hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peter Bearman
Peter Shawn Bearman (born 1956) is an American sociologist, notable for his contributions to the fields of adolescent health, research design, structural analysis, textual analysis, oral history and social networks. He is the Jonathan R. Cole Professor of Social Science in the Department of Sociology at Columbia University, the President of The American Assembly at Columbia University, as well as the director of the Incite Institute (Incite https://incite.columbia.edu/). He is also the founding director of the Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy, and co-founding director of Columbia's Oral History Master of Arts Program, the first oral history masters program in the country. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2014, a Guggenheim Fellow in 2016, and a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2019. Bearman was awarded the Kohli Prize in Sociology in 2025.

Structural analysis
Structural analysis is a branch of solid mechanics which uses simplified models for solids like bars, beams and shells for engineering decision making. Its main objective is to determine the effect of loads on physical structures and their components.  In contrast to theory of elasticity, the models used in structural analysis are often differential equations in one spatial variable. Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges, aircraft and ships.  Structural analysis uses ideas from applied mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to compute a structure's deformations, internal forces, stresses, support reactions, velocity, accelerations, and stability. The results of the analysis are used to verify a structure's fitness for use, often precluding physical tests. Structural analysis is thus a key part of the engineering design of structures.
The Shamrock (newspaper)
The Shamrock was an Irish literary newspaper published in Dublin from 1866 to 1912.  It was a nationalist weekly publication printed and circulated every Saturday. Noteworthy illustrators, writers, and editors of the time, including William O'Brien, Ireland’s first investigative journalist, contributed to the paper. The Shamrock merged with the Irish Emerald in 1912, which continued to circulate until 1922.

William O'Brien
William O'Brien (2 October 1852 – 25 February 1928) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, agrarian agitator, social revolutionary, politician, party leader, newspaper publisher, author and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was particularly associated with the campaigns for land reform in Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as his conciliatory approach to attaining Irish Home Rule.
Valentine Dream Date
"Valentine Dream Date" is the seventh episode and the second holiday special on the part documentary and part rock-mockumentary musical comedy series The Naked Brothers Band, which was created by Polly Draper. The premise of "Valentine's Dream Date" is that Nat is on a dating competition show and his dream date ends up being Victoria Justice, which eventually causes problems with his girl friend Rosalina. Alex also has romantic problems of his own.

"Valentine's Dream Date" is part of the Nickelodeon's Crush Weekend, which consists of episode premieres of different TV shows on TEENick that's hosted by iCarly star Miranda Cosgrove and American Idol seventh season's runner-up David Archuleta. Archuleta guest starred on iCarly during the Crush Weekend marathon in 2009.

TEENick
TEENick was an American programming block aimed at adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 that aired on the American children's cable network, Nickelodeon. It launched on March 4, 2001, and initially aired on Sunday nights from 6-9 p.m. ET/PT before expanding to Saturday nights from 8-10 p.m. ET/PT in 2005, replacing the SNICK block that had been broadcast on the channel since 1992. It was originally hosted by Nick Cannon, and then later hosted by Jason Everhart (aka "J Boogie").

On February 1, 2009, the TEENick block was silently closed following a decision to use the Nickelodeon name to brand all of the channel's daytime programming. The similarly-named TeenNick channel launched on September 28 of that year. The channel's name was originally spelled as "TEENick" like its predecessor when it was first announced in early 2009, and the block's original host, Nick Cannon, was named the network's "chairman".
CD154
CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules.  It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and integrin αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (TFH cells). On TFH cells, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication. A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome. Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibits antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system.

Alpha-5 beta-1
α5β1, also known as the fibronectin receptor, is an integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis.  It is composed of α5 (ITGA5/CD49e) and β1 (ITGB1/CD29) subunits. It is the primary receptor for fibronectin. The interaction of VLA-5 with fibronectin plays an important role in regulating inflammatory cytokine production by human articular chondrocytes (From the Cell Migration Gateway ITGA5 ITGB1).

α5β1-integrin is transported inside the cell by the kinesin KIF1C, a kinesin-3 organelle transporter that walks along microtubules.
Groovefest American Music Festival
Groovefest Music & Art Festival - formerly Groovefest American Music Festival is a multi-day music festival held in Cedar City, Utah, United States. Founded by Tim Cretsinger, the festival is held each year during the final week of June.  It is a seven-day festival that is dedicated to American music, with genres including blues and folk, bluegrass, country, Americana, and jazz.

Past notable artists have included Trampled by Turtles, Pert Near Sandstone, Richmond Fontaine, Great American Taxi, 56 Hope Road, Bastard Sons of Johnny Cash, Cee Cee James, Stranger, Harper & Midwest Kind, Wayne "The Train" Hancock, Jackstraw.

The Groovefest went virtual in 2020.

Richmond Fontaine
Richmond Fontaine was an American four-piece rock and alternative country band, based in Portland, Oregon. They were active between 1994 and 2016 and recorded eleven studio albums, four live albums and two EPs.

Underpinned by lead singer and songwriter Willy Vlautin's lyrics, Richmond Fontaine songs often evoke imagery of Reno, Nevada, Portland, the Western United States, and Mexico, while telling stories in a style that critics have compared to Raymond Carver. The group has cited influences such as Gram Parsons, X, Green on Red and Dave Alvin.
2003 Moorilla Hobart International
The 2003 Moorilla Hobart International was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 10th edition of the event and part of the Tier V category of the 2003 WTA Tour. It took place at the Hobart International Tennis Centre in Hobart, Australia from 6 through 12 January 2003. Alicia Molik won the singles title.

WTA Tier V tournaments
The WTA Tier V tournaments were the fifth, and lowest, level of women's tennis tournaments on the WTA Tour between 1990 and 1992 and from 2001 to 2005. The line-up of events varied over the years, with tournaments being promoted, demoted or cancelled. Most of the Tier V tournaments became Tier IV events between 1993 and 2000 and from 2006 to 2008.

In 2009, WTA changed the tournament categories, so that most of the Tier III, Tier IV and Tier V tournaments from 2008 were placed in a single, WTA International tournaments, category.
Fakhruwal
Fakhruwal is a village in Shahkot in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) from Shahkot, 25.7 kilometres (16.0 mi) from Nakodar, 49 kilometres (30 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 178 kilometres (111 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Jalandhar district
Jalandhar district is a district in Doaba region of the state of Punjab, India. The district headquarters is the city of Jalandhar.

Before the Partition of India, Jalandhar was also the headquarters of the Jalandhar Division, with constituent districts Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ferozepur and Kangra. The entire Jalandhar Division was awarded to India when Punjab was partitioned.
Litigation master
A litigation master or sòngshī (訟師) was a person who supported lawsuits by common people in pre-modern China. Litigation masters did not engage in courtroom advocacy. Instead, they made a living by writing legal documents for ordinary people with low literacy skills, as well as by receiving settlement money from the other party. Unlike modern lawyers, their profession was not recognized by the state. Litigation masters were frequently blamed for inciting litigation and the practice of the profession was at times outlawed.

In popular literature litigation masters were often portrayed as defenders of the wronged and vulnerable. Some leaders of rebellions were also litigation masters.

Settlement (litigation)
In law, a settlement is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins. A collective settlement is a settlement of multiple similar legal cases. The term also has other meanings in the context of law. Structured settlements provide for future periodic payments, instead of a one-time cash payment.
Asphalt Ballet
Asphalt Ballet is an American rock band formed in San Diego, California. Their style is rooted in blues rock and incorporates elements of hard rock and Southern rock.

The band's name was derived from descriptive terminology used to depict a motorcyclist, crashing and skidding along an asphalt concrete road at high speed. The band consists of vocalist Gary Jeffries, bassist Terry Phillips, drummer Mikki Kiner, and guitarists Danny Clarke and Julius J. Ulrich,

Southern rock
Southern rock is a subgenre of rock music and a genre of Americana. It developed in the Southern United States from rock and roll, country and blues, and is focused generally on electric guitars and vocals.
Synthetic personality
A synthetic personality is a constructed, friendly, approachable persona, often used in broadcast media.  The term was initiated by Andrew Tolson, and is related to face and politeness theory.

Tolson focuses upon how the speech genre of chat is found across many broadcasts, including interviews. He identifies three features:

topical shift towards the 'personal'

the shift may be accompanied by displays of wit

opens up the possibility of transgression (the interviewee asking the interviewer questions)

He describes an interview between Robin Day and Margaret Thatcher in which the discourse about the General Election shifts to the personal.

Robin Day
Sir Robin Day (24 October 1923 – 6 August 2000) was an English political journalist and television and radio broadcaster.

Day's obituary in The Guardian by Dick Taverne stated that he was "the most outstanding television journalist of his generation. He transformed the television interview, changed the relationship between politicians and television, and strove to assert balance and rationality into the medium's treatment of current affairs".
Lalitesh Pati Tripathi
Lalitesh Pati Tripathi is an Indian politician. He is a member of National Working Committee of All India Trinamool Congress . He was a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 2012 to 2017, elected from Marihan. He was a member of the Indian National Congress and vice-president of the Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee. He left Congress in 2021 and took up the symbol of Trinamool Congress. He is the grandson of former Chief Minister Kamalpati Tripathi (1905–1990).

National Working Committee of All India Trinamool Congress
The National Working Committee of All India Trinamool Congress is the executive committee of Trinamool Congress. It was formed in December 1998 at Kolkata and was headed by Ajit Kumar Panja. It is composed of senior party leaders and is responsible for taking decisions on important policy and organizational matters, as well as guiding and directing the party's activities and campaigns at the national level.  The Working Committee is currently headed by the party Chairperson Mamata Banerjee.
1876 Horsham by-election
The 1876 Horsham by-election was held on 29 February 1876.  The by-election was fought due to the previous by-election being declared void.  This had resulted in the election of the Liberal MP Robert Henry Hurst (junior).

The Conservative candidate, Sir Hardinge Giffard, had been appointed as Solicitor General the year before, although he had not yet got a seat in the Commons.   It was won by the Liberal candidate James Clifton Brown.

Robert Henry Hurst (junior)
Robert Henry Hurst (1 June 1817 – 12 February 1905) was an English Liberal Party politician and Recorder for Hastings and Rye.  He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Horsham from 1865 to 1868, and from 1875 to 1876.
Transport in Cairo
Transport in Cairo comprises an extensive road network, rail system, subway system and maritime services for the more than 15.2 million inhabitants of the city. The city of Cairo is the hub of almost the entire Egyptian transport network.

Heliopolis, Cairo
Heliopolis (Arabic: مصر الجديدة, romanized: Miṣr al-Jadīda, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈmɑsˤɾ el ɡɪˈdiːdæ, -eɡ-], lit. "New Egypt") was an early 20th-century suburb outside Cairo, Egypt, which has since merged with Cairo and is administratively divided into the districts of Masr El Gedida and El Nozha in the Eastern Area.

Named after the ancient Egyptian city of Heliopolis, whose ruins have been found in nearby Ain Shams, modern Heliopolis was established in 1905 by the Heliopolis Oasis Company headed by the Belgian industrialist Édouard Empain and by Boghos Nubar, son of the Egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Pasha.

The population in January 2022 of Masr El Gedida was estimated to be 142,017 and in El-Nozha was 244,869 people.
Edmund Powell (MP)
Edmund Powell or Appowell (by 1506 – 1558/1559), of New Windsor, Berkshire and Sandford-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Ludgershall in October 1553 and April 1554; and for Oxfordshire in 1555.

Ludgershall (UK Parliament constituency)
Ludgershall was a parliamentary borough in Wiltshire, England, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1295 until 1832, when the borough was abolished by the Great Reform Act.

Ludgershall is a town 16 miles (26 km) north-east of Salisbury. The population was 535 in 1831.
Burgwindheim
Burgwindheim (German pronunciation: [bʊʁkˈvɪnthaɪm]; Mainfränkisch: Winnem) is a municipality with market rights in the west of the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Ebrach.

Upper Franconia
Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken, pronounced [ˈoːbɐˌfʁaŋkn̩] ⓘ) is an administrative region (Regierungsbezirk) of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia, which are all part of Bavaria.

With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer, Upper Franconia has the world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route (Fränkische Brauereistraße) runs through many popular breweries.
Nordstern (city)
Nordstern (English: North Star), usually referred to as Neu Drontheim (lit. 'New Trondheim'), was a Nazi plan for the creation of a new metropolis located in German-occupied Norway. It was planned to be built in Øysand, 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of the city of Trondheim, and have a population of around 250,000 to 300,000 German inhabitants.: 331  It was intended to be administered directly from Germany.

Nordstern's construction would be in conjunction with a major Kriegsmarine base due to the significant strategic importance of Trondheim Fjord to the German military. The new city and base would give Germany unprecedented maritime control over the North Atlantic area, a move strongly supported by Großadmirals Erich Raeder and Karl Dönitz. German leader Adolf Hitler envisioned the city as "a German Singapore", and it became one of his favorite architectural projects.: 33

Metropolis
A metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural area for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications.

A big city belonging to a larger urban agglomeration, but which is not the core of that agglomeration, is not generally considered a metropolis but a part of it. The plural of the word is metropolises, although the Latin plural is metropoles, from the Greek metropoleis (μητρoπόλεις).

For urban areas outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction on a smaller scale for their region, the concept of the regiopolis ("regio" for short) was introduced by urban and regional planning researchers in Germany in 2006.
Héctor Altuve Ferrer
Héctor J. Altuve Ferrer (born October 5, 1947) is a Dean at the Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Monterrey, Mexico. He was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for contributions to power line and transformer protection.

Altuve Ferrer attended Central University of Las Villas in Santa Clara from which he got his BSEE. After obtaining Ph.D. from the Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, he served on the faculty of the School of Electrical Engineering at Central University from 1969 to 1993. Between 1993 and 2000, Altuve served as professor of the Graduate Doctoral Program in the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León in Monterrey, Mexico and from 1999 to 2000 was the Schweitzer Visiting Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Washington State University.

Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. (SEL) designs, manufactures, and supports products and services ranging from generator and transmission protection to distribution automation and control systems. Founded in 1982 by Edmund O. Schweitzer III, SEL shipped the world's first digital protective relay. Presently, the company designs and manufactures embedded system products for protecting, monitoring, control, and metering of electric power systems.

The company serves a variety of industries, including utilities, pulp and paper, transportation, water and wastewater, education, healthcare, government, mission-critical facilities, and oil, gas, and petrochemical operations.

SEL is 100 percent employee owned, headquartered in Pullman, Washington, with about 2,300 based there in addition to 2,700 employees in field offices and other manufacturing facilities in about 60 national locations, in addition to another 50 international.
Pfäffikon, Schwyz
Pfäffikon is a former municipality and principal town of the municipality of Freienbach in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. Together with Wollerau, Pfäffikon is considered the principal town of the district (Bezirk) of Höfe and the center of the region of Ausserschwyz. The former farm town is known for its focus on hedge funds. With 7,200 residents, Pfäffikon is the third biggest town in the canton after Küssnacht and Einsiedeln.

Höfe District
Höfe District is a district of the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. The coat of arms of the Höfe is per pale: gules, two lions rampant contourny or; and or, three lions passant gules.  It has a population of 29,332 (as of 31 December 2020).

The district contains three municipalities:
Whitney, Idaho
Whitney is a small unincorporated community in the Cache Valley of Franklin County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Close to the border with Utah, Whitney lies on U.S. 91 between Preston and Franklin.

The place was named after Orson F. Whitney, an Apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The community was the birthplace of Church President Ezra Taft Benson, who is buried in the Whitney cemetery.

Brandon D Woolf, who assumed office as Idaho State Controller in 2012, was raised in Whitney.

The community is agricultural in character. Sugar beets were the main product in the early 20th century.

Cache Valley
Cache Valley is a valley of northern Utah and southeast Idaho, United States, that includes the Logan metropolitan area. The valley was used by 19th century mountain men and was the site of the 1863 Bear River Massacre of 250 to 400 Shoshone people. The name, Cache Valley is often used synonymously to describe the Logan Metropolitan Area, one of the fastest growing metro areas in the US per capita — both in terms of economic GDP and population.
Mama Warerkar
Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar (1883–1964), also known as Mama Varerkar, was  a Marathi writer from Bombay Presidency, India.

Varerkar was born in 1883 in Chiplun in the Konkan region. He attended high schools in Malvan, Dapoli and Ratnagiri. Before graduating he left his studies, worked for a while as a postal clerk, then migrated to Mumbai.

Varerkar wrote the play Kunjawihari (कुंजविहारी) in 1907. He wrote other plays with historic, mythological and social themes; he wrote many novels, short stories and film scripts. His writings strongly reflected his empathy for laborers under the dominance of their employers and the plight of women under male dominance.

He translated into Marathi many novels of Bengali writer Sharat Chandra Chatterji.

Varerkar presided over Marathi Sahitya Sammelan in Dhule in 1944. Later, he was nominated to Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament.

Dapoli
Dapoli is a Village and taluka in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, India. It lies 215 km (134 mi) south of the state capital of Mumbai. The town is also known as Camp Dapoli, as the British had set their camps here. Many high-ranking British officers' graves are found in this town. There is also an abandoned church from the time of the British Raj. Dapoli was administered by a Municipal Council.