hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Norbornane
Norbornane (also known as bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) is an organic compound and a saturated hydrocarbon with chemical formula C7H12. It is a crystalline compound with a melting point of 88 °C. The carbon skeleton is derived from cyclohexane ring with a methylene bridge in the 1,4- position, and is a bridged bicyclic compound. The compound is a prototype of a class of strained bicyclic hydrocarbons.

The compound was originally synthesized by reduction of norcamphor.

The name norbornane is derived from bornane, which is 1,7,7-trimethylnorbornane, being a derivative of camphor (bornanone).  The prefix nor- refers to the stripping of the methyl groups from the parent molecule bornane.

Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is non-polar. Cyclohexane is a colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive detergent-like odor, reminiscent of cleaning products (in which it is sometimes used). Cyclohexane is mainly used for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which are precursors to nylon.

Cyclohexyl (C6H11) is the alkyl substituent of cyclohexane and is abbreviated Cy.
Welcome to Sky Valley
Welcome to Sky Valley (also known as Sky Valley and Kyuss) is the third studio album by American stoner rock band Kyuss, released on June 28, 1994, through Elektra Records.

Welcome to Sky Valley was the band's first album to feature bassist Scott Reeder, who replaced Nick Oliveri in 1992. The album was also the last to feature founding member Brant Bjork, who left the band shortly after recording concluded. The song "N.O." was originally recorded by Across the River, a band fronted by Mario Lalli and featuring bassist Reeder. After Reeder left the Obsessed and joined Kyuss, Bjork suggested they record "N.O." as a tribute to Across the River.

Fatso Jetson
Fatso Jetson is an American desert rock band from Palm Desert, California, formed in 1994 by Yawning Man members Mario Lalli and Larry Lalli, along with Tony Tornay. They are often credited as the fathers of the desert strain of stoner rock later made most famous by their slightly younger neighbors Kyuss and Queens of the Stone Age. While musically similar to some of their stoner brethren, Fatso Jetson incorporate a broader variety of musical influences that includes punk and surf.
Rex E. Wallace
Rex E. Wallace (born September 13, 1952) is an American linguist and classical scholar specializing in the Etruscan language, the ancient languages of Italy, epigraphy, and historical linguistics. He is Professor Emeritus of Classics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he served on the faculty from 1985 until his retirement in 2018.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
Leppävesi
Leppävesi is the 65th (63.59 km2) largest lake of Finland in municipalities Jyväskylä, Laukaa and Toivakka in Central Finland. It is quite a narrow but long lake in the south-north direction with a surface area of 63.59 km². It flows to Päijänne via Vaajavirta. It is part of Keitele Canal, a waterway connecting Lake Keitele and Päijänne. National road 9 and Pieksämäki–Jyväskylä railway cross the lake.

Keitele Canal
Keitele Canal is water route in Central Finland. It is about 45 km long. The canal consists of six lakes and five self-service locks.

The canal connects two biggest lakes in Central Finland, Lake Päijänne and Lake Keitele, thus forming a water route of altogether ca. 400 km from the city of Lahti on the southern end to the municipality of Pielavesi in the north.
Hasan Askari (writer)
Muhammad Hasan Askari (Urdu: محمد حسَن عسکری)
(1919 – 18 January 1978) was a Pakistani scholar, literary critic, writer and linguist of modern Urdu language. Initially "Westernized", he translated western literary, philosophical and metaphysical work into Urdu, notably classics of American, English, French and Russian literature. But in his later years, through personal experiences, geopolitical changes and the influence of authors like René Guénon, and traditional scholars of India towards more latter part of his life, like Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi, he became a notable critic of the West and proponent of Islamic culture and ideology.

Ideology
An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.

The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher, who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In political science, the term is used in a descriptive sense to refer to political belief systems.
Paramethadione
Paramethadione (brand name Paradione) is an anticonvulsant drug of the chemical class called oxazolidinediones developed by the Illinois-based pharmaceutical company Abbott Laboratories (known as AbbVie since January 1, 2013 ), and approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1949 for the treatment of absence seizures, also called partial seizures.

In 1960, the yearly cost for 900 mg/day paramethadione was approximately $66, which would translate to $462 yearly in 2007 (with CPI inflation) if paramethadione was still sold.

AbbVie
AbbVie Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company headquartered in North Chicago, Illinois. They have produced drugs to treat a wide range of medical issues.

The company is ranked sixth on the list of largest biomedical companies by revenue. It is ranked 77th on the Fortune 500 and 108th on the Forbes Global 2000.

The name "AbbVie" is derived from a combination of "Abbott", the name of its former parent company, with "vie", intended as a reference to a Latin root meaning 'life'.
The Young One (2016 film)
The Young One (original title: Jeunesse) is a 2016 French-Portuguese film directed by Julien Samani and produced by Paulo Branco. The film is based on the 1898 short story "Youth" by Joseph Conrad. The film premiered at the 2016 Locarno International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Leopard.

Locarno Film Festival
The Locarno International Film Festival is a major international film festival held annually in Locarno, Switzerland. Founded in 1946, the festival screens films in various competitive and non-competitive sections, including feature-length narrative, documentary, short, avant-garde, and retrospective programs. The Piazza Grande section is held in an open-air venue that seats 8,000 spectators.

The top prize of the festival is the Golden Leopard, awarded to the best film in the International Competition. Other awards include the Leopard of Honour for career achievement, and the Prix du Public, the public choice award.
WKYE
WKYE (96.5 FM, "Key 96.5") is a commercial radio station licensed to serve Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Seven Mountains Media, through licensee Southern Belle Media Family, LLC, and broadcasts an adult contemporary format.

The station broadcasts with an Effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, making it a class B station. Its broadcast tower is located east of Johnstown at (40°19′45.0″N 78°53′53.0″W﻿ / ﻿40.329167°N 78.898056°W﻿ / 40.329167; -78.898056).

Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Johnstown is the largest city in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 18,411 as of the 2020 census. Located 57 miles (92 km) east of Pittsburgh, it is the principal city of the Johnstown metropolitan area, which had 133,472 residents in 2020. It is also part of the Johnstown–Somerset combined statistical area, which includes both Cambria and Somerset counties. Once a bustling industrial center, like many cities in the Rust Belt, Johnstown was severely affected by the loss of jobs in the steel industry due to globalization and the movement of American manufacturing to overseas markets.
First cabinet of Louis Napoleon
The First cabinet of Louis Napoleon was formed by President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte the day after the coup of 2 December 1851, replacing the Last cabinet of the French Second Republic. It was replaced by the Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon on 22 January 1852. The ministers were:

Justice : Eugène Rouher

Foreign Affairs: Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot

Interior and Beaux-Arts: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

Finance : Achille Fould

War: Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud

Navy and Colonies: Théodore Ducos

Education and Religious Affairs: Hippolyte Fortoul

Public Works: Pierre Magne

Agriculture and Commerce: Lefebvre-Duruflé

Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud
Armand-Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (20 August 1798 – 29 September 1854) was a French soldier and Marshal of France. He served as French Minister of War until the Crimean War when he became Commander-in-chief of the army of the East.

He was a key conspirator in the 1851 French coup d'état which dissolved the National Assembly, granted dictatorial powers to Napoleon III and caused the dissolution of the French Second Republic.
Schuler Books & Music
Schuler Books is an independent bookseller with four locations across the U.S. state of Michigan. Along with new and used books, Schuler stores feature an extensive gift section, magazines, print on demand services, event spaces, and a café.

Eastwood Towne Center
Eastwood Towne Center is an open-air shopping mall and lifestyle center located in Lansing Charter Township, Michigan, United States at the northwest corner of the intersection of Lake Lansing Road and U.S. 127.  Its anchor stores include NCG Cinemas, Dick's Sporting Goods, DSW Shoe Warehouse, and Pottery Barn. The center is owned, managed, and leased by Kite Realty Group Trust.
Padula railway station
Padula railway station (Estonian: Padula raudteepeatus) is a railway station in Saue parish in Harju County in northern Estonia. It is located on the border between the small borough of Laagri and the village of Koidu. The stop is named after the Padula inn and farm that was once located in the area.

The Padula railway station is located on the Tallinn-Keila railway line, between Urda and Saue railway stations and approximately 15 kilometers (8 mi) southwest from the Baltic station (Estonian: Balti jaam) which is the main railway station of Tallinn. The station was officially opened in 2008 together with Kitseküla and Urda railway stations.

Only Elron's electric trains from Tallinn to Turba stop at Padula station. In 2024, there were approximately 15 train departures per day at Padula railway station towards Tallinn city center.

Laagri
Laagri is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Harju County, northern Estonia. It is located in Saue Parish. As of 1 January 2025, the settlement's population is 6,017.

It is served by the Laagri railway stop on the Tallinn-Turba line, Elron's western route which also serves the Laagri subdistrict of Nõmme.
Berthierville
Berthierville (/ˈbɛərtjeɪvɪl/; French pronunciation: [bɛʁtjevil]; also called Berthier-en-haut, and legally called Berthier before 1942) is a town located between Montreal and Trois-Rivières on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada. Berthierville is the seat of D'Autray Regional County Municipality, and is served by Autoroute 40, and is the junction of Routes 138 and 158. It is surrounded by the parish municipality of Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier.

The Marie Reine du Canada Pilgrimage column stops at the church of Sainte-Geneviève de Berthierville for Mass on the first day of its three-day walk from Lanoraie to Cap-de-la-Madeleine.

Cap-de-la-Madeleine
Cap-de-la-Madeleine (French pronunciation: [kap də la madlɛn]) is a former city in Quebec, Canada at the confluence of the Saint-Maurice River and the St. Lawrence River. It was amalgamated into the City of Trois-Rivières in 2002. Population (2006 census) 33,022.
Udhavikku Varalaamaa
Udhavikku Varalaamaa (transl. May I come for help?) is a 1998 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by Gokula Krishnan. The film stars Karthik, Devayani, Sangeetha and Anju Aravind, with Janagaraj, Pandiyan, Vadivukkarasi, Manivannan, Kovai Sarala and Jai Ganesh playing supporting roles. It was released on 16 January 1998 and failed at the box-office. This was Gokula Krishna's last film as director and continued as dialogue writer before his death in 2008 and also was his last collaboration with Karthik after Poovarasan and Muthu Kaalai.

Pandiyan (actor)
Pandiyan (12 July 1960 – 10 January 2008) was an Indian actor and politician who acted in lead roles in the 1980s and supporting roles from the 1990s.

Pandiyan acted in over 75 films in his career. Some of his popular films include Mann Vasanai (1983), Pudhumai Penn (1984),  Aan Paavam (1985), Mannukketha Ponnu (1985), Marudhani (1985), Muthal Vasantham (1986), Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi (1987), Aankalai Nambathey (1987) and Sathan Sollai Thattathe (1990).
Caterpillar C27
The Caterpillar C27 is a V12 diesel internal combustion engine made by Caterpillar. The engine is 27 litres (1,648 cu in) in displacement. Each cylinder has a bore of 137 mm (5.4 in) and a stroke of 154 mm (6.1 in). The engine can produce 370–750 kW (500–1,000 hp) at 2100 RPM. The peak torque occurs at an engine speed of 1400 RPM. This engine began production as Caterpillar 3412. As emissions controls were tightened, engine management and combustion chamber were redesigned such that two different engines emerged: the mechanically controlled Caterpillar C27 and the electronically controlled Caterpillar C30. The C30 block was later scaled up and the Caterpillar C32 emerged. The C27 also began to be produced with electronic engine control and management after 2007.

Revolutions per minute
Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, rev/min, r/min, or r⋅min−1) is a unit of rotational speed (or rotational frequency) for rotating machines.
One revolution per minute is equivalent to ⁠1/60⁠ hertz.
Smoke and Ashes
Smoke and Ashes: Opium's Hidden Histories is a 2023 non-fiction book by Amitav Ghosh. The book arose from research Ghosh conducted on the historical opium trade and its relation to India and China while he was writing his fiction novel series, the Ibis trilogy. In it, Ghosh discusses the history of tea, the Opium Wars and links between colonialism and the modern opioid crisis.

History of tea
The history of tea spreads across many cultures throughout thousands of years. The tea plant Camellia sinensis is both native and probably originated in the borderlands of China and northern Myanmar. One of the earliest accounts of tea drinking is dated back to China's Shang dynasty, in which tea was consumed in a medicinal concoction. One traditional method of preparing tea involves steeping loose tea leaves in a teapot and straining them into a cup, a practice that became common in Europe following the introduction of tea by Chinese traders. An early credible record of tea drinking dates to the 3rd century AD, in a medical text written by Chinese physician Hua Tuo. It first became known to the western world through Portuguese priests and merchants in China during the early 16th century. Drinking tea became popular in Britain during the 17th century.  To compete with the Chinese monopoly on tea, the British East India Company introduced commercial tea production to British India.
West Rim darter
The West Rim darter (Etheostoma occidentale) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it occurs in the Cumberland River from Whites Creek in Tennessee to the Little River in Kentucky. It inhabits current-swept rocky pools and adjacent riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers.

Etheostomatinae
Etheostomatinae is a species-rich subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, the members of which are commonly known as the darters. The subfamily is part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The family is endemic to North America. It consists of three to five different genera and well over 200 species. A common name for these fish in southern Indiana is pollywog.
Recorder sonata in F major (HWV 369)
The Sonata in F major (HWV 369) was composed (before 1712) by George Frideric Handel for recorder and basso continuo (the autograph manuscript, a fair copy made most likely in 1712, gives this instrumentation in Italian: "flauto e cembalo"). The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 11, and was first published in 1732 by Walsh. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii, 40; and HHA iv/3,52.

Handel used an arrangement of the sonata in his Organ Concerto in F major (HWV 293).

Both the Walsh edition and the Chrysander edition indicate that the work is for recorder ("flauto"), and published it as Sonata XI.

The theme plays during the opening titles of Ingmar Bergman's 1978 film Autumn Sonata.

Hallische Händel-Ausgabe
The Hallische Händel-Ausgabe ("Halle Handel Edition") is a multi-volume collection of the works of George Frideric Handel. It was first published in the 1950s: initially as an adjunct to the HG edition, but by 1958 as a collected edition in its own right. The collection's abbreviation of "HHA" can be used to identify individual works by Handel, for example Handel's Messiah can be referred to as "HHA i/17" (with the Roman numeral "i" designating "series 1"). For practical use, the HHA numbering of Handel's works has been superseded by the HWV numbering system.

Published by the George Frideric Handel Society, a major new edition comprising approximately 128 volumes is being released. It is expected to be completed by 2023 in the following configuration:
Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups
The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (or HKFYG, Chinese: 香港青年協會) is a non-profit organization in Hong Kong, committed to develop youth services. Founded in 1960, the Federation has since been involved in providing activities and facilities for the physical, social, educational, cultural development of Hong Kong's youth.

Their services can be divided into 12 core areas. Each year, HKFYG offers more than 10,000 activities organized by over 60 service units with 5 million participants annually. The HKFYG also took an active role in anti-drug campaign in secondary schools in Hong Kong. They have made 30,000 "Anti-drug in School Resources Packs" and distributed them to secondary schools. "Decoding Life" is also a new counseling service provided by HKFYG. It helps teenagers to avoid group violence and teaches them conflict handling skills.

Hong Kong Housing Society
The Hong Kong Housing Society, or Housing Society for short, is the second largest public housing provider in Hong Kong (the first being the Hong Kong Housing Authority). The Society housed around 130,000 residents as of 2020. The Housing Society has been a dedicated housing provider in constantly identifying the housing needs of different sectors of the community and developing housing options attuned to their needs. Since its inception, a total of over 73,000 units have been built under different housing schemes, including Rental Estate, Rural Public Housing, Urban Improvement Scheme, Flat-for-Sale Scheme, Sandwich Class Housing Scheme, Full Market Value Development, Urban Renewal Project, Senior Citizen Residences Scheme, The Tanner Hill and Subsidised Sale Flats project.

The society is a non-governmental organisation and non-profit organisation.
The chairman of the society is Walter Chan (陳家樂) and the chief executive officer and executive director is Chan Yum-min (陳欽勉).
Mayors National Climate Action Agenda
Mayors National Climate Action Agenda, or Climate Mayors, is an association of United States mayors with the stated goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Founded by Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti, former Houston mayor Annise Parker, and former Philadelphia mayor Michael Nutter, the group represents 435 cities and nearly 20% of the U.S. population.

Founded in 2014, the organization received one million dollars in start-up funding from the Clinton Global Initiative to support the founding mayors' efforts to organize cities in advance of the signing of the 2015 Paris Agreement.

The organization has stated its commitment to upholding the emissions goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change even if the United States withdraws from the agreement.

Annise Parker
Annise Danette Parker (born May 17, 1956) is an American politician from the state of Texas. A Democrat, Parker served as the 61st Mayor of Houston, Texas, from 2010 until 2016. She also served as an at-large member of the Houston City Council from 1998 to 2003 and as city controller from 2004 to 2010.

Parker is Houston's second female mayor (after Kathy Whitmire). She is also one of the first openly gay mayors of a major U.S. city, with Houston being the most populous U.S. city to elect an openly gay mayor until Lori Lightfoot was elected mayor of Chicago in 2019.
Geology of Merseyside
This article describes the geology of the ceremonial county of Merseyside which includes the City of Liverpool and the modern metropolitan boroughs of Knowsley, Sefton and St Helens which prior to 1974 were part of the historic county of Lancashire and the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral which was until then part of the historic county of Cheshire.

The geology of Merseyside in northwest England largely consists of a faulted sequence of Carboniferous Coal Measures rocks overlain in the west by younger Triassic and Permian age sandstones and mudstones. Glaciation during the present Quaternary Period has left widespread glacial till as well as erosional landforms. Other post-glacial superficial deposits such as river and estuarine alluvium, peat and blown sand are abundant.

Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate between glacial periods. The Last Glacial Period ended about 15,000 years ago. The Holocene is the current interglacial. A time with no glaciers on Earth is considered a greenhouse climate state.
Bolesław II the Bold's expedition to Kiev (1069–1071)
Bolesław II the Bold's expedition to Kiev in 1069 aimed to assert Polish influence in the region, mirroring the conquests of his predecessor, Bolesław the Brave. Bolesław II the Bold occupied Kiev where he put the allied Iziaslav I of Kiev on the throne and on the way back occupied Przemyśl and annexed Cherven Cities to Poland.

Vseslav of Polotsk
Vseslav Bryachislavich (c. 1029 – 24 April 1101; also known as Vseslav the Sorcerer or Vseslav the Seer) was Prince of Polotsk (1044–1101) and Grand Prince of Kiev (1068–1069). Together with Rostislav Vladimirovich and voivode Vyshata, he created a coalition against the Yaroslaviches' triumvirate. Polotsk's Cathedral of Holy Wisdom, completed in the mid-11th century, is one of the most enduring monuments from his reign and the oldest stone building in Belarus.