hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Military applications of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) has many applications in warfare, including in communications, intelligence, and munitions control. Warfare which is algorithmic or controlled by artificial intelligence, with little to no human decision-making, is called hyperwar, a term coined by Amir Husain and John R. Allen as a portmanteau of the Ancient Greek preposition and prefix hyper (ὑπέρ, 'beyond') and the English "war". Due to its autonomous nature, AI could rapidly increase the speed of warfare, especially if more than one side is relying on AI.  AI is not limited to new weapons such as drones or cyberwar, it can affect all forms of military planning.

John R. Allen
John Rutherford Allen (born 15 December 1953) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general, and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force and U.S. Forces – Afghanistan (USFOR-A). On 13 September 2014, president Barack Obama appointed Allen as special presidential envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant). He was succeeded in that role by Brett McGurk on 23 October 2015. He is the co-author of Turning Point: Policymaking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence with Darrell M. West (Brookings Institution Press, 2020) and Future War and the Defence of Europe alongside Lieutenant General (Ret.) Ben Hodges and Professor Julian Lindley French (Oxford University Press, 2021). Allen was president of the Brookings Institution from October 2017 until his resignation on 12 June 2022.
Mercy Health Marcum and Wallace Hospital
Mercy Health Marcum and Wallace Hospital is a 25-bed, not-for-profit, Critical Access Hospital located in Irvine, Kentucky. It serves as the only hospital in a four-county service area. The hospital is owned and operated by Mercy Health.

Mercy Health (Ohio and Kentucky)
Mercy Health, formerly Catholic Health Partners, is a Catholic health care system with locations in Ohio and Kentucky. Cincinnati-based Mercy Health operates more than 250 healthcare organizations in Ohio and Kentucky. Mercy Health is the second largest health system in Ohio and the state's fourth-largest employer.

On September 1, 2018, Mercy Health and Bon Secours Health System USA combined to become Bon Secours Mercy Health. Bon Secours Mercy Health headquarters are co-located with Mercy Health in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Vestamager
Vestamager most often refers to Kalvebod Fælled, but is also the name of one of the 15 administrative, statistical, and tax city districts (bydele) comprising the municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark.  It lies on the south border of the municipality on the island of Amager.  It covers an area of 13.99 km2, has a population of 7,799 and a population density of 558 per km2, making it both the largest district in area and the least densely populated district in Copenhagen.

Neighboring city districts are as follows:

to the east is Sundbyvester

to the north is Christianshavn, separated from Sundbyvester by Stadsgraven

to the south is the part of Kalvebod Fælled that lies in Tårnby municipality

Amager
Amager (Danish pronunciation: [ˈɑˌmɑˀ] or, especially among older speakers, [ˈɑˌmɛˀɐ]), located in the Øresund, is Denmark's most densely populated island, with 225,746 inhabitants (January 2025). Amager is the largest island in the Øresund, and the only one with a large population.

Amager is home to parts of Copenhagen including Freetown Christiania, as well as Copenhagen Airport. The island is connected to the much larger island of Zealand (Sjælland) by eight bridges and a metro tunnel, and to Sweden via the Øresund Bridge.
Hanscom Air Force Base
Hanscom Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force base located predominantly within Bedford, Massachusetts, with portions extending into the adjoining towns of Lincoln, Concord and Lexington. The facility is adjacent to Hanscom Field which provides general aviation and charter service.

Hanscom AFB is a part of the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center, one of six centers under Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC).  The Air Force Life Cycle Management Center is the single center responsible for total life cycle management of Air Force weapon systems and is headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.   The host unit at Hanscom is the 66th Air Base Group (66 ABG) assigned to AFMC.

A portion of the base is listed as a census-designated place by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes. The resident population as of 2020 was 1,516 at the 2020 census.

Lexington, Massachusetts
Lexington is a suburban town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, located 10 miles (16 km) from Downtown Boston. The population was 34,454 as of the 2020 census.  The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans, and was first settled by Europeans c. 1642 as a farming community. Lexington is well known as the site of the first shots of the American Revolutionary War, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775, where the "Shot heard 'round the world" took place. It is home to Minute Man National Historical Park.
Oberelchingen station
Oberelchingen station is a railway station in the municipality of Elchingen, located in the Neu-Ulm district in Bavaria, Germany. The station lies on the Brenz Railway. The train services are operated by SWEG Bahn Stuttgart.

Elchingen
Elchingen (German pronunciation: [ˈɛlçɪŋən]) is a municipality about 7 km east of Ulm–Neu-Ulm in the district of Neu-Ulm in Bavaria, Germany.

Municipality parts:

Thalfingen: 4 211 residents, 8.83 km²

Oberelchingen: 3 024 residents, 7.31 km²

Unterelchingen: 2 863 residents, 8.76 km²
Evan Williams (jockey)
Evan Morgan Williams (9 May 1912 – 12 July 2001) was a horse racing jockey born in Cowbridge, Wales, in 1912. He won the 1937 Grand National on Royal Mail, and he won the Cheltenham Gold Cup in 1936 (on Golden Miller) and 1940 (on Roman Hackle).

Evan Williams' father, Fred, was an amateur jockey. After service in the armed forces during the Second World War, he became a trainer and won the first running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in 1951 (with Supreme Court). He later relocated to Ireland, and died on 16 July 2001, aged 89.

Golden Miller
Golden Miller (1927–1957) was a Thoroughbred racehorse who is the most successful Cheltenham Gold Cup horse ever, winning the race in five consecutive years between 1932 and 1936. He also is the only horse to win both of the United Kingdom's premier steeplechase races - the Cheltenham Gold Cup and the Grand National - in the same year (1934).
2024 European Open – Doubles
Alexander Erler and Lucas Miedler won the doubles title at the 2024 European Open, defeating Robert Galloway and Aleksandr Nedovyesov in the final, 6–4, 1–6, [10–8].

Petros and Stefanos Tsitsipas were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Robin Haase and David Pel.

Robert Galloway (tennis)
Robert Galloway (born September 24, 1992) is an American professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 25 achieved on February 10, 2025. He has won three ATP Tour doubles titles, two of them with Julian Cash.

His most notable result is a major quarterfinal at the 2023 US Open.
From Vegas to Macau II
From Vegas to Macau II (賭城風雲II) is a 2015 3D action comedy film directed and written by Wong Jing and starring Chow Yun-fat, Nick Cheung, Carina Lau, Shawn Yue, Angela Wang and Michelle Hu. A Hong Kong-Chinese co-production, the film is the sequel to From Vegas to Macau. The third installment of the series, From Vegas to Macau III was released on February 8, 2016.

3D film
3D films are motion pictures made to give an illusion of three-dimensional solidity, usually with the help of special glasses worn by viewers. 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by IMAX high-end theaters and Disney-themed venues. 3D films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009, after which 3D films again decreased in popularity. Certain directors have also taken more experimental approaches to 3D filmmaking, most notably celebrated auteur Jean-Luc Godard in his film Goodbye to Language.
Ta'ang National Liberation Army
The Ta'ang National Liberation Army (Burmese: တအာင်း အမျိုးသား လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတော်; abbreviated TNLA) is a political organization and armed group in Myanmar. It is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF).

Abbreviation
An abbreviation (from Latin  brevis 'short') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym), or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing full stop (period). For example, the term etc. is the usual abbreviation for the Latin phrase et cetera.
Jdeidat Artouz
Jdeidat Artouz (Arabic: جديدة عرطوز, also spelled Jdeidet Artouz) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located southwest of Damascus. Nearby localities include Qatana to the west, Artouz to the south, Khan al-Shih to the southeast, and Darayya to the northeast. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Jdeidat Artouz had a population of 45,000 in the 2004 census.

The presence of Druze around Mount Hermon is documented since the founding of the Druze religion in the beginning of the 11th century.

However, the town has a mixed population of Sunni Muslims, Greek Orthodox Christians, Greek Catholics, Druze and Alawites. Christians and Druze primarily live in the southern district of Jdeidat Artouz al-Balad, while Sunnis primarily live in the northern district of Jdeidat al-Fadel and also in Jdeidat Artouz al-Balad.

Rif Dimashq Governorate
Rif Dimashq Governorate (Arabic: محافظة ريف دمشق, romanized: Moḥaafaẓat Reef Demashq, lit. "Damascus Countryside" or "Damascus Suburbs") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and Suwayda in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The capital is the city of Douma.

The Governorate completely surrounds the city and governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census).

The Governorate was a major site of fighting in the Syrian Civil War in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign.
Anu Malhotra
Anu Malhotra is an Indian filmmaker on the subject of travel and expedition. She has written, directed, and hosted many television series, programs, films, and advertisement films for the Department of Tourism in India. She has led the Incredible India campaign for filming and cinematographic presentation. Documentaries that showcase the cultures and traditions of India such as the Apatani of Arunachal Pradesh, the Konyak of Nagaland, and "The Maharaja of Jodhpur–Legacy lives on" have been created by her. Her latest production which premiered in October 2010, is on shamanism in Himachal Pradesh, entitled "Shamans of the Himalayas".

Incredible India
Incredible India (stylized as Incredıble !ndıa) is the name of an international tourism campaign launched by the Government of India in 2002 to promote tourism in India. The "Incredible India" title was officially branded and promoted since 2002. The exclamation mark forms the 'I' of India. The exclamation used creatively across several visuals complements the concept behind the word "Incredible".
Toshikatsu Endō
Toshikatsu Endō (遠藤 利克, Endō Toshikatsu, born 1950) is a Japanese artist and sculptor.

Endō was born in 1950 in Takayama, Gifu. He graduated from Nagoya Junior College of Art and Design in 1972. He exhibited at Documenta 8 in 1987 and at the Venice Biennale in 1990.

Takayama, Gifu
Takayama (高山市, Takayama-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [ta.ka(ꜜ).ja.ma, -ka.ja.maꜜ.ɕi]) is a city located in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2025, the city had an estimated population of 81,968 in 36,815 households, and a population density of 41 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 2,177.61 square kilometers (840.78 sq mi) making it the largest city by area in Japan. The high altitude and separation from other areas of Japan kept the area fairly isolated, allowing Takayama to develop its own culture over about a 300-year period.
Mercamadrid
Mercamadrid is the main wholesale market of fresh products in Spain. Located in Madrid, it is a public enterprise jointly participated by the Ayuntamiento de Madrid and Mercasa, part of the SEPI.

Located in Villa de Vallecas, next to the M-40, in Southeastern Madrid, it covers an area of 2.22 km2. A dry land fish market, it is one of the biggest fish markets in the world. Serving an area of influence within a 500 km radius, it feeds roughly 12 million people. It has more than 9,000 employees operating through more than 800 companies.

It traces its origins back to 1982, when the Central Market of Fish was inaugurated. The Central Market of Fruits and Edible Plants soon followed (1983).

Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales
The State Company for Industrial Investments (Spanish: Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales; SEPI) is a Spanish state-owned holding company that is characterized as a sovereign wealth fund. It is part of the Ministry of Finance and is known for owning RTVE, the main Spanish radio and television broadcasting channel.

SEPI was preceded by the Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI) and the Instituto Nacional de Hidrocarburos (INH). On 16 June 1995, SEPI was created in a provisional restructure which was authorized by Decree number 5/1995. On 10 January 1996, SEPI was ratified by Act of Parliament number 5/1999. This provided for the creation of various public legal entities and the abolition of the INI and the INH.
Clearnet (Telus Mobility)
Clearnet (branded in advertising as "Clearne+") was a division of Telus Mobility launched in April 2011 to sell landline and mobile phone bundles in Western Canada. It was a revival of the Clearnet Communications brand name, which originally belonged to an independent cellular provider that was merged into Telus Mobility in 2000. Telus relaunched Clearnet as a discount provider with a "limited market trial" in Kelowna, British Columbia, and Red Deer, Alberta.

The company closed to new business in June 2012.

Push-to-talk
Push-to-talk (PTT), also known as press-to-transmit, is a method of having conversations or talking on half-duplex communication lines, including two-way radio, using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode.
Tyrone, Maryland
Tyrone, Maryland is a "rural village" in Carroll County, Maryland, United States, located along Maryland Route 832, the Old Taneytown Road, in the vicinity of the Meadow Branch of Big Pipe Creek. Tyrone is part of the "Old Main Streets Scenic Byway, a 111-mile, three-to-four-hour adventure from Emmitsburg east to the City of Westminster, south to Mount Airy, west to Thurmont, before heading back north to Emmitsburg." Tyrone is located at about the halfway point on the road between Taneytown and Westminster.

The major landmark in Tyrone is Emmanuel Baust Lutheran Church. The church community dates to 1765, when it was founded by German immigrants on land donated by farmer Valentine Baust. The current building, the third house of worship built on the site and a structure used by multiple denominations, was dedicated in 1908.

Carroll County, Maryland
Carroll County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 172,891. Its county seat is Westminster. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state. Carroll County is included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area. While predominantly rural, southern areas of the county have become increasingly suburban in recent years.
Systematic Parasitology
Systematic Parasitology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of the taxonomy and systematics of parasites. It was established in 1979 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Aneta Kostadinova (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic).

Parasitology
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines, and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, evolution and ecology.
Shahrokh Bayani
Shahrokh Bayani (born 31 December 1960) is an Iranian former football midfielder who played for Iran in the 1984 Asian Cup. He also played for Esteghlal, Al-Shamal and Zob Ahan and Iran national football team.

Al-Shamal SC
Al-Shamal Sports Club (Arabic: نادي الشمال الرياضي) is a Qatari multi-sports club based in Madinat ash Shamal. Al-Shamal was founded in 1980. Its football team competes in the Qatar Stars League, the top tier of the national football league system.
Keyboard Concerto No. 11 (Haydn)
Joseph Haydn's Keyboard Concerto in D major, Hob. XVIII:11, was written between 1780 and 1783 and published in 1784, his last concerto for keyboard. He composed it for harpsichord or fortepiano, scoring for orchestra in the relatively undeveloped galant style of his earlier works, but, being a somewhat late composition, the work has similarities to Mozart's piano concertos; Haydn and Mozart had probably become acquainted by 1783 and the friendship had a deep impact on both composers.

(Mozart returned from Italy in 1773, at the age of seventeen, and turned to the piano concerto form in 1776. Biographers and historians have suggested that this Haydn work reflects Mozart's influence. Mozart acknowledged the important role of Haydn in the development of music and in correspondence often referred to him as "Papa Haydn".)

Papa Haydn
The composer Joseph Haydn is sometimes given the nickname "Papa" Haydn. The practice began in Haydn's lifetime and has continued to the present day.

Höslinger (2009) identifies three senses of the term, discussed below in the order of their chronological origin.
Laura Hershey
Laura Ann Hershey (August 11, 1962 – November 26, 2010) was a poet, journalist, popular speaker, feminist, and a disability rights activist and consultant. Known to have parked her wheelchair in front of buses, Hershey was one of the leaders of a protest against the paternalistic attitudes and images of people with disabilities inherent to Jerry Lewis's MDA Telethon. She was a regular columnist for the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, and on her own website, Crip Commentary, and was published in a variety of magazines and websites. She was admired for her wit, her ability to structure strong arguments in the service of justice, and her spirited refusal to let social responses to her spinal muscular atrophy define the parameters of her life as anything less than a full human existence. She was also the mother of an adopted daughter.

Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation
The Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation is a charitable organization  headquartered in Short Hills, New Jersey, dedicated to finding treatments and cures for paralysis caused by spinal cord injury and other neurological disorders.

The organization's mission statement states: "We are dedicated to curing spinal cord injury by advancing innovative research and improving quality of life for individuals and families impacted by paralysis." As of 2024, it has distributed over $140 million to spinal cord researchers, and $46 million to nonprofits that aim to support better quality-of-life for people with disabilities.
Oscar Danielson (singer)
Oscar Danielson is a Swedish pop folk indie singer-songwriter who released his first CD independently in 1996 called Schysst & Populär. He worked with Slutsåld label. He has gained fame through a number of melodious songs. He released his 2012 album Fina år 1996-2012 in October 2012, a compilation of many of his songs.

Danielson has also authored three books.

Indie music scene
An independent music scene is a localized independent music-oriented (or, more specifically, indie rock/indie pop-oriented) community of bands and their audiences. Local scenes can play a key role in musical history and lead to the development of influential genres; for example, no wave from New York City, United States; Madchester from Manchester, England; and grunge from Seattle.

Indie scenes are often created as a response to mainstream or popular music. These scenes are created in opposition of mainstream culture and music and often contribute to the formation of oppositional identities among individuals involved in the scene.
Randolph/Wabash station
Randolph/Wabash was an elevated 'L' station in the Loop in Chicago. Located at Randolph Street and Wabash Avenue, it served trains running on the Chicago Transit Authority's Brown and Green lines on the outer loop track, and the Green, Orange, Pink, and Purple lines on the inner loop track. Randolph/Wabash was the closest 'L' station to Metra's Millennium Station until its closure on September 3, 2017. The station was later demolished.

Randolph Street
Randolph Street is a street in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It runs east–west through the Loop, carrying westbound traffic west from Michigan Avenue across the Chicago River on the Randolph Street Bridge, interchanging with the Kennedy Expressway (I-90/I-94), and continuing west. It serves as the northern boundary of Grant Park and the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District.  Several large theaters, as well as city and state government buildings are on and adjacent to Randolph.  Metra's Millennium Station is located under Randolph Street.
In the Morning (The Coral song)
"In the Morning" is a song by English indie rock band the Coral. It was released on 9 May 2005 as the lead single from their third studio album The Invisible Invasion (2005). The single reached number six on the UK Singles Chart. It was the second-most-played song on UK radio in 2005.

All songs on the single release (except where noted) were recorded at Monnow Valley Studio, mixed at Moles Studio in Bath by Geoff Barrow, Adrian Utley and Craig Silvey and engineered by Adrian Utley and Steve Davis. Nick Joplin was the assistant mix engineer, and the songs were mastered at Whitfield Street Studios in Central London by Frank Arkwright. Art design was by K. Power.

The music video was directed by Goodtimes.

In June 2014, the song featured in an advert for Tesco.

Central London
Central London is the innermost part of London, in England, spanning the City of London and several boroughs. Over time, a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of Central London for statistics, urban planning and local government. Its characteristics are understood to include a high-density built environment, high land values, an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally, nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities.

Road distances to London are traditionally measured from a central point at Charing Cross (in the City of Westminster), which is marked by the statue of King Charles I at the junction of the Strand, Whitehall and Cockspur Street, just south of Trafalgar Square.
Matthew B. Juan
Matthew Bennett Juan (April 22, 1892 – May 28, 1918), sometimes spelled Mathew, was a Native American hero of World War I who died in the Battle of Cantigny. Juan was the first Arizonan to die in the war.

Sacaton, Arizona
Sacaton (Pima: Geʼe Ki: Big House) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,254 at the 2020 census. It is the capital of the Gila River Indian Community.