hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cost reduction
Cost reduction is the process used by organisations aiming to reduce their costs and increase their profits, or to accommodate reduced income. Depending on a company’s services or products, the strategies can vary. Every decision in the product development process affects cost: design is typically considered to account for 70–80% of the final cost of a project such as an engineering project or the construction of a building. In the public sector, cost reduction programs can be used where income is reduced or to reduce debt levels.

Product (business)
In marketing and economics, a product is any object, service, or system offered to a market to satisfy a customer’s need or want. Products may be tangible, such as physical goods that can be touched and owned, or intangible, such as services, digital offerings, or rights that provide value without physical form. Products are created through processes of design, production, and distribution, and they play a central role in commercial exchange, consumer behavior, and organizational strategy.

Beyond marketing, the term product is also used in fields such as manufacturing, where it refers to finished goods derived from raw materials, and project management, where it denotes deliverables produced to achieve defined objectives. Because products directly affect consumer safety, economic activity, and environmental sustainability, they are often subject to regulation, classification systems, and information-disclosure requirements across different jurisdictions.
Mark McClellan
Mark Barr McClellan (born June 26, 1963) is the director of the Robert J Margolis Center for Health Policy and the Margolis Professor of Business, Medicine and Health Policy at Duke University. Formerly, he was a senior fellow and director of the Health Care Innovation and Value Initiative at the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform at The Brookings Institution, in Washington, D.C. McClellan served as commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration under President George W. Bush from 2002 through 2004, and subsequently as administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services from 2004 through 2006.

Pay for performance (healthcare)
In the healthcare industry, pay for performance (P4P), also known as "value-based purchasing", is a payment model that offers financial incentives to physicians, hospitals, medical groups, and other healthcare providers for meeting certain performance measures. Clinical outcomes, such as longer survival, are difficult to measure, so pay for performance systems usually evaluate process quality and efficiency, such as measuring blood pressure, lowering blood pressure, or counseling patients to stop smoking. This model also penalizes health care providers for poor outcomes, medical errors, or increased costs. Integrated delivery systems where insurers and providers share in the cost are intended to help align incentives for value-based care.

Professional societies in the United States have given qualified approval to incentive programs, but express concern with the validity of quality indicators, patient and physician autonomy and privacy, and increased administrative burdens.
Observational astronomy
Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments.

As a science, the study of astronomy does not rely on direct experiments with the objects in a distant universe. Rather astronomers have a vast number of visible examples of stellar phenomena that can be examined. This allows for observational data to be plotted on graphs, and general trends recorded. Nearby examples of specific phenomena, such as variable stars, can then be used to infer the behavior of more distant representatives. Those distant yardsticks can then be employed to measure other phenomena in that neighborhood, including the distance to a galaxy.

Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the heavens and recorded what he saw. Since that time, observational astronomy has made steady advances with each improvement in telescope technology.

Adaptive optics
Adaptive optics (AO) is a technique of precisely deforming a mirror in order to compensate for light distortion. It is used in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, in microscopy, optical fabrication and in retinal imaging systems (ophthalmoscopy) to reduce optical aberrations. Adaptive optics works by measuring the distortions in a wavefront and compensating for them with a device that corrects those errors such as a deformable mirror or a liquid crystal array.

Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which work on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry.

Other methods can achieve resolving power exceeding the limit imposed by atmospheric distortion, such as speckle imaging, aperture synthesis, and lucky imaging, or by moving outside the atmosphere with space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope.
Quratulain Balouch
Quratulain Balouch (Urdu: قرۃ العین بلوچ) is a Pakistani American singer-songwriter. Also known as QB or the Humsafar Girl, she became popular for her title track "Woh Humsafar Tha" in Hum TV's serial Humsafar.

Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.
Herbicide safener
Herbicide safeners are organic compounds used to enhance the effectiveness of herbicides, to make them "safer". They minimize the effect of the herbicide on crop plants, thereby improving selectivity between crop plants vs. weed species being targeted by the herbicide.  One way that they function is by enhancing the expression of protective enzymes in the crop plant.  These protective enzymes might include cytochrome P450.

Herbicide safeners can be used to pretreat crop seeds prior to planting, or they can be sprayed on plants as a mixture with the herbicide.

Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in Escherichia coli. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids,  xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes  convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted.

P450s are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains, broadly categorized as P450-containing systems. The term "P450" is derived from the spectrophotometric peak at the wavelength of the absorption maximum of the enzyme (450 nm) when it is in the reduced state and complexed with carbon monoxide. Most P450s require a protein partner to deliver one or more electrons to reduce the iron (and eventually molecular oxygen).
Bernie Simpson
Bernie Simpson (born May 31, 1942) is a former Canadian politician, who served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1991 to 1996 as a NDP member for the constituency of Vancouver-Fraserview. He did not seek a second term in the 1996 provincial election. In 2001, Bernie formed a partnership with a well-known personal injury lawyer, Anthony Thomas, and the firm became Simpson, Thomas & Associates.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
Darnell Holland
Darnell Holland (born November 6, 1996) is an American former football running back for the Bay Area Panthers of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He played college football at Kennesaw State. He played for the Philadelphia Stars of the United States Football League (USFL) from 2022 to 2023.

Bay Area Panthers
The Bay Area Panthers are a professional indoor football team based in San Jose, California, that competes in the Indoor Football League (IFL). The team was to begin play in 2020 at Oakland Arena as the Oakland Panthers. Due the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Panthers' inaugural season was canceled, and the team withdrew from the following 2021 season. Prior to the 2022 season, the Panthers announced they would instead play their home games at SAP Center in San Jose and were renamed after the Bay Area.

The Panthers are co-owned by Oakland native and NFL All-Pro running back, Marshawn Lynch, and by Roy Choi, who previously owned the IFL's Cedar Rapids River Kings and San Diego Strike Force. The Panthers are the Bay Area's first arena/indoor football team since the San Jose SaberCats, who played in the Arena Football League from 1995 until 2008, and again from 2011 until 2015, winning four ArenaBowl championships.
Personality (Jimmy Van Heusen and Johnny Burke song)
"Personality" is a popular song with lyrics by Johnny Burke and music by Jimmy Van Heusen. It was written for the 1946 film Road to Utopia, and Dorothy Lamour performed it in the movie.  Van Heusen said that he wrote the song with a limited vocal range to accommodate Lamour.

In a slightly longer version, the song became a number one Billboard hit for Johnny Mercer  and the Pied Pipers with Capitol Records in 1946. Dinah Shore also recorded it around that time. Lamour was between record contracts at the time of the film's release, so she did not record the song herself until years later.

The song employs tongue-in-cheek, slightly bawdy lyrics and an ironic use of the word "personality." The lyrics suggest that men are often attracted to a woman because of her shapely figure (called euphemistically her “personality”) rather than other beauty traits or any other admirable qualities she might possess.

The Pied Pipers
The Pied Pipers are an American popular singing group originally formed in the late 1930s. They had several chart hits throughout the 1940s, both under their own name and in association with Tommy Dorsey, with Johnny Mercer and with Frank Sinatra.
Frost Bank Tower (San Antonio)
City Tower is a skyscraper in downtown San Antonio, in the U.S. state of Texas. The 22-story building previously served as the headquarters for Frost Bank from 1975 to 2019 until Frost Bank moved into the eponymously named Frost Tower.

In 2015 the city of San Antonio acquired the building for $52.9 million and has allotted $88 million for renovations to the building. Upon completion of the renovations the building will consolidate 24 city departments and 1,400 city employees and will serve as the main office building for the city of San Antonio.

At a height of 300 feet (91 meters), it is the 14th tallest building in San Antonio.

Downtown San Antonio
Downtown San Antonio is the central business district of San Antonio, Texas, and the urban core of Greater San Antonio, a metropolitan area with nearly 2.5 million people.

Downtown San Antonio is encircled by 1604 and I-410 loops and three interstate freeways: I-35, I-37, and I-10. Together, the three highways create a rectangular route around the city's urban core: I-35 to the north and west, I-37 to the east, and I-10 to the south. The rectangular loop has a nine-mile circumference and is known as the "Downtown Loop" or "Central Loop", which encompasses both it and Southtown.
Stygajny
Stygajny [stɨˈɡai̯nɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płoskinia, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) south of Płoskinia, 24 km (15 mi) south of Braniewo, and 58 km (36 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, and in 1772–1945 it belonged to Prussia and Germany (East Prussia).

Braniewo
Braniewo ([braˈɲɛvɔ]) (German: Braunsberg in Ostpreußen) is a town in northern Poland, in Warmia, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 16,907 as of June 2021. It is the capital of Braniewo County.

Founded in the Middle Ages, Braniewo is the oldest city in Warmia, and currently the second largest (after Olsztyn), and was its first capital until 1340. From the late medieval period, it prospered from international trade, and in the early modern period, it was a significant center of higher education in Poland, called the "Athens of the North." Additionaly, since the 16th century Braniewo is a noted center for brewing. The town features heritage sites in a variety of styles, including Gothic, Baroque, Neoclassical and Gothic Revival. Braniewo hosts a garrison of the Polish Armed Forces and is a member of Cittaslow.
Kenneth Darling
General Sir Kenneth Thomas Darling, GBE, KCB, DSO (17 September 1909 – 31 October 1998) was a senior British Army officer who after serving with distinction during the Second World War was Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of Allied Forces Northern Europe 1967–69.

General (United Kingdom)
General (or full general to distinguish it from the lower general officer ranks) is the highest rank achievable by serving officers of the British Army and the Royal Marines.  The rank can also be held by Royal Marines officers in tri-service posts, for example, Generals Sir Gordon Messenger and Sir Gwyn Jenkins, former Vice-Chiefs of the Defence Staff. It ranks above lieutenant-general and, in the Army, is subordinate to the rank of field marshal, which is now awarded as an honorary rank only.  The rank of general has a NATO-code of OF-9, and is a four-star rank.  It is equivalent to a full admiral in the Royal Navy or an air chief marshal in the Royal Air Force.

Officers holding the ranks of general, lieutenant-general and major-general are 'general officers' and may be addressed as 'general'.
Nozomu Tamaki
Nozomu Tamaki (環望, Tamaki Nozomu, born October 7, 1966, in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese manga artist.  His most notable work, Dance in the Vampire Bund, was licensed in English by Seven Seas Entertainment and adapted into a 12-episode anime series by the studio Shaft.

Seven Seas Entertainment
Seven Seas Entertainment is an American publishing company located in Los Angeles, California. It was originally dedicated to the publication of original English-language manga, but now publishes licensed manga and light novels from Japan, as well as select webcomics. The company is headed by Jason DeAngelis, who coined the term "world manga" with the October 2004 launch of the company's website.
Verster
Verster is a Dutch and Afrikaans surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Floris Verster (1861–1927), Dutch painter

François Verster (born 1969), South African film director and documentary maker

Jacobus Verster (1919–1981), South African military commander

Jacobus Verster
Lieutenant-General Jacobus Verster SSA SM (1919–1981) was a South African military commander.  He joined the South African Air Force in 1936, and served in World War II.  He was Chief of the Air Force from 1967 to 1975.
Baccharis halimifolia
Baccharis halimifolia is a North American species of shrubs in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Nova Scotia, the eastern and southern United States (from Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas and Oklahoma), eastern Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Quintana Roo), the Bahamas, and Cuba.

Widely used common names include eastern baccharis, groundsel bush, sea myrtle, and saltbush. Consumption weed, cotton-seed tree, groundsel tree, menguilié, and silverling are also used more locally.  In most of its range, where no other species of the genus occur, this plant is often simply called baccharis.

San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí, officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí, is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 59 municipalities and is named after its capital city, San Luis Potosí.

It is located in eastern and central Mexico and is bordered by seven other Mexican states: Nuevo León to the north; Tamaulipas to the north-east; Veracruz to the east; Hidalgo, Querétaro and Guanajuato to the south; and Zacatecas to the north-west. In addition to the capital city, other major cities in the state include Ciudad Valles, Matehuala, Rioverde, and Tamazunchale.
Firepro Systems (India)
Firepro Systems, incorporated in 1992 by N S Narendra as a proprietorship, is an Indian company that provides services for fire protection, security, and building management systems. The company went global early and used to get 25% of its revenues from overseas. In 2008 when the real estate market suffered a setback, FirePro was affected. In 2011 the company ran into a financial crisis and was unable to pay some of its employees. On 11 May 2012, Panasonic announced plans to acquire a 76.2% stake in the Rs. 700 crore Firepro Systems.

Building management
Building management (in the UK) is a discipline that comes under the umbrella of facility management. Hard services usually relate to physical, structural services such as fire alarm systems, lifts, and so on whereas soft services allude to cleaning, landscaping, security, and suchlike human-sourced services.
Magija
Magija (English: Magic) is the eighth studio album by Serbian singer Jelena Karleuša. Released on 22 February 2005, it was Karleuša's first studio album under City Records. Most of the tracks are covers to songs created by Phoebus. The lyrics were written by Marina Tucaković. The production was handled by Nebojša Arežina and Marko Peruničić from Atelje Trag, who were also involved in songwriting.

City Records
City Records (full legal name in Serbian: Предузеће за издавачко-пропагандну делатност City Records д.о.о. Београд/Preduzeće za izdavačko-propagandnu delatnost City Records d.o.o. Beograd) is a Serbian record label. Founded in 1997, the record label is part of the Pink Media Group. It is the home of some of the best selling Balkans pop artists.

City Records has signed licensing agreements with many European artists, increasing the exposure of these artists and the distribution of their musical work in the market.
Tithonia
Tithonia is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae.

Tithonia has a center of distribution in Mexico but with one species extending into the Southwestern United States and several native to Central America.  Two species, T. diversifolia and T. rotundifolia, are widely cultivated and have escaped to become weeds in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. T. rotundifolia makes a nice fresh cut flower, flowering in mid- to late-summer in the Northern hemisphere. The distinguishing feature of the genus is the peduncle, which is fistulose (meaning hollow and flaring toward the apex).  The plants are coarse annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, and one species, T. koelzii, is a small tree.

Durango
Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the states which make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650, the 8th lowest of Mexico's states, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
Fuglenes
Fuglenes is a district in Hammerfest Municipality in Norway. It is the location of the northernmost point of the Struve Geodetic Arc. It is a geodetic point, one of the 34 points selected for the World Heritage List. It was here that Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve's surveys ended in 1852.

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Russian: Василий Яковлевич Струве, romanized: Vasily Yakovlevich Struve; 15 April 1793 – 23 November [O.S. 11 November] 1864) was a Baltic German astronomer and geodesist. He is best known for studying double stars and initiating a triangulation survey later named Struve Geodetic Arc in his honor.
Britannia Challenge Cup
The Britannia Challenge Cup is a rowing event for men's coxed fours at the annual Henley Royal Regatta on the River Thames at Henley-on-Thames in England. It is open to male crews from a single rowing club.

Since 2004, Boat clubs from any university, college, or secondary school are not permitted, with a separate event (now the Prince Albert Challenge Cup) for student crews.

The Britannia Challenge Cup was first awarded in 1969, as an event for club and student men's coxed fours, and is named after the Nottingham Britannia Rowing Club, to mark the club's centenary.

Henley-on-Thames
Henley-on-Thames (/ˌhɛnli-/ ⓘ HEN-lee) is a town and civil parish on the River Thames, in the South Oxfordshire district, in Oxfordshire, England, 9 miles (14 km) northeast of Reading, 7 miles (11 km) west of Maidenhead, 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Oxford and 37 miles (60 km) west of London (by road), near the tripoint of Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. The population at the 2021 census was 12,186.
KRPL
KRPL (1400 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a sports format. Located in Moscow, Idaho, United States, the station serves the Pullman-Moscow area.  The station became an ESPN affiliate on April 4, 2011.  The station is currently owned by KRPL, Incorporated.

KRPL has a deep history of being an important Top 40 radio station in the 1960s and 1970s.  The station employed great future radio talent such as Larry Lujack, who went on to success in the Chicago market at WLS and WCFL.  The station also employed Beau Roberts, (known then as Paul Roberts), who became a major voiceover talent and KZOK Seattle personality. In addition, Brian McKay and Tom Walker in the late 70's moved on to Seattle radio stations.

Moscow, Idaho is located in the Palouse region.

Palouse
The Palouse (/pəˈluːs/ pə-LOOSS) is a geographic region of the northwestern United States, encompassing parts of north central Idaho, southeastern Washington (part of eastern Washington), and by some definitions, parts of northeast Oregon. It is a major agricultural area, primarily producing wheat and legumes. Situated about 160 miles (260 km) north of the Oregon Trail, the region experienced rapid growth in the late 19th century.

The Palouse is home to two land-grant universities: the University of Idaho in Moscow and Washington State University in Pullman. Just eight miles (13 km) apart, both universities opened in the early 1890s.