hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jewish national movements
Zionism, seeking territorial concentration of all Jews in the Land of Israel

Jewish Territorialism, seeking territorial concentration in any land possible

Jewish Autonomism, seeking an ethnic-cultural autonomy for the Jews of Eastern Europe

Yiddishism, some proponents of which regarded Yiddish-speakers as a national group
Bundism, which combined Yiddishist Autonomism with socialism
Soviet Yiddishism, promoting Yiddish-speakers as a national group in the USSR with its own Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Golus nationalism, nationalism of the Jewish diaspora

Yiddishist movement
Yiddishism is a cultural and linguistic movement that advocates and promotes the use of Yiddish, the traditional vernacular of Ashkenazi Jews, which was spoken by over 11 million people before World War II. It began in Eastern Europe during the latter part of the 19th century. Some of the leading founders of this movement were Mendele Mocher Sforim, I. L. Peretz, and Sholem Aleichem. The Yiddishist movement gained popularity alongside the growth of the Jewish Labor Bund and other Jewish political movements, particularly in the Russian Empire and United States.

The movement sharply lost momentum in the course of the 20th century, hampered by the language's low prestige in a context of both Jewish assimilation and Hebrew revival, the physical annihilation of most European Yiddish speakers in the Holocaust, followed by the linguistic assimilation of remaining communities, including in Israel, where Yiddish would wind up largely supplanted by Modern Hebrew.
Anne Watson
Anne Watson (born 1980) is an American educator and politician who has served as a  Democratic / Progressive member of the Vermont Senate since January 2023. She served as Mayor of Montpelier, Vermont, from March 2018 to March 2023. Watson is a physics teacher at Montpelier High School. She served on the Montpelier city council for several years before running unopposed for mayor in late 2017.

In 2010, Watson launched an eventually successful  campaign with the Vermont Youth Ultimate League to recognize Ultimate Frisbee as an official varsity-level sport in Vermont's high schools.

In April 2018, Watson was named in a blog article on the REI website as one of "five of the coolest mountain-city mayors" in the United States.

In November 2018, Watson was named to Vermont Business Magazine’s rising star “40 under 40 list.”

REI
Recreational Equipment, Inc., doing business as REI, is an American retail and outdoor recreation services corporation. It was formerly governed, and continues to brand itself, as a consumers' co-operative. REI sells camping gear, hiking, climbing, cycling, water, running, fitness, snow, travel equipment, and men, women and kids clothing. Unlike other outdoor sports stores, it does not sell hunting or fishing equipment.

REI operates 181 retail stores in 41 states. It also receives orders via mail-order catalogs and the internet.
Todo y Nada
"Todo y Nada" ("Everything and Nothing") is a song written and performed by Mexican singer Vicente Garrido Calderón released in 1957 and originally recorded by Los Tres Ases and Lucho Gatica.
It was covered by Mexican singer Luis Miguel on his album Segundo Romance (1994) where it was released as the third single from the album in 1995 and reached number three on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and number one on the Latin Pop Airplay charts, becoming his third number-one song on the latter chart. "Todo y Nada" became Miguel's third consecutive number-one song from Segundo Romance in Mexico; and became a top-five hit in Chile, Panama and Puerto Rico.

This was the second time that Luis Miguel had covered a song by Garrido, the first being "No Me Platiqués Más" on Romance (1991). It was recognized as one best-performing Latin songs of the year at the 1996 BMI Latin Awards.

BMI Film & TV Awards
The BMI Film & TV Awards are accolades presented annually by Broadcast Music, Inc., honoring songwriters, composers, and music publishers in various genres. Based in the United States, the main pop music award was founded in 1952.

The awards include the BMI Christian Awards, BMI Country Awards, BMI Film and TV Awards, BMI Latin Awards, BMI London Awards, BMI Pop Awards, BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards, and the BMI Trailblazers of Gospel Music Honors.

The BMI Student Composer Award—for young composers of classical music—has been won by such composers as Philip Glass (1959), John Adams (1970), Stephen Jaffe (1974), Jonathan Elliott (1985, 1987), and Mason Bates (2003).
Fåhræus effect
The Fåhræus effect (/fɑːˈreɪ.əs/ far-AY-əs) is the decrease in average concentration of red blood cells in human blood as the diameter of the glass tube in which it is flowing decreases. In other words, in blood vessels with diameters less than 500 micrometers, the hematocrit decreases with decreasing capillary diameter. The Fåhræus effect definitely influences the Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect, which describes the dependence of apparent viscosity of blood on the capillary size, but the former is not the only cause of the latter.

Blood vessel
Blood vessels  are the tubular structures of a circulatory system transporting blood in animal bodies. Blood vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to most of the tissues of a body, and also transport waste products and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Some tissues – such as cartilage, epithelium, and the lens and cornea of the eye – are not supplied with blood vessels, so are termed avascular.

There are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the arterioles; the capillaries, where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and tissues occurs; the venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.

The word, vascular, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel, and is used in reference to blood vessels.
Boukhalfa
Boukhalfa (Arabic: بوخالفة and Kabyle: Buxalfa) is a village in the commune of Tizi Ouzou, Algeria, located in the northwest of the city.

The Law department at the Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou is located in the village.

It's the location of the new stadium of JS Kabylie.

University of Tizi Ouzou
The Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou (Berber languages: ⵝⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓⵉⵝ ⵎⵓⵏⵓⴷ ⴰⵝⵎⴷⴰⵟⵙ; French: Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou) is a university in Tizi Ouzou, Algeria.

It is named after Mouloud Mammeri. As of 2012 Naceur Eddine Haddachi is the rector of the university. The university has eight faculties and twenty-five departments.
Henri Delacroix
Henri Delacroix (French: [ɑ̃ʁi dəlakʁwa]; 2 December 1873, Paris – 3 December 1937, Paris) was a French psychologist, "one of the most famous and most prolific French psychologists working at the beginning of [the twentieth] century."

Born in Paris, Henri Delacroix was educated at the Lycée Henri-IV and the Sorbonne, gaining his agrégation in philosophy in 1894. After two years at the University of Berlin and the University of Heidelberg, he became a professor at the Lycée de Pau, He later became a professor and subsequently dean of the Faculty of Letters at the Sorbonne. He died in Paris.

Agrégation
In France, the agrégation (French pronunciation: [aɡʁeɡasjɔ̃] ⓘ) is the most competitive and prestigious examination for civil service in the French public education system. Successful candidates become professeurs agrégés ([pʁɔfesœʁ(z‿)aɡʁeʒe]) and are usually appointed as teachers in secondary schools or preparatory classes, or as lecturers in universities.
All's Well, Ends Well 2009
All's Well, Ends Well 2009 or abbreviated as AWEW 2009 (Chinese: 家有囍事2009; Cantonese Yale: Ga Yau Hei Si 2009) is a 2009 Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed by Vincent Kok.  It is the fourth instalment in the All's Well, Ends Well film series, the previous film being All's Well, Ends Well 1997.

The film stars Louis Koo as a "love therapist" who is hired to woo a hot-tempered young woman (Sandra Ng) by her brother (Ronald Cheng) in the hopes of following a family marriage tradition.  Raymond Wong, the producer and co-star of all four films, appears as a private investigator.  All's Well, Ends Well 2009 was released in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, and Malaysia on 22 January 2009 and in New Zealand for one week beginning 29 October 2009.  As with the last three films, All's Well, Ends Well 2009 was released as a Chinese New Year film, where a film's release is timed to coincide with the larger movie audience at that time of year.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.
USS Amagansett
USS Amagansett (SP-693) was a United States Navy patrol vessel and minesweeper in commission from 1917 to 1920.

Amagansett was built as a commercial "menhaden fisherman"-type steam fishing trawler of the same name at Kennebunk, Maine, in 1879. In May 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her from Mr. E. Benson Dennis of Cape Charles, Virginia, for use during World War I. Assigned the section patrol number 693, she was commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, on 17 May 1917 as USS Amagansett (SP-693). The Navy officially chartered her from Dennis on 18 May 1917.

Fitted out as a minesweeper and assigned to the 5th Naval District, Amagansett was based at Norfolk throughout her naval career. She served on patrol and minesweeping duties in the Norfolk area through the end of World War I and until March 1919.

Amagansett was decommissioned on 12 March 1919 and stricken from the Navy Directory and returned to Dennis simultaneously the same day.

Charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and it is that sense which is retained in modern usage of the term. In early medieval Britain, charters transferred land from donors to recipients.

The word entered the English language from the Old French charte, via Latin charta, and ultimately from Greek χάρτης (khartes, meaning "layer of papyrus"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges.
Theramenes
Theramenes (/θɪˈræmɪniːz/; Ancient Greek: Θηραμένης; died 404/403 BC) was an Athenian military leader and statesman, prominent in the final decade of the Peloponnesian War. He was active during the two periods of oligarchic government at Athens, the 400 and later the Thirty Tyrants, as well as in the trial of the generals who had commanded at Arginusae in 406 BC. A moderate oligarch, he often found himself caught between the democrats on the one hand and the extremist oligarchs on the other. Successful in replacing a narrow oligarchy with a broader one in 411 BC, he failed to achieve the same end in 404 BC, and was executed by the extremists whose policies he had opposed.

Lysias
Lysias (/ˈlɪsiəs/; Λυσίας; c. 445 – c. 380 BC) was an Athenian logographer and one of the ten Attic orators later canonized by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace. He wrote speeches for litigants across a wide range of public and private actions during the late fifth and early fourth centuries BC, with thirty-four transmitted in the medieval corpus and many others known by title or fragment. Ancient critics, especially Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and modern scholarship identify Lysias as an exemplar of the plain style, emphasizing idiomatic diction, character-appropriate voice, and concise narrative framing. His speech Against Eratosthenes and the fragmentary Olympic Oration are commonly cited for historical evidence on postwar Athens and for programmatic statements on Greek politics.
East Columbus, Georgia
East Columbus is a district of Columbus in Muscogee County, Georgia. The area is roughly bounded by Macon Road to the north, Buena Vista Road to the south, Schatulga Road and Fort Moore to the east, and I-185 to the west.

Interstate 185 (Georgia)
Interstate 185 (I-185) is a 49.3-mile-long (79.3 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway in the west-central part of the US state of Georgia. I-185 also carries the unsigned State Route 411 (SR 411) and is named the Chet Atkins Parkway for its entire length. It provides a freeway connection between Columbus and I-85, which continues on to the Atlanta metropolitan area.
Apostolic Nunciature to Thailand
The Apostolic Nunciature to Thailand is the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to Thailand. It is located in Sathon District, Bangkok. The current Apostolic Nuncio is Archbishop Peter Bryan Wells, who was named to the position by Pope Francis on 8 February 2023.

The Apostolic Nunciature to the Kingdom of Thailand is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Thailand, with the rank of an embassy. The nuncio serves both as the ambassador of the Holy See to the King of Thailand, and as delegate and point-of-contact between the Catholic hierarchy in Thailand and the Pope.

The Apostolic Nuncio to Thailand is usually also the Apostolic Nuncio to Cambodia, Myanmar and Apostolic Delegate to Laos upon his appointment to said nations.

Monarchy of Thailand
The monarchy of Thailand is the constitutional form of government of Thailand (formerly Siam). The king of Thailand (Thai: พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย, historically, king of Siam; Thai: พระเจ้ากรุงสยาม) is the head of state and head of the ruling Chakri dynasty.

Although the current Chakri dynasty was created in 1782, the existence of the institution of monarchy in Thailand is traditionally considered to have its roots in the founding of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238, with a brief interregnum from the death of Ekkathat to the accession of Taksin in the 18th century. The institution was transformed into a constitutional monarchy in 1932 after the bloodless socialist-leaning Siamese Revolution of 1932. The monarchy's official ceremonial residence is the Grand Palace in Bangkok, while the private residence has been at the Dusit Palace. 
The king of Thailand is head of state, Highest Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, adherent of Buddhism and upholder of religions.
2024 Maluku gubernatorial election
The 2024 Maluku gubernatorial election was held on 27 November 2024 as part of nationwide local elections to elect the governor of Maluku for a five-year term. The previous election was held in 2018. The election was won by Hendrik Lewerissa of the Gerindra Party with 47% of the vote. Jeffry Apoly Rahawarin of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) placed second, receiving 26%. Former Governor Murad Ismail of the National Mandate Party (PAN) placed third with 25%.

National Mandate Party
The National Mandate Party (Indonesian: Partai Amanat Nasional), frequently abbreviated to PAN, is a non-sectarian, religion-based political party in Indonesia.

It was founded by the modernist strand of Muslim society in Indonesia, including Amien Rais, the chairman of the Muhammadiyah organization, during the Indonesian Revolution. The party contested the 2009 elections under the chairmanship of Sutrisno Bachir. It is described as a nationalist Muslim party. It also upholds the Pancasila doctrine.

In 2014, the party obtained 7.59 percent of the popular vote, which is an increase from 6.03 percent in 2009 and 6.44 percent in 2004.
1907 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual event sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion. The 1907 competition took place on January 21–22 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary.

Eduard Engelmann Jr.
Eduard Engelmann Jr. (14 July 1864 – 31 October 1944) was an Austrian figure skater, engineer, and cyclist. He was a three-time gold medallist at the European Figure Skating Championships. He had three children, all of whom became figure skaters: Edi, Helene and Christine, who married Karl Schäfer.
Butterworth, Virginia
Butterworth is an unincorporated community in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, United States.

Butterworth is located along a former railroad mainline. The Richmond, Petersburg and Carolina Railroad, passing through Butterworth from Petersburg to Ridgeway Junction (today Norlina, North Carolina), was completed in 1900, at which point it was merged into the Seaboard Air Line (SAL). By 1914, the population of Butterworth was estimate by the railroad to be somewhere around 400. The line (dubbed the "S-line" after later mergers) continued to operate until the 1980s, and today Butterworth is along the abandoned portion of the CSX Norlina Subdivision.

Richmond, Petersburg and Carolina Railroad
The Richmond, Petersburg and Carolina Railroad was a railroad built in the early 1900s.  As its name suggests, it ran from Richmond, Virginia south through Petersburg into northern North Carolina.  It was a key part of the network of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad.
2025 Asian Youth Games
The 2025 Asian Youth Games, officially the 3rd Asian Youth Games, and commonly Bahrain 2025, was the third edition of the Asian Youth Games, a pan-Asian multi-sport event that took place in Bahrain from 22 to 31 October 2025. It marked the first time the Games were held since the last in 2013, after the two previous editions in 2017 and 2021 were cancelled.

Pan-Asianism
Pan-Asianism (also known as Asianism or Greater Asianism) is an ideology aimed at creating a political and economic unity among Asian peoples. Various theories and movements of Pan-Asianism have been proposed, particularly from East, South and Southeast Asia. The motive for the movement was in opposition to the values of Western imperialism and colonialism, and that Asian values were superior to European values.

The concept of Asianism in Japan and China has changed during the early 20th century from a foreign-imposed and negatively received, to a self-referential and embraced concept, according to historian Torsten Weber.
Ron Bodoh
Ronald Bodoh (August 20, 1953 - September 26, 2015) was a master American craftsman and carver of flawless quartz crystal balls. He began producing the spheres in 1971, and had made 40 by 1974.

In 1974, he appeared in an episode of "To Tell the Truth" hosted by Gary Moore. Bodoh was sitting in the #1 position. Peggy Cass and Orson Bean guessed correctly. Kitty Carlisle and Bill Cullen voted for struggling songwriter Christopher Glenn, who was #2. Claude Bigo, a student at Loyola, was #3.

In 1976, Bodoh created what was then the third largest flawless quartz crystal ball in the world; it weighed almost 15 pounds (6.8 kg) and sold for US$40,000 to a private collector

Private collection
A private collection is a privately owned collection of works (usually artworks) or valuable items.  In a museum or art gallery context, the term signifies that a certain work is not owned by that institution, but is on loan from an individual or organization, either for temporary exhibition or for the long term. This source is usually an art collector, although it could also be a school, church, bank, or some other company or organization. By contrast, collectors of books, even if they collect for aesthetic reasons (fine bookbindings or illuminated manuscripts for example), are called bibliophiles, and their collections are typically referred to as libraries.
Varayan
Varayan is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language action drama film directed by Jijo Joseph. The film was written by Danny, and it was produced by Premachandran A. G. It stars Siju Wilson and Leona Lishoy in lead roles. The film was released worldwide on 20 May 2022.

Siju Wilson
Wilson Joseph (born 22 November 1981), professionally credited as Siju Wilson, is an Indian actor and producer, who works in Malayalam films. He won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film for his debut production Vasanthi (2019).
European Championship (darts)
The European Championship is a PDC darts tournament which was created to allow the top European players to compete with the highest ranked players from the PDC Order of Merit. Since 2016, the tournament has taken place at the end of October, and features the top 32 players on the PDC European Tour Order of Merit.

Darts world rankings
The Darts World Rankings are systems designed to determine a list of the best darts players in the world based on their performances in past tournaments.

In 1993, a group of former world champions and other high-profile players separated from the British Darts Organisation, meaning there were several major governing bodies in the sport. Each organization has its own players, and each has its own ranking system.

After the British Darts Organisation folded in 2020, the two main rankings are now maintained by the World Darts Federation and the Professional Darts Corporation.

The ranking systems are used to arrange tournament seedings, which are so arranged, that the number one player in the world will not face the number two player until the final of a tournament, providing they both reach that final.
1891 Northern Maori by-election
The 1891 Northern Maori by-election was a by-election during the 11th New Zealand Parliament. The election was held on 7 February 1891.

The seat of Northern Maori became vacant following the death of the sitting member Sydney Taiwhanga on 27 November 1890.

Taiwhango had been re-elected in 1890 for Northern Maori, but died on election day. He also stood in Eastern Maori, and came second.

The by-election was won by Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa.

Wiremu Katene had represented the electorate from 1871 to 1875 and in 1887 after the 1887 by-election.

Wi Katene
Wiremu Katene (died 1 November 1895), also known as Wi Katene, was a New Zealand politician.

In 1872 he became the first Māori to be appointed to the Executive Council, becoming the first indigenous Minister of the Crown. He was also a member of the House of Representatives from 1871 to 1875, and again in 1887.

He died on 1 November 1895. The politician Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke is a descendant.
HQM Sachsenring GmbH
HQM Sachsenring GmbH is a Zwickau-based company that supplies chassis and body parts to the automotive industry. The company was named after the Sachsenring race track. Founded as VEB Sachsenring after the end of World War II, and operating out of the former Auto Union factory in Zwickau, Sachsenring was one of the few manufacturers of vehicles in East Germany, its best known product being the Trabant, produced between 1957 and 1991. Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, Sachsenring transitioned from a government-owned company under a centrally planned economy to a private corporation in a free market economy.

After three years in bankruptcy, Sachsenring AG  was purchased in February 2006, by Härterei und Qualitätsmanagement GmbH (HQM) of Leipzig. Formerly the dominant major automaker in East Germany, Sachsenring has since departed from making motor vehicles. Today, it supplies, among other things, the Volkswagen factory with parts for the Golf and Passat models.

Sachsenring
The Sachsenring (German pronunciation: [ˈzaksn̩ʁɪŋ] ⓘ) is a motorsport racing circuit located in Hohenstein-Ernstthal near Chemnitz in Saxony, Germany. Among other events, it features the annual German motorcycle Grand Prix of the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championship.