hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Samuelson–Berkowitz algorithm
In mathematics, the Samuelson–Berkowitz algorithm efficiently computes the characteristic polynomial of an  matrix whose entries may be elements of any unital commutative ring.  Unlike the Faddeev–LeVerrier algorithm, it performs no divisions, so may be applied to a wider range of algebraic structures.

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
The Land of Sasha
The Land of Sasha (Russian: Страна Саша, romanized: Strana Sasha) is a Russian coming-of-age film directed by Yulia Trofimova, filmed by Vega Film based on the young adult book of the same name by Russian writer Gala Uzryutova.

The world premiere of the film took place on February 15, 2022, in Berlin, the film was included in the Generation 14+ program of the 72nd Berlin International Film Festival.

Coming-of-age story
In genre studies, a coming-of-age story is a genre of literature, theatre, film, and video game that focuses on the growth of a protagonist from childhood to adulthood, or "coming of age". Coming-of-age stories tend to emphasize dialogue or internal monologue over action and are often set in the past. The subjects of coming-of-age stories are typically teenagers. The Bildungsroman is a specific subgenre of coming-of-age story.

The plot points of coming-of-age stories are usually emotional changes within the character(s) in question.
Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet
Sir Stephen Richard Glynne, 9th Baronet (22 September 1807 – 17 June 1874) was a Welsh landowner and Conservative Party politician. He is principally remembered as an assiduous antiquary and student of British church architecture. He was a brother-in-law of the Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.

Church architecture in England
Church architecture of England  refers to the architecture of buildings of Christian churches in England. It has evolved over the two thousand years of the Christian religion, partly by innovation and partly by imitating other architectural styles as well as responding to changing beliefs, practices and local traditions. Christian architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Christianity to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Christian culture. From the birth of Christianity to the present, the most significant period of transformation for Christian architecture and design was the Gothic cathedral.
Willis Group
Willis Group Holdings plc was a multinational risk advisor, insurance brokerage and reinsurance brokerage company headquartered in the Willis Building in London. It was the third-largest insurance broker worldwide by revenues. In 2016, the company acquired Towers Watson and was renamed Willis Towers Watson.

Insurance broker
An insurance broker is an intermediary who sells, solicits, or negotiates insurance on behalf of a client for compensation. An insurance broker is distinct from an insurance agent in that a broker typically acts on behalf of a client by negotiating with multiple insurers, while an agent represents one or more specific insurers under a contract.

As of 2019, the largest insurance brokers in the world by revenue are Marsh & McLennan, Aon plc, Willis Towers Watson, Arthur J. Gallagher and Hub International.
Pro se legal representation in the United States
Pro se legal representation (/ˌproʊ ˈsiː/ or /ˌproʊ ˈseɪ/) means to argue on one's own behalf in a legal proceeding, as a defendant or plaintiff in civil cases, or a defendant in criminal cases, rather than have representation from counsel or an attorney.

The term pro se comes from Latin pro se, meaning "for oneself" or "on behalf of themselves". This status is sometimes known as in propria persona (abbreviated to "pro per"). In England and Wales the comparable status is that of "litigant in person". In Australia and Canada, the term is self-represented litigant (SRL).

National Center for State Courts
The National Center for State Courts (NCSC) is an independent, non-profit organization focused on improving the administration of justice in the United States and around the world. Its efforts are directed by a 27-member board of directors and through the collaborative work with the Conference of Chief Justices, the Conference of State Court Administrators, and other associations of judicial leaders. NCSC was founded in 1971 at the urging of U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. It is based in Williamsburg, Virginia.
Earth Trust
Founded in 1967, Earth Trust is an environmental charity (not-for-profit organisation) which was originally known as the Northmoor Trust for Countryside Conservation. Earth Trust is the owner and manager of the largest freely accessible natural green space landscape in Oxfordshire - Wittenham Clumps: 500 hectares of woodland, farmland, wildflower meadows and wetlands. Earth Trust also care for a growing number of smaller community reserves - special places for both nature and people within urban areas and towns. These places receive 200,000+ visits each year. The organisation manages and green spaces and also operates a working farm.

Radley
Radley is a village and civil parish about 2 miles (3 km) northeast of the centre of Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The parish includes the hamlet of Lower Radley on the River Thames. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The village is home to Radley College, a famous boarding independent school for boys from the age of thirteen to eighteen that consists of 690 pupils.
GWR 4073 Class 7029 Clun Castle
GWR 4073 Class No. 7029 Clun Castle is a 4-6-0 steam locomotive built at Swindon Works in May 1950 to a design by Charles Collett for operation on the Western Region of British Railways. It was named after Clun Castle in Shropshire.

Clun Castle
Clun Castle is a medieval ruined castle in Clun, Shropshire, England. Clun Castle was established by the Norman lord Robert de Say after the Norman invasion of England and went on to become an important Marcher lord castle in the 12th century, with an extensive castle-guard system. Owned for many years by the Fitzalan family, Clun played a key part in protecting the region from Welsh attack until it was gradually abandoned as a property in favour of the more luxurious Arundel Castle. The Fitzalans converted Clun Castle into a hunting lodge in the 14th century, complete with pleasure gardens, but by the 16th century the castle was largely ruined. Slighted in 1646 after the English Civil War, Clun remained in poor condition until renovation work in the 1890s.

Today the castle is classed as a Grade I listed building and as a Scheduled Monument. It is owned by the Duke of Norfolk, who also holds the title of Baron Clun, and is managed by English Heritage.
William Dunkerley (priest)
Rev. William Herbert Cecil Dunkerley (15 May 1860 – 21 August 1922) was an Anglican priest who was the Archdeacon of Singapore from 1902 to 1905.

Dunkerley was born in Shrewsbury, the son of Rev. Dr. William Dunkerley. He studied at Denstone College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, and was ordained in 1886. After curacies in Toxteth Park and Sigglesthorne, he was a Chaplain at Malacca and Penang before his time in Singapore. On returning to Europe, he worked at Castlemorton, Worcestershire; Bush Hill Park, Middlesex; Cannes, France; and Sevenoaks and Leybourne in Kent.

In 1886, he married Mary Beatrice Taylor, with whom he had six children. He died on 21 August 1922 at the Leybourne Rectory in Kent.

Leybourne
Leybourne is a village and civil parish in Kent, England situated off Junction 4 of the M20 Motorway. Leybourne is adjacent to New Hythe, Larkfield and West Malling. As of 2020, Leybourne Parish had a population of 4,372.

Historically, the area was extensively quarried, leaving a number of flooded gravel pits. These have recently been developed into Leybourne Lakes Country Park, and a housing development. Several of the houses on the development feature in the Channel 4 TV Series Cape Wrath. Nearby New Hythe was also home (until 2004) of Meridian's newsroom and studio for the South East. Leybourne's name is the origin of that of the French city Libourne.
Winnipeg Commodity Exchange
ICE Futures Canada (IFCA)—known as the Winnipeg Commodity Exchange (WCE) until 2008—was a derivatives market based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and was Canada's only commodity futures exchange.

Prior to 2008, WCE was the subsidiary of WCE Holdings Inc., which also owned WCE Clearing Corporation, and Canadian Climate Exchange Inc. In 2007, WCE was purchased by the U.S.-based Intercontinental Exchange. In mid 2018, IFCA's futures and options contracts transitioned to ICE Futures U.S. (IFUS). Under the IFUS trading name, ICE continues to electronically trade Canadian contracts for milling wheat, durum, western barley, and canola (rapeseed).

ICE's operations in Manitoba are regulated by the Manitoba Securities Commission. In contrast, the Ontario Securities Commission has provided ICE an order that exempts it from the requirement to be recognized as a stock exchange and as a commodity futures exchange in Ontario.

Rapeseed oil
Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from rapeseed, the seed of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae (mustards). The term "rapeseed" applies to oilseeds from the species Brassica napus and Brassica rapa, while the term canola refers to specific rapeseed varieties bred to produce oil for use in human and animal foods. In manufacturing, the edible varieties of canola are required to contain less than 2% erucic acid in Canada, the United States, European Union, and many other countries.

Canola is produced as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

In commerce, non-food varieties are typically called colza oil. In 2022, Canada, Germany, China, and India were the leading producers of rapeseed oil, accounting together for 41% of the world total.
Mount Cruiser
Mount Cruiser is a 6,104-foot-elevation (1,860-meter) mountain summit located in the Olympic Mountains, in Mason County of Washington state, United States. It is situated in Mount Skokomish Wilderness on land managed by Olympic National Forest. Cruiser is the highest point on Sawtooth Ridge, and its nearest higher peak is Mount Skokomish, 2.1 mi (3.4 km) to the north-northeast. Cruiser has two sub-peaks, Alpha (6,040 ft; 1,841 m), and Beta (5,920 ft; 1,804 m), the latter of which lies on the Olympic National Park boundary. The first ascent of the peak was made in 1937 by Paul Crews and Ray Layton. The mountain was named by the first ascent party to recognize their club, the Bremerton Ski Cruisers. The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1961 by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Hamma Hamma River.

Mason County, Washington
Mason County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,726. The county seat and only incorporated city is Shelton. The county was formed out of Thurston County on March 13, 1854. Originally named Sawamish County, it took its present name in 1864 in honor of Charles H. Mason, the first Secretary of Washington Territory.

Mason County comprises the Shelton micropolitan statistical area and is included in the Seattle-Tacoma combined statistical area.
Capronia mansonii
Capronia mansonii is a mesophilic black yeast that is a part of the Herpotrichiellaceae. The species is uncommon in nature but is saprotrophic in nature and been discovered on decaying plant matter, particularly wood. This fungus is naturally found in the Netherlands and has successfully been cultured in lab. It is a teleomorph of the ascomycota division and possesses brown spores.

Mesophile
A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from 20 to 45 °C (68 to 113 °F). The optimum growth temperature for these organisms is 37 °C (about 99 °F). The term is mainly applied to microorganisms.  Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremophiles. Mesophiles have diverse classifications, belonging to two domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and to kingdom Fungi of domain Eukarya.  Mesophiles belonging to the domain Bacteria can either be gram-positive or gram-negative. Oxygen requirements for mesophiles can be aerobic or anaerobic. There are three basic shapes of mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, and spiral.
Grant Langston (musician)
Grant Langston (born July 19, 1966 in Gadsden, Alabama) is an American country singer-songwriter.

Langston's music has been featured in a variety of TV shows and films including: HBO's True Blood, ABC TV's Army Wives, the Mike Figgis film Suspension of Disbelief, and others. He has opened dates for Dale Watson, Band of Heathens, Ben Harper, Drivin' and Cryin', Wayne Hancock and Otis Taylor.

Langston currently resides in Los Angeles.

Langston was also an early employee and shareholder in the online dating service, eHarmony.com.

Gadsden, Alabama
Gadsden is a city in and the county seat of Etowah County in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is located on the Coosa River about 56 miles (90 km) northeast of Birmingham 90 miles (140 km) southwest of Chattanooga, Tennessee. 72 Miles (117Km) Southeast of Huntsville It is the primary city of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 103,931. The population was 33,945 at the 2020 census.

In the 19th century, Gadsden was Alabama's second-most important center of commerce and industry, trailing only the seaport of Mobile. The two cities were important shipping centers: Gadsden for riverboats and Mobile for international trade.

From the late 19th century through the 1980s, Gadsden was a center of heavy industry, including the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Republic Steel.  In 1991, following more than a decade of sharp decline in industry, Gadsden was awarded the honor of All-America City by the National Civic League.
Aidachar
Aidachar (named for Aydahar, a mythical Kazakh dragon) is an extinct genus of freshwater ichthyodectiform ray-finned fish from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Central Asia and North Africa.

The type species is A. paludalis, named by Lev Alexandrovitch Nesov in 1981 from remains discovered in the Bissekty Formation, in what is now the Kyzyl Kum desert of Uzbekistan. At first, he tentatively described the fossil material as the jaw fragments of a ctenochasmatid pterosaur (a flying reptile), but reinterpreted Aidachar as a fish in 1986. The second species, A. pankowskii, is described from Kem Kem Group of Morocco and reclassified from the genus Cladocyclus, to which it is thought to be closely related.

Kyzylkum Desert
The Kyzylkum Desert (Uzbek: Qizilqum; Kazakh: Qyzylqūm) is the 15th largest desert in the world. Its name means 'Red Sand' in Turkic languages. It is located in Central Asia, in the land between the confluent rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, a region historically known as Transoxania. Today it is divided among Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It covers about 298,000 km2 (115,000 sq mi).
Diamond Island (Kentucky)
Diamond Island is an island in the Ohio River ten miles west of Henderson in Henderson County, Kentucky, United States. It has an area of about half a square mile. The island had no population as of the 2000 census.

Henderson, Kentucky
Henderson is a home rule-class city along the Ohio River and the county seat of Henderson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 29,781 at the 2020 U.S. census. It is part of the Evansville–Henderson, Indiana–Kentucky Combined Statistical Area, locally known as the "Tri-State Area," and is considered the southernmost suburb of Evansville, Indiana.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism is the government ministry of Tanzania that is responsible for the management of natural resources and cultural resources and for the development of the tourism industry.  It has a wide range of investments in various tourist resources and tourism industry projects.  Ministry offices are located in Dodoma. Dr. Damas Ndumbaro is the new Tourism Minister of Tanzania.

The Ministry's motto is "Tanzania Unforgettable".

Damas Ndumbaro
Damas Daniel Ndumbaro (born 14 June 1971) is a Tanzanian politician, lawyer and cabinet Minister of Culture, Arts and Sports.

He was a Minister of Natural Resources and Tourism and a politician who presently serves as a Chama Cha Mapinduzi's Member of Parliament for Songea Urban constituency for the second term since 2015. Also, he was the acting Chief Executive Officer of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority since March 2013. He was an Advocate and a Lecturer of law at the Open University of Tanzania before joining politics and won a majority vote election in Songea Urban constituency under the ruling party CCM.
Dadoo
Mamadou Diouma Daniel Camara (born 1974), better known as Dadoo (/dæduː/), is a French rapper and also a member of rap band KDD. He has performed several duets with singer Vitaa.

Dadoo is competing in his second Lavaman Triathlon in 2015 to raise money for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.

Blood Cancer United
Blood Cancer United, a 501(c)(3) charitable organization founded in 1949, is a voluntary health organization dedicated to fighting blood cancer world-wide. Blood Cancer United funds blood cancer research to develop cures for all types of blood cancer, including Hodgkin's disease, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Myeloma, and Myeloproliferative neoplasm. Formerly known as the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society,  the organization provides free information and support services, and it advocates for blood cancer patients and their families seeking access to quality and affordable care.

Blood Cancer United is headquartered in Washington D.C., with 27 regional offices throughout the United States and five regional offices in Canada. The organization has raised and donated more than $2 billion (USD) to blood cancer research.

Blood Cancer United had a four-star rating with Charity Navigator in 2025,  scoring 99 percent.
Erkan Oğur
Erkan Oğur (pronounced [æɾˈkan oˈuɾ]) (born 17 April 1954) is a Turkish musician. As pioneer of fretless guitars, he invented the first fretless classical guitar in 1976. As composer, he has influenced many musicians with his compositions combining the sounds of Turkish folk music and classical music with the ancient traditional music. He has played many concerts all over the world. He is regarded as a master of the kopuz and bağlama lutes.

Uğur Yücel
Uğur Yücel (born 26 May 1957) is a Turkish film actor, producer and director. He graduated from the Theater Department of the Istanbul Municipality Conservatory (İstanbul Belediye Konservatuarı Tiyatro Bölümü). He took part in several plays between 1975 and 1984 in Kenter Tiyatrosu (Kenter Theatre), Tef Kabare Theatre, Dormen Theatre, and Şan Müzikholü. He was noticed for his roles in Selamsız Bandosu (1987) and Muhsin Bey (1987), then gained mainstream success when he took part in Eşkıya (1996).
Byomkesh Bakshi (2015 film)
Byomkesh Bakshi a Bengali detective thriller film about the Bengali fictional detective Byomkesh Bakshi, released on 16 October 2015. The film is directed by Anjan Dutt. This is the fourth installment of the Byomkesh series by Anjan Dutt. The film is based on Kohen Kobi Kalidas by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay. Unlike the previous three installments, Jisshu Sengupta portrayed the character Bakshi in this film, replacing Abir Chatterjee.

Anjan Dutt
Anjan Dutt (born 19 January 1953) is an Indian film director, actor, and singer-songwriter known for his work in the Bengali alternative music genre anyodharar gaan. As an actor, Dutta began his career in Bengali cinema in the Mrinal Sen film Chaalchitra, for which he won the best newcomer actor award at the Venice Film Festival. He acted in Aparna Sen's hit film, Mr. and Mrs. Iyer. In 2018 he featured in Swapnasandhani's new play Taraye Taraye, as Vincent van Gogh, under the direction of Kaushik Sen.

He is also a national award-winning filmmaker and is one of the most prominent directors of Bengali cinema, directing Dutta Vs Dutta, Madly Bangalee, The Bong Connection, Chalo Let's Go, and Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona. In recent years, he has directed a Byomkesh film series.He is mainly famous for his bengali adventure movies
Seo Young-joo
Seo Young-joo (born February 16, 1998) is a South Korean actor. He won Best Actor at the Tokyo International Film Festival and Cinemanila International Film Festival for his performance in Juvenile Offender (2012).

Tokyo International Film Festival
The Tokyo International Film Festival (東京国際映画祭, Tōkyōkokusaieigasai; TIFF) is a film festival established in 1985. The event was held biennially from 1985 to 1991 and annually thereafter. According to the FIAPF, it is one of Asia's competitive film festivals and the second largest film festival in Asia behind the Shanghai International Film Festival, as well as the only Japanese festival accredited by the FIAPF.

The awards handed out during the festival have changed throughout its existence, but the Tokyo Grand Prix, handed to the best film, has stayed as the top award. Other awards that have been given regularly include the Special Jury Award and awards for best actor, best actress and best director.

In recent years, the festival's main events have been held over one week in late October, at the Roppongi Hills development.  Events include open-air screenings, voice-over screenings, and appearances by actors, as well as seminars and symposiums related to the film market.
Boulenophrys daweimontis
Boulenophrys daweimontis, the Mount Dawei horned toad, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is only known from Mount Dawe) in Pingbian Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan, China, near the Vietnamese border. It is also likely to occur in the adjacent parts of Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Megophryidae
Megophryidae, commonly known as goose frogs, is a large family of frogs native to the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and extending to the Philippines. Fossil remains are also known from North America. As of 2014 it encompasses 246 species of frogs divided between five genera. For lack of a better vernacular name, they are commonly called megophryids.
Olaniyi Sobomehin
Olaniyi "Nee" Sobomehin [OH-la-nee-yee Shuh-BO-muh-heen] (born October 11, 1984) is an American former football fullback. He played college football at Portland State. He was signed by the New Orleans Saints as an undrafted free agent in 2008. After getting injured, he spent his rookie season on Injured Reserve.

Portland State Vikings
Portland State Vikings is the nickname of the NCAA-affiliated, intercollegiate athletic teams representing Portland State University of Portland, Oregon. The Vikings compete at the NCAA Division I level in basketball, soccer, volleyball, golf, tennis, softball, indoor and outdoor track and field, and cross country. The university has been a member of the Big Sky Conference since 1996. Along with the other Big Sky football programs, Viking football takes-part in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly known as NCAA Division I-AA.