hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dua Libro
Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia (lit. 'Second Book of the International Language'), usually referred to simply as Dua Libro, is an 1888 book by L. L. Zamenhof. It is the second book in which Zamenhof wrote about the constructed language Esperanto, following Unua Libro in 1887, and the first book to be written entirely in the language.

Dua Libro consists primarily of translations, which Zamenhof provided as reading material for those who expressed interest in the language after the publication of Unua Libro the previous year. It also usually includes Aldono al la Dua Libro (Supplement to the Second Book), which was originally published separately. In Aldono, Zamenhof solidified Esperanto into its final form.

Constructed language
A constructed language is a language for communication between humans (i.e. not with or between computers) which, unlike most languages that naturally emerge from human interaction, is intentionally devised by a person or group for a particular purpose. The term constructed language is often shortened to conlang and, as a relatively broad term, it encompasses subcategories including: fictional, artificial, engineered, planned and invented languages. Conlangs may include aspects reminiscent of natural language including phonology, grammar, orthography, and vocabulary. Interlinguistics includes the study of constructed languages.
Wong Nai Chung Gap
Wong Nai Chung Gap (Chinese: 黃泥涌峽; lit. 'The gorge that yellow mud is gushing out of') is a geographic gap in the middle of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. The gap is between Mount Nicholson and Jardine's Lookout behind Wong Nai Chung (Happy Valley). Five roads meet at the gap: Wong Nai Chung Gap Road, Tai Tam Reservoir Road, Repulse Bay Road, Deep Water Bay Road and Black's Link. It is a strategic passage between the north and south of the island, though less so today since the opening of the Aberdeen Tunnel.

Gap (landform)
A gap is a geological formation that is a low point or opening between hills or mountains or in a ridge or mountain range.

It may be called a col, notch, pass, saddle, water gap, or wind gap. Geomorphologically, a gap is most often carved by water erosion from a freshet, stream or a river. Gaps created by freshets are often, if not normally, devoid of water through much of the year, their streams being dependent upon the meltwaters of a snow pack. Gaps sourced by small springs will generally have a small stream excepting perhaps during the most arid parts of the year.

Water gaps of necessity often cut entirely through a barrier range and riverine gaps may create canyons such as the riverine gaps of the Danube River, Lehigh River Gorge, the Colorado River's Grand Canyon and the Genesee River. Such cuttings may expose millennia of strata in the local rock column writing the geologic record.
Esaki
Esaki (江崎) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kazuhito Esaki (born 1986), Japanese football player

Leo Esaki (born 1925), Japanese physicist

Takashi Esaki (born 1956), Japanese politician

Teiso Esaki (1899–1957), Japanese entomologist

Tetsuma Esaki (born 1943), Japanese politician

Yoichiro Esaki (born 1958), Japanese politician

Leo Esaki
Leo Esaki (born March 12, 1925) is a Japanese solid-state physicist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson for his work on tunneling in semiconductors, which led to his invention of the tunnel diode that exploits this phenomenon. His research was done when he was with Sony. He has also contributed in being a pioneer of semiconductor superlattices.
Mou Jinxiang
Mou Jinxiang is a Chinese businesswoman who is the former chairwomen of Lianhe Chemical Technology, a pesticide, pharmaceuticals and chemical producer based in Taizhou, China.

Mou is a billionaire. She co-founded Lianhe Chemical Technology in 1985 with her husband Wang Zhihua, who later died in the 1990s. The company then went public that at the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2008.

In 2015, Mou's wealth increased to over a billion dollars based on Lianhe Chemical Technology's increased profits. Later in 2016, Mou was recognized by Forbes as one of the most powerful businesswomen in Asia. On 3 September 2021, she reduced her holdings by more than half, of her 10772400 shares, accounting for 1.1668% of the total share capital of the company.

Billionaire
A billionaire is a person whose net worth is at least one billion units of a given currency, typically USD. It is a sub-category of the concept of the ultra high-net-worth individual. The American business magazine Forbes produces a global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed billionaire in 1916.

Nineteen individuals had attained the status of centibillionaires, each with a net worth of at least $100 billion, as of January 2026. As of March 2025, there are 3028 billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over $16.1 trillion, up nearly $2 trillion over 2024.
Petr Koukal (ice hockey)
Petr Koukal (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpɛtr̩ ˈkoukal]; born 16 August 1982) is a Czech professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for HK Hradec Kralove in the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Czech Republic National men's ice hockey team.

His older brother Martin is a cross-country skiing world champion.

Mountfield HK
Mountfield Hokejovy Klub (full name: Mountfield Hradec Králové, a.s.) is a Czech ice hockey club based in Hradec Králové, active in the Czech Extraliga since the 2013–14 season. The club colors are white, red, black and yellow. Partner clubs are SC Marimex Kolín and HC Příbram.

It plays its home matches in the winter stadium Hradec Králové (ČPP arena) under the White Tower with a capacity of 6,890 spectators.
Rancho San Carlos de Jonata
Rancho San Carlos de Jonata was a 26,634-acre (107.78 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Santa Barbara County, California given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to Joaquín Carrillo and Jose Maria Covarrubias.  The grant was west of Mission Santa Inés in the Santa Ynez Valley, and extended north from the Santa Ynez River along Zaca Creek.  The grant encompasses present-day Solvang and Buellton.

Santa Barbara County, California
Santa Barbara County, officially the County of Santa Barbara (Spanish: Condado de Santa Bárbara), is a county located in Southern California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 448,229. The county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria.

Santa Barbara County comprises the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the county is part of the California Central Coast. Mainstays of the county's economy include engineering, resource extraction (particularly petroleum extraction and diatomaceous earth mining), winemaking, agriculture, and education. The software development and tourism industries are important employers in the southern part of the county.
Weston under Penyard
Weston under Penyard is a small village in Herefordshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2021 Census was 1,000.

It lies on the A40 road two miles east of Ross-on-Wye. The Penyard is a prominent hill.

A40 road
The A40 is a road which runs between London and Goodwick (Fishguard), in Wales. It is approximately 260 miles (420 km) long. The eastern section from Denham, Buckinghamshire to Wheatley, Oxfordshire is better served by the M40 and its former function of linking London with Cheltenham and Gloucester has been taken by the M4, A419 and A417 via Swindon.

In 1937, together with the A48 road, it formed parts of the London–Fishguard trunk road, as well as a part of the Newport–Shrewsbury trunk road. Much of the A40's length within England has been superseded by motorways, such as the M40, and has lost its trunk road status, though it retains the status west of Gloucester and its entirety within Wales.
Claire Lalouette
Claire Lalouette is a French Egyptologist, former scientific member of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo, Egypt, and Professor at Paris-Sorbonne University.

Her works have been translated into Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, most notably the monumental four-volume History of Pharaonic Civilisation.

Egyptology
Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek -λογία, -logia; Arabic: علم المصريات) is the scientific study of ancient Egypt, including historic artifacts and ancient writing. The topics studied include ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture, culture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD.
Belmont, Wellington
Belmont, a suburb of Lower Hutt, to the north of Wellington in the North Island of New Zealand, lies on the west bank of the Hutt River, on State Highway 2 (SH 2), the Wellington-Hutt main road, and across the river from the centre of Lower Hutt.

It borders the Belmont Regional Park and features much native bush and scenic views.
The Belmont Picnic Grounds were a popular venue for outings in the early 1900s. They were operated originally by Mr Kilminster (ca. 1911–1914), then by Mr C. E. Clarke (ca. 1914–1919) and finally by Mrs Eliza Presants, wife of Philip Robert Presants, ca. 1920–1932.

The Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences has a kiosk substation in the area. The site has rocky or very stiff soil.

Belmont railway station closed in 1954.

Hinduism in New Zealand
Hinduism is the second largest religion in New Zealand. It is also one of the fastest-growing religions in the country. According to the 2023 census, Hindus form 2.9% of the population of New Zealand. There are about 153,534 Hindus in New Zealand.

Hindus from all over India continue to immigrate today, with the largest Indian ethnic subgroup being Gujaratis, Haryanvi and Dravidians. A later wave of immigrants also includes Hindu immigrants who were of Indian descent from nations that were historically under European colonial rule, such as Fiji. Today there are Hindu temples in all major New Zealand cities.
Qipanzhou Yangtze River Bridge
The Qipanzhou Yangtze River Bridge (Chinese: 棋盘洲长江公路大桥) is a suspension bridge over the Yangtze river in Yichang, China. The bridge is one of the longest suspension bridges with a main span of 1,038 m (3,406 ft).

Yichang
Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌), alternatively romanized as Ichang, is a prefecture-level city located in western Hubei province, China. Yichang had a population of 3.92 million people at the 2022 census, making it the third most populous city in Hubei. The city is famous for the Three Gorges, the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam, all three of which are located in Yiling District, one of the city's districts.
Kestopur
Kestopur is a neighbourhood in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).

North 24 Parganas district
North 24 Parganas (abv. 24 PGS (N)) or sometimes North Twenty Four Parganas is a district in southern West Bengal, of eastern India. North 24 Parganas extends in the tropical zone from latitude 22° 11′ 6″ north to 23° 15′ 2″ north and from longitude 88º20' east to 89º5' east.  Barasat is the district headquarters of North 24 Parganas. North 24 Parganas is West Bengal's most populous district and also (since 2014) the most populated district in the whole of India. It is the tenth-largest district in the State by area.
Next Level Chef (American TV series) season 1
The first season of the American competitive reality television series Next Level Chef premiered on Fox on January 2, 2022, and concluded on March 2, 2022. Gordon Ramsay hosted the season and served as a mentor, along with mentors Nyesha Arrington and Richard Blais.

The season was won by social media chef Stephanie "Pyet" Despain, with professional chefs Mariah Scott and Reuel Vincent finishing as co-runner-ups.

Richard Blais
Richard Blais is an American chef, television personality, restaurateur, and author. He appeared on the reality show cooking show Top Chef, and is known for his take on classic American cuisine. Blais was the runner-up for the fourth season of Top Chef and returned several seasons later to win Top Chef: All-Stars.
Yuriy Tarnawsky
Yuriy Orest Ivanovych Tarnawsky (February 3, 1934 – October 14, 2025) was a Ukrainian-American writer and linguist, one of the founding members of the New York Group of Poets, a group of avant-garde Ukrainian diaspora  writers, and co-founder and co-editor of the journal New Poetry, as well as member of the US innovative writers' collaborative Fiction Collective. He wrote fiction, poetry, plays, translations, and criticism in both Ukrainian and English.

Ukrainian diaspora
The Ukrainian diaspora comprises Ukrainians and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection  to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community. The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other post-Soviet states as well as in Canada and other countries such as Poland, the United States, the UK and Brazil.
Narcomedusae
Narcomedusae is an order of hydrozoans in the subclass Trachylinae. Members of this order do not normally have a polyp stage. The medusa has a dome-shaped bell with thin sides. The tentacles are attached above the lobed margin of the bell with usually a gastric pouch above each. There are no bulbs on the tentacles and no radial canals. Narcomedusans are mostly inhabitants of the open sea and deep waters. They can be found in the Mediterranean in large numbers. Narcomedusae are essential to the ecosystem as they are top-down regulators for the midwater environment.

Polyp (zoology)
A polyp in zoology is one of two forms  found in the phylum Cnidaria, the other being the medusa. Polyps are roughly cylindrical in shape and elongated at the axis of the vase-shaped body. In solitary polyps, the aboral (opposite to oral) end is attached to the substrate by means of a disc-like holdfast called a pedal disc, while in colonies of polyps it is connected to other polyps, either directly or indirectly. The oral end contains the mouth, and is surrounded by a circlet of tentacles.
John Ames (politician)
John B. Ames (born January 2, 1983, in Saint John, New Brunswick) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 2014 provincial election. He represented Saint Croix as a member of the Liberal Party, but was voted out by the people of Charlotte-Campobello / Saint Croix in the September 24, 2018, election, being replaced by Greg Thompson.

He was appointed to the New Brunswick Cabinet on June 6, 2016, where he took on the portfolios of Tourism, Heritage and Culture. He sat on Her Majesty's Executive Council Office in his capacity as Minister of the Crown, serving on various committees.

Prior to his election to the NB Legislature, Ames was a municipal councillor in St. Stephen. He served as deputy mayor from May 2012 to September 2014.

St. Stephen, New Brunswick
St. Stephen is a Canadian town in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, situated on the east bank of the St. Croix River around the intersection of New Brunswick Route 170 and the southern terminus of New Brunswick Route 3.  The St. Croix River marks a section of the Canada–United States border, forming a natural border between Calais, Maine and St. Stephen. U.S. Route 1 parallels the St. Croix river for a few miles, and is accessed from St. Stephen by three cross-border bridges.

On 1 January 2023, St. Stephen annexed all or part of seven local service districts and was renamed the Municipal District of St. Stephen, retaining town status. Revised census figures have not been released.
2024 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament
The 2024 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) was a postseason single-elimination tournament of NCAA Division I basketball teams. This was the first CIT contested since 2019. The 2020 and 2021 CITs were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the CIT was replaced by The Basketball Classic. Neither The Basketball Classic nor the CIT were contested in 2023. However, CollegeInsider.com announced in early March 2024, that the CIT was to be revived in a 16-team pod-based format for the 2023–24 postseason. Ultimately, only nine teams agreed to play in the 2024 edition.

Four classics were contested during the tournament, each named in honor of a legendary college basketball coach: Hugh Durham, Lou Henson, John McLendon and Jim Phelan. The winner of each classic was awarded a trophy, and a classic most valuable player was named.

Norfolk State won their first-ever CIT title, defeating Purdue Fort Wayne, 75–67, after overcoming an 18-point deficit.

Hugh Durham
Hugh Nelson Durham (born October 26, 1937) is an American retired college basketball coach. He was head coach at Florida State, Georgia, and Jacksonville. He is the only head coach to have led two different programs to their first Final Four appearances.
Arnaud Labbe
Arnaud Labbe (born 3 November 1976 in Creil, Oise) is a French racing cyclist who rides for the CC Périgueux Dordogne team. He had started the 2010 season riding for an amateur team, GSC Blagnac, having failed to earn a renewal of his contract with Bbox Bouygues Telecom at the end of the previous season, but Cofidis were left short of riders due to injuries and illness, and needed to expand their squad. Labbe competes in road and cyclo-cross events.

For the 2014 season, Labbe returned to the amateur ranks with CC Périgueux Dordogne.

Team TotalEnergies
Team TotalEnergies (UCI team code: TEN) is a professional road bicycle racing team that competes as a UCI ProTeam in UCI Continental Circuits races and UCI World Tour races when invited as a wild card entry. In previous years, the team was known as Brioches La Boulangère, Bonjour, Bouygues Télécom, Bbox Bouygues Telecom, and Europcar. The 2015 season was the last under the sponsorship of Europcar. The team has been sponsored by Direct Énergie since 2016.
John Gogo
John Albert Gogo (February 15, 1932 – April 4, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1975 to 1993 and served several years in the provincial cabinet.

Gogo joined the Canadian Armed Forces in 1949 and saw combat in the Korean War. He attained the rank of sergeant by the time he left the Army in 1962.  In 1972 he became President of the Rotary Club of Lethbridge.

Gogo ran in the 1975 Alberta general election as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the riding of Lethbridge West; he defeated incumbent Social Credit MLA Richard Gruenwald by a wide margin.  He served as Minister of Advanced Education in the provincial government from November 1985 to December 1992.

On May 31, 2007 Gogo was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Lethbridge. He died in 2015 in Lethbridge.

1975 Alberta general election
The 1975 Alberta general election was held on March 26, 1975, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta to the 18th Alberta Legislature. The election was called on February 14, 1975 prorogued and dissolved of the 17th Alberta Legislature.

The Progressive Conservative Party led by incumbent Premier Peter Lougheed won its second term in government in a landslide, taking over 62 per cent of the popular vote and winning 69 of the 75 seats in the legislature for  a supermajority government.

After 36 years in government from 1935 to 1971—virtually its entire history—the Social Credit Party was unprepared for a role in opposition. It lost over half of its popular vote from the previous election, and was cut down to only four MLAs—just barely holding onto official party status. The only other opposition MLAs was Alberta New Democratic Party leader Grant Notley; independent Gordon Taylor supported the Tories.
Leis (surname)
Leis is an Estonian surname. As of 1 January 2023, 159 men and 178 women in Estonia bear the surname Leis. Leis is ranked as the 426th most common surname for men in Estonia, and 405th for women. The surname Leis is the most commonly found in Põlva County, where 9.02 per 10,000 inhabitants bear the name.

People bearing the surname Leis include:

Heikki Leis (born 1945), artist

Kuldar Leis (born 1968), entrepreneur and politician

Lauri Leis (born 1978), triple jumper

Malle Leis (1940–2017), painter and graphic artist

Paul Leis (1874–1947), politician

Paul Leis
Paul Leis (14 November 1874 Erastvere Parish, Võru County – 16 January 1947 Kanepi Parish, Võru County) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of I Riigikogu. On 12 April 1921, he resigned his position and he was replaced by Karl Ipsberg.
Diane Burko
Diane Burko (b. 1945, New York City, NY) is an American painter and photographer. She is based in Philadelphia and Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Her work addresses landscape, climate change and environmental activism.

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) is a museum and private art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1805, it is the longest continuously operating art museum and art school in the United States.

The academy's museum is internationally known for its collections of 19th- and 20th-century American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. Its archives house important materials for the study of American art history, museums, and art training. It offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, certificate programs, and continuing education. Beginning in 2025, the academy will cease offering degrees except bachelor's degrees in conjunction with the University of Pennsylvania.
Potchefstroom Koekoek
The Potchefstroom Koekoek is a South African breed of chicken  developed in the 1960s at the Potchefstroom Agricultural College in the city of Potchefstroom by Chris Marais. It was developed by cross breeding a number of other breeds like Black Australorp, White Leghorn, and Barred Plymouth Rock to obtain specific characteristics of each, making the resulting breed more suitable to Southern African conditions.

The breed was intended as a dual purpose, free ranging chicken with laying capabilities as well as a large structure for meat production. Pure Koekoeks have a black-and-white barred appearance, with the chicks sexable soon after hatching due to distinct sex markings. Potchefstroom Koekoeks maintain good egg production even with poor quality or insufficient feeding.

Sex-link
Sex-links are crossbred chickens whose color at hatching is differentiated by sex, thus making chick sexing an easier process. Sex-links come in several varieties. As hybrids of laying or dual-purpose breeds infused with extra vigor via heterosis, sex-links can be extremely good egg-layers which often produce 300 eggs a year or more depending on the quality of care and feed. The color of their eggs vary according to the mix of breeds, and blue-green eggs are possible.

Chicks of a single breed that are similarly sex-linked are called autosex chickens, a term developed to differentiate between sex linkage in purebred chickens versus sex linkage in crossbreeds.
Guy Brett
Guy Anthony Baliol Brett (1942–2021) was an English art critic, writer and curator. He was noted for a personal vision, particularly of cultural production of an experimental character. He is known for the promotion of Latin American artists, and for drawing attention to kinetic art during the 1960s in Europe and Latin America.

Cildo Meireles
Cildo Meireles (born 1948) is a Brazilian conceptual artist, installation artist and sculptor. He is noted especially for his installations, many of which express resistance to political oppression in Brazil. These works, often large and dense, encourage a phenomenological experience via the viewer's interaction.