hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Old Al Ghanim
Old Al Ghanim (Arabic: الغانم العتيق, romanized: Al-Ghānim at-'Tīq) is a neighborhood of the Qatari capital Doha, located in the municipality of Doha. It forms a part of Doha's historic downtown. A notable landmark was the New World Centre, a supermarket established in 1987. It has since been relocated. Numerous other local businesses have also been relocated to other parts of Doha by the Ministry of Municipality and Environment so it could carry out massive-scale reconstruction of the neighborhood and clear out portions to make way for the Doha Metro. The Al Ghanim Central Bus station is another important landmark found here.

Municipalities of Qatar
Since 2015, Qatar has been divided into eight municipalities. In 2004, a new municipality, Al Daayen, was created under Resolution No. 13, formed from parts of Umm Salal and Al Khawr; at the same time, Al Ghuwariyah was merged with Al Khawr; Al Jumaliyah was merged with Ar Rayyan; Jarayan al Batnah was split between Al Rayyan and Al Wakrah; and Mesaieed was merged with Al Wakrah. In 2014, the western city of Al-Shahaniya split off from Al Rayyan Municipality to form its own municipality.

For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into 98 zones (as of 2015), which are in turn subdivided into districts and blocks, the latter being the lowest subdivision.
Ferdinand Hardijns
Ferdinandus Carolus Hardijns (16 September 1864 – 13 May 1927) was a Belgian trade unionist and politician.

Born in Ghent, Hardijns worked in a factory and was a founding member of the Belgian Labour Party, in 1885.  The following year, he became the editor of Vooruit, a socialist newspaper.  In it, he printed an appeal for the police not to shoot striking workers, and when he refused to print a response to the article, he was sentenced to two months in prison or a 200 franc fine.

In 1895, Hardijns became the general secretary of the International Federation of Textile Workers' Associations, serving for two years.  Also in 1895, he was elected as a city councillor in Ghent, serving until 1926.

Belgians
Belgians (Dutch: Belgen [ˈbɛlɣə(n)] ⓘ; French: Belges [bɛlʒ] ⓘ; German: Belgier [ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ] ⓘ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
Ultrafast laser spectroscopy
Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a category of spectroscopic techniques using ultrashort pulse lasers for the study of dynamics on extremely short time scales (attoseconds to nanoseconds). Different methods are used to examine the dynamics of charge carriers, atoms, and molecules. Many different procedures have been developed spanning different time scales and photon energy ranges; some common methods are listed below.

Nanosecond
A nanosecond (ns) is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one billionth of a second, that is, ⁠1/1000000000⁠ of a second, or 10−9 seconds.

The term combines the SI prefix nano- indicating a 1 billionth submultiple of an SI unit (e.g. nanogram, nanometre, etc.) and second, the primary unit of time in the SI.

A nanosecond is to one second, as one second is to approximately 31.69 years.

A nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds or ⁠1/1000⁠ microsecond.  Time units ranging between 10−8 and 10−7 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of nanoseconds.

Time units of this granularity are commonly found in telecommunications, pulsed lasers, and related aspects of electronics.
Isatin
Isatin, also known as tribulin, is an organic compound derived from indole with formula C8H5NO2. The compound was first obtained by Otto Linné Erdman  and Auguste Laurent  in 1840 as a product from the oxidation of indigo dye by nitric acid and chromic acids.

Isatin is a well-known natural product which can be found in plants of the genus Isatis, in Couroupita guianensis, and also in humans, as a metabolic derivative of adrenaline.

It looks like a red-orange powder, and it is usually employed as building block for the synthesis of a wide variety of biologically active compounds including antitumorals, antivirals,  anti-HIVs,  and antituberculars.

The isatin core is also responsible for the color of "Maya blue" and "Maya yellow" dyes.

Studies in rats indicate that isatin modulates neurotransmitter activity, antagonizes atrial natriuretic peptide and inhibits monoamine oxidase.

Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine and alternatively spelled adrenalin, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata. It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals, including humans, and some single-celled organisms. It has also been isolated from the plant Scoparia dulcis found in Northern Vietnam.
DSM (company)
Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Royal DSM, commonly known as DSM, which is the acronym for Dutch State Mines), was a Dutch multinational corporation active in the fields of health, nutrition, and materials. Headquartered in Maastricht, at the end of 2017 DSM employed 21,054 people in approximately 50 countries and posted net sales of €8.632 billion in 2018 and €9.204 billion in 2021. In May 2023, it merged with the Swiss company Firmenich to form a new entity named dsm-firmenich.

Koninklijk
Koninklijk (pronounced [ˈkoːnɪŋklək] ⓘ, Dutch for 'royal')  is an honorary title given to certain companies and non-profit organisations in the Netherlands and to a lesser extent Belgium, by the monarchs of each country. It was first introduced by Louis Bonaparte in 1807, then King of Holland, who awarded the title to cultural associations. Companies awarded with the title may opt to use the English equivalent royal instead. It is comparable with the Royal Warrant in the United Kingdom.

The word is also used in the names of some state-controlled organisations, such as service branches of the Netherlands Armed Forces (e.g. Koninklijke Marine.
INS Sudarshini
INS Sudarshini is a sail training ship built by Goa Shipyard for the Indian Navy. The ship is a sister ship of INS Tarangini which was commissioned in 1997. "Sudarshini" means "beautiful lady Sundari" after the younger half-sister of Buddha. The ship was designed by Colin Mudie, a naval architect and yacht designer from the United Kingdom.

Southern Naval Command
The Southern Naval Command is one of the three, command-level formations of the Indian Navy. Southern Naval Command is the largest naval command in India and it has its headquarters in Kochi, Kerala at INS Venduruthy. It is the Training Command of the Indian Navy.

The Command is commanded by a Three Star Flag Officer of the rank of Vice Admiral with the title Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command (FOC-in-C). Vice Admiral Sameer Saxena, AVSM, NM is the current FOC-in-C SNC, who took over on 31 December 2023.
Thomas Blizard Curling
Thomas Blizard Curling (1811 – 4 March 1888) was a British surgeon.

He was born in Tavistock Place, London in 1811, the son of civil servant Daniel and Elizabeth (née Blizard) Curling and educated at Manor House, Chiswick. Without a degree but through the influence of his surgeon great uncle, Sir William Blizard, he became assistant-surgeon to the Royal London Hospital in 1833, becoming full surgeon in 1849. In 1834 he won the Jacksonian prize for his investigations on tetanus; and he became famous for his skill in treating diseases of the testes and rectum, his published works on which went through many editions. A stress ulcer resulting from burns is called a Curling's ulcer after him.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1850. After filling other important posts in the College of Surgeons, he was appointed president of the College in 1873. In 1871, he was elected President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.

He died in Cannes, France on 4 March 1888.

Testicle
A testicle, also called testis (pl. testes) is the male gonad in all gonochoric animals, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary, which is the female gonad.  Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone.

The release of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Sperm production is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland and by testosterone produced within the gonads.
Give Me a Reason (The Common Linnets song)
"Give Me a Reason" is a song by Dutch duo The Common Linnets (Ilse DeLange and Waylon), it was released as the second single from their debut studio album The Common Linnets (2014). The song was released in the Netherlands as a digital download on 11 September 2014 through Universal Music Group. The song peaked at number 92 on the Dutch Singles Chart.

Ilse DeLange
Ilse Annoeska de Lange (born 13 May 1977), better known as Ilse DeLange, is a Dutch country and pop rock singer-songwriter. In 1998, she gained fame with her single 'I'm Not So Tough', which later became multiple platinum in The Netherlands. Other hits were "Miracle", "So Incredible" and "The Great Escape".

As the lead singer of The Common Linnets, she finished in second place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. In 2019, DeLange presented Duncan Laurence as the Dutch entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019. She also directed and mentored Laurence's act, resulting in Laurence winning the contest with his song "Arcade".

DeLange has won many awards in her career of which the Jeff Walker Global Country Music Award of the Country Music Association Awards is the most known internationally. She also won several Edison Awards in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2020.
Surgical strike
A surgical strike is a military attack which is intended to damage only a legitimate military target, with no or minimal collateral damage to surrounding structures, vehicles, buildings, or the general public infrastructure and utilities.

Legitimate military target
A legitimate military target is an object, structure, individual, or entity that is considered to be a valid target for attack by belligerent forces according to the law of war during an armed conflict.
Daniel Cremers
Daniel Cremers (born 1971) is a German computer scientist, Professor of Informatics and Mathematics and Chair of Computer Vision & Artificial Intelligence at the Technische Universität München. His research foci are computer vision, mathematical image, partial differential equations, convex and combinatorial optimization, machine learning and statistical inference.

Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization  that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set. Typical combinatorial optimization problems are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem. In many such problems, such as the ones previously mentioned, exhaustive search is not tractable, and so specialized algorithms that quickly rule out large parts of the search space or approximation algorithms must be resorted to instead.

Combinatorial optimization is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, software engineering, VLSI, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science.
The Mysterious City
The Mysterious City is a 1988 Cambodian-North Korean film directed by Norodom Sihanouk, former King of Cambodia. The film tells the story of a Cambodian archaeologist setting out to find a mysterious temple discovered by a woodcutter within the Dângrêk Mountains.

It is Sihanouk's first among four films to be shot in North Korea.

Monarchy of Cambodia
The monarchy of Cambodia is the constitutional monarchy of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The king of Cambodia (Khmer: ព្រះមហាក្សត្រកម្ពុជា) is the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of Norodom. In the contemporary period, the king's power has been limited to that of a symbolic figurehead. The monarchy had been in existence since at least 50 AD except during its abolition from 1970 to 1993. Since 1993, the king of Cambodia has been an elected monarch, making Cambodia one of the few elective monarchies of the world. The king is elected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne, which consists of several senior political and religious figures. Candidates are chosen from among male descendants of King Ang Duong who are at least 30 years old, from the two royal houses of Cambodia (the House of Norodom and the House of Sisowath).
Jonathan Mason (rugby union)
Jonathan Edward Mason (born 13 June 1965) is a Welsh former rugby union international.

Mason, born in Aberdare, grew up playing in the Cynon Valley was a product of Mountain Ash RFC. A fullback, he appeared in 216 senior games for Pontypridd RFC and was a prolific goal kicker for the club, starting from his debut season in 1986 in which he scored 233 points. He returned to Mountain Ash in 1993.

It was from Pontypridd that Mason came into the Wales team in 1988, called up from holiday in Corfu as a replacement player for the tour of New Zealand. Despite injuring his shoulder in the tour match against North Auckland, Mason recovered in time to be named on the bench for the second Test in Auckland, where he came on as a substitute to earn his first cap. He helped set up Wales' only try of the match, scored by captain Jonathan Davies.

Aberdare
Aberdare (/ˌæbərˈdɛər/ ab-ər-DAIR; Welsh: Aberdâr ⓘ) is a town in the Cynon Valley area of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, at the confluence of the Rivers Dare (Dâr) and Cynon. Aberdare has a population of 39,550 (mid-2017 estimate). Aberdare is 4 miles (6 km) south-west of Merthyr Tydfil, 20 miles (32 km) north-west of Cardiff and 22 miles (35 km) east-north-east of Swansea. During the 19th century it became a thriving industrial settlement, which was also notable for the vitality of its cultural life and as an important publishing centre.
Glover's Wood
Glover's Wood is a 74.5-hectare (184-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Charlwood in Surrey. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade 2.

This semi-natural broadleaved wood has a very rich ground flora, including dog's mercury, yellow archangel, ramsons and woodland buttercup. The insect fauna has not been well studied, but it is known that there are some rare craneflies such as Molophilus lackschewitzianus.

The site is crossed by footpaths.

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum, known as wild garlic, ramsons, cowleekes, cows's leek, cowleek, buckrams, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, Eurasian wild garlic, onion grass, or bear's garlic, is a bulbous perennial flowering plant in the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. It is native to Eurasia, where it grows in moist woodland. It is a wild relative of onion and garlic, all belonging to the same genus, Allium. There are two recognized subspecies: A. ursinum subsp. ursinum and A. ursinum subsp. ucrainicum.
Jeannine Marchand
Jeannine Marchand  (b. 1976, San Juan, Puerto Rico) is an American artist known for folded clay pieces. She attended Saint Joseph's University and the  Cranbrook Academy of Art. She is located in Spruce Pine, North Carolina. In 2014 she created the installation Jeannine Marchand: Con Relación al Espacio for the Latin American Contemporary Art (LaCa) Projects.  Her work is in the collection of the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico and the Keramiekcentrum Tiendschuur. Her work, FOLDS CLXVIII, was acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign.

Renwick Gallery
The Renwick Gallery is a branch of the Smithsonian American Art Museum located in Washington, D.C. that displays American craft and decorative arts from the 19th to 21st century. The gallery is housed in a National Historic Landmark building that was opened in 1859 on Pennsylvania Avenue and originally housed the Corcoran Gallery of Art. When it was built in 1859, it was called "the American Louvre", and is now named for its architect James Renwick Jr.
J.E.M
J.E.M is a Swedish rap–pop group consisting of members Mergime Murati, Jeremie Yumba and Elli Flemström all three members originally auditioned as solo singers for the first season of X Factor in 2012. While none of them made it to the final stage of the auditions, all three were told to return to the auditions and formed the group J.E.M. On 30 November, J.E.M was the last act to be eliminated before the final. The group's rendition of "Wild Ones", and "Starships" made on to iTunes.

J.E.M took part in the second heat of Melodifestivalen 2014 at the Cloetta Center in Linköping with the song "Love Trigger", performing first and qualifying to Second Chance.

In summer 2015, Yumba decided to quit the band to pursue a solo career.

X Factor (Swedish TV series)
X Factor was the Swedish version of The X Factor, with the only season of the series debuting on September 9, 2012 and ending on December 7, 2012. The winner of the series was Awa Santesson-Sey. TV4 announced in January 2013 that Idol, another singing talent show seeking to discover the best singer through nationwide auditions, would return in 2013 and that X Factor would not continue.
Nepal Progressive Women's Federation
Nepal Progressive Women's Federation is a women's organisation in Nepal. It is politically tied to the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist).

NPWF was founded in early 2006, through the merger of the Democratic Women's Association Nepal (women's wing of Communist Party of Nepal (United) and Nepal Progressive Women's Association (women's wing of Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist). The decision to go ahead with the merger was announced following at a joint meeting of the central committees of the two associations on January 5, 2006.

Communist Party of Nepal (United)
Communist Party of Nepal (United) (Nepali: नेपाल कम्यूनिष्ट पार्टी (संयुक्त)) is a political party in Nepal. It was founded in 2007, following a split in the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist). Ghanashyam Bhusal serves as chairman while senior communist politician Chandra Dev Joshi remains the senior leader of the party.

In 2008 Nepal's first openly homosexual representative, Sunil Babu Pant was elected to the Constituent Assembly from the party list. The party crossed threshold votes to be representative in both constituent assembly elections.
Arvind P. Nirmal
Arvind P. Nirmal, (1936–1995) was a Dalit Christian theologian and a minister of the Church of North India. He questioned the Christian conversion of the upper castes, especially the Brahmin. A major proponent of Dalit theology, Nirmal argued that Jesus himself was a Dalit and that Christian theology should therefore reflect Dalit concerns.

Nirmal criticised Brahminic dominance of Christian theology in India, and believed that the application of liberation theology to India should reflect the struggle of Dalits, and also criticised the Marxist element within South American liberation theology. He drew on the concept of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53 to identify Jesus himself as a Dalit – "a waiter, a dhobi, and bhangi."

Isaiah 53
Isaiah 53 is the fifty-third chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah and is one of the Nevi'im. Chapters 40 to 55 are known as "Deutero-Isaiah" and date from the time of the Israelites' exile in Babylon.
Bospop
Bospop is an annual rock festival in Weert, Netherlands. It started off in 1981 as an initiative by the local youth, as an event for local amateur bands. Within a few years, it was able to book renowned Dutch bands like Fatal Flowers, Herman Brood & His Wild Romance and Golden Earring. With the help of Mojo Concerts, it upscaled in the 90s and started to book international artists like John Hiatt and Marillion.

Herman Brood & His Wild Romance
Wild Romance, also known as The Wild Romance, but best known as Herman Brood & His Wild Romance was the backing band of Dutch singer-pianist Herman Brood.

While labeled as a new wave band, the director of Wild Romance's record label, Ariola, disputed this categorization when first promoting the band to the American audience in 1979, saying it came about "because he [Brood]'s a European artist".
Ajayanum Vijayanum
Ajayanum Vijayanum (transl. Ajay and Vijay) is a 1976 Indian Malayalam-language film,  directed by J. Sasikumar and produced by K. N. S. Jaffarsha. The film stars Prem Nazir, Lakshmi, Sukumari, Kaviyoor Ponnamma and Adoor Bhasi. The film has musical score by M. S. Viswanathan. The movie is a remake of the 1964 Telugu movie Ramudu Bheemudu.

Kaviyoor Ponnamma
Kaviyoor Ponnamma (10 September 1945 – 20 September 2024) was an Indian actress who appeared in Malayalam films and television. Ponnamma had acted in around 700 movies in her career spanning more than six decades. She began her career performing in theatre dramas before foraying into cinema. She also acted in TV serials and commercials and had playback singing credits in few films.

Ponnamma was a four-time Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress winner. Her sister Kaviyoor Renuka was also an actress. Often called as the "mother to all actors", she acted as mother of almost all actors in her career spanning over decades. At the age of 20, she played the mother of older actors Sathyan and Madhu in Thommente Makkal (1965). She particularly gained critical acclaim for acting as the mother of Mohanlal.
Hadiabad (Phagwara)
Hadiabad is a historic sub-town in the city of Phagwara in Punjab (India), about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of Phagwara sub-town. It is the biggest area in size on the western part of the city. Many Sikh followers worship at the gurdwara Chhevin Patshahl.

Phagwara
Phagwara (Punjabi: [pʰɐgɐʋaːɽaː]; ISO: Phagawāṛā) is a city and a municipal corporation in the Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the district headquarters of Kapurthala, and 124 kilometres (77 mi) from the state capital, Chandigarh. Phagwara is known for its production of sugar, glucose, starch, fine fabric, preet's paints, and auto parts. It is locally known for the Shri Hanuman Garhi Temple.
Interstate 555
Interstate 555 (I-555) is an Interstate Highway connecting I-55 in Turrell with Highway 91 in Jonesboro. It provides a complete freeway corridor between Jonesboro, Arkansas' fifth-largest city, and Memphis, Tennessee. Formerly known as U.S. Route 63 (US 63), the highway was converted in the early 2000s to Interstate Highway standards. I-555 was dedicated in March 2016.

Payneway, Arkansas
Payneway (formerly Harrisburg Corner) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Little River Township, Poinsett County, Arkansas, United States. It is located west of Marked Tree near the intersection of Arkansas Highway 463 (formerly U.S. Route 63) and Arkansas Highway 14. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 241.