hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postage stamps and postal history of Togo
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo.

Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) with a population of approximately 6.7 million.

French Togoland
French Togoland (French: Togo français) was a French colonial League of Nations mandate from 1916 to 1946, and a UN trust territory from 1946 to 1960 in French West Africa. In 1960 it became the independent Togolese Republic.
Hewenden Reservoir
Hewenden Reservoir is a fresh-water reservoir near to Cullingworth in West Yorkshire, England. The Bradford Corporation built the reservoir, which was flooded in 1845, and is now part of the Yorkshire Water portfolio.

Yorkshire Water
Yorkshire Water is a British water supply and treatment utility company servicing West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire, part of North Lincolnshire, most of North Yorkshire and part of Derbyshire, in England. The company has its origins in the Yorkshire Water Authority, one of ten regional water authorities created by the Water Act 1973, and privatised under the terms of the Water Act 1989, when Yorkshire Water plc, the parent company of the Yorkshire Water business, was floated on the London Stock Exchange. The parent company was Kelda Group in 1999.  
In February 2008, Kelda Group was bought by a consortium of infrastructure funds.

It is regulated under the Water Industry Act 1991.
Frank Enfield
Frank A. Enfield (June 16, 1920 – October 24, 1983) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. Enfield served as the Liberal Member of Parliament for York—Scarborough from 1953 to 1957 while Louis St. Laurent was Prime Minister.

During the Second World War he was a flight lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Air Force. After returning to Canada, he studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School and was called to the bar in 1951.

He entered politics, serving as a school trustee in Scarborough, Ontario, from 1949 to 1952, winning election to the school board while he was still in law school. He won his seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1953 federal election but was defeated in the 1957 election that swept to power the Tories under John Diefenbaker. He lost again when he tried to regain his seat in the 1958 election.

Osgoode Hall Law School
Osgoode Hall Law School, commonly shortened to Osgoode, is the law school of York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is home to the Law Commission of Ontario, the Journal of Law and Social Policy, and the Osgoode Hall Law Journal. A variety of J.D. LL.M. and Ph.D. degrees in law are available. Osgoode is widely considered to be one of the top law schools in Canada, ranking second in the country according to the most recent rankings by Maclean.

The law school's alumni include two Canadian prime ministers, four Attorneys General, eight premiers of Ontario, four Mayors of Toronto, eleven Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada, four of whom were Chief Justices, and one Academy Award nominee. The current dean of the law school is Trevor C.W. Farrow.
Cisthene unifascia
Cisthene unifascia is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote and Coleman Townsend Robinson in 1868. It is found in the southern United States (Arkansas, California, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Texas) and Mexico. They are on wing from March to May and again from August to October.

Augustus Radcliffe Grote
Augustus Radcliffe Grote (February 7, 1841 – September 12, 1903) was a British entomologist who described over 1,000 species of butterflies and moths. He is best known for his work on North American Noctuidae. A number of species were named after him, including the moth Horama grotei.
Iain Michael Chambers
Iain Michael Chambers (born 1949) is a sociologist, historian and cultural studies scholar.

Born in Britain, he has lived in Naples since 1976. With Lidia Curti he helped to develop cultural and postcolonial studies in Italy from the University of Naples, Orientale. Subsequently, he developed a cultural and postcolonial studies approach to analysing the historical and cultural formation of the modern Mediterranean. More recently, he has extended these concerns to questions involving contemporary art. In 2022, as a member of the collective «Jimmie Durham & A Stick in the Forest by the Side of the Road», he participated in documenta 15.

He has been translated into Italian, Spanish, Turkish and German. He writes for the Italian daily il Manifesto.

Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is the academic study of the cultural, political and economic consequences of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing an analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of imperial power. It is part of the critical theory framework in broader sense, and more narrowly, critical race theory.
Giant Mountains National Park
Giant Mountains National Park (Polish: Karkonoski Park Narodowy) is a National Park in the Giant Mountains in the Sudetes in southwestern Poland, along the border with the Czech Republic.

The national park is located in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in the highest part of the Sudetes. It was created in 1959, covering an area of 55.10 km2. Today it is slightly larger at 55.76 km2 (21.53 sq mi), of which 17.18 km2 is strictly protected. The majority of the park area, around 33.80 km2, consists of forests. In 1992 Karkonosze National Park, together with the neighbouring Czech Krkonoše National Park, became part of the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme. Also, 40 hectares of peat bogs were designated a Ramsar international wetland site.

Ramsar Convention
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar sites (wetlands). It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the convention was signed in 1971.

Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP), the policy-making organ of the convention which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP15 was held in Montreal, Canada.
Sanpah, New South Wales
Sanpah, New South Wales is a remote rural locality and civil parish of Evelyn County, New South Wales in far northwest New South Wales.

The geography of the Parish is mostly the flat, arid landscape of the Channel Country. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert). The nearest town is Tibooburra to the north, which is on the Silver City Highway and lies south of the Sturt National Park.

Sanpah is located at 30°32′10″S 141°21′43″ between Packsaddle, New South Wales and the South Australian Border.

Aridity
Aridity is the condition of geographical regions which make up approximately 43% of total global available land area, characterized by low annual precipitation, increased temperatures, and limited water availability. These areas tend to fall upon degraded soils, and their health and functioning are key necessities of regulating ecosystems’ atmospheric components.
Piglets (TV series)
Piglets is a British comedy series set in a police training college. The first series was broadcast on ITV1 and streamed on ITVX on 20 July 2024. Later that year, it was renewed for a second series, which broadcast on ITV2 and streamed on ITVX on 15 January 2026.

ITV2
ITV2 is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel owned by ITV plc. It was launched on 7 December 1998. For a number of years, it had the largest audience share after the five analogue terrestrial stations, a claim now held by its sister service ITV3 both of which are freely available to a majority of households.

The channel is primarily aimed at the 16–34 age group, similar to BBC Three and E4, and is known for American programming such as adult animations Family Guy, American Dad! and Bob's Burgers; repeats of recently aired episodes of soap operas and other entertainment programming from ITV such as Coronation Street, Emmerdale and Catchphrase; original comedy such as Celebrity Juice and Plebs; and reality formats such as Big Brother and Love Island.
Disappearance of Lisa Dorrian
On 28 February 2005, Lisa Dorrian, a 25‑year‑old Northern Irish woman, disappeared after the last confirmed sighting of her in the early hours of that morning. Despite nearly a dozen suspects being arrested and questioned, along with hundreds of potential witnesses interviewed and thousands of lines of inquiry examined, no one has ever been charged in connection with her disappearance. More than 400 land, sea, and air searches have been carried out, including several potential crime scenes examined by forensic teams, but no trace of Dorrian has been found and police inquiries have continued to the present day. She is officially considered missing, presumed dead, and the authorities believe she was murdered soon after she was last seen alive.

People of Northern Ireland
People from Northern Ireland are those born in Northern Ireland who, at the time of their birth, have at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen, or otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland indefinitely under the Belfast Agreement.

Most Northern Irish people either identify as British, Northern Irish, Irish, or a combination thereof. The 20th century conflict known as The Troubles, which ended in effect in 1999, was primarily caused by tensions between people who had these different identites, and their connections to religion (Anglican protestants and Catholics).
Harry Woodward (footballer, born 1887)
Harry Woodward (1887 – after 1909) was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back. He played non-league football for Hednesford Town before joining Football League Second Division side Burnley in October 1908. Woodward made his league debut for Burnley on 13 March 1909 in the 1–2 defeat away at Wolverhampton Wanderers. He played two more matches the following season before leaving the club in the summer of 1910.

Hednesford Town F.C.
Hednesford Town Football Club is a football club based in Hednesford, Staffordshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Premier Division and play at Keys Park. They won the FA Trophy in 2004.
2024–25 FA Youth Cup
The 2024–25 FA Youth Cup was the 73rd edition of the competition.

The competition consisted of several rounds and was preceded by a qualifying competition, starting with two preliminary rounds which was followed by three qualifying rounds for non-League teams. The Football League teams entered the draw thereafter, with League One and League Two teams entered in the first round proper, and Premier League and Championship teams entered in the third round proper.

A record 633 clubs were accepted into the competition. Although 3 teams Hutton, Newent Town, and Thame United withdrew before the draw began, 630 competed in the competition. The current defending Champions are Manchester City who defeated Leeds United 4–0 at the City of Manchester Stadium in front of 20,000 fans.

Rising Ballers Kensington F.C.
Rising Ballers Kensington Football Club is a semi-professional football club originally based in London, England. They are currently members of the Combined Counties League Division One and play their home games at Northwood FC's Northwood Park.
Hang Your Head
"Hang Your Head" is the fourth and final single from Scottish band Deacon Blue's fourth studio album, Whatever You Say, Say Nothing (1993). It was written by Ricky Ross and produced by Steve Osborne and Paul Oakenfold. The single version was released in July 1993 by Columbia Records and is very similar to the album version, except that it has a slightly longer introduction and also has a cold start in place of the album version's fade-in. This was the first Deacon Blue single release to exclude all vinyl formats. It reached a peak of number 21 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1993.

Paul Oakenfold
Paul Mark Oakenfold (/ˈoʊkənˌfoʊld/; born 30 August 1963), formerly known mononymously as Oakenfold, is an English record producer, remixer, and electronic music DJ. He has created over 100 remixes for over 100 artists including U2, Moby, Madonna, Britney Spears, Massive Attack, The Cure, New Order, The Rolling Stones, The Stone Roses and Michael Jackson. Oakenfold was voted the No. 1 DJ in the World twice in 1998 and 1999 by DJ Magazine.
Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
This is a list of Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew:

1759–1793      William Aiton

1793–1841      William Townsend Aiton

1841–1865      Sir William Jackson Hooker

1865–1885      Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker

1885–1905      Sir William Turner Thiselton-Dyer

1905–1922      Sir David Prain

1922–1941      Sir Arthur William Hill

1941–1943      Sir Geoffrey Evans (acting)

1943–1956      Sir Edward Salisbury

1956–1971      Sir George Taylor

1971–1976      Jack Heslop-Harrison

1976–1981       Professor John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan

1981–1988      Professor Arthur Bell

1988–1999      Sir Ghillean Prance

1999–2006      Professor Sir Peter Crane

2006–2012      Professor Stephen D. Hopper

2012–present   Richard Deverell

Ghillean Prance
Sir Ghillean Tolmie Prance FRS FLS FRSB (born 13 July 1937) is a prominent British botanist and ecologist who has published extensively on the taxonomy of families such as Chrysobalanaceae and Lecythidaceae, but drew particular attention in documenting the pollination ecology of Victoria amazonica. Prance is a former director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Huawei HiCar
Huawei HiCar is a mobile app developed by Huawei to mirror features of an Android EMUI and HarmonyOS device, such as a smartphone, on a car's dashboard information and entertainment head unit.

Once an HarmonyOS device is paired with the car's head unit, the system can mirror some apps on the vehicle's display. Supported apps include GPS mapping and navigation, music playback, SMS, telephony, and Web search. The system supports both touchscreen and button-controlled head units. Hands-free operation through voice commands via Celia is available and recommended to reduce driver distraction.

Telephony
Telephony (/təˈlɛfəni/ tə-LEF-ə-nee) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunications services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.

Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires. The term is also used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems, that perform functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. In this context the technology is specifically referred to as Internet telephony, or voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
Buddleja longifolia
Buddleja longifolia is a species now restricted to remnants of montane forest in Loja, Ecuador, and northern Peru at altitudes of 2100 – 2600 m. The species was first described and named by Kunth in 1818.

Loja Province
Loja Province (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlo.xa]) is one of 24 provinces in Ecuador and shares its southern border on the west with El Oro Province, on the north with El Azuay, and on the east with Zamora-Chinchipe. Founded on its present site in 1548 by Captain Alonso de Mercadillo (Spanish), the site had been previously moved and rebuilt from La Toma due to earthquakes. It also is named as "Cuxibamba Valley", from the Quichua language, which means the "Smiley Valley".
BALB/c
BALB/c is an albino, laboratory-bred strain of the house mouse from which a number of common substrains are derived. Now over 200 generations from New York in 1920, BALB/c mice are distributed globally, and are among the most widely used inbred strains used in animal experimentation.

House mouse
The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a small mammal of the rodent family Muridae, characteristically having a pointed snout, large rounded ears, and a long and almost hairless tail. It is one of the most abundant species of the genus Mus. Although a wild animal, the house mouse has benefited significantly from associating with human habitation to the point that truly wild populations are significantly less common than the synanthropic populations near human activity.

The house mouse has been domesticated as the pet or fancy mouse, and as the laboratory mouse, which is one of the most important model organisms in biology and medicine. The complete mouse reference genome was sequenced in 2002.
Michael Cherry (athlete)
Michael Cherry (born March 23, 1995) is an Olympic Athlete who specializes in the 400 meters. He was a member of the USA team in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, UK, placing second and receiving a silver medal.

He represented the United States at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, finishing 4th in the 400 meters and winning gold in the 4 × 400 meters relay, running first for the United States in the event final.

2017 World Championships in Athletics
The 2017 IAAF World Championships, the sixteenth edition of the IAAF World Championships, were held from 4 to 13 August at London Stadium in London, United Kingdom. London was officially awarded the championships on 11 November 2011.
Diffeomorphism
In mathematics, a diffeomorphism is an isomorphism of differentiable manifolds. It is an invertible function that maps one differentiable manifold to another such that both the function and its inverse are continuously differentiable.

Neighbourhood (mathematics)
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a neighbourhood (or neighborhood) is one of the basic concepts in a topological space. It is closely related to the concepts of open set and interior. Intuitively speaking, a neighbourhood of a point is a set of points containing that point where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point without leaving the set.
Kansai Airport Station
Kansai Airport Station (関西空港駅, Kansaikūkō-eki) is a ground level passenger railway station shared by Nankai Electric Railway and West Japan Railway Company (JR West) located at Kansai International Airport in the town of Tajiri, Sennan District, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The northern end of the platforms extends into the city of Izumisano.

Nankai Electric Railway
Nankai Electric Railway Co., Ltd. (南海電気鉄道株式会社, Nankai denki tetsudō kabushiki gaisha) is a private railway in Japan, founded in 1884. The name Nankai (which means "South Sea") comes from the company's routes along the Nankaidō, the old highway that ran south from the old capital, Kyoto, along the sea coast. Nankai predates all the electric railways in the Tokyo region.

The Nankai network branches out in a generally southern direction from Namba Station in Osaka. The Nankai Main Line connects Osaka to Wakayama, with an important spur branching to Kansai International Airport. The rapi:t α express connects Kansai International Airport to Namba in 34 minutes, while the rapi:t β takes 39 minutes with two additional stops. The Koya Line connects Osaka to Mt. Koya, headquarters of the Buddhist Shingon sect and a popular pilgrimage site. IC cards (PiTaPa and ICOCA) are accepted.
Swimming at the 1983 Pan American Games – Women's 200 metre butterfly
The women's 200 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 1983 Pan American Games took place on 22 August. The last Pan American Games champion was Mary T. Meagher of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all lengths being in butterfly stroke.

1983 Pan American Games
The 1983 Pan American Games, officially known as the IX Pan American Games (Spanish: IX Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Caracas 1983, were held in Caracas, Venezuela from August 14 to August 29, 1983. The games were the first major international competition to include relatively accurate steroid testing.
Sol Brodsky
Soloman "Sol" Brodsky (April 22, 1923 – June 4, 1984) was an American comic book artist who, as Marvel Comics' Silver Age production manager, was one of the key architects of the small company's expansion to a major popular culture conglomerate. He later rose to vice president, operations; and vice president, special projects. "Sol was really my right-hand man for years", described Marvel editor and company patriarch Stan Lee.

Brodsky worked primarily behind the scenes, uncredited. His accomplishments include co-creating, with letterer Artie Simek, the long-familiar logo of The Amazing Spider-Man, as well as other Marvel logos still in use in the mid-2000s. He was belatedly credited after decades as the inker of Jack Kirby's pencil art for The Fantastic Four #3–4 (March–May 1962) and many other landmark comics.

Lee described Brodsky as "my assistant for years and the company's production head. He could write, he could draw, he could ink — he could do everything."

Penciller
A penciller (or penciler) is an artist who works on the creation of comic books, graphic novels, and similar visual art forms, with a focus on the initial pencil illustrations.

In the American comic book industry, the penciller is the first step in rendering the story in visual form, and may require several steps of feedback with the writer. These artists are concerned with layout (positions and vantages on scenes) to showcase steps in the plot.
Celebration of Light
The Celebration of Light (branded as the Honda Celebration of Light for sponsorship reasons) was an annual musical fireworks competition in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The first "Symphony of Fire" was held from July 25 to August 5, 1990. The celebration is one of Vancouver's largest and most well-known festivals, and is recognized as the longest-running offshore fireworks competition in the world.  The multiple-day event has an estimated annual attendance of 1.4 million people.

On November 25, 2025, it was announced that the event had been suspended indefinitely due to funding issues, including increased production costs and a loss of support from governments and sponsors. People around Vancouver expressed their sadness in a public outcry, and the Vancouver Fireworks Festival Society expressed their wishes for the event to return with new sponsors, but stated that in a statement this was unlikely.

Honda Canada Inc.
Honda Canada Inc. is the Canadian regional subsidiary of the Honda Motor Company. Founded in 1969, Honda has been building cars in Canada since 1986 in Alliston, Ontario and head office in Markham, Ontario.