hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Robert Brown
James Robert Brown FRSC (born 1949) is a Canadian philosopher of science. He is an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto. In the philosophy of mathematics, he has advocated mathematical Platonism, visual reasoning, and in the philosophy of science he has defended scientific realism mostly against anti-realist views associated with social constructivism. He has also argued for the socialization of medical research (especially pharmaceutical research). He is largely known for his work on thought experiments.

Elected: Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina –
Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften) 2004, Royal Society of Canada 2007, Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences 2010.

Brown was born in Montreal, Quebec. He is married to the philosopher Kathleen Okruhlik.

Thought experiment
A thought experiment is an imaginary scenario that is meant to elucidate or test an argument or theory. It is often an experiment that would be hard, impossible, or unethical to actually perform. It can also be an abstract hypothetical that is meant to test our intuitions about morality or other fundamental philosophical questions.
Małe Łunawy
Małe Łunawy [ˈmawɛ wuˈnavɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chełmno, within Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is located in Chełmno Land within the historic region of Pomerania.

Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo kujawsko-pomorskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ kuˈjafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ] ⓘ) is one of Poland's 16 voivodeships (provinces).

It was created on 1 January 1999 and is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions, from which it takes its name: Kuyavia (Polish: Kujawy) and Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze).

Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Toruń.
German-Croatian Police
The German-Croatian Police (German: Deutsch-Kroatische Polizei; Croatian: Hrvatsko-Njemačko Redarstvo), also known as the German-Croatian SS Police and Gendarmerie, was a force established by the SS for internal security operations in the Independent State of Croatia. In all, 32,000 Croats served in the various units of this Police force, under German command, with the task of preserving order and help defend Axis strategic positions throughout the country.

Einsatzkommando
During World War II, the Nazi German Einsatzkommandos were a sub-group of the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani, and communists in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front. Einsatzkommandos, along with Sonderkommandos, were responsible for the systematic murder of Jews during the aftermath of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. After the war, several commanders were tried in the Einsatzgruppen trial, convicted, and executed.
Seyed Ali Madanizadeh
Seyed Ali Madanizadeh (Persian: سید علی مدنی‌زاده, born 1982), sometimes written Seyed Ali Madani-Zadeh, is an Iranian economist who was confirmed as Iran's Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs on June 16, 2025. He was associate professor of economics at Sharif University of Technology. He is currently the dean of the Faculty of Management and Economics at the university.

Madanizadeh is the candidate nominated to the Islamic Consultative Assembly for the position of Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, following the dismissal of Abdolnaser Hemmati in 2025.

In 2000 and 2002, Madanizadeh won third place at the International Mathematical Olympiad. In 2018, he won the Young Iranian Economic Researcher Award.

International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. It is widely regarded as the most prestigious mathematical competition in the world. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries participate. Each country sends a team of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.

The contest takes place over two days, and consists of six problems (three given on each day). The problems are extremely difficult, and may include topics not conventionally covered in school, but they avoid the use of calculus. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores.
Çakmak railway station
Çakmak railway station (Turkish: Çakmak istasyonu) is a railway station in the village of Çakmak, Konya in Turkey. The station consists of a narrow island platform serving two tracks, with four more tracks used as a siding.

TCDD Taşımacılık operates a daily intercity train, the Taurus Express from Konya to Adana.

Taurus Express
The Taurus Express (Turkish: Toros Ekspresi) is a passenger train named after the Taurus Mountains in Southern Turkey. It was launched in 1930 by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits and originally connected Istanbul with Aleppo, Tripoli, Lebanon (for connections to Palestine) and Nusaybin (for connections to Iraq). The Taurus Express provided connection to the Orient Express in Istanbul. Overland travel from Western Europe to Near East became possible with the same level of comfort and quality throughout the trip. As of 2024 a service with this name is operated daily by TCDD Transport running wholly within Turkey between Konya and Adana.
Packsaddle, New South Wales
Packsaddle is a remote township and civil parish of Evelyn County within the Far West Region of New South Wales, Australia. At the 2021 census, Packsaddle had a population of 73.

The parish measured 318500 acres.

The settlement is located where the Silver City Highway crosses the Packsaddle Creek.

The name is said by some to have been given by Burke and Wills who lost a packsaddle while crossing the creek upstream from the modern hamlet.

The area was owned by Goldsbrough Mort & Co. in the 1890s, and Kidman in the 1920s.

A gymkhana is held at Easter time.

The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert).

Evelyn County, New South Wales
Evelyn County is one of the 141 cadastral divisions of New South Wales, Australia.

Evelyn County is named in honour of Police Magistrate Evelyn Pitfield Shirley Sturt (1816–1885) who was the brother of Charles Sturt.
Giriraj Kabra
Giriraj Kabra is an Indian film and television actor, who has been active since 2008. After completing an acting course from the Roshan Taneja School of Acting in Mumbai, he made his debut as Balwinder Singh in the film Kirkit.  As a television actor, his debut was in Mata Ki Chowki as Madhav. Shortly after his debut, he was cast in the lead role of Bittu in  Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?  When this show’s name was changed to  Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage , Giriraj remained on the show until 2013, when he was suddenly replaced by Raj Singh Suryavanshi ; the show was terminated shortly after Giriraj’s exit.

Giriraj has also appeared on the show  Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi  as Rishi Vyas, Kismat Connection as Rahul,  Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum as Harsh Chatterjee,  Kundali Bhagya  as Rajat Bedi,  Daayan  as Kaalnemi,  Laal Ishq  as Mangat,  and Yeshu as Devdoot.

As a model, Giriraj, has walked the ramp at the New York Fashion Week.

Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)
Laal Ishq (Cursed Love) is an Indian Hindi romantic horror television series that aired on &TV. The series premiered on 23 June 2018 under the production of Jaasvand Entertainments. It is produced by Anshuman Pratap Singh, Sachin Mohite, Sridhar Makhija, Darpan Patel and Ravi Raj.
Gordon Hales
Gordon Hales (1916–1994) was a British film editor who worked on more than thirty films, including several documentaries. Early in his career Hales was employed by the GPO Film Unit, which was then taken over by the Ministry of Information during the Second World War. During the late 1940s he worked at Gainsborough Pictures. In 1963 he directed the film noir Return to Sender.

Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)
The Ministry of Information (MOI), headed by the Minister of Information, was a United Kingdom government department created briefly at the end of the First World War and again during the Second World War. Located in Senate House at the University of London during the 1940s, it was the central government department responsible for publicity and propaganda. The MOI was dissolved in March 1946, with its residual functions passing to the Central Office of Information (COI); which was itself dissolved in December 2011 due to the reforming of the organisation of government communications.
Virtual human
A virtual human (or also known as meta human or digital human) is a software fictional character or human being. Virtual humans have been created as tools and artificial companions in simulation, video games, film production, human factors and ergonomic and usability studies in various industries (aerospace, automobile, machinery, furniture etc.), clothing industry, telecommunications (avatars), medicine, etc. These applications require domain-dependent simulation fidelity. A medical application might require an exact simulation of specific internal organs; film industry requires highest aesthetic standards, natural movements, and facial expressions; ergonomic studies require faithful body proportions for a particular population segment and realistic locomotion with constraints, etc.

Game engines such as Unreal Engine via metahuman and Unity by acquiring Wētā FX have enabled real-time interactions with digital humans using physically based rendering.

Artificial human companion
An artificial human companion is a device or application designed to simulate companionship through social, emotional, or relational interaction. Examples of these systems include conversational agents, chatbots, digital pets, virtual avatars, or physically embodied robots.

Unlike task-oriented digital assistants, artificial human companions' capabilities include not just practical support but also often provide emotional presence, maintain ongoing social engagement, and/or cultivate interactions that resemble interpersonal relationships. They can engage in natural and dynamic conversations, provide assistance, offer companionship, and even perform tasks like scheduling or information retrieval. Their capabilities have expanded significantly with advances in artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs), affective computing, and social robotics.
Brian Hughes (musician)
Brian Hughes (born 5 May 1955) is a Canadian guitarist whose work draws from smooth jazz and Latin music. Hughes also plays oud, bouzouki, and balalaika. For over twenty years, he has worked in the studio with singer-songwriter Loreena McKennitt. He co-produced many of her recordings and leads her touring band.

Latin music
Latin music (Portuguese and Spanish: música latina) is a term used by the music industry as a catch-all category for various styles of music from Ibero-America, which encompasses Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the Latino population in Canada and the United States, as well as music that is sung in either Spanish or Portuguese. It may also include music from other territories where Spanish- and Portuguese-language music is made.
Ken Pierce
Ken Pierce is an American performer, teacher and historian of Renaissance and Baroque dance. He trained in ballet and modern dance at the American Ballet Theatre School and the Merce Cunningham studio. He has performed with the Court Dance Company of New York, the New York Baroque Dance Company, and Ris et Danceries (Paris). He directs the Ken Pierce Baroque Dance Company, collaborating with Tafelmusik, Portland Baroque Orchestra, Concerto Copenhagen, The King's Noyse and the Boston Early Music Festival. He was assistant choreographer for Quelques pas graves de Baptiste, Francine Lancelot's baroque-style piece for the Paris Opera Ballet, whose cast included Rudolph Nureyev. Pierce directs the early dance program at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Tafelmusik
Tafelmusik (German: literally, "table-music") is a term used since the mid-16th century for music played at feasts and banquets. Table music could be either instrumental, vocal, or both.  As might be expected, it was often of a somewhat lighter character than music for other occasions. In solemn banquets, starting with wedding dinners, the presence of singers and instrumentalists is customary and almost obligatory.
Temporoparietalis muscle
The temporoparietalis muscle is a distinct muscle of the head. It lies above the auricularis superior muscle. It lies just inferior to the epicranial aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle. The temporoparietalis muscle may be used in reconstructive ear surgery.

Function
Pulls the scalp upward and slightly backward or laterally over the temples.

Head
A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do, regardless of size.

Heads develop in animals by an evolutionary trend known as cephalization. In bilaterally symmetrical animals, nervous tissue concentrate at the anterior region, forming structures responsible for information processing. Through biological evolution, sense organs and feeding structures also concentrate into the anterior region; these collectively form the head.
Barbie and the Rockers
Barbie and the Rockers (known as Barbie and the Rockstars in European areas) is a doll line created in the mid-1980s by Mattel to compete with Hasbro's popular Jem doll line. They were on the market for roughly 3 years; a direct-to-video special, titled Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World, was released in 1987. The characters include Diva (a Scottish-Irish-American redhead), Dana (a Korean-American), Dee-Dee (an African-American), and Derek; Ken joined the band in later waves.

Mattel
Mattel, Inc. (/məˈtɛl/ mə-TEL) is an American multinational toy manufacturing and entertainment company headquartered in El Segundo, California. Founded in Los Angeles by Harold Matson and Ruth and Elliot Handler in January 1945, Mattel has a presence in 35 countries and territories. Its products are sold in more than 150 countries.

Mattel is the world's second largest toy maker in terms of revenue, after the Lego Group. Two of Mattel's major brands, Barbie and Hot Wheels, were named the top global toy property and the top-selling global toy of the year for 2020 and 2021 by the NPD Group.
Type 77 (armored personnel carrier)
The Norinco Type 77 is a Chinese amphibious armoured personnel carrier. First fielded in 1978, it is similar to the Soviet BTR-50 in function. Like the BTR-50 designed by putting a higher hull on the PT-76 light tank chassis, Type 77 is based on the Type 63 light tank, which is itself a derivative of PT-76, making both vehicles very similar.

PT-76
The PT-76 is a Soviet amphibious light tank that was introduced in the early 1950s and soon became the standard reconnaissance tank of the Soviet Army and the other Warsaw Pact armed forces. It was widely exported to other friendly states, like India, Indonesia, Iraq, Syria, North Korea and North Vietnam.

The tank's full name is Floating Tank–76 (плавающий танк, plavayushchiy tank, or ПТ-76, PT-76). 76 stands for the caliber of the main armament: the 76.2 mm D-56T series rifled tank gun.

The PT-76 is used in the reconnaissance and fire-support roles. Its chassis served as the basis for a number of other vehicle designs, many of them amphibious, including the BTR-50 armoured personnel carrier, the ZSU-23-4 self-propelled anti aircraft gun, the ASU-85 airborne self-propelled gun and the 2K12 Kub anti-aircraft missile launch vehicle.
Juuso Nevalainen
Juuso Nevalainen (born May 2, 1997) is a Finnish professional ice hockey right winger currently playing for IPK in Mestis.

Nevalainen previously played six games for KalPa during the 2016–17 Liiga season and scored no points. He then had a loan spell with IPK in the 2017–18 season before joining them on a permanent basis on May 17, 2019.

Mestis
Mestis (from Finnish: Mestaruussarja, meaning 'Championship series', stylized as MEST1S) is the second-highest men's ice hockey league in Finland. The league was established by the Finnish Ice Hockey Association in 2000 to replace the I-divisioona ('First Division').

Promotion to the SM-liiga is achievable for a Mestis team if it defeats an SM-liiga club in the qualification series and meets all the criteria established by the SM-liiga. However, Mestis is an open league that allows for relegation and promotion with the third league, Suomi-sarja.

Mestis is also the highest league under the governance of the FIHA.
Scotland Decides: The Big, Big Debate
Scotland Decides: The Big, Big Debate was a one-off British television programme broadcast by the BBC on 11 September 2014, a week prior to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. The 60-minute show was recorded at Glasgow's OVO Hydro during the afternoon prior to broadcast. It was presented by Scottish journalist James Cook before an audience of about 7,500 16- and 17-year-olds, first-time voters on the day of the referendum, some of whom were invited to quiz a panel of prominent politicians from both the "Yes" and "No" campaigns.

The audience included representatives from every secondary school in Scotland, while the panel was made up of Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and Scottish Green Party leader Patrick Harvie from the "Yes Scotland" campaign, and Scottish Conservative Party leader Ruth Davidson and Respect Party MP George Galloway representing the "Better Together" campaign.

James Cook (broadcaster)
James Cook is a British journalist and broadcaster. He is currently Scotland Editor for BBC News and an occasional presenter of the BBC’s Newscast podcast.

Previously, he was Chief News Correspondent on the Nine nightly news programme on the BBC Scotland channel and, before that, Los Angeles Correspondent and Scotland Correspondent for the BBC.
Waxed jacket
A waxed jacket is a type of hip-length jacket made from waxed cotton cloth, iconic of British and Irish country life. Today it is commonly worn for outdoor rural pursuits such as hunting, shooting and fishing. It is a cotton jacket made water-resistant by a paraffin-based waxing, typically with a tartan lining and a corduroy or leather collar.  Waxed jackets develop a patina over time. The main drawbacks of a waxed fabric is its lack of breathability and tendency to be heavier and bulkier than modern synthetic waterproof materials.

The origin of the waxed jacket is in the coated garments also known as oilskin.

Patina
Patina (/pəˈtiːnə/ pə-TEE-nə or /ˈpætɪnə/ PAT-ih-nə) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface through age and exposure.

Additionally, the term is used to describe the aging of high-quality leather. The patinas on leather goods are unique to the type of leather, frequency of use, and exposure.

Patinas can provide a protective covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing.
Saazish (1998 film)
Saazish (English:Conspiracy) is an Indian Hindi-language action film directed by Sudhir R Nair, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Pooja Batra, Helen, Aruna Irani, Vikas Bhalla, Ishrat Ali and Kashmera Shah. The film was released on 20 February 1998 under the banner of Damini Pictures.

Sarkar (2005 film)
Sarkar (transl. Leader) is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language political action thriller film directed by Ram Gopal Varma. The film stars Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan, Kay Kay Menon, Katrina Kaif, Tanishaa, Supriya Pathak, Kota Srinivasa Rao, and Anupam Kher. It is the first installment of the Sarkar film series.

Sarkar is an unofficial remake of The Godfather and spawned two sequels: Sarkar Raj, which was released on 6 June 2008, and Sarkar 3, which was released on 12 May 2017. Sarkar was premiered at the New York Asian Film Festival. The film is preserved at the American Academy of Motion Pictures library.
John Stafford (baseball)
John Henry "Doc" Stafford (April 8, 1870 – July 3, 1940) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball in 1893.

Stafford attended College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, and later pitched in two games for the Cleveland Spiders in 1893. After his major league appearances, Stafford played in the minor leagues until 1898, including seasons in the New England League and the Western League. His older brother was James Joseph "General" Stafford, who played in the major leagues between 1890 and 1899.

Stafford became known as "Doc" after his playing career, when he became an optometrist in his hometown of Dudley, Massachusetts. He died in 1940, aged 70; both he and his brother are buried in Calvary Cemetery in Dudley.

Western League (1885–1899)
The Western League was the name of several minor league baseball leagues that operated between 1885 and 1899. These leagues were focused mainly in the Midwestern United States.

The 1893 incarnation of the league hired Ban Johnson as president in 1894.  In 1899, Johnson renamed it the American League and declared that it was now a major league, intending to compete against the older National League of 1876, which was centered in the American Northeast states.
Feothanach
Feothanach or an Fheothanach (formerly anglicised as Feohanagh) is a small village and townland in the Corca Dhuibhne Gaeltacht, located 13 km (8.1 mi) north-west of Dingle on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland. It is at the foot of Mount Brandon.

RTÉ newsreader Siún Nic Gearailt is from the area as well as RTÉ's and TG4's Dáithí Ó Sé.

Local amenities include An Cúinne Pub, Dingle's Coláiste Gaeilge, and a local RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta studio.

There is an Irish College in the village operated by the Coláistí Chorca Dhuibhne in the summer months. Students attend classes in the local primary school and activities are held in the local community hall in the village.

Gaeltacht
A Gaeltacht (/ˈɡeɪltəxt/ GAYL-təkht, Irish: [ˈɡeːl̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠ], pl. Gaeltachtaí) is a district of Ireland, either individually or collectively, where the Irish government recognises that the Irish language is the predominant vernacular, or language of the home.
The Gaeltacht districts were first officially recognised during the 1920s in the early years of the Irish Free State, following the Gaelic revival, as part of a government policy aimed at restoring the Irish language.

The Gaeltacht is threatened by serious language decline. Research published in 2015 showed that Irish is spoken on a daily basis by two-thirds or more of the population in only 21 of the 155 electoral divisions in the Gaeltacht. Daily language use by two-thirds or more of the population is regarded by some academics as a tipping point for language survival.
Paraglenea fortunei
Paraglenea fortunei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Saunders in 1853, originally under the genus Glenea. It is known from Taiwan, China, North Korea, South Korea, and Vietnam, and has been introduced into Japan. It feeds on Cinnamomum camphora, Boehmeria nivea, Hibiscus syriacus, Morus alba, and Triadica sebifera.

Camphora officinarum
Camphora officinarum is a species of evergreen tree indigenous to warm temperate to subtropical regions of East Asia, including countries such as China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Japan and India. It is known by various names, most notably the camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel.