hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Metjen
Metjen (also read as Methen) was an ancient Egyptian high official at the transition time from 3rd Dynasty to 4th Dynasty. He is famous for his tomb inscription, which states that he worked and lived under the kings (pharaohs) Huni and Sneferu.

Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty IV) is characterized as a "golden age" of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Dynasty IV lasted from c. 2613 to c. 2498 BC. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is officially documented.

The Fourth Dynasty heralded the height of the pyramid-building age. The peaceful rule of the Third Dynasty allowed artistic expressions to flourish. Building experiments done by King Sneferu led to the evolution of mastaba tombs into the smooth-sided pyramids like those seen on the Giza Plateau. According to some historians, no other period in Egyptian history equaled the accomplishments achieved during the Fourth Dynasty.
Carp's tit
Carp's tit (Melaniparus carpi) or Carp's black tit, is a species of bird in the family Paridae. Some authors consider it a subspecies of the black tit. It is found throughout the Namibian savanna woodlands and the southern Angolan mopane woodlands.

Its name commemorates olympic sailor and ornithologist Berend Carp (1901-1966).

Carp's tit was formerly one of the many species in the genus Parus but was moved to Melaniparus after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 showed that the members of the new genus formed a distinct clade.

Parus
Parus is a genus of Old World birds in the tit family Paridae. It was formerly a large genus containing most of the 50 odd species in the family Paridae. The genus was split into several resurrected genera following the publication of a detailed molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2013. The genus name, Parus, is the Latin word for "tit".
Eberhard of Friuli
Eberhard (c. 815 – 16 December 867) was the Frankish Duke of Friuli from 846. His name is alternatively spelled Everard, Evrard, Erhard, or Eberard; in Latinized fashion, Everardus, Eberardus, or Eberhardus. He wrote his own name "Evvrardus". He was an important political, military, and cultural figure in the Carolingian Empire during his lifetime. He kept a large library, commissioned works of Latin literature from Lupus Servatus and Sedulius Scottus, and maintained a correspondence with the theologians and church leaders Gottschalk, Rabanus Maurus, and Hincmar.

Latin literature
Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language. The beginning of formal Latin literature dates to 240 BC, when the first stage play in Latin was performed in Rome. Latin literature flourished for the next six centuries. The classical era of Latin literature can be roughly divided into several periods: early Latin literature, the golden age, the imperial period and Late Antiquity.

Latin was the language of the ancient Romans as well as being the lingua franca of Western and Central Europe throughout the Middle Ages. Latin literature features the work of Roman authors, such as Cicero, Virgil, Ovid and Horace, but also includes the work of European writers after the fall of the Empire, from religious writers like Aquinas (1225–1274) to secular writers like Francis Bacon (1561–1626), Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), and Isaac Newton (1642–1727).
Dance research
Dance research is the study of dance, including dance history, ethnochoreology, dance theory, dance anthropology, and dance science. Dance science is the scientific study of dance and dancers, as well as the practical application of scientific principles to dance. Its aims are the enhancement of performance, the reduction of injury, and the improvement of well-being and health.

Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.

Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can repair damage to a certain degree.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Ragay
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Ragay Extension or PUP Ragay (Filipino: Politeknikong Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, Sudlong ng Ragay) is a satellite campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines  located in the municipality of Ragay, Camarines Sur, Bicol Region, Philippines. It is situated atop hill that overlooks the municipality of Ragay.

Ragay
Ragay, officially the Municipality of Ragay (Central Bikol: Banwaan kan Ragay; Tagalog: Bayan ng Ragay), is a municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 58,843 people.
2006 Hamburg Masters
The 2006 Hamburg Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 100th edition of the Hamburg Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from 15 May through 22 May 2006.

The top two seeds, world number one Roger Federer and number two Rafael Nadal, both withdrew from the singles draw before the tournament started with fatigue. Lukáš Dlouhý and Robin Söderling came in as unseeded replacements.

The men's field was therefore headlined by ATP No. 3 and 2005 Madrid Masters,  2005 Paris Masters and Miami finalist Ivan Ljubičić, Kremlin Cup and New Haven winner  Nikolay Davydenko, and Indian Wells runner-up and Stockholm, Bangkok winner James Blake. Other top seeds competing were 2004 French Open champion Gastón Gaudio, Fernando González and Tommy Robredo.

2005 BNP Paribas Masters
The 2005 Paris Masters (also known as the BNP Paribas Masters for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 33rd edition of the Paris Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2005 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 31 October to 6 November 2005. Tomáš Berdych won the singles title.

The singles line up included ATP No. 3, Wimbledon and Indianapolis runner-up, Cincinnati champion Andy Roddick, US Open quarterfinalist, Umag winner, Monte Carlo, Rome and Beijing finalist Guillermo Coria, and French Open semifinalist, St. Pölten winner Nikolay Davydenko. Other top seeds were French Open runner-up, Casablanca titlist Mariano Puerta, Munich winner David Nalbandian, Ivan Ljubičić, Gastón Gaudio and Radek Štěpánek.
Hotunui
Hotunui was a Māori rangatira (chieftain) of the Tainui tribal confederation of Waikato, New Zealand. Through his son Marutūāhu he is the ancestor of four tribes of the Hauraki Gulf: Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Rongoū, Ngāti Tamaterā, and Ngāti Whanaunga. He probably lived in the latter half of the sixteenth century.

Ngāti Tamaterā
Ngāti Tamaterā is a Māori iwi (tribe) of the Hauraki region of New Zealand, descended from Tamaterā, the second son of Marutūāhu. It is a major tribe within the Marutūāhu confederation and its leaders have been prominent in Hauraki history and Marutūāhu tribal affairs. It is one of five tribes of the Marutūāhu confederation, the others being Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Rongoū and Ngāti Whanaunga. The Marutūāhu tribes are all descended from Marutūāhu, a son of Hotunui, who is said to have arrived in New Zealand on the Tainui canoe. The Marutūāhu tribes are therefore part of the Tainui group of tribes. The Marutūāhu confederation is also part of the Hauraki collective of tribes.

Te Raupa pā, on the banks of the Ohinemuri River near Paeroa, was a location where Ngāti Tamaterā traditionally settled.
Lucy Campbell (mathematician)
Lucy Jean Campbell is an applied mathematician and numerical analyst from Barbados, Jamaica, Ghana, and Canada, specializing in the applications of fluid dynamics to modeling the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Beyond fluid dynamics, she has also investigated methods for tracing the sources of greenhouse gas emissions. She is an associate professor in the School of Mathematics and Statistics at Carleton University.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
Longhope railway station
Longhope railway station is a disused stone-built railway station that served the village of Longhope in Gloucestershire, England. Opened in 1855 with the line, it was located on the Great Western Railway line linking Ross-on-Wye and Gloucester. Longhope station was used in season to export locally produced jam and fruit. The station had a passing loop on what was a single track.

The station has been demolished but the waiting room still remains.

Ross-on-Wye
Ross-on-Wye is a market town and civil parish in Herefordshire, England, near the border with Wales. It had a population estimated at 10,978 in 2021. It lies in the south-east of the county, on the River Wye and on the northern edge of the Forest of Dean.
Sibley East High School
Sibley East High School is a four-year public high school and is a combination of children from three towns, Gaylord, Green Isle, and Arlington. It is located between the Twin Cities and Mankato, Minnesota in the United States about 10 miles off of State Highway 169. It is associated with the Minnesota State High School League.  The total of K-12 students in Sibley East numbers 1213 students.

Minnesota State High School League
The Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL) is a voluntary, non-profit association for the support and governance of interscholastic activities at high schools in the U.S. state of Minnesota. 
The association supports interscholastic athletics and fine arts programs for member schools. Membership includes nearly 500 schools, including special schools, home schools, and 435 high schools. 
The State High School League is an affiliate of the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS).

The League also addresses sportsmanship, chemical health, scholarship recognition, and oversees tournament officials and judges. 
The League provides educational programs for coaches. 
The organization's operating revenue is derived from tournament ticket sales, broadcast rights, corporate sponsorship, and sale of tournament merchandise.
Patrick Hilliman
Patrick Silvester Hilliman (born 17 April 1982) is a Dutch retired basketball player. In his career, Hilliman played for Dutch Basketball League (DBL) clubs Rotterdam Challengers and ZZ Leiden. Between 2007 and 2011, Hilliman played 30 games for the Dutch national basketball team.

DBL All-Star Gala
The Dutch Basketball League All-Star Gala was a yearly basketball event in the Netherlands, organised by the Federatie Eredivisie Basketball (FEB). During the event the yearly All-Star Game was played, which included the best players of a given DBL season. Additionally, a dunk Contest and three-point contest were also held at the event. Since the 2017–18 season, the event is no longer organised by the FEB.
Karl Jeschke
Karl Hermann Jeschke (born August 17, 1890, date of death unknown) was an SS-Oberscharführer and member of staff at Auschwitz concentration camp. He was prosecuted at the Auschwitz Trial.

Jeschke was born in Hohenliebenthal. He joined the Nazi Party in 1933. He served in the Wehrmacht fighting on the front until 1944. In July 1944 he was drafted into the Waffen-SS and sent to Auschwitz, where he worked as a guard. In mid-September 1944 he was transferred to the Charlottengrube subcamp.

After World War II, Jeschke was tried by the Supreme National Tribunal in Kraków. He received a three-year prison sentence. His subsequent whereabouts are unknown.

Lubiechowa
Lubiechowa ([lubjɛˈxɔva]) (German: Liebental or Hohenliebenthal) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świerzawa, within Złotoryja County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland.
Brugse Vrije
The Liberty of Bruges (French: Franc de Bruges; Dutch: Brugse Vrije) was a castellany in the County of Flanders. It included the area around the city of Bruges itself, and was bordered by the North Sea, the Westerschelde and the Yser river. The city of Bruges was separated from the castellany in 1127. Since then the city and the Vrije were considered as separate customary law areas.

The Liberty was a rich agricultural region. It had its own burgrave, who was seated at the Burg, a square in Bruges, and became part of the Four Members of Flanders at the end of the 14th century, together with the three major cities of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres, sitting at the meetings of the States of Flanders.

Ypres
Ypres (/ˈiːprə/ EE-prə, French: [ipʁ] ⓘ;  Dutch: Ieper [ˈipər] ⓘ; West Flemish: Yper; German: Ypern [ˈyːpɐn] ⓘ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though 
the Dutch name Ieper is the official one, the city's French name Ypres is most commonly used in English. The municipality comprises the city of Ypres/Ieper and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants.

During the First World War, Ypres (or "Wipers" as it was commonly known by the British troops) was the centre of the Battles of Ypres between German and Allied forces.
Clastic wedge
In geology, a clastic wedge is a thick accumulation of sediments or sedimentary rocks eroded and deposited landward of a mountain chain or geological boundary. They begin at the mountain front, thicken considerably landwards of it to a peak depth, and progressively thin with increasing distance inland. As they are often lens-shaped in profile, the process by which these sedimentary wedges are shaped is due to the regressive and transgressive movement from bodies of water. Some examples of clastic wedges in the United States are the Catskill Delta in Appalachia and the sequence of Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments deposited in the Cordilleran foreland basin in the Rocky Mountains.

Mountain chain
A mountain chain is a row of high mountain summits, a linear sequence of interconnected or related mountains, or a contiguous ridge of mountains within a larger mountain range. The term is also used for elongated fold mountains with several parallel chains ("chain mountains").

While in mountain ranges, the term mountain chain is common, in hill ranges a sequence of hills tends to be referred to a ridge or hill chain.

Elongated mountain chains occur most frequently in the orogeny of fold mountains, (that are folded by lateral pressure), and nappe belts (where a sheetlike body of rock has been pushed over another rock mass). Other types of range such as horst ranges, fault block mountain or truncated uplands rarely form parallel mountain chains. However, if a truncated upland is eroded into a high table land, the incision of valleys can lead to the formations of mountain or hill chains.
History of the Armenian alphabet
Armenian palaeography is a branch of palaeography that examines the historical development of Armenian script forms and lettering. It also encompasses a description of the evolution of Armenian writing.

The Armenian alphabet was devised in 405 in the cities of Edessa and Samsat by the scholar-monk Mesrop Mashtots. As is the case with other writing systems worldwide, the graphic layout of Armenian letters has undergone some changes in over 1600 years. The four principal graphic forms of Armenian writing during the Middle Ages are Erkat'agir, Bolorgir, Notrgir and Shghagir. The first of these is an all caps form, while the other three are minuscule forms of lettering. The most prevalent forms were Erkat'agir and Bolorgir. Within each of these forms, certain variations are possible.

Samsat
Samsat (Kurdish: Samîsad, Ottoman Turkish صمصاد Semisat),  formerly Samosata (Ancient Greek: Σαμόσατα) is a small town in the Adıyaman Province of Turkey, situated on the upper Euphrates river. It is the seat of Samsat District. The town is populated by Kurds of the Bêzikan tribe.

Halil Fırat from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was elected mayor in the local elections in March 2019. The current Kaymakam is Halid Yıldız.

Samsat was the ancient capital of Kingdom of Commagene. The current site of Samsat is comparatively new, however, being rebuilt in 1989 when the old town of Samosata was flooded during the construction of the Atatürk Dam. As of 2018, reconstruction process had not yet been fully completed. An ancient tell nearby dating back to Paleolithic times has survived to the current day.

Its population was 3,790 in 2022, up from 3,520 in 2017.
Phare du Monde
Phare du Monde ("Lighthouse of the world") was an observation tower planned for the 
1937 World Fair in Paris, France. The Phare du Monde, advertised as a "Pleasure Tower Half Mile High" was designed by Eugène Freyssinet, and was to be a 701-metre (2,300 feet) tall concrete tower with a light beacon and a restaurant on the top. A spiralling road on the outside of the tower shaft was to be built for driving access to a height of 1,640 feet (500 m), to a parking garage for 500 cars. This focus on the car in such an eye-catching construction has been seen as proof of the car (by 1939) having become "the primary force in determining the appearance of the ordinary landscape of cities." The costs were estimated to have been $2.5 million; it was never built.

Observation tower
An observation tower is a tower used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision to conduct long distance observations. Observation towers are usually at least 20 metres (66 ft) tall and are made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches. The towers first appeared in the ancient world, as long ago as the Babylonian Empire.

Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead.

Similar instances of observation towers are recognised as crow's nests, observatories, viewing platforms, etc.
Lions Series Trophy
The Lions Series Trophy is a rugby union trophy awarded to the winner of each British & Irish Lions test series.

The trophy was designed and crafted by Thomas Lyte, a British silversmith and goldsmith and royal warrant holder to King Charles III.

The trophy replaced the Tom Richards Cup, which had been contested with Australia since 2001.

Thomas Lyte
Thomas Lyte is an English luxury brand specialising in gold and silverware, sporting trophies and objet d'art.
The company has designed, made or restored many well known trophies and medals, such as football’s FA Cup, golf’s Ryder Cup, rugby’s 6 Nations and Webb Ellis Rugby World Cup, and the Louis Vuitton America's Cup Challenger Playoff Trophy.
Claes Lang
Claes Lang (1690 – 13 July 1761) was a Finnish painter.

Lang was born in Stockholm, but his family later moved to Finland. His father- Jochim Lang was also a painter who had lived and worked in Åland. He married Catharina Elizabeth Roling, whose family came from Lübeck, just like Lang's early family. Artistic painter jobs do not fully employ the Lang, so he periodically had to paint houses and furniture.

He moved to Turku in 1735 and painted a new city hall. He also painted murals and altarpieces at a number of churches, including in Paimion (1738), Lempäälä, Saltvik (1759), and Lumparland (1760). Lang died in Turku on 13 July 1761.

Lumparland
Lumparland is a municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. It is the smallest municipality on mainland Åland.

The municipality has a population of 378 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 87.04 square kilometres (33.61 sq mi) of which 50.8 km2 (19.6 sq mi) is water. The population density is 10.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (27/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Swedish.

The main village is Klemetsby, where there is a bank, a church, a post office and a school. Klemetsby is 25 kilometres (16 mi) away from Mariehamn along the Highway 3. The ferry port of Långnäs is situated in the eastern part of Lumparland.

Lumparland was the last municipality in Finland to establish its own website which happened in 2004.

The municipality has previously also been known as "'Lumparlanti" in some Finnish documents, but is today referred to as "Lumparland" also in Finnish.
Ṛtú
Ritu (Sanskrit: ऋतु, romanized: ṛtú, lit. 'period') in Vedic Sanskrit refers to a fixed or appointed time, especially the proper time for sacrifice (yajna) or ritual in Vedic Religion.

The word is so used in the Rigveda, the Yajurveda and the Atharvaveda. In Classical Sanskrit, it refers to an epoch or period, especially one of the  six seasons or ritus in the Hindu calendar.

It is also the name of a Rishi and of the 12th Manu.

Rtu in its diverse meanings can also be associated with food as is described in the Rig Veda Mandala 1 Hymn 15.

A notion derived from this is that of ritu or season(s) of the year, in the number of 6.

Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit, also simply referred as the Vedic language, is the earliest attested form of the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages: members of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature compiled over the period of the mid-2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE. It is orally preserved, predating the local advent of writing by several centuries.

Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic Sanskrit language has survived into the modern era, and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian history.