hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fray (surname)
Fray is a surname. Fray is a surname derived from the German word 'frei' which means 'free'. Ancestry of Fray can be traced to Ashkenazic Jews from Europe. Other variations include Frayr, Frayer, Frayda, Frayman, Frayberg, Frey, Freyr, Freyda, Freyman, Freyberg, Freiman, Freeman.

Notable people with the name include:

Arron Fray (born 1987), English soccer player

David Fray (born 1981), French classical pianist

Derek Fray FRS, British material scientist and professor

Ian Fray (born 2002), American soccer player

Sir John Fray (died 1461), English lawyer and court official

Liam Fray (born 1985), English musician, singer, songwriter and lyricist

Martin Fray (born 1986), English footballer

Michael Fray (1947–2019), Jamaican sprinter

Paula Fray (born 1966), South African journalist, entrepreneur and media trainer

Terryn Fray (born 1991), Bermudan cricketer

Tom Fray (born 1979), English cricketer

David Fray
David Fray (born 24 May 1981) is a French classical pianist. Voted "Newcomer of the Year 2008" by the BBC Music Magazine, He gained attention for eating croissants while playing the piano and his musical interpretation as well as his eccentricities in performance and rehearsal, which were highlighted in the 2008 ARTE documentary about him titled Swing, Sing and Think.
Beverly Hills Schools
Beverly Hills Schools (BHS) is a group of private schools in Sheikh Zayed City, Giza Governorate, Egypt, near Cairo. It includes an American School, a British School, and a German school.

The German school, Deutsche Schule Beverly Hills Kairo is recognised as a German school abroad by the Central Agency for German Schools Abroad (ZfA). It serves Kindergarten though Oberstufe Grade 12.

American School Beverly Hills Cairo serves up to high school. It was chartered in 2007.

English School Beverly Hills Cairo or Beverly Hills English Language School includes up to secondary level 3.

Giza Governorate
Giza (Arabic: محافظة الجيزة Muḥāfaẓah Al Gizah) is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the center of the country, situated mostly on the west bank of the Nile River opposite Cairo.  Its capital is the city of Giza.  It includes a stretch of the left bank of the Nile Valley around Giza, as well as a relatively small portion of the east bank (such as Ghammāzah al Kubrá and El-Saf).

Giza acquired a large stretch of Egypt's Western Desert, including Bahariya Oasis when the 6th of October Governorate was merged into it on 14 April 2011.  The Giza Governorate is also home to the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza.
Rødven Stave Church
Rødven Stave Church (Norwegian: Rødven stavkyrkje) is a former parish church (now a museum) of the Church of Norway in Rauma Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The stave church is located in the village of Rødven. It was a church in the Eid og Holm parish which is part of the Indre Romsdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The brown, wooden church was built in a long church design during the 12th century by an unknown architect. The church seats about 100 people.

The church is considered a Møre-type stave church due to its structure and the exterior support posts that brace the walls. In 1907, a new Rødven Church was built across the street from the old church. Since 1907, Rødven Stave Church has not been regularly used and it has been owned by the Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments. Although it is now a museum, it does have one worship service each year on Olsok, the eve of St. Olav's Day.

Olsok
Olsok (lit. 'Olaf's Wake'  or 'Olaf's Vigil') is a national day of celebration on July 29 in the Nordic countries of Norway and the Faroe Islands, and also in the provinces of Härjedalen in Sweden and Savonlinna in Finland.
Williges Building
The Williges Building, also known as Cownie-Williges Building, is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States.  It is a three-story commercial block that was designed by local architects William L. Steele and George Hilgers.  The structure was built for August
Williges to house his fur manufacturing factory, salesroom, and storage facility.  The decorative terra cotta details on the main facade are Sullivanesque in style, which reflects Steele's association with Louis Sullivan from 1897 to 1900. Completed in 1930, it is one of the last commercial buildings constructed in the early Prairie School style in the United States, and Steele's last architectural commission in Sioux City. It was also built at the end of the period of time when terra cotta was popularly used as wall cladding.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Cladding (construction)
Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer. In construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of thermal insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of buildings. Cladding can be made of any of a wide range of materials including wood, metal, brick, vinyl, and composite materials that can include aluminium, wood, blends of cement and recycled polystyrene, wheat/rice straw fibres. Rainscreen cladding is a form of weather cladding designed to protect against the elements, but also offers thermal insulation. The cladding does not itself need to be waterproof, merely a control element: it may serve only to direct water or wind safely away in order to control run-off and prevent its infiltration into the building structure. Cladding may also be a control element for noise, either entering or escaping. Cladding can become a fire risk by design or material.
Districts of Madagascar
Districts are second-level administrative divisions of Madagascar below the regions. There are 114 districts in Madagascar. Districts are themselves divided into communes; while some of the districts in urban areas (such as the City districts of Antananarivo, Antsirabe I, Antsiranana I, Fianarantsoa I, Toamasina I and Toliara I) and offshore islands (such as the districts of Nosy Be and Nosy Boraha) each consist of only one commune, most of the districts are divided typically into 5–20 communes.

Antsirabe
Antsirabe (Malagasy pronunciation: [anˌtsiraˈbe]), also known as Ville d'eau (lit. 'City of water' in French), is the third-largest city in Madagascar and the capital of the Vakinankaratra region, with a population of 265,018 in 2014. In Madagascar, Antsirabe is known for its relatively cool climate (like the rest of the central region), its industry and the high concentration of pulled rickshaws or pousse-pousses. It attracts around 30,000 tourists a year.
Pristimantis piceus
Pristimantis piceus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and occurs in the Cordillera Central between the Antioquia Department in the north and the Cauca Department in the south. Many specimens are black in color, and the specific name piceus is Latin meaning "pitch-black".

Cordillera Central (Colombia)
The Cordillera Central (English: Central Ranges) is the highest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The range extends from south to north dividing from the Colombian Massif in Cauca Department to the Serranía de San Lucas in Bolívar Departments. The highest peak is Nevado del Huila at 5,364 m (17,598 ft).

Significant graphite resources exist in Cordillera Central in the form of graphite-bearing schists.
Ömer Çatkıç
Ömer Çatkıç (born 15 October 1974) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. His last club was Antalyaspor in the Turkish Süper Lig.

He played for Eskişehirspor, Gaziantepspor, Gençlerbirliği, and Bursaspor. He returned to Gaziantepspor in the 2007–08 season.

He played for the Turkey national team and was a participant at the Euro 2000, 2002 FIFA World Cup and 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup.

Gaziantepspor
Gaziantepspor was a Turkish football club located in the city of Gaziantep. Formed in 1969 and dissolved in 2020, Gaziantepspor were nicknamed the Şahinler (The Falcons). The club colours were black and red, and they played their home matches at New Gaziantep Stadium.
Marcin Zamoyski
Marcin Zamoyski (c. 1637–1689) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

Marcin became the fourth Ordynat of Zamość estate in 1674. He became a Royal Rotmistrz in 1656, Podstoli of Lwów in 1677, voivode of Bracław Voivodeship in 1678, voivode of Lublin Voivodeship in 1682 and Grand Treasurer of the Crown in 1685. He was starost of Belz, Płoskirów, Bolimów and Rostoki.

Starosta
Starosta /ˈstɑːrɒstə/ or starost (Cyrillic: старост/а, Latin: capitaneus, German: Starost, Hauptmann) is a community elder in some Slavic lands.

The Slavic root of "starost" translates as "senior". Since the Middle Ages, it has designated an official in a leadership position in a range of civic and social contexts throughout Central and Eastern Europe. In reference to a municipality, a starosta was historically a senior royal administrative official, equivalent to a county sheriff or seneschal, and analogous to a gubernator. In Poland, a starosta administered a crown land district called starostwo.

In the early Middle Ages, a starosta could head a settled urban or rural community or other community, as in the case of a church starosta or an artel starosta. A starosta also functioned as a master of ceremonies.
Pinga (footballer, born 1965)
Jorge Luis da Silva Brum, best known as Pinga (born 30 April 1965, in Porto Alegre), is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a defender either in the centre, or as a full-back.

Throughout his career (1984–2000) he played with Sport Club Internacional, Ituano, Corinthians, Rio Branco, Londrina, América (SP), Fortaleza, Paysandu and Serrano (RJ). He won three Campeonato Rio Grande do Sul titles (1984, 1991, 1992), two Brazilian Cups (1992, 1995) and one São Paulo State Championship. With the Brazilian Olympic Team he won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Campeonato Gaúcho
The Campeonato Gaúcho (English: Gaúcho Championship), officially named as Campeonato Gaúcho de Futebol Série A and commonly known as the Gauchão or the Gauchão Ipiranga for sponsorship reasons, is the top-flight professional state football league in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is run by the Rio Grande do Sul Football Federation (FGF).

The rivalry of two of the better-known Brazilian teams (Grêmio and Internacional) have a significant impact in the history of the tournament. Since 1940, the Grenal duo have won the title on all but four occasions: the defunct Renner was champion in 1954, Juventude almost 44 years later in 1998, Caxias, in 2000, under Tite's command, and Novo Hamburgo in 2017.

Internacional is the biggest winner of the competition, with 46 titles, followed by Grêmio with 43 titles and Guarany of Bagé with two titles.
Herefordshire Beacon
The Herefordshire Beacon is one of the highest peaks of the Malvern Hills. It is surrounded by a British Iron Age hill fort earthwork known as British Camp. The fort subsequently had a ringwork and bailey castle built inside its boundary and there is evidence of 120 huts in the area. British Camp has been a scheduled monument since 1923.

On the eastern slope of Herefordshire Beacon, there is a disused reservoir, British Camp Reservoir, which holds approximately 213,000 cubic metres (7,500,000 cu ft) of water.

Earthworks (archaeology)
In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil. Earthworks can themselves be archaeological features, or they can show features beneath the surface.
Rita de Acosta Lydig
Rita Hernandez de Alba de Acosta Stokes Lydig (October 1, 1875 – October 27, 1929) was an American socialite named by one observer as "the most picturesque woman in America." She was photographed by Adolf de Meyer, Edward Steichen, and Gertrude Käsebier, sculpted in alabaster by Malvina Hoffman, and was painted by Giovanni Boldini and John Singer Sargent, among others.

Gertrude Käsebier
Gertrude Käsebier (born Stanton; May 18, 1852 – October 12, 1934) was an American photographer. She was known for her images of motherhood, her portraits of Native Americans, and her promotion of photography as a career for women.
Charles Robin Britt
Charles Robin Britt (born June 29, 1942) is an American lawyer and politician who is a former Member of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina's 6th congressional district. A Democrat, he served one term from 1983 to 1985.

North Carolina's 6th congressional district
North Carolina's 6th congressional district is a congressional district located in the north central portion of the U.S state of North Carolina. All of Davidson, Davie, and Rowan counties are located in the district, along with portions of Cabarrus, Forsyth, and Guilford counties including small portions of Greensboro, and Winston-Salem. On October 25, 2023, the North Carolina General Assembly approved a new congressional map shifting the district's Cook Partisan Voting Index from D+4 to R+9. It is currently represented by Republican Addison McDowell.
Hadera
Hadera (Hebrew: חדרה, pronounced [χadeˈʁa]) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km (5 mi) of the Israeli coastal plain. The city's population includes a notable community of post-Soviet and Ethiopian aliyah arrivals. In 2023 it had a population of 106,765.

Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams.

Aliyah from Ethiopia
Aliyah from Ethiopia is the immigration of the Beta Israel people to Israel. Early forms of Zionism have existed in Ethiopia since the mid 19th century, as shown in the 1848 letters from the Beta Israel to Jews in Europe praying for the unification of Jews. A year after the first letter was sent, Daniel Ben Hananiah and his son were sent by the Kahen to Jerusalem and made contact with the Jewish leaders there.
Hannes Siebert
Hannes Siebert (February 17, 1961) is an international peace process and negotiations adviser and facilitator, who is known for his work on national peace structures, the role of media in conflict resolution, authentic negotiations processes and local/regional conflict interventions in several countries.

Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution. Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding certain beliefs) and by engaging in collective negotiation. Dimensions of resolution typically parallel the dimensions of conflict in the way the conflict is processed. Cognitive resolution is the way disputants understand and view the conflict, with beliefs, perspectives, understandings and attitudes. Emotional resolution is in the way disputants feel about a conflict, the emotional energy. Behavioral resolution is reflective of how the disputants act, their behavior. Ultimately a wide range of methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist, including negotiation, mediation, mediation-arbitration, diplomacy, and creative peacebuilding.
Phylogenetic nomenclature
Phylogenetic nomenclature (sometimes called cladistic nomenclature) is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names. Phylogenetic nomenclature assigns names to clades, groups consisting solely of an ancestor and all its descendants. This contrasts with the traditional method, by which taxon names are defined by a type, which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is regulated currently by the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode).

Zoologica Scripta
Zoologica Scripta is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on systematic zoology, published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was established in 1972. The editor-in-chief since 2023 is Lutz Bachmann (Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.140, ranking it 12th out of 174 journals in the category "Zoology".
Big Spencer Mountain
Big Spencer Mountain is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine. Big Spencer Mtn. is flanked to the west by Little Spencer Mountain.

The southwest end of Big Spencer Mountain drains into Kidney Brook, then into Lobster Lake, and into the West Branch of the Penobscot River, and into Penobscot Bay. The northeast end of Big Spencer Mountain drains into spring-fed Blood Pond where the pond's outlet, Maxfield Brook, then empties into Lobster Lake. Part of the southeast side of Big Spencer Mountain drains into Bear Brook, then into Ragged Lake, Ragged Stream, Caribou Lake, Chesuncook Lake, Ripogenus Lake, and into the West Branch Penobscot River. The southern part of the southeast side of Big Spencer drains into Lazy Tom Stream, then into the Roach River, and Moosehead Lake, the source of the Kennebec River.

West Branch Penobscot River
The West Branch Penobscot River is a 117-mile-long (188 km) tributary of the  Penobscot River through the North Maine Woods in Maine.  The river is also known as Abocadneticook (Abenaki for  "stream narrowed by mountains"), Kahgognamock, and Kettegwewick (Abenaki for "place of the great stream").
Method of moments (probability theory)
In probability theory, the method of moments is a way of proving convergence in distribution by proving convergence of a sequence of moment sequences.  Suppose X is a random variable and that all of the moments

exist.  Further suppose the probability distribution of X is completely determined by its moments, i.e., there is no other probability distribution with the same sequence of moments
(cf. the problem of moments).  If

for all values of k, then the sequence {Xn} converges to X in distribution.

The method of moments was introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev for proving the central limit theorem; Chebyshev cited earlier contributions by Irénée-Jules Bienaymé. More recently, it has been applied by Eugene Wigner to prove Wigner's semicircle law, and has since found numerous applications in the theory of random matrices.

Wigner semicircle distribution
The Wigner semicircle distribution, named after the physicist Eugene Wigner, is the probability distribution defined on the domain [−R, R] whose probability density function f is a scaled semicircle, i.e. a semi-ellipse, centered at (0, 0):

for −R ≤ x ≤ R, and f(x) = 0 if |x| > R. The parameter R is commonly referred to as the "radius" parameter of the distribution.

The distribution arises as the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues of many random symmetric matrices, that is, as the dimensions of the random matrix approach infinity. The distribution of the spacing or gaps between eigenvalues is addressed by the similarly named Wigner surmise.
Sergey Vasilyevich Belyaev
Sergey Vasilyevich Belyaev (Russian: Серге́й Васи́льевич Беля́ев; 20 September (2 October, new style) 1856, Moscow – ?) was a major general of the Imperial Russian Army and a brigade commander of the 83rd infantry division.

Order of Saint Vladimir
The Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir (Russian: орден Святого Владимира) was an Imperial Russian order established on 3 October [O.S. 22 September] 1782 by Empress Catherine II in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Grand Prince and the Baptizer of the Kievan Rus'.
Carol Anne O'Marie
Sister Carol Anne O'Marie, C.S.J., (August 28, 1933 – May 27, 2009) was a Roman Catholic sister in the Religious Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet. She was also a mystery writer.

She wrote eleven novels, whose protagonist is Sister Mary Helen, an elderly sister who solves crimes. Most of the books are based in San Francisco, California, where O'Marie was born. Sister Carol Anne also ran a shelter for homeless women with Sister Maureen Lyons in Oakland, California.

She died, aged 75, from Parkinson's disease on May 27, 2009.

Sister Carol Anne wrote Like a Swarm of Bees, published by Graphic Visions in 2010. She finished the manuscript shortly before her death. It was written to recall a prophecy and a promise spoken in 1805 by the Abbé Piron of Saint-Étienne, France, by which he foretold that the Sisters of St. Joseph would increase in number and "like a swarm of bees" spread everywhere.

Abbé
Abbé (French: [abe]; from Latin abbas, in turn from Greek ἀββᾶς, abbas, from Aramaic abba, a title of honour, literally meaning "the father, my father", emphatic state of abh, "father") is the French word for an abbot. It is also the title used for lower-ranking Catholic clergy in France who are not members of religious orders.
Myristica chartacea
Myristica chartacea is a species of flowering plant in the nutmeg family, Myristicaceae. It is a tree endemic to Fiji.

Myristica chartacea is an evergreen tree which grows up to 24 meters tall. It flowers and sets fruit throughout the year.

It is native to the islands of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Gau, and Ovalau. It grows in both primary and secondary tropical moist forest, from 50 to 900 meters elevation. Its seedlings prefer shade for growth. It is common across its range.

Timber from the tree is used for a variety of local purposes, and is exported. Export is limited by a quota, and the species is replanted. Timber harvesting and other human activities are not considered major threats to the species, and its conservation status is assessed as least concern.

Myristicaceae
The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, Myristica fragrans, the source of the spices nutmeg and mace. The best known genera are Myristica in Asia and Virola in the Neotropics.

The family consists of about 21 genera with about 520 species of trees, shrubs and rarely lianas (Pycnanthus) found in tropical forests around the world. Most of the species are large trees that are valued in the timber industry.
Barnaul Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots
The Barnaul Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots named after Chief Marshal of Aviation K. A. Vershinin (Barnaul VVAUL) (Барнаульское высшее военное авиационное училище летчиков им. Главного Маршала авиации К.А. Вершинина (БВВАУЛ))- was a flying training flight school of the Soviet Air Forces in the city of Barnaul (Altai Krai). It formed part of the Air Forces of the Siberian Military District.

Barnaul
Barnaul (Russian: Барнау́л, IPA: [bərnɐˈul] ⓘ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka and Ob rivers in the West Siberian Plain. As of the 2021 census, its population was 630,877, making it the 20th-largest city in Russia and the fourth-largest in the Siberian Federal District.

Located in the south of western Siberia on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy Demidov family, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.