hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sigma
Sigma (/ˈsɪɡmə/ ⓘ SIG-mə; uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; Ancient Greek: σίγμα) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. When used at the end of a letter-case word (one that does not use all caps), the final form (ς) is used. In Ὀδυσσεύς (Odysseus), for example, the two lowercase sigmas (σ) in the center of the name are distinct from the word-final sigma (ς) at the end.

In the system of Greek numerals, sigma has a value of 200. In general mathematics, uppercase Σ is used as an operator for summation. The Latin letter S derives from sigma while the Cyrillic letter Es (С) derives from a lunate form of this letter.

Bone remodeling period
In bone physiology, the bone remodeling period describes the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the basic multicellular unit (BMU) that is responsible for bone turnover.  Historically, this was referred to as the sigma (σ) or sigma period, but that terminology is outdated.
Perugini
Perugini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Edward Perugini (1839–1918), British painter

Giovanni Perugini (born 1945), Italian athlete

Marcelo Perugini (born 1984), Argentine footballer

Stefano Perugini (born 1974), Italian motorcyclist

Salvatore Perugini (born 1978), Italian rugby player

Stefano Perugini
Stefano Perugini (born 10 September 1974, in Viterbo) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Italy. His best season was in 2003 when he won two Grand Prix races and finished the season in fourth place in the 125cc world championship. He won five Grand Prix races during his career.
Bob Johnson (infielder)
Robert Wallace Johnson (March 4, 1936 – November 12, 2019), nicknamed "Rocky", was an American professional baseball player. Largely a utility infielder and pinch hitter, Johnson appeared in 11 Major League Baseball seasons, from 1960 through 1970, for seven clubs, including the 1966 World Series champion Baltimore Orioles. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall, and weighed 175 lb (79 kg).

Utility player (baseball)
In baseball, a utility player or utility man is a player who has the ability to play more than one position in the field and is primarily used as a substitute. The term super utility player may be used to refer to a player who can play all or most positions, or a player who regularly appears in the starting lineup at different positions.
Giovanni Schiaparelli
Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli ForMemRS HFRSE (/ˌskæpəˈrɛli, ˌʃæp-/ SKAP-ə-REL-ee, SHAP-, US also /skiˌɑːp-/ skee-AHP-, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni virˈdʒiːnjo skjapaˈrɛlli]; 14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) was an Italian astronomer and science historian. Schiaparelli established the Martian system of nomenclature still in use today; before him, features of the planet bore the names of contemporary astronomers, similar to the lunar map of van Langren that preceded that of Hevelius.

E. M. Antoniadi
Eugène Michel Antoniadi (Greek: Ευγένιος Αντωνιάδης; 1 March 1870 – 10 February 1944) was a Greek-French astronomer. He is known for creating the Antoniadi scale as well as for his observations of the planets, and was a major opponent of the notion of Martian canals. He created some of the most detailed maps of Mars at the time, and many features on the planet are still known by the names he suggested. He also created the first map of Mercury, though it turned out to be incorrect.
Institute for Applied Autonomy
The Institute for Applied Autonomy was an activist group of anonymous artists known for employing technology in protest. The group focused on dissemination of knowledge, autonomy, and methods of self-determination through artistic expression and application of military-like technology to the topics of Criminal Mischief, decentralized systems and individual autonomy.

Mischief
Mischief (or malicious mischief) is a class of criminal offenses that are defined differently in different legal jurisdictions. While the wrongful acts will often involve what is popularly described as vandalism, there can be a legal differentiation between vandalism and mischief. The etymology of the word comes from Old French meschief, which means "misfortune", from meschever, "to end badly".
Robert Longo
Robert Longo (born January 7, 1953) is an American artist, filmmaker, photographer and musician. Longo became first well known in the 1980s for his Men in the Cities drawing and print series, which depict sharply dressed men and women writhing in contorted emotion. He lives in New York and East Hampton.

Whitney Biennial
The Whitney Biennial is a biennial exhibition of contemporary American art organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. The event began as an annual exhibition in 1932; the first biennial was held in 1973. It is considered the longest-running and most important survey of contemporary art in the United States. The Biennial helped bring artists including Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock, and Jeff Koons, among others to prominence.
Pennyworth (ship)
Pennyworth was a freighter, built in Scotland in 1916. She was the first freighter to carry cargo to Canada's newly opened deepwater port on the Arctic Ocean, at Churchill, Manitoba.

She arrived on August 17, 1932, carrying a mixed cargo of liquor, china and glass tableware, binding twine, and lubricating oil, as well as a few passengers. She was the first freighter to arrive again in 1933, on August 13, 1933.

Churchill, Manitoba
Churchill is a subarctic port town in northern Manitoba, Canada, on the west shore of Hudson Bay, roughly 140 km (87 mi) from the Manitoba–Nunavut border. It was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and governor of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1685 to 1691. It is well known for the many polar bears that move toward the shore from inland in the autumn, leading to the nickname "Polar Bear Capital of the World" and to the benefit of its burgeoning tourism industry.
Arthur Grimsdell
Arthur Grimsdell (23 March 1894 – 12 March 1963) was an English professional footballer. He was born in Watford, Hertfordshire and played at centre-half and later wing-half for Tottenham Hotspur and England. He captained both teams during the 1920s.

He was also a cricketer who played for Hertfordshire County Cricket Club at minor counties level. He was considered a sports personality of his era, featuring on footballer cigarette cards and interviewed for sports magazines.

He died, aged 68, in Watford on 12 March 1963.

Cigarette card
Cigarette cards are trading cards issued by tobacco manufacturers to stiffen cigarette packaging and advertise cigarette brands.

Between 1875 and the 1940s, cigarette companies often included collectible cards with their packages of cigarettes. Cigarette card sets document popular culture from the turn of the century, often depicting the period's actresses, costumes, and sports, as well as offering insights into mainstream humour and cultural norms.
Moore ministry (Queensland)
The Moore Ministry was a ministry of the Government of Queensland and was led by Country and Progressive National Party (CPNP) Premier Arthur Edward Moore. It succeeded the McCormack Ministry on 21 May 1929, ten days after William McCormack's Labor government was defeated at the 1929 state election. The ministry was followed by the Forgan Smith Ministry on 18 June 1932 after the CPNP were defeated by Labor at the 1932 state election a week earlier.

On 21 May 1929, the Governor, Sir John Goodwin, designated 10 principal executive offices of the Government, and appointed the following Members of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland to the Ministry as follows:

1  The role of Secretary for Railways was restyled Minister for Transport on 28 January 1932.

Country and Progressive National Party
The Country and Progressive National Party was a short-lived conservative political party in the Australian state of Queensland. Formed in 1925, it combined the state's conservative forces in a single party and held office between 1929 and 1932 under the leadership of Arthur Edward Moore. Following repeated election defeat it split into separate rural and urban wings in 1936.
Toska, Iran
Toska (Persian: تسكا, also Romanized as Toskā) is a village in Khvosh Rud Rural District, Bandpey-ye Gharbi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 491, in 113 families.

Babol County
Babol County(Persian: شهرستان بابل) is the most populous county in Mazandaran province and the second most populous county in northern Iran. The capital of the county is the city of Babol. Babol County consists of six districts, seven cities, and nearly 700 villages.

The elevation of the city of Babol is 2 meters below sea level, making it the "lowest" city in Mazandaran province. The elevation in the county, from the north to 10 kilometers south, is below sea level. The city of Babol is divided into two urban areas. The population of Babol in 2016 was 250,217, and that of Babol County 531,930.
Occlestone Green
Occlestone Green is a small rural settlement in the civil parish of  Stanthorne and Wimboldsley, the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of  Cheshire, England. Nearby settlements include the villages of Wimboldsley, Warmingham and Walley's Green. The nearest town is Middlewich.

Cheshire West and Chester
Cheshire West and Chester is a unitary authority area with borough status in Cheshire, England. It was established on 1 April 2009 as part of the 2009 local government changes, by virtue of an order under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007. It superseded the boroughs of Ellesmere Port and Neston, Vale Royal and the City of Chester. The remainder of the ceremonial county of Cheshire is composed of Cheshire East, Halton and Warrington. Cheshire West and Chester has three key urban areas: Chester, Ellesmere Port and Northwich/Winsford.

The decision to create the Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority was announced on 25 July 2007 following a consultation period, in which a proposal to create a single Cheshire unitary authority was rejected.
Missa Papae Marcelli
Missa Papae Marcelli, or Pope Marcellus Mass, is a mass sine nomine by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. It is his best-known mass, and is regarded as an archetypal example of the complex polyphony championed by Palestrina. It was sung at the papal coronation Masses (the last being the coronation of Paul VI in 1963).

Sanctus
The Sanctus (Latin: Sanctus, "Holy") is a hymn in Christian liturgy. It may also be called the epinikios hymnos (Greek: ἐπινίκιος ὕμνος, "Hymn of Victory") when referring to the Greek rendition and parts of it are sometimes called "Benedictus". Tersanctus (Latin: "Thrice Holy") is another, rarer name for the Sanctus. The same name is sometimes used for the Trisagion.

In Western Christianity, the Sanctus forms part of the Ordinary and is sung (or said) as the final words of the Preface of the Eucharistic Prayer of remembrance, consecration, and praise. The preface, which alters according to the season, usually concludes with words describing the praise of the worshippers joining with the angels, who are pictured as praising God with the words of the Sanctus. In the Byzantine Rite and general Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the Sanctus is offered as a response by the choir during the Holy Anaphora.
Kathleen Wilton
Kathleen Wilton (born 10 November 1984) is a former rugby union player. She made her Black Ferns debut on 16 October 2007 against Australia. She was selected for the New Zealand squad to the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup. They lost to Ireland in the pool games, which meant that they did not qualify for the semifinals. She came off the bench in their fifth place final victory over the United States.

United States women's national rugby union team
The USA Women's national rugby union team, nicknamed the Women's Eagles, represents the United States in women's international rugby union. The team was officially formed in 1987 and is nicknamed the Eagles.

An international powerhouse during the 1990s— the Eagles won the inaugural 1991 Women's World Cup and finished second in the two following World Cups in 1994 and 1998. The team finished fourth at the 2017 Rugby World Cup in Ireland.

In May 2018, Rob Cain was appointed full-time Head Coach. Cain joined the Eagles after winning the inaugural Tyrell Premier 15s title in England with Saracens Women.
Gambling in Quebec
Gambling in Quebec includes Casino gambling in most crowded cities of the region, Lottery, Société des casinos du Québec and Sports betting. Games of chance have existed during the prohibition era but became legal in Quebec only in 1985 when gambling was made legal in the country. Unlike most Canadian provinces where the minimum age for gambling is nineteen, in Quebec, along with Alberta and Manitoba, the minimum age is eighteen.

Loto-Québec
Loto-Québec is a crown corporation in the Canadian province of Quebec. Established in 1969, it oversees lottery and gaming in the province.

The corporation operates lottery games such as draw games and scratch cards, casinos and gaming halls, bingo parlors, video lottery, and online gambling via its Espacejeux service. It is a member of the Interprovincial Lottery Corporation and administers national games within the province.
Joe Biden presidential campaigns
Joe Biden, the 46th president of the United States (2021–2025), 47th vice president (2009–2017), and former United States senator from Delaware (1973–2009), has sought the presidency four times between 1988 and 2024. In his first two campaigns (1988 and 2008) he withdrew before or early during the Democratic Primaries. In his third (2020), he was elected president, defeating incumbent Donald Trump. In his fourth (2024), he won the Democratic primary but withdrew before the election.

In 2015, there was media speculation that he would seek the presidency in the 2016 United States presidential election. Following the death of his son Beau, Biden ruled out a campaign stating that his "window for a successful campaign has closed".

At the 1984 Democratic National Convention, Keron Kerr, an uncommitted delegate from Maine, voted for Biden. Kerr decided to vote for Biden after she enjoyed a speech of his at the state convention of the Maine Democratic Party.

Uncommitted (voting option)
"Uncommitted" is a voting option in some United States presidential primaries. This option is listed along with the names of individuals running for the position and is often described as "none of the above". Depending on state and party thresholds, voting uncommitted may allow states to send uncommitted delegates to a party's nominating convention.
Acharya Shivpujan Sahay
Acharya Shivpujan Sahay (9 August 1893 – 21 January 1963) was a noted Hindi and Bhojpuri novelist, editor and prose writer. He contributed in pioneering modern trends. His auto-biographical story "Mata ka Aanchal" ("Mother's Embrace") also featured in the NCERT Hindi textbook, Kritika, for the tenth grade. He was also conferred with the Padma Bhushan award by the Government of India.

Bhojpuri language
Bhojpuri (IPA: /ˌboʊdʒˈpʊəri/; Devanagari: भोजपुरीⓘ, Kaithi: 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲, (IPA: [bʰoːdʒpʊɾiː])) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Bhojpur-Purvanchal region of India and the Terai region of Nepal. It is chiefly spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar, and northwestern Jharkhand in India, as well as western Madhesh, eastern Lumbini. According to the 2011 Census of India, it is spoken by approximately 50.5 million people.

It is also a minority language in Fiji, Mauritius, Suriname and historically primarily in the Natal province of  South Africa. Fiji Hindi, an official language of Fiji, is a dialect of Bhojpuri spoken by the Indo-Fijians. Caribbean Hindustani is spoken by the Indo-Caribbean people in Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. In Mauritius, it is recognised by the government and taught in university as well.

Bhojpuri language is listed as potentially vulnerable in the UNESCO World Atlas of Languages.
Fairfield High School (New South Wales)
Fairfield High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in Fairfield, a south-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1955 through the merge of two adjacent single-sex high schools: Fairfield Boys High School and Fairfield Girls High School, the school caters for approximately 1,100 students from Year 7 to Year 12. The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education.

Department of Education (New South Wales)
The New South Wales Department of Education, a department of the Government of New South Wales, is responsible for the delivery and co-ordination of early childhood, primary school, secondary school, vocational education, adult, migrant and higher education in the state of New South Wales, Australia.

The department was preceded by the Board of National Education and Council of Education, and has been formerly known by a number of names, including Department of Public Instruction, the Department of Education and Training (DET) between December 1997 and April 2011, and the Department of Education and Communities (DEC) between April 2011 and July 2015.

The department's powers are principally drawn from the Education Act, 1990  (NSW).
Caroline Flora
Caroline Flora is New Zealand's Chief Censor in the Office of Film and Literature Classification (Māori: Te Mana Whakaatu), also known as the Classification Office. She was appointed to the position in 2022.

Flora grew up in Lower Hutt. She attended the University of Otago where she studied psychology and graduated with a Masters in Law. In 2007 she was admitted to the bar. She held positions in the New Zealand Police and Ministry of Health where she was Associate Deputy Director General. She took up the position of Chief Censor in July 2022 for a three year term.

Ministry of Health (New Zealand)
The Ministry of Health (Māori: Manatū Hauora) is the public service department of New Zealand responsible for  healthcare in New Zealand. It came into existence in its current form in 1993. The organisation was founded in 1901 as the Department of Public Health in 1901, and was renamed to Department of Health in 1922.
Albert Dauzat
Albert Dauzat (French pronunciation: [albɛʁ doza]; 4 July 1877 – 31 October 1955) was a French linguist specializing in toponymy and onomastics.

Dauzat, a student of Jules Gilliéron, was a director of studies at the École des hautes études.

École pratique des hautes études
The École pratique des hautes études (French pronunciation: [ekɔl pʁatik de ot.z‿etyd]), abbreviated EPHE, is a French postgraduate top level educational institution, a Grand Établissement.

EPHE is a constituent college of the Université PSL (together with ENS Ulm, Paris Dauphine or École des Mines). The college is closely linked to École française d'Extrême-Orient and Institut français du Proche-Orient.

Prominent researchers in military strategy have taught in EPHE in the past such as Hervé Coutau-Bégarie. In addition, researchers in natural sciences (including neurosciences and chemistry) teach at EPHE (among them Jean Baptiste Charcot and Marcellin Berthelot).
Vallecito Valley
Vallecito Valley is a valley in San Diego County, California. Vallecito, its original name, is a Spanish word meaning "little valley". The mouth of the valley is at an elevation of 1,568 feet / 478 meters, at the lower end of the ciénega southeast of the old Vallecito Stage Station, where Vallecito Creek leaves the valley. Its head is at an elevation of 3,200 feet at 32°57′05″N 116°26′31″W﻿ / ﻿32.95139°N 116.44194°W﻿ / 32.95139; -116.44194 at the foot of the Sawtooth Range that divides it from Mason Valley.

Sawtooth Mountains (California)
The Sawtooth Mountains are a mountain range of the Peninsular Ranges system in eastern San Diego County, California.

The Sawtooth Mountains are within the western Colorado Desert, southwest of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and the Tierra Blanca Mountains. The Jacumba Mountains lie to the southeast.

The Sawtooth Mountains Wilderness is located within the range.
Andrew G. L. Whitelaw
Andrew G. L. Whitelaw (born 31 August 1946) was a British neonatologist and academic, recognized for his contributions to treating conditions affecting newborn babies. He helds the position of Emeritus Professor at Bristol Medical School, where he was associated with Bristol Neuroscience. He died on 9 November 2025.

Whitelaw was a member of the Royal College of Physicians and a Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. He also served as the president of the Neonatal Society.

Whitelaw's research has garnered over 15,553 citations across 9,919 publications. Additionally, his h-index is 61.

Neonatal Society
Established in the United Kingdom in 1959 the Neonatal Society is the world's oldest learned society for the promotion of neonatal science. It is composed of both scientists and clinicians working in the area of the fetus and newborn.

The archives of the organisation are deposited at the Wellcome Library.
Longitude Act
The Longitude Act 1714 (13 Ann. c. 14), also known as the Discovery of Longitude at Sea Act 1713, was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in July 1714 at the end of the reign of Queen Anne. It established the Board of Longitude and offered monetary rewards (Longitude rewards) for anyone who could find a simple and practical method for the precise determination of a ship's longitude. The 1714 act  followed by a series of other Longitude Acts that revised or replaced the original.

Bounty (reward)
A bounty is a payment or reward of money to locate, capture or kill an outlaw or a wanted person. Two modern examples of bounties are the ones placed for the capture of Saddam Hussein and his sons by the United States government and Microsoft's bounty for computer virus creators. Those who make a living by pursuing bounties are known as bounty hunters.

Bounties have also been granted for other actions, such as exports under mercantilism.
Media in Hopkinsville, Kentucky
Hopkinsville, Kentucky is served by various media outlets. While it is one of two principal cities in its own radio market, it is considered to be part of the Nashville, Tennessee DMA, which is ranked as the 29 largest media market in the United States.

Paducah, Kentucky
Paducah (/pəˈduːkə/ ⓘ pə-DOO-kə) is a home rule-class city in the Upland South, and the county seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. The most populous city in the Jackson Purchase region, it is located in the Southeastern United States at the confluence of the Tennessee and the Ohio rivers, halfway between St. Louis, Missouri, to the northwest and Nashville, Tennessee, to the southeast. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,137, up from 25,024 in 2010. Twenty blocks of the city's downtown have been designated as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Paducah is the principal city of the Paducah metropolitan area, which includes McCracken, Ballard, Carlisle and Livingston counties in Kentucky and Massac County in Illinois.  The total population of the metro area was 103,481 in 2020.  The Paducah–Mayfield combined statistical area had a total population of 140,138.
Ballenstedt/Bode-Selke-Aue
Ballenstedt/Bode-Selke-Aue was a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Ballenstedt. It was disbanded on 1 January 2010.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Ballenstedt/Bode-Selke-Aue consisted of the following municipalities:

Ballenstedt

Ditfurt

Hausneindorf

Hedersleben

Heteborn

Radisleben

Wedderstedt

Municipal association (Germany)
Municipal associations (German: Verwaltungsgemeinschaften, pronounced [fɛɐ̯ˈvaltʊŋsɡəˌmaɪ̯nʃaftn̩] ⓘ, lit. 'administrative communities') are statutory corporations or public bodies created by statute in the German federal states of Bavaria, Saxony, Thuringia, and Schleswig-Holstein. In Baden-Württemberg the term stipulated municipal association (German: vereinbarte Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) is used.