hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Billington (activist)
Michael O. Billington is an activist in the LaRouche Movement, Asia editor for the Executive Intelligence Review, and author of Reflections of an American Political Prisoner: the Repression and Promise of the LaRouche Movement.

Billington graduated from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut in 1967. He then joined the Peace Corps, where he taught Mathematics and Music, first in Guyana, then in Thailand. Upon returning to the U.S. he joined the LaRouche movement in 1972, in the early stages of the movement's history. His wife, Gail, and his brother, Joe, and his sister, Margaret Greenspan, were also members of the movement. Billington's book provides an "insider" look at the history of this highly controversial movement.

Billington ran on the U.S. Labor Party platform for County Executive of Westchester County, New York in 1977, and for New York's 24th congressional district in 1978.

New York's 24th congressional district
New York's 24th congressional district is located in Upstate New York in the Finger Lakes region, stretching alongside Lake Ontario from near Buffalo in the west to Watertown in the east. The district does not include Rochester, which is in the 25th district. Since 2023, it has been represented by Claudia Tenney. In the 2022 election it voted more strongly Republican than any other district in the state. Prior to the redistricting which took effect in 2023, the district included the city of Syracuse.

The current district includes all or parts of Cayuga, Wayne, Oswego, Ontario, Jefferson, Livingston, Niagara, Genesee, Wyoming, Seneca, Yates, Schuyler, and Orleans counties. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+11, it is the most Republican district in New York.
ET-Plus Guardrail
The ET-Plus Guardrail system is a guardrail end terminal system manufactured by Trinity Highway Products, based in Dallas, Texas. The ET-Plus was designed at the Texas A&M Transportation Institute and built by Trinity. The end terminal cap absorbs the impact of a crash. The wooden posts break and the guardrail collapses. The end terminal slides along, pushing the guardrail to the side. However, in 2005, Trinity made changes to the ET-Plus without reporting the changes. It was alleged that the Trinity design change caused it to malfunction. A lawsuit under the False Claims Act filed in 2012 against Trinity stated that these changes were causing damages to cars and drivers. Tests have shown that the guardrails act the way they should.

Federal Highway Administration
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation.  The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program. Its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads.
USS Asheville (SSN-758)
USS Asheville (SSN-758), is a Los Angeles-class nuclear powered fast attack submarine. She is the fourth vessel of the United States Navy to be named for Asheville, North Carolina. The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia on 26 November 1984 and her keel was laid down on 9 January 1987. She was launched on 24 February 1990, sponsored by Mrs. Dorothy Helms, and commissioned on 28 September 1991.

Asheville was fitted with a developmental Advanced Mine Detection System (AMDS) high-frequency active sonar array with transmitters and receivers in the sail and in a disc-shaped chin sonar dome beneath the hull at the bow. The system is used for target detection, mine avoidance, and bottom navigation. After a highly successful testing period the system was removed during overhaul in 2003.

Nuclear propulsion
Nuclear propulsion includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that use some form of nuclear reaction as their primary power source. Many aircraft carriers and submarines currently use uranium fueled nuclear reactors that can provide propulsion for long periods  without refueling. There are also applications in the space sector with nuclear thermal and nuclear electric engines which could be more efficient than conventional rocket engines.

The idea of using nuclear material for propulsion dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903 it was hypothesized that radioactive material, radium, might be a suitable fuel for engines to propel cars, planes, and boats. H. G. Wells picked up this idea in his 1914 fiction work The World Set Free.
Chullumpirini
Chullumpirini (chullumpi local name for the white-tufted grebe) is a mountain in the Carabaya mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. It is located in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, on the border of the districts Coasa and Ituata. Chullumpirini lies east of the lake Laurancocha and north-west of the mountain Muru Muruni.

Carabaya province
Carabaya is a province of the Puno Region located in the southern part of Peru. It is bounded on the north by the Madre de Dios Region, on the east by the province of Sandia, on the south by the provinces of Azángaro, Melgar and Putina and on the west by the Cusco Region. The capital of the province is the city of Macusani.
For the Cause of the South
For the Cause of the South is a lost 1912 American silent film that portrayed a tragic, fictional romance set during the American Civil War. Directed by Bannister Merwin, the film was produced by Edison Studios, which was located in New York City, in The Bronx. The production starred Laura Sawyer, Benjamin Wilson, and Charles Ogle, with supporting characters played by Bessie Learn and James Gordon in the role of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

Bannister Merwin
Henry Bannister Merwin (1873 – 22 February 1922), was an American poet, magazine editor, novelist, film director and screenwriter during the silent era. He wrote as many as 141 films between 1909 and 1921. He was associated with Edison Studios and the London Film Company. Merwin often wrote with his wife, Anne Merwin.

He was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, United States and died in London, England, United Kingdom.
Orthogonal signal correction
Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) is a spectral preprocessing technique that removes variation from a data matrix X that is orthogonal to the response matrix Y. OSC was introduced by researchers at the University of Umea in 1998 and has since found  applications in domains including metabolomics.

Orthogonality
Orthogonality is a term with various meanings depending on the context.

In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the geometric notion of perpendicularity. Although many authors use the two terms perpendicular and orthogonal interchangeably, the term perpendicular is more specifically used for lines and planes that intersect to form a right angle, whereas orthogonal is used in generalizations, such as orthogonal vectors or orthogonal curves.

The term is also used in other fields like physics, art, computer science, statistics, and economics.
Kosmos 51
Kosmos 51 (Russian: Космос 51 meaning Cosmos 51), also known as DS-MT No.3 was a technology demonstration satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1964 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. Its primary mission was to demonstrate an electric gyrodyne orientation system. It also carried a scientific research package as a secondary payload, which was used to study cosmic rays and the luminosity of the stellar background.

It was launched aboard a Kosmos 63S1 rocket from Site 86/1 at Kapustin Yar. The launch occurred at 23:02 GMT on 9 December 1964.

Kosmos 51 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of 262 kilometres (163 mi), an apogee of 533 kilometres (331 mi), 48.8° of inclination, and an orbital period of 92.5 minutes. It decayed from orbit on 14 November 1965. Kosmos 51 was the last of three DS-MT satellites to be launched. The first was lost in a launch failure on 1 June 1963, and the second was launched as Kosmos 31 on 6 June 1964.

Control moment gyroscope
A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is an attitude control device generally used in spacecraft attitude control systems. A CMG consists of a spinning rotor and one or more motorized gimbals that tilt the rotor’s angular momentum. As the rotor tilts, the changing angular momentum causes a gyroscopic torque that rotates the spacecraft.
Reginald Tate
Reginald Tate (13 December 1896 – 23 August 1955) was an English actor and a veteran of many roles on stage, in films and on television. He is remembered best as the first actor to play the television science-fiction character Professor Bernard Quatermass, in the 1953 BBC Television serial The Quatermass Experiment.

The Way Ahead
The Way Ahead (also known as Immortal Battalion) (1944) is a British Second World War drama film directed by Carol Reed. The screenplay was written by Eric Ambler and Peter Ustinov. The film stars David Niven, Stanley Holloway and William Hartnell along with an ensemble cast of other British actors, including Ustinov in one of his earliest roles. The Way Ahead follows a group of civilians who are conscripted into the British Army and, after training, are shipped to North Africa where they are involved in a battle against the Afrika Korps.
808:90ptical
808:90ptical is a video compilation by electronic music group 808 State which was released in 1991 on VHS. The videos are a mixture of the band's music videos, animated backgrounds while excerpts of tracks are played, and live footage recorded at "Re-live The Dream", Ku Club, Ibiza, Spain, in September 1990.

Ibiza
Ibiza (/ɪˈbiːzə/ (US) /ɪˈbiːθə/ (UK); Spanish: [iˈβiθa]; Catalan: Eivissa [əjˈvisə]; see below) or Iviza is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea off the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. It is 150 kilometres (93 miles) from the city of Valencia. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands in area, but the second-largest by population. Its largest settlements are Ibiza Town (Catalan: Vila d'Eivissa, or simply Vila), Santa Eulària des Riu, and Sant Antoni de Portmany. Its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa (or Sa Talaia), is 475 metres (1,558 feet) above sea level.

Ibiza is well known for its nightlife and electronic dance music club scene in  the summer, which attract large numbers of tourists. The island's government and the Spanish Tourist Office have worked toward promoting more family-oriented tourism.

Ibiza is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ibiza and the nearby island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands, or "Pityuses".
Thiazine
Thiazine /ˈθaɪəziːn/ is an organic compound containing a ring of four carbon, one nitrogen and one sulfur atom. There are three isomers of thiazine, 1,2-thiazine, 1,3-thiazine, and 1,4-thiazine, which differ by the arrangement of the nitrogen and sulfur atoms in the ring.

Derivatives of thiazine, often referred to as thiazines, are used for dyes, tranquilizers and insecticides.

Insecticide
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. The major use of insecticides is in agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden settings, industrial buildings, for vector control, and control of insect parasites of animals and humans.

Acaricides, which kill mites and ticks, are not strictly insecticides, but are usually classified together with insecticides. Some insecticides (including common bug sprays) are effective against other non-insect arthropods as well, such as scorpions, spiders, etc. Insecticides are distinct from insect repellents, which repel but do not kill.
Clásico Estrellas Junior Sprint
The Clásico Estrellas Junior Sprint (previously known as the Gran Premio Estrellas Junior Sprint and Gran Premio Estrellas Produtos) is a Group 3 thoroughbred horse race in Argentina that is part of the Carreras de las Estrellas and is open to two-year-old males. It is run over a distance of 1000 metres (0.62 mi) either on the turf at Hipódromo de San Isidro or on the dirt at the Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo.

Hipódromo de San Isidro
The Hipódromo de San Isidro is a horse racing track located in San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina, owned by the Argentine Jockey Club. It is one of the largest and most important racetracks in the Americas. 120 racing days are held per year, on every Wednesday, every other Friday and Saturday, and some Sundays.

The Hipódromo is located 22 km from Buenos Aires City. It has an area of 1.48 km2.

Each December, the Hipódromo hosts the Gran Premio Carlos Pellegrini, the most important horse race in Argentina.

The Hipódromo de San Isidro hosts the annual Carlos Pellegrini Awards.
Joseph Allison (South African politician)
Joseph Allison was a South African (Boer) politician, born in the Cape Colony. In 1851 he was clerk to the British Resident and the Legislative Council of the Orange River Sovereignty. After the territory gained independence as Orange Free State Allison became a member of the Volksraad, government secretary (1862 – 1863) and treasurer, and briefly Acting State President of the Orange Free State in 1863, after President Pretorius had left the State. Allison had strong British sympathies.

Orange River Sovereignty
The Orange River Sovereignty (1848–1854; Afrikaans: Oranjerivier-soewereiniteit) was a short-lived political entity between the Orange and Vaal rivers in Southern Africa, a region known informally as Transorangia. In 1854, it became the Orange Free State, and is now the Free State province of South Africa.
Bien-Aimé Baraza
Bien-Aimé Alusa Baraza (born 28 December 1987), known professionally as Bien, is a Kenyan singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He was a member of the acclaimed Kenyan Afropop band Sauti Sol.

As a solo artist, Bien has achieved commercial success with his debut album Alusa Why Are You Topless? and is a co-founder of the record label Sol Generation Records. He is also a Grammy-certified songwriter for his contribution to the Burna Boy album Twice as Tall.

Twice as Tall
Twice as Tall is the fifth studio album by Nigerian singer Burna Boy. It was released on 13 August 2020 by Spaceship Entertainment, Bad Habit, Atlantic Records and Warner Music. Recording sessions took place in 2020, with Burna Boy, American singer and songwriter Diddy and Burna Boy's mother Bose Ogulu serving as the record's executive producers. The album is a mixture of Afrobeats, Afrobeat, dancehall, pop and hip-hop. It was produced primarily by Telz, along with production from Rexxie, Timbaland and DJDS, among others. The album features guest appearances from Youssou N'Dour, Naughty by Nature, Sauti Sol, Chris Martin and Stormzy. Its lead single is "Wonderful", released on 26 June 2020.

At the 63rd ceremony of the Grammy Awards, Twice as Tall won Best Global Music Album.
Devil and the Angel
Devil and the Angel (French: La foire aux chimères) is a 1946 French drama film directed by Pierre Chenal and starring Madeleine Sologne, Erich von Stroheim and Louis Salou. It was shot at the Billancourt Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jean d'Eaubonne.

Pierre Chenal
Pierre Chenal (French: [ʃənal]; 5 December 1904 – 23 December 1990) was a French director and screenwriter who flourished in the 1930s. He was married to Czech-born French film actress Florence Marly from 1937 to 1955.
Commonwealth Games results index
This Commonwealth Games results index is a list of links which forms an index which can be used to quickly find the required Wikipedia page containing the results of each Commonwealth Games sport in any year of interest. Previously these games were known as The British Empire Games (1930–1950), The British Empire and Commonwealth Games (1954–1966) and The British Commonwealth Games (1970–1974).  Years appearing in grey are those for which there is no corresponding article.

Aquatics at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Aquatics at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games made its fifth appearance at the Commonwealth Games, with both Swimming at the Commonwealth Games and Diving at the Commonwealth Games being included again. Water Polo at the Commonwealth Games was dropped from the schedule and would not return until 2002.

There were four diving events and 13 swimming events contested.

The choice of swimming venue suffered from budgeting issues and a bid by Los Angeles-based Paddock Inc. came in at $140,000 less than the Beaver Construction's tender of $440,719. There were suggestions to rebuild the 1928 Nicola Street Crystal Pool before the Games committee decided that the University of British Columbia (UBC) would benefit from a new $300,000 open air pool.

The pool was constructed on UBC's West Point Grey campus.

Australia topped the medal table with seven gold medals.
Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now)
"Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now)" is a song with music by Milton Ager and lyrics by Jack Yellen, written in 1924. The song became a vocal hit for Margaret Young accompanied by Rube Bloom, and an instrumental hit for the Don Clark Orchestra.

The song has also been recorded by Ernest Hare (1924), Billy Murray (1924), Clementine Smith (1924), Emmett Miller (1929), Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra (1940), Peggy Lee (1962), Merle Haggard (1973), Ry Cooder (1978), Leon Redbone (1978), Van Halen (1982) and others and has been a popular song in barbershop quartet and chorus competitions.

The lyrics describe a man "in the town of Louisville..." who was once a fearsome and rough character known for getting into fights, who, after getting married, becomes a peaceable person who devotes his time to domestic activities such as washing dishes and mopping the floor. He was "Stronger than Samson I declare, Til the brown skinned woman, Bobbed his hair."

Margaret Young
Margaret Youngblood (February 23, 1891 – May 3, 1969) better known by her stage name Margaret Young, was an American singer and comedian who was popular in the 1920s. Young is best known for her songs "Hard Hearted Hannah", "Lovin' Sam The Sheik Of Alabam'", "Way Down Yonder In New Orleans", and "Oh By Jingo!".
Padoan
Padoan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Claudio Padoan (born 1948), Italian rower

Loredana Padoan (1924–2016), Italian actress

Pier Carlo Padoan (born 1950), Italian economist

Eva Padoan (born 1987), Italian voice actress

Pier Carlo Padoan
Pier Carlo Padoan (Italian: [ˈpjɛr ˈkarlo padoˈan, - ˈpaːdoan]; born 19 January 1950) is an Italian economist who served as Minister of Economy and Finance of Italy from 2014 to 2018. Since April 2021 he is Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Italian bank UniCredit.

Padoan was director of the International Monetary Fund for Italy from 2001 to 2005. On 1 June 2007, he became Deputy Secretary General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Seydougou
Seydougou is a town in northwestern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture and commune of Gbéléban Department in Kabadougou Region, Denguélé District, adjacent to the border with Ivory Coast.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Seydougou was 4,397.

Kabadougou
Kabadougou Region is one of the 31 regions of Ivory Coast. Since its establishment in 2011, it has been one of two regions in Denguélé District. The seat of the region is Odienné and the region's population in the 2021 census was 289,806.

Kabadougou is currently divided into five departments: Gbéléban, Madinani, Odienné, Samatiguila, and Séguélon.
Royal Cavalcade
Royal Cavalcade, also known as Regal Cavalcade, is a 1935 British, black-and-white, drama film directed by six separate directors: Thomas Bentley (Supervising Director), Herbert Brenon, Norman Lee, Walter Summers, W. P. Kellino and Marcel Varnel. The film features Marie Lohr, Hermione Baddeley, Owen Nares, Robert Hale, Austin Trevor, James Carew, Edward Chapman and Ronald Shiner as the Soldier in Trenches. The film was presented by Associated British Pictures Corporation.

James Carew
James Usselman (February 5, 1876 – April 4, 1938), known professionally as James Carew, was an American actor who appeared in many films, mainly in Britain. He was born in Goshen, Indiana in 1876 and began working as a clerk in a publishing firm. He began acting on stage in Chicago in 1897 in Damon and Pythias.

In 1905, Carew moved to England, where he continued his stage career starting with the Lyric Theatre, London, later working in two plays with Shakespearean actress Ellen Terry, one of the best-known and noted British actresses of the day. In 1907, he married Terry, who was thirty years his senior. The couple separated in 1910 but there is no record of divorce. In fact he is listed as living with Ellen at Smallhythe in the 1911 Census.

Carew made his screen debut by 1917, when he appeared in the film Profit and the Loss. He continued to take leading roles in films until his death in 1938.
Empress Dowager Liu (Later Jin)
Empress Dowager Liu (劉太后, personal name unknown) (died August 24, 942) was an empress dowager of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Jin.

Little is known about her background, including her birth date, place of origin, or ethnicity.  She was a concubine of Shi Shaoyong (石紹雍), the father of Later Jin's founding emperor Shi Jingtang.  She was not stated to be Shi Jingtang's mother, as Shi Jingtang's mother was described to be a Lady He, although it is possible that she was Shi Jingtang's birth mother and that Lady He was described to be his mother because Lady He was Shi Shaoyong's wife.  After he became emperor, he honored her as consort dowager.  Shortly before his death in 942, he honored her as empress dowager.  After he died and was succeeded by his adoptive son (biological nephew, Shi Shaoyong's grandson) Shi Chonggui, she was honored as grand empress dowager.  She died shortly after.

Grand empress dowager
Grand empress dowager (also grand dowager empress or grand empress mother) (Chinese and Japanese: 太皇太后; pinyin: tàihuángtàihòu; rōmaji: taikōtaigō; Korean: 태황태후 (太皇太后); romaja: Tae Hwang Tae Hu; Vietnamese: Thái Hoàng thái hậu (太皇太后) was a title given to the grandmother, or a woman from the same generation, of a Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese emperor in the Chinese cultural sphere.

Some grand empresses dowager held regency during the emperor's childhood. Some of the most prominent empress dowagers extended their regencies beyond the time when the emperor was old enough to govern alone. This was seen as a source of political turmoil, according to the traditional views of Chinese historians.
Mali caste
The Mali are an occupational caste found among the Hindus who traditionally worked as gardeners and florists. They also call themselves Phul Mali due to their occupation of growing flowers. The Mali are found throughout North India, East India as well as the Terai region of Nepal and Maharashtra.
Iravati Karve, an anthropologist, showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and Mali are the three main farming communities of Maharashtra – the difference being that the Marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year.

Irawati Karve
Irawati Karve (15 December 1905 – 11 August 1970) was an Indian sociologist, anthropologist, educationist and writer from Maharashtra, India. She was one of the students of G.S. Ghurye, the founder of sociology in India. She has been regarded as the first female Indian sociologist.