hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist. He is considered to be a main founder of zoology and anthropology as comparative, scientific disciplines. He has been called the "founder of racial classifications".

He was one of the first to explore the study of the human being as an aspect of natural history. His teachings in comparative anatomy were applied to his classification of human races, of which he claimed there were five: Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, and American. He was a member of what modern historians call the Göttingen school of history.

He is considered a pivotal figure in the development of physical anthropology. Blumenbach's peers considered him one of the great theorists of his day, and he was a mentor or influence on many of the next generation of German biologists, including Alexander von Humboldt.

Comparative anatomy
Comparative anatomy is a study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species).

The science began in the classical era, continuing in the early modern period with work by Pierre Belon who noted the similarities of the skeletons of birds and humans.

Comparative anatomy has provided evidence of common descent, and has assisted in the classification of animals.
M1 gas mask
The M-1 (or M-59) was a standard issue gas mask for troops in Yugoslavia, as well as for SFRY successor states (Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia). This respirator was only available until 2005, therefore, the filters are said to have had a limited working lifetime assigned. It is a copy of the U.S. M-9 gas mask. It was also used by the Iraqi army in the Gulf War, where it was designated M-59. It is olive green in color, and has a side-loading canister which uses a 60mm opening. There are different versions of the mask, MC-1 (civilian version), M-1 (civilian version but with oral nasal cup, and some things in the bag are different) and the M-59 (the military version). The filter doesn't have asbestos, but contains chromium.

The M-1 was manufactured by Trayal.

Armed Forces of Montenegro
The Armed Forces of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Vojska Crne Gore / Војска Црне Горе) are the military forces of Montenegro. The Armed Forces consists of an army, navy and air force.

The military currently maintains a force of 2,350 active duty members. The bulk of its equipment and forces were inherited from the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro; as Montenegro contained the entire coastline of the former union, it retained the entire naval force.

On 5 June 2017, Montenegro joined NATO as the 29th member.
Lawrence S. Churchill
Lawrence S. Churchill was a colonel in United States Army Air Corps.  He was a fighter pilot during World War I, and was commander of the Far East Air Service Command, based in the Philippines during World War II. He was taken captive by the Japanese during their invasion of the Philippines, forced to march in the Death March of Bataan, and was imprisoned in a POW camp in Manchuria.  He was later liberated at the conclusion of the war and returned to the United States and retired.

Fighter pilot
A fighter pilot or combat pilot is a military aviator trained to engage in air-to-air combat, air-to-ground combat and sometimes electronic warfare while in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft. Fighter pilots undergo specialized training in aerial warfare and dogfighting (close range aerial combat). A fighter pilot with at least five air-to-air kills becomes known as an ace.
R103 (South Africa)
The R103 is a Regional Route in South Africa that is the designation for some of the old sections of roads that were previously the N3, prior to upgrading. It only has 3 sections, from Hillcrest to Ladysmith, from Warden to Villiers and from Heidelberg to Johannesburg.

Regional routes (South Africa)
Regional routes (also sometimes known as minor regional routes) are the third category of road in the South African route numbering scheme. They are designated with the letter "R" followed by a three-digit number. They serve as feeders connecting smaller towns to the national and provincial routes. Designation as a regional road does not necessarily imply any particular size of road; they range from gravel roads (like the R340 between Plettenberg Bay and Uniondale) to multi-lane freeways (like the R300 near Cape Town).

Although most regional roads are maintained by provincial road authorities, this is not universally the case; in provinces which lack capacity, some may be under the control of the National Roads Agency (SANRAL), and in urban areas they may be ordinary streets under the control of the municipal roads department. Similarly, some national (N) roads and freeways are under the control of provincial or municipal authorities rather than SANRAL.
The Short Life of Anne Frank
The Short Life of Anne Frank (Dutch: Het Korte Leven van Anne Frank), also occasionally referred to as The Brief Life of Anne Frank, is a 2001 Dutch television documentary film about the life of diarist Anne Frank. It was directed by Gerrit Netten. The film was narrated by several actors, including Jeremy Irons, Joachim Krol, and Bram Bart. Thekla Reuten and Nicky Morris provided voices for Anne Frank. The film includes the only known footage of Anne Frank (taken in 1941), a video of Otto Frank in English (taken in the 1960s), and some pages from the original diary of Anne Frank are also videoed in the film.

Otto Frank
Otto Heinrich Frank (12 May 1889 – 19 August 1980) was a German businessman, and the father of Anne Frank. He edited and published the first edition of her diary in 1947 (subsequently known in English as The Diary of a Young Girl) and advised on its later theatrical and cinematic adaptations. In the 1950s and the 1960s, he established European charities in his daughter's name and founded the trust which preserved his family's wartime hiding place, the Anne Frank House, in Amsterdam.
Christianity and abortion
Christianity and abortion have a long and complex history. Condemnation of abortion by Christians goes back to the 1st century with texts such as the Didache, the Epistle of Barnabas, and the Apocalypse of Peter. In later years some Christian writers argued that abortion was acceptable under certain circumstances, such as when necessary to save the life of the mother, but these views did not become accepted teachings until some denominations changed their views in the 20th century. The Bible itself does not contain direct references to abortion.

Today, Christian denominations hold widely variant stances: Most mainline Protestant denominations support abortion legalization, while Catholicism, Evangelicalism and Eastern Orthodoxy condemn abortion under almost all circumstances.

Quickening
In pregnancy terms, quickening is the moment in pregnancy when the mother starts to feel the fetus's movement in the uterus. It was believed in ancient philosophy (an idea that was later adopted by some religions and legal theories) that the quickening marked the moment that a soul entered the fetus, termed ensoulment.
Anthonia Fatunsin
Anthonia Kehinde Fatunsin is a Nigerian archaeologist. She is regarded as Nigeria's first female archaeologist, and the first woman to head National museum of Ibadan. Her fieldwork has primarily focused on yoruba pottery, particularly from Owo community.

Owo
Owo is a local government area in Ondo state, Nigeria. Between 1400 and 1600 CE, it was the capital of a Yoruba city-state. The local government area has a population of 222,262 based on 2006 population census.
1961–62 Bulgarian Cup
The 1961–62 Bulgarian Cup was the 22nd season of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army). Botev Plovdiv won the competition, beating Dunav Ruse 3–0 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium.

Bulgarian Cup
The Bulgarian Cup (Bulgarian: Купа на България, romanized: Kupa na Bŭlgariya) is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.

The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.

The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based clubs. They have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful clubs are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA Sofia 1–0 in the 2025 final.
1938 Speedway National League Division Two
The 1938 National League Division Two was the inaugural season of British speedway's National League Division Two albeit a continuation of the Provincial League from the previous season in all but name.

The list of teams had several changes. Bristol Bulldogs had moved up to the National League and Hackney Wick Wolves had moved down to take their place. They also swapped licences and riders as well as divisions. Other new entrants were Newcastle, Sheffield and West Ham Hawks (West Ham's reserve team) and Lea Bridge Cubs (made up largely of Harringay reserve riders).

Belle Vue Merseysiders who had replaced Liverpool in the previous season were also absent.

Nottingham withdrew just after the start of the league fixtures and were replaced by Leeds Lions. They did complete most of their early season cup fixtures.

Hackney Wick Wolves won the title.

National League (1932–1964)
The National League was the main speedway league in the United Kingdom from 1932 until 1964, after which it merged with the Provincial League to form the British League. Prior to 1932 there were only small regional leagues competing within the sport in the UK, with the Northern League and the Southern League merging for the inaugural 1932 season.
Messina Line
Messina Line is the maritime shipping division of Ignazio Messina & C., one of Italy's most historical shipping lines, operating 21 ships in between owned and chartered, and a total fleet of 41,000 TEU containers.

Roll-on/roll-off
Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.

RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for large seagoing vessels. The ramps and doors may be located in the stern, bow, or sides, or any combination thereof.
Google Opinion Rewards
Google Opinion Rewards is a loyalty program developed by Google. It was initially launched as a survey mobile app for Android and iOS developed by Google. The app allows users to answer surveys and earn rewards. On Android, users earn Google Play credits which can be redeemed by buying paid apps from Google Play. On iOS, users are paid via PayPal. Users in the available countries who are over 18 years old are eligible. Google Opinion Rewards works with Google Surveys, market researchers make the survey through Google Surveys and answers are received through Google Opinion Rewards by app users. This process provides surveyors with a large pool of surveyees quickly. This "fast and easy" surveying process has been criticized due to contention over the validity of results as well as concern over the privacy and security of the app users' data.

PayPal
PayPal Holdings, Inc. is an American multinational financial technology company that operates an online payments system in the majority of countries that support online money transfers; it serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods such as checks and money orders. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and many other commercial and company users.

Established in 1998 as Confinity, PayPal went public through an IPO in 2002. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay later that year, valued at $1.5 billion. In 2015, eBay spun off PayPal to its shareholders, and PayPal became an independent company again. The company was ranked 143rd on the 2022 Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue. Since 2023, PayPal is a member of the MACH Alliance.
Storuman
Storuman (Southern Sami: Luspie, Ume Sami: Lusspie) is a locality and the seat of Storuman Municipality in Västerbotten County, province of Lapland, Sweden with 2,207 inhabitants in 2010. It is situated by the Ume River, at the southeastern end of Lake Storuman.

Urban areas in Sweden
An urban area or tätort (lit. 'dense locality') in Sweden has a minimum of 200 inhabitants and may be a city, town or larger village. It is a purely statistical concept, not defined by any municipal or county boundaries. Larger urban areas synonymous with cities or towns (Swedish: stad for both terms) for statistical purposes have a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The same statistical definition is also used for urban areas in the other Nordic countries.

In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of the Swedish population.

Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, "locality" (Swedish: ort). It could be compared with "census-designated places" in the United States.
Kikori Airport
Kikori Airport is an airport in Kikori, Papua New Guinea (IATA: KRI, ICAO: AYKK). Believed to be originally built during the Second World War, it fell into disuse. In about 1965 work began to upgrade it due to the closure of the Catalina flying-boat service. The airstrip, tar sealed, was opened about 1967. By 1999, the bitumen had been largely eroded (probably due to the high rainfall) and had been covered with Marsden Matting. It was still in service as late as 2002.

Consolidated PBY Catalina
The Consolidated Model 28, more commonly known as the PBY Catalina (U.S. Navy designation), is an American flying boat and amphibious aircraft designed by Consolidated Aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s. In U.S. Army service, it was designated as the OA-10 and in Canadian service as the Canso, and it later received the NATO reporting name Mop. It was one of the most widely used seaplanes of World War II. Catalinas served with every branch of the United States Armed Forces and in the air forces and navies of many other nations.  The last military PBYs served until the 1980s.
Causal closure
Physical causal closure is a metaphysical theory about the nature of causation in the physical realm with significant ramifications in the study of metaphysics and the mind. In a strongly stated version, physical causal closure says that "all physical states have pure physical causes" — Jaegwon Kim, or that "physical effects have only physical causes" — Agustin Vincente, p. 150.

Those who accept the theory tend, in general although not exclusively, to the physicalist view that all entities that exist are physical entities. As Karl Popper says, "The physicalist principle of closedness of the physical ... is of decisive importance and I take it as the characteristic principle of physicalism or materialism."

Reductionism
Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of simpler or more fundamental phenomena. It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical position that interprets a complex system as the sum of its parts, contrary to holism. Reductionism tends to focus on the small, predictable details of a system and is often associated with various philosophies like emergence, materialism, and determinism.
Velež (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Velež (Serbian Cyrillic: Вележ), named after the Slavic pagan god Veles, is a mountain in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the south-central part of the Herzegovina region, overlooking the largest regional city of Mostar.

The highest peak of Velež mountain is called Botin, and it is 1,969 meters high.

Other large settlements in the Velež vicinity are Nevesinje, which is located in a secluded mountain valley, Blagaj, small historic settlement which is located near the source of the Buna river, and village of Podvelež which is situated immediately  below the summit of the mountain.

Buna (Neretva)
The Buna (Serbian Cyrillic: Буна) is a short river in Bosnia and Herzegovina; it is a left-bank tributary of the Neretva. Its source, Vrelo Bune (Buna Spring), is a strong karstic spring located near the village of Blagaj, southeast of Mostar. Vrelo Bune is one of the strongest springs in Europe and has extremely cold water. The Buna flows west for approximately 9 km, starts at Blagaj and, meandering through the villages of Blagaj, Kosor, Malo Polje and Hodbina, joins the Neretva near the settlement Buna. The site of confluence is called Buna Canals. The Bunica river is the main left-bank tributary of the Buna. The Buna is major habitat for an endemic trout species known under its vernacular name as Softmouth trout.

Old Karađoz-beg Bridge, an Ottoman stone arch bridge, still stands in Blagaj and is declared National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina by KONS.
Kentucky Minstrels
The Kentucky Minstrels were a team formed under the leadership of Duncan Bruce to study a scheme during World War II to cover the River Thames with soot in order to conceal it from German Bombers. Work began on the Thames in a craft inappropriately named H.M.S. Persil.

Soot
Soot (/sʊt/ suut) is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Soot is considered a hazardous substance with carcinogenic properties. Most broadly, the term includes all the particulate matter produced by this process, including black carbon and residual pyrolysed fuel particles such as coal, cenospheres, charred wood, and petroleum coke classified as cokes or char. It can include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals like mercury.

Soot causes various types of cancer and lung disease.
David Epel
David Epel is a researcher at Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California, and a Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Biology at Stanford University.

Epel earned his Ph.D. at University of California Berkeley under Daniel Mazia. He arrived at Hopkins Marine Station in 1965. Subsequently, Professor Epel spent seven years at University of California San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography.  He completed a postdoc with Britton Chance at the University of Pennsylvania.
Professor Epel has been a Guggenheim Fellow, and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is the center for oceanography and earth science at the University of California, San Diego. Its main campus is located in La Jolla, with additional facilities in Point Loma.

Founded in 1903 and incorporated into the University of California system in 1912, the institution has since broadened its research focus to encompass the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of the Earth. The institution awards the Nierenberg Prize annually to recognize researchers with exceptional contributions to science in public interest.
Olga Vassiljeva
Olga Vassiljeva (born 28 October 1977) is an Estonian former competitive figure skater. She represented Estonia at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, placing 21st, and won ten national titles. Her highest placement at an ISU Championship was 15th, achieved at the 2003 European Championships.

Albertville
Albertville (French pronunciation: [albɛʁvil] ⓘ; Arpitan: Arbèrtvile) is a subprefecture of the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. 
It is best known for hosting the 1992 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. In 2022, the commune had a population of 19,706; its urban area had 40,715 inhabitants.
Adam Gorgoni
Adam Gorgoni (born 16 December 1963 in New York City) is a prolific composer of film and TV scores and has composed music for over 20 films, including Candyman: Day of the Dead, Waiting..., The Dead Girl, Breakable You, Starting Out in the Evening and Aliens in America.

Waiting... (film)
Waiting...  is a 2005 American comedy film starring Ryan Reynolds, Anna Faris, and Justin Long as staffers at the restaurant Shenaniganz. It is directed by Rob McKittrick in his directorial debut. McKittrick wrote the screenplay while working as a waiter.

The script was initially sold in a film deal to Artisan Entertainment, but was released by Lions Gate Entertainment (which purchased Artisan in 2003). Producers Chris Moore and Jeff Balis of Live Planet's Project Greenlight fame also took notice of the project and assisted. The film made over US$6 million, more than twice the budget of the film, in its opening weekend.
Lucía Pozo
Brígida Lucía Pozo Moreta is an Ecuadorian politician who was elected to Ecuador's National Assembly for the governing party, National Democratic Action in February 2025 following the 2025 Ecuadorian general election. She is a member of the National Assembly for the Carchi Province.

Before being elected, she was governor of the Carchi Province and the regional leader of the National Democratic Action.

In June 2025, she is fined for not attending a plenary session.

In August 2025, she supports a reform to prevent political parties to be funded by the state.

She leads the Commission of Autonomous Governments, Decentralization, Competencies and Territorial Organizations. The other commissioners include Sandra Elizabeth Figueroa Aguilar and Silvia Patricia Nuñez Ramos.  In November 2025, she leads a reform to change the current local authority structure.

National Assembly (Ecuador)
The National Assembly (Spanish: Asamblea Nacional) is the unicameral legislature of Ecuador. It replaced the National Congress in 2009 following reforms under the 2008 Constitution. Within Ecuador, the National Assembly has the power to pass laws, while appointment of judges to the National Court of Justice is done by a separate Judicial Council.
Frank Muramuzi
Frank Muramuzi (12 December 1962) was the executive director of the National Association of Professional Environmentalists, an Ugandan environmental organization. He died on 11 August 2025 and buried at his ancestral home in Mbarara.

Mbarara
Mbarara City is a city in the Western Region of Uganda and the second largest city in Uganda after Kampala. The city is divided into 6 boroughs of Kakoba Division, Kamukuzi Division, Nyamitanga Division, Biharwe Division, Kakiika Division, Nyakayojo Division. It is the main commercial centre of most of south western districts of Uganda and the site of the district headquarters. In May 2019, the Uganda's cabinet granted Mbarara a city status, which started on 1 July 2020. The name of the municipality came from a colonial mispronunciation of Emburara (Hyperemia rufa), a tall grass that previously covered the whole area.