hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wavelength switched optical network
Wavelength switched optical network (WSON) is a type of telecommunications network.

A WSON consists of two planes: the data and the control planes. The data plane comprises wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) fiber links connecting optical cross-connect (OXCs) through a comb of several tens of wavelength channels, with typical data rates of 10 or 40 Gbit/s. Optical end-to-end connections (i.e., lightpaths) are established in the optical domain and switched by OXCs at the wavelength granularity.

The dynamic provisioning and maintenance of lightpaths is managed by the control plane. The control plane is implemented on a separate network and typically employs one network controller for each node in the data plane, as shown in the figure. The Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) protocol suite, the de facto standard control plane for WSONs proposed by the IETF, is composed of three protocols.

Internet Engineering Task Force
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards organization for the Internet responsible for the technical standards of the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors.

The IETF was initially supported by the federal government of the United States but since 1993 has operated under the auspices of the Internet Society, an American non-profit organization with local chapters around the world.
Wadi Natuf
Wadi Natuf (Arabic: وادي الناطوف, Wadi al-Natuf / Wadi en-Natuf) or Nahal Natuf (Hebrew: נחל נטוף) is a wadi (seasonal stream) in the West Bank and Israel, rising in the north of the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate of Palestine, crossing into Israel north of Modi'in and discharging into the Ayalon River at the Ben Gurion Airport.

The Natufian culture–an archaeological culture of the Epipaleolithic period in the Levant region–is named after the wadi. Along with the Shuqba Cave, which opens onto its northern bank, Wadi Natuf has been nominated as a tentative UNESCO World Heritage Site in the State of Palestine.

Archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society. The connection between these types is an empirical observation. Their interpretation in terms of ethnic or political groups is based on archaeologists' understanding. However, this is often subject to long-unresolved debates. The concept of the archaeological culture is fundamental to culture-historical archaeology.
Gilbert Fillion
Gilbert Fillion (27 July 1940 in Sainte-Anne-de-Chicoutimi, Quebec – 27 May 2007 in Quebec City, Quebec) was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 1997. He was a professor by career.

He was elected in the Chicoutimi electoral district under the Bloc Québécois party in the 1993 federal election, thus serving in the 35th Canadian Parliament. He left Canadian politics after being defeated by Progressive Conservative candidate André Harvey in the 1997 federal election.

His son, Jeff Fillion, is a radio broadcaster.

He died of lung cancer on 27 May 2007 in Quebec City.

35th Canadian Parliament
The 35th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 17, 1994, until April 27, 1997.  The membership was set by the 1993 federal election on October 25, 1993, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1997 election.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and the 26th Canadian Ministry.  The Official Opposition was the Bloc Québécois, led first by Lucien Bouchard, then by Michel Gauthier, and finally by Gilles Duceppe.

The Speaker was Gilbert Parent.  See also List of Canadian electoral districts (1987–1996) for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were two sessions of the 35th Parliament:
Griga United
Griga United is a Belizean football team based in Dangriga in Belize. The club was founded in 1994 as the Dangriga Jaguars and is founded by Timothy Flores and co owner Frank Castillo. The team play at the Carl Ramos Stadium.

Dangriga
Dangriga, formerly known as Stann Creek Town, is a town in southern Belize, located on the Caribbean coast at the mouth of the North Stann Creek River. It is the capital of Belize's Stann Creek District. Dangriga is served by the Dangriga Airport. Commonly known as the "culture capital of Belize" due to its influence on punta music and other forms of Garifuna culture, Dangriga is the largest settlement in southern Belize.
Pequot Lakes High School
Pequot Lakes High School (PLHS) is a 9–12 high school located a few blocks west of Minnesota State Highway 371 towards the southern end of the city of Pequot Lakes, Minnesota, United States. The school was built at its present location in 1976, and the music wing in the front of the building was completed in 2004. PLHS is the only high school in the Pequot Lakes School District (ISD 186) which includes Pequot Lakes and the surrounding communities of Breezy Point, Crosslake, Jenkins, Ideal Township and parts of northern Nisswa (the majority of Nisswa is in the Brainerd School District). The current principal is Aaron Nelson.

Minnesota State Highway 371
Minnesota State Highway 371 (MN 371) is a 107.411-mile-long (172.861 km) state highway in central and north-central Minnesota. The route connects Minnesota's northern lakes region with the central part of the state. It runs north–south from U.S. Highway 10 (US 10) in Little Falls to US 2 in Cass Lake. MN 371 has become a heavily traveled arterial route that was once a two-lane roadway over almost all of its length, but has been widened to four lanes across most of its southern half. Much of the traffic on the route is Twin Cities-based traffic heading to their cabins on one of the many northern lakes.
You've Got to Talk to Me
"You've Got to Talk to Me" is a song written by Jamie O'Hara, and recorded by American country music singer Lee Ann Womack.  It was released in November 1997 as the third and last single from her self-titled debut album.

The song spent twenty-two weeks on the Hot Country Songs charts, peaking at number 2 in early 1998. It also peaked at number 2 on the Canadian country singles charts published by RPM.

Jamie O'Hara (singer)
James Paul O'Hara (August 8, 1950 – January 7, 2021) was an American country music artist. Between 1986 and 1990, he and Kieran Kane comprised The O'Kanes, a duo that charted seven singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles charts, including the No. 1 single "Can't Stop My Heart from Loving You". After the O'Kanes disbanded in 1990, both O'Hara and Kane recorded solo albums of their own. In addition, O'Hara continued writing songs for other country music artists, including The Judds' 1986 hit "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Old Days)" which earned him a Grammy Award.
Estudis Romànics
Estudis Romànics (ER) was a literary magazine founded in 1947 by Ramon Aramon Serra. It is based in Barcelona.

Since 2000 and until 2014, it was directed by Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit, emeritus member of the Philological Section of the IEC, who has the collaboration of the Editing Committee, and the advice of the Scientific Council. Since 2004 Joan Veny i Clar was co-director and is its current director.

The Estudis Romànics is issued every year, and they are devoted to linguistics, philology, literary criticism and Romance-speaking Europe literatures, without limits of matters, method or chronology. This magazine gathers global and particular contributions from each language.

The ER volumes have three parts:

Articles.

Recensions.

Reports.

The ER collaborations are written mainly in any romance language (or also in German or in English). The official editing language is Catalan.

Joan Veny i Clar
Joan Veny i Clar (Campos, Majorca, on 22 August 1932) is a linguist and Catalan dialectologist from Majorca, considered one of the most prestigious and renowned of the Catalan Countries. He is the author of Els parlars catalans, an essential book for Catalan dialectology, synthesis of the dialectal variation of the entire space of the Catalan Countries; and furthermore a dense and rich work, made in conjunction with Lydia Pons: Linguistic Atlas of the Catalan Domain.
Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament – Knockout stage
The knockout stage of the women's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was played from 12 to 19 August 2016. The top two teams from each group in the group stage and the two best third-placed teams qualified for the knockout stage.

All times are local, BRT (UTC−3).

Time in Brazil
Time in Brazil is calculated using standard time, and the country (including its offshore islands) is divided into four standard time zones: Fernando de Noronha time (UTC−02:00), Brasília time (UTC−03:00), Amazon time (UTC−04:00), and Acre time (UTC−05:00). About 93% of the Brazilian population live in Brasília time (UTC−03:00).
Château Léoville-Las Cases
45°09′49″N 0°44′25″W﻿ / ﻿45.16371°N 0.74041°W﻿ / 45.16371; -0.74041

Château Léoville-Las Cases is a winery in the Saint-Julien appellation of the Bordeaux region of France.  Château Léoville-Las Cases is also the name of the red wine produced by this property.  The wine produced here was classified as one of  fifteen Deuxièmes Crus (Second Growths) in the original Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855.

Léoville-Las Cases was one of the first estates in Bordeaux to introduce a second label, Clos du Marquis. However, Clos du Marquis is a separate wine. Since 2007, the Chateau has offered a Second Wine known as Le Petit Lion de Marquis de Las Cases.

Winery
A winery is a building or property that produces wine, or a business involved in the cultivation and production of wine, such as a wine company. Some wine companies own many wineries. Besides wine making equipment, larger wineries may also feature warehouses, bottling lines, laboratories, and large expanses of tanks known as tank farms. Wineries may have existed as long as 8,000 years ago.
Lac Cornu
Lac Cornu is a lake in the Aiguilles Rouges massif of Haute-Savoie, France. It is located at an elevation of 2,276 m with a surface area of 5.4 ha.

Petit Lac Cornu is located 500 m North West, at an elevation of 2,243 m. Its surface area is 4,700 m².

Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie (French pronunciation: [ot savwa] ⓘ; Arpitan: Savouè d'Amont; Italian: Alta Savoia) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy. Its prefecture is Annecy. To the north is Lake Geneva; to the south and southeast are Mont Blanc and the Aravis mountain range.

It holds its name from the Savoy historical region, as does the department of Savoie, located south of Haute-Savoie. In 2019, it had a population of 826,094. Its subprefectures are Bonneville, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois and Thonon-les-Bains. The French entrance to the Mont Blanc Tunnel into Italy is in Haute-Savoie. It is noted for winter sports; the first Winter Olympic Games were held at Chamonix in 1924.
Krapivny
Krapivny (Russian: Крапивный; masculine), Krapivnaya (Крапивная; feminine), or Krapivnoye (Крапивное; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Krapivnoye, Shebekinsky District, Belgorod Oblast, a selo in Shebekinsky District, Belgorod Oblast

Krapivnoye, Yakovlevsky District, Belgorod Oblast, a selo in Yakovlevsky District, Belgorod Oblast

Krapivnaya, a village in Serovsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast

Shebekinsky District
Shebekinsky District (Russian: Шебе́кинский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Shebekinsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,865.9 square kilometers (720.4 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Shebekino (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 47,889 (2010 Census); 47,345 (2002 Census); 44,668 (1989 Soviet census).
Nihil (KMFDM album)
Nihil is the seventh studio album by German industrial band KMFDM, released on April 4, 1995, by Wax Trax! Records. The album marked the return of former band member Raymond Watts and the first appearance of session drummer Bill Rieflin, and was mostly written by frontman Sascha Konietzko.

The album's first single "Juke Joint Jezebel" is the band's most widely known song, with millions of copies sold over various releases. Widely praised by critics, Nihil is the band's best-selling album. After the original release went out of print, a remastered version was released in 2007.

Francesca Sundsten
Francesca Sundsten (1960 – March 9, 2019) was an American painter. She applied traditional techniques while exploring elements of composition, palette, and minor abstractions of space and paint to create paintings and illustrations which were described by The Seattle Times as "calling to mind the Old Masters" with a "distinctly surrealist sensibility."
Hancock Shaker Village
Hancock Shaker Village is a former Shaker commune in Hancock and Pittsfield, Massachusetts. It emerged in the towns of Hancock, Pittsfield, and Richmond in the 1780s, organized in 1790, and was active until 1960. It was the third of nineteen major Shaker villages established between 1774 and 1836 in New York, New England, Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. From 1790 until 1893, Hancock was the seat of the Hancock Bishopric, which oversaw two additional Shaker communes in Tyringham, Massachusetts, and Enfield, Connecticut.

The village was closed by the Shakers in 1960, and sold to a local group who formed an independent non-profit. This organization now operates the property as an open-air museum.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1968.

Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Pittsfield is the most populous city in and the county seat of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the principal city of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Berkshire County. Pittsfield’s population was 43,927 at the 2020 census. Although its population has declined in recent decades, Pittsfield remains the third-largest municipality in Western Massachusetts, behind only Springfield and Chicopee.

In 2017, the Arts Vibrancy Index compiled by the National Center for Arts Research ranked Pittsfield and Berkshire County as the number-one medium-sized community in the nation for the arts.
Don't You Turn Your Back on Me
"Don't You Turn Your Back on Me" is the fourth single by Guano Apes. It was released to promote the film Meschugge in 1999. Despite the video's heavy rotation on various music channels, the single charted in their native Germany at number 50, which is one of the reasons the song was not included in their 2000 album Don't Give Me Names. The music video marked a new look for lead singer Sandra, who dyed her blonde hair jet black.

Guano Apes
Guano Apes is a German rock band formed in 1994 in Göttingen. The band consists of Sandra Nasić (vocals), Henning Rümenapp (guitars, backing vocals), Stefan Ude (bass, backing vocals), and Dennis Poschwatta (drums, backing vocals).

AllMusic calls the quartet alt-rock and their sound a fusion of metal, pop, and rap. They have released five studio albums, one live album, two compilation albums, and five video albums.
Norman Lear Center
The Norman Lear Center is a multi-disciplinary research and public policy center exploring implications of the convergence of entertainment, commerce, and society.  It is based at the USC Annenberg School for Communication. Through scholarship and research, and its programs of visiting fellows, conferences, public events and publications, the Lear Center works to be at the forefront of discussion and practice in the field.

USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
The USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism is a part of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
It has 2,300 undergraduate and graduate students. Willow Bay is the Dean. Prof. Hector Amaya is the Director of the School of Communication, Prof. Gordon Stables serves as Director of the School of Journalism.
Harold W. Attridge
Harold William Attridge (born November 24, 1946) is an American New Testament scholar and historian of Christianity best known for his work in New Testament exegesis, especially the Epistle to the Hebrews, the study of Hellenistic Judaism, and the history of early Christianity. He is a Sterling Professor of Divinity at Yale University, where he served as Dean of the Divinity School from 2002 to 2012.

Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible, with Bible referring to the books of the canonical Hebrew Bible in mainstream Jewish usage and the Christian Bible including the canonical Old Testament and New Testament, respectively. For its theory and methods, the field draws on disciplines ranging from ancient history, historical criticism, philology, theology, textual criticism, literary criticism, historical backgrounds, mythology, and comparative religion.
Maria Theurl
Maria Theurl (born August 11, 1966) is an Austrian cross country skier who competed from 1988 to 2000. She won a bronze medal in the 15 km at the 1999 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Ramsau.

Theurl's best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 6th in the 30 km at Nagano in 1998. She also competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics. She won four individual events at 5 km in Austria from 1993 to 1999 during her career.

Nagano (city)
Nagano (長野市, Nagano-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜɡano, naɡanoꜜɕi]) is the capital and largest city of Nagano Prefecture, located in the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji Daira) in the central Chūbu region of Japan. Nagano is categorized as a core city of Japan. Nagano City is the highest prefectural capital in Japan, with an altitude of 371.4 meters (1,219 ft).

The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which is Mount Takatsuma (2,353 m), and it is near the confluence of the Chikuma River—the longest and widest river in Japan—and the Sai River. As of 1 July 2023, the city had an estimated population of 365,296 in 160,625 households, and a population density of 438 persons per km². The total area of the city is 834.81 square kilometres (322.32 sq mi).
2004 Uncle Tobys Hardcourts
The 2004 Uncle Tobys Hardcourts was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 8th edition of the event then known as the Uncle Tobys Hardcourts, and was a Tier III event on the 2004 WTA Tour. It took place in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, from 4 January through 10 January 2004. First-seeded Ai Sugiyama won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.

Brisbane International
27°31′30.12″S 153°0′26.06″E﻿ / ﻿27.5250333°S 153.0072389°E﻿ / -27.5250333; 153.0072389

The Brisbane International established in 2009 is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts in Brisbane, Queensland in Australia. It is a WTA 500 tournament and an ATP 250 tournament.

The tournament is held annually in January at the Queensland Tennis Centre just before the first Grand Slam tournament of the season, the Australian Open (part of the Australian Open Series). It is owned by Tennis Australia.
King Lear (1971 Soviet film)
King Lear (Russian: Король Лир, romanized: Korol Lir) is a 1971 Soviet drama film directed by Grigori Kozintsev, based on William Shakespeare's play King Lear. The film uses Boris Pasternak's translation of the play, while the Fool's songs are translated by Samuil Marshak. It was Kozintsev's last completed film.

Galina Volchek
Galina Borisovna (Berovna) Volchek (Russian: Гали́на Бори́совна Во́лчек; 19 December 1933 – 26 December 2019) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actress, theater director and pedagogue. People's Artist of the USSR (1989) and Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation (2017).
En Kitō
En Kitō (鬼頭 えん, Kitō En; born June 30) is a Japanese manga artist and illustrator. While working as a dōjin artist, she was in charge of the key drawings for the adult game Heart de Network (Euphony Production) in 2000. After releasing several one-shots in commercial magazines, she began serializing two manga (written by Ryukishi07) based on the Higurashi When They Cry visual novel series, Onisarashi-hen and Utsutsukowashi-hen, in Comp Ace (Kadokawa Shoten) from 2005 to 2007. In the July 2008 issue of Comp Ace, she started work on a manga based on Valkyria Chronicles, and completed the series in the May 2010 issue. She is a big fan of the Breath of Fire (Capcom) series of role-playing games, and her dōjin activities mainly revolve around it. Since the summer of 2010, she has been publishing her original dōjin work, the Saint Foire Festival series.

Doujin
In Japan,  a doujin (Japanese: 同人, Hepburn: dōjin) is a group of people who share an interest, activity, or hobby. The word is sometimes translated into English as "clique", "fandom", "coterie", "society", or "circle" (as in "sewing circle"). Self-published creative works produced by these groups are also called doujin, including manga, magazines, novels, music (doujin music), anime, merch, and video games (doujin soft). Print doujin works are collectively called doujinshi.

Doujin works are typically amateur and derivative in nature, though some professional artists participate in doujin culture as a way to publish material outside the regular publishing industry.

Annual research by the research agency Media Create indicated that, of the 186¥ billion (US$1.66 billion) in revenue seen by the otaku industry in 2007, doujin sales made up 14.9% (US$274 million).
Naniwa Kin'yūdō
Naniwa Kin'yudo (Japanese: ナニワ金融道; lit. The Way of Osaka Financing) is a Japanese manga series by Yūji Aoki which has been serialized in Weekly Morning since 1990. The series was awarded the 1992 Kodansha Manga Award for general manga and the 1998 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Award for Excellence.

Kodansha Manga Award
The Kodansha Manga Award (講談社漫画賞, Kōdansha Manga Shō) is one of Japan's major manga awards. The event is sponsored by publisher Kodansha. It has been awarded annually for serialized manga in its third iteration since 1977.
Khurampur
Khurampur is a village in Nakodar in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Nakodar, 44 kilometres (27 mi) from Kapurthala, 34 kilometres (21 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 160 kilometres (99 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj.

Jalandhar
Jalandhar (IPA: /d͡ʒəːləndə̀ɾᵊ/) is a city in the state of Punjab in India. With a considerable population, it ranks as the third most-populous city in the state and is the largest city in the Doaba region. Jalandhar lies alongside the historical Grand Trunk Road and is a well-connected junction for both rail and road networks. The National Highway 1 (NH1), crosses Jalandhar, further enhancing its connectivity.