hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The "Genius" (novel)
The "Genius" is a semi-autobiographical novel by Theodore Dreiser, first published in 1915. The story concerns Eugene Witla, a talented painter of strong sexual desires who grapples with his commitment to his art and the force of his erotic needs. The book sold 8,000 copies in the months immediately following publication but encountered legal difficulties when it was declared potentially obscene. Dreiser's publisher was nervous about continuing publication and recalled the book from bookstores, and the novel did not receive broad distribution until 1923. When The "Genius" was reissued by a different publisher, the firm of Horace Liveright, it immediately sold more than 40,000 copies.

Sinclair Lewis
Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first author from the United States (and the first from the Americas) to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." Lewis wrote six popular novels: Main Street (1920), Babbitt (1922), Arrowsmith (1925), Elmer Gantry (1927), Dodsworth (1929), and It Can't Happen Here (1935).

Several of his notable works were critical of American capitalism and materialism during the interwar period. Lewis is respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, "[If] there was ever a novelist among us with an authentic call to the trade ... it is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds."
Third Federal State of Loreto
The Federal State of Loreto was an unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru that was proclaimed during an insurrection in 1921 headed by Peruvian captain, Guillermo Cervantes. It was formed from the Department of Loreto and existed as de facto autonomous region of the country. It was dissolved in 1922, after the rebellion was crushed by Peruvian forces. The state was one of many attempts proclaimed in order to gain more autonomy for the region as well as reform Peru into a federal state. Its capital was Iquitos.

Guillermo Cervantes
Guillermo Cervantes Vásquez (?, Peru – after 1922, possibly Ecuador or Peru) was a Peruvian captain and leader of the Peruvian army. He formed the group of Veterans of Caquetá that fought in the 1911 Battle of La Pedrera against Colombia, but is better remembered for his insurrection in 1921 where he proclaimed the Third Federal State of Loreto, one of many attempts to transform Peru into a federal state.
Tokarev
Tokarev (or Tokaryev) (Russian: Токарев), or Tokareva (Токарева), is a Russian surname, derived from the word "токарь" (turner). Notable people with the surname include:

Anton Tokarev (born 1984), Russian skater

Boris Tokarev (athlete) (1927–2002), Russian athlete

Boris Tokarev (actor) (born 1947), Russian actor

Fedor Tokarev (1871–1968), Russian arms designer and later Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Nikolay Tokarev (born 1950), Russian businessman

Nikolai Tokarev (pianist) (born 1983), Russian pianist

Viktoriya Tokareva (born 1937), Russian writer

Willi Tokarev (1934–2019), Russian and former expatriate Russian-American singer-songwriter

Viktoriya Tokareva
Viktoriya Samuilovna Tokareva (Russian: Виктория Самуиловна Токарева; born 20 November 1937) is a Soviet and Russian screenwriter and short story writer. Her work has been translated into English and is available in several anthologies as well as in The Talisman and Other Stories - a book of Tokareva's short stories translated by Rosamund Bartlett. She lives in Moscow, where she continues to write.
Conjugate residual method
The conjugate residual method is an iterative numeric method used for solving systems of linear equations. It's a Krylov subspace method very similar to the much more popular conjugate gradient method, with similar construction and convergence properties.

This method is used to solve linear equations of the form

where A is an invertible and Hermitian matrix, and b is nonzero.

The conjugate residual method differs from the closely related conjugate gradient method. It involves more numerical operations and requires more storage.

Given an (arbitrary) initial estimate of the solution , the method is outlined below:

the iteration may be stopped once  has been deemed converged. The only difference between this and the conjugate gradient method is the calculation of  and  (plus the optional incremental calculation of  at the end).

Note: the above algorithm can be transformed so to make only one symmetric matrix-vector multiplication in each iteration.

Hermitian matrix
In mathematics, a Hermitian matrix (or self-adjoint matrix) is a  square matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose—that is, the element in the i-th row and j-th column is equal to the complex conjugate of the element in the j-th row and i-th column, for all indices i and j. In index form, or in matrix form:

Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex extension of real symmetric matrices.

If the conjugate transpose of a matrix  is denoted by  then the Hermitian property can be written concisely as

Hermitian matrices are named after Charles Hermite, who demonstrated in 1855 that matrices of this form share a property with real symmetric matrices of always having real eigenvalues. Other, equivalent notations in common use are  although in quantum mechanics,  typically means the complex conjugate only, and not the conjugate transpose.
Ugong, Pasig
Ugong is a highly urbanized barangay located in the northwestern portion of Pasig. Today, barangay Ugong is further subdivided into south which is part of Pasig, while the northern boundary of Ugong, Ugong Norte, is under Quezon City. It is also the location of Arcovia City, which was designated as a Special Economic Zone (Information Technology Park) in 2024.

The barangay was also part of Mandaluyong when it was included in the 1940s consolidation under the City of Greater Manila.

City of Greater Manila
Greater Manila, officially the City of Greater Manila and sometimes referred to as the Greater Manila Area (GMA), was a chartered city that existed during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, from 1942 to 1945. Governed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines, it served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila and the administrative functions of the governor of Metro Manila—both established three decades later during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos. It was a merger of Manila, Quezon City, and the then-Rizal towns of Caloocan, Makati, Mandaluyong, Parañaque, Pasay, and San Juan, all present parts of Metro Manila.
Lorrimore Square
Lorrimore Square is a 1.5-acre (0.6 ha) garden square in the far south-west of Southwark, London, England, centred 500 metres south-east of Kennington tube station. It is divided into four sections, a church with integrated drop-in centre; a small enclosed garden without paths; a public playground/gardens; and a basketball/netball pitch. One side of the square is classical architecture of four storeys, the other two sides — the fourth side marks the end of units on another road — are late 20th century rows of apartments of slightly lower height.

Garden square
A garden square is a type of communal garden in an urban area wholly or substantially surrounded by buildings; commonly, it continues to be applied to public and private parks formed after such a garden becomes accessible to the public at large.

The archetypal garden square is surrounded by tall terraced houses and other types of townhouse. Because it is designed for the amenity of surrounding residents, it is subtly distinguished from a town square designed to be a public gathering place: due to its inherent private history, it may have a pattern of dedicated footpaths and tends to have considerably more plants than hard surfaces or large monuments.
Richard Jerome
Richard Jerome (born 4 April 1968) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler who played for Hertfordshire. He was born in Edgware, Greater London.

Jerome made his debut in the Minor Counties Championship in 1994, and played in the competition until 1999. He made a single List A appearance for the team, during the 2000 NatWest Trophy, against Cambridgeshire, scoring one run, bowling ten overs and taking economical figures of 1-12.

In 2006, Jerome played two matches for Letchworth in the Cockspur Cup.

Hertfordshire County Cricket Club
Hertfordshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Hertfordshire.

The team is currently a member of the Minor Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Hertfordshire played List A matches occasionally from 1964 until 2004 but is not classified as a List A team per se.

The club is based at Balls Park, Hertford and also plays matches around the county at Cricket Field Lane in Bishop's Stortford, Long Marston, Brunton Memorial Ground in Radlett and North Mymms.
Alexander Pantages
Alexander Pantages (Greek: Περικλῆς Ἀλέξανδρος Πανταζῆς, Periklis Alexandros Pandazis; 1867 – February 17, 1936) was a Greek American vaudeville impresario and early motion picture producer. He created a large and powerful circuit of theatres across the Western United States and Canada.

At the height of his empire, Pantages owned or operated 84 theatres across the United States and Canada. In 1929, he was accused of raping a 17-year-old dancer named Eunice Alice Pringle. He was found guilty but acquitted on appeal. The negative publicity led to the selling of his operations and he permanently ceased being a force in exhibition or vaudeville. He is largely forgotten today in historical accounts of the early development of motion pictures. He died in February 1936.

Impresario
An impresario (from Italian impresa 'an enterprise or undertaking') is a person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays, or operas, performing a role in stage arts that is similar to that of a film or television producer.
Alan van Sprang
Alan van Sprang (born June 19, 1971) is a Canadian actor best known for playing Sir Francis Bryan in the series The Tudors, appearing in the Living Dead films of George A. Romero and for playing King Henry on The CW's original series Reign. He also portrayed Valentine Morgenstern on Freeform's hit show, Shadowhunters.

Reign (TV series)
Reign is an historical romantic drama television series created by Laurie McCarthy
and Stephanie SenGupta for The CW. Set in the late 16th century, the series revolves around the life of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her rise to power in the French court. The series stars Adelaide Kane as Queen Mary Stuart, alongside an ensemble cast. The series premiered on October 17, 2013, on The CW and concluded after four seasons on June 16, 2017.

The series was produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios, in association with Joyful Girl Productions, Take 5 Productions, and Toronto-based Whizbang Films. In February 2013, The CW ordered a pilot for a television series loosely based on Mary Stuart's life and largely favor fictionalized storylines than historical accuracy; Kane was cast in the lead role that same month. Filming primarily took place between Toronto and the Republic of Ireland.
Maurice McCanlis
Maurice Alfred McCanlis (17 June 1906 – 27 September 1991) was an English sportsman who played first-class cricket for Oxford University and represented England at rugby union.

Educated at Cranleigh School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, McCanlis bowled right-arm medium pace and was noted for his out swinging deliveries to right-handers. Most of his first-class matches were with Oxford University and he captained them in the 1928 University Match. He also played two matches for Surrey and one for Gloucestershire during his career.

He was capped twice for the England national rugby union team in the 1931 Five Nations Championship, appearing in their games against Ireland and Wales. He played mainly as a three-quarter and also represented Gloucester and Oxford.

In 1938 and 1940 he made a return to cricket with a couple of Ranji Trophy appearances for Rajputana while he was in India on a teaching job. From 1932 to 1966, McCanlis was a teacher at Cheltenham College.

1931 Five Nations Championship
The 1931 Five Nations Championship was the seventeenth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the forty-fourth series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 1 January and 6 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Shortly after the tournament, France was expelled from the competition amid allegations of professionalism in the domestic game (rugby union was officially an amateur sport until 1995) and perceived administrative deficiencies. France remained expelled until the 1947 competition after the Second World War. They were readmitted later in 1939, but the outbreak of World War II in Europe halted international rugby until 1947.
2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit
The 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit (also 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia peace summit) was a bilateral summit that took place on 8–9 July 2018 in Asmara, Eritrea, between Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and officials from the two countries.

The two leaders signed a joint declaration on 9 July, formally ending the border conflict between both countries, restoring full diplomatic relations, and agreeing to open their borders to each other for persons, goods and services. The joint statement was also considered to close all chapters regarding the Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) and of the following Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) with sporadic clashes.

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF; Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች አብዮታዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር, romanized: Ye’Ītiyop’iya Ḥizibochi Ābiyotawī Dīmokirasīyawī Ginibari) was an ethnic federalist political coalition in Ethiopia that existed from 1988 to 2019. It consisted of four political parties: Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Amhara Democratic Party (ADP), Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) and Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM). After leading the overthrow of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it dominated Ethiopian politics from 1991 to 2019. In November 2019, the EPRDF was dissolved, and Prime Minister and EPDRF chairman Abiy Ahmed merged three of the constituent parties (not including the TPLF) into his new Prosperity Party, which was officially founded on 1 December 2019.
Catterick Garrison
Catterick Garrison is a major garrison and military town 3 miles (5 km) south of Richmond, North Yorkshire, England. It is the largest British Army garrison in the world, with a population of around 14,000 in 2021 and covering over 2,400 acres (about 10 km2).

Royal Regiment of Scotland
The Royal Regiment of Scotland (SCOTS) is the senior and only current Scottish line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. It consists of three regular (formerly five) and two reserve battalions, plus an incremental company, each formerly an individual regiment of the line. However, three regular battalions maintain their former regimental pipes and drums to carry on the traditions of their antecedent regiments.
Su'ad Ahmed Farah
Su'ad Ahmed Farah or Ma'am Su'ad Ahmed Farah (in Somali as Marwo Sucaad Axmed Faarax), is the regional vice-president of one of the nine divisions (kililoch) of Ethiopia: The Somali regional state. She is a member of the Somali regional parliament and a member of the ruling party; the Ethiopian Somali People's Democratic Party (ESPDP).

Somali Democratic Party
The Somali Democratic Party (SDP; Somali: Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaalida), formerly the Ethiopian Somali People's Democratic Party (ESPDP), was a political party in Ethiopia, created by the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) after refusing Somali demands for self-determination in 1993. The EPRDF created a surrogate party called the Ethiopian Somali Democratic League which was one of many satellite organisations existing throughout Ethiopia. The organisation was led by Ahmed Shide.
Ice Arena (Adelaide)
The Ice Arena (stylised as IceArenA), formerly Snowdome and Mt Thebarton Snow and Ice, is an ice sports and public skate centre,   located in Thebarton, Adelaide, South Australia. The centre is the home of the Ice Factor Foundation Inc and the ice sports associations (SAISA, IHSA, and BASA), and their respective clubs, including Adelaide Adrenaline (AIHL), Adelaide Rush (AWIHL), and Adelaide Generals (AJIHL).

Australian Ice Hockey League
The Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL) is Australia's top-level men's ice hockey league. Established in 2000, the AIHL is sanctioned by Ice Hockey Australia (a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation). The AIHL is a semi-professional league that is contested by ten franchised teams in two conferences spanning six Australian states and territories. AIHL premiers are awarded the H Newman Reid Trophy and AIHL champions are awarded the Goodall Cup, the world's third oldest ice hockey trophy, having been first awarded in 1909. The most successful team in AIHL history is the Newcastle Northstars, having claimed six championship titles. The current champions, from 2025, are Melbourne Ice.
Museum Boerhaave
Rijksmuseum Boerhaave is a museum of the history of science and medicine, based in Leiden, Netherlands. The museum hosts a collection of historical scientific instruments from all disciplines, but mainly from medicine, physics, and astronomy.

The museum is located in a building that was originally a convent in central Leiden. It includes a reconstructed traditional anatomical theatre. It also has many galleries that include the apparatus with which Heike Kamerlingh Onnes first liquefied helium (in Leiden), the electromagnet equipment used by Wander Johannes de Haas (a Leiden physicist) for his low-temperature research, and an example of the Leiden jar, among many other objects in the extensive collection.

The museum is named after Herman Boerhaave, a Dutch physician and botanist who was famous in Europe for his teaching at Leiden and lived to a great age, receiving brilliant students from all over Europe, including Peter the Great, Voltaire and Linnaeus.

Lens
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.

Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.
Volakas, Elis
Volakas (Greek: Βώλακας) is a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. After the administrative reform of 2011, it became a part of Pyrgos. The municipal unit has an area of 70.790 km2. Its seat of administration was in the town of Epitalio.

Volakas is situated on the Ionian Sea coast, southeast of Pyrgos and southwest of Olympia. The river Alfeios forms the northern border of the municipal unit. There are wooded hills in the northeastern part of Volakas, the southwestern part along the coast is flat and used for agriculture. The Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos - Kyparissia) and the railway from Pyrgos to Kalamata run through Volakas. Operations at the small airport of Epitalio (ICAO: LGEP) have been suspended.

Western Greece
Western Greece Region (Greek: Περιφέρεια Δυτικής Ελλάδας, romanized: Periféria Dhitikís Elládhas, [periˈferia ðitiˈcis eˈlaðas]) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It comprises the western part of continental Greece and the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. It occupies an area of 11,336 km2 (4,377 sq mi) and its population is, according to the 2011 census, at 679,796 inhabitants. The capital of the Western Greece is Patras, the third-largest-city in the country, with a population of about 280,000 inhabitants. The NUTS 2 code for the region of Western Greece is EL63.
Sagariphora
Sagariphora is a genus of snout moths in the family Crambidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Sagariphora magnificalis, which was formerly included in the genus Agrotera.

Sagariphora magnificalis was described by George Hampson in 1893 from specimens collected in Pundaloya, Sri Lanka. Its junior synonym Sagariphora heliochlaena  Meyrick, 1894 (the type species of Sagariphora) was described from Sumbawa in Indonesia.

Pundaloya
Pundaloya is a small town located in Sri Lanka, between the Kothmale and Nuwara Eliya Districts within the country's Central Province. The town is located adjacent to the Pundaloya River and Highway B412.
Minkuotang
The Minkuotang (MKT), also known as the Republican Party, was a political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). The party was established on 13 March 2015 by former Kuomintang legislative representative Hsu Hsin-ying, with the founding assembly held on 18 March 2015. It was part of the Pan-Blue Coalition and then merged with the newly-formed Congress Party Alliance in 2019.

2016 Taiwanese legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Taiwan on 16 January 2016 to elect all 113 members in the Legislative Yuan, alongside presidential elections. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) led by Tsai Ing-wen, who also won the presidential election on the same day, secured a majority for the first time in history by winning 68 seats. The ruling Kuomintang (KMT) lost both the presidency and its legislative majority and returned to the opposition.

The DPP managed to unseat the KMT in its traditional blue strongholds across Taiwan, turning districts in Taipei, Taichung and Hualien green, while KMT Vice Chairman Hau Lung-bin conceded defeat to relatively unknown city councilor Tsai Shih-ying from the DPP, becoming one of the most notable upsets in the election. The year-old New Power Party (NPP), founded by young activists in the wake of the 2014 Sunflower Movement, entered the Legislative Yuan, winning five seats from KMT veterans.
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
In religion and spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or search of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or to a shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members of every major religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim.

There are number of historical Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the Republic of India.

Shrine
A shrine (Latin: scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case") is a sacred space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they are venerated or worshipped. Shrines often contain idols, relics, or other such objects associated with the figure being venerated. A shrine at which votive offerings are made is called an altar.

Shrines are found in many of the world's religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Shinto, indigenous Philippine folk religions, and Germanic paganism as well as in secular and non-religious settings such as a war memorial. Shrines can be found in various settings, such as churches, temples, cemeteries, or as household shrines. Portable shrines are also found in some cultures.