hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone
The Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone (DCVZ) is an orographically-induced atmospheric phenomenon characterized by convergent winds in the High Plains just east of the Denver metropolitan area, typically 50 to 100 km (30 to 60 mi) in length and oriented in a north-south direction. This meteorological feature was subject to scientific scrutiny following a large outbreak of Denver-area tornadoes in 1981 and is implicated in the propensity of the area to spawn landspout (misocyclone) and supercell (mesocyclone) tornadoes. The DCVZ is often associated with the Denver Cyclone effect, which some consider as a more fully developed iteration of the DCVZ, although the Denver Cyclone is considered a distinct atmospheric phenomenon by some scientists.

Orography
Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains, and can more broadly include hills, water stream directions and any part of a region's elevated terrain. Orography (also known as oreography, orology, or oreology) falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology. The term orography comes from the Greek: όρος, hill, γράφω, to write.
Ouanda Djallé
Ouanda Djallé is a sub-prefecture and town in the prefecture of Vakaga in the Central African Republic. It is located 130 km south of Birao. By population it is one of the smallest sub-prefectures in the country (only Bambouti and Djémah are smaller).

Vakaga
Vakaga is one of the 20 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Birao. It covers an area of 46,500 km2 and has a population of 52,255 (2003 census). In 2024, official estimates suggest the population reached 89,189 inhabitants.

The extremely low population density, 1.1 people/km2, is a result of the capture of the majority of the region's inhabitants by slave-traders from the Sudan in the second half of the nineteenth century. Vakaga is known for its oil reserves.
What a Bitch Is Love
"What a Bitch Is Love" is a song recorded by American-Australian singer Marcia Hines. The song was written by Barry Blue, Paul Greedus and produced by David Mackay and released in October 1981 as the second single from Hines' fifth studio album, Take It from the Boys (1981).

Take It from the Boys
Take It from the Boys is the fifth studio album by American-Australian singer Marcia Hines and first on new record label Midnight Records. Take It from the Boys peaked at No. 16 in Australia and produced the top ten single, "Your Love Still Brings Me to My Knees" which peaked at No. 10 in Australia and  6 and 7 in The Netherlands and Belgium.
New Drug Application
The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing. Some 30% or less of initial drug candidates proceed through the entire multi-year process of drug development, concluding with an approved NDA, if successful.

The goals of the NDA are to provide enough information to permit FDA reviewers to establish the complete history of the candidate drug. Among facts needed for the application are:

Patent and manufacturing information

Drug safety and specific effectiveness for its proposed use(s) when used as directed

Reports on the design, compliance, and conclusions of completed clinical trials by the Institutional Review Board

Drug susceptibility to abuse

Proposed labeling (package insert) and directions for use

Exceptions to this process include voter driven initiatives for medical marijuana in certain states.

Liberty Fund
Liberty Fund, Inc. is an American nonprofit foundation headquartered in Carmel, Indiana, that promotes the libertarian views of its founder, Pierre F. Goodrich, through publishing, conferences, and educational resources. The operating mandate of the Liberty Fund was set forth in an unpublished memo written by Goodrich "to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals".
Don McIntosh
Donald Neil McIntosh (1 April 1931 – 17 July 2025) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A flanker, McIntosh represented Wellington at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1956 and 1957. He played 13 matches for the All Blacks including four internationals.

McIntosh was the first player to represent Wellington a hundred times, with a final tally of 120 appearances. He captained his province from 1955 to 1959, including in international matches against the touring Springboks in 1956 and the 1959 British Lions. He played in Wellington's successful Ranfurly Shield challenge against Waikato in 1953, and captained another successful challenge in 1956 against Canterbury.

McIntosh died at the Levin Home for War Veterans on 17 July 2025, at the age of 94.

1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand
The 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The Springboks won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included a four Test match series against New Zealand.
Big Money (novel)
Big Money is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United States on 30 January 1931 by Doubleday, Doran, New York, and in the United Kingdom on 20 March 1931 by Herbert Jenkins, London. It was serialised in Collier's (US) from 20 September to 6 December 1930 and in the Strand Magazine (UK) between October 1930 and April 1931.

The story concerns two young men: Godfrey, Lord Biskerton ("Biscuit") and his one-time inseparable comrade John Beresford Conway ("Berry"), and their efforts to raise money and to woo their respective girls.

The Strand Magazine
The Strand Magazine was a monthly British magazine founded by George Newnes, composed of short fiction and general interest articles. It was published in the United Kingdom from January 1891 to March 1950, running to 711 issues, though the first issue was on sale well before Christmas 1890.
Its immediate popularity is evidenced by an initial sale of nearly 300,000. Sales increased in the early months, before settling down to a circulation of almost 500,000 copies a month, which lasted well into the 1930s.

It was edited by Herbert Greenhough Smith from 1891 to 1930. The popularity of Sherlock Holmes became widespread after first appearing in the magazine in 1891. The magazine's original offices were on Burleigh Street off The Strand, London. It was revived in 1998 as a quarterly magazine.
Insular Japonic languages
The Insular Japonic languages or Japonic-Ryukyu languages are a subdivision of the Japonic languages, as opposed to the hypothetical Peninsular Japonic languages formerly spoken in central and southern Korea. This grouping, originally proposed by Vovin, has been taken up several times subsequently.

Alexander Vovin
Alexander Vladimirovich Vovin (Russian: Александр Владимирович Вовин; 27 January 1961 – 8 April 2022) was a Soviet-born Russian-American linguist and philologist, and director of studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS) in Paris, France. He was known for his research on East Asian languages.
Neuf-Berquin
Neuf-Berquin (French pronunciation: [nœf bɛʁkɛ̃]; from Dutch: Nieuw-Berkijn) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

French composer and clarinetist Ferdinand Capelle was born in Neuf-Berquin.

Nord (French department)
Nord (French pronunciation: [nɔʁ] ⓘ; officially French: département du Nord; Picard: départémint dech Nord; Dutch: Noorderdepartement, lit. 'northern department') is a department in Hauts-de-France region, France, bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.

Nord is the country's most populous département. It had a population of 2,608,346 in 2019. It also contains the metropolitan region of Lille (the main city and the prefecture of the département), the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The department is the part of France where the French Flemish dialect of Dutch has historically been spoken as a native language. Similarly, the distinct French Picard dialect Ch'ti is spoken there.
Gangcheori
Gangcheori (강철이; 強鐵) is a dragon-shaped monster in Korean mythology that was introduced in the 17th century. It is a monster that has traditionally been popular throughout the country. It also has been called Gangcheol (강철), Kkangcheol (깡철), and Ggoangcheol (꽝철).

One of the earliest records of Gangcheori being mentioned is the Jibong Yuseol (1614). In those days, there was an old saying, "Where Gangcheori goes it is like spring, even if it is fall." When author Lee Soo-kwang asked an old man in the countryside about the origin of the word, the old man told him about a monster called Gangcheori that burns down everything in a few miles.

Chibong yusŏl
Chibong yusŏl (Korean: 지봉유설; Hanja: 芝峰類說; lit. Topical Discourses of Chibong) is a Korean encyclopedia written by Yi Sugwang. It was published in 1614 during the reign of King Gwanghaegun. The author was a silhak scholar and a military officer of the mid-Joseon period of Korea. The title came from his pen name, Chibong and yusŏl which literally means "topical discourses" in Korean.
German submarine U-3031
German submarine U-3031 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 30 October 1944 at AG Weser, Bremen, as yard number 1190. She was launched on 6 January 1945, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Heinrich Sach on 28 February 1945.

Oberleutnant zur See
Oberleutnant zur See (OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy, Oblt.z.S. in the Kriegsmarine) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy. It is grouped as OF-1 in NATO.

The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890. Within the navy, officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant. To distinguish naval officers from those of the army, the suffix zur See (at sea) was added in official communications, sometimes shortened to z.S. (Oblt.z.S.). The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine, Kriegsmarine, and Bundesmarine.  In the Volksmarine, the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped. In the Kriegsmarine, engineers (Ingenieur – Ing.) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant (Ing.).
WTAO-FM
WTAO-FM (105.1 MHz, "TAO Rock 105") is an active rock music formatted radio station licensed to Murphysboro, Illinois, serving the Carbondale, Illinois, Arbitron market. Formerly owned by Clear Channel, it is now owned by Withers Broadcasting. Prior to Clear Channel's ownership, WTAO-FM was owned by Cumulus Media.

Murphysboro, Illinois
Murphysboro is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County, Illinois, United States. The population was 7,093 at the 2020 census. The city is part of the Metro Lakeland area. The mayor of Murphysboro is Will Stephens.
Du'a karavi
Du‘ā' Karāwī is a religious ceremony in Nizari Isma'ilism during which the Isma'ili ask god for forgiveness through their  Murshid, or,  "Imam of the Time".

The Qur'an states that the Muslims must repent of their sins; it further stipulates that a believer (mu'min) must approach the presence of Muhammad and seek forgiveness, and that the Muhammad must also seek forgiveness on their behalf. This is expressed in several Qur'anic verses, including the following:

We sent not a Messenger, but to be obeyed, in accordance with the will of Allah. If they had only, when they were unjust to their souls, come unto you [Muhammad] and asked God’s forgiveness, and the Messenger had asked forgiveness for them, they would have found Allah indeed Oft-returning, Most Merciful. - Quran 4:64

Ceremony
A ceremony (UK: /ˈsɛrəməni/, US: /ˈsɛrəˌmoʊni/) is a unified ritualistic event with a purpose, usually consisting of a number of artistic components, performed on a special occasion.

The word may be of Etruscan origin, via the Latin caerimonia.
Horizon problem
The horizon problem, also known as the homogeneity problem, is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe. Observations of widely separated regions of space appear homogeneous, yet normal physical processes that create homogeneity require a causal connection and these regions are too far apart. Given the Einsteinian speed limit on communication, they have not had sufficient time to interact with each other since the Big Bang. This creates a difficulty in explaining the observed homogeneity without a mechanism that sets the same initial conditions everywhere. It was first pointed out by Wolfgang Rindler in 1956.

The most commonly accepted hypothesis to explain the horizon problem is cosmic inflation. Alternative solutions propose a cyclic universe or a variable speed of light.

Fine-tuning (physics)
In theoretical physics, fine-tuning is the process in which parameters of a model must be adjusted very precisely in order to fit with certain observations.

Theories requiring fine-tuning are regarded as problematic in the absence of a known mechanism to explain why the parameters happen to have precisely the observed values that they return. The heuristic rule that parameters in a fundamental physical theory should not be too fine-tuned is called naturalness.
Dum Laga Ke Haisha (soundtrack)
Dum Laga Ke Haisha is the soundtrack album to the 2015 film Dum Laga Ke Haisha, directed by Sharat Katariya and produced by Maneesh Sharma under Yash Raj Films. The film stars Ayushmann Khurrana and Bhumi Pednekar. The album consists of seven songs composed by Anu Malik, with lyrics by Varun Grover, and was released under the YRF Music label on 6 February 2015.

The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics and won two National Film Awards: Best Female Playback Singer for Monali Thakur and Best Lyrics for Varun Grover, both for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage".

Karthik Srinivasan
Karthik Srinivasan (/kɑːrθɪk sriːnɪvɑːsən/) is an Indian communications strategy consultant, music critic and blogger. He is the founder of the website ItwoFS, which tracks plagiarism in Indian film music, and Milliblog, where he reviews music albums.
Francesco Paolo Di Blasi
Francesco Paolo Di Blasi (Palermo, 1753 or 1755 – Palermo, 20 May 1795) was a Sicilian jurist, revolutionary and writer, known as an important advocate of the Sicilian nationalism.

Nephew of the Benedictine abbots Salvatore Maria and Giovanni Evangelista, Francesco Paolo Di Blasi was a lawyer influenced by Illuminism. In 1790 he was involved in the foundation of the Accademia Siciliana, an institution devoted to the protection of the Sicilian language. Fascinated by the French Revolution, in 1795 Di Blasi was arrested and tried. Charged with republican conspiracy, he was executed by decapitation in Palermo, at the "Piano di Santa Teresa" (current Piazza Indipendenza), on 20 May 1795.

His matter is told by Leonardo Sciascia's novel The Council of Egypt (1963).

His character plays an important role in the historical novel Calvello the Bastard by Luigi Natoli.

Luigi Natoli
Luigi Natoli (15 June 1799 – 24 February 1875) was a Sicilian Roman Catholic priest. He was born in Patti, in north-eastern Sicily.: 339  He was ordained on 2 March 1822; was appointed bishop of the Caltagirone on 15 March 1858;: 339  and became archbishop of Messina on 22 February 1867. He died on 24 February 1875.
Mohamed Ashraf (footballer, born 2001)
Mohamed Ashraf Mohamed Bakry Mohamed (Arabic: مُحَمَّد أَشْرَف مُحَمَّد بَكْرِيّ مُحَمَّد; born 10 October 2001) is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Egyptian Premier League club ZED   and the Egypt U23.

Egypt national under-23 football team
The Egypt national under-23 football team (Arabic: منتخب مصر الأوليمبى), sometimes called the Egypt Olympic Team, nicknamed The Pharaohs (Arabic: الفراعنة), is the national team of Egypt Under-23 and is administered by the Egyptian Football Association. The team's main objectives are to qualify and play at the U-23 Africa Cup of Nations and Olympic Games. As of Los Angeles 2028, players need to be born on or after 1 January 2005 to participate but the team may be supplemented with 3 over-age players.

The team has played at the Olympic Games 13 times, with four of these being after the tournament became age capped. They're also the top-medalist at the U-23 African Cup.
Raivis Zeltīts
Raivis Zeltīts (born 21 March 1992) is a Latvian politician, national-conservative activist, and writer. From 2014 to 2020 he was the Secretary-General of the National Alliance, as well as board member and leader of its youth organization. He was elected to the Mārupe municipal council in the 2013 municipal elections and re-elected in 2017. He did not run for re-election in 2021. In 2020 he founded nationalist association "Austošā Saule" and was one of the founders of Rising Sun for Latvia party in 2025.

2017 Latvian municipal elections
Municipal elections were held across Latvia on 3 June 2017.  All 119 municipalities and republican cities of Latvia elected their city councils.  In Riga the joint list of the Social Democratic Party "Harmony" and Honor to serve Riga won a majority.
Brunton Bank Quarry
Brunton Bank Quarry is a disused quarry now designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Northumberland, North East England. The quarry exposes a base layer of the Namurian Great Limestone stratigraphic unit, including the Chaetetes Band, the fossilised fauna within which is of current geological interest.

Stratigraphic unit
A stratigraphic unit is a volume of rock of identifiable origin and relative age range that is defined by the distinctive and dominant, easily mapped and recognizable petrographic, lithologic or paleontologic features (facies) that characterize it.

Units must be mappable and distinct from one another, but the contact need not be particularly distinct. For instance, a unit may be defined by terms such as "when the sandstone component exceeds 75%".
Avantiswami Temple
The Avantiswami Temple is a ruined Hindu temple complex situated on the banks of the Jhelum River, approximately 16 km northeast of Pulwama town, in Awantipora, Pulwama district in Jammu and Kashmir, India. This site originally comprised two temples, one dedicated to Shiva and the other to Vishnu,  built during the reign of King Avantivarman of the Utpala dynasty in the 9th century CE. Today, the ruins are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India. Locals call the temple Pandav Lari, meaning "house of the Pandavas".

Archaeological Survey of India
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an Indian government agency that is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural historical monuments in the country. It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham during the British Raj who also became its first Director-General.
Marcus Vaughn
Marcus S. Vaughn (born in North Attleboro, Massachusetts) is the current member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives for the 9th Norfolk district. Vaughn has represented the district since 2023, and serves as Co-Chair of the Massachusetts Future Caucus alongside Shirley Arriaga.

North Attleborough, Massachusetts
North Attleborough, alternatively spelled North Attleboro, is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 30,834 at the 2020 census.

The villages of Attleboro Falls and North Attleborough Center are located in the city.
Republic of Vietnam Military Forces
The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF; Vietnamese: Quân lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa – QLVNCH) were the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam and were responsible for the defence of the country from 8 December 1950 to 30 April 1975. Its predecessor, the Vietnamese National Army, was the armed forces of the State of Vietnam (formed in 1949), before it became a republic in 1955. The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces day has been celebrated in June 19 every years since 1965.

Army general
Army general or General of the army is the highest ranked general officer in many countries that use the French Revolutionary System. Army general is normally the highest rank used in peacetime.

In countries that adopt the general officer four-rank system, it is the rank of a general commanding a field army. However, in some countries such as Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, which have adopted the three-rank system, the rank of army general is immediately above that of divisional general. As such, it is the rank of commander of an army corps or larger formations. The equivalent position in the Commonwealth, U.S., and several other countries is simply general, four-star rank, or informally "full general".
Major League Baseball 2K9
Major League Baseball 2K9, or MLB 2K9 for short, is an MLB-licensed baseball simulation video game published by 2K. The game was developed for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and Wii. The game was released on March 3, 2009, to mixed-to-positive reviews.

2K (company)
2K is an American video game publisher based in Novato, California. The company was founded as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive in January 2005 through the 2K Games and 2K Sports sub-labels. The nascent label incorporated several development studios owned by Take-Two, including Visual Concepts and Kush Games, which had been acquired the day before. Originally based in New York City, 2K moved to Novato in 2007. A third label, 2K Play, was added in September 2007. 2K is governed by David Ismailer as president and Phil Dixon as chief operating officer. It operates a motion capture studio in Petaluma, California.
Super Charm-Tau factory
Super Charm-Tau factory (SCT) is an electron–positron collider being designed and built by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk. Its main goal is to study the CP-violation in the processes involving charmed hadrons, to investigate decays of the τ-lepton as well as to search for new forms of matter: glueballs, dark matter, etc.

In the SCT the center of mass energy of colliding electrons and positrons will be 2–6 GeV while the luminosity will reach as high as 2×1035 cm−2·s−1. The electrons will be partially polarized. The synchrotron will be operating for 10 years. The particle registration and measurements will done using a universal high performance magnetic detector with the field strength of 1–1.5 tesla.

The SCT project is one Megascience class projects being built in Russia.

Luminosity (scattering theory)
In scattering theory and accelerator physics, luminosity (L) is the ratio of the number of events detected (dN) in a certain period of time (dt) to the cross-section (σ):

It has the dimensions of events on time on area, and is usually expressed in the cgs units of cm−2·s−1 or the non-SI units of b−1·s−1. In practice, L is dependent on the particle beam parameters, such as beam width and particle flow rate, as well as the target properties, such as target size and density.

A related quantity is integrated luminosity (Lint), which is the integral of the luminosity with respect to time:

The luminosity and integrated luminosity are useful values to characterize the performance of a particle accelerator. In particular, all collider experiments aim to maximize their integrated luminosities, as the higher the integrated luminosity, the more data is available to analyze.