (god) or other supernatural entity or entities in the view of religion and theology.
Zamboanga Sibugay's 2nd congressional district
Zamboanga Sibugay's 2nd congressional district is one of the two congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Zamboanga Sibugay. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 2007. It was created after the 2006 reapportionment that divided the province into two congressional districts. The district is composed of the provincial capital, Ipil, and the western municipalities of Kabasalan, Naga, Roseller Lim, Siay, Titay and Tungawan.  It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by Marly Hofer–Hasim of the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas.

Siay
Siay, officially the Municipality of Siay (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Siay; Chavacano: Municipalidad de Siay; Tagalog: Bayan ng Siay), is a municipality in the province of Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 40,585 people.

The municipality is located in the 2nd District and the eastern part of the province of Zamboanga Sibugay. It is 38 kilometers from Ipil, 220 kilometers to Dipolog, and 180 kilometers east to Zamboanga City. It is geographically situated within a map coordination of 741 east & 122* 53*west.

Siay is bounded from the north by the municipality of Diplahan, south by the Sibuguey Bay, west by the municipality of Kabasalan, and east by the municipality of Imelda.
Manges Cabin
The Manges Cabin in Grand Teton National Park, also known as the Old Elbo Ranch Homestead Cabin, Mangus Cabin and the Taggart Creek Barn, was built in 1911 by James Manges. Manges was the second settler on the west side of the Snake River after Bill Menor, setting up a homestead near Taggart Creek. James Manges (or Mangus) arrived in Jackson Hole in 1910, where he cut wood for Charles or William Wort. Manges' cabin is stated to have been the first two-story structure in the northern part of the valley. A root cellar was excavated beneath. The log and frame structure features wide eaves to keep the winter snow away from the walls. It was heated in winter by a single stove, with one room on each level.

The cabin became part of Manges's ranch, which took on the character of a dude ranch with guest cabins. In 1926 Manges sold 40 acres (16 ha) of the ranch to neighbor Frank Williams, who expanded the Double Diamond Dude Ranch with partner Joseph Clark Jr.

Jackson Hole
Jackson Hole (originally called Jackson's Hole by mountain men) is a valley between the Gros Ventre and Teton mountain ranges in the U.S. state of Wyoming, near the border with Idaho, in Teton County. The term "hole" was used by early trappers, or mountain men, as a term for a large mountain valley. These low-lying valleys, surrounded by mountains and containing rivers and streams, are good habitat for beavers and other fur-bearing animals. Jackson Hole is 55 miles (89 km) long by 6-to-13 miles (10-to-21 km) wide and is a graben valley with an average elevation of 6,800 ft (2,100 m), its lowest point being near the southern park boundary at 6,350 ft (1,940 m).
2016 OEC Kaohsiung – Doubles
Hsieh Cheng-peng and Yang Tsung-hua were the defending champions but chose not to participate together. Hsieh partnered Yi Chu-huan, while Yang partnered Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan. Yang lost in the first round to Wu Tung-lin and Zhang Ze. Hsieh lost in the final to Sanchai and Sonchat Ratiwatana 4–6, 6–7(4–7).

Wu Tung-lin
Wu Tung-lin (Chinese: 吳東霖; pinyin: Wú Dong-lín; born 12 May 1998), also known as Tony Wu, is a Taiwanese tennis player.
He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 158, achieved on 3 April 2023 and a career-high doubles ranking of No. 246, achieved on 17 October 2022. Wu is currently the No. 3 Taiwanese singles player.

Wu represents Chinese Taipei at the Davis Cup, where he has a W-L record of 1–1.
LocalLink 28 (BaltimoreLink)
LocalLink 28 is a bus route operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore. The line currently runs from the Rogers Avenue Metro Subway Station in Northwest Baltimore to a loop in Moravia in Northeast Baltimore. Service is provided about once every 10–15 minutes during rush hour, every 20 minutes midday, every 30 minutes on Saturdays, and hourly on Sundays. The line operates primarily along the cross-town corridor of Coldspring Lane and Moravia Road, transversing Arlington, Park Heights, Roland Park, Homeland, and Montebello. The line passes several universities, including Loyola College, Notre Dame, and Morgan State University.

Arlington, Baltimore
Arlington is a neighborhood in Northwest Baltimore, Maryland. Major streets running through the area include Wabash Avenue, Rogers Avenue, Dolfield Avenue, and West Belvedere Avenue. Two Baltimore Metro Subway stations, Rogers Avenue and West Coldspring are located in the area.
Environmental issues in Canada
Environmental issues in Canada include impacts of climate change, air and water pollution, mining, logging, and the degradation of natural habitats. As one of the world's significant emitters of greenhouse gasses, Canada has the potential to make contributions to curbing climate change with its environmental policies and conservation efforts.

Aamjiwnaang First Nation
Aamjiwnaang First Nation (formerly Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation; Ojibwe: Aamjiwnaang Anishinaabek, lit. 'at the spawning stream') is an Anishinaabe (Ojibwe)  First Nations Band located on reserve land by the St. Clair River in Ontario, Canada, three miles south of the southern tip of Lake Huron. The reserve is located across from the United States border from Port Huron, Michigan, and is a result of treaties that were negotiated with the Crown in the 1820s. There are approximately 2,600 band members with about 900 living on the reserve. Their heritage language is Ojibwe.

The word Aamjiwnaang (am-JIN-nun) means "meeting place by the rapid water", which describes the surrounding communities.
Nikolay Ushmaev
Nikolay Pavlovich Ushmaev (born 13 May 1946) is the legendary man of the Soviet classical parachuting and a pioneer of paragliding in the USSR. The first in the history of parachuting became a two-time absolute world champion. He participated in nine world parachuting championships, where he became world champion nine times.
 Nikolay made over 13,000+ parachute jumps, and set 33 world records and 55 Soviet Union records in parachuting. The only 5-time world champion in aerial acrobatics and the only Soviet parachutist represented USSR at the opening of the Olympics in Seoul in 1988.

Nikolay won the gold medal in Men's Overall Individual Style and Accuracy at the XV World Parachuting Championships in Kazanlak, Bulgaria in 1980, and the gold medal in Men's Overall Individual Style and Accuracy at the XII World Parachuting Championships in Szolnok, Hungary in 1974
 Triple All-round USSR Champion;
 Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR.

Kazanlak
Kazanlak (Bulgarian: Казанлък [kɐzɐnˈɫɤk] is a town in Stara Zagora Province, Bulgaria. It is located in the middle of the Kazanlak Valley, at the foot of the Balkan Mountains, which forms the eastern part of the Rose Valley. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Kazanlak Municipality. The ancient Thracian city of Seuthopolis was situated near the town.

The town is among the 15 biggest industrial centres in Bulgaria, with a population of 44,760 people as of Dec 2017.

It is the center of rose oil extraction in Bulgaria and the oil-producing rose of Kazanlak is one of the most widely recognizable national symbols.
Fogle
Fogle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ben Fogle (born 1973), English television presenter and writer

Bruce Fogle (born 1944), veterinarian and author

James Fogle (1936–2012), American author

Jared Fogle (born 1977), child prostitution client and child pornography possessor, Subway spokesman

Julius Fogle (born 1971), American boxer

Larry Fogle (born 1953), American basketball player

Lewis Fogle, American man wrongfully convicted of murder

Larry Fogle
Larry Fogle (born March 19, 1953) is a retired American basketball player. He was an American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA) draft pick. He played in two games for the New York Knicks during 1975–1976 before playing for the CBA and starring on the Rochester Zeniths 1977–78 championship team.
Bonny Norton
Bonny Norton, FRSC,  is a professor and distinguished university scholar in the Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia, Canada. She is also research advisor of the African Storybook and 2006 co-founder of the Africa Research Network on Applied Linguistics and Literacy. She is internationally recognized for her theories of identity and language learning and her construct of investment. A Fellow of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), she was the first recipient in 2010 of the Senior Research Leadership Award of AERA's Second Language Research SIG. In 2016, she was co-recipient of the TESOL Award for Distinguished Research and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

TESOL International Association
TESOL International Association, formerly Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, is the largest professional organization for teachers of English as a second or foreign language. It was founded in 1966 and is based in Alexandria, Virginia, in the United States. As of 2018, it had 10,113 members worldwide and was affiliated with 109 language education organizations, just over half of which were based outside the United States. TESOL's total number of members, including those of affiliate organizations, was around 44,000.

TESOL publishes two peer-reviewed academic journals –  the TESOL Quarterly and the TESOL Journal. During the summer, the organization holds professional development seminars called "TESOL Academies" across the United States. It also hosts an annual convention.
2018–19 East Carolina Pirates men's basketball team
The 2018–19 East Carolina Pirates men's basketball team represented East Carolina University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Pirates were led by first year head coach, Joe Dooley, who previously coached the Pirates from 1995 to 1999, and played their home games at Williams Arena at Minges Coliseum as fifth-year members of the American Athletic Conference. The Pirates finished the season 10–21, 3–15 in AAC play to finish in 11th place. They lost in the first round of the AAC tournament to Wichita State.

2018–19 American Athletic Conference men's basketball season
The 2018–19 American Athletic Conference men's basketball season began with practices in October 2018 followed by the start of the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season in November. The conference held its media day in October 2018. Conference play began in December 2018 and concluded in March 2019.
Joe Pasternak
Joseph Herman Pasternak (born József Paszternák; September 19, 1901 – September 13, 1991) was a Hungarian-American film producer in Hollywood. Pasternak spent the Hollywood "Golden Age" of musicals at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, producing many successful musicals with female singing stars like Deanna Durbin, Kathryn Grayson and Jane Powell, as well as swimmer/bathing beauty Esther Williams' films. He produced Judy Garland's final MGM film, Summer Stock, which was released in 1950, and some of Gene Kelly’s early breakthrough roles. Pasternak worked in the film industry for 45 years, from the later silent era until shortly past the end of the classical Hollywood cinema in 1967.

Classical Hollywood cinema
In film criticism, classical Hollywood cinema is both a narrative and visual style of filmmaking that first developed in the 1910s to 1920s during the later years of the silent film era. It then became characteristic of United States cinema during the Golden Age of Hollywood from 1927, with the advent of sound film, until the 1960s and the arrival of New Hollywood productions such as Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate. During the intervening forty years, it was the most powerful and pervasive style of filmmaking worldwide.

Similar or associated terms include classical Hollywood narrative, Old Hollywood, and classical continuity. The period is also referred to as the studio era, which may also include films of the late silent era but ended before the 1970s with the studios’ loss of both their own movie theaters and the creative talent they had held under contract.
Gossamer (Looney Tunes)
Gossamer is a fictional cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. He is a large, hairy, orange or red monster. His body is perched on two giant tennis shoes, and his heart-shaped face is composed of only two oval eyes and a wide mouth, with two hulking arms ending in dirty, clawed fingers. The monster's main trait is his uncombed, orange hair. He originally was voiced by Mel Blanc and has been voiced by Frank Welker, Maurice LaMarche, Joe Alaskey, Jim Cummings, Kwesi Boakye, Eric Bauza and currently Fred Tatasciore.

The word gossamer means any sort of thin, fragile, transparent material. In particular, it can refer to a kind of delicate, sheer gauze or a light cobweb. The name is meant to be ironic because the character is large, menacing, and destructive.

Joe Alaskey
Joseph Francis Alaskey III (April 17, 1952 – February 3, 2016) was an American actor and comedian. He was one of Mel Blanc's successors at the Warner Bros. Animation studio until his death. He alternated with Jeff Bergman, Greg Burson, Jim Cummings, Bob Bergen, Maurice LaMarche and Billy West in voicing Warner Bros. cartoon characters such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester, Tweety, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Pepé Le Pew, Marvin the Martian, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner and Taz, among many others. He also voiced Plucky Duck on Tiny Toon Adventures from 1990 to 1995. Alaskey was the second actor to voice Grandpa Lou Pickles on Nickelodeon's Rugrats (taking over after David Doyle's death in 1997). He would later reprise his role in the spin-off series All Grown Up!.
Elena Cazzulani
Ena Cazzulani Allegri, born Elena Cazzulani (1920 – 2007)  was an Italian writer and poet. In the 1980s, she founded at her home a literary salon, which became an essential meeting place for the Lodi's intellectuals.

Salon (gathering)
A salon is a gathering of people held by a host. These gatherings often consciously followed Horace's definition of the aims of poetry, "either to please or to educate" (Latin: aut delectare aut prodesse). Salons in the tradition of the French literary and philosophical movements of the 17th and 18th centuries are still being conducted.
Mariam Garikhuli
Mariam Garikhuli (Georgian: მარიამ თათეშვილი), official name Mariam Lukas Tatishvili-Ratiani (Georgian: მარიამ ლუკას ასული თათეიშვილი-რატიანისა; 20 March 1883–9 February 1960) was a Georgian writer and actress. As an author, under the pseudonym Garikhuli (meaning "ostracized" or "outcast"), she contributed to magazines and newspapers, publishing her first short story "ცხოვრების მსხვერპლი" (Victim of Life) in 1905. Assisted by Lado Meskhishvili, she adapted works by Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli for the theatre. In addition to contributing to various children's publications, she is remembered for her novel ანარეკლი (Reflection) written in the 1930s. As an actress, she performed at theatres in Kutaisi (1902–1904), Gori (1920–1926) and at the Tbilisi Film Studio (1927–1941).

Kutaisi
Kutaisi (/kuːˈtaɪsiː/ koo-TY-see; Georgian: ქუთაისი pronounced [ˈkʰut̪ʰais̪i] ⓘ) is a city in the Imereti region of the Republic of Georgia. One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, it is the 3rd-largest city in Georgia after Tbilisi and Batumi with a population of 123,000 as of 2025. It lies 221 kilometres (137 miles) west of Tbilisi, on the Rioni River, and is the capital of Imereti.

Historically one of the major cities of Georgia, it served as the political center of Colchis in the Middle Ages as the capital of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and Kingdom of Georgia and later as the capital of the Kingdom of Imereti. From October 2012 to December 2018, Kutaisi was the seat of the Parliament of Georgia as an effort to decentralize the Georgian government.
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University
The Department of Mathematics and Statistics is an academic department at McGill University. It is located in Burnside Hall at McGill's downtown campus in Montreal.

The discipline of mathematics was taught at McGill as early as 1848; however, it was divided into two independent departments until 1924. Following its emergence, it remained almost entirely a service department until the 1940s, when several department members began promoting research within it. The department's library was established at 1971.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Lim Soo Hoon
Lim Soo Hoon (Chinese: 林秀勋) is the first female Permanent Secretary of Singapore in the Public Service Division of the office of the Prime Minister of Singapore. Lim held other high-profile positions at Singapore's Ministry of Trade and Industry, then later into positions in Singapore's Ministry of Transport, and then in the Ministry of Manpower, and Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports.  Lim became Singapore's Woman of the Year in 1997.

Lim was awarded the Silver Public Administration Medal in 1998 and the Gold Public Administration Medal in 2004.

Lim has served in the public sector for 36 years, her final position being the Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Finance before retirement.

Lim will continue working as chairman of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (Acra) Board.

Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)
The Ministry of Manpower (MOM; Malay: Kementerian Tenaga Manusia; Chinese: 新加坡人力部; Tamil: மனிதவள அமைச்சு) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies related to the workforce in Singapore. It was formerly known as the Ministry of Labour from 1955 to 1998.
Pension Schöller (1960 film)
Pension Schöller is a 1960 West German comedy film directed by Georg Jacoby and starring Theo Lingen, Christa Williams and Rudolf Vogel. It is an adaptation of the 1890 play Pension Schöller by Wilhelm Jacoby and Carl Laufs. Georg Jacoby was Wilhem's son, and made three film adaptation of his father's best known play in 1930, 1952 and 1960.

It was shot at the Wandsbek Studios in Hamburg. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Albrecht Becker and Herbert Kirchhoff.

Wilhelm Jacoby
Wilhelm Jacoby (1855–1925) was a German playwright, who concentrated largely on creating farces notably the 1890 work Pension Schöller which he co-authored with Carl Laufs. He was the father of the film director George Jacoby, who adapted Pension Schöller into film on three occasions.
Gonzalo García Lanza
Major general Gonzalo García Lanza Campos (10 January 1808 – 20 November 1885) was a Bolivian military officer who fought during the Spanish American wars of independence, the War of the Confederation, and the Peruvian–Bolivian War of 1841–42. He was also politically and militarily active in rebellions, revolutions, and civil wars. He controversially allied himself with Mariano Melgarejo in 1864 and would participate in a bloody coup in 1880, nearly bringing Bolivia to anarchy. He served as Minister of War on three different occasions.

Peruvian–Bolivian War of 1841–42
The Peruvian–Bolivian War was a warlike confrontation between Peru and Bolivia in the years 1841 and 1842.

In 1841, Agustín Gamarra, President of Peru, tried to annex Bolivia, which cost the Peruvian president his life on November 18, 1841 at the Battle of Ingavi. The Bolivian Army, under the command of General José Ballivián, occupied the Peruvian provinces of Moquegua, Puno, Tarapacá, Tacna and Arica.

The eviction of Bolivian troops in southern Peru would be achieved by the increased availability of material and human resources in Peru. At the end of the war, the Treaty of Puno was signed on June 7, 1842.
Tales of a Grandfather
Tales of a Grandfather  is a series of books on the history of Scotland, written by Sir Walter Scott, who originally intended it for his grandson. The books were published between 1828 and 1830 by A & C Black. In the 19th century, the study of Scottish history focused mainly on cultural traditions and therefore, in Scott’s books, while the timeline of events is accurate, many anecdotes are either folk stories or inventions.

A & C Black
A & C Black is a British book publishing company, owned since 2002 by Bloomsbury Publishing. The company is noted for publishing Who's Who since 1849 and the Encyclopædia Britannica between 1827 and 1903. It offers a wide variety of books in fiction and nonfiction, and has published popular travel guides, novels, and science books.