hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of money
The history of money is the development over time of systems for the exchange of goods and services. Money is a means of fulfilling these functions indirectly and in general rather than directly, as with barter.

Money may take a physical form as in coins and notes, or may exist as a written or electronic account. It may have intrinsic value (commodity money), be legally exchangeable for something with intrinsic value (representative money), or have only nominal value (fiat money).

Debt
Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money borrowed or otherwise withheld from another party, the creditor. Debt may be owed by a sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding the amount and timing of repayments of principal and interest. Loans, bonds, notes, and mortgages are all types of debt. In financial accounting, debt is a type of financial transaction, as distinct from equity.

The term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on a monetary value. For example, in Western cultures, a person who has been helped by a second person is sometimes said to owe a "debt of gratitude" to the second person.
Daisenryaku
Daisenryaku (大戦略, Great Strategy) is a series of war strategy video games by SystemSoft and SystemSoft Alpha in Japan. The series debuted in Japan in 1985 with Gendai Daisenryaku (現代大戦略, Modern Great Strategy) exclusively for the NEC PC-98.

Games in the franchise have been released for many platforms including the PC-88, X1, FM-7, MSX, Famicom, Mega Drive, Turbo CD, Game Boy, Game Gear, Super Famicom, Sega Saturn, Dreamcast, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Windows, Macintosh and other mobile devices.

In April 1993, Famicom Tsūshin (Famitsu) magazine awarded the Daisenryaku series a world record for being ported to the most game consoles. It was ported to seven consoles up until then, including the Game Boy and Mega Drive.

PC-8800 series
The PC-8800 series (Japanese: PC-8800シリーズ, Hepburn: Pī Shī Hassen Happyaku Shirīzu), commonly shortened to PC-88, are a brand of Zilog Z80-based 8-bit home computers released by Nippon Electric Company (NEC) in 1981 and primarily sold in Japan.

The PC-8800 series sold extremely well and became one of the four major Japanese home computers of the 1980s, along with the Fujitsu FM-7, Sharp X1 and the MSX computers. It was later eclipsed by NEC's 16-bit PC-9800 series, although it still maintained strong sales up until the early 1990s.

NEC's American subsidiary, NEC Home Electronics (USA), marketed variations of the PC-8800 in the United States and Canada.
Waubay Lake
Waubay Lake is a natural lake in Day County, South Dakota, in the United States. The lake is southeast of nearby Grenville and is predominantly a fishery for walleye and yellow perch.

The lake used to be four distinct lakes - North Waubay, South Waubay, Spring Lake, and Hillebrands - however, rising water levels have connected the four lakes in the late 1990s into the single lake that it is today.

The fish species present in the lake include northern pike, walleye, smallmouth bass, yellow perch, black bullhead, white bass, common carp, rock bass, black crappie, and lake herring.

Coregonus artedi
Coregonus artedi, commonly known as the cisco, is a North American species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. The number of species and definition of species limits in North American ciscoes is a matter of debate. Accordingly, Coregonus artedi may refer either in a narrow sense to one of the several types of cisco found e.g. in the Great Lakes, or in a broad sense to the complex of all ciscoes in continental North American lakes, Coregonus artedi sensu lato.
Canada–Malta relations
Canadian–Maltese relations are the bilateral relations between Canada and Malta. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Malta has a consulate general in Toronto and four honorary consuls in (from west to east) Vancouver, Edmonton, Laval and St. John's.

Canada hosts a large Maltese immigrant community.

Laval, Quebec
Laval is a city in Quebec, Canada. It is in the southwest of the province, north of Montreal. It is the largest suburb of Montreal, the third-largest city in the province after Montreal and Quebec City, and the thirteenth largest city in Canada, with a population of 443,192 in 2021.

Laval is geographically separated from the mainland to the north by the Rivière des Mille Îles, and from the Island of Montreal to the south by the Rivière des Prairies. Laval occupies all of Île Jésus as well as the Îles Laval.

Laval constitutes one of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec, with a region code of 13, as well as a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) with geographical code 65. It also constitutes the judicial district of Laval. It is the smallest administrative region in the province by area.
Tobin tax
A Tobin tax was originally defined as a tax on all spot conversions of one currency into another. It was suggested by James Tobin, an economist who won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Tobin's tax was originally intended to penalize short-term financial round-trip excursions into another currency.  By the late 1990s, the term Tobin tax was being applied to all forms of short term transaction taxation, whether across currencies or not. The concept of the Tobin tax is being picked up by various tax proposals currently being discussed, amongst them the European Union Financial Transaction Tax as well as the Robin Hood tax.

Volatility (finance)
In finance, volatility (usually denoted by "σ") is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns.

Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices.  Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option).
Guecha warrior
Guecha warriors (Spanish: güechas or gueches) were warriors of the Muisca Confederation in the Tenza Valley, Ubaque valley and Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the pre-Columbian era. The Guecha warrior was chosen for his merit in attitude and physique rather than by class. He was recognised by his unique status in society and his adornment with gold, feathers and inks.

Altiplano Cundiboyacense
The Altiplano Cundiboyacense (Spanish pronunciation: [altiˈplano kundiβoʝaˈsense]) is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. (Do not confuse with The Altiplano or the Altiplano Nariñense, both further south.) The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense comprises three distinctive flat regions; the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso. The average altitude of the altiplano is about 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level but ranges from roughly 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).
Fort Recovery High School
Fort Recovery High School is a public high school in the Fort Recovery School District, and is located in Fort Recovery, Ohio.  Their nickname is the Indians.  They are a member of the Midwest Athletic Conference.

Fort Recovery, Ohio
Fort Recovery is a village in Mercer County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,501 at the 2020 census. The village is near the location of Fort Recovery, first established in 1793 under orders from General Anthony Wayne. The town is located near the headwaters of the Wabash River.
St. Austin Catholic School
St. Austin Catholic School is a private, Catholic elementary and middle school with a full-time and part-time 3 year olds class, a class for 4 year olds and Kinder - 8th. St. Austin is located in downtown Austin, Texas, one block from UT campus, Dell Medical School and four blocks from the Texas State Capital. St. Austin is located within the Diocese of Austin. The average class size is 20 students and the teacher to student ratio is 1:9. The current enrollment at St. Austin is 215 students.

Diocese of Austin
The Diocese of Austin (Latin: Dioecesis Austiniensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church comprising 25 counties of Central Texas in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. Daniel E. Garcia is the bishop.
Inès Arouaissa
Inès Chiama Arouaissa (Arabic: إيناس أرويسة; born 30 June 2001) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Seconde Ligue club Saint-Malo. Born in France, she represents Morocco at international level.

US Saint-Malo (women)
Union Sportive Saint-Malo Féminines, the women's section of US Saint-Malo, is a French women's football club based in Saint-Malo, the club competes in the Seconde Ligue, the second-tier league in France.
South Canterbury
South Canterbury is the area of the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand bounded by the Rangitata River in the north and the southern catchment boundary of the Waitaki River (the border with the Otago Region) to the south. The Pacific Ocean and ridge of the Southern Alps form natural boundaries to the east and west respectively. Though the exact boundaries of the region have never been formalised, the term is used for a variety of government agencies (e.g., the South Canterbury District Health Board) and other entities (such as the South Canterbury provincial rugby team). It is one of four traditional sub-regions of Canterbury, along with Mid Canterbury, North Canterbury, and Christchurch city.

Southern Alps
The Southern Alps (Māori: Kā Tiritiri o te Moana; officially Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana) is a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand's South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. The name "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it.

The range includes the South Island's Main Divide, which separates the water catchments of the more heavily populated eastern side of the island from those on the west coast. Politically, the Main Divide forms the boundary between the Marlborough, Canterbury and Otago regions to the southeast and the Tasman and West Coast regions to the northwest.
Anococcygeal nerve
The anococcygeal nerve is a sensory nerve of the pelvis that arises from the coccygeal plexus. It pierces the coccygeus muscle and the sacrotuberous ligament to supply a small area of skin between the coccyx and anus, as well as the sacrococcygeal joint. The number of anococcygeal nerves varies between one and three.

Coccyx
The coccyx (pl.: coccyges or coccyxes), commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes, and analogous structures in certain other mammals such as horses. In tailless primates (e.g. humans and other great apes) since Nacholapithecus (a Miocene hominoid), the coccyx is the remnant of a vestigial tail. In animals with bony tails, it is known as tailhead or dock, in bird anatomy as tailfan. It comprises three to five separate or fused coccygeal vertebrae below the sacrum, attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx.
Amanatsu
Amanatsu (甘夏) or kawano natsu daidai (カワノナツダイダイ (川野夏橙)) is a yellow citrus fruit, a cultivar that originated as a mutation of the natsu mikan (ナツミカン (夏みかん)) or natsu daidai (ナツダイダイ (夏橙)). It was discovered in 1935 in Tsukumi, Oita Prefecture, Japan. The original natsu mikan that served as the basis for amanatsu was found in Yamaguchi Prefecture around 1700.

Tsukumi, Ōita
Tsukumi (津久見市, Tsukumi-shi) is a city located in Ōita Prefecture, Japan.  As of 31 August 2023, the city had an estimated population of 15,492 in 7,666 households, and a  population density of 190 persons per km2.  The total area of the city is 79.48 km2 (30.69 sq mi). Although it has the smallest population among the cities in Ōita Prefecture, it has the third highest population density after Ōita City and Beppu City.
Lysine–tRNA ligase
In enzymology, a lysine–tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + L-lysine + tRNALys  AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNALys

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-lysine, and tRNALys, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-lysyl-tRNALys.

This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: lysine biosynthesis, aminoacyl-trna biosynthesis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als).

Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-.

AMP plays an important role in many cellular metabolic processes, being interconverted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), as well as allosterically activating enzymes such as myophosphorylase-b. AMP is also a component in the synthesis of RNA. AMP is present in all known forms of life.
Al-Maamora Forest
Al-Mamoura Forest in Morocco is the largest Quercus suber forest in the world, with an area of 130,000 hectares. It is situated on the Atlantic coast between the cities of Rabat and Kenitra and is primarily composed of four tree species: Quercus suber, eucalyptus, pinales, and acacias. The forest is home to a diverse array of plant species and serves as a vital habitat for numerous animal species. However, the ecological balance of the forest is threatened by overgrazing and logging activities. The expansion of urban and agricultural areas is placing increasing pressure on the forest, leading to a reduction in its area. In response, the authorities issued a real estate map in 2008, clearly defining the boundaries of the forest to deter any attempts to seize or illegally own it.

Pinales
The order Pinales in the division Pinophyta, class Pinopsida, comprises all the extant conifers. The distinguishing characteristic is the reproductive structure known as a cone produced by all Pinales. All of the extant conifers, such as Araucaria, cedar, celery-pine, cypress, fir, juniper, kauri, larch, pine, redwood, spruce, and yew, are included here. Some fossil conifers, however, belong to other distinct orders within the division Pinophyta.

Multiple molecular studies indicate this order being paraphyletic with respect to Gnetales, with studies recovering Gnetales as either a sister group to Pinaceae or being more derived than Pinaceae but sister to the rest of the group.
Gilles Boeuf
Gilles Boeuf (born November 6, 1950, in Paimbœuf) is a French biologist, who served as president of the National Museum of Natural History, France from February 2009 to August 2015. He was a professor at Pierre and Marie Curie University. He was knighted with the French Order of Merit in 2009, and the Legion of Honour in 2013.

Pierre and Marie Curie University
Pierre and Marie Curie University (French: Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie [ynivɛʁsite pjɛʁ e maʁi kyʁi], UPMC), also known as Paris VI, was a public research university in Paris, France, from 1971 to 2017. The university was located on the Jussieu Campus in the Latin Quarter of the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France. UPMC merged with Paris-Sorbonne University into the new Sorbonne University in 2017.
Baitarani River
The Baitarani (also spelled Vaitarani, Odia: ବୈତରଣୀ) is one of six major rivers of Odisha, India.  Venerated in popular epics and legends, the Baitarani River is a source of water for agricultural irrigation.   The coastal plain of Odisha has the name of Hexadeltaic region (i.e., the 'Gift of Six Rivers'). These deltas divide the coastal plain into three regions from north to south. The Baitarani, the Mahanadi and the Brahmani rivers form the Middle Coastal Plain, with evidence of past "back bays" and present lakes.

Indian epic poetry
Indian epic poetry is the epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent, traditionally called Kavya (IAST: Kāvyá). The Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which were originally composed in Sanskrit and later translated into many other Indian languages, and the Five Great Epics of Tamil literature and Sangam literature are some of the oldest surviving epic poems ever written.
Oi! (Hong Kong)
Oi! is a Hong Kong government art promotion organisation. It was developed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, and aims to promote visual arts by providing a platform for art exhibitions, forums and other art-related activities. It is situated at 12 Oil Street, North Point, at the corner of Electric Road.

Leisure and Cultural Services Department
The Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD), is a department in the Government of Hong Kong. It reports to the Culture, Sports & Tourism Bureau, headed by the Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism. It provides leisure and cultural activities for the people of Hong Kong, which was also one of the tasks of the former Urban Council, and Regional Council and Home Affairs Bureau. It manages various public facilities around Hong Kong including public libraries, swimming pools, sports centres, parks, beaches and waterfront areas. The well-known Hong Kong Cultural Centre and Hong Kong Space Museum are among several museums also managed by the department. It was established in 2000 and its headquarters is in Shatin, New Territories.

Until July 2022, the department was headed by the Secretary for Home Affairs.
Ciećmierz
Ciećmierz pronounced [ˈt͡ɕɛt͡ɕmjɛʂ] (German: Zitzmar) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Karnice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south of Karnice, 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Gryfice, and 71 km (44 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Gryfice County
Gryfice County (Polish: powiat gryficki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gryfice, which lies 69 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Trzebiatów, lying 17 km (11 mi) north of Gryfice, and Płoty, 13 km (8 mi) south of Gryfice.

The county covers an area of 1,018.19 square kilometres (393.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 60,773, out of which the population of Gryfice is 16,702, that of Trzebiatów is 10,113, that of Płoty is 4,142, and the rural population is 29,816.
Alexander Lipsky
Alexander Lipsky was an influential teacher as well as composer and arranger born in Warsaw, Poland in 1900. He attended Columbia University and studied composition and theory with Daniel Gregory Mason, Frank Ward and Franz Schreker. He was a student of piano under the tutelage of Leonid Kreutzer. In 1921, he was awarded the Clarence Barker Fellowship at Columbia through which he studied in Berlin from 1922-1924. Up through the 1940s, he composed concertos, songs, sonatas and pieces for piano. He also became a highly regarded teacher of music with notable students such as Carol Klooster-Moore and Matthew Harre.  He died in 1985.

Franz Schreker
Franz Schreker (originally Schrecker; 23 March 1878 – 21 March 1934) was an Austrian composer, conductor, librettist, teacher and administrator. Primarily a composer of operas, Schreker developed a style characterized by aesthetic plurality (a mixture of Romanticism, Naturalism, Symbolism, Impressionism, Expressionism and Neue Sachlichkeit), timbral experimentation, strategies of extended tonality and conception of total music theatre into the narrative of 20th-century music.
Salyersville National Bank
Salyersville National Bank is a small community bank in Magoffin County, Kentucky. The bank originally operated out of offices located at the junction of Maple and North Church streets in Salyersville.  Still in existence, this building is used by Salyersville Renaissance, a Main Street Program.

Magoffin County, Kentucky
Magoffin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, its population was 11,637. Its county seat is Salyersville. The county was formed in 1860 from adjacent portions of Floyd, Johnson, and Morgan Counties. It was named for Beriah Magoffin, who was governor of Kentucky (1859–62).
The Square (1994 film)
The Square is a 1994 Chinese documentary film directed by Zhang Yuan. It is Zhang's first true documentary film, after two documentary-influenced fiction films: Mama and Beijing Bastards.

Filmed in black and white, The Square documents a day in the life of Tiananmen Square a few years after the events of 1989.

Cinema of China
The cinema of China is the filmmaking and film industry of mainland China, one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese-language cinema together with the cinema of Hong Kong and the cinema of Taiwan. China is the home of the largest movie and drama production complex and film studios in the world, the Oriental Movie Metropolis and Hengdian World Studios. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts behind only the United States. In 2016, the gross box office in China was CN¥45.71 billion (US$6.58 billion). China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios.
Harbin Pharmaceutical Group
Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (shortened to HPGC or Hayao) is a Chinese partially state-owned company engaged in the research & development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. HPGC medication offerings include traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and biopharmaceuticals; its main offerings include antibiotics, including amoxicillin and penicillin, and dietary supplements, including zinc gluconate and calcium gluconate.

The company owns both Renmintongtai (人民同泰), a drugstore chain and medical wholesaler for the domestic market, and GNC, a U.S.-based international retailer of supplements and wellness products.

Pharmacy (shop)
A pharmacy (also called drugstore in North American English or community pharmacy or chemist in Commonwealth English and both in Australian English) is a premises which provides pharmaceutical drugs, among other products. At the pharmacy, a pharmacist oversees the fulfillment of medical prescriptions and is available to counsel patients about prescription and over-the-counter drugs or about health problems and wellness issues. A typical pharmacy would be in the commercial area of a community.
Shoot the Point
Shoot the Point is the eighth studio album by American band Tullycraft, released by Happy Happy Birthday To Me Records on August 22, 2025. After a six-year break, the album was the band's first since The Railway Prince Hotel in 2019. This was the third in a trilogy of records recorded and engineered by Pete Remine at Dubtrain Studio in Seattle, WA.

Happy Happy Birthday to Me Records
Happy Happy Birthday to Me Records is an American independent record label based in Athens, Georgia. Its catalogue features indie rock, indie pop and hip-hop music, with several of its artists associated with or influenced by The Elephant 6 Recording Company.