hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Southern Pacific class AC-11
Southern Pacific Railroad's AC-11 class of cab forward steam locomotives was the seventh class of 4-8-8-2 locomotives ordered by Southern Pacific (SP) from Baldwin Locomotive Works; SP was so pleased with the AC-10 class built a year earlier that the railroad began placing orders for AC-11s while the AC-10s were still being built and delivered. They were built between November 1942 and April 1943, closely resembling the AC-10s.

The first AC-11, number 4245, entered service on November 24, 1942, and the last, 4274, on May 9, 1943. SP used these locomotives for between 12 and 15 years, with the last retirements from this class occurring on September 24, 1958.  Shortly after their retirement, the AC-11s were scrapped, with the last, number 4274, in April of 1959, after pulling a farewell excursion over the cab forward's former stomping ground, Donner Pass.

Donner Pass
Donner Pass is a 7,056-foot-high (2,151 m) mountain pass in the northern Sierra Nevada, above Donner Lake and Donner Memorial State Park about 9 miles (14 km) west of Truckee, California. Like the Sierra Nevada itself, the pass has a steep approach from the east and a gradual approach from the west.

The pass has been used by the California Trail, First transcontinental railroad, Overland Route, Lincoln Highway and Victory Highway (both later U.S. Route 40 and still later Donner Pass Road), as well as indirectly by Interstate 80. The pass gets its name from the ill-fated Donner Party who overwintered there in 1846.

Today, the area is home to a thriving recreational community with several alpine lakes and ski resorts (Donner Ski Ranch, Boreal, and Sugar Bowl). The permanent communities in the area include Kingvale and Soda Springs, as well as the larger community below the pass surrounding Donner Lake.
Demolition (The Young Ones)
"Demolition" is the pilot episode for British sitcom The Young Ones. It was written by Ben Elton, Rik Mayall and Lise Mayer, and it was directed by Paul Jackson. Although made as a pilot episode, the five subsequent episodes had been commissioned and recorded by the time of broadcast, so "Demolition" was promoted to the ordinary first episode of a series and has remained as so. It was first aired on BBC2 on 9 November 1982.

Paul Jackson (producer)
Kevin Paul Jackson (born 2 October 1947), credited as Paul Jackson; sometimes as K. Paul Jackson, is an English television director, producer and executive, known for his production roles within the BBC, ITV, and previously, Carlton and Granada. His most famous television work includes The Two Ronnies and The Young Ones, and as the original producer for the sci-fi sitcom Red Dwarf. In 2006, Jackson was named Director of Comedy and Entertainment at ITV.
Federation of Malaya
Malaya, officially the Federation of Malaya, was a country in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1963. It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya. It comprised eleven states – nine Malay states and two of the Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca. It was established on 1 February 1948.

Initially a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, Malaya became fully sovereign on 31 August 1957, and on 16 September 1963, Malaya was superseded by Malaysia when it united with Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. Singapore was expelled on 9 August 1965, leaving the original states of Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah – now collectively known as East Malaysia – to form modern-day Malaysia, while the former Federation of Malaya is now referred to as Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia.

High commissioner (Commonwealth)
In the Commonwealth of Nations, a high commissioner is the senior diplomat, generally ranking as an ambassador, in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. Instead of an embassy, the diplomatic mission is generally called a high commission.
Subrat Das
Subrat Das (born 1 May 1963) is an Indian cricket umpire. Das has umpired 3 Women's One Day International cricket matches, 1 Women's Twenty20 International match, 61 first-class matches, 56 List A matches and 36 Twenty20 matches as of March 2017.

Das made his debut as an international umpire during the fourth WODI match between England and India in February 2010 at the Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium in Visakhapatnam. Three days later, he stood in the fifth and final WODI match of the series held at Bandra Kurla Complex Ground in Mumbai. He most recently umpired the fifth WODI match between New Zealand and India on 8 July 2015 at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore. At the same venue a week later, he umpired his maiden WT20I match between the same two teams.

Das received the Saroj Mahasuara Memorial award for outstanding umpiring in 2010.

He attended Dharanidhar College in Kendujhar until 1983 and he currently resides in Sambalpur.

Dharanidhar University
Dharanidhar University, formerly Dharanidhar Autonomous College, is a state public university in Kendujhar district of Odisha, India.

The college was established in 1957 as Keonjhar Science College, an intermediate science college, and was granted affiliation by Utkal University. It was initially headed by R. Venkatraman, IAS. On February 12, 2023, the college was awarded the university status.
ACT domain
In molecular biology, the ACT domain is a protein domain that is found in a variety of proteins involved in metabolism. ACT domains are linked to a wide range of metabolic enzymes that are regulated by amino acid concentration. The ACT domain is named after three of the proteins that contain it: aspartate kinase, chorismate mutase and TyrA. The archetypical ACT domain is the C-terminal regulatory domain of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3PGDH), which folds with a ferredoxin-like topology. A pair of ACT domains form an eight-stranded antiparallel sheet with two molecules of allosteric inhibitor serine bound in the interface. Biochemical exploration of a few other proteins containing ACT domains supports the suggestions that these domains contain the archetypical ACT structure.

The ACT domain was discovered by Aravind and Koonin using iterative sequence searches.

Protein secondary structure
Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains. The two most common secondary structural elements are alpha helices and beta sheets, though beta turns and omega loops occur as well. Secondary structure elements typically spontaneously form as an intermediate before the protein folds into its three dimensional tertiary structure.

Secondary structure is formally defined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between the amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone. Secondary structure may alternatively be defined based on the regular pattern of backbone dihedral angles in a particular region of the Ramachandran plot regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds.

The concept of secondary structure was first introduced by Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang at Stanford in 1952. Other types of biopolymers such as nucleic acids also possess characteristic secondary structures.
Michael Sexton (footballer)
Michael Sexton (born 5 March 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton between 1990 and 2000 in the Australian Football League.

A defender, Sexton was a member of Carlton's 1995 premiership team and an All-Australian in both 1996 and 1997. He was recruited from the Sandhurst Dragons.

Sexton is the brother of Ben and the cousin of Damian, who both also played in the AFL.

Sexton is member of the AFL "Laws of the Game", aka the Rules Committee.

1995 AFL Grand Final
The 1995 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the  Geelong Football Club and Carlton Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 30 September 1995. It was the 99th annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 1995 AFL season. The match was attended by 93,670 spectators. The 1995 grand final was won by Carlton by a margin of 61 points. It was Carlton's 16th premiership and most recent victory, making it one of the most successful clubs in the league's history. The game also marked Carlton's sixteenth consecutive win and twenty-third win for the year overall, then a record.
Automatic (Danny Fernandes song)
"Automatic" is a 2010 single by Canadian singer Danny Fernandes featuring Canadian rapper Belly from Fernandes's second studio album AutomaticLUV.

"Automatic", released on CP Records, is the first single from his new album after five consecutive singles from his debut album Intro.

Intro (Danny Fernandes album)
Intro is the debut album of pop singer Danny Fernandes. It was co-written and co-produced by rapper Belly. The album features the hit singles "Curious" (featuring Juelz Santana), "Private Dancer (featuring Belly)," "Fantasy", "Never Again", and "Addicted". It was released on October 14, 2008 in Canada.
Oskar Theodor
Oskar Theodor (Hebrew: אוסקר תיאודור; 3 October 1898 – 1987) was an Israeli entomologist who specialised in Diptera.

Born in Königsberg, East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) he came to pre-Israel Palestine following a year's service as an orderly in the Imperial German Army in World War I. In 1921 he became an assistant in the Government of Palestine Department of Health, and in 1923 he transferred to the Malaria Research Unit in Haifa. In 1925 he became an assistant in the Department of Parasitology in the University of Jerusalem, where he remained for the rest of his career.

In 1928, Oskar Theodor returned briefly to Königsberg to complete his Ph.D. in entomology at the University of Königsberg.

Parasitology
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines, and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, evolution and ecology.
Noreen Kokoruda
Noreen Kokoruda (August 4, 1947 – December 21, 2022) was an American politician who served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 101st district from 2011 to 2021. She lost re-election to Democratic challenger John-Michael Parker in 2020 after narrowly defeating him in 2018.

Connecticut House of Representatives
The Connecticut House of Representatives is the lower house in the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The house is composed of 151 members representing an equal number of districts, with each constituency containing nearly 22,600 residents. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits.
The House convenes within the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford.
Carlo Antonio Fornasini
Cavaliere Carlo Antonio Fornasini (1802/1805 – 1865) was an Italian ivory trader and amateur field naturalist who worked in Mozambique. He collected numerous specimens of animals, insects and plants, and presented them to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in his home city for scientific study. He is remembered for having had several taxa named in his honour during his lifetime.

Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna
The Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna (Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna) is an academic society in Bologna, Italy, that was founded in 1690 (1714?) and prospered in the Age of Enlightenment. Today it is closely associated with the University of Bologna.
Mount Pisgah (Lane County, Oregon)
Mount Pisgah is a small mountain (summit) in Lane County, Oregon, United States, rising 1,060 feet (320 m) above the surrounding Willamette Valley to a maximum elevation of 1,531 feet (467 m). It was named after the biblical Mount Pisgah. It is situated between the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, two miles (3.2 km) southeast of their confluence. Springfield is immediately north of Mount Pisgah, and the city of Eugene is about seven miles (11 km) west. It is the site of the 2,363 acres (956 ha) Howard Buford Recreation Area as well as the non-profit Mount Pisgah Arboretum at its base.

Lane County, Oregon
Lane County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 382,971, making it the fourth-most populous county in Oregon. The county seat is Eugene, the state's second most populous city. It is named in honor of Joseph Lane, Oregon's first territorial governor. Lane County comprises the Eugene, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the third-largest MSA in Oregon, and the 144th-largest in the country.
Romulus Silvius
Romulus Silvius (said to have reigned 873–854 BC) was a descendant of Aeneas and a king of Alba Longa. Alba Longa was a city near the site of Rome, founded later by Romulus, his great-great-great-grandson in 753 BC. He was also known as Aremulus or Alladius. Romulus Silvius is said to have been a wicked ruler and pretended to know how to make thunder in order to frighten his subjects into worshiping him as a god. He perished in a thunderstorm with excessive rain.

Romulus
Romulus (/ˈrɒmjʊləs/, Classical Latin: [ˈroːmʊɫʊs]) was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of these traditions incorporate elements of folklore, and it is not clear to what extent a historical figure underlies the mythical Romulus, the events and institutions ascribed to him were central to the myths surrounding Rome's origins and cultural traditions.
First Playford IV ministry
The first Playford ministry was the 58th ministry of the Government of South Australia, led by the state's 33rd premier Thomas Playford. Playford inherited the premiership in November 1938 after the resignation of Richard Butler, who sought to enter federal politics. Initially five seats short of a majority, Playford's 1941 election victory gave his government the exact amount required to form a majority. His first ministry was dissolved following the 1944 election after Percy Blesing refused to resign. His second ministry would stand for over 20 years, largely thanks to the Playmander.

Percy Blesing
Albert Percy Blesing (9 September 1879 – 2 March 1949) was a farmer and politician from South Australia who served as Minister for Agriculture (1933–1944), for Local Government (1933–1938) and for Afforestation (1938–1944). He was a founding member of the Country Party in South Australia and served in the governments of Richard Layton Butler and Thomas Playford IV.

Percy Blesing was born in Hamilton, South Australia to Ernst Gotthilf Blesing and his wife Elizabeth (née Flower). Percy's grandparents had emigrated from Germany in 1841 and his family settled in the northern farming areas of South Australia. In 1893, Percy's family moved to Glenholme, a 1400ha mixed farm at Bangor in the lower Flinders Ranges. After several years working as a farmhand and shearer around Australia and in New Zealand, Percy married Eliza Muriel Annie Glasson and took over Glenholme. Percy and Annie had five children, Ida, Gwen, Lloyd, Ned, and Jabez. Jabez died of whooping cough at a young age.
Pósa's theorem
Pósa's theorem, in graph theory, is a sufficient condition for the existence of a Hamiltonian cycle based on the degrees of the vertices in an undirected graph. It implies two other degree-based sufficient conditions, Dirac's theorem on Hamiltonian cycles and Ore's theorem. Unlike those conditions, it can be applied to graphs with a small number of low-degree vertices. It is named after Lajos Pósa, a protégé of Paul Erdős born in 1947, who discovered this theorem in 1962.

The Pósa condition for a finite undirected graph  having  vertices requires that, if the degrees of the  vertices in increasing order as

then for each index  the inequality  is satisfied.

Pósa's theorem states that if a finite undirected graph satisfies the Pósa condition, then that graph has a Hamiltonian cycle in it.

Degree (graph theory)
In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. The degree of a vertex  is denoted  or . The maximum degree of a graph  is denoted by , and is the maximum of 's vertices' degrees. The minimum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the minimum of 's vertices' degrees. In the multigraph shown on the right, the maximum degree is 5 and the minimum degree is 0.

In a regular graph, every vertex has the same degree, and so we can speak of the degree of the graph. A complete graph (denoted , where  is the number of vertices in the graph) is a special kind of regular graph where all vertices have the maximum possible degree, .

In a signed graph, the number of positive edges connected to a vertex  is called its positive degree and the number of connected negative edges is called  negative degree.
Nikoline
Nikoline is a feminine given name. Notable people with the given name include:

Ragnhild Nikoline Andersen (1907–1990), Danish trade unionist, politician, communist

Nikoline Hansen (born 2002), Danish beauty pageant titleholder, Miss Denmark 2023

Nikoline Harbitz (1841–1898), Norwegian author

Nikoline Lundgreen (born 1998), Danish handball player

Nikoline Nielsen (businesswoman) (1874–1951), Danish businesswoman, long associated with Faxe Bryggeri

Nikoline Nielsen (handballer) (born 1987), Danish former handball player

Ragnhild Nikoline Andersen
Ragnhild Nikoline Andersen (1907–1990) was a Danish trade unionist, politician, and a member of the Communist Party of Denmark (DKP). During the German occupation of Denmark in World War II, she was sent by the Gestapo to the Stutthof concentration camp near Gdańsk in Poland, where she spent 20 months in dreadful conditions before being rescued. After the war, she was elected to the Folketing, becoming a member of DKP's central committee and one of the most prominent members of the party. She promoted wider access to abortions and improvements to women's rights.
Onke Mazibuko
Onke Mazibuko is a Johannesburg-based psychologist, author and educator who specializes in working with youth and teachers. Mazibuko has a two master's degrees (Counselling Psychology and Public Health) and a PhD (Creative Writing) from Pretoria University. 
Mazibuko took responsibility for transformation, diversity & inclusion (TDI) at Kingsmead College, where he enjoyed connecting with young people. Mazibuko is also on a journey to becoming an author, and writes every day. The literary themes found in Mazibuko's books address issues related to coming of age, individual adversity, public and private well-being and personal limits. In 2023, he gained literary recognition when he won the SALA Youth Literature Award for his debut novel.

Kingsmead College
Kingsmead College is a private girls' primary and high school situated in Melrose, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. The school is located next to the Gautrain Rosebank Station. Kingsmead College caters for girls from Grade 000 to Grade 12 and has around 870 students.
Duty to protect
In medical law and medical ethics, the duty to protect is the responsibility of a mental health professional to protect patients and others from foreseeable harm.  If a client makes statements that suggest suicidal or homicidal ideation, the clinician has the responsibility to take steps to warn potential victims, and if necessary, initiate involuntary commitment. The majority of people have, at some stage, had thoughts about killing someone, but the seriousness or intention of carrying out these thoughts may differ among persons and individual circumstances.

Medical law
Medical law is the branch of law which concerns the prerogatives and responsibilities of medical professionals and the rights of the patient. It should not be confused with medical jurisprudence, which is a branch of medicine, rather than a branch of law.
Shedd Brook
Shedd Brook is an 11.3-mile-long (18.2 km) stream located in southern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of Beards Brook, part of the Contoocook River and Merrimack River watersheds.

Shedd Brook begins at the north outlet of Highland Lake in Washington, New Hampshire.  The brook flows east, crossing the small town of Windsor and entering Hillsborough. Hillsborough Upper Village is located where Black Pond Brook descends over falls to join Shedd Brook, which ends two miles downstream at Beards Brook.

New Hampshire Route 31 follows Shedd Brook in Washington and Windsor.

New Hampshire Route 31
New Hampshire Route 31 (abbreviated NH 31) is a 56.148-mile-long (90.361 km) north–south state highway in southern New Hampshire. It runs from Mason on the Massachusetts border, where, as Greenville Road, the road becomes Massachusetts Route 31. It passes through Greenville, Wilton, Lyndeborough, Greenfield, Bennington, Antrim, Hillsborough, Windsor, and Washington, reaching its northern terminus of Goshen at New Hampshire Route 10.
Midnight Lady (Marvin Gaye song)
"Midnight Lady" is the first track on Marvin Gaye's 1982 album, Midnight Love. It contains sly references to Rick James and his hit, "Super Freak".

The song was never released as a single but was issued as the first track off Midnight Love.

Midnight Love
Midnight Love (1982) is the sixteenth studio album by American soul singer and songwriter Marvin Gaye and the final album to be released during his lifetime, released on November 8, 1982. He signed with the label Columbia in March 1982 following his exit from Motown.

The disc was certified triple platinum in the United States. It was an immediate international success selling over six million records worldwide. It was nominated for a 1984 Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, spawning the two-time Grammy Award-winning hit "Sexual Healing". It was ranked number 37 on the Rolling Stone list of the best albums of the 1980s decade and the NME named the album as its Album of the Year in 1982.
Frank Marshall (photographer)
Frank Marshall (born 30 July 1985) is a South African photographer mostly concerned with portraiture and the photography of music and known for his work on portraying heavy metal subculture in Botswana. He is represented by Rooke Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Subculture
In the sociology of culture, a subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the values of the mainstream or dominant culture (or superculture) to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters. Subcultures coexist within mainstream society while keeping their specific characteristics intact.

Since its inception in the English-speaking world (primarily North America and the United Kingdom) during the 1940s–1950s, the concept and study of subcultures was developed in the academic fields of sociology, communication studies, and cultural studies. Examples of subcultures include punks, skinheads, Teddy Boys, mods, rockers, bikers, hip-hoppers, and more. Subcultures differ from countercultures.