hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Otto calculus
The Otto calculus (also known as Otto's calculus) is a mathematical system for studying diffusion equations that views the space of probability measures as an infinite dimensional Riemannian manifold by interpreting the Wasserstein distance as if it was a Riemannian metric.

It is named after Felix Otto, who developed it in the late 1990s and published it in a 2001 paper on the geometry of dissipative evolution equations. Otto acknowledges inspiration from earlier work by David Kinderlehrer and conversations with Robert McCann and Cédric Villani.

Probability measure
In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a σ-algebra that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity.  The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume) is that a probability measure must assign value 1 to the entire space.

Intuitively, the additivity property says that the probability assigned to the union of two disjoint (mutually exclusive) events by the measure should be the sum of the probabilities of the events; for example, the value assigned to the outcome "1 or 2" in a throw of a die should be the sum of the values assigned to the outcomes "1" and "2".

Probability measures have applications in diverse fields, from physics to finance and biology.
City Choir of Washington
The City Choir of Washington is a 140-member professional-level volunteer mixed symphonic choir in Washington, D.C. composed of singers from throughout the Washington metropolitan area. The chorus is led by its artistic director Erin Freeman.  Ms. Freeman joins the City Choir following a two year search after the announcement in 2019 by Bob Shafer of his plan to retire.  She was formerly the Artistic Director of the Richmond Symphony Chorus and continues as the Artistic Director of the Wintergreen Music Festival.  Bob Shafer has been named Artistic Director Emeritus of the City Choir of Washington.

The City Choir has performed with the National Symphony Orchestra, The Washington National Opera at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and at Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts.

Washington metropolitan area
The Washington metropolitan area (also referred to as the National Capital Region, Greater Washington, or locally as the DMV, short for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia) is the metropolitan area comprising Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States, and its surroundings. The metropolitan area includes all of Washington, D.C., and parts of Maryland, Virginia and even West Virginia.

The United States federal government defines the area as the Washington–DC, VA–MD–WV metropolitan statistical area. It anchors the southern end of the densely populated Northeast megalopolis and is part of the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area, the country's third-largest. The area's estimated total population of 6,304,975 (as of 2023) makes it the country's seventh-most populous metropolitan area. It is one of the country's most educated and affluent metropolitan areas.
Milicogate
Milicogate is a corruption scandal that implicates Chilean Army officers and funds. This scheme involves fraud and the misappropriation of public funds designated by the Secret Copper Law. The scandal was brought to light in 2015 through a story published by journalist Mauricio Weibel in The Clinic. As of March 2019, investigations conducted by prosecutors revealed that at least 6.1 billion Chilean pesos had been embezzled.

Chilean peso
The peso is the currency of Chile. The current peso has circulated since 1975, with a previous version circulating between 1817 and 1960. Its symbol is defined as a letter S with either one or two vertical bars superimposed prefixing the amount, $ or ; the single-bar symbol, available in most modern text systems, is almost always used. Both of these symbols are used by many currencies, most notably the United States dollar, and may be ambiguous without clarification, such as CLP$ or US$. The ISO 4217 code for the present peso is CLP. It was divided into 100 centavos until 31 May 1996, when the subdivision was formally eliminated (requiring payments to be made in whole pesos). In July 2024, the exchange rate was around CLP940 to US$1.

The current peso was introduced on 29 September 1975 by decree 1,123, replacing the escudo at a rate of 1 peso for 1,000 escudos. This peso was subdivided into 100 centavos until 1984.
Rickenbacher
Rickenbacher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Karl Anton Rickenbacher, Swiss orchestra conductor

Eddie Rickenbacker (originally Rickenbacher), World War I flying ace, head of Eastern Airlines

Adolph Rickenbacker (originally Rickenbacher), co-founder of the Rickenbacker guitar company, cousin of Eddie Rickenbacker

Karl Anton Rickenbacher
Karl Anton Rickenbacher (20 May 1940 – 28 February 2014) was a Swiss conductor.

Born in Basel, Rickenbacher studied at the Berlin Conservatory with Herbert von Karajan.  He took part in master  classes with Pierre Boulez.  He was an assistant conductor at the Zürich Opera from 1966 to 1969.  He served as first Kapellmeister of the Stadt Buhnen Freiburg from 1969 to 1975.  He was music director of the Westphalian Symphony Orchestra from 1976 to 1985.  He was chief conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra from 1978 to 1980.  He was appointed principal guest conductor of the Belgian BRT Philharmonic Orchestra in 1987.

Rickenbacher's commercial recordings include those of the student symphonies of Richard Strauss, as part of his set of recordings called "The Unknown Richard Strauss".

Rickenbacher was married to the ballerina Jill Pett Fulton, daughter of the composer Norman Fulton. He died of a heart attack in 2014, aged 73.
Fusion GPS
Fusion GPS is an opposition research and strategic intelligence firm based in Washington, D.C. The company conducts open-source investigations and provides research and strategic advice for businesses, law firms and investors, and political campaigns. The "GPS" initialism is derived from "Global research, Political analysis, Strategic insight".

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.
Wahida
Wahida or Waheeda (Arabic: وحيدة) is an Arabic feminine given name, the feminine form of Wahid or Waheed, which mean "peerless" or "unique". Notable people with the given name include:

Um Hanadi (real name Wahida Mohamed al-Jumaily; born 1978), Iraqi militant fighter and commander

Wahida al-Khalidi, Palestinian women's rights activist

Waheeda Akhtar (born 1995), Pakistani cricketer

Wahida Amiri, Afghan librarian and women's rights activist

Wahida Clark, American author

Wahida Faizi (born 1994), Afghan journalist

Ferdous Akhter Wahida, Bangladeshi politician

Wahida Dridi, Tunisian actress

Wahida Mollick Jolly, Bangladeshi actress

Wahida Prism Khan (born 1972), Indian naval surgeon

Waheeda Naseem (1927–1996), Pakistani novelist and writer

Waheeda Rehman (born 1938), Indian actress

Syeda Wahida Sabrina (born 2000), Bangladeshi actress

Wahida Prism Khan
Wahida Prism Khan (born 1972) is an Indian naval surgeon. She was the first woman to command the annual parade at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune in 2006. She was the first woman from Jammu and Kashmir to join the Indian Navy.
General equation of heat transfer
In fluid dynamics, the general equation of heat transfer is a nonlinear partial differential equation describing specific entropy production in a Newtonian fluid subject to thermal conduction and viscous forces:

where  is the specific entropy,  is the fluid's density,  is the fluid's temperature,  is the material derivative,  is the thermal conductivity,  is the dynamic viscosity,  is the second Lamé parameter,  is the flow velocity,  is the del operator used to characterize the gradient and divergence, and  is the Kronecker delta.

If the flow velocity is negligible, the general equation of heat transfer reduces to the standard heat equation. It may also be extended to rotating, stratified flows, such as those encountered in geophysical fluid dynamics.

Stratified flows
The flow in many fluids varies with density and depends upon gravity. The fluid with lower density is always above the fluid with higher density (stable stratification). Stratified flows are very common such as the Earth's ocean and its atmosphere.
Nvidia Shield Portable
The Nvidia Shield Portable (Nvidia Shield or NSP) is a handheld game console developed by Nvidia, released on July 31, 2013. It runs on Android Lollipop 5.1, featuring a flip 130mm (5-inch) touchscreen display with 1280×720 resolution. It is similar in shape to an Xbox 360 controller and similar in control setup to a DualShock controller, with two analog joysticks, a D-pad, and other buttons. It is the first device to use Nvidia's Tegra 4 processor. It was originally called Shield or Nvidia Shield, but since the launch of the Shield Tablet, it is called the Shield Portable.

Due to being out of stock for many years, it is presumably discontinued, but there has not yet been any official announcement from Nvidia. An update in 2022 removed the GameStream feature from all Shield devices including the portable models.

D-pad
The D-pad (short for directional pad) is a compact input method developed for video games, designed to translate thumb movement into directional control through a flat, cross-shaped surface that rests on four internal switches. Each switch corresponds to a cardinal direction (up, down, left, and right), while diagonal inputs engage two switches simultaneously, enabling eight-directional control at 45-degree intervals. Beneath the center, a pivot mechanism tilts the pad, preventing all four switches from being pressed at once and enhancing tactile feedback.

When introduced, the D-pad offered a space-saving, precise input method at a time when bulky joysticks dominated the market. Although analog sticks have largely superseded D-pads as the primary directional input in modern gamepads, the D-pad's compact, intuitive, and versatile design has led to its adoption in a wide range of devices, including remote controls, calculators, PDAs, mobile phones, and car stereos.
Consulate General of Sweden, Minneapolis
The Consulate General of Sweden, Minneapolis was the diplomatic mission of Sweden in Minneapolis between 1963 and 1989. The consulate originated from the honorary vice consulate opened in 1908, which was converted into a consulate in 1934 and into a consulate general in 1963. Along with those in New York City, San Francisco, Montreal, Chicago, and Houston, the consulate belonged to the so-called "heritage consulates" due to the large number of inheritance cases it handled.

Its consular district included not only the city of Minneapolis but also the states of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, and later also the states of Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico. The consulate closed in 1989, and from the same year, a Swedish honorary consulate general operates in Minneapolis with an unpaid honorary consul general as its head. Since 2003, the honorary consul general has also served as the CEO and president of the American Swedish Institute.

Lowry Hill, Minneapolis
Lowry Hill is a neighborhood within the Bde Maka Ska-Isles community in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The neighborhood is regarded as being one of the city’s most upscale and wealthy neighborhoods. It was historically the home of Minneapolis’s most prominent milling and lumber families.

Although secluded by trees and parkways up on the hill, its boundaries are Interstate 394 to the north, Interstate 94 to the east, Hennepin Avenue to the southeast, West 22nd Street to the south, Lake of the Isles Parkway to the southwest, and Logan Avenue South and Morgan Avenue South to the west. Lowry Hill is northwest of Lowry Hill East; the two neighborhoods are separated by Hennepin Avenue.

Lowry Hill is part of Ward 7 in the Minneapolis City Council and state legislative district 61A.
Russell Road (Ontario)
Russell Road is an arterial road in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It begins in Ottawa in the Riverview neighbourhood and runs eastward through the rural communities of Ramsayville, Carlsbad Springs and Bearbrook in Ottawa and through the Municipality of Clarence-Rockland, connecting the communities of Cheney and Bourget, ending at Boundary Road on the eastern border of Clarence Rockland. In Ottawa it is officially Ottawa Road #26, and in Clarence-Rockland as United Counties of Prescott and Russell County Road #2.

United Counties of Prescott and Russell
The United Counties of Prescott and Russell  (French: Comtés unis de Prescott et Russell) is a county located in the Canadian province of Ontario. Its county seat is L'Orignal. It is located in Eastern Ontario, in the wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa River and St. Lawrence River, approximately 55 kilometres (34 mi) east of the City of Ottawa.

The county was created as a result of a merger between Russell County and Prescott County in 1820. Under Ontario law, the county is an Upper-tier Municipality.
Hum Along and Dance
"Hum Along and Dance" is a soul song written for the Motown label by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong. Originally recorded by the Temptations, the song was later covered by Motown acts Rare Earth and the Jackson 5. The song is essentially an instrumental piece and a vehicle for scatting and improvisational vocals, since, as the chorus (the song's only actual lyric) states, "ain't no words to this song/you just dance and hum along". The versions by the Temptations and by Rare Earth were produced by Whitfield.

Tito Jackson
Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (October 15, 1953 – September 15, 2024) was an American musician. He was a founding member of the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons), a group who rose to fame in the late 1960s and 1970s with the Motown label and had continued success on the Epic label in the late 1970s and 1980s.

Tito and Jackie Jackson were the most consistently present members of the Jacksons, with Jermaine, Marlon, Michael, and Randy leaving at different times. After the end of the Victory Tour, Jackson performed session work and as a record producer. In 2001, Jackson reunited with his brothers on Michael Jackson's 30th anniversary concert special at Madison Square Garden.

Jackson began a solo career in 2003 performing as a blues musician. He was nominated for a Grammy Award three times, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Jacksons.
Myjava District
Myjava District (Slovak: okres Myjava, Hungarian: Milavai járás) is a district in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia. It is located in the area of the Myjava Hills. Myjava district belongs to the smaller districts in Slovakia and the population density is slightly under the country average. In the north it borders with the Czech Republic. Myjava district was established in 1923 and in its present borders exists from 1996.

Myjava Hills
The Myjava Hills (Slovak: Myjavská pahorkatina) is an area of hills in western Slovakia, rugged highlands along the Myjava River composed of Carpathian flysch. Geologically it is one range of the Slovak-Moravian Carpathians of the Outer Western Carpathians.

The highest peak is Bradlo (543 meters above sea level), site of a monument to General Milan Rastislav Štefánik designed by Slovak architect Dušan Jurkovič. Three towns stand within the borders of the Myjava Hills:  Myjava, Stará Turá, and Brezová pod Bradlom.

48°42′44″N 17°32′03″E﻿ / ﻿48.7122°N 17.5342°E﻿ / 48.7122; 17.5342
Jeremy Janion
Jeremy Paul Aubrey George Janion (born 25 September 1946) was a rugby union international wing who represented England in twelve matches between 1971 and 1975.

Janion was educated at St. Edmund's College, Ware. He played for Saffron Walden, Bedford and London Counties before beginning his test career with an appearance for England U-25s against Fiji in 1970. He later left Bedford for Richmond from where he won the last of his England caps. He was a member of the Richmond team that won the Middlesex Sevens in 1974 and then played for Eastern Counties in the 1975 County Championship final.

Middlesex Sevens
The Middlesex Sevens was a Rugby Sevens tournament held annually at Twickenham stadium in London, England until 2011. It was first held in 1926, and started by Dr J.A. Russell-Cargill, a London-based Scot. The event was held at the end of the rugby union season in May every year for 75 years, but moved to August in 2001 due to lack of available stadium dates and players in May. The Middlesex Sevens tournament was last played in 2011, as the new Premiership Rugby 7s Series caused many of the top clubs that previously took part to pull out.

This tournament was a charitable event, officially called the Middlesex Charity Sevens, with the  beneficiaries being Wooden Spoon and the RFU Injured Players Fund. Middlesex Charity Sevens raised over £10 million for charities.
Pyotr Yakubovich
Pyotr Filippovich Yakubovich (Russian: Пётр Филиппович Якубович; November 3 [O.S. October 22] 1860 – March 30 [O.S. March 17/] 1911) was a Russian revolutionary, poet and member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will Party) during the 1880s.

Revolutionary
A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution. The term revolutionary can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society.
Ischnoleomimus
Ischnoleomimus is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

Ischnoleomimus arriagadai Galileo & Martins, 2004

Ischnoleomimus excavatus Breuning, 1940

Ischnoleomimus foveatus Galileo & Martins, 1996

Lamiinae
Lamiinae, commonly called flat-faced longhorns, are a subfamily of the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). The subfamily includes over 750 genera, rivaled in diversity within the family only by the subfamily Cerambycinae.
Billy Crystal filmography
Billy Crystal is an American actor, comedian, singer, writer, producer, director and television host. The filmography of his work as follows.

Crystal started his career  in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes When Harry Met Sally... (1989), City Slickers (1991), and Analyze This (1999) and providing the voice of Mike in the Monsters, Inc. franchise. He has hosted the Academy Awards nine times from 1990 through the 84th Academy Awards in 2012.

Mike Wazowski
Michael "Mike" Wazowski is a fictional character who appears in Disney/Pixar's Monsters Inc. franchise. He is a green one-eyed round monster with two arms, legs, and small horns. In the films, Mike is one of the two protagonists, alongside James P. Sullivan, and is primarily voiced by Billy Crystal in the film series, shorts, and the Disney+ series.
2010–11 Liga Indonesia Second Division
Liga Indonesia Second Division (Indonesian: Divisi Dua Liga Indonesia) is the fourth level football league in Indonesian football competition system. Currently, this competition, along with First Division and Third Division, is managed by the Amateur League Board of the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI).

Liga Indonesia Third Division
Liga Indonesia Third Division (Indonesian: Divisi Tiga Liga Indonesia) was the lowest level (5th tier) of nationwide football competition in Indonesia. Along with first and second division, this league is managed by the Amateur League Board of the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI).

This was the final league in Indonesia and there was no relegation, that a team can go all the way and become champion. This competition involves players under the age of twenty years, as part of the youth player development program.

After the establishment of the Liga Nusantara in 2014, the Third Division was dissolved.
Luvinate
Luvinate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Milan and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) northwest of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,389 and an area of 4.2 square kilometres (1.6 sq mi).

Luvinate borders the following municipalities: Barasso, Casciago, Castello Cabiaglio, Varese.

Province of Varese
The province of Varese (Italian: provincia di Varese) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is Varese, but the largest city is Busto Arsizio. The headquarters of AgustaWestland, the company merged into Leonardo since 2016 and the world's largest producer of helicopters, is based in Samarate, a comune (municipality) of the province. The province has 139 municipalities.

It has a population of 881,907 in an area of 1,198.11 square kilometres (462.59 sq mi), making it the 6th most densely populated province of Italy.
2018 Uttarakhand local elections
The 2018 Uttarakhand Municipal general elections were held in the Indian state of Uttarakhand on 18 November 2018.

The Uttarakhand State Election Commission announced the poll dates on 15 October 2018. The results were declared on 20 November 2018.

The elections for the Roorkee Municipal Corporation, municipal councils of Bajpur and Srinagar and the nagar panchayats of Chaukhutia and Selakui were postponed.

Elections are not held in the nagar panchayats of Badrinath, Kedarnath and Gangotri due to their status of temporary settlements. Local interim administration councils administer these three pilgrimage sites for a period of six months during the summers.

Bajpur
Bazpur, or Bajpur, is a city and a municipality in Udham Singh Nagar district in the state of Uttarakhand, India.

Bazpur is well connected with the industrial city of Rudrapur and the historical city of Kashipur. Bazpur is nearest city to Nainital. It is an affluent town, mainly due to large agricultural estates. It was initially, like most of the area which forms present day Udham Singh Nagar District, a part of the Terai, and was gradually transformed into arable land by migrants from Punjab. Most of the early settlers were those rendered homeless by the Partition of India in 1947.

India's first co-operative sugar mill went into production in Bazpur on 16 February 1959.
Momentum (Dave Burrell album)
Momentum is a studio album released by jazz pianist Dave Burrell. It was recorded in November 2005 and released a year later on November 14, 2006, by the label High Two.

The first three tracks on the album were originally composed by Burrell to accompany the restored French silent film Body and Soul (1925) directed by Oscar Micheaux.

Oscar Micheaux
Oscar Devereaux Micheaux (US: /mɪˈʃoʊ/ ⓘ; January 2, 1884 – March 25, 1951) was an American author, film director and independent producer of more than 44 films. Although the short-lived Lincoln Motion Picture Company was the first movie company owned and controlled by black filmmakers, Micheaux is regarded as the first major African-American feature filmmaker, a prominent producer of race films, and has been described as "the most successful African-American filmmaker of the first half of the 20th century." He produced both silent films and sound films.