hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Julius Stickoffer
Julius Henry Stickoffer (c. 1845 – September 3, 1925) was a Swiss-born American soldier in the U.S. Army who served as a saddler with the 8th U.S. Cavalry during the Black Hawk War. Stickoffer was cited for gallantry in action against hostile Indians at Cienaga Springs in the Utah Territory on November 11, 1868, for which he received the Medal of Honor two years later. He was the only member of the United States armed forces to win the award during the seven-year conflict.

Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
The Black Hawk War, or Black Hawk's War, is the name of the estimated 150 battles, skirmishes, raids, and military engagements taking place from 1865 to 1872, primarily between Mormon settlers in Sanpete County, Sevier County and other parts of central and southern Utah, and members of 16 Ute, Southern Paiute, Apache and Navajo tribes, led by a local Ute war chief, Antonga Black Hawk. The conflict resulted in the abandonment of some settlements and hindered Mormon expansion in the region.

The years 1865 to 1867 were by far the most intense of the conflict, though intermittent conflict occurred until federal troops intervened in 1872. The Utah Territory spent $1.5 million on the war (equivalent to $35.43 million in 2024), and later requested reimbursement from the United States Government.
Ivan Mykolaichuk
Ivan Vasylyovych Mykolaichuk (Ukrainian: Іван Васильович Миколайчук; 15 June 1941 – 3 August 1987) was a Ukrainian actor, producer, and screen writer.

He is best known for playing the Hutsul Ivan in Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (1964), based on Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky's book of the same name. He received the Komsomol prize of Ukraine in 1967, and the title of Honoured Artist of the Ukrainian SSR in 1968. He posthumously received the Shevchenko National Prize.

Merited Artist of Ukraine
Honored Artist of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Заслужений артист України, romanized: Zasluzhenyi artyst Ukrainy; also translated as Honored (Performing) Artist of Ukraine or Merited (Performing) Artist of Ukraine) is a state honorary title of decoration of the Ukrainian government.  Originally awarded by the Ukrainian SSR, the award continued after Ukraine regained independence, recognizing outstanding achievement in the performing arts. The Law of Ukraine regulates it Regarding the State Awards of Ukraine (#1549-14).
Deir Shamil
Deir Shamil (Arabic: دير شميل, also spelled Deir el-Shemil) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located west of Hama. Nearby localities include Nahr al-Bared to the north, Tell Salhab to the northeast, Jubb Ramlah to the east, al-Laqbah and Deir Mama to the south and Daliyah to the west. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Deir Shamil had a population of 4,537 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

In the early 1960s it was described as a large village of 600 inhabitants. It contained the remains of an Ottoman-era seraglio.

Hama
Hama (Arabic: حَمَاة Ḥamāh, [ħaˈmaː]) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 kilometres (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 km (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate, which is the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries. With a population of 996,000 (2023 census), Hama is one of the four largest cities in Syria, with Damascus, Aleppo and Homs. Hama is known for its cheese-making tradition, notably reflected in a signature local dessert Halawet el Jibn.

The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for irrigation, the norias are used purely for show today and currently serve no direct purpose, being used as a tourist attraction and a symbol of the city, also this city is popular in protest during the assad regime (ex: Yalla Erhal Ya Bashar (song)
Recruitment (biology)
When discussing population dynamics, behavioral ecology, and cell biology, recruitment refers to several different biological processes. In population dynamics, recruitment is the process by which new individuals are added to a population, whether by birth and maturation or by immigration. When discussing behavioral ecology and animal communication, recruitment is communication that is intended to add members of a group to specific tasks. Finally, when discussing cell biology, recruitment is the process by which cells are selected for certain tasks.

Population dynamics
Population dynamics is the type of mathematics used to model and study the size and age composition of populations as dynamical systems. Population dynamics is a branch of mathematical biology, and uses mathematical techniques such as differential equations to model behaviour. Population dynamics is also closely related to other mathematical biology fields such as epidemiology, and also uses techniques from evolutionary game theory in its modelling.
Posterior perforated substance
The posterior perforated substance (PPS) is a layer of gray matter which is pierced by small apertures for the transmission of blood vessels. Its inferior part lies on the ventral aspect of the medial portions of the tegmenta and contains the interpeduncular nucleus; its superior part forms part of the floor of the third ventricle.

The PPS is situated between the two cerebral peduncles in the midbrain. and posterior to the two mammillary bodies. It is perforated by the posteromedial central arteries – branches of the posterior cerebral arteries en route to the thalamus and basal ganglia.

Mammillary body
The mammillary bodies also mamillary bodies, are a pair of small round brainstem nuclei. They are located on the undersurface of the brain that, as part of the diencephalon, form part of the limbic system.  They are located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix.  They consist of two groups of nuclei, the medial mammillary nuclei and the lateral mammillary nuclei.

Neuroanatomists have often categorized the mammillary bodies as part of the posterior part of hypothalamus.
John Kelly (rugby union, born 1995)
John Kelly (born 11 October 1995) is an English rugby union player who plays for Newcastle Falcons in the Gallagher Premiership competition.

Kelly originally played for his hometown club Luctonians where he has made over 50 appearances for the team in National League 2 West. He also did a stint in New Zealand playing for North Otago in the Heartland Championship for the 2015 season.

Kelly moved up to National League 1 as he signs for Plymouth Albion from the 2019–20 season. During his time at Plymouth, he was selected for the England Counties team in a two match series against Georgia XV in June 2019.

On 14 July 2020, Kelly moves up to the RFU Championship as he signs for Doncaster Knights from the 2021–22 season. On 13 April 2023, Kelly would leave Doncaster to sign for Gallagher Premiership side Newcastle Falcons on a two-year deal ahead of the 2023–24 season.

Luctonians
Luctonians Sports Club is an English sports club based in Kingsland, Herefordshire. The rugby union team currently plays in National League 2 West, the fourth tier of the English rugby union system, following their promotion from the Midlands Premier at the end of the 2018–19 season via the play-offs. The club runs four senior sides and a full range of junior sides. Apart from rugby, Luctonians hosts the practice of cricket, golf, cycling, having also a netball, rounders, ladies touch and ladies contact section for women.
Rothko case
The Rothko case was the protracted legal dispute between Kate Rothko, the daughter of the painter Mark Rothko; the painter's estate executors; and the directors of his gallery, Marlborough Fine Art. The revelations in the case of greed, abuses of power and conspiracy by financial interests in the art world were described by the New York Court of Appeals, the highest court of New York state, as "manifestly wrongful and indeed shocking", serving as a cautionary tale for both artists and their gallerists.

Executor
An executor is someone who is responsible for executing, or following through on, an assigned task or duty. The feminine form executrix is sometimes seen in historical documents. The term usually means an executor of a dead person's estate, which is someone whom a will and testament appoints to administer the dead person's estate and dispose of their property as the will and testament directs.
Schmalkalden-Meiningen I
Schmalkalden-Meiningen I is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Landtag of Thuringia. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 12. It covers the southern part of Schmalkalden-Meiningen.

Schmalkalden-Meiningen I was created for the 1994 state election. Since 2024, it has been represented by Vivien Rottstedt of Alternative for Germany (AfD).

Landtag of Thuringia
The Landtag of Thuringia is the parliament of the German state of Thuringia. It convenes in Erfurt and currently consists of 88 members from five parties. According to the free state's constitution, the primary functions of the Landtag are to pass laws, elect the Minister-President and control the government of Thuringia.
Spirit Bear: The Simon Jackson Story
Spirit Bear: The Simon Jackson Story is a 2005 independent Canadian film based on the real life campaign by Spirit Bear Youth Coalition founder Simon Jackson to save the habitat of the Kermode bear. It stars Mark Rendall as Jackson, Katie Stuart as his love interest, Graham Greene, and Ed Begley, Jr.

Spirit bear
The spirit bear, sometimes called the Kermode bear (Ursus americanus kermodei), is a subspecies of the American black bear and lives in the Central and North Coast regions of British Columbia, Canada. It is the official provincial mammal of British Columbia and symbol of Terrace, British Columbia. While most Kermode bears are black,  between 100 and 500 fully white individuals exist. The white variant is known as spirit bear, and is most common on three islands in British Columbia (Gribbell, Princess Royal, and Roderick), where they make up 10–20% of the Kermode population.  Spirit bears hold a prominent place in the oral traditions of the indigenous peoples of the area. They have also been featured in a National Geographic documentary and in the BBC TV series Planet Earth III.
Instructions for Survival
Instructions for Survival is a German documentary film, directed by Yana Ugrekhelidze and released in 2021. The film is a portrait of Alexander, a trans man living in Georgia who must carefully navigate secrecy about his gender identity while he and his wife undertake efforts to migrate to a safer country.

The film premiered in the Perspektive Deutsches Kino program at the 71st Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Jury Award from the Teddy Award program for LGBTQ-related films. It was subsequently screened in the United States at the Ann Arbor Film Festival in April, where it won the award for Best Documentary Film, and in Canada at the Inside Out Film and Video Festival in May.

71st Berlin International Film Festival
The 71st annual Berlin International Film Festival took place from 1 to 5 March 2021 as a virtual festival due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Romanian film Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn directed by Radu Jude won the Golden Bear. It was the third victory of Romania in the last nine years.
Sonja Henie
Sonja Henie (8 April 1912 – 12 October 1969) was a Norwegian figure skater and film star. She was a three-time Olympic champion (1928, 1932, 1936) in women's singles, a ten-time World champion (1927–1936) and a six-time European champion (1931–1936). Henie won more Olympic and World titles than any other ladies' figure skater. She is one of only two skaters to successfully defend a ladies' singles Olympic title, the other being Katarina Witt, and her six consecutive European titles have only been matched by Witt.

At the height of Henie's American acting career, she was one of the highest-paid stars in Hollywood and starred in a series of box-office hits, including Thin Ice (1937), Happy Landing (1938), My Lucky Star (1938), Second Fiddle (1939), and Sun Valley Serenade (1941).

Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics
Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the Olympic Ice Rink in St. Moritz, Switzerland, between 14 and 19 February 1928. Three figure skating events were contested: men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating.

Unseasonably warm weather in St. Moritz during the Games caused difficulty for the figure skating events, as the ice surface was outdoors. There was a proposal to move the competition to an indoor rink in Berlin or London, but colder weather returned before a decision could be made. However, the ice surface remained in poor condition for the duration of the Games. During the ladies' free skating, red flags were placed on the ice to mark the especially bad areas, which became more numerous as the competition progressed.
Lago di Scandarello
Lago di Scandarello is a reservoir in the Province of Rieti, Lazio, Italy. It was created in 1924 when a dam was built across Scandarello torrente, a tributary of the Tronto. It is near Amatrice. The lake is 3 km long and its surface area is 1 km². The volume of the lake is 0.012 km3 and its maximum depth is 41 m. The lake is at an elevation of 868 m above sea level.

Province of Rieti
The province of Rieti (Italian: provincia di Rieti) is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rieti. Established in 1927, it has an area of 2,750.52 square kilometres (1,061.98 sq mi) with a total population of 157,887 people as of 2017. There are 73 comuni (sg.: comune) in the province.
General Association of General Baptists
The General Association of General Baptists is a Baptist Christian denomination in the United States. It is affiliated with the National Association of Evangelicals and the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters are located in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, where they operate Stinson Press.

A distinct belief is the general atonement (that Christ died for all persons).

Baptist World Alliance
The Baptist World Alliance (BWA) is an international communion of Baptists, with an estimated 53 million people from 283 member bodies in 138 countries and territories as of 2025. A voluntary association of Baptist churches, the BWA accounts for about half the Baptists in the world, becoming Christianity's seventh-largest communion (see list of Christian denominations by membership).

The BWA was founded in 1905 in London during an international congress of Baptist churches. Its headquarters are in Falls Church, Virginia, United States. It is led by general secretary and CEO Elijah M. Brown, Karl Johnson of the Jamaica Baptist Union, Chair of the Alliance and Lynn Green of the Baptist Union of Great Britain, Vice Chair.
Claudio Rissi
Claudio Rissi (22 May 1956 – 2 February 2024) was an Argentine actor and stage director.

Rissi worked for the Teatro Argentina for most of his career. He died of cancer in the Palermo neighborhood of Buenos Aires, on 2 February 2024, at the age of 67.

Teatro Argentina
The Teatro Argentina (directly translating to "Theatre Argentina") is an opera house and theatre located in Largo di Torre Argentina, a square in Rome, Italy. One of the oldest theatres in Rome, it was constructed in 1731 and inaugurated on 31 January 1732 with Berenice by Domenico Sarro. It is built over part of the curia section of the Theatre of Pompey. This curia was the location of the assassination of Julius Caesar.
Correctional Service of Canada
The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC; French: Service correctionnel du Canada), also known as Correctional Service Canada or Corrections Canada, is the Canadian federal government agency responsible for the incarceration and rehabilitation of convicted criminal offenders sentenced to two years or more. The agency has its headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario.

The CSC officially came into being on April 10, 1979, when Queen Elizabeth II signed authorization for the newly commissioned agency and presented it with its armorial bearings.

The Commissioner of the CSC is recommended for appointment by the Prime Minister and approved by an Order in Council. This appointed position reports directly to the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness and is accountable to the public via Parliament. The current Commissioner of the CSC is Anne Kelly, who served as the senior deputy commissioner prior to the retirement of Don Head in February 2018.

Rehabilitation (penology)
Rehabilitation is the process of re-educating criminal offenders and preparing them to re-enter society. The goal is to address the underlying root causes of crime in order to prevent recidivism once inmates are released from prison. It generally involves psychological approaches which target the cognitive distortions associated with specific kinds of crime committed by individual offenders, but it may also entail more general education like reading skills and career training.
2018 Nevada Secretary of State election
The 2018 Nevada Secretary of State election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect the Secretary of State of Nevada, concurrently with elections to the United States Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, governor, and other state and local elections. Primary elections were held on June 12, 2018.

Incumbent Republican secretary Barbara Cegavske ran for re-election to a second term in office against Democratic assemblyman Nelson Araujo. Despite a blue wave across the state and Democrats winning every other major statewide office, Cegavske narrowly won re-election to a second term in office.

Secretary of State of Nevada
The secretary of state of Nevada is the chief clerk for the U.S. state of Nevada and is one of the state-wide elected offices mandated by Nevada Constitution. As the chief clerk, the secretary of state is the official record-keeper for the state and  responsible for business registrations, supervising elections, and officiating documents.

The current secretary of state is Cisco Aguilar, a member of the Democratic Party who was first elected in 2022. Aguilar was preceded by Barbara Cegavske, a Republican, who served as secretary of state from 2015 to 2023.
Karlobag
Karlobag is a village and a seaside municipality on the Adriatic coast in Croatia, located at the foot of the Velebit mountain, overlooking the island of Pag, west of Gospić and south of Senj. The Gacka river also runs through the area.

Pag (island)
Pag (pronounced [pâːɡ]) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea. It is the fifth-largest island of the Croatian coast and the one with the longest coastline.

In the 2011 census, the population of the island was 9,059. There are two towns on the island, Pag and Novalja, as well as many smaller villages and tourist places. Pag is the only Croatian island that is administratively divided between two counties. Its northern part belongs to Lika-Senj County, while the central and southern parts belong to Zadar County.
University training credit
University training credit (credito formativo universitario (Italian), or CFU) is a method used in Italian universities to measure the workload required of the student to obtain a degree. It's a course credit system of Italy.

They constitute a simplification regarding the recognition of exams taken in other Italian or European universities (for example within the Erasmus programme) and are transferable through the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).

Laurea
In Italy, the laurea is the main post-secondary academic degree. The name originally referred literally to the laurel wreath, since ancient times a sign of honor and now worn by Italian students right after their official graduation ceremony and sometimes during the graduation party. A graduate is known as a laureato, literally "crowned with laurel" and is awarded the title of dottore, or Doctor.
Jamaicans
Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. The vast majority of Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African descent, with minorities of Europeans, Indians, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and others of mixed ancestry. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in other Anglophone countries, namely Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Jamaican populations are also prominent in other Caribbean countries, territories and Commonwealth realms, where in the Cayman Islands, born Jamaicans, as well as Caymanians of Jamaican origin, make up 26.8% of the population.
Outside of Anglophone countries, the largest Jamaican diaspora community lives in Central America, where Jamaicans make up a significant percentage of the population.

Caribbean Community
The Caribbean Community (abbreviated as CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organisation that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) and five associated members throughout the Americas, the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean. It has the primary objective to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and coordinate foreign policy. The organisation was established in 1973, by its four founding members signing the Treaty of Chaguaramas.

The secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown, Guyana. CARICOM has been granted the official United Nations General Assembly observer status.
James Hay Stevens
James Hay Stevens CEng FRAeS (10 November 1913 – 1973) was an aviation journalist, editor of Aircraft Engineering (1945-1957) magazine, illustrator and pilot. He created the Skybirds range of 1:72 scale model aircraft kits produced by A. J. Holladay & Co., the same scale later being adopted by Airfix. Between 1938-1939 he contributed articles and illustrations to Air Stories magazine, and between 1959–1967, he contributed articles to the newspaper The Times.

In 1933 he attended the College of Aeronautical Engineering in Chelsea, earning a first-class diploma for practice and theory.

He lived in Borehamwood.

Royal Aeronautical Society
The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a British multi-disciplinary professional institution dedicated to the global aerospace community. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. Members, Fellows, and Companions of the society can use the post-nominal letters MRAeS, FRAeS, or CRAeS, respectively.
Sibeoci Fiyanggū
Sibeoci Fiyanggū (Manchu: ᠰᡳᠪᡝᠣᠴᡳᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ, romanized: sibeoci fiyanggū;? died 1522), also called Shi Baoqi (石报奇), was Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens. He held the position of Jianzhou Left Guard (建州左衛) from 1481 to 1522. After the Qing dynasty was established, he was officially honored with the posthumous name Emperor Zheng (正皇帝).

Jianzhou Jurchens
The Jianzhou Jurchens (Chinese: 建州女真) were one of the three major groups of Jurchens as identified by the Ming dynasty. Although the geographic location of the Jianzhou Jurchens changed throughout history, during the 14th century they were located south of the Wild Jurchens and the Haixi Jurchens, and inhabited modern-day Liaoning and Jilin provinces in China. The Jianzhou Jurchens were known to possess an abundant supply of natural resources. They also possessed industrial secrets, particularly in processing ginseng and the dyeing of cloth. They were powerful due to their proximity to Ming trading towns such as Fushun, Kaiyuan, and Tieling in Liaodong, and to Manpojin camp near Korea.