hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
A New Kind of Science
A New Kind of Science is a book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his company Wolfram Research under the imprint Wolfram Media in 2002. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Wolfram calls these systems simple programs and argues that the scientific philosophy and methods appropriate for the study of simple programs are relevant to other fields of science.

Universal Turing machine
In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine capable of computing any computable sequence, as described by Alan Turing in his seminal paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Common sense might say that a universal machine is impossible, but Turing proves that it is possible. He suggested that we may compare a human in the process of computing a real number to a machine that is only capable of a finite number of conditions ⁠⁠; which will be called "m-configurations". He then described the operation of such machine, as described below, and argued:

It is my contention that these operations include all those which are used in the computation of a number.

Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.
Izhma Airport
Izhma Airport (Komi: Ижма Аэропорт, Russian: Аэропорт Ижма) (ICAO: UUYV) was an airport in Komi, Russia located 3 km northeast of Izhma. It formerly handled small aircraft (An-2, An-24, L-410, Yak-40, etc.) but was closed to airliners in 2003 and is now only used for helicopters.

Komi language
Komi (коми кыв, komi kyv, IPA: [komi kɨv] ⓘ), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (зыран коми кыв, zyran komi kyv), is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permic languages; the other regional varieties are Komi-Permyak, which has official status, and Komi-Yazva.

Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia. There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010.

It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in the 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in the 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century.
Caterpillar 3126
The Caterpillar 3126 is a turbocharged 7.2 L inline 6-cylinder diesel engine manufactured by Caterpillar and first introduced in 1995; it was the first electronic mid-range diesel engine that Caterpillar produced.  It is the successor to the Caterpillar 3116 engine and was updated to become the Caterpillar C7 engine in 2003.  It is a medium-duty engine and has been used in dump trucks, long haul trucks, ambulances, buses, RVs, boats, cranes, fire trucks, and more. In 1998, Caterpillar released an improved version, the 3126B. In 2002, the 3126E was released, though these improved versions only affected engine electronics, not the actual engine design. Caterpillar launched a three-tier system of overhaul kits for the 3126 and its C7 successor in 2011.

It was rated for multiple power and torque applications from 170–420 hp (130–310 kW) and 420 lb⋅ft (570 N⋅m) to 860 lb⋅ft (1,170 N⋅m).

Recreational vehicle
A recreational vehicle, often abbreviated as RV, is a motor vehicle or trailer that includes living quarters designed for accommodation. Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, coaches, caravans (also known as travel trailers and campers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers, and truck campers.

Typical amenities of an RV include a kitchen, a bathroom, and one or more beds. RVs can range from utilitarian – containing only sleeping quarters and basic cooking facilities – to luxurious, with features like air conditioning (AC), water heaters, televisions and satellite receivers, and quartz countertops.
Blood (Editors song)
"Blood" is a song by British post-punk revival band Editors from their 2005 debut album, The Back Room. It was released 11 July 2005 as the third single from the album and was re-released on 19 June 2006. It was in very limited release with the CD limited to 5000 copies whilst the 10-inch single was deleted on day of release and was only available through pre-ordering. Over the two formats, they contain two cover songs (originally by Talking Heads and R.E.M.) and two remixes of The Back Room track "Camera" from Jason Spaceman and Paul Oakenfold.

Post-punk revival
Post-punk revival (also known as indie rock revival or garage rock revival) is a subgenre of indie rock, as well as a musical scene and movement that emerged in the early 2000s. Originating as a stripped-down and back-to-basics version of guitar rock inspired by the original sounds and aesthetics of post-punk, new wave and garage rock, the movement became closely associated with the new wave revival and garage rock revival.

The genre has an emphasis on "rock authenticity" that was seen as a reaction to the commercialism of MTV-oriented nu metal, hip hop and "bland" post-Britpop groups. The commercial breakthrough of the genre came with the release of the Strokes' Is This It and the White Stripes' White Blood Cells, both in 2001. The genre reached a zenith in the middle of the decade with the success of Bloc Party, Arctic Monkeys, the Killers, and Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Over time, later indie and post-punk bands were criticized with the term "landfill indie".
Gfarm file system
Gfarm file system is an open-source distributed file system, generally used for large-scale cluster computing and wide-area data sharing, and provides features to manage replica location explicitly. The name is derived from the Grid Data Farm architecture it implements.

Grid Datafarm is a petascale data-intensive computing project initiated in Japan. The project is a collaboration among High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), the University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology and University of Tsukuba. The challenge involves construction of a Peta- to Exascale parallel filesystem exploiting local storage of PCs spread over the worldwide Grid.

Tokyo Institute of Technology
The Tokyo Institute of Technology (東京工業大学) was a public university in Meguro, Tokyo, Japan. It merged with Tokyo Medical and Dental University to form the Institute of Science Tokyo on 1 October 2024.

The Tokyo Institute of Technology was a Designated National University and a Top Type university of Top Global University Project designated by the Japanese government. Tokyo Tech's main campus was located at Ōokayama on the boundary of Meguro and Ota, with its main entrance facing the Ōokayama Station. Other campuses are located in Suzukakedai and Tamachi. Tokyo Tech was organised into 6 schools, within which there are over 40 departments and research centres. Tokyo Tech enrolled 4,734 undergraduates and 1,464 graduate students for 2015–2016.
Baykal Point
Baykal Point (Bulgarian: нос Байкал, ‘Nos Baykal’ \'nos bay-'kal\) is the mostly ice-covered rocky point projecting 800 m south-southwestwards into Lanusse Bay on the west coast of Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.

The point is named after the settlements of Baykal in Northern and Baykalsko in Western Bulgaria.

Palmer Archipelago
Palmer Archipelago, also known as Antarctic Archipelago, Archipiélago Palmer, Antarktiske Arkipel or Palmer Inseln, is a group of islands off the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It extends from Tower Island in the north to Anvers Island in the south. It is separated by the Gerlache and Bismarck straits from the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilhelm Archipelago, respectively. The archipelago is in the British, Chilean, and Argentine Claims.

Palmer Archipelago is located at 64°15′S 62°50′W﻿ / ﻿64.250°S 62.833°W﻿ / -64.250; -62.833.
Kowloon Tong station
Kowloon Tong is a station on MTR's Kwun Tong line and East Rail line in New Kowloon, Hong Kong. The station serves Kowloon Tong and its vicinity, including Yau Yat Tsuen, the Festival Walk shopping centre, City University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist University.

The station straddles the boundary between Kowloon City District and Sham Shui Po District.

This station serves as one of four interchange stations for the East Rail line, leading up to the New Territories and entry point to mainland China. Therefore, it is one of the busiest stations in the system.

New Kowloon
New Kowloon is an area in Hong Kong, bounded to the south by Boundary Street, and to the north by the ranges of the Eagle's Nest, Beacon Hill, Lion Rock, Tate's Cairn and Kowloon Peak. It covers the present-day Kwun Tong District and Wong Tai Sin District, and northern parts of the Sham Shui Po District and Kowloon City District.

The name of this area is rarely used in day-to-day life. Areas that belong to New Kowloon are usually referred to as a part of Kowloon. However, in land leases, it is common to refer to land lots in lot numbers as "New Kowloon Inland Lot number #".
Milorad Mažić
Milorad Mažić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милорад Мажић, pronounced [mǐlorad mǎʒitɕ]; born 23 March 1973) is a former Serbian international association football referee. He became a FIFA referee in 2009. Beside working in the Serbian football league system, Mažić officiated numerous matches in the UEFA Champions League (including the 2018 final) and the Europa League, as well as the 2016 UEFA Super Cup. He refereed matches at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2016, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup (including the final match). He was selected as a referee for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was awarded a Silver Medal for Merits of the Republic of Serbia. He was selected the best Serbian referee nine consecutive times.

Serbian football league system
The Serbian football league system is a series of interconnected leagues for association football clubs in Serbia. The system has a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels.
Miquel Carbonell Selva
Miquel Carbonell i Selva (23 July 1854, Molins de Rei – 14 May 1896, Barcelona) was a Catalan painter, muralist and poet. He is especially known for his realistic portraits and landscapes of the area around the Llobregat River.

Llobregat
The Llobregat (Catalan pronunciation: [ʎuβɾəˈɣat]) is the second longest river in Catalonia, Spain, after the Ter. It flows into the Mediterranean south of the city of Barcelona. Its name could have originated in an ancient Latin word meaning 'dark', 'muddy' or 'slippery', or simply from its ancient name Rubricatus, literally 'red'.
The Unnamable (short story)
"The Unnamable" is a horror short story by American author H. P. Lovecraft. It was written in September 1923, first published in the July 1925 issue of Weird Tales, and first collected in Beyond the Wall of Sleep in 1943. The corrected text appears in Dagon and Other Macabre Tales (revised ed. 1986). The story's locale was inspired by the Charter Street Historic District Burying Ground in Salem.

Charter Street Historic District
The Charter Street Historic District encompasses a small remnant of the oldest part of Salem, Massachusetts that has since been surrounded by more modern development.  It includes three properties on Charter Street: the Pickman House, the Grimshawe House, and the Charter Street Cemetery, or Central Burying Point.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
Sanjog (1972 film)
Sanjog (transl. Destiny) is a 1972 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by S. S. Balan. The film stars Mala Sinha, Amitabh Bachchan and Aruna Irani in the lead roles. It is a remake of the Tamil film Iru Kodugal directed by K. Balachander.

S. S. Balan
S. Balasubramanian (28 December 1935 – 19 December 2014), better known as S. S. Balan, was an Indian journalist, filmmaker, political analyst, and media executive. He was also involved in aviculture and agriculture.

Balan had a six-decade-long career in Indian media as the editor of the Tamil-language magazine, Ananda Vikatan, based in Chennai, India, and as managing director of Gemini Studios, starting in 1956. He later served as chairman emeritus of the Vikatan Group, after retiring from active involvement.

Balan died on 19 December 2014 in Chennai, India.
Aivar Rosenberg
Aivar Rosenberg (born 14 September 1962 in Tartu) is an Estonian politician. He was a member of XII Riigikogu.

He has been a member of Estonian Reform Party.

In 2006, he was awarded with Order of the White Star, V class.

Order of the White Star
The Order of the White Star (Estonian: Valgetähe teenetemärk; French: Ordre de l'Etoile blanche) was instituted in 1936. The Order of the White Star is bestowed on Estonian citizens and foreigners to give recognition for services rendered to the Estonian state.
Nana Kofi Twumasi-Ankrah
Lieutenant Colonel Nana Kofi Twumasi-Ankrah, MVO (born 1979) is a Ghanaian-born officer in the British Army.  Appointed by Queen Elizabeth II as her equerry, he was the first black man to hold this position. Twumasi-Ankrah is an officer of the Household Cavalry and a veteran of the war in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Ghanaians in the United Kingdom
Ghanaians in the United Kingdom (also British Ghanaians) encompass both Ghana-born immigrants and their descendants living in the United Kingdom. Immigration to the UK accelerated following the independence of Ghana from the British Empire  in 1957, with most British Ghanaians having migrated to the UK between the 1960s to the 1980s owing to poor economic conditions at home.

The 2021–2022 United Kingdom censuses recorded 135,854 people born in Ghana living in the UK, up from 95,666 in 2011.
Verona Conway
Verona Margaret Conway (13 January 1910 – 19 December 1986) was a British plant ecologist and Unitarian minister. She undertook international recognised research on the palaeoecology of the Pennines and the ecology of Cladium mariscus.

Paleoecology
Paleoecology (also spelled palaeoecology) is the study of interactions between organisms and/or interactions between organisms and their environments across geologic timescales. As a discipline, paleoecology interacts with, depends on and informs a variety of fields including paleontology, ecology, climatology and biology.

Paleoecology emerged from the field of paleontology in the 1950s, though paleontologists have conducted paleoecological studies since the creation of paleontology in the 1700s and 1800s. Combining the investigative approach of searching for fossils with the theoretical approach of Charles Darwin and Alexander von Humboldt, paleoecology began as paleontologists began examining both the ancient organisms they discovered and the reconstructed environments in which they lived. Visual depictions of past marine and terrestrial communities have been considered an early form of paleoecology. The term "paleo-ecology" was coined by Frederic Clements in 1916.
NGC 4500
NGC 4500 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. The galaxy was discovered on April 17, 1789 by William Herschel. It is a blue compact galaxy.

Its distance from Earth is approximately 50 million parsecs.

Starburst galaxy
A starburst galaxy is one undergoing an exceptionally high rate of star formation, as compared to the long-term average rate of star formation in the galaxy, or the star formation rate observed in most other galaxies.

For example, the star formation rate of the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 3 M☉/yr, while starburst galaxies can experience star formation rates of 100 M☉/yr or more. While many main-sequence galaxies use up their molecular gas reservoir in 1-2 Gyr, the high rate of star formation in starbursts can deplete all of their star-forming material in scales of 0.1 Gyr - much shorter than the age of the galaxy. As such, the starburst nature of a galaxy is a phase, and one that typically occupies a brief period of a galaxy's evolution. The majority of starburst galaxies are in the midst of a merger or close encounter with another galaxy. Starburst galaxies include M82, NGC 4038/NGC 4039 (the Antennae Galaxies), and IC 10.
Speedway World Championship Competitions
There are annual world championship events in the sport of motorcycle speedway for individual riders - the Speedway Grand Prix - and for national teams - the Speedway World Cup. Each has a counterpart for riders under 21: the Speedway World Under 21 Championship and the Team Speedway Junior World Championship. A pairs event, the Speedway World Pairs Championship, ran until 1993.

In addition there are two Ice Speedway World Championships for individuals and teams. The first Ice World Championships were held in 1966.

Another form of speedway on larger tracks takes place called Longtrack and there is a World Championship called the Individual Speedway Long Track World Championship. Since 1998 it has been a combination of grasstrack and longtrack

World championship
A world championship is generally an international competition open to elite competitors from around the world, representing their nations, and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport, game, or ability.
Government of Marga Prohens
The government of Marga Prohens was formed on 10 July 2023, following the latter's election as President of the Balearic Islands by the Parliament of the Balearic Islands on 6 July and her swearing-in on 7 July, as a result of the People's Party (PP) emerging as the largest parliamentary force at the 2023 regional election. It succeeded the second Armengol government and is the incumbent Government of the Balearic Islands since 10 July 2023, a total of 920 days, or 2 years, 6 months and 5 days.

The cabinet comprises members of the PP, as well as an independent. The government received the external support of far-right Vox. The left-of-centre Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands (PSIB–PSOE), More for Mallorca (Més), More for Menorca (MxMe) and United We Can opposed the formation of the government.

Més per Menorca
Més per Menorca (English: More for Menorca, MpM) is a Menorcan political party. It was initially a coalition formed by the Socialist Party of Menorca, the Republican Left of the Balearic Islands, The Greens of Menorca, Equo, local parties and independents around the island until 2017. Més per Menorca was created in July 2014. Until May 2017, it had been linked to the similarly-named alliance in Majorca.
2018 Tiburon Challenger – Doubles
André Göransson and Florian Lakat were the defending champions but lost in the quarterfinals to Gerard Granollers and Pedro Martínez.

Hans Hach Verdugo and Luke Saville won the title after defeating Granollers and Martínez 6–3, 6–2 in the final.

Gerard Granollers
Gerard Granollers Pujol (Catalan pronunciation: [ʒəˈɾaɾ ɣɾənuˈʎes puˈʒɔl]; Spanish: [ɟʝeˈɾaɾ ɣɾanoˈʎeɾs puˈʝol]; born 30 January 1989 in Barcelona) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. He has won 12 ATP Challenger tournament titles, all of them in doubles.
His brother Marcel is also a tennis player, and they have won five Challenger doubles titles together.
Brazil at the FISU World University Games
Brazil is 23th on the all time medal table in Summer Universiade. Brazil hasn't won any medal in Winter Universiade.The country is a traditional stakeholder at the FISU World University Games and has participated on all the Summer Games editions.The country also hosted the 1963 Summer Universiade held in Porto Alegre.

FISU World University Games
The FISU World University Games, formerly the Universiade, is an international multi-sport event, organized for university athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU). The former name is a portmanteau of the words "University" and "Olympiad".

The Universiade is referred to in English as the World University Games or World Student Games; however, this latter term can also refer to competitions for sub-University grades students. In July 2020 as part of a new branding system by the FISU, it was stated that the Universiade was to be officially branded as the FISU World University Games.

The most recent summer event was the 2025 Summer World University Games held in Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany held from 16-27 July 2025, while the most recent winter event was the 2025 Winter World University Games held in Turin, Italy from 13 to 23 January 2025.
Norma Mendoza-Denton
Norma Catalina Mendoza-Denton (born 1968) is a professor of anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles. She specializes in  sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology, including work in sociophonetics, language and identity, ethnography and visual anthropology.

American Anthropological Association
The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is an American organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology. With 10,000 members, the association, based in Arlington, Virginia, includes archaeologists, cultural anthropologists, biological (or physical) anthropologists, linguistic anthropologists, linguists, medical anthropologists and applied anthropologists in universities and colleges, research institutions, government agencies, museums, corporations and non-profits throughout the world. The AAA publishes more than 20 peer-reviewed scholarly journals, available in print and online through AnthroSource. The AAA was founded in 1902.
Tropeognathus
Tropeognathus (meaning "keel jaw") is a genus of large pterosaurs from the late Early Cretaceous of South America. This genus is considered to be a member of the family Anhangueridae, but several studies have also recovered it within another family called Ornithocheiridae. Both of these families are diverse groups of pterosaurs known for their keel-tipped snouts and large size. With an estimated wingspan around 8.5 m (28 ft), Tropeognathus is regarded as the largest pterosaur found in the Southern Hemisphere, only rivaled by the huge azhdarchids. The type and only species is Tropeognathus mesembrinus. Fossil remains of Tropeognathus have been recovered from the Romualdo Formation, which is a Lagerstätte located in the Santana Group of the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil.

Azhdarchidae
Azhdarchidae (from the Persian word azhdar, اژدر, a dragon-like creature in Persian mythology) is a family of pterosaurs known primarily from the Late Cretaceous. Azhdarchids include some of the largest flying animals discovered, but smaller cat-size members have also been found. Originally considered a sub-family of Pteranodontidae, Nesov (1984) named the Azhdarchinae to include the pterosaurs Azhdarcho, Quetzalcoatlus, and Titanopteryx (now known as Arambourgiania). They were among the last known surviving members of the pterosaurs, and were a rather successful group with a worldwide distribution. Previously it was thought that by the end of the Cretaceous, most pterosaur families except for the Azhdarchidae disappeared from the fossil record, but recent studies indicate a wealth of other pterosaurian fauna based on several pteranodontian fossils from the latest Cretaceous period.
Olav Røgeberg
Olav Røgeberg (August 11, 1885 – July 4, 1959) was a Norwegian journalist, newspaper editor and magazine editor. Born in Norway, he worked for the newspapers Drammens Tidende, Nidaros and Dagbladet, and was chief editor of Nidaros from 1930 to 1937. From 1938 he edited the magazine Alle Kvinners Blad. He was chairman of the board of the Norwegian News Agency from 1946.

Norwegian News Agency
The Norwegian News Agency (Norwegian: Norsk Telegrambyrå; abbreviated NTB) is a Norwegian press agency and wire service that serves most of the largest Norwegian media outlets. The agency is located in Oslo and has bureaus in Brussels in Belgium and Tromsø in northern Norway. NTB operates 24 hours a day, with the night service handled from a bureau in Sydney, Australia since 2015. The photo agency Scanpix is a wholly owned subsidiary of NTB.