hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Swordsmanship
Swordsmanship or sword fighting refers to the skills and techniques used in combat and training with any type of sword. The term is modern, and as such was mainly used to refer to smallsword fencing, but by extension it can also be applied to any martial art involving the use of a sword. The formation of the English word "swordsman" is parallel to the Latin word gladiator, a term for the professional fighters who fought against each other and a variety of other foes for the entertainment of spectators in the Roman Empire. The word gladiator itself comes from the Latin word gladius, which is a type of sword.

Rapier
A rapier (/ˈreɪpiər/) is a type of sword originally used in Spain (known as espada ropera, 'dress sword') and Italy (known as spada da lato a striscia).  The name designates a sword with a straight, slender and sharply pointed two-edged long blade wielded in one hand. Known for its elegant design and intricate hilt, it was widely popular in Western Europe throughout the 16th and 17th centuries as a symbol of nobility or gentleman status.

As fencing spread throughout Western Europe, important sources for rapier fencing arose in Spain, known under the term destreza ("dexterity"), in Italy and France. The French small sword or court sword of the 18th century was a direct continuation of this tradition of fencing.

Rapier fencing forms part of Historical European Martial Arts. The rapier has also been widely used in theatrical productions and films. The Society of American Fight Directors recognizes rapier and dagger as one of the eight main weapon disciplines of stage combat.
National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19
National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (NEGVAC) is an expert committee constituted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), India to provide advice and guidance on all aspects of COVID-19 vaccination. The committee is also responsible for prioritisation of population groups in the country, deciding procurement and inventory management procedure, selection and delivery of vaccines etc.

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) is a ministry of the Government of India charged with health policy in India. It is also responsible for all government programs relating to family planning in India.

The Minister of Health and Family Welfare holds cabinet rank as a member of the Council of Ministers. The current minister is  Jagat Prakash Nadda, while the current Minister of State for Health are Anupriya Patel and Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav.

Since 1955, the Ministry regularly publishes the Indian Pharmacopoeia through the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), an autonomous body for setting standards for drugs, pharmaceuticals and healthcare devices and technologies in India.
Achefer
Achefer (Amharic: አቸፈር) was a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It was named for the historic district of Achefer, which was first mentioned in the 16th century. Part of the Mirab Gojjam Zone, Achefer was bordered on the south by the Agew Awi Zone, on the west by the Semien Gondar Zone, on the north by Lake Tana, on the northeast by Bahir Dar Zuria, and on the southeast by Merawi; the Lesser Abay River defined the woreda's eastern boundary. The woreda included Dek Island. The administrative center was Yesmala; other towns in Achefer included Durbete, Liben, Kunzela, Chiba and Wandege. Acheref was divided for Debub Achefer and Semien Achefer woredas.

Lake Tana
Lake Tana (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously transcribed Tsana) is the largest lake in Ethiopia and a source of the Blue Nile. Located in Amhara Region in the north-western Ethiopian Highlands, the lake is approximately 84 kilometres (52 miles) long and 66 kilometres (41 miles) wide, with a maximum depth of 15 metres (49 feet), and an elevation of 1,788 metres (5,866 feet). Lake Tana is fed by the Gilgel Abay, Reb and Gumara rivers. Its surface area ranges from 3,000 to 3,500 square kilometres (1,200 to 1,400 square miles), depending on season and rainfall. The lake level has been regulated since the construction of the control weir where the lake discharges into the Blue Nile. This controls the flow to the Blue Nile Falls (Tis Abbai) and hydro-power station.

In 2015, the Lake Tana region was nominated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve recognizing its national and international natural and cultural importance.
Vietnamese calendar
The Vietnamese calendar (Vietnamese: âm lịch; chữ Hán: 陰曆) is a lunisolar calendar that is mostly based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar. As Vietnam's official calendar has been the Gregorian calendar since 1954, the Vietnamese calendar is used mainly to observe lunisolar holidays and commemorations, such as Tết Nguyên Đán and Tết Trung Thu.

Thiệu Trị
Thiệu Trị (Hanoi: [tʰiəw˧˨ʔ t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ], chữ Hán: 紹治, lit. "inheritance of prosperity"; 6 June 1807 – 4 November 1847), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông or Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền, was the third emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. He was the eldest son of Emperor Minh Mạng, and reigned from 14 February 1841 until his death on 4 November 1847. He died at the age of 41, according to some reports, of apoplexy. He was interred in the Xương Lăng tomb (also known as the Tomb of Thiệu Trị) located in Huế, which was completed by his son and successor, Emperor Tự Đức.
Global Chess League 2024
The Global Chess League 2024, known for sponsorship reasons as the Tech Mahindra Global Chess League 2024, was the second season of the annual over-the-board rapid chess league organized by FIDE. It was held in London from October 3 to 14, 2024. It was a joint venture organized by Tech Mahindra and FIDE.

It featured six teams of six players each, and involved ten round-robin matches, followed by a final match between the top two teams. Triveni Continental Kings, the defending champions, led by Alireza Firouzja, retained their title after beating Anish Giri's PBG Alaskan Knights in the final. Alexandra Kosteniuk was named Player of the Final for winning both her games in the final. Nihal Sarin was named Male Player of the Season. Alina Kashlinskaya was named  Female Player of the Season.

Alexandra Kosteniuk
Alexandra Konstantinovna Kosteniuk (Russian: Александра Константиновна Костенюк; born 23 April 1984) is a Russian and Swiss chess grandmaster who was the Women's World Chess Champion from 2008 to 2010 and Women's World Rapid Chess Champion in 2021. She was European women's champion in 2004 and a two-time Russian Women's Chess Champion (in 2005 and 2016). Kosteniuk won the team gold medal playing for Russia at the Women's Chess Olympiads of 2010, 2012 and 2014; the Women's World Team Chess Championship of 2017; and the Women's European Team Chess Championships of 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2017 and the Women's Chess World Cup 2021. In 2022, due to sanctions imposed on Russian players after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, she switched federations, and as of March 2023 she represents Switzerland.
CLDN4
Claudin 4, also known as CLDN4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CLDN4 gene. It belongs to the group of claudins.

This gene encodes an integral membrane protein, which belongs to the claudin family. The protein is a component of tight junction strands and may play a role in internal organ development and function during pre- and postnatal life. This gene is deleted in Williams-Beuren syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting multiple systems.

Claudin 4 can also be used as a marker for distinguishing malignant mesothelioma from lung cancer and uterine serous carcinoma. As a pancreatic cancer marker in cell-blocks of effusion specimens, it has also been found to have a superior performance to BerEp4 staining.

Integral membrane protein
An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP)  is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. All transmembrane proteins can be classified as IMPs, but not all IMPs are transmembrane proteins. IMPs comprise a significant fraction of the proteins encoded in an organism's genome. Proteins that cross the membrane are surrounded by annular lipids, which are defined as lipids that are in direct contact with a membrane protein. Such proteins can only be separated from the membranes by using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes denaturing agents.

Proteins that adhere only temporarily to cellular membranes are known as peripheral membrane proteins. These proteins can either associate with integral membrane proteins, or independently insert in the lipid bilayer in several ways.
Remmert
Remmert is a surname and given name. Notable people with the surname include:

Birgit Remmert (born 1966), German mezzo-soprano

Dennis Remmert (1938–2020), American football player

Martha Remmert (1853–1941), German classical pianist, music educator, conductor and music writer

Peter Remmert (born 2005), German footballer

Reinhold Remmert (1930–2016), German mathematician

Remmert Wielinga (born 1978), Dutch road bicycle racer

Birgit Remmert
Birgit Remmert (born 4 September 1966) is a German operatic mezzo-soprano and contralto who has appeared in major European opera houses, concert halls and festivals. She has performed title roles such as Dalila, Penthesilea, and Iokaste in an opera composed for her.
Piñera (surname)
Piñera is a Hispanic surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Piñera family

Bernardino Piñera (1915–2020), Chilean prelate of the Catholic Church

José Piñera Carvallo (1917–1991), Chilean engineer, diplomat and politician. His sons include:

José Piñera (born 1948), Chilean economist

Miguel Piñera (1954–2025), Chilean celebrity

Sebastián Piñera (1949–2024), Chilean businessman and President (2010–2014, 2018–2022)

Others

Antonia Is Piñera (born 1966), Spanish football defender

Eva Piñera (born 1974), Spanish swimmer

Gerardo Carrera Piñera (born 1987), Spanish football player

Isma Piñera (born 1977), Spanish football player

Juan Piñera (born 1949), Cuban musician

Mike Pinera (1948–2024), American guitarist

Virgilio Piñera (1912–1979), Cuban author

Eva Piñera
Eva Piñera Piñera (born 1 July 1974) is a former backstroke swimmer from Spain, who competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta for her native country where she finished in 20th place in the 100 m Backstroke, and in 15th position with the Women's Team in the 4x100 m Medley Relay.
Degrassi Junior High season 2
The second season of Degrassi Junior High, a Canadian teen drama television series, aired in Canada from January 4, 1988, to April 18, 1988, consisting of thirteen episodes. The series follows the lives of a group of seventh and eighth grade school children attending the titular school as they face various issues and challenges such as child abuse, homophobia, teenage pregnancy, and body image.

The second season aired on Mondays at 8:30.p.m on CBC Television, in prime time. Re-runs of the first season were slotted an hour earlier by CBC's programming chief Ivan Fecan, who hailed the series, before being moved to 8:30.p.m in the leadup to the second season's debut. In the United States, the first two seasons of the series were aired together as one twenty-six-episode season on PBS. The season was released to DVD by WGBH Boston Home Video on June 7, 2005, in the United States, and by Force Entertainment on October 1, 2005, in Australia.

Child abuse
Child abuse (also called child endangerment or child maltreatment) is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.

Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute a criminal charge.
Uecker (surname)
Uecker is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bob Uecker (1934–2025), American baseball player and commentator

Georg Uecker (born 1962), German actor

Gerd Uecker (1946–2024), German opera artistic director

Günther Uecker (1930–2025), German painter, sculptor, and installation artist

Heiko Uecker (1939–2019), German philologist

Joe Uecker (born 1954), American politician

John Uecker (1946–2022), American actor and theatre director

Keith Uecker (born 1960), American football player

Korliss Uecker, American operatic soprano

Sabine Uecker (born 1943), German politician

Korliss Uecker
Korliss Uecker (born April 28, is an American operatic soprano from Hettinger, North Dakota. With a Masters of Music from the Juilliard School, she performed over 100 times at the Metropolitan Opera singing roles such as Susanna in Le nozze di Figaro and Papagena in The Magic Flute. She has also appeared with Washington National Opera at the  Kennedy Center, Dallas Opera, Santa Fe Opera and the Spoleto Festival, among others. In addition to opera, Uecker sings a wide variety of vocal music including lieder, French chansons, cabaret, jazz and American musical theatre.
Demming
Demming is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfons Demming (1928–2012), German Roman Catholic titular bishop

Chantal Demming (born 1978), Dutch actress

Ellen Demming (1922–2002), American actress

Jevon Demming (born 1989), British Virgin Islands footballer

Robert Demming (born 1947), English cricketer

Alfons Demming
Alfons Demming (29 February 1928 – 31 October 2012) was the Roman Catholic titular bishop of Gordus and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster, Germany.

Ordained in 1953, Demming was named bishop in 1976 and resigned in 1998.
Romani people in Mitrovica refugee camps
In 2008 there were about 500–700 Romani people in Mitrovica refugee camps. These three camps were created by the UN in Kosovo. The camps are based around disused heavy metals mines which have fallen out of use since the end of the Kosovo War of 1999. There have been complaints that the residents are suffering severe lead poisoning. According to a 2010 Human Rights Watch, Romani displaced from the Romani quarter in Mitrovica, due to its destruction in 2000, continued to be inmates of camps in north Mitrovica (Cesmin Lug, Osterode and Leposavic), where they were exposed to environmental lead poisoning.

Leposavić
Leposavić (Serbian Cyrillic: Лепосавић, pronounced [lɛ̌pɔsaʋitɕ]), also known as Leposaviq or Albanik (Albanian definite form: Leposaviqi or Albaniku), is a town and the northernmost municipality in the Mitrovica District in Kosovo. As of 2015, it has an estimated population of 18,600 inhabitants. The municipality covers an area of 539 km2 (208 sq mi) which makes it the fifth largest in Kosovo, and consists of the town and 72 villages.

It is a part of North Kosovo, a region with an ethnic Serb majority. As per the 2013 Brussels Agreement, the municipality is expected to become part of a proposed Community of Serb Municipalities.
Max Orban
Adrien Eugène Joseph Max Orban (22 July 1881 – 23 May 1969) was a Belgian rower. He competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens with the men's coxed pair (1 mile) teamed up with his brother Rémy where they won silver.

Rowing at the 1906 Intercalated Games
At the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens, six rowing events were contested.   Now called the Intercalated Games, the 1906 Games are no longer considered as an official Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee.
Minny Mock-Degen
Minny Evaline Mock-Degen (4 May 1945, Vevey – 11 April 2020, Israel) was a Dutch anthropologist, writer, and publisher, best remembered for her PhD dissertation titled 'The Dynamics of Becoming Orthodox: Dutch Jewish women returning to Judaism and how their mothers felt about it' (2006), as well as other publications, such as 'Rijkdom: Joodse naoorlogse verhalen' (2018), her activism for Dutch Jews, for translating Israeli books into Dutch, and printing Jewish literature.

In 1978, she established a Dutch non-profit for the publication and distribution of Jewish books, and named it 'Amphora Books'. She ran the non-profit together with her husband, Harry Mock. Their oldest son, Leo Mock, also contributed to this non-profit by publishing various books.

Vevey
Vevey (/vəˈveɪ/; French pronunciation: [vəvɛ] ⓘ; Arpitan: Vevê; former German: Vivis) is a town in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, on the north shore of Lake Geneva, near Lausanne.  The German name Vivis is no longer commonly used.

It was the seat of the district of the same name until 2006, and is now part of the Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District. It is part of the French-speaking area of Switzerland.

Vevey is home to the world headquarters of the international food and beverage company Nestlé, founded here in 1867. Milk chocolate was invented in Vevey by Daniel Peter in 1875, with the aid of Henri Nestlé. The English actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin resided in Vevey from 1952 until his death in 1977.
Ludwig Alsdorf
Ludwig Alsdorf (8 August 1904 – 23 March 1978) was a German Indologist and a professor at the University of Hamburg. He studied Jainism, Buddhism, and the Vedas and became an expert on India for the Nazi state following his book "Indien" (1940) which went into several editions. He was also involved in matters relating to the Nazi government and its anti-British propaganda through agents like Subhas Chandra Bose.

University of Hamburg
The University of Hamburg (German: Universität Hamburg, also referred to as UHH) is a public research university in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded on 28 March 1919 by combining the previous General Lecture System (Allgemeines Vorlesungswesen), the Hamburg Colonial Institute (Hamburgisches Kolonialinstitut), and the Academic College (Akademisches Gymnasium). The main campus is located in the central district of Rotherbaum, with affiliated institutes and research centres distributed around the city-state. Seven Nobel Prize winners and one Wolf Prize winner are affiliated with UHH.
Paul Balin
Paul Balin (1832–1898) was a French wallpaper designer and manufacturer. Balin was active as a wallpaper manufacturer in Paris during second half of the 19th century.

Balin was born in Paris in 1832. In 1863 he assumed ownership of the Genoux company in Paris. He received awards for his company's wallpapers at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, and at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair. Balin was featured multiple times in The Decorator and Furnisher in 1890 for productions of decorative wallpapers.

Balin held a dozen patents related to the embossing of wallpaper, which he registered between 1866 and 1884. Between 1876 and 1885 he launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits against his competitors.

Examples of his work are found in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts Houston, the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.

Exposition Universelle (1867)
The Exposition Universelle of 1867 (French pronunciation: [ɛkspozisjɔ̃ ynivɛʁsɛl]), better known in English as the 1867 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 1 April to 3 November 1867. It was the second of ten major expositions held in the city between 1855 and 1937. A number of nations were represented at the fair. Following a decree of Emperor Napoleon III, the exposition was prepared as early as 1864, in the midst of the renovation of Paris, marking the culmination of the Second French Empire. Visitors included Tsar Alexander II of Russia, a brother of the King William and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, Prince Metternich and Franz Josef of Austria, Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, and the Khedive of Egypt Isma'il.
Mugavade
Mugavade is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India.Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Nearest railway stations around the village are  Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station.

Kamshet railway station
Kamshet railway station or Kamshet station is a railway station of Pune Suburban Railway on Mumbai–Chennai line.

Local trains between Pune Junction–Lonavala, Shivaji Nagar–Lonavala stop here.

The only passenger train having a stop at this station is the Pune Junction–Karjat Passenger.

The station has two platforms and a foot overbridge. Nearby attractions are two hilly forts, namely Tikona Fort and Tung Fort, and the Pavna Dam and boating.
History of early modern Italy
The history of early modern Italy roughly corresponds to the period from the Italian Renaissance to the Congress of Vienna in 1814. The following period was characterized by political and social unrest which then led to the unification of Italy, which culminated in 1861 with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy.

House of Este
The House of Este (UK: /ˈɛsti/ EST-ee, US: /ˈɛsteɪ/ EST-ay, Italian: [ˈɛste]) is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries.

The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as the House of Welf, included dukes of Bavaria and of Brunswick. This branch produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs, as well as one Emperor of Russia (Ivan VI) and one Holy Roman Emperor (Otto IV).

The original House of Este's younger branch, which is simply called the House of Este, included rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), and of Modena (900–1859) and Reggio (1288–1796). This branch's male line became extinct with the death of Ercole III in 1803.
Acatlan y Piastla
Acatlan y Piastla was an alcaldia mayore in New Spain located in what is today Puebla State.  Its capital was Acatlán, known in Mixtec as Yucuyuxi.

Prior to the coming of the Spanish this area was divided between the Mixtec kingdoms of Acatlan, Chilla, Icxitlan and Petlaltzinco and the Nahuatl-speaking kingdom of Piastla.  All of these were tributary states of the Aztec Empire.  Piastla was in a region known as Totollan, while the other kingdoms were in the Mixteca Baja region.

Spanish control was established in this region in 1521.  The government was set up under a corregidor in 1532.  It was changed to an alcaldia mayore in 1558.

La Mixteca
La Mixteca (Nahuatl languages: Mixtecapan) is a cultural, economic and political region in Western Oaxaca and neighboring portions of Puebla, Guerrero in south-central Mexico, which refers to the home of the Mixtec people. In their languages, the region is called either Ñuu Djau, Ñuu Davi or Ñuu Savi.  Two-thirds of all Mixtecs live in the region, and the entire national population of Mixtecs in Mexico was 500,000 in 1999.

The region covers some 40,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi) where two of the country's mountain ranges, the Neo-Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre del Sur, converge.