hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Open-loop controller
In control theory, an open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, is a control loop part of a control system in which the control action ("input" to the system) is independent of the "process output", which is the process variable that is being controlled. It does not use feedback to determine if its output has achieved the desired goal of the input command or process setpoint.

There are many open-loop controls, such as on/off switching of valves, machinery, lights, motors or heaters, where the control result is known to be approximately sufficient under normal conditions without the need for feedback. The advantage of using open-loop control in these cases is the reduction in component count and complexity. However, an open-loop system cannot correct any errors that it makes or correct for outside disturbances unlike a closed-loop control system.

Control system
A control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using control loops. It can range from a single home heating controller using a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler to large industrial control systems which are used for controlling processes or machines. The control systems are designed via control engineering process.

For continuously modulated control, a feedback controller is used to automatically control a process or operation.   The control system compares the value or status of the process variable (PV) being controlled with the desired value or setpoint (SP), and applies the difference as a control signal to bring the process variable output of the plant to the same value as the setpoint.

For sequential and combinational logic, software logic, such as in a programmable logic controller, is used.
Michigan's 32nd Senate district
Michigan's 32nd Senate district is one of 38 districts in the Michigan Senate. The 32nd district was created by the 1850 Michigan Constitution, as the 1835 constitution only permitted  a maximum of eight senate districts. It has been represented by Republican Jon Bumstead since 2023, succeeding fellow Republican Kenneth Horn.

Michigan Senate
The Michigan Senate is the upper house of the Michigan Legislature. Along with the Michigan House of Representatives, it composes the state legislature, which has powers, roles and duties defined by Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963. The primary purpose of the Legislature is to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws.

The Michigan Senate is composed of 38 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of between approximately 212,400 to 263,500 residents. Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures, provided by the federal decennial census. In January 2023, Democrats took the majority with 20 seats to Republicans' 18 seats. The Senate chamber is located in the State Capitol building.
Jewett, New York
Jewett is a town centrally located in Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 879 at the 2020 census. The town is named for Freeborn G. Jewett, justice of the New York Supreme Court.

New York Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the superior court in the Judiciary of New York.  It is vested with unlimited civil and criminal jurisdiction, although in many counties outside New York City it acts primarily as a court of civil jurisdiction, with most criminal matters handled in county courts.

New York is the only state where supreme court is a trial court rather than a court of last resort (which in New York is the Court of Appeals). Also, although it is a trial court, the Supreme Court sits as a "single great tribunal of general state-wide jurisdiction, rather than an aggregation of separate courts sitting in the several counties or judicial districts of the state." The Supreme Court is established in each of New York's 62 counties.

A separate branch of the Supreme Court called the Appellate Division serves as the highest intermediate appellate court in New York.
Anaïs Delva
Anaïs Delva (French: [anais dɛlva]; born 15 May 1986) is a French singer. She is known for providing the voice of Disney's character Elsa, from the animated movie Frozen, in the European French version. She would also voice her in the Canadian French version for the singing parts only.

Canadian French
Canadian French (French: français canadien, [fʁãˈsɛ kanaˈd͡zjɛ̃]) is the French language as it is spoken in Canada. It includes multiple varieties, the most prominent of which is Québécois (Quebec French). Formerly Canadian French referred solely to Quebec French and the closely related varieties of Ontario (Franco-Ontarian) and Western Canada—in contrast with Acadian French, which is spoken by Acadians in New Brunswick (including the Chiac dialect) and some areas of Nova Scotia (including the dialect St. Marys Bay French), Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland & Labrador (where Newfoundland French is also spoken).
Joseph Livingston
Joseph Arnold Livingston ( (1905-02-10) (1989-12-25)February 10, 1905 – December 25, 1989) was an American business journalist and economist known for his long-running syndicated economics column for which he received a Pulitzer Prize and three Gerald Loeb Awards. He created the Livingston Survey, a twice-yearly economic forecast survey he personally conducted from 1946 until his death in 1989.

Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence.  In its first six years (1942–1947), it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting – International.
Univox 'Lectra
The Univox 'Lectra was a bass guitar made by Univox modeled originally on the Höfner 500/1 bass, popularized by Paul McCartney in the early days of the Beatles, and later on the Gibson EB-1, both violin shaped guitars.  The bass was available from the late 1960s through the mid-1970s.

The 'Lectra had a 22 fret bolt on neck and a hollow body.  The original model had two pickups, while some of the models based on the Gibson EB-1 had one.  Some later models had f-holes cut into the body as well.

Finishes ranged from sunburst or tobacco burst to all black.

Pickup (music technology)
A pickup is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another that captures or senses mechanical vibrations produced by musical instruments, particularly stringed instruments such as the electric guitar, and converts these to an electrical signal that is amplified using an instrument amplifier to produce musical sounds through a loudspeaker in a speaker enclosure. The signal from a pickup can also be recorded directly.

The first electrical string instrument with pickups, the "Frying Pan" slide guitar, was created by George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker around 1931.

Most electric guitars and electric basses use magnetic pickups. Acoustic guitars, upright basses and fiddles often use a piezo electric pickup.
Westkerke, Netherlands
Westkerke is a hamlet in the south-west Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Tholen, Zeeland, about 1 km southwest of Scherpenisse.

Westkerke is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Scherpenisse. It consists of about 15 houses.

Westkerke has an artificial vlietberg (flee mountain), an artificial mound built between the 10th and 13th century which could contain a motte-and-bailey castle.

Westkerke was a separate municipality until 1816, when it was merged with Scherpenisse. Westkerke was home to 227 people in 1840. Scherpenisse merged in 1971 into Tholen.

Motte-and-bailey castle
A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Low Countries it controlled, in the 11th century, when these castles were popularized in the area that became the Netherlands. The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries.
Loose Talk (Pakistani TV series)
Loose Talk (Urdu: لُوز ٹاک) was a Pakistani television comedy show that was first aired on ARY Digital in June 2002. The show was a social and political commentary delivered humorously to reach the masses. It was written and created by Anwar Maqsood and featured impressionist Moin Akhter. The satire-comedy talk show was loosely inspired by BBC World Service's HARDTalk.

In November 2019, a clip of Akhter from the show led to the resurgence of the show's popularity in India and Pakistan.

HARDtalk
HARDtalk is a BBC television and radio programme which was broadcast on the British and international feeds of the BBC News channel, and on the BBC World Service, from 31 March 1997 to 26 March 2025.

Broadcast times and days vary, depending on broadcasting platform and geographic location. HARDtalk is also available on BBC iPlayer in the UK only and as a podcast via BBC Sounds.

On 15 October 2024, the BBC announced that as part of a series of cuts to its news department, HARDtalk would no longer be broadcast, along with the tech review show Click. Host Stephen Sackur said the news was "depressing" [for the future of in-depth interviews that] "hold to account those who all too often avoid accountability in their own countries". The programme aired its final episode on television on 26 March 2025 while its last radio episode was aired two days later on 28 March. The radio version was succeeded by a similar programme titled The Interview.
Anno uno
Anno uno (internationally released as Year One and Italy: Year One) is a 1974 Italian biographical film directed by Roberto Rossellini. The film tells the story of the political reconstruction of post-fascist Italy between 1944 and 1954, seen through the career of Alcide De Gasperi (1881–1954).

Roberto Rossellini
Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and producer. He was one of the most prominent directors of the Italian neorealist cinema, contributing to the movement with films such as Rome, Open City (1945), Paisan (1946), and Germany, Year Zero (1948). He is also known for his films starring his then wife Ingrid Bergman, Stromboli (1950), Europe '51 (1952), Journey to Italy (1954), Fear (1954) and Joan of Arc at the Stake (1954).
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2013–2017
This is a list of members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 2013 to 2017.

1  On 3 September 2014, the Liberal member for Vasse, Troy Buswell, resigned. Liberal candidate Libby Mettam was elected to replace him at the by-election for Vasse on 18 October 2014.

2  On 15 April 2016, the Liberal member for Hillarys, Rob Johnson, resigned from the Liberal Party to sit as an Independent.

Electoral district of Vasse
Vasse is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in Western Australia. Vasse is based in the South West region of the state, centred on the town of Busselton and is named for the Vasse River. It has been a safe seat for the Liberal Party at all times since its creation, including as its previous incarnation, Sussex.

The current MLA, Liberal Libby Mettam, won a by-election on 18 October 2014 following the resignation of former Liberal leader Troy Buswell.
The Lonely Lady
The Lonely Lady is a 1983 American drama film directed by Peter Sasdy, adapted from Harold Robbins's 1976 novel of the same name, believed to have been based on Robbins's memories of Jacqueline Susann. The film stars Pia Zadora in the title role, Lloyd Bochner, Bibi Besch, Jared Martin and Ray Liotta in his film debut. The original music score was composed by Charlie Calello.

The plot follows Jerilee Randall, an aspiring screenwriter who deals with many abusive men in her attempts to achieve success in Hollywood. The Lonely Lady was the last adaptation of one of Robbins's novels before his death in 1997. Critically panned, the film was a box-office bomb, grossing only $1.2 million against a budget of between $6–7 million.

Jacqueline Susann
Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American novelist and actress. Her novel Valley of the Dolls (1966) is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, The Love Machine (1969) and Once Is Not Enough (1973), Susann became the first author to have three novels top The New York Times Best Seller list consecutively.
Nimta High School
Nimta Higher Secondary School, also known as Nimta High School, is a secondary (Madhyamik) level and Higher Secondary (Uchha Madhyamik) standard school in Nimta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India that was established on 1 January 1875. In 2024 its celebrating its 150 years of anniversary. This school is affiliated to West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education

Madhyamik Pariksha
Madhyamik Pariksha or simply Madhyamik is a centralized examination conducted by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education in West Bengal, India, at the end of the 10th year of school education. Similarly, one examination is also conducted at the state of Tripura for its students studying in Govt or Govt Aided school under the control of Tripura Board of Secondary Education. By count of examinees, it is among the better-known 10th standard examinations in India. In WBSE, over 600,000 students took the exam in 2000, and the number has increased substantially since then. The number of students reached a record 1 million in the 2011 Madhyamik examination. Compulsory subjects are first language, second language, physical science (combined with physics and chemistry), life science, mathematics, history and geography.
2023–24 I liga
The 2023–24 I liga (also known as Fortuna I liga due to sponsorship reasons) was the 76th season of the second tier domestic division in the Polish football league system since its establishment in 1949 and the 16th season of the Polish I liga under its current title. The league was operated by the PZPN.

The regular season was being played as a round-robin tournament. A total of 18 teams participate, 12 of which competed in the league campaign during the previous season, while three to be relegated from the 2022–23 Ekstraklasa and the remaining three to be promoted from the 2022–23 II liga. The season started on 21 July 2023 and will conclude on 26 May 2024. Each team will play a total of 34 matches, half at home and half away.

Sports league
A sports league is a group of individual athletes, sports teams or clubs who form a league to compete against each other and gain points in a specific sport. At its simplest, it may be a local group of amateur athletes who form teams among themselves and compete periodically, at its most complex, it can be an international professional league making large amounts of money and involving dozens of teams and thousands of players.
Huamashraju
Huamashraju, Wamashraju (possibly from Quechua rahu snow, ice, mountain with snow), Yanahuacra (possibly from Quechua yana black, waqra horn, "black horn") or Rajo Colta is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 5,434 metres (17,828 ft) high. It is situated in the Ancash Region, Huaraz Province, Huaraz District. Huamashraju lies east of the town of Huaraz, west of Huantsán and northwest of Shacsha and Cashan.

Huaraz Province
Huaraz is one of twenty provinces of the Ancash Region in Peru. It was created on August 5, 1857, during the presidency of Ramón Castilla.  Geographically, the province is located over the Callejón de Huaylas and the western slopes of the Cordillera Negra.

The Regional Museum of Archaeology is located in the Huaraz district. Some other highlights of the province are the Pumacayán hill, the hot springs of Monterrey (at 6 km or 4 mi from the city) and the Willkawain archaeological sites, at 13 kilometres (8 mi) to the north of Huaraz, in village of Paria, in the Independencia district.
Buddha Lama
Buddha Lama (born November 23, 1997) is a Nepalese singer, actor, dancer and model who rose to fame after winning the title and becoming the first winner of Nepalese TV series Nepal Idol. Since winning Nepal Idol, he has become a teen idol. Lama holds the title for Nepal Idol winner for the season one with Nishan Bhattarai as runner up and Partap Das as second runner up. Buddha Lama is runner-up of Nepal’s first session of Dancing with the stars.

Teen idol
A teen idol is a celebrity with a large teenage fan base. Teen idols are generally young but are not necessarily teenagers themselves. An idol's popularity may be limited to teens, or may extend to all age groups.
Jordan Village, Connecticut
Jordan is a village in the town of Waterford, Connecticut, United States and the historic center of the town.  It was named after the Jordan River. The village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Jordan Village Historic District in 1990.

Local government in Connecticut
Connecticut shares with the five other New England states a governmental structure known as the New England town. From 1666 to 1960, Connecticut had a system of county governments, which each had limited powers given to it by the General Assembly. They were abolished by Public Act 152 in 1960. Connecticut also had a system of sheriffs' offices until October 2000, when those were also abolished.
Allaikhovsky District
Allaikhovsky District (Russian: Алла́иховский улу́с; Yakut: Аллайыаха улууһа, Allayıaxa uluuha) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic towards the mouth of the Indigirka River and borders with the East Siberian Sea in the north, Nizhnekolymsky District in the east, Srednekolymsky District in the southeast, Abyysky District in the south, and with Ust-Yansky District in the west. The area of the district is 107,300 square kilometers (41,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Chokurdakh. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 3,050, with the population of Chokurdakh accounting for 77.6% of that number.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Tante Trude aus Buxtehude
Tante Trude aus Buxtehude ("Aunt Trude from Buxtehude") is a 1971 West German comedy film directed by Franz Josef Gottlieb and starring Rudi Carrell, Ilja Richter and Theo Lingen. It was one of several German films in the wake of the 1959 film Some Like It Hot that used cross-dressing as a comic theme.

The film's sets were designed by Eberhard Schröder. Some of the film was shot in the Austrian city of Salzburg. It features a number of songs performed by leading German Schlager music singers of the era.

Cross-dressing
Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothes traditionally or stereotypically associated with a different gender. From as early as pre-modern history people have cross-dressed in order to disguise, comfort, entertain, and express themselves.

Socialization establishes social norms among the people of a particular society. With regard to the social aspects of clothing, such standards may reflect guidelines relating to the style, color, or type of clothing that individuals are expected to wear. Such expectations may be delineated according to gender roles. Cross-dressing involves dressing contrary to the prevailing standards (or in some cases, laws) for a person of their gender in their own society.
Hepburn Avenue
Hepburn Avenue is an arterial east–west road in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. The road links Sorrento in the west with Malaga and Whiteman in the east. It also connects the residential developments that span its length with several local facilities, as well as major road routes into central Perth.

Malaga, Western Australia
Malaga (/məˈlɑːɡə/) is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of the CBD, in the City of Swan.

Early real estate development occurred in the decade before the first world war.
Paxtaobod District
Paxtaobod District (Uzbek: Paxtaobod tumani) is a district of Andijan Region in Uzbekistan. It is bordered with Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan. The capital lies at the city Paxtaobod. It has an area of 260 km2 (100 sq mi) and it had 199,900 inhabitants in 2022.

The district consists of 1 city (Paxtaobod), 3 urban-type settlements (Do'stlik, Izboskan and Pushmon) and 4 rural communities.

The district formerly named as Qo'qonqishloq prior and during the Soviet. It is believed that people living in the region once came from Qo'qon (Kokand) so it is named as Qo'qonqishloq which directly translates as "the village of Kokan people".

Jalal-Abad Region
Jalal-Abad (/dʒəˈlɑːl əˈbɑːd/; Kyrgyz: [dʒɑˌɫɑɫɑˈbɑt]) is a region (oblus) of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Manas. It is surrounded by (clockwise from the north) Talas Region, Chüy Region, Naryn Region, Osh Region, and Uzbekistan. Jalal-Abad Region was established on 21 November 1939. On 27 January 1959 it became a part of Osh Region, but regained its old status as a region on 14 December 1990. Its total area is 32,418 km2 (12,517 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 1,260,617 as of January 2021. The region has a sizeable Uzbek (24.8% in 2009) minority.
Mrs. Osburn House
The Mrs. Osburn House is a historic home located in Durham, Greene County, New York. It was built about 1850 and is a five-by-three-bay timber frame dwelling. It features clapboard siding and a low-pitched hipped roof. Also on the property is a heavy-timber-frame barn.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Durham, New York
Durham is a town in Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 2,627 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Durham, Connecticut, and is in the northwestern corner of Greene County.
Jim Reiter
James Reiter is a Canadian politician. He represents electoral district of Rosetown-Delisle in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a member of the Saskatchewan Party. Reiter was first elected in the 2007 general election.

On May 29, 2009, Reiter was appointed Minister of Highways & Infrastructure by Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall.

Rosetown-Delisle
Rosetown-Delisle is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. The largest community is Rosetown. Smaller communities in the district include the towns of Outlook, Elrose, Kyle, Zealandia, Langham and Eston; and the villages of Dinsmore, Harris, Beechy, Lucky Lake, and Conquest.