hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ontario Teacher Candidates' Council v. Ontario (Education)
Ontario Teacher Candidates’ Council v. Ontario (Education), 2023 ONCA 788 is a Canadian constitutional law decision concerning s. 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, being Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982. It concerned the constitutionality of Ontario's requirement that teachers pass a proficiency test in mathematics.

Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms contains guaranteed equality rights. As part of the Constitution of Canada, the section prohibits certain forms of discrimination perpetrated by the governments of Canada with the exception of ameliorative programs (e.g. employment equity).

Rights under section 15 include racial equality, sexual equality, mental disability, and physical disability. In its jurisprudence, it has also been a source of LGBT rights in Canada. These rights are guaranteed to "every individual", that is, every natural person. This wording excludes "legal persons" such as corporations, contrasting other sections that use the word "everyone", where "legal persons" were meant to be included. Section 15 has been in force since 1985.
Francis Pott (hymnwriter)
Francis Pott (29 December 1832 – 26 October 1909) was an English hymnwriter and Anglican priest. He is noted as the author or translator of a number of popular Christian hymns including "Angel Voices, Ever Singing" and "The Strife is O'er, the Battle Done". His hymns are an established part of the Anglican church music repertoire and commonly feature in hymnals such as The New English Hymnal.

The New English Hymnal
The New English Hymnal is a hymn book and liturgical source aimed towards the Church of England. First published in 1986, it is a successor to, and published in the same style as, the 1906 English Hymnal.  It is published today by SCM Canterbury Press, an imprint of Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd.
PDMU
PDMU or Pentathlón Deportivo Militarizado Universitario (University Militarized Sports Pentathlon), is a youth organization that was created in Mexico in 1938. PDMU pursues "the greatness of the country" by training Mexican boys and girls. The organization's motto is "Patria, honor y fuerza" ('country, honor and strength').

Despite its Mexican-patriotic spirit, PDMU has presence outside of Mexico, among Mexican communities in Portland, Oregon; Chicago, Illinois; and Saint Paul, Minnesota; under the flag of the Pentathlon Deportivo Militarizado Universitario of America United States and Canada. The Canadian unit that was active for some time does not exist anymore, as their existence cannot be verified.

Patriotism
Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to one's country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to nationalism, mostly civic nationalism and sometimes cultural nationalism.
Peter Gladigau
Peter Wayne Gladigau (born 23 May 1965) is a former cricketer who played first-class and List A cricket for South Australia from 1985-86 to 1992-93.

Peter Gladigau was an opening bowler. In his best season, 1987-88, he was one of the leading bowlers in the Sheffield Shield, taking 38 wickets at an average of 29.05, including his best career figures of 7 for 85 against Victoria.

He works as a police officer in Adelaide. He represented Glenelg in the Adelaide cricket competition. He was awarded life membership of the club and is now its Cricket Operations Manager.

Glenelg Cricket Club
Glenelg  District Cricket Club (the "Seahorses") are a Grade Cricket team located in Adelaide, South Australia. The club was founded in 1907. Their official website is http://www.gdcc.net.au

Glenelg competes in the South Australian Grade Cricket League, a competition administered by the South Australian Cricket Association. A-grade players in this competition vie for selection in South Australia's Sheffield Shield team, which leads to possible selection in the Australian Cricket team.

The club currently fields 4 senior and 6 junior teams, using ACH Group Stadium, Camden Oval, Adelaide High School and Bowker Street Oval as their home grounds across the grades.

The club is situated in the trendy beachside suburb of Glenelg, with its headquarters being less than a kilometre from Glenelg Beach and the well-known Jetty Road precinct.
1970 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1970 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1970 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Longhorns played their home games at Clark Field. The team was coached by Cliff Gustafson in his 3rd season at Texas.

The Longhorns reached the College World Series, finishing third, having split two games with eventual runner-up Florida State, a holding wins over Delaware and Ohio and a fourteen-inning loss to eventual champion Southern California.

1970 Florida State Seminoles baseball team
The 1970 Florida State Seminole baseball team represented Florida State University in the 1970 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Seminoles played their home games at Seminole Field. The team was coached by Jack Stallings in his 2nd season at Florida State.

The Seminoles lost the College World Series, defeated by the USC Trojans in the championship game.
CSS Hampton
CSS Hampton was a wooden gunboat of the Confederate States Navy, one of the few Hampton class gunboats to be built.

Hampton was built at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in 1862 and based there until May 1862, when the yard was abandoned and the fleet moved up the James River. With Lieutenant John Herndon Maury, CSN, in command, Hampton participated in significant river actions including the battle at Dutch Gap on August 13, 1864; operations against Fort Harrison on September 29-October 1; and the engagement at Chaffin's Bluff on October 22.

Hampton was burned by the Confederates as they evacuated Richmond, Virginia on April 3, 1865.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard
The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard and abbreviated as NNSY, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia. It was created for building, remodeling and repairing the United States Navy's ships. It is the oldest and largest industrial facility that belongs to the U.S. Navy as well as the most comprehensive. Located on the Elizabeth River, the yard is just a short distance upriver from its mouth at Hampton Roads.

It was established as Gosport Shipyard in 1767. Though it was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War, it was rebuilt and became home to the first operational drydock in the United States in the 1830s. Changing hands during the American Civil War, it served the Confederate States Navy until it was again destroyed in 1862, when it was given its current name. The shipyard was again rebuilt, and has continued to operate through the present day.
Eva and Abraham Beem
Eva and Abraham Beem were Dutch Jewish siblings and victims of the Holocaust in the Netherlands. They had been given new identities with a Christian family in an attempt to evade deportation by the Nazis, but were discovered and deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. They were murdered in the gas chamber upon their arrival on 6 March 1944.

Gas chamber
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. High concentration carbon dioxide is typically used in gas chambers for animals.
Miyasaka
Miyasaka (written: 宮坂 or 宮阪) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Emiri Miyasaka (宮坂 絵美里, born 1984), Japanese actress, model, dancer and beauty pageant winner

Kaho Miyasaka (宮坂 香帆), Japanese manga artist

Masaki Miyasaka (宮阪 政樹, born 1989), Japanese footballer

Seidai Miyasaka (宮坂 正大, born 1955), Japanese astronomer

Tsutomu Miyasaka (宮坂 力, born 1953), Japanese engineer in electrochemistry

Kaho Miyasaka
Kaho Miyasaka (宮坂香帆, Miyasaka Kaho, born October 17 in Chiba Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese manga artist.

Miyasaka is best known for the manga Kare First Love.

Her newest manga is called We Came to Know It (僕達は知ってしまった, Bokutachi wa Shitte Shimatta), which currently consists of 12 volumes.
Martin Kennedy (New Zealand politician)
Martin Kennedy (c.1839 – 25 August 1916) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament from Westland, New Zealand. He was also a merchant, mine owner, businessman and Catholic layman.

He represented the Greymouth riding from December 1872 to November 1873 on the Westland County, when the county was abolished and replaced with Westland Province. He contested the election for Superintendent of Westland Province, but was beaten by James Bonar.

He represented the Grey Valley electorate from 1876 to 1878, when he resigned to concentrate on his business interests.

1875–1876 New Zealand general election
The 1875–1876 New Zealand general election was held between 20 December 1875 and 29 January 1876 to elect a total of 88 MPs in 73 electorates to the 6th session of the New Zealand Parliament. The Māori vote was held on 4 and 15 January 1876. A total of 56,471 voters were registered.
Ogilvie baronets
The Ogilvie baronetcy of Barras, Kincardine, Scotland was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 5 March 1662 for George Ogilvie for his defence of Dunnottar Castle against Cromwell and the preservation of the regalia of Scotland in 1651–1652.

Kincardineshire
Kincardineshire or the County of Kincardine, also known as the Mearns (from the Scottish Gaelic A' Mhaoirne meaning "the stewartry"), is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area on the coast of north-east Scotland. It is bounded by Aberdeenshire on the north, and by Angus on the south-west.

The county was named after its original county town of Kincardine, near Fettercairn. The county town was moved to Stonehaven in 1600, by which time the town of Kincardine was in decline; it was subsequently abandoned. Other towns in the county include Banchory, Inverbervie and Laurencekirk.

The county was abolished as an administrative area in 1975. Since 1996, most of the pre-1975 county has formed part of the Aberdeenshire council area, with the exception of Nigg, which is in Aberdeen City. The name "Kincardine" is used in Kincardine and Mearns, a committee area of the Aberdeenshire Council, although this covers a smaller area than the county.
Ovidio Lagos Avenue
Ovidio Lagos Avenue (in Spanish, Avenida Ovidio Lagos) is a street in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, Argentina. It is a one-way avenue that runs north–south through the center of the city, from the coastal Avenida del Valle by the Paraná River to the southern limit of the urbanized area.

Ovidio Lagos is the main street in Barrio Pichincha, a former red-light district. To the south, it forms one of the limits of Rosario's largest urban park, Parque de la Independencia. It exits Rosario turning into Provincial Route 18 (before National Route 178).

The avenue was formerly named La Plata. It was renamed in 1916 to in honour of politician and journalist Ovidio Lagos (1825–1891), founder and director of La Capital (the oldest still-published newspaper in Argentina).

Red-light district
A red-light district or pleasure district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex-oriented businesses, such as sex shops, strip clubs, and adult theaters, are found. In most cases, red-light districts are particularly associated with female street prostitution, though in some cities, these areas may coincide with spaces of male prostitution and gay venues. Areas in many big cities around the world have acquired an international reputation as red-light districts.
David W. Thomas House
David W. Thomas House is a historic home located near Odessa, New Castle County, Delaware. It was built about 1820 and is a two-story, three-bay brick dwelling with interior brick chimneys at both gable ends. It has a gable roof with dormers. There is a contemporary kitchen wing with a laundry room addition. The house measures approximately 32 feet by 19 feet and has a hall and parlor plan. It is in the Federal style. Also on the property is a contributing 19th century ice house.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Hall and parlor house
A hall-and-parlor house is a type of vernacular house found in early-modern to 19th century England, as well as in colonial North America. It is presumed to have been the model on which other North American house types have been developed, such as the Cape Cod house, saltbox, and central-passage house, and in turn influenced the somewhat-later I-house. In England it had been a more modest development from the medieval hall house.
2025 Canberra Tennis International
The 2025 Canberra International, known as Workday Canberra International for sponsorship reasons, was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It was the seventh edition of the men's tournament, which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour, and the eighth edition of the women's tournament, which was part of the 2025 WTA 125 tournaments. It took place at the Canberra Tennis Centre in Canberra, Australia between 30 December 2024 and 4 January 2025.

Petra Hule
Petra Hule (born 5 March 1999) is an Australian tennis player.

Hule has a career-high singles ranking by the WTA of 287, which she reached on 18 November 2024. She also has a career-high WTA doubles ranking of 121, achieved on 26 May 2025.

Hule made her Grand Slam tournament main-draw debut at the 2023 Australian Open in the doubles tournament, partnering Arina Rodionova. She played college tennis at Florida State University.

Partnering Jaimee Fourlis, Hule won her first WTA 125 doubles title at the Canberra Tennis International, defeating Darja Semeņistaja and Nina Stojanović in the final.
John Jamieson (footballer)
John Jamieson (born 19 February 1944) is a Scottish footballer, who played for Berwick Rangers, Albion Rovers, Dumbarton, Stenhousemuir and Hamilton Academical.

After leaving Hamilton, Jamieson managed junior club Shotts Bon Accord.

Dumbarton F.C.
Dumbarton Football Club is a semi-professional football club in Dumbarton, Scotland. Founded on 23 December 1872, they are one of the oldest football clubs in Scotland.

The club plays home games at the Dumbarton Football Stadium next to Dumbarton Castle. They currently play in Scottish League Two.
Baizi quanshu
Baizi quanshu (simplified Chinese: 百子全书; traditional Chinese: 百子全書; pinyin: Bǎizi quánshū) or Zishu baijia (simplified Chinese: 子书百家; traditional Chinese: 子書百家; pinyin: Zǐshū bǎijiā), a collection of the philosophical works of the so-called Hundred Schools of Thought, is a congshu compilation published by the Chongwen shuju (Chinese: 崇文书局; "Chongwen Bookstore") in Hubei during the Qing dynasty.

Guan Zhong
Guan Zhong (Chinese: 管仲; Wade–Giles: Kuan Chung; c. 720–645 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He served as chancellor and was a reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. His given name was Yiwu (Chinese: 夷吾; pinyin: Yíwú). Zhong was his courtesy name. He is mainly remembered for his reforms as chancellor under Duke Huan of Qi, as well as his friendship with his colleague Bao Shuya, though his reputation remained controversial among the Confucians, as detailed in the  appraisal section.

Through Guan Zhong's reforms and skilful diplomacy Qi became the most powerful of the feudal states and Duke Huan became the first of the Five Hegemons. Though knowledge of his reforms is limited, in particular he instituted a famous fiscal policy known as "balancing the light and the heavy", associated with salt and iron monopolies. Otherwise a diverse work, the Guanzi compilation making use of his name makes similar such recommendations.
Context tree weighting
The context tree weighting method (CTW) is a lossless compression and prediction algorithm by Willems, Shtarkov & Tjalkens 1995. The CTW algorithm is among the very few such algorithms that offer both theoretical guarantees and good practical performance (see, e.g. Begleiter, El-Yaniv & Yona 2004).
The CTW algorithm is an “ensemble method”, mixing the predictions of many underlying variable order Markov models, where each such model is constructed using zero-order conditional probability estimators.

Ensemble learning
In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.
Unlike a statistical ensemble in statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consists of only a concrete finite set of alternative models, but typically allows for much more flexible structure to exist among those alternatives.
Małcz
Małcz [mau̯t͡ʂ] (German: Malzmühle) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipiany, within Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

Before 1945 the area belonged to Germany as part of Landkreis Soldin in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg. For the history of the region, see Neumark.

Pyrzyce County
Pyrzyce County (Polish: powiat pyrzycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pyrzyce, which lies 38 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Lipiany, lying 16 km (10 mi) south of Pyrzyce.

The county covers an area of 725.71 square kilometres (280.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 39,931, out of which the population of Pyrzyce is 12,642, that of Lipiany is 4,124, and the rural population is 23,165.
Rachel Tucker
Rachel Kelly Tucker (born 29 May 1981) is a Northern Irish actress and singer, best known for her portrayal of Elphaba in the musical Wicked in the West End and on Broadway. She also starred in the West End and Broadway productions of Come from Away, Sunset Boulevard, Hadestown, The Great Gatsby, The Last Ship.

The Wizard and I
"The Wizard and I" is a musical number from the hit musical Wicked.  It is primarily a solo number for the character of Elphaba, serving as her "I Want" song, though the character Madame Morrible also sings in the introduction to the song.
Len Goodman
Leonard Gordon Goodman (25 April 1944 – 22 April 2023) was an English professional ballroom dancer, dance teacher, and dance competition adjudicator. He appeared as head judge on the British television programme Strictly Come Dancing – in which various celebrities compete for the glitterball trophy – from its beginning in 2004 until 2016, and on the American television programme Dancing with the Stars from 2005 until 2022. He also ran a ballroom dance school in Dartford, Kent.

Welder
A welder is a person or equipment that fuses materials together. The term welder refers to the operator, the machine is referred to as the welding power supply. The materials to be joined can be metals (such as steel, aluminum, brass, stainless steel etc.) or varieties of plastic or polymer. Welders typically have to have good dexterity and attention to detail, as well as technical knowledge about the materials being joined and best practices in the field.
La'ilay Maychew
La'ilay Maychew (Tigrinya: ላዕላይ ማይጨው, transl. "Upper Salty Water") is a woreda in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Part of the Maekelay Zone (central), La'ilay Maychew is bordered on the south by Naeder Adet, on the west by Tahtay Maychew, on the north by Mereb Lehe, and on the east by Adwa. The town of Axum is surrounded by La'ilay Maychew; other towns in La'ilay Maychew include Mahibere Degue.

High points in this woreda include Bet Giyorgis (2450 meters) and May Koho (2335 meters).

The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation announced that it would provide 24-hour electrical service to five towns in Adwa, La'ilay Maychew and Naeder Adet, reaching a total of 100,000 new clients in all of the woredas. This new service would begin in June 2007.

Central Zone, Tigray
The Central Zone (Tigrinya: ዞባ ማእከላይ, romanized: Zobā Māʼékalāy) is a zone in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Towns and cities in the Central Zone include Axum and Adwa, as well as the historically significant village of Yeha and the town of Tembien Abiyi Adi. The Central Zone is bordered on the east by the Eastern Zone, on the south by South Eastern Zone, on the west by North Western Zone and on the north by Eritrea.
Three-legged crow
The three-legged (or tripedal) crow is a mythological creature in various mythologies and arts of East Asia. It is believed to inhabit and represent the Sun.

Evidence of the earliest bird-Sun motif or totemic articles were excavated around 5000 BCE in China. This bird-Sun totem heritage was observed in later Yangshao and Longshan cultures. Also, in Northeast Asia, artifacts of birds and phoenix observed to be a symbol of leadership was excavated from around 5500 BCE in Xinle culture and later Hongshan culture from Liao river basin.

The Chinese have several versions of crow and crow-Sun tales. But the most popular depiction and myth of the Sun crow is that of the Yangwu or Jinwu, the "golden crow". It has also been found figured on ancient coins from Lycia and Pamphylia.

Xinle culture
The Xinle culture (新樂文化) (5500–4800 BC) was a Neolithic culture in northeast China, found primarily around the lower Liao River on the Liaodong Peninsula in Liaoning. The culture showed evidence of millet cultivation and pig domestication. The type site at Xinle was discovered in the Huanggu District of Shenyang, Liaoning.

The site is named after an old inn, upon whose grounds the remains were first discovered.
Seemannaralia
Seemannaralia gerrardii, commonly known as the wild-maple or mock carrot tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae. It is the sole member of genus Seemannaralia, and is endemic to South Africa, where it occurs in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. It was originally included in genus Cussonia. Seemann- and gerrardii commemorate Berthold Seemann and William Gerrard respectively, while -aralia suggests the family or its type genus, Aralia.

William Tyrer Gerrard
William Tyrer Gerrard (1831 – 9 July 1866) was an English botanical collector in Natal and Madagascar in the 1860s. The genus Gerrardanthus is named in his honor.

Gerrard was born in Knowsley, Merseyside, England, and died at age 34 of yellow fever in July 1866, in Foulepointe (now Mahavelona), Madagascar. He was active as a botanical collector in Australia and then Natal, where he first collected several genera and over 150 previously unknown species, and from which he sent a stuffed aardvark to the Free Public Library, Derby Museum. He left Natal in April 1865 for coastal Madagascar, where he made large collections of plants, insects, and birds, before succumbing to illness. He last bequest of specimens to Derby Museum in Liverpool was in 1867. The standard author abbreviation Gerrard is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.