hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chlorospingus
Chlorospingus is a genus of perching birds, the bush tanagers, traditionally placed in the tanager family (Thraupidae). More recent studies which suggest they are closely related to the genus Arremonops in the Passerellidae (American sparrows).  As of July, 2017, the American Ornithological Society assigns the genus to the new family Passerellidae, which contains the New World sparrows.

It contains the following species:

The taxonomy and systematics of the common bush tanager are under review; it appears to be a superspecies or even a complex of superspecies.

Systematics
Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies).  Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships, graphically represented in cladograms) and branch length (showing amount of evolution).  Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

The word systematics is derived from the Latin word of Ancient Greek origin systema, which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Carl Linnaeus used 'Systema Naturae' as the title of his book.
Lounge On The Farm
Lounge On The Farm was a music festival held annually at Merton Farm, Canterbury, Kent, which attracted thousands of visitors each year. It was conceived and organised primarily by four figures from the vibrant local music scene; Shaun (the vision), Vic (the brains), Matt (the promotion), and Ian (the production).  Organisers presented it as ‘non-conformist’ and promoted bands and produce from Kent as well as acts with a great reputation for live performances from further afield. The event was held in the nine years from 2006 to 2015, before being ‘shelved’. As of 2024, it has yet to return.

Syd Arthur
Syd Arthur were an English psychedelic rock band, formed in Canterbury in 2003 by brothers frontman Liam and bassist Joel Magill, drummer Fred Rother and violinist Raven Bush. Rother was replaced by the Magills' younger brother Josh in 2016.
Plagiostomoceras
Plagiostomoceras is an orthocerid cephalopod from the lower Paleozoic (Upper Ordovician to Lower Devonian) of Europe and Australia.

Shells of Plagiostomoceras are long slender orthocones with circular to slightly depressed cross sections. Sutures are straight or slightly oblique and may have faint lateral lobes. The siphuncle is central or offset, probably ventrally. The aperture is strongly oblique, sloping adapically toward the presumed venter.

Plagiostomoceras is included in the  Michelinoceratinae, a subfamily of the Orthoceratidae.

Siphuncle
The siphuncle is a strand of tissue passing longitudinally through the shell of a cephalopod mollusc. Only cephalopods with chambered shells have siphuncles, such as the extinct ammonites and belemnites, and the living nautiluses, cuttlefish, and Spirula. In the case of the cuttlefish, the siphuncle is indistinct and connects all the small chambers of that animal's highly modified shell; in the other cephalopods it is thread-like and passes through small openings in the septa (walls) dividing the camerae (chambers). Some older studies have used the term siphon for the siphuncle, though this naming convention is uncommon in modern studies to prevent confusion with a mollusc organ of the same name.
William Matheny (musician)
William Matheny (also known as Billy Matheny) is an American singer-songwriter from Morgantown, West Virginia. Matheny was also a multi-instrumentalist for Southeast Engine and is currently a keyboardist and guitarist for The Paranoid Style. His musical style has been compared to the likes of Elvis Costello, Nick Lowe, Marshall Crenshaw, and The Modern Lovers’ Jonathan Richman.

Morgantown, West Virginia
Morgantown is a city in Monongalia County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. Located along the Monongahela River in north-central West Virginia, it is home to West Virginia University. With a population of 30,347 at the 2020 census, Morgantown is the third-most populous city in West Virginia. The Morgantown metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents. The local economy is largely driven by education and healthcare, anchored by West Virginia University and the Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center.
University (The Sopranos)
"University" is the 32nd episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the sixth of the show's third season. The teleplay was written by Terence Winter and Salvatore J. Stabile from a story idea by David Chase, Terence Winter, Todd A. Kessler, Robin Green, and Mitchell Burgess. It was directed by Allen Coulter and originally aired on April 1, 2001.

Mitchell Burgess
Mitchell Burgess is an American writer and producer. He was a writer and an executive producer on The Sopranos. He was a creator and executive producer for Blue Bloods. He frequently works with his wife Robin Green.
Xanthesma tuberculata
Xanthesma tuberculata, or Xanthesma (Chaetohesma) tuberculata, is a species of bee in the family Colletidae and the subfamily Euryglossinae. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1978 by Australian entomologist Elizabeth Exley.

Euryglossinae
Euryglossinae is a subfamily of plasterer bees endemic to Australia. Most of the 400+ species in the subfamily are very small, with the largest reaching 10 mm in length. Females of this subfamily carry pollen internally, in the crop.
Dirksia
Dirksia is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cybaeidae. It was first described by R. V. Chamberlin & Wilton Ivie in 1942 as a subgenus of Ethobuella. Originally placed with the funnel weavers, it was elevated to genus and moved to the dwarf sheet spiders in 1967, then moved to the Cybaeidae in 2017.

Wilton Ivie
Vaine Wilton Ivie (March 28, 1907 – August 8, 1969) was an American arachnologist, who described hundreds of new species and many new genera of spiders, both under his own name and in collaboration with Ralph Vary Chamberlin. He was employed by the American Museum of Natural History in New York. He also was a supporter of the Technocracy movement.
Fermat number
In mathematics, a Fermat number, named after Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665), the first known to have studied them, is a positive integer of the form:  where n is a non-negative integer. The first few Fermat numbers are: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 4294967297, 18446744073709551617, 340282366920938463463374607431768211457, ... (sequence A000215 in the OEIS).

If 2k + 1 is prime and k > 0, then k itself must be a power of 2, so 2k + 1 is a Fermat number; such primes are called Fermat primes. As of January 2025, the only known Fermat primes are F0 = 3, F1 = 5, F2 = 17, F3 = 257, and F4 = 65537 (sequence A019434 in the OEIS).

Sign (mathematics)
In mathematics, the sign of a real number is its property of being either positive, negative, or 0. Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as having its own unique sign, having no sign, or having both positive and negative sign. In some contexts, it makes sense to distinguish between a positive and a negative zero.

In mathematics and physics, the phrase "change of sign" is associated with exchanging an object for its additive inverse (multiplication with −1, negation), an operation which is not restricted to real numbers. It applies among other objects to vectors, matrices, and complex numbers, which are not prescribed to be only either positive, negative, or zero.

The word "sign" is also often used to indicate binary aspects of mathematical or scientific objects, such as odd and even (sign of a permutation), sense of orientation or rotation (cw/ccw), one sided limits, and other concepts described in § Other meanings below.
Folville
Folville is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eugénie-Emilie Juliette Folville (1870–1946), Belgian pianist and composer

Eustace Folville (1288–1347), English outlaw and leader of the Folville gang

John Folville (d.1310), English politician

Richard Folville (died 1340), English outlaw and member of the Folville gang

Eustace Folville
Eustace Folville (d. 1346) was an English criminal and outlaw who is credited with assassinating the unpopular Roger de Beler, Baron of the Exchequer and henchman of the despised Hugh le Despencer and King Edward II. He was the most active member of the Folville Gang, which engaged in acts of vigilantism and outlawry in Leicestershire in the early 1300s, often on behalf of others.
Battle of Kutyszcze
The Battle of Kutyszcze took place on 26 September 1660, during the Polish-Russian War of 1654—1667, and was part of a campaign conducted by the Crown army under the command of Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Stanisław Rewera Potocki, supported by Tatar forces. Their objective was to destroy the Russian-Cossack army under Vasyl Sheremetev and Tymofy Tzciura, before they joined forces with the troops of Yurii Khmelnytsky.

Yurii Khmelnytsky
Yurii Khmelnytsky (Ruthenian: Юрый Хмелницкій / Юрий Хмелницкий / Юрій Хмелницкій; Ukrainian: Юрій Хмельницький, Polish: Jerzy Chmielnicki, Russian: Юрий Хмельницкий), monastic name Hedeon (1641 – 1685(?)), younger son of the famous Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and brother of Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, was a Zaporozhian Cossack political and military leader. Although he spent half of his adult life as a monk and archimandrite, he also was Hetman of Ukraine on several occasions — in 1659-1660 and 1678–1681 and starost of Hadiach, becoming one of the most well-known Ukrainian politicians of the "Ruin" period for the Cossack Hetmanate.
Israel–Mexico relations
The nations of Israel and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1952. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.

Claudia Ruiz Massieu
Claudia Ruiz Massieu Salinas DBE (born 10 July 1972) is a Mexican lawyer and politician affiliated with the Citizens' Movement Party. She served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs following her appointment by President Enrique Peña Nieto in 2015 to which she resigned on 4 January 2017.

Previously, she served as Secretary of Tourism from 2012 to 2015, having as a major achievement taking Mexico from the 15th to the 10th place for international tourist arrivals according to WTO. During President Peña Nietos transition period she was in charge of Human Rights and Transparency Affairs. She has also served two terms as Congresswoman, for the LIX  and LXI Legislatures of the Mexican Congress.
Kevin Thalien
Kévin Thalien (born February 20, 1992, in Colombes, France) is a French professional basketball player. He began his career with SLUC Nancy's junior team and made his debut with their main team during the 2011-12 season.

Throughout his career, Thalien has played for various French clubs, including:

JSA Bordeaux Basket (2012-13 season)

BC Orchies (2013-14 season)

Étoile Charleville-Mézières (2014-15 season)

Berck Rang du Fliers (2015-16 season)

Hyères-Toulon (2015-16 season)

La Charité Basket 58 (2017-18 season)

Union Tarbes Lourdes Pyrénées Basket (2018-19 season)

Gries Oberhoffen BC (2019-20 season)

Étoile Angers Basket (2020-21 season)

Union Basket Chartres Masculin (2021-22 season)

Levallois Sport Club (2024-25 season)

As of the 2024-25 season, Thalien is playing for Levallois Sport Club in France's NM1 league.

SLUC Nancy Basket
Stade Lorrain Université Club Nancy Basket, commonly referred to as SLUC Nancy Basket, is a French professional basketball club based in Nancy. The club currently competes in the LNB Pro A, the top league in France, and holds two league titles. SLUC was also a regular member of the EuroCup competition.
Abdel Aziz Moussa (footballer)
Abdel Aziz Moussa Ramadan Moussa (Arabic: عَبْد الْعَزِيز مُوسَى رَمَضَان مُوسَى; born 8 July 1989) is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Egyptian Premier League club Aswan SC. Mousa was loaned to Al-Masry from ENPPI for six months, he then moved to El Dakhleya in a free transfer with 2-year contract. In 2017, he signed a 2-year contract for El-Entag El-Harby.

El Dakhleya SC
El Dakhleya Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي الداخلية الرياضي) is an Egyptian sports club based in Abbassia, Cairo. The club is mainly known for its football team, which currently plays in the Egyptian Premier League, the top tier in the Egyptian football league system.

The club was promoted to the Egyptian Premier League for the first time in their history during the 2010–11 season of the Egyptian Second Division, after finishing first in their group. They remained in the league until they were relegated in 2019. They were promoted to the Egyptian Premier League once again in the 2021–22 season.
Corpuscularianism
Corpuscularianism, also known as corpuscularism (from Latin  corpusculum 'little body' and  -ism), is a set of theories that explain natural transformations as a result of the interaction of particles (minima naturalia, partes exiles, partes parvae, particulae, and semina). It differs from atomism in that corpuscles are usually endowed with a property of their own and are further divisible, while atoms are neither. Although often associated with the emergence of early modern mechanical philosophy, and especially with the names of Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, and John Locke, corpuscularian theories can be found throughout the history of Western philosophy.

Western philosophy
Western philosophy refers to the philosophical thought, traditions, and works of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with the ancient Greek philosophy of the pre-Socratics. The word philosophy itself originated from the Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía), literally, 'the love of wisdom', from Ancient Greek: φιλεῖν (phileîn), 'to love', and σοφία (sophía), 'wisdom'.

Western philosophy stands in contrast to other cultural and regional traditions like Eastern philosophy.
Jean H. Lee
Jean H. Lee is an American journalist. She previously served as the Associated Press's Pyongyang bureau chief and was the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center.

Korea Foundation
The Korea Foundation (KF; Korean: 한국국제교류재단) is a non-profit public diplomacy organization established in 1991 to promote a better understanding of Korea and strengthen friendships in the international community. The foundation carries out various projects for exchange between the South Korea and foreign countries to cultivate mutual understanding.
Baleyn, Ilam
Baleyn (Persian: بليين; also known as Balban and Belbīn) is a village in Keshvari Rural District, in the Central District of Ilam County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 168, in 32 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

Ilam province
Ilam Province (Persian: استان ایلام) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ilam.

The province is in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2 (7,785.41 mi2). It shares 425 km (264 mi) of the border with Iraq, and also borders on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan.
Emergency bleeding control
Emergency bleeding control describes actions that control bleeding from a patient who has suffered a traumatic injury or who has a medical condition that has caused bleeding. Many bleeding control techniques are taught as part of first aid throughout the world. Other advanced techniques, such as tourniquets, are taught in advanced first aid courses and are used by health professionals to prevent blood loss by arterial bleeding. To manage bleeding effectively, it is important to be able to readily identify types of wounds and types of bleeding.

Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.

Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can repair damage to a certain degree.
Johan Diergaardt
Johan Diergaardt is a Namibian rugby union coach.

He was coach of Western Suburbs Premier League Namibian team and chairman of the national selectors committee. He was nominated head coach of Namibia, in February 2008.

Diergaardt achieved the third qualification in a row of Namibia for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He also won for the first time the IRB Nations Cup of 2010, in Romania. Namibia disappointed at the 2011 Rugby World Cup finals, losing once again all the four matches.

World Rugby Nations Cup (2006–2019)
The Nations Cup is a rugby union competition that was first held in 2006 at Estádio Universitário in Lisbon with Argentina A, Italy A, Portugal and Russia taking part. The tournament is part of the International Rugby Board's US$50 million Strategic Investment programme, which also includes the Pacific Nations Cup, the Pacific Rugby Cup, and the Americas Rugby Championship (as well as the ARC's predecessor, the North America 4).
After the Storm (2016 film)
After the Storm (海よりもまだ深く, Umi yori mo Mada Fukaku; "Even Deeper than the Sea") is a 2016 Japanese family drama film written, directed and edited by Hirokazu Kore-eda. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival and was released in Japan on May 21, 2016. The film received acclaim from critics.

2016 Cannes Film Festival
The 69th Cannes Film Festival took place from 11 to 22 May 2016. Australian filmmaker George Miller was the president of the jury for the main competition. British filmmaker Ken Loach won the Palme d'Or, the festival's top prize, for a second time with the drama film I, Daniel Blake. At a press conference, Loach said that he was "quietly stunned" to win.

The official poster pays homage to Jean-Luc Godard's Contempt (1963), featuring a still of Michel Piccoli ascending the Casa Malaparte. French actor Laurent Lafitte was the host for the opening and closing ceremonies.

The festival opened with Café Society by Woody Allen.
Waste valorization
Waste valorization, beneficial reuse, value recovery or waste reclamation is the process of waste products or residues from an economic process being valorized (given economic value), by reuse or recycling in order to create economically useful materials. The term comes from practices in sustainable manufacturing and economics, industrial ecology and waste management. The term is usually applied in industrial processes where residue from creating or processing one good is used as a raw material or energy feedstock for another industrial process. Industrial wastes in particular are good candidates for valorization because they tend to be more consistent and predictable than other waste, such as household waste.

Increased regulation of residual materials and socioeconomic changes, such as the introduction of ideas about sustainable development and circular economy  in the 1990s and 2000s increased focus on industrial practices to recover resources as value add materials.

Waste
Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product, by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.

Examples include municipal solid waste (household garbage), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.
China Resources Shenzhen International Trust
China Resources SZITIC Trust Co., Ltd. (China Resources Trust or Chinese: 華潤信託), part of China Resources Group, is a state-owned investment company of the People's Republic of China, established in 1982. Its headquarters is in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.

Its major business is to provide fund management and financial services to non-bank financial institutions through trust financial supermarket, financial structure of technology, cross-industry, capital and money market.

The current chairman is Jiang Wei, and the current general manager is Meng Yang.

China Resources Trust accounts for 30% stake of Guosen Securities Co., Ltd.

Non-bank financial institution
A non-banking financial institution (NBFI) or non-bank financial company (NBFC)  is a financial institution that is not legally a bank; it does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency. NBFC facilitate bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling, contractual savings, and market brokering. Examples of these include hedge funds, insurance firms, pawn shops, cashier's check issuers, check cashing locations, payday lending, currency exchanges, and microloan organizations.

In 1999, Alan Greenspan identified the role of NBFIs in strengthening an economy, as they provide "multiple alternatives to transform an economy's savings into capital investment which act as backup facilities should the primary form of intermediation fail." Operations of non-bank financial institutions are not typically covered under a country's banking regulations.
Norfolk Island Airlines
Norfolk Island Airlines Limited was a regional airline based on Norfolk Island which operated services to the Australian mainland from Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands.

The airline commenced operations in 1973 with a Beech Baron on services from Norfolk Island Airport to Brisbane. A Beech King Air 200 was acquired by the airline in 1975 and services began from Lord Howe Island Airport in 1976.

In 1988 it was renamed to Norfolk Airlines and operated Beech Queen Air and BN Islander and ceased the operations in 1991.

The route between Norfolk Island and Brisbane is some 800 nautical miles (1,500 km), making it one of the longest commuter airline routes in the world.

Regional airline
A regional airline is a general classification of airline which typically operates scheduled passenger air service, using regional aircraft, between communities lacking sufficient demand or infrastructure to attract mainline flights. In North America, most regional airlines are classified as "fee-for-departure" carriers, operating their revenue flights as codeshare services contracted by one or more major airline partners. A number of regional airlines, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, were classified as commuter airlines in the Official Airline Guide (OAG).