hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hinkley groundwater contamination
From 1952 to 1966, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) dumped about 370 million U.S. gallons (1.4×109 liters) of chromium-tainted wastewater into unlined wastewater spreading ponds around the town of Hinkley, California, located in the Mojave Desert about 120 miles (190 kilometers) north-northeast of Los Angeles.

PG&E used chromium 6, or hexavalent chromium (a cheap and efficient rust suppressor), in its compressor station for natural-gas transmission pipelines. Hexavalent-chromium compounds are genotoxic carcinogens.

In 1993, legal clerk Erin Brockovich began an investigation into the health impacts of the contamination. A class-action lawsuit about the contamination was settled on July 2, 1996 for $333 million (around $651 million in 2024). In 2008, PG&E settled the last of the cases involved with the Hinkley claims. Since then, the town's population has dwindled to the point that in 2016 The New York Times described Hinkley as having slowly become a ghost town.

Parts-per notation
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe the small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction.

Since these fractions are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are pure numbers with no associated units of measurement. Commonly used are

parts-per-million – ppm, 10−6

parts-per-billion – ppb, 10−9

parts-per-trillion – ppt, 10−12

parts-per-quadrillion – ppq, 10−15

This notation is not part of the International System of Units (the SI system) and its meaning is ambiguous. In chemistry, ambiguity arises because parts-per notation is able to be used to refer to a mole fraction and a mass fraction, which are unequal depending on the molar mass of the substance.
Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal that covers research on infectious diseases, especially in developing countries. Researchers from these countries are offered mentoring by the editorial board, a special committee, and staff. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded and has a 2023 impact factor of 1.4 according to the Journal Citation Reports.

The editor-in-chief is Salvatore Rubino (University of Sassari).

University of Sassari
The University of Sassari (Italian: Università degli Studi di Sassari, UniSS) is a public university located in Sassari, Italy. It was founded in 1562 and is organized in 13 departments.

The University of Sassari earned first place in the rankings for the best "medium-sized" Italian university, in 2009–2010, by the Censis Research Institute, but in 2012 it fell to the 6th position among the best Italian universities.
Ross Miller
Ross James Miller (born March 26, 1976) is an American attorney and politician. He is a Democrat, and served as the Clark County Commissioner for District C from 2021 thru 2025, the former Secretary of State of Nevada and 2012–2013 president of the National Association of Secretaries of State. Elected at the age of 30, he was the youngest secretary of state in the history of Nevada and the youngest secretary of state in the country at the time of his election. Miller was not eligible to run for a third term per term limits established by the Nevada Constitution.

Miller was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for attorney general of Nevada in 2014. He was defeated by Republican Adam Laxalt by 46% to 45%.

Term limits in the United States
In the context of the politics of the United States, term limits restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may serve. At the federal level, the president of the United States can serve a maximum of two four-year terms, with this being limited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution that came into force on February 27, 1951. Some state government offices are also term-limited, including executive, legislative, and judicial offices. Analogous measures exist at the city and county level across the U.S., though many details involving local governments in that country vary depending on the specific location.

Term limits are also referred to as rotation in office. That specific terminology is often associated with the Founding Father and later president Thomas Jefferson given his use of it in his political arguments.
Trust Merchant Bank
Trust Merchant Bank or TMB, is a commercial bank based in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with its headquarters located in Lubumbashi. The bank began operations in 2004. TMB operates in all sectors of the local banking market, including in retail banking, SME banking, corporate banking, and mobile banking.

The bank is regulated by the Central Bank of Congo and is a member of the Association Congolaise des Banques.

Bunia
Bunia is the capital city of Ituri Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It was part of the Orientale Province until that province's dissolution.

It lies at an elevation of 1,275 metres or 4,180 feet on a plateau about 30 kilometres or 19 miles west of Lake Albert in the Albertine Rift, and about 25 kilometres or 16 miles east of the Ituri Rainforest.

The city is at the center of the Ituri conflict between the Lendu and Hema. In the Second Congo War the city and district were the scene of much fighting and many civilian deaths from this conflict, and related clashes between militias and Uganda-based forces. Consequently, the city is the base of one of the largest United Nations peace-keeping forces in Africa, and its headquarters in northeastern DRC. The area's natural resources include gold mines over which militias and foreign forces have been fighting.
Larne Area B
Larne Area B was one of the three district electoral areas in Larne, Northern Ireland which existed from 1973 to 1985. The district elected four members to Larne Borough Council, and formed part of the North Antrim constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament.

It was created for the 1973 local elections, and contained the wards of Ballycarry, Glynn, Island Magee and Kilwaughter. It was abolished for the 1985 local elections and replaced by the Larne Lough DEA.

North Antrim (UK Parliament constituency)
North Antrim is a parliamentary constituency of the United Kingdom House of Commons located in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The current Member of Parliament is Jim Allister of Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV), who was first elected in the 2024 general election.
Dhundhar
Dhundhar, also known as Jaipur region, is a historical region of Rajasthan state in western India. It includes the districts of Jaipur, Jamwaramgahd ,Alwar , Neem ka Thana, Sikar ,junjunu , shekhawati District lying to the east of the Aravalli Range, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, the southern part of Kotputli and the northern part of Karauli District. All are the part of dhundhar region.

The region lies in east-central Rajasthan, and is bounded by the Aravalli Range on the northwest, Ajmer to the west, Mewar region to the southwest, Hadoti region to the south, and , Bharatpur, and Karauli districts to the east.

Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency
Jhunjhunu (Hindi pronunciation: [d͡ʒʊ̃d͡ʒʊn̪uː]) is one of the 25 Lok Sabha (parliamentary)  constituencies in Rajasthan state in western India. Brijendra Singh Ola is incumbent member of the Lok Sabha from Jhunjhunu.
Martin S. Bergmann
Martin S. Bergmann (February 15, 1913 – January 22, 2014) was a clinical professor of psychology of the New York University post-doctoral program where he taught the course on the history of psychoanalysis. He was a major voice in the post-Freudian analysis and authored books on human conditions like the Holocaust, the phenomenology of love and child sacrifice. He was a member of the International Psychoanalytical Association and an honorary member of the American Psychoanalytic Association.

Crimes and Misdemeanors
Crimes and Misdemeanors is a 1989 American existential comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen, who stars alongside Martin Landau, Mia Farrow, Anjelica Huston, Jerry Orbach, Alan Alda, Sam Waterston, and Joanna Gleason.

The film was met with critical acclaim, receiving three Academy Award nominations: Allen, for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay, and Landau, for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Several publications have ranked Crimes and Misdemeanors as one of Allen's greatest films.
Umm al-Amad, Salamiyah
Umm al-Amad (Arabic: أم العمد) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Salamiyah District of the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Umm al-Amad had a population of 908 in the 2004 census.

Salamiyah District
Salamiyah (Arabic: سلمية Salamīya) is a district (mantiqah) administratively belonging to Hama Governorate, Syria. At the 2004 Census it had a population of 187,123. Its administrative district is the city of Salamiyah.
Savona railway station
Savona railway station (Italian: Stazione di Savona) serves the seaport and comune of Savona, in the Liguria region, northwestern Italy.  Opened in 1977, it forms part of the Genoa–Ventimiglia railway, and is situated just over one quarter of the way from Genoa towards Ventimiglia.  It is also the western terminus of the Turin–Fossano–Savona railway.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI).  However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni.  Train services to and from the station are operated by Trenitalia.  Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

Centostazioni
Centostazioni S.p.A. (English: 100 Stations) is a subsidiary of Italian holding company Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. The company was created to redevelop and manage 103 medium-sized Italian railway stations.
1961 Offaly Senior Hurling Championship
The 1961 Offaly Senior Hurling Championship was the 64th staging of the Offaly Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Offaly County Board in 1896.

Drumcullen entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was scheduled to be played on 22 October at St Brendan's Park in Birr, between Coolderry and Drumcullen, but was not played as the latter team was unable to field a team because of several injuries. Coolderry subsequently claimed the game and the title without a final being played.

Drumcullen GAA
Drumcullen GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the townland of Drumcullen, County Offaly, Ireland, to the south of Rath. The club is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling.
Race of Stars
Race of Stars is a karting race with celebrities on a street circuit located in the Historic Center of the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. The race is organised by the Formula Smiles Foundation as a fundraising event. Drivers of worldwide racing series as Formula One, CART, IRL and Formula 3000 take part in the race.

Kart racing
Kart racing or karting is a motorsport discipline using open-wheel, four-wheeled vehicles known as go-karts or shifter karts. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits, although some professional kart races are also held on full-size motorsport circuits. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher ranks of motorsports. Most modern Formula One drivers, including Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher, Fernando Alonso, Kimi Räikkönen, Lewis Hamilton, Sebastian Vettel, Nico Rosberg, and Max Verstappen, have begun their racing careers in karting. NASCAR Cup driver Connor Zilisch also got his start in karting.

Karts vary widely in speed, and some (known as superkarts) can reach speeds exceeding 160 kilometres per hour (100 mph), while recreational go-karts intended for the general public may be limited to lower speeds.
Doping in China
The People's Republic of China was alleged to have conducted a state-sanctioned doping operation in the 1980s and 1990s by former General Administration of Sport physician Xue Yinxian. The World Anti-Doping Agency investigated these allegations and found no evidence to corroborate them. Other allegations of doping have focused on swimmers and track and field athletes, such as those taught by Ma Junren (the Ma Family Army). In the Olympics, China has been stripped of a total of three gold medals for doping; all were weightlifters competing in the 2008 Summer Olympics. Eleven Chinese athletes were stripped of medals for doping at the 1994 Asian Games.

Doping in the country has been attributed to a number of factors, such as the exchange of culture and technology with foreign countries. Some scholars believe that China has become the focus of Western anti-doping condemnation in place of East Germany and other former Eastern Bloc countries.

1994 Asian Games
The 1994 Asian Games (1994年アジア競技大会), also known as the XII Asiad and the 12th Asian Games (第12回アジア競技大会) or simply Hiroshima 1994 (広島1994), were held from October 2 to 16, 1994, in Hiroshima, Japan. It was the first Asian Games in history to be hosted in a non-capital city. The main theme of this edition was to promote peace and harmony among Asian nations. This concept was used due to the historical fact that the city was the site of the first atomic bomb attack 49 years earlier. Due to the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq was suspended from the games. The games debuted the five Asian former republics of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

There were a total number of 6,828 athletes and officials involved, from 42 countries, with a total number of 34 sports. Debut sports at this edition of the Asiad were baseball, karate and modern pentathlon.
Bernhard Vogel (engraver)
Bernhard Vogel (19 December 1683 – 13 October 1737) was a German engraver whose main interests were genre scenes and portraits.

Vogel was born in Nürnberg.  He studied under Weigel and Heisse in Augsburg.

In 1745 a number of his engravings after Jan Kupecký were published by the German painter and engraver Valentin Daniel Preissler.

He died in Augsburg, aged 53.

Genre art
Genre art is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, work, and street scenes. Such representations (also called genre works, genre scenes, or genre views) may be realistic, imagined, or romanticized by the artist. Some variations of the term genre art specify the medium or type of visual work, as in genre painting, genre prints, genre photographs, and so on.

The following concentrates on painting, but genre motifs were also extremely popular in many forms of the decorative arts, especially from the Rococo of the early 18th century onwards. Single figures or small groups decorated a huge variety of objects such as porcelain, furniture, wallpaper, and textiles.
Neptune Island (Long Island Sound)
Neptune Island  is an island in Long Island Sound and part of the City of New Rochelle, New York. It is connected to the mainland by a stone causeway topped by Neptune Road. A dam at the peninsula's east end creates a small pond, and its west shore edges the Neptune Basin inlet.

New Rochelle, New York
New Rochelle (/rəˈʃɛl/ rə-SHEL) is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is an inner suburb of New York City, located approximately 17 miles (27 km) from Midtown Manhattan. In 2020, the city had a population of 79,726, making it the 7th-largest city and 22nd-most populous municipality in New York.
KPZ fixed point
In probability theory, the KPZ fixed point is a Markov field and conjectured to be a universal limit of a wide range of stochastic models forming the universality class of a non-linear stochastic partial differential equation called the KPZ equation. Even though the universality class was already introduced in 1986 with the KPZ equation itself, the KPZ fixed point was not concretely specified until 2021 when mathematicians Konstantin Matetski, Jeremy Quastel and Daniel Remenik gave an explicit description of the transition probabilities in terms of Fredholm determinants.

Fredholm determinant
In mathematics, the Fredholm determinant is a complex-valued function which generalizes the determinant of a finite dimensional linear operator. It is defined for bounded operators on a Hilbert space which differ from the identity operator by a trace-class operator (i.e. an operator whose singular values sum up to a finite number). The function is named after the mathematician Erik Ivar Fredholm.

Fredholm determinants have had many applications in mathematical physics, the most celebrated example being Gábor Szegő's limit formula, proved in response to a question raised by Lars Onsager and C. N. Yang on the spontaneous magnetization of the Ising model.
FinDev Canada
FinDev Canada is Canada's development finance institution (DFI) set up in 2018. It has US$1 billion on its balance sheet. Its purpose is to provide direct and indirect development financing consistent with Canada's international development priorities. The DFI is wholly owned by Canada's export credit agency, Export Development Canada (EDC). FinDev was set up amid the expansion of development banks by other donors, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Denmark. Its CEO Lori Kerr hails from the World Bank.

Development finance institution
Development finance institution (DFI), also known as a Development bank, is a financial institution that provides risk capital for economic development projects on a non-commercial basis.

DFIs are often established and owned by governments or nonprofit organizations to finance projects that would otherwise not be able to get financing from commercial lenders.

They are often structured as a company that provides loans for projects that a government or nonprofit wants to encourage for non commercial reasons.  They can be at a local, national or international level.  DFIs include multilateral development banks, national development banks, bilateral development banks, microfinance institutions, community development financial institution and revolving loan funds.
Collen Mulaudzi
Collen Mulaudzi (born 8 April 1991) is a South African long-distance runner. He competed in the men's race at the 2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships held in Gdynia, Poland.

In 2017, he represented South Africa at the Summer Universiade, held in Taipei, Taiwan, in the men's half marathon event. He finished in 19th place.

2017 Summer Universiade
The 2017 Summer Universiade (Chinese: 2017年夏季世界大學運動會; pinyin: Èr líng yī qī Nián Xiàjì Shìjiè Dàxué Yùndònghuì), officially known as the XXIX Summer Universiade (Chinese: 第二十九屆夏季世界大學運動會; pinyin: Dì èrshíjiǔ jiè xiàjì shìjiè dàxué yùndònghuì) and commonly called Taipei 2017 (Chinese: 台北2017; pinyin: Táiběi Èr líng yī qī), was a multi-sport event, sanctioned by the International University Sports Federation (FISU), held in the city of Taipei, Taiwan. It took place from August 19 to August 30, 2017.
Calvi (surname)
Calvi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Michelangelo Calvi, American artist

Alessandro Calvi (born 1983), Italian swimmer

Anna Calvi (born 1980), English musician

Gaetanina Calvi (1887–1964), Italian engineer

Gérard Calvi (1922–2015), French composer

Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo (1887–1977), Italian general

Guido Calvi (1893–1958), Italian middle-distance runner

Jacopo Alessandro Calvi (1740–1815), Italian painter

Laura M. Calvi, American neuroendocrinologist and physician-scientist

Lazzaro Calvi (1512–1587), Italian painter

Mark Calvi (born 1969), American college baseball coach

Mary Calvi (born 1969), American journalist

Paolo Battista Giudice Calvi (1490–1561), 62nd Doge of the Republic of Genoa

Pino Calvi (1930–1989), Italian pianist and composer

Rinaldo di Calvi, Italian Renaissance painter

Roberto Calvi (1920–1982), Italian banker

Yves Calvi (born 1959), French journalist

Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo
Giorgio Carlo Calvi, Count of Bergolo (Athens, 15 March 1887 – Rome, 25 February 1977) was an Italian general during World War II and the husband of Princess Yolanda of Savoy, the eldest daughter of King Victor Emmanuel III.
Fulks
Fulks is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alice Fulks (born 1982), American voice and stage actress

Clay Fulks (1880–1964), American writer

Donna J. Fulks, American voice actress

Gayle Fulks (born 1985), American women's college basketball coach

Joe Fulks (1921–1976), American basketball player, the National Basketball Association first scoring champion

Juli Fulks, American women's college basketball coach

Matt Fulks, American sports journalist

Preston Fulks, a member of the American indie rock band Momma

Quentin Fulks, American campaign manager and political strategist

Robbie Fulks (born 1963), American alternative country singer-songwriter and instrumentalist

Watson Fulks (1919–2001), American professor of mathematics and author

Clay Fulks
Clay Fulks (1880–1964) was a writer on Arkansas lore.

In his articles Fulks was one of those who shared H. L. Mencken's dichotomy between a backward and an enlightened South. This dichotomy Fulks blamed on an infestation of parsons.

In 1918, Fulks was the unsuccessful Socialist Party of America candidate for governor of Arkansas against Charles Hillman Brough.

Fulks wrote Rev. Ben M. Bogard Fails to Halt Devil Darrow, an attack of ridicule on the conservative theologian Ben M. Bogard, of Little Rock, Arkansas, who challenged the secularism of the Chicago attorney Clarence Darrow.

Fulks also wrote The War Between Science and Faith.
Hans Bachmann
Hans Rudolph Bachmann Jr. (June 24, 1954 – June 2, 2025) was an American theatre and film actor, director, singer and editor of Swiss-German descent. He is best known for his lead roles as Harold Brickman in Beyond the Rising Moon and as Frank McCall in Invader.

Guys and Dolls
Guys and Dolls is a musical with music and lyrics by Frank Loesser and book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. It is based on "The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown" (1933) and "Blood Pressure", which are two short stories by Damon Runyon, and also borrows characters and plot elements from other Runyon stories, such as "Pick the Winner".

The show premiered on Broadway on November 24, 1950, where it ran for 1,200 performances and won the Tony Award for Best Musical. The musical has had several revivals on both Broadway and the West End, as well as a 1955 film adaptation starring Frank Sinatra, Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, and Vivian Blaine, who reprised her role of Adelaide from Broadway.

Guys and Dolls is considered one of the greatest Broadway musicals. In 1998, Vivian Blaine, Sam Levene, Robert Alda and Isabel Bigley, along with the original Broadway cast of the 1950 Decca cast album, were 
inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
This Is the Time: The Christmas Album
This Is the Time: The Christmas Album is an album by Michael Bolton, released on October 1, 1996. Bolton's first Christmas release, it contains two new songs: "This Is the Time" (performed with Wynonna Judd), and "Love Is the Power", while the others were covers of traditional Christmas songs. "Ave Maria" was performed with Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo. "White Christmas" was a single off the album Timeless: The Classics, but was also included on this album. The CD was an "enhanced" CD containing additional material viewable on a computer, including a video of "White Christmas", a discography, and a preview of a Bolton CD-ROM which was never released.

The album was released during Christmas time, narrowly missing the top 10 hitting #11. In United States the album was certified platinum.

Enhanced CD
Enhanced CD is a certification mark of the Recording Industry Association of America for various technologies that combine audio and computer data for use in both CD-Audio and CD-ROM players.

Formats that fall under the enhanced CD category include mixed mode CD (Yellow Book CD-ROM/Red Book CD-DA), CD-i, CD-i Ready, and CD-Extra/CD-Plus (Blue Book, also called simply Enhanced Music CD or E-CD).