hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Actinomyces radicidentis
Actinomyces radicidentis is a species in the genus Actinomyces, first isolated from infected root canals of teeth. Once characterized, it has since been found to be present in failed root canal treatments. Its pathogenicity has been suggested to be due to an ability to form cell aggregates, held together by embedding in an extracellular matrix in host tissues. Like other pathogenic Actinomyces, by collectively finding itself in a protected biofilm environment can evade elimination by host defenses, including phagocytosis.

Root canal
A root canal is the naturally occurring  anatomic space within the root of a tooth. It consists of the pulp chamber (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the surface of the root.
Empress's Crown
The Empress's Crown or Shahbanu's Crown (Persian: تاج شهبانو) is part of the coronation regalia used by the third Shahbanu (Empress) of Iran (Persia), Farah Pahlavi. The crown is part of the Iranian National Jewels, and is currently on display at the Treasury of National Jewels in Tehran.

This crown is historically significant in the Iranian tradition. The two Sasanian empresses regnant, Boran and Azarmidokht, c. 630, were the last two that were crowned as shahbanu before Farah Pahlavi, consort of the last shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was crowned shahbanu in 1967, a first since the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century.

Azarmidokht
Azarmidokht (Middle Persian: Āzarmīgdukht) was Sasanian queen  (banbishn) of Iran from 630 to 631. She was the daughter of king (shah) Khosrow II (r. 590–628). She was the second Sasanian queen; her sister Boran ruled before and after her. Azarmidokht came to power in Iran after her cousin Shapur-i Shahrvaraz was deposed by the Parsig faction, led by Piruz Khosrow, who helped Azarmidokht ascend the throne. Her rule was marked by an attempt of a nobleman and commander Farrukh Hormizd to marry her and come to power. After the queen's refusal, he declared himself an anti-king. Azarmidokht had him killed as a result of a successful plot. She was, however,  killed herself shortly afterwards by Rostam Farrokhzad in retaliation for his father's death. She was succeeded by Boran.
Acylation stimulating protein
Complement 3 (C3) through its interaction with factors B and D (adipsin) generates C3a. In the human body, C3a is rapidly cleaved by carboxypeptidase B or carbxyopeptidase N, that remove the carboxyl-terminal arginine to generate C3adesArg. Thus, most of plasmatic C3a is present in C3adesArg form. C3adesArg is more commonly named ASP or acylation-stimulating-protein due to its marked stimulating action on triacylglycerol synthesis in human adipocytes and skin fibroblasts. ASP is also known for its augmentation of glucose transport and inhibiting action on hormone-sensitive lipase. Because of these actions, it is linked to the pathogenesis of obesity, having been demonstrated to be present at increased levels in patients with obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease.

ASP lis a ligand for C5L2, a G-protein-coupled receptor.

The view of C3a/C3adesArg as an acylation stimulating activity is not universally accepted. The evidence is discussed in a recent review.

Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
Uncontrolled Substance
Uncontrolled Substance is the debut solo album by American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan member Inspectah Deck. The album was released on October 5, 1999, under Loud Records. Originally slated for release in 1995, the record was postponed after a flood destroyed over 100 beats in RZA's basement, including his original productions for the album. Eventually released four years later, Uncontrolled Substance received mostly positive reviews, and is Inspectah Deck's most critically acclaimed and most commercially successful album to date. The album features Wu-Tang Clan members U-God and Masta Killa, and appearances from lesser-known affiliates Street Life, Killa Sin, and La the Darkman. A music video was made for the songs "Word on the Street" directed by Gregory Dark & "Show 'N' Prove" directed by Joseph Kahn. The album's liner notes state that it is dedicated to Inspectah Deck's late father, Frank Hunter.

Masta Killa
Jamel Irief (born Elgin Evander Turner; August 18, 1969), better known by his stage name Masta Killa, is an American rapper and member of the Wu-Tang Clan. He was only featured on one track on their 1993 debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), but has been prolific on Clan group albums and solo projects since the mid-1990s. He released his debut album No Said Date in 2004 to positive reviews, and has since released four additional albums.
Harrop formula
In intuitionistic logic, the Harrop formulae, named after Ronald Harrop, are the class of formulae inductively defined as follows:

Atomic formulae are Harrop, including falsity (⊥);

is Harrop provided  and  are;

is Harrop for any well-formed formula ;

is Harrop provided  is, and  is any well-formed formula;

is Harrop provided  is.

By excluding disjunction and existential quantification (except in the antecedent of implication), non-constructive predicates are avoided, which has benefits for computer implementation.

Well-formed formula
In mathematical logic, propositional logic, and predicate logic, a well-formed formula, abbreviated WFF or wff, often simply formula, is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet, constructed following the defined grammar of a formal language.

The abbreviation wff is pronounced "woof", or sometimes "wiff", "weff", or "whiff".

A formal language can be identified with the set of formulas in the language. A formula is a syntactic object that can be given a semantic meaning by means of an interpretation. Two key uses of formulas are in propositional logic and predicate logic.
Witches Paddle
The Witches Paddle is an annual event in Bend, Oregon, in which paddleboarders dress as witches and warlocks on the  Deschutes River. The event is similar to the annual witch paddle in Portland, Oregon.

Paddleboarding
Paddleboarding is a water sport in which participants are propelled by a swimming motion using their arms while lying or kneeling on a paddleboard or surfboard in the ocean or other body of water. Paddleboarding is usually performed in the open ocean, with the participant paddling and surfing unbroken swells to cross between islands or journey from one coastal area to another.
Ontario Southland Railway
The Ontario Southland Railway, Inc. is an independently held short line operator. The company was founded in 1992 to purchase 27 kilometres (17 mi) of track between Tillsonburg and Ingersoll, Ontario from the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). In 2009, a second line was added, as 51 kilometres (32 mi) of CPR track from Woodstock to St. Thomas, Ontario were integrated into the system. In 2015, Ontario Southland began leasing the ex-Canadian National Cayuga Subdivision between St. Thomas and Delhi, Ontario, which had been abandoned by its former shortline operator the St. Thomas and Eastern Railway in 2013.

OSR also operated the Guelph Junction Railway until 28 August 2020 when operations were transferred to the Goderich–Exeter Railway.

Delhi, Ontario
Delhi (/ˈdɛlhaɪ/; DEL-hy) refers to both a former township and unincorporated community located off of the junction of Ontario Highways 59 and 3.  Delhi is known as the "Heart of Tobacco Country." Prior to 1880, this community was known for its lumber industry. One of the Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario, Delhi, had a population of 4,240 at the time of the 2016 Census.

Founded by Frederick Sovereen (spelled Sovereign by a few sources), the settlement was called  Sovereen's Corners or Sovereign's Corners and was located in Middleton Township. Later, the community was renamed Fredericksburg and, in 1856, to its present-day name of Delhi. The name is usually attributed locally to a postmaster honouring the major city of Delhi, India.
Laura Hostetler
Laura Hostetler is a professor in the Department of History in the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her principal research interests are the history of cartography, empire, and encounters between Europe and Asia. She belongs to the school of thought known as the New Qing History. Her book, Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China, demonstrates how the Qing dynasty pursued its imperial ambitions by using cartography and ethnography.

In 1995 she received her Ph.D. in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at University of Pennsylvania, where she studied with Susan Naquin.

From 2010 to 2014, Hostetler was the Chair of the UIC Department of History.

Hostetler is also a Council Member for the American Historical Association.

School of thought
A  school of thought, or intellectual tradition, is the perspective of a group of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a philosophy, discipline, belief, social movement, economics, cultural movement, or art movement.
Mikhail Magerovski
Mikhail Alexandrovich Magerovski (Russian: Михаил Александрович Магеровский; born 7 April 1986 in Moscow) is a Russian former competitive figure skater. He won silver at the 2005 Skate Israel and two gold medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series. He also qualified to compete at two Junior Grand Prix Finals. He was coached by Viktor Kudriavtsev in Moscow. He is the younger brother of Sergei Magerovski, an ice dancer who represented the United States.

Skate Israel
Skate Israel (Hebrew: סקייט ישראל) was a senior-level international figure skating competition, held in Metulla, Israel. Medals were awarded in four disciplines: men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

First organized in 1995, Skate Israel was held annually through 2000. The 2002 competition was cancelled due to political uncertainty. The event returned in 2003 and was last held in 2005. Israeli skaters Galit Chait / Sergei Sakhnovsky, who competed in all eight editions, won the ice dance title six times. Roman Serov won the men's singles title four times, twice representing Russia and twice representing Israel.
Dmitry Shumkov
Dmitry Vladimirovich Shumkov (Russian: Дми́трий Влади́мирович Шумко́в, 23 January 1972 – 4 December 2015) was a Russian lawyer, businessman, public figure known for his contributions to law, business, and social initiatives. He served as a member of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation and supported various educational and public projects.

Kutafin Moscow State Law University
Kutafin Moscow State Law University  (MSAL) (Russian: Московский государственный юридический университет имени О. Е. Кутафина) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1931. MSAL was renamed after Oleg Kutafin in 2012 and was then known as Kutafin University.  Its rector is Viktor Blazheev.
L'Érable Regional County Municipality
L'Érable (French pronunciation: [leʁabl], Maple) is a regional county municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada. Named for its maple trees, the area is rural in nature and is located 50 km southwest of Quebec City. Its seat is Plessisville.

Centre-du-Québec
Centre-du-Québec (French pronunciation: [sɑ̃tʁ dy kebɛk], Central Quebec) is a region of Quebec, Canada. The main centres are Drummondville, Victoriaville, and Bécancour. It has a land area of 6,930.05 square kilometres (2,675.71 sq mi) and a 2016 census population of 242,399 inhabitants.
Culture of the Marquesas Islands
The Marquesas Islands were colonized by seafaring Polynesians as early as 300 AD, thought to originate from Tonga and the Samoan Islands.  The dense population was concentrated in the narrow valleys and consisted of warring tribes.

Much of Polynesia, including the original settlers of Hawaii, Tahiti, Rapa Iti and Easter Island, was settled by Marquesans, believed to have departed from the Marquesas as a result more frequently of overpopulation and drought-related food shortages, than because of the nearly constant warfare that eventually became a prominent feature of the islands' culture.  Almost the entire remainder of Polynesia, with the exception of a few areas of western Polynesia as well as the majority of the Polynesian outliers, was colonized by Marquesan descendants centered in Tahiti.

Polynesian outlier
Polynesian outliers are a number of culturally Polynesian societies that geographically lie outside the main region of Polynesian influence, known as the Polynesian Triangle; instead, Polynesian outliers are scattered in the two other Pacific subregions,  Melanesia and Micronesia.  Based on archaeological and linguistic analysis, these islands are considered to have been colonized by seafaring Polynesians, mostly from the area of Tonga, Samoa and Tuvalu.

The closest Polynesian outliers, Anuta and Tikopia in Solomon Islands, were settled some time between the 10th and 13th centuries and subsequently received multiple waves of Polynesian immigration, while the farthest outlier, Nukuoro in the Federated States of Micronesia, was only settled in the 18th century.
Schizencephaly
Schizencephaly (from Greek  skhizein 'to split' and  enkephalos 'brain') is a rare birth defect of the brain, characterized by abnormal clefts lined with grey matter that form the ependyma of the cerebral ventricles to the pia mater. These clefts can occur bilaterally or unilaterally. Common clinical features of this malformation include epilepsy, motor deficits, and psychomotor retardation.

Grey matter
Grey matter (gray matter in American English) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons. The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.
Scutiger wuguanfui
Scutiger wuguanfui is a species of toad in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Tibet and only known from its type locality in the Medog County. The specific name wuguanfui honours Wu Guanfu, a Chinese herpetologist. Common names Wu's lazy toad, Medog lazy toad and Medog cat-eyed toad have been coined for it.

Megophryidae
Megophryidae, commonly known as goose frogs, is a large family of frogs native to the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and extending to the Philippines. Fossil remains are also known from North America. As of 2014 it encompasses 246 species of frogs divided between five genera. For lack of a better vernacular name, they are commonly called megophryids.
Muhammad Hashim Esmatullahi
Dr. Muhammad Hashim Esmatullahi is an Afghan journalist and head of the Union of Afghan Journalists. He was Minister designate for Higher Education for the Afghan Government but was not confirmed by the Afghan Parliament.

Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)
The Afghan Ministry of Higher Education (Dari: وزارت تحصیلات عالی, Pashto: د افغانستان د لوړو زده کړو وزارت) is the Government ministry that is in charge of regulating, expanding, and developing Afghanistan's institutions of higher education.

The Ministry is responsible for the training of teachers and for establishing a national higher education curriculum as well as special education programs such as in-service training and promoting further education for university faculty members.

The Ministry also develops partnerships with international universities, organizes seminars and conferences, ensures that residential accommodation is available for students and teachers of universities and provides expertise and training in accounting, management procedures, and computer literacy.
2024–25 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team
The 2024–25 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team represented the University of Iowa during the 2024–25 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by head coach Fran McCaffery, in his 15th and final season with the Hawkeyes. The team played its home games at Carver–Hawkeye Arena in Iowa City, Iowa as a member of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 17–15, 7–13 in Big Ten play, resulting in a tie five-way tie for 12th place. As the No. 15 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they upset Ohio State in the first round before losing to Illinois in the second round.

On March 14, 2025, the school fired head coach Fran McCaffery after 15 seasons. He finished with a 297–207 overall record with Iowa. On March 24, the school named Drake head coach Ben McCollum the team's new coach.

2024–25 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team
The 2024–25 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2024–25 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Illini were led by eighth-year head coach Brad Underwood. The Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference.

The Illini opened their season just outside of the preseason rankings and defeated the Eastern Illinois Panthers 112–67, led by a 31 point scoring performance from freshman Will Riley.
Suzuki FR80
The Suzuki FR80 (スズキ・スーパーフリー, Suzuki Sūpāfurī; Suzuki Super Free) is a step through motorcycle, very similar to the Yamaha Mate and the Honda Super Cub, that was produced by Suzuki from the early 1970s to the early 1980s.

It is powered by an 80 cc (4.9 cu in), two-stroke, air-cooled, single-cylinder engine which incorporates a self-mixing system, so it has a separate two-stroke oil tank and petrol tank. It is started by a kick start mechanism which turns over the engine.

It has a small 6 V battery fitted and an ignition switch to provide easy starting and for constant and even power to the lights and horn.

It is one of the most popular Suzuki models in Malaysia and Africa.

Two-stroke oil
Two-stroke oil (also referred to as two-cycle oil, 2-cycle oil, 2T oil, or 2-stroke oil) is a type of motor oil intended for use in crankcase compression two-stroke engines, typical of small gasoline-powered engines.
Robert L. Barchi
Robert Lawrence Barchi (born November 23, 1946) is an American neurologist, physician, and scientist. He was the 20th president of Rutgers University, holding the position from September 1, 2012, to June 30, 2020. Barchi was appointed to the position on April 11, 2012, to succeed Richard L. McCormick. Previously, Barchi was president of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, prior to which he was provost of the University of Pennsylvania.

Barchi's appointment came as Rutgers was preparing to absorb most of the schools, programs and facilities of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey following the approval of a merger proposal by the New Jersey Legislature and the Governor of New Jersey during the summer of 2012.

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) was a state-run health sciences institution with six locations in New Jersey.

It was founded as the Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry in 1954, and by the 1980s was both a major school of health sciences, and a major research university. On July 1, 2013, it was dissolved, with most of its schools merging with Rutgers University to form a new Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, while the School of Osteopathic Medicine, including its Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, became part of Rowan University and was renamed the Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine.
Burundi Bwacu
"Burundi Bwacu" (Kirundi pronunciation: [buɾúːndi bɡát͡ʃu]; "Our Burundi") is the national anthem of Burundi. Written in the Kirundi language by a group of writers led by Jean-Baptiste Ntahokaja, a Catholic priest, and composed by Marc Barengayabo, it was adopted upon independence in 1962.

National anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
Ramón Salas López
Ramón Salas López (born 21 August 1959) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

From 2000 to 2003 he was a local deputy in the 69th session of the Congress of Nuevo León. He also served two terms as municipal president of Doctor Arroyo, Nuevo León, from 1992 to 1994 and from 2003 to 2006.

In the 2006 general election he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent Nuevo León's 9th district during the 60th session of Congress.

Congress of Nuevo León
The Honorable Congress of the State of Nuevo León (Spanish: Honorable Congreso del Estado de Nuevo León) is the unicameral legislature of the government of the Mexican state of Nuevo León. Each three-year legislative term consists of 42 deputies, with 26 elected through relative majority and 16 through proportional representation.

The current legislative term, known as the LXXVII Legislature, started in 2024 and concludes in 2027 following the local elections.
A Cube of Sugar
A Cube of Sugar (Persian: یک حبه قند, Yek Habbeh Ghand or Ye Habbeh Ghand) is a 2011 Iranian drama film directed by Seyyed Reza Mir-Karimi. It had its world premiere at the Busan International Film Festival on 8 October 2011.

On 24 September 2012, the film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards. However, on the same day, the head of Iran's government-controlled cinema agency called for a boycott of the Oscars due to a video on YouTube titled Innocence of Muslims that originated in the United States. Reuters reported that Iran's Culture and Islamic Guidance Minister Mohammad Hosseini had confirmed that Iran would boycott.

Busan International Film Festival
The Busan International Film Festival (BIFF; Korean: 부산국제영화제), formerly the Pusan International Film Festival (PIFF), held annually in Haeundae District, Busan, South Korea, is one of the most significant film festivals in Asia. The first festival, held from 13 to 21 September 1996, was also the first international film festival in Korea.

The main focus of the BIFF is to introduce new films and first-time directors, especially those from Asian countries. Another notable feature is the appeal of the festival to young people, both in terms of the large youthful audience it attracts and through its efforts to develop and promote young talent.

In 1999, the Pusan Promotion Plan (renamed Asian Project Market in 2011) was established to connect new directors to funding sources. The 16th BIFF in 2011 saw the festival move to a new permanent home, the Busan Cinema Center in Centum City.