hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Isobutyl acetate
The chemical compound isobutyl acetate, also known as 2-methylpropyl ethanoate (IUPAC name) or β-methylpropyl acetate, is a common solvent. It is produced from the esterification of isobutanol with acetic acid. It is used as a solvent for lacquer and nitrocellulose.  Like many esters it has a fruity or floral smell at low concentrations and occurs naturally in raspberries, pears and other plants.  At higher concentrations the odor can be unpleasant and may cause symptoms of central nervous system depression such as nausea, dizziness and headache.

A common method for preparing isobutyl acetate is Fischer esterification, where precursors isobutyl alcohol and acetic acid are heated in the presence of a strong acid.

Isobutyl acetate has three isomers: n-butyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, and sec-butyl acetate, which are also common solvents.

Nitrocellulose
Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, pyroxylin and flash string, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

One of its first major uses was as guncotton, a replacement for gunpowder as propellant in firearms. It was also used to replace gunpowder as a low-order explosive in mining and other applications. In the form of collodion, it was also a critical component in an early photographic emulsion, the use of which revolutionized photography in the 1860s.  In the 20th century, it was adapted to automobile lacquer and adhesives.
Pristimantis riveroi
Pristimantis riveroi is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Venezuela and only known from the region of the type locality in the Serranía del Litoral in the state of Aragua. The specific name riveroi honours Juan A. Rivero, a Puerto Rican herpetologist. Accordingly, common name Rivero's ground frog has been proposed for it.

Venezuelan Coastal Range
The Venezuelan Coastal Range (Spanish: Cordillera de la Costa or Serranía de la Costa), also known as Venezuelan Caribbean Mountain System (Spanish: Sistema Montañoso Caribe), is a mountain range system and one of the eight natural regions of Venezuela, that runs along the central and eastern portions of Venezuela's northern coast. The range is a northeastern extension of the Andes, and is also known as the  Maritime Andes. It covers around 48,866 km2, being the 4th largest natural region in Venezuela.
Performance Seed Dirt Double
The Performance Seed Dirt Double is a pair of ARCA Menards Series races at dirt tracks:

Performance Seed Dirt Double (Springfield), the race at the Illinois State Fairgrounds Racetrack

Performance Seed Dirt Double (DuQuoin), the race at the DuQuoin State Fairgrounds Racetrack

Springfield ARCA 100
The Springfield ARCA 100 (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Allen Crowe 100) is an ARCA Menards Series stock car race held annually on the Illinois State Fairgrounds Racetrack during the Illinois State Fair.

It is one of two dirt races on the ARCA schedule, the other being the Southern Illinois 100 at the DuQuoin State Fairgrounds Racetrack, both of which are longtime events on the series schedule. These two races are part of the Performance Seed Dirt Double, which is a $20,000 bonus that is given to a driver who wins both races (the last time it happened was Parker Kligerman in 2009) and if not, bonuses are given to the drivers with the three best average finishes in the two races ($7,500 for first best, $5,000 for second best and $2,500 for third best).
Boonton Iron Works
The Boonton Iron Works were founded about 1770 by Samuel Ogden who, with others in his family, purchased a 6-acre (24,000 m2) tract along the Rockaway River, near present-day Boonton, New Jersey. Here rolling and slitting mills were erected that engaged in the manufacture of nail rods and bar iron. With the construction of the Morris Canal in 1830, the New Jersey Iron Company was organized. This company built a new plant costing $283,000 (equivalent to $8.4 million in 2024) and imported skilled mechanics from England. Under Fuller & Lord (1852–1876) the enterprise become an integrated industry with ore and timber reserves, canal boats, furnaces, mills and auxiliary plants. After 1881, the business slowly declined. The plant closed in 1911.

Rockaway River
The Rockaway River is a tributary of the Passaic River, approximately 35 mi (56 km) long, in Morris County, New Jersey in the United States. The upper course of the river flows through a wooded mountainous valley, whereas the lower course flows through the populated New Jersey suburbs and former industrial area west of New York City. It drains an area of approximately 130 sq mi (340 km²).
Need a Boss
"Need a Boss" is the debut single from singer Shareefa from her debut album Point of No Return. The single features label mate and DTP's founder Ludacris and was produced by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins. It samples The Stylistics "Let's Put It All Together". "Need a Boss" peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 62, on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks at number 10, and BET's 106 & Park at number 4. It had success on BET and receiving heavy airplay on the 106 & Park countdown for a long span of time and peaking in the top 5 at number 4. A cover remix was made by Ace Valentine entitled "Need A Ghetto Girl".

106 & Park
106 & Park is  an American hip hop and R&B music video show, set up in a countdown format, that was broadcast on weekdays at 6:00 pm ET/5:00 pm CT on BET; it aired on a one-day delay on BET International. It was the network's highest-rated show throughout its run. On November 14, 2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park, with an alleged shift to a digital-only format, with occasional specials during network event programming, though the last time it was seen in any form was the 2016 BET Experience, and the digital-only program never aired.

Several outlets have reported that, in light of the show's 25th anniversary, a reboot will premiere by September 2025.
Dobroń Mały
Dobroń Mały [ˈdɔbrɔɲ ˈmawɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobroń, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) south of Dobroń, 10 km (6 mi) west of Pabianice, and 23 km (14 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Pabianice
Pabianice [pabʲaˈɲit͡sɛ] is a city in central Poland with 63,023 inhabitants (2021). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the capital of Pabianice County. It lies about 10 kilometres (6 miles) southwest of Łódź and belongs to the metropolitan area of that city. It is the third largest city in the Łódź Voivodeship by population. The area of the city covers 32.9 square kilometres (12.7 sq mi), being the 10th largest in Łódź Voivodeship.

According to data from 2009, agricultural land constitutes 53%, of the area and forests another 9%. The city covers 6.70% of Pabianice County.

It is located in the Sieradz Land. Neighbour administrative divisions: gmina Dobroń, gmina Ksawerów, miasto Łódź, gmina Pabianice, gmina Rzgów.
1974 Speedway World Pairs Championship
The 1974 Speedway World Pairs Championship was the fifth official FIM Speedway World Pairs Championship. The final took place at the Hyde Road Speedway in Belle Vue, Manchester, England. The championship was won by Sweden (28 points) from Australia (23 pts) and New Zealand (21 pts). Host nation England, represented by Peter Collins and Dave Jessup, finished 4th with 21 points.

Swedish rider Anders Michanek, who successfully defended his World Pairs crown at this meeting, completed the double later in 1974 when he won the Individual World Championship.

Belle Vue, Manchester
Belle Vue is an area of Manchester, England, sited east of the city centre; it is bordered by the Hope Valley Line to the east and the Glossop line to the west. It is part of the electoral ward of Longsight.
2024 Mexican Senate election in Quintana Roo
The 2024 Mexican Senate election in Quintana Roo was held on 2 June 2024, to elect three new Senators to the Senate of the Republic, two elected by majority and one elected by first minority. In Mexico each candidacy to the Senate consists of two people.

The candidates of the Sigamos Haciendo Historia coalition, federal deputy Anahí González Hernández from Morena and Secretary of Finance and Planning of Quintana Roo Eugenio Segura Vázquez from Morena won the election, and incumbent Senator Mayuli Latifa Martínez Simón from the National Action Party was re-elected to the third seat.

Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
The Senate of the Republic (Spanish: Senado de la República), constitutionally the Chamber of Senators of the Honorable Congress of the Union (Spanish: Cámara de Senadores del H. Congreso de la Unión), is the upper house of Mexico's bicameral Congress. It currently consists of 128 members, who serve six-year terms.
Reformism (historical)
Reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements which reject those old ideals, in that the ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in socialist (specifically, social democratic) or religious concepts. Some rely on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self-sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. Reactionary movements, which can arise against any of these, attempt to put things back the way they were before any successes the new reform movement(s) enjoyed, or to prevent any such successes.

Social system
In sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. It is the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, religions, corporations, and industries. The organization and definition of groups within a social system depend on various shared properties such as location, socioeconomic status, race, religion, societal function, or other distinguishable features.
Aproko
Aproko is a word in Nigerian Pidgin that means someone who pokes his/her nose into other people's affairs. It is also used to describe gossip and anyone that is found discussing affairs that has nothing to do with him/her. The word is often used in a pejorative sense, implying that the person is nosy, meddlesome, or intrusive. The word may have originated from the Igbo expression apụrụ okwu, which may mean "someone who talks too much" or "someone who likes trouble" or Yoruba expression àpárò, which may mean "a small bird" .

Igbo language
Igbo (English: /ˈiːboʊ/ EE-boh, US also /ˈɪɡboʊ/ IG-boh; Standard Igbo: Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò [ásʊ̀sʊ̀ ìɡ͡bò] ⓘ) is the principal native language of the Igbo people, an ethnicity in the Southeastern part of Nigeria.

Igbo languages are spoken by a total of 31 million people. The number of Igboid languages depends on how one classifies a language versus a dialect, so there could be around 35 different Igbo languages. The core Igbo cluster, or Igbo proper, is generally thought to be one language but there is limited mutual intelligibility between the different groupings (north, west, south and east). A standard literary language termed 'Igbo izugbe' (meaning "general igbo") was generically developed and later adopted around 1972, with its core foundation based on the Orlu (Isu dialects), Anambra (Awka dialects) and Umuahia (Ohuhu dialects), omitting the nasalization and aspiration of those varieties.
MPP+
MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) or cyperquat is a positively charged organic molecule with the chemical formula C12H12N+. It is a monoaminergic neurotoxin that acts by interfering with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by inhibiting complex I, leading to the depletion of ATP and eventual cell death.

MPP+ arises in the body as the toxic metabolite of the closely related compound MPTP. MPTP is converted in the brain into MPP+ by the enzyme MAO-B, ultimately causing parkinsonism in primates by killing certain dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The ability for MPP+ to induce Parkinson's disease has made it an important compound in Parkinson's research since this property was discovered in 1983.

The chloride salt of MPP+ found use in the 1970s as an herbicide under the common name cyperquat. Though no longer in use as an herbicide, cyperquat's closely related structural analog paraquat still finds widespread usage, raising some safety concerns.

Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability.

Both hypokinetic features (bradykinesia and akinesia) and hyperkinetic features (cogwheel rigidity and tremors at rest) are displayed in parkinsonism. These are the four motor signs that are found in Parkinson's disease (PD) – after which Parkinsonism is named – and in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), and many other conditions.

This set of signs occurs in a wide range of conditions and may have many causes, including neurodegenerative conditions, drugs, toxins, metabolic diseases, and neurological conditions other than Parkinson's disease.
Maruleng Local Municipality
Maruleng Municipality (Northern Sotho: Mmasepala wa Maruleng) is a local municipality within the Mopani District Municipality, in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The seat of the municipality is Hoedspruit.

Mopani District Municipality
The Mopani District Municipality (Northern Sotho: Mmasepala wa Selete wa Mopani; Tsonga: Masipala wa Xifundza xa Mopani) is one of the 5 districts of the Limpopo province of South Africa. The seat of the district is Giyani. According to the 2016 Community Survey, it had a population of 1,159,185. The district code is DC33. After the 12th amendment to the Constitution of South Africa, parts of the Bohlabela District Municipality were incorporated into Mopani.
HDT (data format)
HDT (Header, Dictionary, Triples) is a data structure and format for serialization which optimizes data compression while still making the media available for web navigation.

The key elements of the format are the header, the dictionary or associative array, and the semantic triple.

Various research projects have piloted use of the format, including with MapReduce, in comparison with CBOR, and increasing computing efficiency.

Data structure
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization and storage format that is usually chosen for efficient access to data. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data, i.e., it is an algebraic structure about data.
Westworld season 4
The fourth and final season of the American science fiction dystopian television series Westworld, subtitled The Choice, premiered on HBO on June 26, 2022, and concluded on August 14, 2022, consisting of eight episodes. In November 2022, HBO announced it had canceled the series.

The television series was created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, and it is based on the 1973 film of the same name, written and directed by Michael Crichton. The fourth season stars an ensemble cast led by Evan Rachel Wood, Thandiwe Newton, Jeffrey Wright, Tessa Thompson, Aaron Paul, James Marsden, and Ed Harris.

Jonathan Nolan
Jonathan Nolan (born 6 June 1976) is a British and American screenwriter and producer. He is the creator of the CBS science fiction series Person of Interest (2011–2016) and co-creator of the HBO science fiction/Western series Westworld (2016–2022).

Nolan has collaborated on several films with his brother, film director Christopher Nolan, who adapted Jonathan's short story "Memento Mori" into the neo-noir thriller film Memento (2000). Together, the brothers co-wrote the mystery-thriller film The Prestige (2006), the superhero films The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012), and the science-fiction film Interstellar (2014). In 2024, he executive produced and directed the first three episodes of the television series adaptation of Fallout.

Nolan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Memento, and for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for Westworld.
Martin Bucer Seminary
The Martin Bucer Seminary is a European multinational evangelical theological seminary and research institute in the Protestant reformed tradition. The seminary is named after the reformer Martin Bucer.

Evangelical Alliance
The Evangelical Alliance (EA) is a national evangelical alliance in the United Kingdom, member of the World Evangelical Alliance. Founded in 1846, the Evangelical Alliance aims to promote evangelical Christian beliefs and advocate for evangelical Christians in politics and society. The Evangelical Alliance is based in London, with offices in Cardiff, Glasgow, Belfast and Stockport.
Jim Barone
James L. Barone (born May 20, 1941) is a former Democratic member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 13th District.

Barone was originally elected to the Senate in the 1996 elections. He was one of two Democratic Senators to get campaign contributions from the Koch brothers. He was accused of sexual harassment of young interns and multiple abuses of power, removed from positions of leadership by his minority caucus, and defeated in the 2008 primary.

Kansas Senate
The Kansas Senate is the upper house of the Kansas Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. State of Kansas. It is composed of 40 senators elected from single-member districts, each with a population of about 73,000 inhabitants. Members of the Senate are elected to a four-year term. There is no limit to the number of terms that a senator may serve. The Kansas Senate meets at the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka.

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Senate is reserved with special functions such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions and boards.
Jesús G. Maestro
Jesús González Maestro (Gijón, 1 December 1967) is a Spanish literary critic and theorist, scholar, and professor. His work on literature is regarded as one of the most prolific of the 21th century.

He studied at the University of Oviedo between 1985 and 1990, defending his thesis in 1993. The next year, he became professor of comparative literature at the University of Vigo, where he developed academic work related to the philosophical materialism of Gustavo Bueno. His reflections on literature are presented in his 2017 book Crítica de la Razón Literaria.

Maestro traces the origins of modern literature to Cervante's Don Quixote, and argues that literature, as a form of art, is essentially a ''rational construct''.

Gustavo Bueno
Gustavo Bueno Martínez (1 September 1924 – 7 August 2016) was a Spanish philosopher, founder of a philosophical doctrine dubbed by himself as "philosophical materialism".

Pupil of the national-syndicalist Santiago Montero Díaz, Bueno's philosophical path reached a blend of Aristotelico-Thomist scholasticism influenced by the Catholic School of Salamanca and Marxism–Leninism during the years of the late Francoism.
Ramazan Abbasov
Ramazan Abbasov (born 22 September 1983 in Ganja) is an Azerbaijani professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Azerbaijan Second League club Kür-Araz. He earned nine caps for the Azerbaijan national team.

Ganja, Azerbaijan
Ganja (/ˈɡændʒə/; Azerbaijani: Gəncə [ɟænˈdʒæ] ⓘ) is Azerbaijan's second largest city, with a population of around 335,600. The city has been a historic and cultural center throughout most of its existence. It was the capital of the Ganja Khanate until 1804; after Qajar Iran ceded it to the Russian Empire following the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, it became part of the administrative divisions of the Georgia Governorate, Georgia-Imeretia Governorate, Tiflis Governorate, and Elizavetpol Governorate. Following the dissolution of the Russian Empire and the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, it became a part of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, followed by the Azerbaijan SSR, and, since 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Tricholoma aeruginascens
Tricholoma aeruginascens is an agaric fungus of the genus Tricholoma. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, where it grows on the ground in secondary forests. It was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

E. J. H. Corner
Edred John Henry Corner FRS (12 January 1906 – 14 September 1996) was an English mycologist and botanist who occupied the posts of assistant director at the Singapore Botanic Gardens (1929–1946) and Professor of Tropical Botany at the University of Cambridge (1965–1973). Corner was a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College from 1959.
Elizabeth Philipps, Viscountess St Davids
Elizabeth Frances Philipps, Viscountess St Davids, 22nd Baroness Hungerford, 20th Baroness de Moleyns, 14th Baroness Strange (née Abney-Hastings) (10 June 1884 – 12 December 1974) was a British peeress. Following  the passing of the  Peerage Act 1963, she became the first woman to take her seat in the House of Lords by virtue of an hereditary peerage as 14th Baroness Strange.

Baron Montagu
The titles Baron Montacute or Baron Montagu were created several times in the Peerage of England for members of the House of Montagu. The family name was Latinised to de Monte Acuto, meaning "from the sharp mountain"; the French form is an ancient spelling of mont aigu, with identical meaning.
Cerralbo Museum
The Cerralbo Museum (Spanish: Museo Cerralbo) is an art museum in Madrid, Spain. It houses the art and historical object collections of Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, Marquis of Cerralbo, who died in 1922. It is one of the National Museums of Spain and it is attached to the Ministry of Culture.

Numismatics
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency,  including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects.

Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods.

The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems.