hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Studies in Natural Language Processing
Studies in Natural Language Processing is the book series of the
Association for Computational Linguistics, published by
Cambridge University Press.
Steven Bird is the series editor.
The editorial board has the following members:
Chu-Ren Huang, Chair Professor of Applied Chinese Language Studies in the Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies and the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University),
Chris Manning, Associate Professor of Linguistics and Computer Science in the Department of Linguistics and Computer Science (Stanford University), 
Yuji Matsumoto, Professor of Computational Linguistics in Graduate School of Information Science (Nara Institute of Science and Technology), 
Maarten de Rijke, Professor of Information Processing and Internet in the Informatics Institute (the University of Amsterdam) and
Harold Somers, Professor of Language Engineering(Emeritus)in School of Computer Science (University of Manchester).

Maarten de Rijke
Maarten de Rijke (born 1 August 1961) is a Dutch computer scientist. His work initially focused on modal logic and knowledge representation, but since the early years of the 21st century he has worked mainly in information retrieval. His work is supported by grants from the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), public-private partnerships, and the European Commission (under the Sixth and Seventh Framework programmes).
Madeleine (book)
Madeleine is a biography of Noor Inayat Khan, authored by her close friend Jean Overton Fuller, and first published by Victor Gollancz in 1952. It was initially rejected by six of seven publishers Fuller submitted it to, but eventually had some success and was reprinted in 1971, with added detail of Khan's ancestry.

Jean Overton Fuller
Jean Violet Overton Fuller (7 March 1915 – 8 April 2009) was a British author, poet, mystic, and painter.  She is best known for her book Madeleine, the biography  of Noor Inayat Khan, an agent of the clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. Noor was executed after she was captured by the Germans. Fuller wrote additional books about SOE, bringing to light the failures of the organization in France during World War II. Fuller also wrote several literary biographies and a book about the identity of Jack the Ripper. She was a painter and poet and, in her youth, an actress.

Critical books about SOE by Fuller and Elizabeth Nicholas, plus inquiries by politician Irene Ward, led to the decision by the British government to publish an official history titled SOE in France.
The Best Science Fiction of the Year 11
The Best Science Fiction of the Year #11 is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Terry Carr, the eleventh volume in a series of sixteen. It was first published in paperback by Pocket Books in July 1982, and in hardcover by Gollancz in the same year.

The book collects seventeen novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with an introduction, notes and concluding essays by Carr and Charles N. Brown. The stories were previously published in 1981 in the magazines Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Omni, and Science Fiction Digest, the collection A Rhapsody in Amber, and the anthologies Universe 11 and New Dimensions 12.

Victor Gollancz Ltd
Victor Gollancz Ltd (/ɡəˈlænts/) was a major British book publishing house of the twentieth century and continues to publish science fiction and fantasy titles as an imprint of Orion Publishing Group.

Gollancz was founded in 1927 by Victor Gollancz, and specialised in the publication of high-quality literature, nonfiction, and popular fiction, including crime, detective, mystery, thriller, and science fiction. Upon Gollancz's death in 1967, ownership passed to his daughter, Livia, who in 1989 sold it to Houghton Mifflin. Three years later in October 1992, Houghton Mifflin sold Gollancz to the publishing house Cassell & Co. Cassell and its parent company Orion Publishing Group were acquired by Hachette in 1996, and in December 1998 the merged Orion/Cassell group turned Gollancz into its science fiction/fantasy imprint.
Baamrah
Ba'amrah (Arabic: بعمرة, also spelled Ba'amra)  is a Syrian village located in the Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict of the Masyaf District in Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ba'amrah had a population of 508 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

Ain Halaqim Subdistrict
Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية عين حلاقيم)  is a Syrian nahiyah (subdistrict) located in Masyaf District in Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict had a population of 16,502 in the 2004 census. As of July 2023, the sub-district had a population of 21,517.
Guangzhan Expressway
Guangzhang Expressway (广湛高速) connects the cities Guangzhou and Zhanjiang in the Chinese province of Guangdong.

The expressway is made up of five different expressways that connects the cities between Guangzhou and Zhanjiang, the include:

Guangfo Expressway (广佛高速) connects the cities Guangzhou and Foshan.

Fokai Expressway (佛开高速) connects the cities Foshan and Kaiping.

Kaiyang Expressway (开阳高速) connects the cities Kaiping and Yangjiang.

Yangmao Expressway (阳茂高速) connects the cities Yanjing and Maoming.

Maozhan Expressway (茂湛高速) connects the cities Maoming and Zhanjiang.

Yangjiang
Yangjiang (simplified Chinese: 阳江; traditional Chinese: 陽江), alternately romanized via Cantonese as Yeungkong, is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Guangdong Province in the People's Republic of China. It borders Maoming to the west, Yunfu to the north, Jiangmen to the east, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south. The local dialect is the Gaoyang dialect, a branch of Yue Chinese. During the 2020 census, its population was 2,602,959 inhabitants of whom 1,292,987 lived in the built-up (or metro) and largely urbanized area comprising Jiangcheng District and Yangdong District.
Night Shift Nurses
Night Shift Nurses is the North American localization of Yakin Byōtō (夜勤病棟), a Japanese OVA series adapted by Discovery from the visual novel of the same name. It was formerly licensed by Anime 18, and now by Critical Mass Video. The series is particularly notorious for its explicit depictions of rape, necrophilia, sadomasochism, and paraphilia.

Internationalization and localization
In computing, internationalization and localization (American) or internationalisation and localisation (Commonwealth), often abbreviated i18n and l10n respectively, are means of adapting to different languages, regional peculiarities and technical requirements of a target locale.

Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by translating text and adding locale-specific components.

Localization (which is potentially performed multiple times, for different locales) uses the infrastructure or flexibility provided by internationalization (which is ideally performed only once before localization, or as an integral part of ongoing development).
Ready Steady Cook
Ready Steady Cook is a BBC daytime TV cooking game show. It debuted on 24 October 1994 and the last original edition was broadcast on 2 February 2010. The programme was hosted by Fern Britton from 1994 until 2000 when celebrity chef Ainsley Harriott became the new host. In August 2000, when Harriott took over, the duration of the programme was extended from 30 to 45 minutes.

On 2 September 2019, it was confirmed that Rylan Clark would host a revived daytime series on BBC One in 2020. On 7 September 2021, it was announced by the BBC that the series ended after two series.

BBC Books
BBC Books (also formerly known as BBC Consumer Publishing and BBC Publishing) is an imprint majority-owned and managed by Penguin Random House through its Ebury Publishing division. The minority shareholder is BBC Studios, the commercial subsidiary of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The imprint has been active since the 1980s.

BBC Books publishes a range of books connected to BBC radio and television programming, including cookery, natural history, lifestyle, and behind the scenes "making-of" books. There are also some non-programme related biographies and autobiographies of various well-known personalities in its list.

Amongst BBC Books' best known titles are cookery books by former TV cook Delia Smith, wildlife titles by Sir David Attenborough and gardening titles by Alan Titchmarsh. In the BBC Publishing days, it turned down The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a book which has now sold over 14,000,000 copies worldwide.
Alex Lindsay (podcaster)
Alex Ben Lindsay (born July 10, 1970) is an American computer graphics and video production specialist.  He is also the founder of the Pixel Corps and dvGarage which were both companies involved with computer graphics, computer animation and video production.

Video production
Video production is the process of producing video content. It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with video recorded either as analog signals on videotape, digitally in video tape or as computer files stored on optical discs, hard drives, SSDs, magnetic tape or memory cards instead of film stock. There are three main stages of video production, pre-production, production and post-production.
Haras national du Pin
The Haras national du Pin or Haras du Pin is a French national stud located in Le Pin-au-Haras district, in the Orne (61) department of the southern Normandy region. It is the oldest of the French "Haras Nationaux" (National Studs).

Lower Normandy
Lower Normandy (French: Basse-Normandie, IPA: [bɑs nɔʁmɑ̃di, bas -] ⓘ; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Lower and Upper Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.
Aslivka
The Aslivka is a left tributary of Besnica Creek, which flows through the Besnica Valley east of Ljubljana and joins the Ljubljanica at Podgrad as its last right tributary just before it joins the Sava River.

Ljubljanica
The Ljubljanica (pronounced [ljuˈbljáːnitsa]), known in the Middle Ages as the Leybach, is a river in the southern part of the Ljubljana Basin in Slovenia. The capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana, lies on the river. The Ljubljanica rises south of the town of Vrhnika and flows into the Sava River about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) downstream from Ljubljana. Its largest affluent is the Mali Graben Canal. Including its source affluent the Little Ljubljanica (Slovene: Mala Ljubljanica), the river is 41 km (25 mi) in length. The Little Ljubljanica joins the Big Ljubljanica (Slovene: Velika Ljubljanica) after 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and the river continues its course as the Ljubljanica.

The Ljubljanica is the continuation of several karst rivers that flow from the Prezid Karst Field (Slovene: Prezidsko polje) to Vrhnika on the surface and underground in caves, and so the river is poetically said to have seven names (six name changes): Trbuhovica, Obrh, Stržen, Rak, Pivka, Unica, and Ljubljanica.
HD 123657
HD 123657 (BY Boötis) is a star in the northern constellation of Boötes, near the end of the handle of the Big Dipper. It is a fifth-magnitude star, and can be spotted to the unaided eye in sufficiently dark skies, far from light pollution. Based on stellar parallax measurements, it is about 540 light-years distant.

This is a slow irregular variable with an apparent magnitude varying between 4.98 and 5.33. The variability of the brightness of HD 123657 was announced by Joel Stebbins and Charles Morse Huffer in 1928, based on observations made at Washburn Observatory. The star was given its variable star designation, BY Boötis, in 1973.

HD 123657 has a spectral classification of M4.5III, placing it as a cool red giant that exhausted its hydrogen supply. It has expanded to over 132 times the size of the Sun, now radiating 1,600 times its luminosity at a cool photosphere that has an effective temperature of 3,400 K.

Dark-sky preserve
A dark-sky preserve (DSP) is an area, usually surrounding a park or observatory, that restricts or reduces light pollution or maintains and protects naturally dark night skies. Different terms have been used to describe these areas as national organizations and governments have worked independently to create programs. DarkSky International (DarkSky) uses "International Dark Sky Reserve" (IDSR) and "International Dark Sky Park" (IDSP) among others when certifying Dark Sky Places.
2016 Florida Cup
The 2016 Florida Cup was a friendly association football tournament played in the United States. It was the second edition of the competition, which included teams from Brazil, Colombia, Ukraine, Germany and the United States. Atlético Mineiro were crowned champions for the first time.

German Football Association
The German Football Association (German: Deutscher Fußball-Bund [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈfuːsbalˌbʊnt]; DFB [ˌdeːʔɛfˈbeː] ⓘ) is the governing body of football, futsal, and beach soccer in Germany. A founding member of both FIFA and UEFA, the DFB has jurisdiction for the German football league system and is in charge of the men's and women's national teams. The DFB headquarters are in Frankfurt am Main. Sole members of the DFB are the German Football League (German: Deutsche Fußball Liga; DFL), organising the professional Bundesliga and the 2. Bundesliga, along with five regional and 21 state associations, organising the semi-professional and amateur levels. The 21 state associations of the DFB have a combined number of 23,868 clubs with little more than 8 million members, making the DFB the single largest sports federation in the world.
Twyman
Twyman is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Frank Twyman (1876–1959), British designer of optical instruments, co-inventor of the Twyman–Green interferometer

Jack Twyman (1934–2012), American basketball player and sports broadcaster

Jaylen Twyman (born 1999), American football player

Kathryn Twyman (born 1987), Canadian rower

Luska Twyman (1913–1988), American politician from Kentucky

Michael Twyman (born 1934), British academic

Robert Twyman (1897–1976), U.S. Representative from Illinois

William Anthony Twyman, who gave his name to the Twyman's law

Kathryn Twyman
Kathyrn Twyman (born 29 March 1987) is a British and Canadian rower. She was part of the British squad that topped the medal table at the 2011 World Rowing Championships in Bled, where she won a gold medal as part of the lightweight quad sculls with Imogen Walsh, Stephanie Cullen and Andrea Dennis.
Tania Pariona Tarqui
Tania Pariona Tarqui (born 1984) is a Quechua leader, social worker, politician and human rights activist who represented the Department of Ayacucho in the Congress of the Republic of Peru. As an activist, she works largely to establish social equality for the Indigenous, youth and women. In 2016, she was elected to the Peruvian Congress by the Broad Front for Justice, Life and Freedom. In September 2017, she joined the New Peru bloc. On 15 August 2018, she became president of the Women and Family Commission of the Congress.

New Peru for Good Living
New Peru for Good Living (Spanish: Nuevo Perú por el Buen Vivir) is a left-wing Peruvian political party founded in 2017 as a splinter caucus of the Broad Front for the 2016–2019 Peruvian Congress. It has embraced socialism and some of the ideologies of José Carlos Mariátegui, a Peruvian Marxist.
Doğanlı, Nusaybin
Doğanlı (Kurdish: Talat) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nusaybin, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Omerkan tribe and had a population of 308 in 2021.

Mardin Province
Mardin Province (Turkish: Mardin ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Mêrdîn; Arabic: محافظة ماردين; Classical Syriac: ܡܪܕܝܢ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ) is a province and metropolitan municipality in Turkey. Its area is 8,780 km2, and its population is 870,374 (2022). The largest city in the province is Kızıltepe, while the capital Mardin is the second largest city.
Centrolew
The Centrolew (Polish pronunciation: [t͡sɛnˈtrɔlɛf], 'Center-Left') was a coalition of several Polish political parties (Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", German Socialist Labour Party of Poland, Polish People's Party "Piast", National Workers' Party, Polish Socialist Party and Christian-democratic parties) after the 1928 parliamentary election.  The coalition was directed against the Sanation government.

To counter the Centrolew, in the heated atmosphere prior to the 1930 election, Centrolew politicians were accused of planning a coup and subjected to repressions (most famously, imprisonment in the Brest Fortress, and the subsequent Brest trials). The Centrolew was defeated in the elections and broke up as a coalition.

German Socialist Labour Party of Poland
The German Socialist Labour Party of Poland (German: Deutsche Sozialistische Arbeitspartei Polens, abbreviated DSAP, Polish: Niemiecka Socjalistyczna Partia Pracy w Polsce) was a political party organizing German Social Democrats in interbellum Poland.
One Stop Wide Awake surgery
One Stop Wide Awake (OSWA) is a surgical model which was initially developed for hand surgery in the United Kingdom. It is recognized as effective by the Royal Society of Medicine.

The model centres on complete surgical care within one management stop, and with reduced risks due to the avoidance of general anesthesia, regional anaesthesia, sedation, and tourniquets. This approach to surgery is particularly cost-effective and efficient. It enables complex procedures such as for Dupuytren's contracture to be performed as outpatient procedures under local anaesthesia.

With the changes in UK healthcare commissioning and the evolution from primary care trusts to clinical commissioning groups from 2013, this model of surgery is likely to be increasingly important, and may secure the funding of some NHS surgical services.

NHS primary care trust
Primary care trusts (PCTs) were part of the National Health Service in England from 2001 to 2013. PCTs were largely administrative bodies, responsible for commissioning primary, community and secondary health services from providers. Until 31 May 2011, they also provided community health services directly. Collectively PCTs were responsible for spending around 80 per cent of the total NHS budget. Primary care trusts were abolished on 31 March 2013 as part of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, with their work taken over by clinical commissioning groups.
Margus Luik
Margus Luik (born 11 January 1980) is an Estonian athletics competitor (race walker).

He was born in Pärnu. In 2002 he graduated from Tallinn Pedagogical University in physical education and recreation.

He started his athletics exercising in 1990. 1991–2006 his coach was Endel Susi, and he focused on race walking. He is 25-times Estonian champion. 2001–2015 he was a member of Estonian national athletics team.

Tallinn University
Tallinn University (TLU; Estonian: Tallinna Ülikool, TLÜ) is a public research university in Estonia. Located in the centre of Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia, Tallinn University is one of the three largest institutions of higher education in the country. Both QS World University and Times Higher Education rankings place it among the top 1000 universities in the world.
Templeborough Power Station
Templeborough Power Station (also known as Templeborough biomass power plant) is a biomass power station situated in Templeborough on the River Don in Rotherham England. Operated by Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners, it opened in 2018 with an operating capacity of 44 megawatts.

The biomass plant is being built on the site of a former steelworks and besides the plant itself, it consists of ancillary buildings such as a pelletiser plant to convert the biomass to pellets before it is burnt. The biomass is delivered to the site by Stobart company who will maintain a presence on the site and separately at Rotherham DB Cargo UK railway sidings.

River Don, Yorkshire
The River Don (also called River Dun in some stretches) is a river in South Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It rises in the Pennines, west of Dunford Bridge, and flows for 69 miles (111 km) eastwards, through the Don Valley, via Penistone, Sheffield, Rotherham, Mexborough, Conisbrough, Doncaster and Stainforth. It originally joined the Trent, but was re-engineered by Cornelius Vermuyden as the Dutch River in the 1620s, and now joins the River Ouse at Goole. Don Valley is a UK parliamentary constituency near the Doncaster stretch of the river.
Digital Enterprise Research Institute
The Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI) is a former research institute at NUI Galway. It is now part of the Insight Centre for Data Analytics. Insight was established in 2013 by Science Foundation Ireland with funding of €75m.

DERI's focus is research into the Semantic Web and linked data. It was originally established as a Centre for Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET) in 2003 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland. Additional funding sources were EU Framework Programs, Enterprise Ireland, IRCSET, and industry.

Irish Research Council
The Irish Research Council (Irish: An Chomhairle um Thaighde in Éirinn) was an associate agency of the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science, under the aegis of the Higher Education Authority.

In November 2023, Simon Harris, the Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science, announced the intention of the government to establish Taighde Éireann as a successor body to both Science Foundation Ireland and the Irish Research Council. This was implemented by the Research and Innovation Act 2024.
Saint Anthony's Battery
Saint Anthony's Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Sant'Antnin) is an artillery battery in Qala, Gozo, Malta. It was built by the Order of Saint John in 1731 and 1732 as one of a series of coastal fortifications around the coasts of the Maltese Islands. It is one of only two surviving batteries on Gozo, the other one being Qolla l-Bajda Battery in Żebbuġ.

The battery is also known as Qala Battery (Maltese: Batterija tal-Qala) or Qala Point Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Ras il-Qala), and is known locally as It-Trunċiera (English: The Entrenchment).

Żebbuġ, Gozo
Żebbuġ (Maltese: Iż-Żebbuġ) is a village and an administrative unit of Malta, in the northwest coast of the island of Gozo. It is located close to Għarb and Għasri and is built on two hilltop plateaus, Ta' Abram and Ix-Xagħra taż-Żebbuġ. The fishing port and tourist resort of Marsalforn lies within the Żebbuġ Council. The village has a population of 2,956 (as of March 2014), which makes it the fifth largest in Gozo, after Xewkija.

With an area of 7.6 km2, Żebbuġ is the largest local council in Gozo by land area. The word Żebbuġ means "wild olive trees", a crop for which the village used to be noted, although nowadays very few olive trees remain on the slopes of Żebbuġ. The village is also well known for its fine lacework and its nearby coastal beauty spots.
Sebacinaceae
The Sebacinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Sebacinales. Species produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies} that are gelatinous or cartilaginous and variously corticioid, clavarioid, bracket-like, or jelly-like. Microscopically, all have septate basidia and hyphae lacking clamp connections. Many but not all species are mycorrhizal, forming associations with a wide range of plants.

Clamp connection
A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi. It is a characteristic feature of basidiomycete fungi. It is created to ensure that each cell, or segment of hypha separated by septa (cross walls), receives a set of differing nuclei, which are obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types. It is used to maintain genetic variation within the hypha much like the mechanisms found in croziers (hooks) during the sexual reproduction of ascomycetes.