hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Economy of Kolkata
Kolkata is the prime business, commercial and financial hub of eastern India and the main hub of communication for the North East Indian states. Kolkata, with  a GDP (PPP) of $220 billion  (as of 2024) is home to India's oldest, stock exchange company (bourse) – The Calcutta Stock Exchange. Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large public- and private-sector corporations; major sectors include steel, heavy engineering, mining, minerals, cement, pharmaceuticals, food processing, agriculture, electronics, textiles, and jute.

Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a market basket at one location divided by the price of the basket of goods at a different location. The PPP inflation and exchange rate may differ from the market exchange rate because of tariffs and other transaction costs.

The purchasing power parity indicator can be used to compare economies regarding their gross domestic product (GDP), labour productivity and actual individual consumption, and in some cases to analyse price convergence and to compare the cost of living between places. The calculation of the PPP, according to the OECD, is made through a basket of goods that contains a "final product list [that] covers around 3,000 consumer goods and services, 30 occupations in government, 200 types of equipment goods and about 15 construction projects".
James Lupton, Baron Lupton
James Roger Crompton Lupton, Baron Lupton, CBE (born 15 June 1955) is a former chairman of Greenhill Europe and Co-Treasurer of the Conservative Party, having donated circa £3.3 million to the party.

He was created a life peer taking the title Baron Lupton, of Lovington in the County of Hampshire on 6 October 2015.

He was educated at Sedbergh School and Lincoln College, Oxford. He was previously Deputy Chairman of Baring Brothers International Ltd until the bank collapsed in 1995.

Lupton was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours.

In 2016, then prime minister David Cameron re-appointed Lupton to the board of the British Museum for a further four-year term, ending 11 June 2020.

Since July 2019, Lupton has sat in the House of Lords as a non-affiliated peer. However, he reportedly votes with the Conservative party bloc.

He is estimated to be worth £130 million. Lupton is also a member of Brooks's and the London Capital Club.

Gresham Club
The Gresham Club was founded in 1843 and dissolved in 1991. It was named after Thomas Gresham. The Gresham Club's last site was located on Abchurch Lane off King William Street before it was sold to the London Capital Club, which in turn ceased operation in 2018. Following the closure of the London Capital Club, a number of the members relaunched The Gresham Club in 2018 and recreated the raison d'être of its original predecessor.
Universal College Islamabad
The Universal College Islamabad (UCI), formerly known as University College of Islamabad, is a higher education university based in 40-B, Kirthar Road, Sector H-9/4, Islamabad

Universal College Islamabad was founded in 1992 by Dr. Alan Bicker with the support of prominent Pakistani scientists who noticed a dearth of quality higher education. UCI is a pioneer in offering the International Programmes in Pakistan. Dr. Maria Catalina Alliende is the Principal of the College.

UCI offers University of London LLB, Higher National Diploma (HND), Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), ACCA the UK, ATHE Law and others. All these are recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

UCI collaborated in 2021 with Monroe College, New York City, USA and introduced the first bilateral American MBA program in Pakistan.

Monroe University
Monroe University is a private for-profit university in New York City. It was founded in 1933 and has campuses in the Bronx, New Rochelle and Saint Lucia, with degree programs also available through Monroe Online. It is named after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
Serhii Konoval
Serhii Serhiiovych Konoval (Ukrainian: Сергій Сергійович Коновал; 29 May 1992, Ternopil – 6 April 2024, near Chasiv Yar, Donetsk Oblast) was a Ukrainian public activist, Plast member, paramedic, serviceman, junior lieutenant of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, participant of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Hero of Ukraine (2024, posthumously).

Chasiv Yar
Chasiv Yar (Ukrainian: Часів Яр, pronounced [ˈtʃɑs⁽ʲ⁾iu̯ ˈjɑr]) is a city in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of Bakhmut and is the center of Chasiv Yar urban hromada. In January 2022, it had a population of 12,250, though RBC News claimed the population in May 2024 had been reduced to 600 due to evacuations from Russian shelling and fighting within the city.

The Siverskyi Donets – Donbas Canal runs through the east of Chasiv Yar. Just a small part of the city – the Kanal microdistrict – is east of the canal.
James Carroll (Dublin politician)
James Carroll (29 March 1907 – 30 July 1973) was an Irish politician. Carroll was elected to Dáil Éireann as an independent Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-West constituency at the 1957 general election. He had stood at the 1954 general election for the same constituency but was unsuccessful. He was re-elected at the 1961 general election but lost his seat at the 1965 general election. He served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1957 to 1958.

Dublin South-West
Dublin South-West is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects five deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Women in the Protestant Reformation
The status of Women in the Protestant Reformation was deeply influenced by Bible study, as the Reformation promoted literacy and Bible study in order to study God's will in what a society should look like. This influenced women's lives in both positive and negative ways, depending on what scripture and passages of the Bible were studied and promoted. The ideal of Bible study for commoners improved women's literacy and education, and many women became known for their interest and involvement in public debate during the Reformation. In parallel, however, their voices were often suppressed because of the edict of the Bible that women were to be silent. The abolition of the female convents resulted in the role of wife and mother becoming the only remaining ideal for a woman.

Wife
A wife (pl.: wives) is a woman in a marital relationship. A woman who has separated from her partner continues to be a wife until their marriage is legally dissolved with a divorce judgment; or until death, depending on the kind of marriage. On the death of her partner, a wife is referred to as a widow. The rights and obligations of a wife to her partner and her status in the community and law vary between cultures and have varied over time.
K. Virupaxappa
K. Virupakshappa (born 6 March 1942) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Koppal constituency of Karnataka and is a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) political party.

Koppal Lok Sabha constituency
Koppal Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 28 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Karnataka state in southern India. This constituency covers the entire Koppal district and parts of Raichur and Bellary districts.
Berau Gulf languages
The Berau Gulf languages form a high-level branch of the Trans–New Guinea language family in the classification of Timothy Usher. They are spoken along the coasts of the Berau Gulf of western New Guinea (southwestern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula, the northern coast of the Bomberai Peninsula and the entirety of the Fakfak Peninsula), as well as the islands of Timor (primarily East Timor), Alor and Pantar further west. The constituent families are,

West Bomberai (including the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages)

South Bird's Head (North Berau Gulf)

Mor

Bird's Head Peninsula
The Bird's Head Peninsula (Indonesian: Kepala Burung, Dutch: Vogelkop, meaning Bird's Head in Indonesian and Dutch) or Doberai Peninsula (Indonesian: Semenanjung Doberai) is a large peninsula that makes up the northwest portion of the island of New Guinea, comprising the Indonesian provinces of Southwest Papua and West Papua.  It is often referred to as The Vogelkop, and is so named because its shape looks like a bird's head on the island of New Guinea. The peninsula at the opposite end of the island (in Papua New Guinea) is called the Bird's Tail Peninsula. The peninsula just to the south is called the Bomberai Peninsula.
Octavio Espinosa de Ica
Club Social Deportivo Octavio Espinosa is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Ica, Peru.

The club was founded 1923 and plays in the Copa Perú, which is the third division of the Peruvian league.

Ica, Peru
Ica (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈika]) (Quechua: Ika) is a city and the capital of the Department of Ica in southern Peru. While the area was long inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, the Spanish conquistador Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera claimed its founding in 1563.

As of the 2017 census, it had a population of over 282,407. The city suffered extensive damage and loss of life during the 2007 Peru earthquake.
Adib Qaddoura
Adib Qaddoura (Arabic: أديب قدورة) is a Syrian actor who achieved the status of a sex symbol in Syria, often mentioned alongside Ighraa. One of his most notable roles was in "The Cheetah". He also made notable appearances in Italian cinema.

Ighraa
Ighraa (Arabic: إغراء), also is known as Igraa, (January 19, 1945) is a Syrian actress and belly dancer who reached her fame mostly in Syrian cinema of the 1970s.

Born Nihad Alaeddin (Arabic: نهاد علاء الدين), she left her native Syria with her elder sister for Egypt in 1958. Trained under famous Egyptian belly dancer Tahiya Karioka, she was given the stage name Ighraa ("Temptation"). After appearing in various films and TV dramas in Egypt and later in Syria, she made her acting breakthrough with The Leopard (الفهد) by Nabil Maleh released in 1972. Her scenes in the film were considered transgressive and caused widespread criticism, which was followed box office success. After films such as Al-Mughamara (1974) and into the late 1970s, she chose a lower profile but has remained a symbol of "openness and liberalism that reigned in the Arab world during the 1960s and 70s."
451 Patientia
451 Patientia is approximately the 15th-largest asteroid in the asteroid belt with a diameter of 250 km. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 4 December 1899, and assigned a provisional designation 1899 EY.

It regularly reaches 11th magnitude in brightness, as on 11 January 2013, and 12 December 2017, when in favorable oppositions will be at magnitudes 10.7 and 10.4 respectively, very bright for a later-discovered minor planet.

Multiple photometric studies of this asteroid were performed between 1969 and 2003. The combined data gave an irregular light curve with a synodic period of 9.730 ± 0.004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.05–0.10 in magnitude.

Auguste Charlois
Auguste Honoré Charlois (French pronunciation: [oɡyst ɔnɔʁe ʃaʁlwa]; November 26, 1864 – March 26, 1910) was a French astronomer who discovered 99 asteroids while working at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France.
David Sieck
David Sieck (born June 27, 1957) is a member of the Iowa House of Representatives.  Sieck, a farmer and Republican from Glenwood, Iowa, won a special election in February 2015 to fill the seat being vacated by Mark Costello, who was elected to the Iowa Senate to fill the seat formerly held by Joni Ernst. Sieck was born and raised in Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Glenwood, Iowa
Glenwood is the largest city in and the county seat of Mills County, Iowa, United States. The population was 5,073 in the 2020 census, a decline from 5,358 in 2000. The city was originally founded by Mormons, before they left for Utah. After the Second World War, Glenwood became a center for meatpacking, particularly kosher meatpacking. Glenwood was impacted by significant flooding in 2019.
Marco Herszel
Marco Herszel (born 2 June 1979 in Schönebeck, Bezirk Magdeburg) is a German sprint canoeist who competed in the early to mid-2000s. He won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships a gold (K-4 1000 m: 2007), a silver (K-2 1000 m: 2005) and two bronzes (K-2 1000 m: 2001, 2003).

Herszel also finished sixth in the K-2 1000 m event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

2007 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 2007 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Duisburg, Germany on 9–12 August 2007 for the record-tying fourth time. The German city had hosted the championships previously in 1979, 1987, and 1995. It tied Duisburg with Belgrade, Serbia (then Yugoslavia) who hosted in 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1982.

Men race as individuals, pairs and quads over 200 m, 500 m and 1000 m in both Canoe (Canadian) (C) and Kayak (K) events, giving a total of 18 gold medals. Women compete for only 9 gold medals as they race in kayak events only.

This was the 36th championships in canoe sprint.
Ann Dusenberry
Ann Dusenberry (born September 13, 1953) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She appeared in about 50 film and television productions from the early 1970s to the early 1990s. Among her best-known roles are those of Tina Wilcox in the horror film Jaws 2 (1978), Stevie in the romantic drama film Heart Beat (1980) and Valerie in the thriller Cutter's Way (1981). After her retirement from the film industry in 1992, she remained active as an actress on stage, performing sporadically.

Noises Off
Noises Off is a 1982 farce by the English playwright Michael Frayn.

Frayn conceived the idea in 1970 while watching from the wings a performance of The Two of Us, a farce that he had written for Lynn Redgrave. He said, "It was funnier from behind than in front, and I thought that one day I must write a farce from behind." The prototype, a short-lived one-act play called Exits, was written and performed in 1977. At the request of his associate, Michael Codron, Frayn expanded this into what would become Noises Off.

It takes its title from the theatrical stage direction indicating sounds coming from offstage.
Placopsis rhodocarpa
Placopsis rhodocarpa is a species of lichen-forming fungus in the family Trapeliaceae. It forms radiating, rosette-like crusts on rock and clayey soil, coloured dark green to pale greenish or whitish, and produces small granular soredia (powdery reproductive structures) as well as flat, pinkish cyanobacteria-containing structures. When fertile, the lichen bears fruiting bodies with rose-pink to red-brown discs and conspicuously thickened rims. The species has a Southern Hemisphere distribution, recorded from Ecuador and Bolivia southward into Chile, and also from Australia and New Zealand.

Cephalodium
A cephalodium (pl. cephalodia) is a small gall-like structure found in some lichens. They occur only in lichens which contain both cyanobacterial and green algal partners. Cephalodia can occur within the tissues of the lichen, or on its upper or lower surface. Lichens with cephalodia can fix nitrogen, and may be an important contributor of nitrogen to the ecosystem.
Mushtaq Ahmed (writer)
Mushtaq Ahmed (Bengali: মুশতাক আহমেদ; 5 December 1967 – 25 February 2021), popularly known as Kumir Bhai, was a Bangladeshi dissident, writer, and entrepreneur. His pen name was Michael Kumir Thakur. He founded the first ever commercial Crocodile breeding farm in Bangladesh. His book Kumir Chashir Diary was published in 2018. He was working on another book. He was accused with 10 others of sharing cartoons in social media posts criticizing the Bangladeshi government's corrupt and mismanaged response to COVID-19 pandemic and was detained in pre-trial for almost a year. On 25 February 2021 he died in jail, after being denied bail 6 times.

He was the first "martyr" of the notorious 2018 Digital Security Act.

Prothom Alo
Prothom Alo (Bengali: প্রথম আলো) is a Bengali-language daily newspaper in Bangladesh, published from Dhaka. It is one of the most widely circulated newspapers in Bangladesh. According to the National Media Survey of 2018, conducted by Kantar MRB Bangladesh, Prothom Alo has a daily readership of more than 6.6 million online. According to Alexa Internet, an American web traffic analysis company, the online portal of Prothom Alo is the most visited Bengali website in the world. The paper failed to print the 19 December 2025 issue for the first time during its 27 years of operation due to an attack on its office and bureaus.
Khaled Mattawa
Khaled Mattawa (Arabic: خالد مطاوع; born 1964) is a Libyan poet, and a renowned Arab-American writer, he is also a leading literary translator, focusing on translating Arabic poetry into English. He works as an Assistant professor of creative writing at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, where he currently lives and writes.

Demographics of Libya
Libya is a country on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, to the west of and adjacent to Egypt. Tripoli is the capital of the country and is the city with the largest population. Benghazi is Libya's second largest city. All demographics figures are from the United Nations Demographic Yearbooks, unless otherwise indicated.
Counterterrorism
Counterterrorism, alternatively spelled counter-terrorism and also known as anti-terrorism, refers to the laws, practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and intelligence agencies use to combat or prevent terrorism and violent extremism.

If an act of terrorism occurs as part of a broader insurgency (and insurgency is included in the definition of terrorism) then counterterrorism may additionally employ counterinsurgency measures. The United States Armed Forces uses the term "foreign internal defense" for programs that support other countries' efforts to suppress insurgency, lawlessness, or subversion, or to reduce the conditions under which threats to national security may develop.

Civil libertarianism
Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that supports civil liberties and rights, or which emphasizes the supremacy of individual rights and personal freedoms over and against any kind of authority (such as a state, a corporation, social norms imposed through peer pressure and so on). It does not refer to economic policy or other aspects of governance typically discussed by libertarians.
Lincoln Castle Academy
Lincoln Castle Academy is a secondary school with academy status located on the north side of the historic city of Lincoln in  Lincolnshire, England. It is situated a couple of miles due north of Lincoln Castle, and just west of the Ermine Street Roman road heading north out of Lincoln towards the Humber estuary.

Lincoln Castle
Lincoln Castle is a major medieval castle constructed in Lincoln, England, during the late 11th century by William the Conqueror on the site of a pre-existing Roman fortress. The castle is unusual in that it has two mottes. It is one of only two such castles in the country, the other being at Lewes in East Sussex. Lincoln Castle remained in use as a prison and court into modern times and is one of the better preserved castles in England; the Crown Courts continue to this day.

The castle is open to the public most days of the week and possible to walk around the walls from which there are views of the castle complex, cathedral, the city, and surrounding countryside. Displayed within the castle is one of only four surviving exemplars of the 1215 issue of Magna Carta. The castle is now owned by Lincolnshire County Council and is a scheduled monument.
Poverty in Namibia
Poverty in Namibia is common with an unemployment rate of 29.9%, poverty incidence of 26.9% and HIV prevalence of 16.9%. Namibia has an economic growth rates averaging 4.3% according to the World Bank, and is one of nine nations in Africa classified by the World Bank as upper center pay. However, income disparity in the country is one of the world's highest with a Gini coefficient of 59.1 in 2015 (2017: 61.3), and there were 3,300 US$ millionaires in 2017.

In a 2021 report by the governmental Namibia Statistics Agency, multidimensional poverty was determined to affect 43% of the population, 59% in rural and 25% in urban areas. The poorest regions per this measure were Kavango West (80%), Kavango East (70%)  and Kunene Region (64%), while the lowest rates of poverty were found in Erongo (16%) and ǁKaras (21%).

More than 400,000 people live in informal housing, with Windhoek (100,000 shack dwellers), Rundu (76,000) and Otjiwarongo (53,000) accommodating the largest number.

ǁKharas Region
The ǁKharas Region (Khoekhoe pronunciation: [ᵏǁʰa.ɾas], with a lateral click; formerly Karas Region, without the click) is the southernmost, largest, and least densely populated of the 14 regions of Namibia; its capital is Keetmanshoop. The name assigned to the region reflects the prominence of the Karas mountain range in its southern part. The ǁKharas region contains the municipality of Keetmanshoop, the towns Karasburg,  Lüderitz and Oranjemund, and the self-governed villages Aroab, Berseba, Bethanie, Koës and Tses.

ǁKharas' western border is the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Its location in Namibia's south means that it shares a long border in the south and east with the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders only the Hardap Region, to the north.
Seongju Do clan
Seongju Do clan (Korean: 성주 도씨; Hanja: 星州 都氏), also known by Family Do (Dho, To) of Seongju, was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Seongju County, North Gyeongsang Province. According to the research in 2015, the number of Seongju Do clan was 54545. Their founder was Do Jin who was a Tang dynasty's citizen and made an achievement when Goryeo was built. Do Jin was appointed as Jeongseung (Hanja: 政丞), chosen as Seongsanbuwongun(Marquess of Seongju, Hanja: 星山府院君), and was settled in Seongju.

Marquess
A marquess (UK: /ˈmɑːrkwɪs/; French: marquis [maʁki]) is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German-language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave) and the Italian-language equivalent Marchese. A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife (or widow) of a marquess is a marchioness (/ˈmɑːrʃənɛs/) or marquise (French: [maʁkiz] ⓘ). These titles are also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in Imperial China and Imperial Japan.
Harishchandrapuram
Harichandapuram is an Indian village and panchayat, located in Kotabommali mandal in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Chinna Harichandrapuram is also known for Sri Panchadama kshetram Hindu Temple.

Sai Baba Temple

Vana Durga Ammavaru Temple

Lord Shiva Temple

Srikakulam district
Srikakulam district is a district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, located in the Uttarandhra region of the state, with its headquarters located at Srikakulam. It is one of the six districts, located in the extreme northeastern direction of the state. It was formerly known as Chicacole, and was under Ganjam district till 1 April 1936, then merged under Vizagapatam district. Srikakulam district forms the core area of Kalinga where most of its historical capitals like Kalinganagari, pithunda, Dantapuram are located.