hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coalgebra
In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras.
Every coalgebra, by (vector space) duality, gives rise to an algebra, but not in general the other way. In finite dimensions, this duality goes in both directions (see below).

Coalgebras occur naturally in a number of contexts (for example, representation theory, universal enveloping algebras and group schemes).

There are also F-coalgebras, with important applications in computer science.

Basis (linear algebra)
In mathematics, a set B of elements of  a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elements of a basis are called basis vectors.

Equivalently, a set B is a basis if its elements are linearly independent and every element of V is a linear combination of elements of B. In other words, a basis is a linearly independent spanning set.

A vector space can have several bases; however all the bases have the same number of elements, called the dimension of the vector space.

This article deals mainly with finite-dimensional vector spaces. However, many of the principles are also valid for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

Basis vectors find applications in the study of crystal structures and frames of reference.
Our Lady of Luxembourg
Our Lady of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Notre Dame du Lëtzebuerg) is a Roman Catholic devotional image of the Blessed Virgin Mary under the Marian title of Our Lady of Consolation.

This statue of the Madonna and Child is vested in imperial regalia and is widely venerated as a national and patriotic symbol enshrined at the Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg.

Imperial Regalia
The Imperial Regalia, also called Imperial Insignia (in German Reichskleinodien, Reichsinsignien or Reichsschatz), are regalia of the Holy Roman Emperor. The most important parts are the Crown, the Imperial orb, the Imperial sceptre, the Holy Lance and the Imperial Sword. Today they are kept at the Imperial Treasury in the Hofburg palace in Vienna, Austria.

The Imperial Regalia are the only completely preserved regalia from the Middle Ages.
During the late Middle Ages, the word Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien) had many variations in the Latin language. The regalia were  named in Latin: insignia imperialia, regalia insignia, insignia imperalis capellae quae regalia dicuntur and other similar words.
Early Twenties
Early Twenties is the debut studio album by British singer-songwriter Cat Burns, released on 12 July 2024 through Since '93 and RCA Records. The album was preceded by the singles "Alone", "End Game" and "Met Someone". The deluxe edition includes the previously released singles "Go" and "Wasted Youth" with Goddard. It also includes a collaboration with India.Arie. Early Twenties has received positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for the 2024 Mercury Prize.

Go (Cat Burns song)
"Go" is a song by English singer Cat Burns. It was written on November 14, 2018 then released as a single on 31 July 2020, through Since 93 and RCA Records. Written by Burns, Wille Tannergard, George Morgan and Jonah Stevens, the song rose to popularity in early 2022, eventually peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart.

The song was included on Burns's 2022 EP Emotionally Unavailable. It was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2023 Brit Awards.
Tamil Nadu famine (1891)
The Tamil Nadu famine of 1891 was one of the worst localized famines to hit Tamil Nadu, India.

During this time the people in Rasipuram and Puduppalayam region were helped to overcome this famine by a philanthropist by the name of Kulandaisami, who fed porridge and sugarcane to his entire region during this period.
This famine was also known as 'kanji thotti panjam' because Kulanthaisami served the porridge in a kanjithotti [porridge pot] and also as 'daathu kaalaththu panjam [famine]' due to the fact that it occurred during the Tamil year daathu.

Porridge
Porridge is a type of semi-solid food made by soaking, poaching or boiling, in milk or water, ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge, and congee is a savoury variation of porridge of Asian origin.

Porridge is often cooked with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruits or syrup to sweeten the cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl or a pot, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, known as oatmeal in North America, is one of the most common types; while rice porridge is more common in Asia.
Liverpool Garston
Liverpool Garston is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Since its recreation for the 2024 general election, its MP is Maria Eagle of the Labour Party.

The seat was first established in 1950, but was abolished in 2010, before being re-established in 2024.

Allerton, Liverpool
Allerton is a suburb of Liverpool, in the county of Merseyside, England. Historically in Lancashire, it is located three miles (five kilometres) southeast of the city centre and is bordered by the suburbs of Garston, Hunt's Cross, Mossley Hill, and Woolton. It has a number of large houses in the prestigious Calderstones Park area, with mainly 1930s semi-detached housing around the shopping area of Allerton Road. It is paired with Hunts Cross to form the Allerton and Hunts Cross city council ward, which had a population of 14,853 at the 2011 census.
Calgary Stampeders all-time records and statistics
The following is a select list of Calgary Stampeders all-time records and statistics current to the 2025 CFL season. Each category lists the top five players, where known, except for when the fifth place player is tied in which case all players with the same number are listed.

Allen Pitts
Allen Pitts (born June 28, 1964) is an American former professional football wide receiver who played for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) from 1990 to 2000. He attended Cal-State Fullerton and played his entire professional career as a receiver for the Calgary Stampeders.  He retired as the CFL's all-time leading receiver in term of career yardage until he was passed by Milt Stegall in 2008.
Uqba ibn Amr
Uqba ibn Amr al-Ansari (Arabic: عقبة بن عمرو الأنصاري, romanized: ʿUqba ibn ʿAmr al-Anṣārī), also known by his kunya Abu Mas'ud (Arabic: أبو مسعود, romanized: Abū Masʿūd) al-Ansari was a companion of Muhammad. He was a prominent narrator of hadith, quoted in Sahih Bukhari, the most prominent source of Hadith among Sunni Muslims. He reportedly narrated 102 or more hadiths.

Kufa
Kufa (Arabic: الْكُوفَة "al-Kūfah"), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000.

Along with Najaf, Karbala, Mashhad, Samarra, Kadhimiya and Qom, Kufa is one of the holiest cities in Shia Islam. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Kufa was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa. Kufic script is named for the city.

The Palestinian keffiyeh, also known as kufiya and worn by Arab men, originated from Kufa, and is worn today to convey diverse political sentiments. Due to heightened global consumer demand, most keffiyehs are now manufactured in China.
Craugastor persimilis
Craugastor persimilis is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in the lowlands and premontane Atlantic slopes of central to southeastern Costa Rica.
Its natural habitats are lowland and premontane moist rainforest. It lives in leaf-litter and can persist in moderately disturbed areas, including plantations. It is an adaptable species that is not considered threatened, despite severe habitat fragmentation within its range.

Craugastor persimilis are small frogs: males grow to a snout–vent length of 13–18 mm (0.51–0.71 in) and females to 13–23 mm (0.51–0.91 in).

Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation and  ecosystem decay. Causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment (suspected of being one of the major causes of speciation), and human activity such as land conversion, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the population fluctuation of many species. More specifically, habitat fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.
Ivor Thomas (British Army officer)
General Sir Gwilym Ivor Thomas, GCB, KBE, DSO, MC & Bar (23 July 1893 – 29 August 1972) was a senior British Army officer who saw active service in both World Wars. He is most notable for commanding the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division throughout the campaign in Western Europe from June 1944 until Victory in Europe Day in May 1945, and later rose to become Quartermaster-General to the Forces.

Brigadier (United Kingdom)
Brigadier (Brig) is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. Brigadier is the superior rank to colonel and subordinate to major-general. It corresponds to the rank of brigadier general in many other nations, although it is not considered to be a general officer rank in the United Kingdom.

The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-6, placing it equivalent to the Royal Navy commodore and the Royal Air Force air commodore ranks and the brigadier general (1-star general) rank of the United States military and numerous other NATO nations.
Ana Dabović
Ana Dabović (Serbian Cyrillic: Ана Дабовић; born August 18, 1989) is a Serbian professional basketball player for the BLMA of the French Ligue 1 and EuroLeague Women. Standing at 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in), she plays at the shooting guard position. She also represents the Serbian national basketball team.

Since 17 April 2015 to October 2016, she was a president of ŽKK Vojvodina.

Ligue Féminine de Basketball
The Ligue Féminine de Basketball (LFB; Women's Basketball League) is the top women's French professional basketball league. The LFB authorities announced that the championship is renamed La Boulangère Wonderligue (LBWL) as for the seasons 2024-2025 to 2026-2027.
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
The Peter and Paul Cathedral (Russian: Петропавловский собор, romanized: Petropavlovskiy sobor) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, Russia. It is the first and oldest landmark in St. Petersburg, built between 1712 and 1733 on Hare Island along the Neva River. Both the cathedral and the fortress were originally built under Peter the Great and designed by Domenico Trezzini. The cathedral's bell tower is the world's tallest Orthodox bell tower. Since the belfry is not standalone, but an integral part of the main building, the cathedral is sometimes considered the second tallest Orthodox Church in the world. There is another Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul Church in St. Petersburg, located in Petergof.

Spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically made of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structures with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, roof shingles, or slates on the exterior.

Since towers supporting spires are usually square, square-plan spires emerge directly from the tower's walls, but octagonal spires are either built above a pyramidal transition section called a broach at the spire's base, or else free spaces around the tower's summit for decorative elements like pinnacles. The former solution is known as a broach spire. Small or short spires are known as spikes, spirelets, or flèches.
38th Marine Brigade (Ukraine)
The 38th Marine Brigade "Hetman Petro Sahaidachny" (Ukrainian: 38-ма окрема бригада морської піхоти імені гетьмана Петра Сагайдачного; 38 ОБрМП, MUN A4765), is a naval infantry brigade of the Ukrainian Marine Corps of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Military Unit Number
A Military Unit Number (Russian: войсковая часть, в/ ч; Ukrainian: військова частина, в/ ч) is a unique numeric code assigned to military units of the Soviet Union and some Post-Soviet states. It is usually a four or five digit code for the purpose of identifying units of the armed forces and internal troops.

Military Unit Numbers for ground forces are assigned for a specific military unit (corps, division, brigade, etc.) while for the navy it is assigned to an individual ship. The number is also used for the unit's military mail and other logistics.
Marnie (dog)
Marnie (26 October 2001 - 5 March 2020) was a female Shih Tzu rescue dog adopted and owned by Shirley Braha. Photos of Marnie have been popular on Instagram and Twitter. At the time of her death, Marnie's Instagram account had over 1.9 million followers and each of the photos have received hundreds of thousands of Instagram likes; in the last two months of her life, Marnie's following increased five-times over. Marnie's Twitter account has over 115 thousand followers. Braha also posted short videos of Marnie on Vine.

In August 2012 Marnie was moved to an animal shelter by animal control as an abandoned street dog living in Connecticut. Four months later, she was adopted by Braha via Petfinder. Marnie's popularity originated from her photos on Instagram, under the handle @marniethedog, which Braha has updated since 2014. Marnie was especially famous for her permanent head tilt to the left, a result of a brief case of vestibular disease.

Pet adoption
Pet adoption is one way to provide a home for animals in need, which is different from purchasing a pet from a breeder or pet store. Common sources for adoptable pets are animal shelters, rescue groups, or other pet owners.

Animals are placed up for adoption for numerous reasons, like being abandoned, lost, or rehomed from their current family. The need for rehoming sometimes results from allergies, death of a pet-owner, divorce, the birth of a baby, or relocation. After medical examinations, treatments, and behavioural tests, adoption centres (at their discretion) determine if the pet is healthy enough for adoption.
Mean value theorem
In mathematics, the mean value theorem (or Lagrange's mean value theorem) states, roughly, that for a given planar arc between two endpoints, there is at least one point at which the tangent to the arc is parallel to the secant through its endpoints. It is one of the most important results in real analysis. This theorem is used to prove statements about a function on an interval starting from local hypotheses about derivatives at points of the interval.

Interior (topology)
In mathematics, specifically in topology,
the interior of a subset S of a topological space X is the union of all subsets of S that are open in X.
A point that is in the interior of S is an interior point of S.
The interior of S is the complement of the closure of the complement of S.
In this sense interior and closure are dual notions.

The exterior of a set S is the complement of the closure of S; it consists of the points that are in neither the set nor its boundary.
The interior, boundary, and exterior of a subset together partition the whole space into three blocks (or fewer when one or more of these is empty).
Daniil Khrypchuk
Daniil Serhiyovych Khrypchuk (Ukrainian: Даніїл Сергійович Хрипчук; born 9 December 2003) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Vorskla Poltava in the Ukrainian Premier League.

FC Vorskla Poltava
FC Vorskla Poltava (Ukrainian: ФК «Во́рскла» Полта́ва [ˈwɔrsklɐ polˈtɑwɐ]) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Poltava. The team set to compete in Ukrainian First League, the second tier of Ukrainian football after relegation from Ukrainian Premier League in 2024–25.
Jana Sue Memel
Jana Sue Memel (born 7 March 1955, Los Angeles) is an American Academy Award-winning film producer, film director and writer, best known for her films Ray’s Male Heterosexual Dance Hall (1987) and Lieberman in Love (1995) that won Oscars in 1988 and 1996 respectively both in the category “Live Action Short Film”. She has produced over 25 movies and over 65 life-action shorts, some of which won Writers Guild and Director Guild Awards, Emmys, CableACE Awards and the Humanitas Prize.  Currently she is communications consultant founder of “The Hollywood Way” and Executive Director of the Schools of Entertainment at Academy of Art University in San Francisco.

Partners (1993 film)
Partners is a 1993 American short film directed by Peter Weller. The film is about a junior partner in a law firm who discovers that the wife of an important client was a former college sweetheart of his.
Nathan Weiss Graduate College
The Nathan Weiss Graduate College is the graduate college of Kean University in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The college is located on Kean's East Campus in Hillside, New Jersey and is a comprehensive educational institution that offers various majors for master's degrees and doctorates and fosters the development of ethical and effective leadership in the professions, taking into account the increasingly complex, diverse, and technological nature of American and global society. Nathan Weiss Graduate College is named for a former president of Kean College of New Jersey.

Hillside, New Jersey
Hillside is a township in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 22,456, an increase of 1,052 (+4.9%) from the 2010 census count of 21,404, which in turn reflected a decline of 343 (−1.6%) from the 21,747 counted in the 2000 census.

Hillside was incorporated as a township on April 3, 1913, from portions of Union Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 29, 1913. The township was named for the surrounding hills.

The township is split between area codes 908 and 973.
Jeotgalicoccus marinus
Jeotgalicoccus marinus is a species of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. It is moderately halophilic, it grows in environments with 0.5–25.0 % total salts. The cells are coccoid. The species was isolated from a sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) from the South China Sea.

Halophile
A halophile (from the Greek word for 'salt-loving') is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin.

Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Lake Urmia in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons.
Finmere railway station
Finmere was a railway station on the former Great Central Main Line which ran between Manchester London Road and London Marylebone. It was opened in 1899 and served the nearby village of Finmere. The station was closed in 1963 and the line through it was closed in 1966.

British Rail Class 421
The British Rail Class 421 (4CIG) electric multiple units were built at BR's Holgate Road carriage works between 1964 and 1972. Units were built in two batches, and were initially introduced on services on the Brighton Main Line. Later units were introduced on services to Portsmouth. These units replaced older Southern Railway-designed units, such as the 5Bel "Brighton Belle" units, and 4Cor units. The fleet's lifespan was 46 years.
Marlène Belley
Marlène Belley (born 1963) is a Canadian poet.

She was born in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec and went on to teach French in Ottawa. Her first collection of poetry Les jours sont trop longs pour se mentir, published in 1995, received the Prix Émile-Nelligan in the same year.

Saint-Hyacinthe
Saint-Hyacinthe (/ ... ˈhaɪ.əsɪnθ/ ... HY-ə-sinth, French: [sɛ̃t‿ijasɛ̃t]) is a city in southwestern Quebec east of Montreal on the Yamaska River. The population as of the 2021 Canadian census was 57,239. The city is located in Les Maskoutains Regional County Municipality of the Montérégie region, and is traversed by the Yamaska River.  Quebec Autoroute 20 runs perpendicular to the river. Saint-Hyacinthe is the seat of the judicial district of the same name.
Kistecephalia
Kistecephalia is a clade of dicynodont therapsids. The group was first named in 1894, and was reinstated as a clade in 2009. Kistecephalia is a stem-based taxon defined as all taxa more closely related to Cistecephalus microrhinus than Emydops arctatus. It includes the families Myosauridae, Kingoriidae, and Cistecephalidae and is part of the larger group Emydopoidea. Kistecephalians were small in comparison to other dicynodonts. One group of kistecephalians, the cistecephalids, are thought to have been burrowers. Below is a cladogram from Kammerer et al. (2011) showing the phylogenetic relationships of kistecephalians:

Fossorial
A fossorial animal (from Latin  fossor 'digger') is one that is adapted to digging and which lives primarily (but not solely) underground. Examples of fossorial vertebrates are moles, badgers, naked mole-rats, meerkats, armadillos, wombats, and mole salamanders. Among invertebrates, many molluscs (e.g., clams), insects (e.g., beetles, wasps, bees), and arachnids (e.g. spiders) are fossorial.
His Polyvinyl Girl
His Polyvinyl Girl is a 1961 British television play that aired as an episode of Armchair Theatre. It was a musical. It was directed by Philip Saville.

Writer Steve Vinayver and composer Carl Davis were American. They arrived in London and pitched the idea of a musical to Sydney Newman, head of drama at ATV. Newman did not think it suitable but liked their talent and commissioned them to write an original musical which became His Polyvinyl Girl. Newman called it "an oddball winner — a charmingly told story with delightful music to match."

Philip Saville
Philip Saville (28 October 1927 – 22 December 2016) was a British director, screenwriter and former actor whose career lasted half a century. The British Film Institute's Screenonline website described Saville as "one of Britain's most prolific and pioneering television and film directors". His work included 45 contributions to Armchair Theatre (1956–1972) and he won two Best Drama Series BAFTAs for Boys from the Blackstuff (1982) and The Life and Loves of a She-Devil (1986).
Maddila Gurumoorthy
Maddila Gurumoorthy (born 22 June 1985) is an Indian politician from YSR Congress Party. He was elected as MP in 2021 by-polls from Tirupati Andhra Pradesh, India. The bye-election, held on 17 April following the death of sitting MP YSRCP's Balli Durga Prasad Rao in September 2020.

2021 elections in India
Elections in India in 2021 include by-elections to the Lok Sabha, elections to the Rajya Sabha, elections to legislative assemblies of 4 states and 1 union territory, and other by-elections to state legislative assemblies, councils and local bodies.