hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
German Physical Society
The German Physical Society (German: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, DPG) is the oldest organisation of physicists. DPG's 2025 worldwide membership is cited as 50,668, with a peak of 63,012 in 2014. It holds an annual conference (Jahrestagung) and multiple spring conferences (Frühjahrstagungen), which are held at various locations and along topical subjects of given sections of the DPG.
The DPG concerns the fields of pure and applied physics and aims to foster connections among German physicists, as well as the exchange of ideas between its members and foreign colleagues. The bylaws of the DPG commit the organization and its members to maintain scientific integrity and ethics, including freedom, tolerance, truthfulness, and dignity in scientific work, as well as the promotion of gender equality in the fields of physics and related sciences.

Deutsche Physik
Deutsche Physik (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə fyˈziːk], lit. "German Physics") or Aryan Physics (German: Arische Physik)  was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s which had the support of many eminent physicists in Germany. The term appears in the title of a four-volume physics textbook by Nobel laureate Philipp Lenard in the 1930s.

Deutsche Physik was opposed to the work of Albert Einstein, who was ethnically Jewish, and other modern theoretically based physics, which was disparagingly labeled "Jewish physics" (German: Jüdische Physik).
Teresa Blankmeyer Burke
Teresa Blankmeyer Burke is a Professor of Philosophy at Gallaudet University. She is the first signing deaf woman to receive a PhD in philosophy in the world, as well as the first deaf person to receive a PhD in philosophy at the University of New Mexico.

Her work primarily focuses on deaf philosophy (the intersection of philosophy and Deaf studies) and bioethics. Her primary interests lay in areas such as virtue ethics, moral justification, and the ethics of sign-language interpreting. Since the use of American Sign Language to discuss topics in philosophy is a relatively new development, Burke grappled with the lack of an existing philosophical lexicon in ASL and the philosophical considerations as to what the development of that lexicon could or should look like.

Justification (epistemology)
Justification (also called epistemic justification) is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. They study the reasons why someone holds a belief. Epistemologists are concerned with various features of belief, which include the ideas of warrant (a proper justification for holding a belief), knowledge, rationality, and probability, among others.

Debates surrounding epistemic justification often involve the structure of justification, including whether there are foundational justified beliefs or whether mere coherence is sufficient for a system of beliefs to qualify as justified. Another major subject of debate is the sources of justification, which might include perceptual experience (the evidence of the senses), reason, and authoritative testimony, among others.
Kraków Mydlniki railway station
Kraków Mydlniki is a railway station in the Bronowice district of Kraków, Poland, located in the neighbourhood of Mydlniki, northwest of the city centre. The station, with its historic building, lies within the Tenczynek Landscape Park (Tenczyński Park Krajobrazowy) protected area with numerous summer visitors, because the Park is also the location of a medieval Tenczyn Castle built as a seat of the powerful Tęczyński family. It fell into ruin during the Deluge in mid-17th century, after being pillaged and burned by Swedish-Brandenburgian forces looking for the Polish Crown Jewels and the rumored treasures of the Tęczyński family. Within the Landscape Park are five nature reserves.

The station serves the PKP rail line 95 between Katowice to the west (1), and Kraków Balice to the east (2); more specifically:

PKP rail line 133 Dąbrowa Górnicza Ząbkowice - Kraków Główny, 70.7 kilometres (43.9 mi)

PKP rail line 118 Kraków Mydlniki - Kraków Balice, 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi).

Balice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Balice [baˈlit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zabierzów, within Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

Balice is the home of the John Paul II International Airport.
Nico Sijmens
Nico Sijmens (born 1 April 1978 in Diest, Belgium) is a retired Belgian road racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2001 and 2014. Sijmens rodes for the Vlaanderen–T Interim, Landbouwkrediet–Tönissteiner, Cofidis and Wanty–Groupe Gobert teams over his career.

Landbouwkrediet–Colnago
Crelan–Euphony (UCI team code: CRE) was a UCI Professional Continental cycling team based in Belgium that participated in UCI Continental Circuits races and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events. The team was managed by Gérard Bulens, with assistance from directeur sportifs Jef De Bilde, Claude Criquielion, Marco Saligari and Claude Van Collie.

Despite the fact that it was never a top team, they had a 3rd place in the GC of the 2003 Giro d'Italia, thanks to later Discovery Channel and Astana rider Yaroslav Popovych.

The team was sponsored by the Belgian companies Crelan, a bank, and Euphony, a telecommunications company.

The team folded at the end of the 2013 season, for financial reasons.
Yanzigitovo
Yanzigitovo (Russian: Янзигитово; Bashkir: Йәнйегет, Yänyeget) is a rural locality (a village) in Tatlybayevsky Selsoviet, Baymaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 362 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

Baymaksky District
Baymaksky District (Russian: Байма́кский райо́н; Bashkir: Баймаҡ районы, Baymaq rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic and borders with Abzelilovsky District in the north, Chelyabinsk Oblast and the territory of the town of republic significance of Sibay in the east, Khaybullinsky District in the south, and with Zilairsky District in the south and west. The area of the district is 5,432 square kilometers (2,097 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Baymak (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 40,862.
Marshall Douglas
Marshall C. Douglas is a Scottish golfer. He played in four Open Championships; 1966, 1967, 1970 and 1972. Douglas won the inaugural 1969 Nigerian Open, and was third in 1970. He was runner-up in the 1966 Northern Open, in the 1969 Scottish Uniroyal Tournament and in the 1974 Scottish Coca-Cola Tournament. Douglas also won the Elie Boys in 1957 and the Eastwood Quaich 1962. In September 1973, Douglas won with scores of 70 and 68 at Dalmahoy, the Pro-Am Championship of Scotland sponsored by Scottish Sunday Express and Royal Bank of Scotland.

Northern Open
The Northern Open is a golf tournament played annually in Scotland since 1931. For some years it was one of only two 72-hole tournaments on the "Tartan Tour", the PGA Tour in Scotland's schedule, the other being the Scottish PGA Championship, but since 2019 the event has been played over 36 holes.

The Scottish PGA Championship was originally called the Scottish Professional Championship and was only open to professionals while the Northern Open was also open to amateurs.
2025 European Darts Trophy
The 2025 European Darts Trophy (known for sponsorship reasons as the 2025 Elten Safety Shoes European Darts Trophy) was a professional darts tournament that took place at the Lokhalle in Göttingen, Germany from 21 to 23 March 2025. It was the second of fourteen PDC European Tour events on the 2025 PDC Pro Tour. It featured a field of 48 players and £175,000 in prize money, with £30,000 going to the winner.

Michael van Gerwen was the defending champion after defeating James Wade 8–3 in the final of the last edition of the event, which was in 2018. However, he lost 7–5 to Ryan Joyce in the semi-finals.

Nathan Aspinall won his first European Tour title by defeating Joyce 8–4 in the final.

Darts
Darts is a competitive sport in which two or more players bare-handedly throw small sharp-pointed projectiles known as darts at a round target known as a dartboard.

Points can be scored by hitting specific marked areas of the board, though unlike in sports such as archery, these areas are distributed all across the board and do not follow a principle of points increasing toward the board's bullseye. Though a number of similar games using various boards and rules exist, the term "darts" usually now refers to a standardised game involving a specific board design and set of rules.

Darts is both a professional throwing sport and a traditional pub game.  Darts is commonly played in the British Isles, and recreationally loved around the world.
Roman Maikin
Roman Yuryevich Maikin (Russian: Роман Юрьевич Майкин; born 14 August 1990) is a Russian racing cyclist, who rides for UCI Continental team Pingtan International Tourism Island Cycling Team. He rode at the 2014 UCI Road World Championships.

2014 UCI Road World Championships
The 2014 UCI Road World Championships took place in Ponferrada, Spain, from 21 to 28 September 2014. The cycling championships consisted of 12 events for elite, under-23 and junior cyclists. It was the 81st UCI Road World Championships and the seventh time that Spain had hosted the championships; they were previously held in Lasarte in 1965, Montjuïc in 1973, Barcelona in 1984, Benidorm in 1992, San Sebastián in 1997 and Madrid in 2005.
Dominic Holden
Dominic Holden is an American journalist. He was National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association's 2016 Journalist of the Year Award awardee, and one of The Advocate's 50 most influential LGBTs in America in 2017. He was director of Seattle Hempfest and an editor at Seattle's The Stranger alternative newspaper for six years. From 2015 until June 2020 he wrote for BuzzFeed News. Holden appeared in the 2013 documentary Evergreen: The Road to Legalization. In 2019, The New York Times reported that he was one of the leaders of an effort to unionize employees at Buzzfeed.

His father, Ronald Holden, is a Seattle food writer, who worked at KING-TV and was executive editor at the other Seattle alt-weekly, Seattle Weekly.

The Stranger (newspaper)
The Stranger is an alternative news and commentary publication in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1991 by Tim Keck and cartoonist James Sturm, it has a progressive orientation. The paper's principal competitor was the Seattle Weekly until 2019 when the Weekly ceased print publication. Originally published weekly, The Stranger became biweekly in 2017 and suspended print publication during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, resuming publication of a quarterly arts magazine in March 2023 and further increasing its print issues in 2025. It also publishes online content and political endorsements for liberal or progressive candidates.
Cyanobacterium (genus)
Cyanobacterium is a genus of cyanobacteria. Unusual for cyanobacteria, it is published under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (with a living-culture type specimen). It became a validly published name in 2022.

It contains one validly-published species, the type species Cyanobacterium stanieri. There is an effectively (but not validly) published "Cyanobacterium aponinum" Moro et al. 2007.

GTDB splits Cyanobacterium stanieri into two species-sized clusters and reports three more unnamed species clusters in its understanding of Cyanobacterium. The "Cyanobacterium aponinum PCC 10605" RefSeq genome GCF_000317675.1 is assigned to different genus with a placeholder name, PCC-10605, under GTDB's version of Cyanobacteriaceae. GTDB's version of the Cyanobacteriaceae also includes Geminocystis and two more placeholder genera.

Genome Taxonomy Database
The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) is an online database that maintains information on a proposed nomenclature of prokaryotes, following a phylogenomic approach based on a set of conserved single-copy proteins. In addition to resolving paraphyletic groups, this method also reassigns taxonomic ranks algorithmically, updating names in both cases. Information for archaea was added in 2020, along with a species classification based on average nucleotide identity. Each update incorporates new genomes as well as automated and manual curation of the taxonomy.

An open-source tool called GTDB-Tk is available to classify draft genomes into the GTDB hierarchy. The GTDB system, via GTDB-Tk, has been used to catalogue not-yet-named bacteria in the human gut microbiome and other metagenomic sources.

The GTDB is incorporated into the Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria in 2019 as its phylogenomic resource.
State Constables in South Carolina
In South Carolina, a State Constable is a law enforcement officer who is either a uniformed or plainclothes law enforcement officer employed by one of the departments of the state government, a retired police officer, or a volunteer reserve police officer. Officers may be variously described as "State Constable", "Special State Constable", "Department of Public Safety (DPS) Special Constable" and "Magistrates' Constable". State Constables are appointed by the Governor of South Carolina, and regulated by the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division.

South Carolina Law Enforcement Division
The South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) is a statewide investigative law enforcement agency in South Carolina.  SLED provides manpower and technical assistance to other law enforcement agencies and conducts investigations on behalf of the state as directed by the Governor and Attorney General.  SLED Headquarters is located in the state capital, Columbia, with offices in the Midlands, Piedmont, Pee Dee, and Low Country regions.
Susan Bonilla
Susan A. Bonilla (née Woodward; born June 22, 1960) is an American politician who served in the California State Assembly, representing the 14th district, encompassing parts of Contra Costa and Solano counties. She is a Democrat. Prior to being elected to the state Assembly, she was a member of the Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors and was mayor of Concord before that.

Due partly to term limits, Bonilla had originally planned to run for Mark DeSaulnier's State Senate seat in 2016, however in November 2014 DeSaulnier resigned to take office in the U.S. House of Representatives. Bonilla ran in a 2015 special election to fill DeSaulnier's seat in California's 7th State Senate district, but lost to Orinda Mayor Steve Glazer in an upset.

In 2017, Bonilla became the California State Director of the Council for a Strong America.

Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors
The Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors is the five-member governing body for Contra Costa County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area's East Bay region. Members of the Board of supervisors are elected from districts, based on their residence.
Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government
The Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government in the Government of Australia is a position currently held by Catherine King following the swearing in of the full Albanese ministry on 1 June 2022.

The Minister for Regional Development, Local Government and Territories is a position currently held by Kristy McBain.

Kristy McBain
Kristy Louise McBain (born 29 September 1982) is an Australian politician. She currently represents the division of Eden-Monaro, and is the Minister for Regional Development, Local Government and Territories and Minister for Emergency Management.
Russell Norman
Russell Norman (9 December 1965 – 23 November 2023) was a British restaurateur, chef, teacher and author. In the early 2010s, he gained a unique reputation and identity as "the coolest man in food". He co-founded Polpo, a renowned Venetian-style tapas restaurant in London, and the Italian restaurant Brutto.

Tapas
Tapas (Spanish: [ˈtapa]) are appetisers or snacks in Spanish cuisine. They can be combined to make a full meal and are served cold (such as mixed olives and cheese) or hot (such as chopitos, which are battered, fried baby squid; or patatas bravas, spicy potatoes). In some bars and restaurants in Spain and across the globe, tapas have evolved into a sophisticated cuisine. In some Central American countries, such snacks are known as bocas. In parts of Mexico, similar dishes are called botanas.

An individual appetizer (or single order of an item) is a tapa.
Acid catalysis
In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions, the conjugate acid of the carbonyl group is a better electrophile than the neutral carbonyl group itself. Depending on the chemical species that act as the acid or base, catalytic mechanisms can be classified as either specific catalysis and general catalysis. Many enzymes operate by general catalysis.

Electrophile
In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.

Electrophiles mainly interact with nucleophiles through addition and substitution reactions. Frequently seen electrophiles in organic syntheses include cations such as H+ and NO+, polarized neutral molecules such as HCl, alkyl halides, acyl halides, and carbonyl compounds, polarizable neutral molecules such as Cl2 and Br2, oxidizing agents such as organic peracids, chemical species that do not satisfy the octet rule such as carbenes and radicals, and some Lewis acids such as BH3  and DIBAL.
Newport Center, Vermont
Newport Center is the primary village and a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Newport, Orleans County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 231, out of 1,526 in the town of Newport.

The CDP is in northern Orleans County, north of the geographic center of the town. It is in the valley of Mud Creek, a northwest-flowing tributary of the Missisquoi River, which flows west to Lake Champlain.

Vermont Route 105 passes through the village center, leading northwest 6 miles (10 km) to North Troy next to the Canadian border and east-southeast the same distance to the city of Newport on Lake Memphremagog.

Lake Memphremagog
Lake Memphremagog (mem-frə-MAY-gog; French: Lac Memphrémagog, pronounced [lak mɛmfʁemaɡɔɡ]) is a fresh water glacial lake located between Newport, Vermont, United States and Magog, Quebec, Canada.  The lake spans both Quebec and Vermont, but is mostly in Quebec. Most of the watershed that feeds the lake is located in Vermont, and is a source for accumulated phosphorus, sediments, and other pollutants. Cleanup efforts since the late 1980s have improved the water quality. The lake furnishes potable water for 200,000 people.
Chadisia
Chadisia (Ancient Greek: Χαδισία), also Chadisius or Chadisios (Χαδίσιος), was a town of ancient Pontus, not far from the coast on a river of the same name. Hecataeus, quoted by Stephanus of Byzantium, speaks of Chadisia as a city of the Leucosyri, that is, of the group the Persians called the Cappadocians; and he says, "the plain Themiscyra extends from Chadisia to the Thermodon." Menippus, in his Periplus of the two Ponti, also quoted by Stephanus, says: "from the Lycastus to the village and river Chadisius is 150 stadia, and from the Chadisius to the river Iris 100 stadia."

Its site is located near Karabahçe in Asiatic Turkey.

Cappadocian Greeks
The Cappadocian Greeks (Greek: Έλληνες Καππαδόκες; Turkish: Kapadokyalı Rumlar), or simply Cappadocians, are an ethnic Greek community native to the geographical region of Cappadocia in central-eastern Anatolia; roughly the Nevşehir and Kayseri provinces and their surroundings in modern-day Turkey. There had been a continuous Greek presence in Cappadocia since antiquity, and by at least the 5th century AD the Greek language had become the lingua franca of the region.

In the 11th century Seljuq Turks arriving from Central Asia conquered the region, beginning its gradual shift in language and religion. In 1923, following the mass killing of Christian Ottomans across Anatolia, the surviving Cappadocian communities were forced to leave their native homeland and resettle in Greece by the terms of the Greek–Turkish population exchange. Today their descendants can be found throughout Greece and the Greek diaspora worldwide.
Yevgeny Gorbenko
Yevgeny Pavlovich Gorbenko (Russian: Евгений Павлович Горбенко; 1910–1979) was a Soviet choirmaster, music teacher, the first chief choirmaster of the Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre, Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1955).

Honored Artist of the RSFSR
Honored Artist of the RSFSR (Russian: Заслуженный артист РСФСР, Zasluzhenny artist RSFSR) was an honorary title granted to Soviet artists, including theatre and film directors, choreographers, music performers, and orchestra conductors, who had outstanding achievements in the arts, and who lived in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1931 to 1991.
Detachment left in contact
A detachment left in contact (DLIC) is a portion of a military force left in contact position with the enemy as part of a maneuver. The rest of the force then maneuvers to another attacking position. The detachment left in contact maintains the appearance of a full unit in contact until ordered otherwise. It is normally part of a withdrawal not under pressure. The DLIC disengages and withdraws after the main body has begun movement to the next mission.

Military organization
Military organization (AE) or military organisation (BE) is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer such military capability as a national defense policy may require. Formal military organization tends to use hierarchical forms (see Modern hierarchy for terminology and approximate troop strength per hierarchical unit).

In some countries, paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces, though not considered military. Armed forces that are not a part of military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often emulate military organizations, or use these structures.
Audio filter
An audio filter is a frequency-dependent circuit, working in the audio frequency range, 0 Hz to 20 kHz. Audio filters can amplify (boost), pass or attenuate (cut) some frequency ranges. Many types of filters exist for different audio applications including hi-fi stereo systems, musical synthesizers, effects units, sound reinforcement systems, instrument amplifiers and virtual reality systems.

High fidelity
High fidelity (hi-fi or, rarely, HiFi) is the high-quality reproduction of sound. It is popular with audiophiles and home audio enthusiasts. Ideally, high-fidelity equipment has inaudible noise and distortion, and a flat (neutral, uncolored) frequency response within the human hearing range.

High fidelity contrasts with the lower-quality lo-fi sound produced by inexpensive audio equipment, AM radio, or the inferior quality of sound reproduction that can be heard in recordings made until the late 1940s.