hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
21st Rule
Throughout the period before the American Civil War, petitions and memorials relating to the slavery question appeared in many records of the United States Congress. Between 1836 and 1844, the 21st rule of the U.S. House of Representatives (the so-called gag rule) provided that no petition relating to slavery would be entertained in any way; therefore, all such petitions and memorials received while this rule was in effect were tabled.

The rule, proposed by South Carolina Representative Henry L. Pinckney, was passed without any debate. During this period, hundreds of petitions relating to the abolition of slavery, slavery in the District of Columbia, fugitive slave laws and fugitive slaves, the admission of slave states, slavery in the territories, African colonization, and repeal of the 21st rule were tabled.

Historical regions of the United States
The territory of the United States and its overseas possessions has evolved over time, from the colonial era to the present day. It includes formally organized territories, proposed and failed states, unrecognized breakaway states, international and interstate purchases, cessions, and land grants, and historical military departments and administrative districts. The last section lists informal regions from American vernacular geography known by popular nicknames and linked by geographical, cultural, or economic similarities, some of which are still in use today.

For a more complete list of regions and subdivisions of the United States used in modern times, see List of regions of the United States.
Ham Heung-chul
Ham Heung-chul (Korean: 함흥철; 17 November 1930 – 11 September 2000) was a South Korean football player and manager. While playing for the South Korea national football team, Ham won two titles in the AFC Asian Cup and three silver medals in the Asian Games. He also participated in the 1964 Summer Olympics, but conceded 20 goals during three Olympic matches. After retirement, Ham managed South Korea national team, winning the 1978 Asian Games. He also managed Hallelujah FC, and became the first manager to win the K League title.

While climbing Mt. Seorak, Ham lost his footing and fell off a cliff on 11 September 2000. He died from this incident.

Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics
The football competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics started on 11 October and ended on 23 October. Only one event, the men's tournament, was contested. The tournament features 14 men's national teams from six continental confederations. The 14 teams are drawn into two groups of four and two groups of three and each group plays a round-robin tournament. At the end of the group stage, the top two teams advanced to the knockout stage, beginning with the quarter-finals and culminating with the gold medal match at the Olympic Stadium on 23 October 1964. There was also three consolation matches played by losing quarter-finalists. The winner of these matches placed fifth in the tournament.
Vladyslav Korobkin
Vladyslav Korobkin (Ukrainian: Владислав Володимирович Коробкін, born 21 January 1983 in Kharkiv in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union) is a Ukrainian football striker who plays for FC Lyubotyn in the Kharkiv Oblast Football Championship.

Korobkin played for different clubs in three levels of Ukrainian Leagues. He made his first team debut in Premier League's match for Obolon Kyiv against FC Arsenal Kyiv on 18 May 2003, as was substituted in second time.

FC Obolon Kyiv
FC Obolon Kyiv (Ukrainian: Оболонь Київ, pronounced [oboˈǀɔnʲ ˈkɪjiu̯]) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Kyiv (Obolonskyi District). Its home colors are green shirts and white shorts; while its away uniforms are white shirts and green shorts. Its main sponsor was the brewery Obolon in 1999–2013. Since 2013, the club is owned by the factory.

The club was reformed in 2013 due to administrative issues and hence the team withdrew from the Professional Football League of Ukraine during the 2012–13 Ukrainian First League season in February 2013. The club restarted from amateur competitions. Between 2013 and 2020, the team was known as Obolon-Brovar Kyiv.
Rothschild loans to the Holy See
Rothschild loans to the Holy See refers to a series of major financial loans arranged between the Rothschild family and the Holy See of the Catholic Church. The first loan, which occurred in 1832, took place in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars during the pontificate of Pope Gregory XVI (involving James Mayer de Rothschild and Carl Mayer von Rothschild). This loan agreed on was for a sum of £400,000 (equivalent to £4.7 million in 2023). A second loan occurred during the pontificate of Pope Pius IX in the early 1850s with the same members of the Rothschild family, after the collapse of Giuseppe Mazzini's short-lived revolutionary Roman Republic and the restoration of the Papal States.

Roman Republic (1849–1850)
The Roman Republic (Italian: Repubblica Romana) was a short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's departure to Gaeta.  The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi.  Together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government during the first century BC crisis of the Roman Republic.

One of the major innovations the Republic hoped to achieve was enshrined in its constitution: freedom of religion, with Pope Pius IX and his successors guaranteed the right to govern the Catholic Church. These religious freedoms were quite different from the situation under the preceding government, which allowed only Catholicism and Judaism to be practised by its citizens. The Constitution of the Roman Republic was the first in the world to abolish capital punishment in its constitutional law.
Journal of Neuroimmunology
The Journal of Neuroimmunology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1981 which focuses on the relationship between the nervous system and the immune system. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Michael Racke (Ohio State University College of Medicine). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.221.

Ohio State University College of Medicine
The Ohio State University College of Medicine (formerly known as the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health) is the medical school at Ohio State University. It is located in Columbus, Ohio. In the past, the college has been recognized as an important institution in research, as reflected by rankings in U.S. News & World Report, Tier 1 (Top 16) in Best Medical Schools: Research. In 2024, its two primary teaching hospitals (The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Nationwide Children's Hospital) were ranked among the best hospitals in the US; the former in 9 specialties (but with only one specialty ranked in the Top 20 nationally), and the latter in 10 different specialties. Nationwide Children's Hospital was also named to U.S. News & World Report's select honor roll of US Best Children's hospitals.
1985 Israel Super Cup
The 1985 Israel Super Cup was the 15th Israel Super Cup (20th, including unofficial matches, as the competition wasn't played within the Israel Football Association in its first 5 editions, until 1969), an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and Israel State Cup.

The match was played between Maccabi Haifa, champions of the 1984–85 Liga Leumit and Beitar Jerusalem, winners of the 1984–85 Israel State Cup.

This was Maccabi Haifa's 3rd Israel Super Cup appearance (including unofficial matches) and Beitar's 4th. At the match, played at Kiryat Haim Stadium, Maccabi Haifa won 5–2.

Israel Football Association
The Israel Football Association (IFA; Hebrew: ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל HaHiṯəʼaḥăḏūṯ ləKaddūreḡel bəYiśrāʼēl, lit. 'The Association of Football in Israel') is the governing body of football in Israel. It organizes a variety of association football leagues where the highest level is the Israeli Premier League; as well as national cups such as the Israel State Cup, the Toto Cup, and the Israel Super Cup; also, the Israel national football team. The IFA was originally founded in 1928, in Mandatory Palestine, and is based in Ramat Gan.
2022 Edge Open Saint-Gaudens Occitanie – Doubles
Anna Bondár and Lara Salden were the defending champions but chose not to participate.

Fernanda Contreras and Lulu Sun won the title, defeating Valentini Grammatikopoulou and Anastasia Tikhonova in the final, 7–5, 6–2.

Anastasia Tikhonova
Anastasia Vadimovna Tikhonova (Russian: Анастасия Вадимовна Тихонова; born 21 January 2001) is a Russian tennis player. Tikhonova has career-high WTA rankings of 151 in singles and world No. 99 in doubles.

She has won one doubles title on the WTA Challenger Tour along with five titles in singles and nineteen in doubles on the ITF Circuit.
2001 OFC Club Championship
The 2001 OFC Club Championship was the third season of Oceania's premier club football tournament organised by OFC.

Wollongong Wolves defeated Tafea 1–0 in the final, which was played at Lloyd Robines Stadium in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. As winners, Wollongong Wolves qualified for the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship, which was however cancelled.

South Melbourne were the defending champions, but did not qualify for the tournament.

2001 FIFA Club World Championship
The 2001 FIFA Club World Championship was a football tournament arranged by FIFA to take place in Spain from 28 July to 12 August 2001. It was supposed to be the second edition of the FIFA Club World Championship, after the first edition in 2000, but was cancelled owing to a combination of factors such as the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner ISL. FIFA had originally planned to postpone the tournament until 2003.
Dagmar Mair unter der Eggen
Dagmar Mair unter der Eggen (Austrian German pronunciation: [ˈdaːɡmar ˈmaɪɐ ˈʊntɐ deːɐ̯ ˈɛɡn̩]; born 22 December 1974) is an Italian snowboarder.

She was born in Bruneck. She competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics, in giant slalom. Her achievements at the World Championships include a gold medal in the parallel slalom in 1997, and a bronze medal in giant slalom in 2001.

Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Women's giant slalom
The women's giant slalom competition of the Nagano 1998 Olympics was held at Mount Yakebitai on 10 February.

It was the first time snowboarding was added as a sport at the Winter Olympic Games. The giant slalom was replaced by the parallel giant slalom event in 2002 in Salt Lake City.
Howard Avenue (Tampa)
Howard Avenue is a north-south road in the West Tampa (North Howard) and South Tampa (South Howard) sections of Tampa, Florida. South Howard is home to the SoHo (Tampa) (South Howard) entertainment district and several popular restaurants and bars. North Howard is home to several historic buildings.

Howard Avenue was named in honor of Howard P. Macfarlane, the son of developer Hugh C. Macfarlane, who developed the area, and his 2nd wife Frances Pettingill.

South Tampa
South Tampa is a region in the city of Tampa that includes the neighborhoods of Beach Park, Ballast Point, Bayshore Beautiful, Bayshore Gardens, Bayside West, Belmar Shore, Davis Islands, Port Tampa, Fair Oaks-Manhattan Manor, Golfview, Hyde Park, New Suburb Beautiful, Virginia Park, Palma Ceia, Rattlesnake Gandy-Sun Bay South, South Westshore, parts of Sunset Park and Courier City-Oscawana. MacDill Air Force Base is also included. The region represents District 4 of the Tampa City Council. The ZIP Codes serving the area are 33606, 33608, 33609, 33611, 33616, 33621, and 33629
2022 Summit League softball tournament
The 2022 Summit League softball tournament took place from May 12–15, 2022. It was initially scheduled to begin on May 11 but was postponed due to severe weather. The top six regular-season finishers of the league's eight teams met in the double-elimination tournament at Jackrabbit Softball Stadium on the campus of South Dakota State University in Brookings, South Dakota. The winner of the tournament, South Dakota State, earned the Summit League's automatic bid to the 2022 NCAA Division I softball tournament. After weather delays and power outages on South Dakota State's campus on May 13, the remaining games in the tournament were moved to Nygaard Field on the campus of the University of South Dakota in Vermillion, South Dakota.

South Dakota State Jackrabbits
The South Dakota State Jackrabbits are the 19 intercollegiate teams representing South Dakota State University that compete in the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I (for football: Football Championship Subdivision). South Dakota State is currently a member of the Summit League, the Missouri Valley Football Conference, the Big 12 Conference and Varsity Equestrian. The university won numerous conference championships and several national titles including the NCAA College Division national title in men's basketball in 1963 and the NCAA Division II national title in women's basketball in 2003.
Lars Høgvold
Lars Høgvold (11 September 1888 – 31 December 1963) was a Norwegian ski jumper. He was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1916 and finished 6th at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1926. He was born in Løten and competed for Løiten SF, Furnes SF and Lillehammer SK. He was a board member for 25 years in Lillehammer SK, 4 years in Gudbrandsdal District of Skiing and 10 years in the Norwegian Ski Federation.

Norwegian Ski Federation
The Norwegian Ski Federation (Norwegian: Norges Skiforbund) is headquartered in Oslo, Norway and is the national representative of the International Ski and Snowboard Federation.

Founded on 21 February 1908, it covers the skiing disciplines of alpine, cross-country, freestyle, Nordic combined, ski jumping, and snowboarding. The organization is also involved in the promotion of skiing in Norway, cooperating with the Association for the Promotion of Skiing.

The current president is Tove Moe Dyrhaug, and vice president is Aage Schaanning.
Tri-Valley Central School
Tri-Valley Secondary School is located on 34 Moore Hill Road, near the Rondout Reservoir, east of Grahamsville, New York. It educates students from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade and is within the Tri-Valley Central School District. It gets its name from the three streams that rise in that area of the Catskill Mountains, Rondout Creek, Chestnut Creek, and the Neversink River.

The original school building is used by the high school grades. It dates to the early 1950s and faces the church and cemetery in the Grahamsville Historic District just across the road. It was built on the site of the former Grahamsville one room schoolhouse. Two additions have been constructed to create the present middle and elementary schools, which combine to create a C-shaped structure with a parking lot in the middle.

Pre-kindergarten
Pre-kindergarten (also called pre-K or PK) is a voluntary classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada, Turkey and Greece (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school.
Povčeno
Povčeno (pronounced [ˈpoːu̯tʃɛnɔ]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills east of Rimske Toplice. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Municipality of Laško
The Municipality of Laško (pronounced [ˈlaːʃkɔ] ⓘ; Slovene: Občina Laško)  is a municipality in eastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
DWWR 15
Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford Railway (DW&WR) 15 of 1860 was the first of a number of 0-4-2 tender locomotives built by Sharp Stewart who were the only supplier of the 0-4-2 type to the DW&WR. In total 12 were supplied in batches in 1860, 1864 and 1876.

Sharp, Stewart and Company
Sharp, Stewart and Company was a steam locomotive manufacturer, originally based in Manchester, England. The company was established in 1843 following the dissolution of Sharp, Roberts & Co.. In 1888, it relocated to Glasgow, Scotland, where it later amalgamated with two other Glasgow-based locomotive manufacturers to form the North British Locomotive Company.
Choristoneura obsoletana
Choristoneura obsoletana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia.

The wingspan is 21–24 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to December.

The larvae feed on Asimina (including Asimina triloba), Gaylussacia, Senna, Fragaria, Rubus and Typha species, as well as Betula papyrifera, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Lespedeza cuneata and Aronia melanocarpa.

Gaylussacia
Gaylussacia is a genus of about fifty species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae, native to the Americas, where they occur in eastern North America and in South America in the Andes and the mountains of southeastern Brazil (the majority of the known species). Common English names include huckleberry (shared with plants in several other genera) and "dangleberry".

Gaylussacia plants are often a component of an oak-heath forest. They are deciduous or evergreen shrubs growing to a height of 0.4–1.8 metres (1 ft 4 in – 5 ft 11 in).
Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist (Pontormo)
Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist is an oil on panel painting by Pontormo, now in the Uffizi, whose Gabinetto dei Disegni e delle Stampe also houses a preparatory drawing for the work. The two theories on its dating are 1534-1536 and Antonio Natali's theory of 1529–1530.

The figure and expression of John the Baptist draws on contemporary works by Michelangelo such as the Medici Madonna Vasari's Lives of the Artists states that Pontormo offered a work on a similar subject the bricklayer Rossino in payment for work on his home, begun in 1529 and only finished in 1534-1535 - this is thought to be the Uffizi work. It was then probably acquired by Alessandro di Ottaviano de' Medici, before being acquired by the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. It was rediscovered in Galleria's stores by Gamba and its attribution to Pontormo strengthened, with no substantial doubts remaining as to its autograph status.

Antonio Natali (art historian)
Antonio Natali (born 1951) is an Italian art historian, academic and museum director. Born in Piombino, he headed several departments at the Uffizi from 1981 onwards before becoming its director from 2006 until 2015.

He and Carlo Falciani curated three exhibitions on 16th century Florentine art at the Palazzo Strozzi. From 2000 to 2010, he taught museology at the University of Perugia. In 2006, he became professor of modern art history at Milan Poytechnic. He is now an advisor at the Opera del Duomo di Firenze and an independent curator.
Sin Titulo
Sin Titulo is a mystery webcomic by Cameron Stewart, following the supernatural experiences of protagonist Alex Mackay. Launched in 2007, the webcomic completed its run in 2012 and got a Dark Horse Comics print publication in 2013. Sin Titulo won a Joe Shuster Award in 2009 and an Eisner Award in 2010.

Webcomic
Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on the internet, such as on a website or a mobile app. While many webcomics are published exclusively online, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books.
Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic. Readership levels vary widely; many are read only by the creator's immediate friends and family, while some of the most widely read have audiences of well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics, and cover many genres, styles, and subjects. They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics. Two examples of webcomic website builders are Comic Fury and Webtoon.
Red Bird Transit Center
Red Bird Transit Center (originally Red Bird Park & Ride) is a public bus station in southern Dallas, Texas. Located at the intersection of US 67 and S. Hampton Road, it is owned and operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) and primarily serves as a park and ride.

As of February 2026, the facility is served by one bus route, which connects the transit center to DART's Hampton and SWMD/Parkland rail stations. The station is a transfer point for STARNow, a microtransit service for the nearby cities of Cedar Hill, DeSoto, and Duncanville.

Duncanville, Texas
Duncanville is a city in southwestern Dallas County, Texas,  United States. Duncanville's population was 40,706 at the 2020 census. The city is part of the Best Southwest area, which includes Duncanville, Cedar Hill, DeSoto, and Lancaster.
Chonghaejin Marine
Chonghaejin Marine Company Ltd. or Cheonghaejin Marine Company Ltd. (Korean: 청해진해운; Hanja: 淸海鎭海運; RR: cheong-hae-jin-hae-un) was a South Korean shipping company that operated the ferry MV Sewol, which sank en route from Incheon towards Jeju in 2014. The Sewol capsized in the Maenggol Channel carrying 476 people, mostly secondary school students from Danwon High School; 172 passengers and crew survived, while 304 drowned or are still missing.

The same year after the disaster, the shipping company filled for bankruptcy in June, and was officially dissolved in May 2016.

Maenggol Channel
The Maenggol Channel (Korean: 맹골수도; RR: maenggolsudo) or Maenggol Sudo or Maenggol Waterway is a sea channel named after the Maenggol Island south-west of the Korean Peninsula. Stretching 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) wide between the Geocha Archipelago and the Maenggol Archipelago and running south-east for 6 kilometres (3.7 mi), the channel has provided a shortcut for ships that try to save fuel and time.

The Maenggol Channel has one of the most rapid and unpredictable currents in the Korean Peninsula due to tidal shifts. A 2012 study estimating the prospective tidal current energy resources off the south and west coasts of Korea ranked Maenggol Channel second in South Jeolla Province only surpassed by Myeongnyang Strait that already features the Uldolmok Tidal Power Station.

In April 2014, the passenger ferry MV Sewol capsized in the Maenggol Channel north of the island Byeongpungdo, and sank off the coast of Donggeochado.
Shimoyama (surname)
Shimoyama (written: 下山) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daichi Shimoyama (下山 大地, born 1989), Japanese basketball player

Hifumi Shimoyama (下山 一二三, 1930–2023), Japanese classical composer

Kenro Shimoyama (下山 研郎, born 1982), Japanese freestyle skier

Shinji Shimoyama (下山 真二, born 1975), Japanese baseball player

Takahiro Shimoyama (下山 貴裕, born 1992), Japanese basketball player

Yoshimitsu Shimoyama (下山 吉光, born 1976), Japanese voice actor

Takahiro Shimoyama
Takahiro Shimoyama (下山 貴裕, Shimoyama Takahiro; born February 2, 1992), nicknamed Hiro or Poyo,  is a Japanese professional basketball player who plays for the Iwate Big Bulls of the B.League in Japan. He played college basketball for the Kanto Gakuin University.