hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
DuPhos
DuPhos is a class of organophosphorus compound that are used ligands for asymmetric synthesis. The name DuPhos is derived from (1) the chemical company that sponsored the research leading to this ligand's invention, DuPont and (2) the compound is a diphosphine ligand type. Specifically it is classified as a C2-symmetric ligand, consisting of two phospholanes rings affixed to a benzene ring.

The ligand was introduced in 1991 by M.J. Burk and first demonstrated in asymmetric hydrogenation of certain enamide esters to amino acid precursors:

Other chiral diphosphine ligands were known at the time of invention, e.g. DIOP, DIPAMP, CHIRAPHOS, but DuPhos was found to be more effective.

C2-Symmetric ligands
In homogeneous catalysis, C2-symmetric ligands refer to ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have C2 symmetry (two-fold rotational symmetry). Such ligands are usually bidentate and are valuable in catalysis. The C2 symmetry of ligands limits the number of possible reaction pathways and thereby increases enantioselectivity, relative to asymmetrical analogues. C2-symmetric ligands are a subset of chiral ligands. Chiral ligands, including C2-symmetric ligands, combine with metals or other groups to form chiral catalysts. These catalysts engage in enantioselective chemical synthesis, in which chirality in the catalyst yields chirality in the reaction product.
Trade wind cumulus cloud
Trade wind cumulus (or trade cumulus) clouds are formed by cooling and moisture absorption of the dry trade winds over the relatively cold sea surface in the eastern parts of the oceans.  These are  clouds, typically Cumulus humilis or Cumulus mediocris, which are considered as fair weather clouds.

Characteristic for trade wind clouds is the uniform height of the upper cloud limit, which typically lies between 1000 and 1500 meters and thus indicates the altitude of the trade wind inversion. Due to orographic lift at  mountains, the clouds can also rise higher, but the trade wind inversion also limits a further rise here, so that even in this case a light drizzle can occur at best. At night, the trade wind clouds usually dissipate again, especially over land.

Orographic lift
Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains.: 162  As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions, precipitation.: 472

Orographic lifting can have a number of effects, including precipitation, rain shadowing, leeward winds, and associated clouds.
Thomas Marshall (Maine politician)
Thomas H. Marshall (1826-1861) was an American politician and military commander from Maine. Marshall, a resident of Belfast, Maine and graduate of Bowdoin College, served two terms in the Maine House of Representatives (1857-1858) and two terms in the Maine Senate (1859-1860). During his final term in the Maine Senate, Marshall was elected Senate President. With the outbreak of the American Civil War, Marshall left elected office and became a major in the 4th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which assembled in Rockland, Maine in May 1861. Marshall was later transferred to the 7th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, where he was at first a lieutenant colonel and later the commanding officer. He became ill with a fever and died in Baltimore along with 80 others in the 7th Maine Regiment.

Maine House of Representatives
The Maine House of Representatives is the lower house of the Maine Legislature. The House consists of 151 voting members and three nonvoting members. The voting members represent an equal number of districts across the state and are elected via plurality voting. The nonvoting members represent three of Maine's Native American tribes, though one tribe (the Penobscot Nation) has declined to send a representative. Each voting member of the House represents around 9,000 citizens of the state. Because it is a part-time position, members of the Maine House of Representatives usually have outside employment as well. Members are limited to four consecutive terms of two years each, but may run again after two years.

The House meets at the Maine State House in Augusta.
Kichi-Kemin (river)
The Kichi-Kemin (Kyrgyz: Кичи-Кемин) is a river in Kemin District of Chüy Region of Kyrgyzstan and Korday District of Kazakhstan. It is a right tributary of the Chu in Chüy Valley. It is 81 kilometres (50 mi) long with a basin area of 614 square kilometres (237 sq mi). The flow of the Kichi-Kemin considerably varies; the minimum flow is 0.46 cubic metres per second (16 cu ft/s) in February, and the maximum is 8.63 cubic metres per second (305 cu ft/s) in July.

Chüy Region
Chüy is the northernmost region of Kyrgyzstan, surrounding the national capital Bishkek. It is bounded on the north by Kazakhstan, and clockwise, Issyk-Kul Region, Naryn Region, Jalal-Abad Region, and Talas Region. Its administrative center is Bishkek. Its total area is 19,895 km2 (7,682 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 974,984 as of January 2021. The region has sizeable Russian (20.8% in 2009) and Dungan (6.2% in 2009) minorities. It takes its name from the river Chüy that flows through the region.
Steffan Piolet
Steffan Andrew Piolet (born 8 August 1988) is an English cricketer. He specialises in short format cricket and is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-pace bowler who played over 100 matches for Sussex and Warwickshire County Cricket Clubs

Piolet was born in Redhill and is of Norwegian descent. He attended the University of Wales Institute Cardiff shortly before leaving to concentrate fully on his cricket career. He attended Harlands Primary School,  Warden Park School and Central Sussex College.

Having represented Sussex, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire in Second XI cricket, Piolet made his List A debut during the 2009 season, against Somerset, during the 2009 Friends Provident Trophy. He scored two runs and took bowling figures of 0/28 from six overs. Piolet's first-class debut came in June 2009 against Durham UCCE at The Racecourse ground in Durham. Piolet had an excellent game with the ball, taking ten wickets: 6/17 in the first innings and 4/26 in the second.

Durham University Centre of Cricketing Excellence
Durham University Centre of Cricketing Excellence (Durham UCCE), known as Durham MCC University (Durham MCCU) from 2010 to 2020, is a cricket coaching centre based at Durham University in Durham, County Durham, England, and the name under which the Durham University Cricket Club (DUCC) first team plays.
Imperial Dam
The Imperial Diversion Dam (National ID # CA10159) is a concrete slab and buttress, ogee weir structure across the California/Arizona border, 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Yuma. Completed in 1938, the dam retains the waters of the Colorado River into the Imperial Reservoir before desilting and diversion into the All-American Canal and the Gila Project aqueduct. Between 1932 and 1940, the Imperial Irrigation District (IID) relied on the Inter-California Canal and the Imperial Canal and Alamo River.

Alamo Canal
The Alamo Canal (Spanish: Canal del Álamo) was a 14 mi (23 km) long waterway that connected the Colorado River to the head of the Alamo River.  The canal was constructed to provide irrigation to the Imperial Valley.  A small portion of the canal was located in the United States but the majority of the canal was located in Mexico.  The Alamo Canal is also known as the Imperial Canal.
Hubert Saleur
Hubert Saleur (born December 28, 1960 in Aix-en-Provence, France) is a French-American theoretical physicist. He has worked on quantum field theories and their applications to condensed matter physics and statistical mechanics. He has received recognition from the French Physical Society for his contributions to the study of phase transitions in disordered quantum systems and transport problems in nanophysics, and by the French National Center for Scientific Research for his contributions to conformal field theory. His work includes the exact determination of critical exponents in two-dimensional percolation.

Phase transition
In physics, chemistry and biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature or pressure. This can be a discontinuous change; for example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to its boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The identification of the external conditions at which a transformation occurs defines the phase transition point.
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
The three cities of Abu Dhabi Emirate within the United Arab Emirates – the coastal city Abu Dhabi itself (more than one million inhabitants) as well as the inland oases Al Ain (2 million inhabitants) and Liwa (about 0,1 million inhabitants) – receive their drinking water supply entirely from desalinated seawater.

Al Ain
Al Ain (Arabic: ٱلْعَيْن, romanized: Al-ʿAyn, lit. 'The Spring') is a city in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and the seat of the administrative division of the Al Ain Region. The city is bordered to the east by the Omani town of Al-Buraimi. Al Ain is the largest inland city in the Emirates, the fourth-largest city (after Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah), and the second-largest in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The freeways connecting Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai form a geographic triangle in the country, each city being roughly 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the others.
Holy Trinity Parish Hall, Fortitude Valley
Holy Trinity Parish Hall is a heritage-listed Anglican church hall at 141 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Hingeston Buckeridge and built from 1891 to 1892 by John Quinn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Church hall
A church hall or parish hall is a room or building associated with a church, generally for community and charitable use. In smaller and village communities, it is often a separate building near the church, while on more restricted urban sites it may be in the basement or a wing of the main church building. Activities in the hall are not necessarily religious, but parts of local community life, similarly to in an assembly hall. For example, Rovira House in Victoria, Australia is used by the Catholic Church in the suburb of Murrumbeena for events.
Perretta
Perretta is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charlotte Anne Perretta (1942–2015), American judge, first woman to sit on the Massachusetts Appeals Court

Julian Perretta (born 1992), English singer-songwriter and producer

Harry Perretta (born 1955), retired American basketball coach

Ralph Perretta (born 1953), former professional American football player

Ralph Perretta
Ralph Perretta (born 	January 30, 1953) is an American former professional football player who played offensive lineman for six seasons for the San Diego Chargers and New York Giants.
He was an All State selection in high school while attending Holy Trinity on Long Island, NY. While at Purdue he was a 3-year starter and co captain for the Boilermakers. He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers and started at center.
Xabier Aldanondo
Xabier Aldanondo Luzuriaga (born 6 April 1967) is a Spanish former racing cyclist. He rode in the 1992 Tour de France and three editions of the Giro d'Italia. He competed in the team time trial at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team time trial
The men's team time trial event was part of the road cycling programme at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The time for the team was stopped after the third person on the team crossed the finish line. The venue for this event was the Tongil-ro Course, Paju, South Korea.
George Smith (cricketer, born 1906)
George William Oswald Smith (7 March 1906 – 25 November 1989) was an English cricketer.  Smith was a right-handed batsman who occasionally played as a wicket-keeper.  He was born at Halstead, Essex.

Smith made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1929 County Championship against Derbyshire.  Smith played for Essex in the 1929 and 1930 seasons, playing a total of 10 first-class matches, the last of which came against Yorkshire. In his 10 first-class matches, he scored 206 runs at a batting average of 13.73, with a high score of 39*.

He died in Worthing, Sussex on 25 November 1989.

Halstead
Halstead is a town and civil parish in the Braintree district of Essex, England. It lies on the River Colne, 6 miles (10 km) north-east of Braintree and 12 miles (19 km) north-west of Colchester. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 13,529. It is twinned with Haubourdin in the Nord department of France.
William Beeley
William Beeley  was an Anglican priest who was Archdeacon of Carmarthen from 1614–1640.

Beale was educated at University College, Oxford.  He was the incumbent at Kings Stanley and the Prebendary of Llanryan.

Llanrhian
Llanrhian is a small village, community and parish in Pembrokeshire in west Wales, near the coast, south of Porthgain village. The community of Llanrhian includes the settlements of Llanhowell (Welsh: Llanhywel), Croesgoch, Portheiddy, Porthgain and Trefin. The village church is St Rhian’s and is of medieval origin. The village is in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Deaths in November 2011
The following is a list of notable deaths in November 2011.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Oklahoma Senate
The Oklahoma Senate is the upper house of the two houses of the Legislature of Oklahoma, the other being the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The total number of senators is set at 48 by the Oklahoma Constitution.

Senators approve or reject gubernatorial appointments, and contribute to the creation of both state law and an annual state budget. Every ten years, they aid in drawing new boundaries for Oklahoma's electoral districts. The Oklahoma Senate also serves as a court of impeachment.

The presiding officer of the Senate is the lieutenant governor of Oklahoma, who is the president of the Senate. Since the 1960s, the president pro tempore of the Senate has presided over daily work. Prior to that time, the president of the Senate took a leading role in the Senate, including appointing committees and members to those committees. The president of the Senate may cast a vote only in the instance of a tie vote and may not vote to create a tie.
Sichel
Sichel is a surname of German origin. Individuals with the name "Sichel" include:

Alice Model, philanthropist born Alice Sichel

Edith Helen Sichel, author

Ernest Leopold Sichel, artist

Frédéric Jules Sichel, established the first ophthalmic clinic in Paris; entomologist

Herbert Sichel, statistician, developed the Sichel-t estimator and the Sichel distribution

Jennifer Sichel, coxswain

John Sichel, director

Michael Sichel, fencer

Peter Sichel, the CIA’s Distinguished Intelligence Medal recipient, created success of the once largest wine brand in the world

Philip Sichel, early settler of Los Angeles and namesake of Los Angeles' Sichel Street

Sebastián Sichel, Chilean politician and lawyer, born Sebastián Iglesias

Walter Sichel, biographer and lawyer

William Sichel, ultra marathon runner, has set 716 ultra running records as of 9/4/19

Sebastián Sichel
Sebastián Iglesias Sichel Ramírez (born 30 July 1977) is a Chilean lawyer, professor, mayor elect of Ñuñoa, ex minister of State and politician who served as president of the Banco del Estado de Chile (BancoEstado) from June 2020 until December 2020. He also previously served as Minister of Social Development and Family and executive vice president of Corfo under the second government of Sebastián Piñera. He was an independent candidate in the 2021 Chilean presidential election who ran under the centre-right Chile Podemos Más coalition.

In 2010, he was one of the founding members of El Dínamo, an online newspaper on topics such as politics, culture, and sports.
Lake Aurora
Lake Aurora is a freshwater lake located in eastern Polk County, Florida. The lake is approximately 9 miles (14 km) east of Lake Wales on State Road 60. While not a very big lake, the lake is relatively deep compared to other central Florida lakes with an average depth of 12 ft (3.7 m) and a maximum depth of 45 ft (14 m). The depth of the lake as well as its crystal blue waters indicate that the lake was probably once a sinkhole which filled with water. The lake is in an area east of the Lake Wales Ridge dominated by scrub oak with occasional sandspur clearings. The lake is perhaps best known for being the home of the Lake Aurora Christian Camp and Retreat Center, a summer camp owned by Christian churches in the central Florida area.

Churches of Christ
The Churches of Christ, also commonly known as the Church of Christ, is a loose association of autonomous Christian congregations located around the world. Typically, their distinguishing beliefs are the necessity of baptism for salvation and the prohibition of musical instruments in worship. Many such congregations identify themselves as being nondenominational. The Churches of Christ arose in the United States from the Restoration Movement of 19th-century Christians, who declared independence from denominations and traditional creeds. They sought "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the original church described in the New Testament.": 54
Topflight Corporation
Topflight Corporation is a manufacturer of printed labels and die-cut components. Topflight is ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 13485:2003 certified and creates products for varying industries: Medical Devices, Pharmaceutical, Consumer & Durable Goods, Cosmetic & Personal Care, Electronics, Tire and Automotive.

ISO 13485
ISO 13485 Medical devices -- Quality management systems -- Requirements for regulatory purposes  is a voluntary standard, published by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the first time in 1996, and contains a comprehensive quality management system for the design and manufacture of medical devices. The latest version of this standard supersedes earlier documents such as EN 46001 (1993 and 1996) and EN 46002 (1996), the previously published ISO 13485 (1996 and 2003), and ISO 13488 (also 1996).

The current ISO 13485 edition was published on 1 March 2016.
Betsey Island
Betsey Island, along with the adjacent Little Betsey Island and Betsey Reef, forms a nature reserve with an area of 176 ha in south-eastern Australia.  They are part of the Betsey Island Group, lying close to the south-eastern coast of Tasmania around the entrance to the River Derwent.  It is classified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International; it is an important site for little penguins with an estimated 15,000 pairs breeding there, short-tailed shearwaters (130,000-170,000 nesting burrows), and black-faced cormorants (over 200 breeding pairs).

Black-faced cormorant
The black-faced cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscescens), also known as the black-faced shag, is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family. Upperparts, including facial skin and bill, are black, with white underparts. It is endemic to coastal regions of southern Australia.
2023 MSG Prime Minister's Cup
The 2023 MSG Prime Minister's Cup was held from 8–15 October 2023. New Caledonia hosted the competition with matches being played at the Stade Numa-Daly Magenta in Nouméa and the Stade Yoshida in Koné.

Papua New Guinea were defending champions after winning the 2022 edition of the tournament. Regular competitor Fiji did not enter the tournament in order to focus on the 2023 Pacific Games.

The Solomon Islands won the competition for its second-ever title.

Stade Numa-Daly Magenta
Stade Numa-Daly Magenta is a multi-use stadium in Nouméa, New Caledonia.  It is currently used mostly for football matches.  The stadium holds 10,000. It is currently the home ground of the New Caledonia national football team and was one of the host venues at the 2011 Pacific Games for the men's football tournament.
Viceroy Sarah
Viceroy Sarah is a 1935 historical play by the British writer Norman Ginsbury. It is based on the relationship between Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough and Queen Anne during the time of the War of the Spanish Succession.

Its West End run lasted for a 157 performances,  premiering at the Whitehall Theatre before transferring to the Phoenix Theatre. Irene Vanbrugh starred as Sarah Churchill, alongside Barbara Everest as Anne and Robert Rendel as the Duke of Marlborough. The cast also included Harcourt Williams as George, Prince of Denmark, Olga Lindo as Abigail Hill and Ian Fleming as Robert Harley.

History (theatrical genre)
History is one of the three main genres in Western theatre alongside tragedy and comedy, although it originated, in its modern form, thousands of years later than the other primary genres. For this reason, it is often treated as a subset of tragedy.  A play in this genre is known as a history play and is based on a historical narrative, often set in the medieval or early modern past. History emerged as a distinct genre from tragedy in Renaissance England. The best known examples of the genre are the history plays written by William Shakespeare, whose plays still serve to define the genre. History plays also appear elsewhere in Western literature, such as Thomas Heywood's Edward IV, Schiller's Mary Stuart or the Dutch national poet Joost van den Vondel's play Gijsbrecht van Aemstel.
Terre-de-Bas
Terre-de-Bas (French pronunciation: [tɛʁ də ba]; Guadeloupean Creole: Tèdéba) is a commune in the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Terre-de-Bas is made up of Terre-de-Bas Island and several uninhabited islands and islets in the group of Les Saintes islands (La Coche; Les Augustins; Le Pâté), to the southwest of Guadeloupe's mainland.

Islet
An islet (/ˈaɪlət/ EYE-lət) is generally a small island. Definitions vary and are not precise, but some suggest that an islet is a very small, often unnamed, island with little or no vegetation unable to support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanent or tidal (i.e. surfaced reef or seamount); and may exist in the sea, lakes, rivers or any other sizeable bodies of water.
Bryant, Virginia
Bryant is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.  It was among the communities severely affected by flash flooding from Hurricane Camille in 1969.

The Bryant family remains strong in the community. Descendants, who trace their roots to the Massie family, occupy much of the area.

Nelson County, Virginia
Nelson County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,775. Its county seat is Lovingston. Nelson County is part of the Charlottesville metropolitan area.