hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spar (aeronautics)
In a fixed-wing aircraft, the spar is often the main structural member of the wing, running spanwise at right angles (or thereabouts depending on wing sweep) to the fuselage. The spar carries flight loads and the weight of the wings while on the ground. Other structural and forming members such as ribs may be attached to the spar or spars, with stressed skin construction also sharing the loads where it is used. There may be more than one spar in a wing or none at all. Where a single spar carries most of the force, it is known as the main spar.

Spars are also used in other aircraft aerofoil surfaces such as the tailplane and fin and serve a similar function, although the loads transmitted may be different from those of a wing spar.

Structural load
A structural load or structural action is a mechanical load (more generally a force) applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, displacement or acceleration  in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular  mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications.  Accepted technical standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection.
PIAA football
As of the 2022-2023 and the 2023-2024 school years, there are 555 high school football teams competing in the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association's (PIAA) 12 Districts. Each district is divided into numerous leagues and conferences. Up until the end of the 2015-16 school year, there were only four classifications, ranging from Class A to Class AAAA. At the beginning of the 2016-17 school year, an update took place and the PIAA added two additional classifications, making six total.

The classifications range from Class A (1A) to Class AAAAAA (6A). As of the beginning of the 2022-23 school year, the PIAA will have 95 A or (1A) class, 94 AA or (2A) class, 88 AAA or (3A) class, 92 AAAA or (4A) class, 98 AAAAA or (5A) class and 88 AAAAAA or (6A) class schools competing throughout the football season.  Every two years, the PIAA reconfigures the classifications due to student population changes in Pennsylvania high schools.

Pine-Richland High School
Pine-Richland High School is a large public high school located at 700 Warrendale Road, in Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, United States.  It is the only high school in the Pine-Richland School District and is located in Pine Township. In the 2018–2019 school year, the enrollment was 1,543 students.
Lakshmi Kanta Saikia
Lakshmi Kanta Saikia is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Assam Legislative Assembly from Kalaigaon in the 1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Indian National Congress.

Kalaigaon Assembly constituency
Kalaigaon Assembly constituency was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly. Kalaigaon formed part of the Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency.

This constituency was abolished in 2023.
Robert M. Ellis
Robert M. Ellis (April 14, 1922 – September 13, 2014) was an American artist. His professional career spanned six decades as an artist, educator, and museum director, including eight years as Curator of Education at the Pasadena Art Museum in California, twenty-three years on the art faculty of University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, and ten years as director of UNM's Harwood Museum of Art in Taos, New Mexico. His work is in numerous museum collections, including the Albuquerque Museum of Art and History, New Mexico Museum of Art in Santa Fe, and Roswell Museum and Art Center. Apart from his distinguished career as a painter, Ellis left an indelible mark on the art world in both southern California and northern New Mexico.

Albuquerque Museum of Art and History
The Albuquerque Museum, formerly known as the Albuquerque Museum of Art and History, is a public art and history museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is located in the Old Town area and is operated by the City of Albuquerque Department of Arts & Culture.

The Albuquerque Museum is dedicated to preserving the art of the American Southwest and the history of Albuquerque and the Middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico.  The museum also contributes significantly to the cultural and educational programs in the city of Albuquerque. The museum features art of the Southwest and its global influences, as well as 400 years of Albuquerque history with permanent installations and special exhibitions of national and international origin.
Listed buildings in Bletsoe
Bletsoe is a civil parish in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. It contains 23 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, two are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish consists of large amounts of rural land, along with the village itself.  Almost all the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, farmhouses, and farm buildings.  Also listed are a church and a public house.

Borough of Bedford
Bedford, or the Borough of Bedford, is a local government district with borough status in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. It is administered by Bedford Borough Council, a unitary authority. The council is based in Bedford, the borough's namesake and principal settlement, which is the county town of Bedfordshire.

The Bedford built-up-area is the 71st largest in the United Kingdom and also includes Kempston and Biddenham. Away from the Bedford built-up area the borough includes a large rural area with many villages. 75% of the borough's population live in the Bedford built-up and the five large villages which surround it, which makes up slightly less than 6% of the total land area of the borough.

The borough is also the location of the Wixams new settlement, immediately south of Bedford, which received its first residents in 2009.
Edgar Williamson Jr.
Edgar Williamson Jr. (November 24, 1903 - April 1981) was an American Republican Party politician who served four terms in the New Jersey General Assembly.  He attended public schools in East Orange, New Jersey and worked as a Realtor and insurance executive.  He was the Vice President of Firemen's Insurance Company.  He served as a member of the East Orange Zoning Board of Adjustment, and as Chairman of the Essex County Young Republicans.  He was elected to the New Jersey State Assembly in 1937, and was re-elected in 1938, 1939 and 1940. Williamson was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution and served as its President General from 1955 through 1956.

He was a descendant of Richard Williamson (1593–1659), who emigrated to the United States from England in 1607.

East Orange, New Jersey
East Orange is a city in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 69,612, an increase of 5,342 (+8.3%) from the 2010 census count of 64,270, which in turn reflected a decline of 5,554 (−8.0%) from the 69,824 counted in the 2000 census. The city was the state's 17th most populous municipality in 2020, after having been ranked 20th in 2010 and 14th statewide in 2000. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 69,556 for 2023, making it the 544th-most populous municipality in the nation.
Wheat yellow leaf virus
Wheat yellow leaf virus (WYLV) is a wheat (Triticum spp. L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale M.Bieb.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) pathogenic virus of the family Closteroviridae. WYLV virions are 1600–1850 nm in length and 10 nm in diameter. The virus, like other members of its genus, is transmitted by aphids. Identified vectors include Rhopalosiphum padi L. and R. maidis Fitch. (Aphididae). The virus has been identified in crop plants in Japan, China, and Italy. Native host plants include Italian ryegrass (Festuca perennis Lam.) in Europe and Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens Ohwi in Japan. The virus proliferates in the phloem of its host plants, interfering with the plant's ability to produce sufficient chlorophyll (Chlorosis), causing the leaves to yellow and the plant to die.

Rhopalosiphum maidis
Rhopalosiphum maidis, common names corn leaf aphid and corn aphid, is an insect, and a pest of maize and other crops. It has a nearly worldwide distribution and is typically found in agricultural fields, grasslands, and forest-grassland zones. Among aphids that feed on maize, it is the most commonly encountered and most economically damaging, particularly in tropical and warmer temperate areas. In addition to maize, R. maidis damages rice, sorghum, and other cultivated and wild monocots.
Michael Pollock (politician)
Michael Edward "Sarge" Pollock (born May 27, 1966) is an American politician and Republican member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Kentucky's 51st House district since November 2021. His district comprises Marion and Taylor counties.

Marion County, Kentucky
Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the total population was 19,581. Its county seat is Lebanon. The county was founded in 1834 and named for Francis Marion, the American Revolutionary War hero known as the "Swamp Fox".
Hampton County Jail
Hampton County Jail, also known as Old Hampton County Jail and Hampton County Museum, is a historic jail located at Hampton, Hampton County, South Carolina. It was built in 1879–1880, and is a two-story, three-bay-wide brick building, with a central, one-story entry portico on the front facade.  The jailkeeper's living quarters occupied the first floor, while the second floor was dedicated to the cellblocks. The jail was dramatically altered about 1925, and a third time in the 1960s. The jail was the only holding facility for newly arrested persons in Hampton County until it closed in 1976.

The building is now home to the Hampton County Museum.  Exhibits include local history, a general store display, military artifacts from many wars, agriculture, Native Americans, natural history and daily life.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Hampton, South Carolina
Hampton is a town in Hampton County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 2,694 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Hampton County. The town and the county are named after Wade Hampton III, a Confederate general in the Civil War.
Eastern massasauga
The eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) is a species of rattlesnake found in eastern North America, from southern Ontario, Canada, eastern regions of the Midwestern states, and parts of the Great Lakes region in the United States. Like all rattlesnakes, it is a pit viper and is venomous; it is the only species of venomous snake in Ontario.

Local extinction
Local extinction, also extirpation, is the termination of a species (or other taxon) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions.

Local extinctions mark a change in the ecology of an area. It has sometimes been followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations, such as with wolf reintroduction.
Gesine Reinert
Gesine Reinert is a German statistician who is University Professor in Statistics at the University of Oxford. She is a Fellow of Keble College, Oxford, a Fellow of the Alan Turing Institute, and a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. Her research concerns the probability theory and statistics of biological sequences and biological networks.

Reinert has also been associated with the M. Lothaire pseudonymous mathematical collaboration on combinatorics on words.

Biological network
A biological network is a method of representing systems as complex sets of binary interactions or relations between various biological entities. In general, networks or graphs are used to capture relationships between entities or objects. A typical graphing representation consists of a set of nodes connected by edges.
Sulfur trioxide pyridine complex
Sulfur trioxide pyridine complex is the compound with the formula C5H5NSO3.  It is a colourless solid that dissolves in polar organic solvents.  It is the adduct formed from the Lewis base pyridine and the Lewis acid sulfur trioxide.  The compound is mainly used as a source of sulfur trioxide, for example in the synthesis of sulfate esters from alcohols:

ROH  +  C5H5NSO3   →   [C5H5NH]+[ROSO3]−

It also is useful for sulfamations:

R2NH  +  C5H5NSO3   →   C5H5N   +  R2NSO3H

The compound is used for sulfonylation reactions, especially in the sulfonylation of furans. It is also an activating electrophile in a Parikh-Doering oxidation.

Alcohol (chemistry)
In chemistry, an alcohol (from Arabic  al-kuḥl 'the kohl') is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbons, conferring hydrophilic (water-attracted) properties.  The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur.
1913 Eshan earthquake
The 1913 Eshan earthquake struck China's Yunnan Province on 21 December with a moment magnitude of 6.8 and maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The shock devastated Eshan County; at least 942 people died and thousands of homes were destroyed. The earthquake ruptured along a section of the strike-slip Qujiang Fault.

Red River Fault
The Red River Fault or  Song Hong Fault (Vietnamese: Đới Đứt Gãy Sông Hồng) is a major fault in Yunnan, China and Vietnam which accommodates continental China's (Yangtze plate) southward movement. It is coupled with that of the Sagaing Fault in Burma, which accommodates the Indian plate's northward movement, with the land (Indochina) in between faulted and twisted clockwise. It was responsible for the 1970 Tonghai earthquake.

It is named after the Red River which runs through the valley eroded along the fault trace.

The Red River Fault was a sinistral strike-slip shear zone until Miocene times when it became reactivated as a brittle dextral strike-slip fault.
MTV Rock N' Jock
MTV Rock N' Jock is a television series on MTV featuring actors, musicians, and other entertainers playing sports with professional athletes. The original episode was called The MTV Rock N' Jock Diamond Derby, and was changed to MTV's Rock N' Jock Softball Challenge, in year 2. The concept expanded to include basketball in 1991, football in 1997 and bowling in 1999
The game was an annual feature (with multiple reruns of most episodes) for many years on MTV.

The original announcers were professional sportscaster, Steve Albert and comedian Ken Ober who provided color commentary. Bill Bellamy and MTV Sports host Dan Cortese initially participated as players and then as coaches in later years.

The fourth annual Rock N' Jock B-Ball Jam was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show in 1995, losing to Jeopardy!.

Rafael Palmeiro
Rafael Palmeiro Corrales (born September 24, 1964) is a Cuban-American former baseball first baseman and left fielder. He played 20 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for three teams. Palmeiro was an All-American at Mississippi State University before being drafted by the Chicago Cubs in 1985. He played for the Cubs (1986–1988), Texas Rangers (1989–1993, 1999–2003), and the Baltimore Orioles (1994–1998, 2004–2005).

He was named to the MLB All-Star Team four times, and won the Gold Glove three times. He is one of only seven players in MLB history to be a member of both the 500 home run club and the 3,000 hit club. Days after recording his 3,000th hit, Palmeiro received a 10-game suspension for testing positive for an anabolic steroid.
Surin railway station
Surin railway station is a railway station located in Nai Mueang Subdisrict, Surin City, Surin. It is a class 1 railway station located 419.75 km (260.8 mi) from Bangkok railway station. The station opened in May 1926 as part of the Northeastern Line Buriram-Surin section. The line extended to Huai Thap Than in May 1927.

Huai Thap Than railway station
Huai Thap Than railway station is a railway station located in Huai Thap Than Subdistrict, Huai Thap Than District, Sisaket Province. It is a class 2 railway station located 481.50 km (299.2 mi) from Bangkok railway station.
Tremor (software)
Tremor is a fixed-point version of the Vorbis decoder for those platforms without floating point operations. It is by the Xiph.Org Foundation.

It is a software library that decodes the Vorbis audio format. Tremor uses fixed-point and movable-point arithmetic numeric representations in its implementation so that it can be used by small embedded devices, which typically do not have floating-point processors. Thus, Tremor enables small embedded devices to play audio files stored in the Vorbis format.

Tremor was originally developed by Xiph.Org as a part of a contract for the Iomega HipZip, but was since opened up to encourage wider use of the Vorbis format. Almost all hardware devices that can play Vorbis, and many software implementations on embedded devices (such as mobile phones) use Tremor or some descendant.

It is free software released under the New BSD license.

PocketZip
The PocketZip is a medium-capacity floppy disk storage system introduced by Iomega in 1999.  It uses very small 	54.5mm x 50.2mm x 2.0mm 40 MB disks. It was originally known as the "Clik!" drive until the click of death class action lawsuit regarding mass failures of Iomega's original Zip drives, after which it was renamed "PocketZip". In 2001, the company announced bigger-capacity 100 MB disks, which were never released.
Helen Andersen
Helen Andersen (14 July 1919 – 23 December 1995) was a Canadian artist. While best known for expressionist paintings about Pacific Northwest coast Indigenous peoples, she worked in varied styles. Her subjects were often women, themes expressing her convictions about social justice and strong anti-war sentiments.

Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are composed of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities. They share certain beliefs, traditions and practices, such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol, and many cultivation and subsistence practices. The term Northwest Coast or North West Coast is used in anthropology to refer to the groups of Indigenous people residing along the coast of what is now called British Columbia, Washington State, parts of Alaska, Oregon, and Northern California. The term Pacific Northwest is largely used in the American context.

At one point, the region had the highest population density of a region inhabited by Indigenous peoples in Canada.
New Mexico Museum of Space History
The New Mexico Museum of Space History (NMMSH) is a museum and planetarium complex in Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States, dedicated to artifacts and displays related to space flight and the Space Age. It includes the International Space Hall of Fame. The Museum of Space History highlights the role that New Mexico has had in the U. S. space program, and is one of eight museums administered by the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs. The museum has been accredited by American Alliance of Museums since 1993.: 55  The museum is also a Smithsonian Affiliate.

The museum is the resting place of Ham, the chimpanzee who, in 1961, became the first great ape to fly into space.

Space policy of the United States
The space policy of the United States includes the making of space policy through the legislative process and the implementation of that policy in the U.S. civilian and military space programs through regulatory agencies. The early history of U.S. space policy is linked to the U.S.–Soviet Space Race of the 1960s, which gave way to the Space Shuttle program. As of 2025, US space policy is aimed at the exploration of the Moon and the subsequent colonization of Mars.
Fermentation in winemaking
The process of  fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation, yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product). In winemaking, the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation. The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage, which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation. Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks, which is common with many white wines like Riesling, in an open wooden vat, inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines.

By-product
A by-product or byproduct is a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction; it is not the primary product or service being produced.

A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste: for example, bran, which is a byproduct of the milling of wheat into refined flour, is sometimes composted or burned for disposal, but in other cases, it can be used as a nutritious ingredient in human food or animal feed. Gasoline was once a byproduct of oil refining that later became a desirable commercial product as motor fuel. The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may be called co-products of beef production. There is no strict distinction between by-products and co-products.
1985 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
The 1985 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 55th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. The championship began on 24 April 1985 and ended on 1 September 1985.

Limerick entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Cork in the Munster semi-final.

On 1 September 1985, Cork won the championship following a 3–10 to 0–12 defeat of Wexford in the All-Ireland final. This was their 15th All-Ireland title and their first in six championship seasons.

Wexford's Vinny Murphy was the championship's top scorer with 2-36.

Wexford GAA
The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford. The county board is also responsible for the Wexford county teams.

Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling.

The county hurling team last won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in 1996.

The county football team has won five All-Ireland Senior Football Championships, with the most recent win achieved in 1918.