hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Subbundle
In mathematics, a subbundle  of a vector bundle  over a topological space  is a subset of   such that for each  in  the set , the intersection of the fiber  with ,  is a vector subspace of the fiber  so that  is a vector bundle over  in its own right.

In connection with foliation theory, a subbundle of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold may be called a distribution (of tangent vectors).

If locally, in a neighborhood  of , a set of vector fields  span the vector spaces  and all Lie commutators  are linear combinations of  then one says that  is an involutive distribution.

Linear span
In mathematics, the linear span (also called the linear hull or just span) of a set  of elements of a vector space  is the smallest linear subspace of  that contains  It is the set of all finite linear combinations of the elements of S, and the intersection of all linear subspaces that contain  It is often denoted span(S) or

For example, in geometry, two linearly independent vectors span a plane.

To express that a vector space V is a linear span of a subset S, one commonly uses one of the following phrases: S spans V; S is a spanning set of V; V is spanned or generated by S;  S is a generator set or a generating set of V.

Spans can be generalized to many mathematical structures, in which case, the smallest substructure containing  is generally called the substructure generated by
Ådalen 31
Ådalen 31 (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈǒːdɑːlɛn]; released in the United States as Adalen Riots) is a 1969 Swedish drama film directed by Bo Widerberg. It depicts the 1931 Ådalen shootings, in which Swedish military forces opened fire against labour demonstrators in the Swedish sawmill district of Ådalen killing five people, including a young girl.

The film was X-rated in the United States. It won the Grand Prize of the Jury at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

1969 in film
The year 1969 in film involved some significant events, with Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid dominating the U.S. box office and becoming one of the highest-grossing films of all time and Midnight Cowboy, a film rated X, winning the Academy Award for Best Picture.
United Artists would celebrate their 50th anniversary.
Ruthin Rural District
Ruthin was a rural district in the administrative county of Denbighshire from 1894 to 1974.

The rural district was formed from the area of Ruthin Rural Sanitary District.

The district originally contained nineteen civil parishes:

Aberwheeler Rural

Clocaenog

Derwen

Efenechtid

Llanarmon-yn-Iâl

Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd

Llandegla

Llandyrnog Rural

Llaneldian

Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd Rural

Llanferres

Llanfwrog Rural

Llangwyfan

Llangynhafal

Llanrhaedr yng Nghinmeirch Rural

Llanrhydd Rural

Llanynys Rural

Nantglyn

Y Gyffilliog

A County Review Order in 1935 added the parish of Bryneglwys from the abolished Llangollen Rural District. At the same time a new parish of Llandyrnog was formed by the merger of Llandyrnog Rural and Llangwyfan, and Llangynhafal parish absorbed Llanhychan.

Ruthin Rural District was abolished in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, becoming part of the district of Glyndŵr, in the new county of Clwyd.

Nantglyn
Nantglyn is a small village and community in Denbighshire, Wales. The population of the community taken at the 2011 census was 323. It is situated in a rural location about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) away from the nearest town, Denbigh. Nantglyn is located on a small river, the Lliwen. This river and its parent, the Afon Ystrad, provided the water to power several corn and fulling mills in the parish.

According to tradition, a monastery was founded here by Mordeyrn, grandson of Cunedda Wledig. The community includes Cader.
Terrence Roberts (basketball)
Terrence James Gregory Roberts (born August 14, 1984) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Syracuse before playing professionally in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, South America, New Zealand, and the NBA Development League.

Wellington Saints
The Wellington Saints are a New Zealand professional men's basketball team based in Wellington. The Saints compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at TSB Bank Arena. For sponsorship reasons, they are known as the Mills Albert Wellington Saints.
Perrhaebi
The Perrhaebi (Ancient Greek: Περραιβοί) or Peraebi (Περαιβοί) were an ancient Greek people who lived on the western slopes of Olympus, on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia. They took part in the Trojan War under Guneus and also fought in the Battle of Thermopylae.

Thessaly
Thessaly (/ˈθɛsəli/ THESS-ə-lee; Greek: Θεσσαλία, romanized: Thessalía [θesaˈli.a]; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία, Petthalía) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia (Ancient Greek: Αἰολία, Aiolía), and appears in Homer's Odyssey.

Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule. Since 1987 it has formed one of the country's 13 regions and is further (since the Kallikratis reform of 2011) sub-divided into five regional units and 25 municipalities. The capital of the region is Larissa. Thessaly lies in northern central Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia to the north, Epirus to the west, Central Greece to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the east. The Thessaly region also includes the Sporades islands.
Kirito (Sword Art Online)
Kazuto Kirigaya (桐ヶ谷 和人, Kirigaya Kazuto), born as Kazuto Narusaka (鳴坂 和人, Narusaka Kazuto), the Japanese protagonist of the Sword Art Online series of light novels written by Reki Kawahara. Known by a portmanteau of his name,  Kirito (キリト) which is his user name in the Sword Art Online video game which the series are partially set in.

Kirito is a teenager who was chosen as one of 1,000 beta testers for a new virtual reality video game: Sword Art Online. After the game is released to the general public, he and the rest of the 10,000 players discover that they are unable to log out and are trapped in the simulation unless they manage to beat the game. In the anime adaptation, Kirito is voiced in Japanese by Yoshitsugu Matsuoka and in English by Bryce Papenbrook.

User (computing)
A user is a person who uses a computer or network service. A user typically has a user account and is recognized by the system through a username. Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct end users.
Heather Black (campaigner)
Heather Black (1951 - 14 May 2020) lived in Muirhouse, Edinburgh, and is known for setting up what was then described as a groundbreaking community group SHADA (Support Help and Advice on Drug Addiction), now known as the North Edinburgh Drug and Alcohol Centre, in 1984. She introduced a needle exchange at a time when needle sharing was driving the escalation of  HIV/AIDs cases in Edinburgh.

Needle and syringe programmes
A needle and syringe programme (NSP), also known as needle exchange program (NEP), is a social service that allows injection drug users (IDUs) to obtain clean and unused hypodermic needles and associated paraphernalia at little or no cost. It is based on the philosophy of harm reduction that attempts to reduce the risk factors for blood-borne diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
Sage Kimzey
Sage Steele Kimzey (born August 26, 1994) is an American professional rodeo cowboy who specializes in bull riding. For most of his career, he competed in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA), winning seven bull riding world championships. He also competed in the now-defunct Championship Bull Riding (CBR) organization, where he won three world championships. In 2023, he began riding for the Carolina Cowboys in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) Team Series. Since 2024, he competes full-time in the PBR. Since 2025, he rides for the Austin Gamblers.

National Finals Rodeo
The National Finals Rodeo (NFR) is the premier championship rodeo of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA). It showcases the talents of the PRCA's top 15 money winners in the season for each event.

The NFR is held each year in the first full week of December, at the Thomas & Mack Center on the campus of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) in Paradise, Nevada, United States, and is aired live on The Cowboy Channel. Cowboy Christmas, a cowboy gift show, is held concurrent with the rodeo at the Las Vegas Convention Center.

Since the rodeo uses 'special dirt', the dirt is stored on the UNLV campus for use in the next NFR.
Fourth & Walnut Center
The Fourth & Walnut Center (or Centre) is a Chicago School building in Cincinnati, Ohio. Developed by Cincinnati's First National Bank, it was originally named the First National Bank Building. Daniel Burnham of D.H. Burnham and Company was the building's architect. It was the tallest building in the state from its completion in 1904 until 1913, when it was surpassed by the Union Central Building. The structure was known as the Clopay Building from 1981 until 1991 in honor of the Clopay Corporation, a tenant. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. In 2024, the Cincinnati City Council approved a plan by Supreme Bright Cincinnati LLC to convert the tower into a mixed-use hotel and apartment building, with completion scheduled for 2027.

Chicago school (architecture)
The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from the architecture of Chicago. In the history of architecture, the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial esthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism. Much of its early work is also known as Commercial Style.

A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist esthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems, such as the tube-frame structure.
Tajima Kokubun-ji
Tajima Kokubun-ji (但馬国分寺) is a  Buddhist temple located in the Hidaka-chō neighborhood of the city of Toyooka, Hyōgo, Japan. It belongs to the Jōdo-shū  sect, and its main image is a Heian period statue of Yakushi Nyorai. The statue of a designated Tangible Cultural Property of Toyooka City. The temple is the modern successor of one of the provincial temples established by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period (710–794) for the purpose of promoting Buddhism as the national religion of Japan and standardising control of imperial rule over the provinces. The foundation stones for the original temple were designated as a National Historic Site in 1990, with the area under protection extended in 2000, 2004, 2011, 2013 and 2015.

Imperial House of Japan
The Imperial House (皇室, Kōshitsu) is the reigning dynasty of Japan, consisting of those members of the extended family of the reigning emperor of Japan who undertake official and public duties. Under the present constitution of Japan, the emperor is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people". Other members of the imperial family perform ceremonial and social duties, but have no role in the affairs of government. The duties as an emperor are passed down the line to their male children. The Japanese monarchy is the oldest continuous hereditary monarchy in the world.  The imperial dynasty does not have a name, therefore its direct members do not have a family name.
Isopropyl mercaptan
Isopropyl mercaptan is a thiol with the formula C3H8S. It is a water-white liquid with an extremely pungent odor resembling skunk spray or rotten eggs. The pungent smell allows it to be used as an odorizer. The FDA has approved it for use as a food additive for its flavor. Another use is as a rubber additive.

Thiol
In organic chemistry, a thiol (/ˈθaɪɒl/; from Ancient Greek  θεῖον (theion) 'sulfur'), or thiol derivative, is any organosulfur compound of the form R−SH, where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent. The −SH functional group itself is referred to as either a thiol group or a sulfhydryl group, or a sulfanyl group. Thiols are the sulfur analogue of alcohols (that is, sulfur takes the place of oxygen in the hydroxyl (−OH) group of an alcohol), and the word is a blend of "thio-" with "alcohol".

Many thiols have strong odors resembling that of garlic, cabbage or rotten eggs. Thiols are used as odorants to assist in the detection of natural gas (which in pure form is odorless). The smell of natural gas is due to the addition of thiol.
Christopher Dilo
Christopher Jean-Louis Dilo (born 5 January 1994) is a professional footballer who plays for Championnat National 2 club Toulon as a goalkeeper. Born in metropolitan France, he plays for the Guadeloupe national team.

French Football Federation
The French Football Federation (abbr. FFF and 3F; or Triple F; French: Fédération Française de Football, pronounced [fedeʁɑsjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz də futbol]) is the governing body of football in France. It was formed in 1919 and is based in the capital, Paris. The FFF is a founding member of FIFA and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the game of football in France, both professional and amateur. The French Football Federation is a founding member of UEFA and joined FIFA in 1907 after replacing the USFSA, who were founding members.
Rachele Barbieri
Rachele Barbieri (born 21 February 1997) is an Italian professional road and track cyclist, who rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam Team Picnic PostNL.

She won the women's scratch race at the 2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. Barbieri is an athlete of the Gruppo Sportivo Fiamme Oro.

UCI Women's Team
A UCI Women's Team is a women's road bicycle team sanctioned by the International Cycling Union (UCI). These teams compete in the major women's bicycle races, including the UCI Women's World Tour. The country designation of each team is determined by the country of registration of most of its riders and is not necessarily the country where the team is registered or based.
Internet geography
Internet geography, also called cybergeography, is a subdiscipline of geography that studies the spatial organization of the Internet from social, economic, cultural, and technological perspectives.

The core assumption of Internet geography is that the location of servers, websites, data, services, and infrastructure is key to understand the development and the dynamics of the Internet. For instance, the Internet's topology may be mapped by determining how fast data is transmitted between points using methods such as ping.

One topic covered by this discipline is information geography. For instance, programs that connect to the Internet, such as search engines and social media applications, enable users to sort and view the mass of information within the Internet.

Another topic that Internet geography examines is the digital divides.

Digital divide
The digital divide is unequal access to and effective use of digital technology, encompassing four interrelated dimensions: motivational, material, skills, and usage access.

The digital divide worsens inequality in access to information and resources. In the Information Age, people without access to the Internet and other technology are at a disadvantage, for they are less able to connect with others, find and apply for jobs, shop, and learn.

People living in poverty, in insecure housing or who are homeless, elderly people, and those living in rural communities may have limited access to the Internet; in contrast, urban middle class people have easy access to the Internet. Another divide is between producers and consumers of Internet content, which could be a result of educational disparities. While social media use varies across age groups, a US 2010 study reported no racial divide.
Sarah Ewing Sims Carter Gaut
Sarah Ann Ewing Sims Carter Gaut (July 12, 1826 – August 21, 1912), usually known as Sarah Ewing Carter, was an American socialite, secessionist, and Confederate spy. She is purported to have hung the first Confederate flag in Franklin, Tennessee and became famous during the American Civil War for assisting her cousin, Adelicia Acklen, in smuggling cotton out of the country to sell in Europe. She entertained both Confederate and Union Army officers and soldiers in her home, gathering information to provide to Confederate troops. Gaut was the founder of the Franklin and South Pittsburg chapters of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

South Pittsburg, Tennessee
South Pittsburg is a city in Marion County, Tennessee, United States. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN–GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,106 at the 2020 census. South Pittsburg is home to the National Cornbread Festival.
Fort Bowman
Fort Bowman, also known as Harmony Hall, is a historic home and national historic district located near Middletown, Frederick County, Virginia. It was built in 1753, by Pennsylvania German settler George Bowman (1699–1768), father of Colonel John Bowman (1738-1784), Colonel Abraham Bowman (1749-1837), Major Joseph Bowman (c. 1752–1779), and Captain Isaac Bowman (1757-1826).  Abraham Bowman was the colonel of the 8th Virginia Regiment in the Revolutionary War. It is a two-story, rectangular limestone building with a gable roof.  The interior retains its original woodwork.  It has a later kitchen wing and iron and wood portico.  Also on the property are a contributing dairy / smokehouse and the Bowman graveyard, which includes the grave of Isaac Bowman.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

Frederick County, Virginia
39°13′N 78°16′W﻿ / ﻿39.21°N 78.26°W﻿ / 39.21; -78.26

Frederick County is the northernmost county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 91,419. Its county seat is Winchester. The county was formed in 1743 by splitting Orange County. Frederick County is included in the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area.
Blk71
BLOCK71 Singapore, commonly known as "Blk71", is a factory building located in the Ayer Rajah Industrial Estate of one-north, Singapore. The Economist referred to BLOCK71 as the heart of Singapore's technology start-up ecosystem  and the world's most tightly packed entrepreneurial ecosystem. BLOCK71 has built up a strong innovation and entrepreneurship community, where entrepreneurs, investors, developers and mentors within the interactive digital media space are in close proximity to each other. BLOCK71 is home to more than 100 start-ups, venture capital firms and tech incubators.  It is also located near other technology hubs within Singapore, such as the Fusionopolis, Biopolis and National University of Singapore (NUS).

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.
Liberty Square (Miami)
Liberty Square, often referred to as the Pork & Beans, is a 753-unit Miami-Dade public housing apartment complex in the Liberty City neighborhood of Miami, Florida. It is bordered at Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard/North 62nd Street to the south, North 67th Street to the north, State Road 933 (Northwest 12th Avenue) to the east, and Northwest 15th Avenue to the west. Constructed as a part of the New Deal by the Public Works Administration and opening in 1937, it was the first public housing project for African Americans in the Southern United States. It is featured in the 2023 documentary film, Razing Liberty Square.

Florida State Road 933
State Road 933 (SR 933), locally known as West 12th Avenue, and Ronald W. Reagan Avenue, is a 4.25-mile (6.84 km) long north–south street entirely within the city limits of Miami, Florida.  Its southern terminus is an intersection with Coral Way as Coral Way changes from Southwest 22nd Street to Southwest Third Avenue; its northern terminus is an interchange with the Airport Expressway (SR 112). North of Dolphin Expressway (SR 836), reassurance signage is virtually nonexistent (only one near the SR 836 onramp for southbound motorists), and the only indication of SR 933 existing north of Northwest 14th Street is a pair of trailblazer signs on Northwest 36th Street (US 27-SR 25).
44th Army
The 44th Army (Russian: 44-я армия) of the Soviet Union's Red Army was an army-level command active during World War II. Initially part of the Transcaucasian Front, its main actions included the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran and the Kerch amphibious landings (both in 1941), before being transferred to the Southern Front on 6 February 1943. There it took part in the Rostov, Donbas and Melitopol offensives. The army was disbanded in November 1943 and its units were transferred to other armies.

Field army
A field army (also known as numbered army or simply army) is a military formation in many armed forces, composed of two or more corps. It may be subordinate to an army group. Air armies are the equivalent formations in air forces, and fleets in navies. A field army is composed of 80,000 to 300,000 soldiers.
Federal Transfer Center, Oklahoma City
The Federal Transfer Center (FTC Oklahoma City) is a United States federal prison for male and female inmates in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, and houses offenders and parole violators who have yet to be assigned to a permanent prison facility.

FTC Oklahoma City is located adjacent to the Will Rogers World Airport, and serves as the main hub of the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System, popularly known as Con Air. A cadre of low-security inmates are assigned to FTC Oklahoma City to perform food service and maintenance duties.

Piper Kerman, author of Orange Is the New Black stated that circa 2005 the women's section was "spotlessly clean" and "subdued".

Transport hub
A transport hub  is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles and/or between transport modes. Public transport hubs include railway stations, rapid transit stations, bus stops, tram stops, airports, and ferry slips.

Freight hubs include classification yards, airports, inland ports, seaports, and truck terminals, or combinations of these.

For private transport by car, the parking lot functions as an unimodal hub.
Macrobrochis nigra
Macrobrochis nigra is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Franz Daniel in 1952 or in 1953. It is found in central and western China in Shaanxi (type locality: Mount Taibai), Hubei, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces. It has been found at an altitude of around 1700 m (5600 ft) a.s.l..

The wingspan is 40–56 mm (1.6–2.2 in).

Mount Taibai
Mount Taibai (Chinese: 太白山; pinyin: Tàibái Shān) is a mountain located on the border between Mei, Taibai and Zhouzhi counties in the south west of Shaanxi Province, China on the watershed between the Han River and the Wei River. Its highest point, Baxiantai (Chinese: 拔仙台), rises to a height of 3,767 m (12,359 ft), the tallest in the Qinling Range as well as Eastern China.