hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Visa and deportation controversies in the second Trump administration
During the second presidency of Donald Trump, the United States has pursued a policy of targeting political dissidents, particularly pro-Palestinian international students and academics, for deportation. As of April 17, 2025, over 1,000 international students and graduates had had their visas revoked or their status terminated, and by May 15, 2025, almost 2,000 student visas had been canceled, though many had been restored by courts. Many of the visas were revoked based on minor violations such as speeding tickets, and only in a handful was national security cited as the basis for revocation. Unsealed court depositions have revealed extensive use of the website Canary Mission by the Trump administration to identify pro-Palestinian activists for deportation and the heavy involvement of Trump aide Stephen Miller.

American University of Beirut
The American University of Beirut (AUB; Arabic: الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت, romanized: al-Jāmiʿa l-Amērkiyya fī Bayrūt) is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its main campus in Beirut, Lebanon. AUB is governed by a private, autonomous board of trustees and offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, MD, and PhD degrees.

AUB has an operating budget of $423 million with an endowment of approximately $768 million. The campus is composed of 64 buildings, including the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC, formerly known as AUH – American University Hospital) (420 beds), four libraries, three museums and seven dormitories. Almost one-fifth of AUB's students attended secondary school or university outside Lebanon before coming to AUB. AUB graduates reside in more than 120 countries worldwide. The language of instruction is English. Degrees awarded at the university are officially registered with the New York Board of Regents.
21 Aquarii
21 Aquarii is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 21 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.49. This object is a member of the HR 1614 moving group, and is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −24.5 km/s.

This object is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III. As a result of having exhausted the hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 27 times the radius of the Sun. The star is radiating 203 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,120 K.

Giant star
A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III. The terms giant and dwarf were coined for stars of quite different luminosity despite similar temperature or spectral type (namely K and M) by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1905 or 1906.

Giant stars have radii up to a few hundred times the Sun and luminosities over 10  times that of the Sun. Stars still more luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants and hypergiants.

A hot, luminous main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant, but any main-sequence star is properly called a dwarf, regardless of how large and luminous it is.
William Aiton (sheriff)
William Aiton (9 January 1760 – 8 July 1847) was a Scottish law agent, agriculturalist and sheriff-substitute of the county of Lanark. He was an authority on all matters bearing on Scottish husbandry.

He was born at Silverwood, Kilmarnock, in 1760, a neighbourhood which he left in 1785 to go to Strathaven, Lanarkshire, where he practised for many years as a law agent. He next went to Hamilton, where he held office as one of the sheriff-substitutes of the county from 1816 up to 1822. He died in 1847. At no period did his income exceed a hundred a year, and yet out of this, with a family of twelve children, he educated four sons for liberal professions, often sending them his last guinea when they were students at college.

Sheriff-substitute
In the Courts of Scotland, sheriff-substitute was the historical name for the judges who sit in the local sheriff courts under the direction of the sheriffs principal; from 1971 the sheriffs substitute were renamed simply as sheriff. When researching the history of the sheriffs and sheriffs principal of Scotland there is much confusion over the use of different names to refer to sheriffs in Scotland. Sheriffs principal are those sheriffs who have held office over a sheriffdom, whether through inheritance or through direct appointment by the Crown. Thus, hereditary sheriff (before 1746) and sheriff-depute (after 1746) are the precursors to the modern office of sheriff principal.
North Carolina Law Review
The North Carolina Law Review is a law journal of the University of North Carolina School of Law. It publishes six issues each year as well as its online supplement, the North Carolina Law Review Forum (Bluebook abbreviation: N.C. L. Rev. F.).

North Carolina Court of Appeals
The North Carolina Court of Appeals (in case citation, N.C. Ct. App.) is the only intermediate appellate court in the state of North Carolina. It is composed of fifteen members who sit in rotating panels of three. The Court of Appeals was created by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1967 after voters approved a constitutional amendment in 1965 which "authorized the creation of an intermediate court of appeals to relieve pressure on the North Carolina Supreme Court."

Judges serve eight-year terms and are elected in statewide elections. The General Assembly made Court of Appeals elections non-partisan starting with the 2004 elections, but later made them partisan again after the 2016 elections.
Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle
The inaugural men's 50-metre freestyle event at the 1988 Summer Olympics took place on 24 September at the Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool in Seoul, South Korea.

U.S. swimmer Matt Biondi demolished a new world record to become the event's first ever Olympic champion. He threw down a scorching time in 22.14 to add a fourth gold and sixth medal to his Olympic hardware, and to slice 0.04 seconds off the record set by South Africa's Peter Williams. Starting the race with a fastest reaction, Biondi's rival and teammate Tom Jager faded down the stretch to pick up the silver in 22.36. Meanwhile, Soviet Union's Gennadiy Prigoda edged out Swiss swimmer Dano Halsall by 12-hundredths of a second to take home the bronze in 22.71.

Peter Williams (swimmer)
Peter Rowan Williams (born 20 June 1968) is a South African former swimmer who set a world record in the 50 metre freestyle. He placed third in the 50 metre freestyle at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, and fourth at the 1992 Summer Olympics. At the Olympics he also competed on the South African teams in 4×100 metre freestyle relay and 4×100 metre medley relay, but without reaching the final.

Williams was also managed by Hall of Fame Coach Charles McCaffree, who coached at Michigan State University.
2023 Nigerian presidential election in Anambra State
The 2023 Nigerian presidential election in Anambra State was held on 25 February 2023 as part of the nationwide 2023 Nigerian presidential election to elect the president and vice president of Nigeria. Other federal elections, including elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate, will also be held on the same date while state elections will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March.

2023 Nigerian Senate election
The 2023 Nigerian Senate elections were held on 25 February 2023 in all 109 senatorial districts where voters elected senators using first-past-the-post voting. The last regular senatorial elections for all districts were in 2019.

Other federal elections, including the elections to the House of Representatives and the presidential election, were also held on the same date while state elections was held two weeks afterwards on 11 March. The winners of these Senate elections will serve beginning in the 10th Nigerian National Assembly. The APC have held a majority in the Senate since the 2015 elections and solidified that majority in 2019.

As of May 2023, the APC had retained its 59 seats, while the PDP had lost 3 for a total of 37. The Labour Party won seats in its own name for the first time, taking 7 mandates, while smaller parties, such as the NNPP and Social Democratic Party, took a total of 5. One seat has not yet been called.
Arthur Longbottom (politician)
Arthur William Longbottom (25 May 1883 – 12 September 1943) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Born at Skircoat Green, near Halifax, Longbottom was educated at All Saints' National School and the Halifax Technical College.  He worked as a railway townsman, and became active in the Labour Party.

Longbottom served on Halifax County Borough Council from 1912, and as Mayor of Halifax in 1923.  He was elected as member of parliament for Halifax at a by-election in July 1928 in the West Yorkshire seat of Halifax, following the resignation of the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Henry Whitley, who had represented the seat as a Liberal since 1900.

He held the seat with an increased majority at the 1929 general election.  However, when Labour's vote collapsed at the 1931 general election, he lost the seat to the Conservative Gilbert Gledhill.  He stood again in 1935, but failed to regain the seat.

Halifax, West Yorkshire
Halifax is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England. It is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. In the 15th century, the town became an economic hub of the old West Riding of Yorkshire, primarily in woollen manufacture with the large Piece Hall square later built for trading wool in the town centre. The town was a thriving mill town during the Industrial Revolution with the Dean Clough Mill buildings a surviving landmark. In the 2021 census, the town was recorded as having a population of 88,134. It is also the administrative centre of the Calderdale Metropolitan Borough.
KC Lightfoot
KC Lightfoot (born November 11, 1999) is an American pole vaulter. He holds the American record with a clearance of 6.07 m (19 ft 11 in) at the Music City Track Carnival in Nashville on June 2, 2023. This broke the record of 6.06 set by Sam Kendricks, the 2017 and 2019 World champion, in 2019.  Lightfoot now ranks fifth on the world all-time list behind Swedish-American Armand Duplantis (6.30 m outdoors, 6.27 m indoors, reigning Olympic and world champion), Greek Emmanouil Karalis (6.17 indoors, 6.08 m outdoors), Frenchman Renaud Lavillenie (6.16 m indoors) and Ukrainian Sergey Bubka (6.15 m indoors, 6.14 m outdoors). He placed fourth at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault
The men's pole vault event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place between 31 July and 3 August 2021 at the Japan National Stadium. 29 athletes from 18 nations competed. Armand Duplantis of Sweden won gold, with Christopher Nilsen of the United States earning silver and Thiago Braz of Brazil taking bronze. It was Sweden's first victory in the event and first medal of any color in the men's pole vault since 1952. Braz, who had won in 2016, became the ninth man to earn multiple medals in the pole vault.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy of stereoisomers
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) can distinguish between enantiomers by showing a distinct Cotton effect for each isomer.  UV–vis spectroscopy sees only chromophores, so other molecules must be prepared for analysis by chemical addition of a chromophore such as anthracene.  Two methods are reported: the octant rule and the exciton chirality method.

The octant rule was introduced in 1961 by  William Moffitt, R. B. Woodward, A. Moscowitz, William Klyne and Carl Djerassi. This empirical rule allows the prediction of the sign of the Cotton effect by analysing relative orientation of substituents in three dimensions and in this way the absolute configuration of an enantiomer.

Robert Burns Woodward
Robert Burns Woodward ForMemRS HonFRSE (April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American organic chemist. He is considered by many to be the preeminent synthetic organic chemist of the twentieth century, having made many key contributions to the subject, especially in the synthesis of complex natural products and the determination of their molecular structure. He worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on theoretical studies of chemical reactions. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965.
Château de Châlucet
The Château de Châlucet (sometimes written as Chalusset), a ruined castle, is in the commune of Saint-Jean-Ligoure, about 10 km to the south of Limoges, in the département of Haute-Vienne, and less than 2 km from the Pôle de Lanaud.

The ruins dominate the confluence of the rivers Briance and Ligoure.

Haute-Vienne
Haute-Vienne (French: [ot vjɛn]; Occitan: Nauta Vinhana or Nauta Viena), also translated as Upper Vienne, is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwest-central France. Named after the Vienne River, it is one of the twelve départements that together constitute Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The prefecture and largest city in the department is Limoges, the other towns in the department each having fewer than twenty thousand inhabitants. Haute-Vienne had a population of 372,359 in 2019.
Martin Kukučín
Martin Kukučín (real name Matej Bencúr, 17 May 1860, Jasenová, – 21 May 1928, Pakrac) was a Slovak prose writer, dramatist and publicist. He was the most notable representative of Slovak literary realism, and is considered one of the founders of modern Slovak prose.

Literary realism
Literary realism is a movement and genre of literature that attempts to represent mundane and ordinary subject-matter in a faithful and straightforward way, avoiding grandiose or exotic subject-matter, exaggerated portrayals, and speculative elements such as supernatural events and alternative worlds. It encompasses both fiction (realistic fiction) and nonfiction writing. Literary realism is a subset of the broader realist art movement that began with mid-nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal) and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin). It  attempts to represent familiar things, including everyday activities and experiences, as they truly are.
Pallene (daughter of Sithon)
In Greek mythology, Pallene (/pəˈliːniː/, pə-LEE-nee; Ancient Greek: Παλλήνη, romanized: Pallḗnē pronounced [pallɛ̌ːnɛː]) is a Macedonian or Thracian princess, the daughter of King Sithon who ruled over Odomantice, an ancient region right where Macedonia meets Thrace. Pallene saw many of her potential suitors die at the hands of her father, who decreed that only whoever beat him in fight would wed Pallene and rule the kingdom, until one day the life of the suitor she was in love with was at stake, forcing her to take the situation in her own hands. In other stories, she consorts with Dionysus, the god of festivity and wine.

The westernmost of the three Macedonian peninsulas (now known as Kassandra) and an ancient city were named in antiquity Pallene after her. Her homeland has also been identified with the Thracian peninsula.

Pelops
In Greek mythology, Pelops (/ˈpiːlɒps, ˈpɛlɒps/; Ancient Greek: Πέλοψ, romanized: Pélops) was king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus region (Πελοπόννησος, lit. "Pelops's Island"). He was the son of Tantalus and the father of Atreus.

He was venerated at Olympia, where his cult developed into the founding myth of the Olympic Games, the most important expression of unity, not only for the people of Peloponnesus, but for all Hellenes. At the sanctuary at Olympia, chthonic night-time libations were offered each time to "dark-faced" Pelops in his sacrificial pit (bothros) before they were offered in the following daylight to the sky-god Zeus (Burkert 1983:96).
Marius Broening
Marius Broening (born 24 October 1983) is a German sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres.

He finished seventh in 4 x 100 m relay at the 2005 World Championships, together with teammates Alexander Kosenkow, Marc Blume and Tobias Unger and fifth at the 2006 European Championships with Kosenkow, Sebastian Ernst and Ronny Ostwald.

His personal best time is 10.30 seconds, achieved in July 2004 in Braunschweig.

2006 European Athletics Championships
The 19th European Athletics Championships were held in Gothenburg, Sweden, between 7 August and 13 August 2006. The competition arena was the Ullevi Stadium and the official motto "Catch the Spirit". Gothenburg also hosted the 1995 World Championships in Athletics, and Stockholm, Sweden's capital, hosted 1958 European Athletics Championships.
Maxayn Lewis
Maxayn Lewis is an American soul singer, musician, songwriter, and producer. She began her career in the 1960s, under her birth name Paulette Parker, as member of the Ikettes in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. In the 1970s, Lewis sang lead in the band Maxayn with her then-husband Andre Lewis. She was described as "a cross between Aretha Franklin and Roberta Flack." The group eventually morphed to Mandré.

Lewis is also a prolific backing vocalist. She has sung with various acts, including The Gap Band, Donna Summer, Ray Charles, Celine Dion, Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Bonnie Raitt, Simple Minds, Duran Duran, Smokey Robinson, Ricky Martin, and Britney Spears.

Rita Coolidge
Rita Coolidge (born May 1, 1945) is an American recording artist. During the 1970s and 1980s, her songs were on Billboard magazine's pop, country, adult contemporary, and jazz charts, and she won two Grammy Awards with fellow musician and then-husband Kris Kristofferson. Her recordings include "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher", "We're All Alone", "I'd Rather Leave While I'm in Love" and the theme song for the 1983 James Bond film Octopussy: "All Time High".
Osyrhianta
Osyrhianta is the fourth studio album by French symphonic power metal band Fairyland. It was released by Massacre Records on 22 May 2020. It is their final studio album with founding keyboardist Philippe Giordana before his death in 2022.

Massacre Records
Massacre Records is an independent record label based in Abstatt, Germany, specializing in bands from the heavier genres of metal.

The label was founded in 1991 by Torsten Hartmann. Associated with Massacre Records are the marketing and music wholesale company Metal Merchant, the sub-labels Blue Rose Records and Gutter Records, dedicated to the singer/songwriter genre and German metal respectively, and the music publisher Sylvian Music. Massacre Records also distributes albums for the gothic metal label MCM Music.

From 1995 to 2000, Massacre Records operated the sub-label Swanlake Records for its gothic metal and folk metal releases. The most well-known artists published on Swanlake include Skyclad, Atrocity, Theatre of Tragedy, and Liv Kristine.

The best-selling albums released by Massacre Records are: Velvet Darkness They Fear and Aégis by Theatre of Tragedy, and Werk 80 by Atrocity.
James Whorwood Adeane
General James Whorwood Adeane (14 December 1740 – 15 April 1802) was a British Army officer and Tory politician.

He was the only son of Simon Adeane of Chalgrove and Mary Brydges, niece of James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos. He entered the British Army in 1755, rising to the rank of colonel of the 45th Foot in 1788, Lieut-General in 1796 and full General in 1801.

He was a Member of the Parliament of Great Britain for Cambridge 1780 to May 1789 and for Cambridgeshire 19 May 1789 – 15 April 1802. He was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber to King George III from 1784 to his death.

He died in 1802. He had married Anne, daughter and heiress of Robert Jones, with whom he had a son Robert Jones Adeane of Babraham, Cambridgeshire (who fathered MP Henry John Adeane) and three daughters.

Parliament of Great Britain
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in May 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts ratified the treaty of Union which created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and created the parliament of Great Britain located in the former home of the English parliament in the Palace of Westminster, near the City of London. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801.
Willie Campbell (footballer)
William R. Campbell (born 1900, date of death unknown) was a Scottish professional footballer. He was born in Townhill, near Dunfermline.

At 18 he played for the Scottish teams Cowdenbeath, followed by Clackmannan. After that however he moved to Canada where he, for two seasons, played for the Montreal Maroons Soccer Team. In 1928, he returned to Scotland, representing Alloa Athletic, and was from there scouted for Huddersfield Town. He later played for Manchester City.

Townhill, Fife
Townhill is a small village that lies just north of Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. The origin of the community is thought to be from the coal-mining industry. There is a Church of Scotland parish church, which shares a minister with nearby Kingseat.
Box Hill & Westhumble railway station
Box Hill & Westhumble is a railway station in the village of Westhumble in Surrey, England, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Dorking town centre.  Box Hill is located approximately 1⁄2 mile (800 m) to the east. It is 21 miles 14 chains (34.1 km) down the line from London Waterloo. Train services are operated by Southern who manage the station, and South Western Railway.

The station is the end point for the Thames Down Link long-distance footpath from Kingston upon Thames, and lies close to the midpoint of the Mole Gap Trail between Leatherhead and Dorking. The station is within 1⁄2 mile (800 m) of the North Downs Way.

Mole Gap Trail
The Mole Gap Trail is a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) official walking route alongside the River Mole, linking the Surrey towns of Dorking and Leatherhead.  The trail is marked on Ordnance Survey maps. The trail runs through Norbury Park, the village of Westhumble and across Denbies Wine Estate.
Rahon
Rahon is a town and a municipal council in the district Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar of the Indian state of Punjab. Rahon is in Doaba region of Punjab. Doaba also known as Bist Doab, is the region of Punjab, India that lies between the Beas River and the Sutlej River. A famous battle was fought here between Sikhs and Mughals i.e Battle of Rahon (1710).

Rahon is situated on the 
 - Jaijon line of the Northern railway, Rahon is 7 km from Nawanshahr, the tahsil/subdivision headquarters, and 65 km from Jalandhar, the district headquarters. It is also connected by road with Nawashahr (8 km), Jadla (12 km), Ludhiana (51 km), and Phillaur (37 km), Machhiwara (18 km).

People of Doaba region are given the demonym "Doabia". The dialect of Punjabi spoken in Doaba is called "Doabi". The term "Doaba" or "Doab" is derived from Persian "دو آب" (do āb "two water") meaning "land of two rivers".

Doaba
Doaba, also known as Bist Doab or the Jalandhar Doab, is the region of Punjab, India that lies between the Beas River and the Sutlej River. People of this region are given the demonym Doabia. The dialect of Punjabi spoken in Doaba is called Doabi. The term "Doaba" or "Doab" is derived from Persian دو آب (do āb, literally "two bodies of water"), and signifies a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers. The river Sutlej separates Doaba from the Malwa region of India to its south and the river Beas separates Doaba from the Majha region, split between present day Pakistan and India, to its north.

Scheduled castes form more than 40% of the population in Doaba. This area is also called the NRI Hub of Punjab as a consequence of the migration of a significant percentage of Doabias.