hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marek Harat
Marek Harat (born 1958 in Libiąż) is a Polish neurosurgeon, professor of medical sciences (2002, doctorate 1988, habilitation 1997), colonel of the reserve. In 1993, he completed an internship in Canada, including at Toronto Western Hospital. Author of a number of publications and innovative neurosurgical procedures (including psychosurgery), including those related to deep brain stimulation. Promoter and reviewer of doctoral theses. Clinical Consultant in Neurosurgery at the 10th Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz, he also works at the Medical College in Bydgoszcz of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. He was awarded the Bronze Cross of Merit (2004).

In 2018, he was awarded the title "Promoter of Poland" by the Board of the Promotional Emblem Foundation "Now Poland" in recognition of his achievements in the field of neurosurgery.

Toronto Western Hospital
The Toronto Western Hospital (TWH) is a major research and teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is part of the University Health Network (UHN). It has 256 beds, with 46,000 visits to its emergency department annually. It is known for neurosurgery and was one of the first centres in Canada to use the gamma knife. It is also home to the Donald K. Johnson Eye Centre and the Krembil Discovery Tower where the Krembil Research Institute is based.
Archaeoglobaceae
Archaeoglobaceae are a family of the Archaeoglobales. All known genera within the Archaeoglobaceae are hyperthermophilic and can be found near undersea hydrothermal vents. Archaeoglobaceae are the only family in the order Archaeoglobales, which is the only order in the class Archaeoglobi.

Class (biology)
In biological taxonomy, class (Latin: classis) is  a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit (i.e., a taxon) in that rank. It is a group of related taxonomic orders. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class ranking between phylum and order.
Jonathan Lewellen
Jonathan Lewellen is an American economist, currently the Carl E. and Catherine M. Heidt Professor of Finance at Dartmouth College and formerly the Jon D. Gruber Career Development Chair at Sloan School of Management.

In 2024, Lewellen signed a faculty letter supporting Dartmouth College president Sian Beilock, who ordered the arrest of 90 students and faculty members nonviolently protesting the Gaza war.

MIT Sloan School of Management
The MIT Sloan School of Management (branded as MIT Sloan) is the business school of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

MIT Sloan offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs, as well as executive education. Many influential ideas in management and finance originated at the school, including the Black–Scholes model, the random walk hypothesis, the binomial options pricing model, and the field of system dynamics. The faculty has included numerous Nobel laureates in economics and John Bates Clark Medal winners.
Thomas Gawdy (died 1588)
Sir Thomas Gawdy SL (died 5 November 1588) was an English justice and Member of Parliament. He was a member of the Norfolk family of Gawdy (or Gaudy), of whom many were lawyers during the 16th and 17th centuries. He was Recorder of Norwich for 16 years. His seat was at Gawdy Hall, Harleston, a grand mansion which, in its final state, was demolished in 1939.

Harleston, Norfolk
Harleston is a town in the civil parish of Redenhall with Harleston, in the South Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 16 miles (26 km) from Norwich. In 2018, it had an estimated population of 5,067. Harleston is on the Norfolk/Suffolk border, close to the River Waveney. Harleston has two markets every Wednesday.

Harleston is an electoral ward comprising the civil parishes of Needham, Redenhall with Harleston, and Wortwell. At the last election, in May 2019, two Conservative councillors were elected to South Norfolk Council.
Bleak House (1985 TV serial)
Bleak House is a BBC television drama first broadcast in 1985. The serial was adapted by Arthur Hopcraft from the Charles Dickens novel Bleak House (1853).

The series was the second adaptation of Bleak House by the BBC (the first being in 1959). It ran for eight episodes and starred Diana Rigg as Lady Dedlock, with Denholm Elliott in the role of John Jarndyce.

In the United States, the series ran under the Masterpiece Theatre series umbrella.

A notable plot omission in this version is the story of Caddy Jellyby and the Turveydrop family.

As opposed to the standard of videotape for studio-based scenes and film for location-based scenes, the series was shot entirely on 16 mm colour film.

16 mm film
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film (about 2⁄3 inch); other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm. It is generally used for non-theatrical (e.g., industrial, educational, television) film-making, or for low-budget motion pictures. It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie-making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film and later Super 8 film. Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm "outfit" in 1923, consisting of a Ciné-Kodak camera, Kodascope projector, tripod, screen and splicer, for US$335 (equivalent to US$6,330 in 2025).: 334  RCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932, and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935.: 231
Judith Wills
Judith Wills (born 1949) is a British author, food and health journalist, magazine editor and columnist. She was born in Oxfordshire, the youngest child of a telephone salesman and an ex-primary schoolteacher, and was educated at the Oxford College of Technology (now Oxford Brookes University  . She lives on the borders of Herefordshire and Wales.

Columnist
A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs. They take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. Columns are sometimes written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, or (in effect) a brand name. Columnists typically write daily or weekly columns. Some columns are later collected and reprinted in book form.
Gete Wami
Getenesh "Gete" Wami Degife (Amharic: ጌጤነሽ 'ጌጤ' ዋሚ ደግፌ born January 28th 1974 in Debre Berhan) is an Ethiopian former long-distance runner who competed in cross country, track, and road events.

Her brother, Mulugeta Wami, is also a professional marathon runner.

Debre Birhan
Debre Birhan (Amharic: ደብረ ብርሃን) is a city in central Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone of Amhara Region, about 120 kilometers north east of Addis Ababa on  Ethiopian highway 2, the town has an elevation of 2,840 meters, which makes it the highest town in Africa. It was an early capital of Ethiopia and afterwards, with Ankober and Angolalla, was one of the capitals of the kingdom of Shewa. Today, it is the administrative center of the North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region.
Page 3 (film)
Page 3 is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Madhur Bhandarkar and produced by Bobby Pushkarna and Kavita Pushkarna. The film revolves around the Page 3 culture and media in the city of Mumbai. It stars Konkona Sen Sharma, Atul Kulkarni, Sandhya Mridul, Tara Sharma, Anju Mahendru, and Boman Irani. The film won three National Film Awards, including the Golden Lotus Award for Best Film.

Boman Irani
Boman Irani (born 2 December 1959) is an Indian actor and comedian who worked primarily in Hindi-language films. He has featured in over 100 films, and is the recipient of a Filmfare Award and two IIFA Awards.

Some of his notable works include Munna Bhai MBBS (2003), Veer-Zaara, Main Hoon Na, Lakshya (all 2004), No Entry (2005), Lage Raho Munna Bhai, Don (both 2006), Khosla Ka Ghosla (2006), Heyy Babyy (2007), Dostana (2008), 3 Idiots (2009), Housefull (2010), Don 2 (2011), Housefull 2, Cocktail (both 2012), Jolly LLB (2013), PK, Happy New Year (both 2014), Dilwale (2015), Housefull 3 (2016), Sanju (2018), Total Dhamaal (2019), 83 (2021), Uunchai (2022) and Dunki (2023). He made his directorial debut with the self-starring drama The Mehta Boys (2025).
Tuxedo Junction (music venue)
Tuxedo Junction was a 600-capacity live music venue located at 2 Ives Street in Danbury, Connecticut. Ron and Rick Jowdy founded the club in 1985, and sold it in 1998 to Michael Roviello and Al Caccamo, who closed it in 2013. Tuxedo Junction hosted many big-name acts such as Joan Jett, Taylor Dayne, Stephen Stills, 311, Kansas, 38 Special, Blue Öyster Cult, Dark Star Orchestra, Mercyful Fate and Oasis.

Danbury, Connecticut
Danbury (/ˈdænbɛri/ DAN-berr-ee) is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, located approximately 50 miles (80 km) northeast of New York City. Danbury's population as of 2020 was 86,518. It is the third-largest city in Western Connecticut, and the seventh-largest city in Connecticut. Located within the heart of the Housatonic Valley region, the city is a historic commercial hub of western Connecticut, home to many commuters and summer residents from the New York metropolitan area and New England.

Danbury is nicknamed the "Hat City", because it was once the center of the American hat industry, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The mineral danburite is named after Danbury, while the city itself is named for Danbury in Essex, England.

Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury Fair Mall, and Danbury Municipal Airport.
World Chess Championship 1951
The 1951 World Chess Championship was played between Mikhail Botvinnik and David Bronstein in Moscow from March 15 to May 11, 1951. It was the first match played under the supervision of FIDE; and the first to use a qualifying system of an Interzonal and Candidates Tournament to choose a challenger - a system which stayed in place until 1993.

Botvinnik was the defending champion: he was 39 years old, had been a world leading player in the 1930s and World Champion since 1948. The challenger, David Bronstein, was 27 years old and relatively new to top-level competition.

The match ended in a 12–12 tie (5 wins each, and 14 draws), meaning Botvinnik retained the title of World Champion. Writing in 1973, Israel Horowitz described the match as "perhaps the most interesting match ever played for the world championship".

Israel Albert Horowitz
Israel Albert Horowitz (often known as I. A. Horowitz or Al Horowitz) (November 15, 1907 – January 18, 1973) was an American International Master of chess. He is most remembered today for the books he wrote about chess.  In 1989, he was inducted into the  US Chess Hall of Fame.
Listed buildings in the United Kingdom
This is a list of listed buildings in the United Kingdom.

The organisation of the lists in this series is on the same basis as the statutory registers, which generally rely on counties. For England and Wales, the county names are broadly those of the ceremonial counties of England and Wales and do not always match the current administrative areas, whereas in most cases they parallel the current subdivisions of Scotland. In Northern Ireland the province's six traditional counties are used, and these are unchanged in modern times.

Different classifications of listed buildings are used in different parts of the United Kingdom:

England and Wales: Grade I, Grade II* and Grade II;

Scotland: Category A, Category B and Category C

Northern Ireland: Grade A, Grade B+, Grade B1 and Grade B2

Preserved counties of Wales
The preserved counties of Wales (Welsh: siroedd cadwedig) are the eight current areas used in Wales for the ceremonial purposes of lieutenancy and shrievalty. They are based on the counties which were used for local government and other purposes between 1974 and 1996. Each comprises one or more of the 22 single-tier principal areas which are used for administrative purposes.
Falkenstein, Lower Austria
Falkenstein (German pronunciation: [ˈfalkn̩ˌʃtaɪn] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.

It is home to Castle Falkenstein, a relatively intact castle ruin built in the 11th century. The ruin's German name is Burg Falkenstein ("Castle Falcon Stone").

Lower Austria
Lower Austria (German: Niederösterreich pronounced [ˈniːdɐˌ(ʔ)øːstɐraɪç] ⓘ, Bavarian: Niedaöstareich, abbreviated LA or NÖ) is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Major cities are Amstetten, Krems an der Donau, Wiener Neustadt and Sankt Pölten, which has been the capital of Lower Austria since 1986, replacing Vienna, which became a separate state in 1921. With a land area of 19,186 km2 (7,408 sq mi) and a population of 1.7 million people, Lower Austria is the largest and second-most-populous state in Austria (after Vienna).
Ruwanpura (Attanagalla) Grama Niladhari Division
Ruwanpura Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Attanagalla Divisional Secretariat of Gampaha District of Western Province, Sri Lanka. It has Grama Niladhari Division Code 370B.

Ruwanpura is a surrounded by the Opathella, Aruppassa, Happitiya, Lavulupitiya, Lavulupitiya, Paranagama, Paranagama East, Walgammulla and Walgammulla Grama Niladhari Divisions.

Gampaha District
Gampaha District (Sinhala: ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය gampaha distrikkaya, Tamil: கம்பஹா மாவட்டம் Kampakai Māvaṭṭam) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country.  It is the most populous district of Sri Lanka. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka. The capital of the district is the town of Gampaha. The district was carved out of the northern part of Colombo District in September 1978.
Diana Ross' Greatest Hits
Diana Ross' Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American singer Diana Ross. It was released by Motown Records on July 12, 1976 in the United States. In the United Kingdom and certain other territories the album was released under the title Greatest Hits 2 since a similar compilation, Greatest Hits, had already been released in 1972. It comprises songs from her studio albums Diana Ross (1970), Everything Is Everything (1970), Surrender (1971), Touch Me in the Morning (1973), Last Time I Saw Him (1973) and Diana Ross (1976) as well as soundtrack recordings.

The album reached number 13 on the US Billboard 200 and peaked at number 10 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, eventually selling over 650,000 copies. In the United Kingdom, it climbed to number 2 on the UK Albums Chart and reached gold status for sales in excess of 100,000 copies.

Last Time I Saw Him
Last Time I Saw Him is the fifth studio album by American singer Diana Ross, released on December 6, 1973 by Motown Records. It reached number 52 in the US (number 12 R&B). It also helped Ross win the 1974 American Music Award for Favorite R&B Female.

The arrangements were by Gene Page, Michael Omartian, Tom Baird, David Blumberg, Bob Gaudio, James Carmichael and Paul Riser. Harry Langdon was credited with the cover photography.
Abdul Kahar Muzakkar
Abdul Kahar Muzakkar (24 March 1921 – 3 February 1965) was the leader of an Islamic movement in South Sulawesi from 1950 till his death in 1965. He led his group of men in a guerrilla warfare against the Indonesian central government, and was finally killed by the army in the jungle. He was also the leader of the South Sulawesi branch of the Darul Islam movement, led Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo.

Government of Indonesia
The term Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, abbr. GOI, sometimes also referred to as Government of Indonesia or the Central Government (Indonesian: Pemerintah Pusat) especially in laws) can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch. The term is also used colloquially to mean the executive and legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the executive branch in the form of the President of Indonesia, as assisted by the Vice President and the Cabinet, as this is the branch of government responsible for day-to-day governance.
2007 Commonwealth Bank Tennis Classic
The 2007 Commonwealth Bank Tennis Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 13th edition of the Commonwealth Bank Tennis Classic, and was part of the Tier III Series of the 2007 WTA Tour. It took place at the Grand Hyatt Bali in Bali, Indonesia, from 10 September through 16 September 2007. Unseeded Lindsay Davenport won the singles title and earned $32,240 first-prize money.

WTA Tier III tournaments
The WTA Tier III tournaments were Women's Tennis Association tennis third-level tournaments held from 1990 until the end of the 2008 season. The line-up of events varied over the years due to tournaments being promoted, demoted or cancelled.

From 2009, most Tier III and Tier IV tournaments from previous seasons became WTA International Tournaments owing to a category change. The main reason for the changes was to ease the pressure on players in terms of the number of tournaments that they were required to play.
Age-of-consent reform
Age-of-consent reform encompasses many different efforts to amend age of consent laws. Age-of-consent refers to the age at which a person can legally consent to sex. Ages-of-consent are enacted to protect those considered too young or immature to have the capacity to consent.

Proposed reforms typically include raising, lowering, or abolishing the age of consent, applying (or not applying) close-in-age exemptions, changing penalties, or changing how cases are examined in court. A related issue is whether or not to enforce ages of consent on homosexual relationships that are different from those enforced on heterosexual relationships. Organized efforts have ranged from academic discussions to political petitions.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Japanese American redress and court cases
The following article focuses on the movement to obtain redress for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, and significant court cases that have shaped civil and human rights for Japanese Americans and other minorities. These cases have been the cause and/or catalyst to many changes in United States law. But mainly, they have resulted in adjusting the perception of Asian immigrants in the eyes of the American government.

Issei
Issei (一世, "first generation") are Japanese immigrants to countries in North America and South America. The term is used mostly by ethnic Japanese. Issei are born in Japan; their children born in the new country are nisei (ni, "two", plus sei, "generation"); and their grandchildren are sansei (san, "three", plus sei, "generation").

The character and uniqueness of the issei is recognized in their social history.
Faraklo, Laconia
Faraklo is a village in the municipality of Monemvasia, Laconia, Greece. It has a population of 96, and an elevation of approximately 400 metres. It has strong ties with the city of Neapolis. Snow is infrequent, but does occur.

Laconia
Laconia or Lakonia (Greek: Λακωνία, Lakonía, [lakoˈni.a]) is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Since 2011, it has been administered as a regional unit, with Sparta as its capital. The word laconic—to speak in a blunt, concise way—is probably derived from the name of this region, a reference to the ancient Spartans who were renowned for their verbal austerity and blunt, often pithy remarks.
Escherichia coli in molecular biology
Escherichia coli (/ˌɛʃɪˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a Gram-negative gammaproteobacterium commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).  The descendants of two isolates, K-12 and B strain, are used routinely in molecular biology as both a tool and a model organism.

Warm-blooded
Warm-blooded is a term referring to animal species whose bodies maintain a temperature higher than that of their environment. In particular, homeothermic species (including birds and mammals) maintain a stable body temperature by regulating metabolic processes. Other species have various degrees of thermoregulation.

Because there are more than two categories of temperature control utilized by animals, the terms warm-blooded and cold-blooded have been deprecated in the scientific field.
Gluckstein
Gluckstein  is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daniel Gluckstein (born 1953), French politician

Donny Gluckstein (born 1954), British historian

Gluck (Hannah Gluckstein) (1895–1978), British painter

Isidore Gluckstein, (1851–1920), British businessman and co-founder of J. Lyons and Co.

Isidore Montague Gluckstein (1890–1975), British businessman, son of Montague

Louis Gluckstein (1897–1979), British lawyer and politician

Montague Gluckstein (1854–1922), British businessman and co-founder of J. Lyons and Co.

Montague Isidore Gluckstein (1886–1958), British businessman, son of Isidore

Samuel Gluckstein, (1880–1958), British lawyer and politician

Samuel Gluckstein (1821–1873), Prussian-born British businessman, founder of Salmon & Gluckstein

Steven Gluckstein (born 1990), American trampoline athlete

Yigael Gluckstein, generally known as Tony Cliff, Palestinian Trotskyist theorist

Steven Gluckstein
Steven Gluckstein (born June 24, 1990) is a former American 2012 Olympian in gymnastic trampoline. He is a six-time National Men's US Trampoline Champion, five-time National US Men's Synchronized Trampoline Champion, and a six-time World Team member. In 2009, he and his partner Logan Dooley were the first gymnastic trampolinists in Team USA history to win a gold medal at a World Cup Series event. Gluckstein retired from competitive gymnastics in 2016 and is currently the head coach of the Junior U.S. National Trampoline team, as well as a trainer at Elite Trampoline Academy in New Jersey. He also regularly works with his wife, Camilla Lopes Gomes, a top-ranked Brazilian trampolinist.
2010 Donegal South-West by-election
A by-election was held in the Dáil Éireann constituency of Donegal South-West in Ireland on Thursday, 25 November 2010 to fill a vacancy left by the election of Fianna Fáil TD Pat "the Cope" Gallagher to the European Parliament at the June 2009 election. Most voters cast their ballots on 25 November 2010; 754 voters on offshore islands (Arranmore, Tory, Inishbofin, Gola, and Inishfree) were entitled to cast their ballots on 22 November.

When a vacancy occurs in the Dáil, the writ for a by-election to fill the vacancy is moved in the Dáil. Possessing a small majority in the Dáil, the government had delayed in calling this by-election. There was no specific legal requirement on when to hold a by-election. The 17-month gap between the seat becoming vacant and the writ being moved is the longest in the history of the state.

Sinn Féin senator Pearse Doherty was elected on the fourth count.

Gola Island
Gola (Irish: Gabhla or Oileán Ghabhla) is a small island off the coast of Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland. It was unpopulated from the 1960s until 2002, with more people recently returning to reside in the island. A ferry service operates during the summer holiday season and on request for the remainder of the year.