hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nagara (ancient city)
Nagara (Ancient Greek: Νάγαρα), also known as Dionysopolis (Διονυσόπολις), was an ancient city in the northwest part of India intra Gangem ("India within the Ganges"), distinguished in Ptolemy by the title ἡ καὶ Διονυσόπολις 'also Dionysopolis'. It also appears in sources as Nagarahara, and was situated between the Kabul River and the Indus, in present-day Pakistan or Afghanistan. The site of Nagara is usually associated with a large stupa called Nagara Ghundi, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of Jalalabad near Tepe Khwaja Lahori, south of the junction of the Surkhäb and Kabul rivers, where ancient ruins have been found.

India (Herodotus)
In ancient Greek geography the basin of the Indus River was on the extreme eastern fringe of the known world. The term "India" (Indikē in Greek) was used by Herodotus and later Greek writers in three different senses: the Achaemenid Persian province Hindush which was at the lower Indus basin (Sindh), the entire Indus land, which contained two other Persian provinces—Thatagush and Gandāra, and the whole of Indian subcontinent. The ethnic term "Indians" (Indoi) was most often used for Indians in the modern sense, represented by physical appearance and cultural markers such as wearing cotton, driving chariots and carrying iron-tipped arrows.
Philippe Goujon
Philippe Goujon (born 30 April 1954) is a French politician who served as the member of the National Assembly for the twelfth constituency of Paris from 1993 to 1995 and again from 2007 until 2017. A member of The Republicans, he has been Mayor of the 15th arrondissement of Paris since 2008.

Paris's 12th constituency
The 12th constituency of Paris (French: Douzième circonscription de Paris) is a French legislative constituency in the Paris département (75). Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system. Its boundaries were heavily redrawn in 1988 and 2012.
Shafi U Ahmed
Shafi U Ahmed was the High Commissioner of Bangladesh to the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2009. Previously he served as Bangladesh's High Commissioner to Malaysia.

Ahmed is an alumnus of The Fletcher School, Tufts University, Boston, USA, from which he graduated in 1986.

Ahmed served in different Bangladesh Missions abroad as well as in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh in various capacities including as the Director General for Administration.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bengali: পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়, romanized: Porôstrô Montronaloy; abbreviated as MOFA) is a ministry of the Government of Bangladesh responsible for formulating and implementing the country’s foreign policy. It oversees diplomatic missions, international relations, consular services, and multilateral cooperation.
R137 road (Ireland)
The R137 road is a road in Dublin, Ireland connecting College Green in the city centre to the junction of the M50 and N81 routes, via Dame Street, Patrick Street, Harold's Cross Road, Terenure Road North, and Templeogue Road.

The official definition of the R137 from the Roads Act, 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order, 2012  states:

R137: Dame Street — Tallaght, County Dublin (Part old National Route 81)

Between its junction with R138 at Church Lane in the city of Dublin and its junction with M50 at Tymon North in the county of South Dublin via Dame Street, Cork Hill, Lord Edward Street, Christchurch Place, Nicholas Street, Patrick Street, New Street South, Clanbrassil Street Lower, Clanbrassil Street Upper, Harolds Cross Road, Terenure Road North, Terenure Place and Templeogue Road in the city of Dublin: and Templeogue Road and Tallaght Road in the county of South Dublin.

The road is 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) long (map of the route).

Terenure
Terenure (Irish: Tír an Iúir, meaning 'land of the yew tree'), called Roundtown from around 1800-1870, is a middle class suburb of Dublin in Ireland. It is located in the city's D6 and D6W postal districts. The population of all electoral divisions labelled as Terenure was 17,972 as of the 2022 census.
Botley Wood and Everett's and Mushes Copses
Botley Wood and Everett's and Mushes Copses is a 352.7-hectare (872-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Fareham in Hampshire.

Botley Wood is nationally recognized for its butterfly population, with more than 30 breeding species, including the pearl-bordered fritillary, white-letter hairstreak, dark green fritillary, and purple emperor. Everett's and Mushes Copses contain a rich flora, with over fifty species of flowering plants typical of ancient woodlands.

Dark green fritillary
The dark green fritillary (Speyeria aglaja) is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The insect has a wide range in the Palearctic realm - Europe, Morocco, Iran, Siberia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.
Pagi (title)
Pagi (also spelled as Paghi and Pugi) is a title used by the Koli caste of the Indian state of Gujarat during the rule of Mughals, Muslims, British, and princely states in British India. They specialised in the tracking of thieves by means of their footprints. Pagi was a title equal to the detective conferred on the Kolis of Talpada and Chunwalia subcastes.

In some cases, Kolis of the Pagi title were treated as of lower status in comparison to those Kolis who were Kotwal, because a small number of Pagi Kolis worked as village watchmen, maintaining order and securing the village at night. Koli Pagis stretched their role as guardsman, police officers and maintain the position in government to use their title proper as Pagi.

The Koli caste is 24% of the total population of Gujarat. They are classified as Other Backward Class (OBC) Kshatriya for their work as Pagi seemed to be a warrior class.

Kshatriya
Kshatriya (Sanskrit: क्षत्रिय, romanized: Kṣatriya) (from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority"; also called Rajanya) is one of the four varnas (social orders) of Hindu society and is associated with the warrior aristocracy. The Sanskrit term kṣatriyaḥ is used in the context of later Vedic society wherein members were organised into four classes: brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra.
Gadolinium(III) perchlorate
Gadolinium(III) perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Gd(ClO4)3. It can be obtained by reacting gadolinium(III) oxide and perchloric acid (70~72%) at 80 °C. It can form colorless Gd(ClO4)3·9H2O·4C4H8O2 complex crystals with 1,4-dioxane. It reacts with inositol, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide to obtain complexes containing giant molecular clusters {Gd140}. It reacts with chromium(III) chloride and 2,2'-bipyridine at pH=5.1 to obtain [GdCr(bipy)2(OH)2(H2O)6](ClO4)4·2H2O.

1,4-Dioxane
1,4-Dioxane (/daɪˈɒkseɪn/) is a heterocyclic organic compound, classified as an ether. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. The compound is often called simply dioxane because the other dioxane isomers (1,2- and 1,3-) are rarely encountered.

1,4-Dioxane is miscible in water, essentially nonvolatile when dissolved in water, not well adsorbed by activated carbon, and not readily oxidized by common oxidants.

Dioxane is used as a solvent in manufacturing applications, and as a stabilizer for the transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons in aluminium containers. It is a highly flammable substance that produces toxic vapors when heated.

Although it is a trace material in commonly used products, such as cosmetics, dioxane is considered a hazardous contaminant and potential carcinogen in many countries, requiring government monitoring of amounts used in manufacturing and its presence in air, drinking water, and ecosystems.
The Cranberry Harvest, Island of Nantucket
The Cranberry Harvest, Island of Nantucket is an 1880 oil painting on canvas by the American artist Eastman Johnson. It is in the Timken Museum of Art, which acquired it in 1972. It depicts a large number of people, women, men and children, participating in the harvest of cranberries in the fields of the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Eastman Johnson
Jonathan Eastman Johnson (July 29, 1824 – April 5, 1906) was an American painter and co-founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, with his name inscribed at its entrance. He was best known for his genre paintings, paintings of scenes from everyday life, and his portraits both of everyday people and prominent Americans such as Abraham Lincoln, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. His later works often show the influence of the 17th-century Dutch masters, whom he studied in The Hague in the 1850s; he was known as The American Rembrandt in his day.
Kolliphor EL
Kolliphor EL, formerly known as Cremophor EL, is the registered trademark of BASF Corp. for its version of polyethoxylated castor oil.  It is prepared by reacting 35 moles of ethylene oxide with each mole of castor oil. The resulting product is a mixture (CAS number 61791-12-6): the major component is the material in which the hydroxyl groups of the castor oil triglyceride have been ethoxylated with ethylene oxide to form polyethylene glycol ethers. Minor components are the polyethyelene glycol esters of ricinoleic acid, polyethylene glycols and polyethylene glycol ethers of glycerol. Kolliphor EL is a synthetic, nonionic surfactant used to stabilize emulsions of nonpolar materials in water.

Kolliphor EL is an excipient or additive in drugs. Therapeutically, modern drugs are rarely given in a pure chemical state, so most active ingredients are combined with excipients or additives such as Kolliphor EL.

Ricinoleic acid
Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid, is a fatty acid.  It is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and a hydroxy acid. It is a major component of the seed oil obtained from the seeds of castor plant (Ricinus communis L., Euphorbiaceae), the plant that produces ricin. It is also found in the sclerotium of ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul., Clavicipitaceae). About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the ricinolein.
Salomó railway station
Salomó is a railway station owned by ADIF located in the town of Salomó, in the Tarragonès region. The station is on the Barcelona-Vilanova-Valls railway line and is served by trains on the R13 line of Rodalies de Catalunya, operated by Renfe Operadora.

This station entered service in 1883 when the section constructed by the Companyia dels Ferrocarrils de Valls a Vilanova i Barcelona (VVB) between Calafell and Valls was opened, one year after the opening of the line between Vilanova i la Geltrú and Calafell.

In 2016 it recorded an entry of 2,000 passengers.

Tarragonès
Tarragonès (Catalan pronunciation: [tərəɣuˈnɛs]) is a comarca (county) in Camp de Tarragona, Catalonia (Spain). It lies on the Mediterranean coast, between the comarques of Baix Penedès to the northeast and Baix Camp to the south. Over 60% of the population live in the capital, Tarragona.
Atwood–Rawlins County City–County Airport
Atwood–Rawlins County City–County Airport (ICAO: KADT, FAA LID: ADT) is a public airport located two miles (3 km) north of the central business district of Atwood, in Rawlins County, Kansas, United States. It is owned by the City of Atwood & Rawlins County.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Atwood–Rawlins County City–County Airport is assigned ADT by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

Rawlins County, Kansas
Rawlins County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and largest city is Atwood.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 2,561.  It was named after John Rawlins, a general in the American Civil War.
Self (surname)
Self is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Austin Wayne Self (born 1996), American racing driver

Bill Self (born 1962), American college basketball coach at the University of Kansas

David Self (born 1970), American screenwriter

David Self, a colorist for comics such as WildStorm's Red

Deanna Self, American politician

Doris Self (1925–2006), American video game competitor

Jeffery Self (born 1987), American actor, writer, and comedian

Jim Self (1943–2025), American tubist and composer

Keith Self (born 1953), American politician

Michael Self (born 1990), American racing driver

Will Self (born 1961), English novelist

William Edwin Self (1921–2010), American actor and producer

William Lee Self (born 1958), American musician and composer

William Self (organist) (1906–1998), American musician

David Self
David Christopher Self (born January 8, 1970) is an American screenwriter best known as the author of the screenplays for the films The Haunting (1999), Road to Perdition (2002), and The Wolfman (2010).
Lawrence County, Missouri
Lawrence County is located in the southwest portion of the U.S. state of Missouri, in the area of the Ozarks. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,001. Its county seat is Mount Vernon. The county was organized in 1845 and named for James Lawrence, a naval officer from the War of 1812 known for his battle cry, "Don't give up the ship!"

A previous Lawrence County, established in 1815 with its county seat at what is now Davidsonville Historic State Park in Arkansas, covered much of what is now southern Missouri and the northern third of Arkansas. When the Arkansas Territory was created from Missouri Territory in 1819, some of that earlier county became organized as Lawrence County, Arkansas.

Just before that, in 1818, Missouri divided its part of the old Lawrence County into Wayne County and Madison County; with population increases, those counties were later divided into others, including the present Lawrence County.

Davidsonville Historic State Park
Davidsonville Historic State Park (formerly Old Davidsonville State Park) is a 163-acre (66 ha) Arkansas state park in Randolph County, Arkansas in the United States. Situated on a border between The Ozarks and the Arkansas Delta, the park preserves the remains of the abandoned frontier town of Davidsonville. The town was one of Arkansas Territory's first settlements when founded in 1815, serving as an important river port town on the Black River. The former townsite was made into a state park in 1957 and a monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
Thiamine transporter 1
Thiamine transporter 1, also known as thiamine carrier 1 (TC1) or solute carrier family 19 member 2 (SLC19A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC19A2 gene. SLC19A2 is a thiamine transporter. Mutations in this gene cause thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome (TRMA), which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diabetes mellitus, megaloblastic anemia and sensorineural deafness.

Membrane transport protein
A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins, that is: they exist permanently within and span the membrane, across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, or reverse diffusion. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either channels or carriers (a.k.a. permeases or transporters). Examples of channel/carrier proteins include the GLUT 1 uniporter, sodium channels, and potassium channels. The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are known as the transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of, not only ions and nutrients, but drugs as well.
WJBK-TV Studios Building
The WJBK-TV Studios Building is a broadcasting building located at 7441 Second Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. It is the only building in Detroit designed by noted Palm Beach, Florida architect John L. Volk. The property is currently owned by Halcor Studio Live LLC.

John L. Volk
John Latham Volk (October 15, 1901 – February 20, 1984) was an Austrian-born American architect who designed public buildings and private residences in and around Palm Beach, Florida from the 1920s until his death in 1984. Although there is no particular style exclusively associated with Volk, he worked with many styles from Mediterranean Revival to Modern. Volk was among a group of architects considered the “Big Five,” along with Marion Sims Wyeth, Addison Mizner, Maurice Fatio, and Howard Major, who defined Palm Beach style in the early twentieth century.
IBM IntelliStation
The IntelliStation is a family of workstations developed by IBM and first released in March 1997 as the follow-on to the PC Series 360 and 365. Certain IntelliStation M Pro Series were near hardware identical to low end IBM Netfinity 1000 Series network servers (with variants in included video cards and SCSI options). In February 2002, POWER processor-based workstations, previously sold directly under the eServer pSeries brand, were also placed under the IntelliStation umbrella.

The last IntelliStation models were discontinued in January 2009, ending the product line.

Intergraph
Intergraph Corporation was an American software development and services company, which now forms part of Hexagon AB. It provides enterprise engineering and geospatially powered software to businesses, governments, and organizations around the world, and operates through three divisions: Hexagon Asset Lifecycle Intelligence (ALI, formerly PPM), Hexagon Safety & Infrastructure, and Hexagon Geospatial. The company's headquarters is in Huntsville, Alabama, United States.

In 2008, Intergraph was one of the one hundred largest software companies in the world. In July 2010, Intergraph was acquired by Hexagon AB.
1998 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 38th edition of the Ronde van Nederland cycling race, which was held from August 25 to August 29, 1998. The race started in Naaldwijk (South Holland) and finished in Landgraaf (Limburg).

Landgraaf
Landgraaf (Dutch: [ˈlɑntxraːf] ⓘ; Limburgish: Lankgraaf [ˈlɑŋkxʀaːf]) is a municipality in southeastern Limburg, Netherlands, forming part of the Parkstad Limburg agglomeration. SnowWorld is the largest indoor ski piste in Europe.
Záh (gens)
Záh (Zaah or Zách)  was the name of a gens (Latin for "clan"; nemzetség in Hungarian) in the Kingdom of Hungary. The clan was one of the 108 gentes during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and located in Nógrád County along with the Kacsics, Kartal, Kökényesradnót and Tomaj clans.

The gens provided several high dignitaries in the era of Árpáds, including Nicholas, son of Borsa who served as ispán (Count; comes) of Sopron County between 1221 and 1233. Conrad, son of Albős (c. 1240–1269) was ispán of Győr County and chief cellarer for the Queen. Job functioned as bishop of Pécs from 1252 until c. 1282 and ispán of Moson County since 1272. He was the uncle of Felician Záh.

The clan divided into two branches: the first one had estates in Transdanubia, Tolna, Somogy and Baranya Counties. The second one remained landowner in Nógrád County. Felician belonged to the Nógrád branch. He was a supporter of Matthew Csák.

Nógrád County (historical county)
Nógrád (Hungarian; Latin: comitatus Neogradiensis, German: Neuburg or Neograd, Slovak: Novohrad) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now divided between Hungary and Slovakia. The name Novohrad is still used in Slovakia as an informal designation of the corresponding territory. The name is derived from the former Nógrád castle in Hungary.
Incomplete repetition
Incomplete repetition is a musical form featuring two large sections, the second being a partial or incomplete re-presentation or repetition of the first.

This form is used throughout the traditional Plains-Pueblo Native American music where the first section uses vocables and the second uses meaningful words or lyrics. Typical formal schemes include ABC, BC, AABC, and ABC and each section uses a tile type melodic contour.

Examples of AABC form include Tadd Dameron's "Lady Bird".

Repetition (music)
Repetition is important in music, where sounds or sequences are often repeated. It may be called restatement, such as the restatement of a theme. While it plays a role in all music, with noise and musical tones lying along a spectrum from irregular to periodic sounds, it is especially prominent in specific styles.
Pied bush chat
The pied bush chat (Saxicola caprata) is a small passerine bird found ranging from West Asia and Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. About sixteen subspecies are recognized through its wide range with many island forms. It is a familiar bird of countryside and open scrub or grassland where it is found perched at the top of short thorn trees or other shrubs, looking out for insect prey. They pick up insects mainly from the ground, and were, like other chats, placed in the thrush family Turdidae, but are now considered as Old World flycatchers.

They nest in cavities in stone walls or in holes in an embankment, lining the nest with grass and animal hair. The males are black with white shoulder and vent patches whose extent varies among populations. Females are predominantly brownish while juveniles are speckled.

Old World flycatcher
The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) and northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), found also in North America. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. The large family includes 357 species and is divided into 57 genera.
The Stonemason ostracon
The Stonemason Ostracon is a figured-limestone ostracon from the Ramesside period of Ancient Egypt, 19–20th Dynasties.

The figured-ostracon is made in outline form with black and (faint)-red paint-(ink). It is a sketchpad ostracon, as sections of red lines remain unfilled, as well as finalized black lines show adjacent to the faint reds. Minor sections of a red frame line remain.

The unflattering figured-character of the stonemason is bald, paunched, with facial stubble, in a leaning-over, and awkward pose. It is a caricature scene, as in a cartoon. The Stonemason is holding his chisel in his left hand and his wooden Egyptian mallet in his right hand.

Chisel
A chisel is a hand tool with a characteristic wedge-shaped cutting edge on the end of its blade. A chisel is useful for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal.

Using a chisel involves forcing the blade into some material to cut it. The driving force may be applied by pushing by hand, or by using a mallet or hammer. In industrial use, a hydraulic ram or falling weight ('trip hammer') may be used to drive a chisel into the material.

A gouge is a type of chisel that serves to carve small pieces from the material; particularly in woodworking, woodturning and sculpture.
Calenberg Land
The Calenberg Land (German: Calenberger Land) is an historic landscape southwest of Hanover in Germany, roughly formed by the rural area between the Leine and the Deister hills. The name of this landscape comes from the Principality of Calenberg that ruled the area during the Middle Ages with its seat at Calenberg Castle near Pattensen.

House of Welf
The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century. The originally Franconian family from the Meuse-Moselle area was closely related to the imperial family of the Carolingians.