hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Friedrich Vogt
Friedrich Hermann Traugott Vogt (11 March 1851, in Greifswald – 28 October 1923, in Marburg) was a German philologist. He was the son of theologian Karl August Traugott Vogt (1808–1869).

From 1868 he studied German language and literature at the universities of Greifswald, Tübingen and Leipzig, then from 1873 worked at university libraries in Göttingen and Greifswald. In 1874 he obtained his habilitation for German philology, and in 1883 became an associate professor at the University of Greifswald. Later on, he served as a full professor at the universities of Kiel (from 1884), Breslau (from 1889) and Marburg (from 1902). In 1894 he was a founding member of the Schlesische Gesellschaft für Volkskunde (Silesian Society of Folklore).

University of Greifswald
The University of Greifswald (German: [ˈɡʁaɪfsvalt]; German: Universität Greifswald), formerly known as Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, is a public research university located in Greifswald, Germany, in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Founded in 1456, it is one of the oldest universities in Europe, with generations of notable alumni and staff having studied or worked in Greifswald. As the fourth oldest university in present Germany, it was temporarily also the oldest university of the Kingdoms of Sweden (1648–1815) and Prussia (1815–1945), respectively. Approximately two-thirds of the 10,179 students are from outside the state, including international students from 90 countries all over the world.
With Love, J
With Love, J is the debut extended play by American and South Korean singer Jessica. The Korean-language edition consisting of six songs was released worldwide by Coridel Entertainment on May 16, 2016, while an English-language version featuring five songs (with the exclusion of "Dear Diary") was released on May 27, 2016. The EP was Jessica's first music release following her departure from South Korean girl group Girls' Generation in September 2014. The songs "Fly" and "Love Me the Same" were released as the album's singles on May 16 and 18, 2016, respectively.

SM Entertainment
SM Entertainment Co., Ltd. (Korean: SM엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean multinational entertainment agency established in 1995 by Lee Soo-man. It is one of South Korea's largest entertainment companies and has been responsible for fostering and popularizing the careers of many K-pop stars garnering huge global fanbases. The company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and music publishing house. SM Entertainment is known for having led the worldwide K-pop phenomenon and the musical side of "Hallyu", also known as the "Korean Wave", with early overseas successes such as H.O.T., S.E.S., and BoA.

The label currently represents K-pop artists such as Kangta, TVXQ, Super Junior, Girls' Generation, Shinee, Exo, Red Velvet, NCT, Aespa, Riize, Naevis, and Hearts2Hearts.
Ukrainian Marine Corps
The Ukrainian Marine Corps (Ukrainian: Корпус морської піхоти України, lit. 'Corps of maritime infantry of Ukraine'), also known simply as the Ukrainian Marines (Ukrainian: Морська піхота України, romanized: Morska pikhota Ukrainy, lit. 'Marine Infantry of Ukraine'), is the maritime land force service branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine since 2023, responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations. From its modern foundation in 1993 up to 2023 it constituted part of the Coastal Forces of the Ukrainian Navy. It is used as a component part of amphibious, airborne and amphibious-airborne operations, alone or in coordination with formations and units of the Ground Forces in order to capture parts of the seashore, islands, ports, fleet bases, coast airfields and other coast objects from the enemy. It can also be used to defend naval bases, vital shoreline areas, separate islands and coast objects, and security of hostile areas.

BM-21 Grad
The BM-21 "Grad" (Russian: БМ-21 "Град", lit. 'hailstorm') is a self-propelled 122 mm multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union. The system and the M-21OF rocket were first developed in the early 1960s, and saw their first combat use in March 1969 during the Sino-Soviet border conflict. BM stands for boyevaya mashina (Russian: боевая машина – combat vehicle), and the nickname grad means "hail". The complete system with the BM-21 launch vehicle and the M-21OF rocket is designated as the M-21 field-rocket system and is more commonly known as a Grad multiple rocket launcher system.

In NATO countries the system, either the complete system or the launch vehicle only, was initially known as the M1964. Several other countries have copied the Grad or developed similar systems. In Russian service its intended replacement is the 9A52-4 Tornado. Many similar 122 mm MLRS systems are made by different countries based on the BM-21 Grad.
Eugene McWatters
Eugene Wayman McWatters Jr. (June 20, 1978 – September 9, 2024), known as The Salerno Strangler, was an American serial killer and sex offender who attacked several homeless women in Port Salerno, Florida, from 2003 to 2004, strangling three of them to death. He was found guilty and initially sentenced to death in 2006, but eight years later his sentence was commuted to life on a technicality.

Port Salerno, Florida
Port Salerno is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Martin County, Florida, United States. The population was 10,401 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Naa Hrudayamlo Nidurinche Cheli
Naa Hrudayamlo Nidurinche Cheli (transl. The lover who resides in my heart) is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language psychological romantic drama film directed by AVS Aadinarayana and starring Naveen and Laila.

Psychological fiction
In literature, psychological fiction (also psychological realism) is a narrative genre that emphasizes interior characterization and motivation to explore the spiritual, emotional, and mental lives of its characters. The mode of narration examines the reasons for the behaviours of the character, which propel the plot and explain the story. Psychological realism is achieved with deep explorations and explanations of the mental states of the character's inner person, usually through narrative modes such as stream of consciousness and flashbacks.
Devco Railway
The Devco Railway (reporting mark DVR) was a Canadian railway.  Devco Railway operated as an unincorporated department within the Coal Division of the Cape Breton Development Corporation, also known as DEVCO;  as such there is no formally incorporated entity named "Devco Railway".  Devco Railway took over the operations of the Sydney and Louisburg Railway on March 30, 1968 when DEVCO expropriated the S&L as part of the assets of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation, or DOSCO.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Internal category
In mathematics, more specifically in category theory, internal categories are a generalization of the notion of a small category, and are defined with respect to a fixed ambient category. If the ambient category is taken to be the category of sets then one recovers the theory of small categories. In general, internal categories consist of a pair of objects in the ambient category—thought of as the 'object of objects' and 'object of morphisms'—together with a collection of morphisms in the ambient category satisfying certain identities. Group objects are common examples of internal categories.

There are notions of internal functors and natural transformations that make the collection of internal categories in a fixed category into a 2-category.

Natural transformation
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a natural transformation provides a way of transforming one functor into another while respecting the internal structure (i.e., the composition of morphisms) of the categories involved. Hence, a natural transformation can be considered to be a "morphism of functors". Informally, the notion of a natural transformation states that a particular map between functors can be done consistently over an entire category.

Indeed, this intuition can be formalized to define so-called functor categories. Natural transformations are, after categories and functors, one of the most fundamental notions of category theory and consequently appear in the majority of its applications.
INSV Tarini
INSV Tarini is the second sailboat of the Indian Navy. She was constructed at Aquarius Shipyard located in Goa. After undergoing extensive sea trials, she was commissioned to Indian Navy service on 18 February 2017.

Stanley, Falkland Islands
Stanley (also known as Port Stanley) is the capital city of the Falkland Islands. It is located on the island of East Falkland, on a north-facing slope in one of the wettest parts of the islands. At the 2021 census, the city had a population of 2,974. The entire population of the Falkland Islands was 3,662 on Census Day – 10 October 2021.

Stanley is represented by five of the eight elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands: Stacy Bragger, Barry Elsby, Mark Pollard, Roger Spink, and Leona Vidal Roberts. An elected Town Council of Stanley existed from 1948 to 1973.

On 14 June 2022, Stanley received letters patent, formally awarding it city status.
Women's World Chess Championship 1972
The 1972 Women's World Chess Championship was won by Nona Gaprindashvili, who successfully defended her title against challenger Alla Kushnir. This was the third (and last) consecutive title match between the two strongest female players of their time.

Interzonal chess tournaments
Interzonal chess tournaments were tournaments organized by the World Chess Federation FIDE from the 1950s to the 1990s.  They were a stage in the triennial World Chess Championship cycle and were held after the Zonal tournaments, and before the Candidates Tournament. Since 2005, the Chess World Cup has filled a similar role.
First Battle of Saltville
The First Battle of Saltville (October 2, 1864) was fought near the town of Saltville, Virginia, during the American Civil War. The battle over significant Confederate saltworks in town was fought by both regular and Home Guard Confederate units against regular U.S. Army troops, which included two of the few black cavalry units of the United States Colored Troops. U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge, then commander of U.S. forces in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, led the U.S. Army troops.

Confederates murdered both black and white wounded soldiers after the battle, in what has been called the Saltville Massacre.

Confederate Home Guard
The Home Guard of the several states of the Confederacy during the American Civil War included all able-bodied white males between the ages of 18 and 50 who were exempt from Confederate service, excepting only the governor and other officials.  The Home Guard replaced the militia whose members had volunteered or been conscripted into service in the Confederate Army.

Citizens of some states also formed Unionist Home Guard units. For example, in Kentucky, the Home Guard consisted of Unionist men; Confederate sympathizers in the state, led by Simon Bolivar Buckner, formed militia groups known as the State Guard.
Hep Cahill
Hohepa "Hep" Cahill (born 15 October 1986) is a New Zealand retired professional rugby league footballer who played as a second-row or loose forward in the 2000s and 2010s.

He played for the Melbourne Storm in the NRL, and Crusaders RL in the Super League. Cahill also played for the Widnes Vikings in the Super League and the Championship.

Widnes Vikings
The Widnes Vikings are an English rugby league club in Widnes, Cheshire, which competes in the Championship. The club plays home matches at DCBL Stadium. Founded as Widnes Football Club, they are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. Their historic nickname is "The Chemics" after the main industry in Widnes, but now they use their modern nickname, "The Vikings".

The club enjoyed a period of success in the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, and were frequently described as "Cup Kings" reaching the Challenge Cup Final 7 times in 10 years between 1975 and 1984. In 1989, after winning their third Rugby League Premiership, Widnes became the first official World Club Champions by beating the Australian champions Canberra Raiders 30–18 at Old Trafford. They have a strong local rivalry with Warrington Wolves.
Taneli Jarva
Taneli Jarva (born 4 January 1975 in Oulu, Finland) is a Finnish musician and tattoo artist known for his work across the extreme metal and hard rock genres. His career is characterized by his involvement in numerous Finnish and international bands, serving primarily as a vocalist, bassist, and songwriter. His discography spans over three decades, notably featuring a transition from death metal to traditional rock and roll.

Extreme metal
Extreme metal is a loosely defined umbrella term for a number of related heavy metal music subgenres that have developed since the early 1980s. It has been defined as a "cluster of metal subgenres characterized by sonic, verbal, and visual transgression", and refers to metal that is harsher, heavier, more aggressive and less commercialized than other subgenres. Extreme metal is generally underground music that values authenticity and strives to remain outside the mainstream. The term usually includes thrash metal, death metal, black metal and doom metal. Some definitions do not recognise doom metal, or consider that only some of its subgenres are extreme. Most extreme metal styles have very fast tempos and originally took inspiration from hardcore punk.
Isidore of Miletus
Isidore of Miletus (Greek: Ἰσίδωρος ὁ Μιλήσιος; Medieval Greek pronunciation: [iˈsiðoros o miˈlisios]; Latin: Isidorus Miletus) was one of the two main Byzantine Greek mathematician, physicist and architects (Anthemius of Tralles was the other) that Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the cathedral Hagia Sophia in Constantinople from 532 to 537. He was born c. 475 AD. The creation of an important compilation of Archimedes' works has been attributed to him. The spurious Book XV from Euclid's Elements has been partly attributed to Isidore of Miletus.

Rhomaioi
Rhomaioi or Romaioi (Ῥωμαῖοι) were the Greek-speaking inhabitants of Southern Europe and Western Asia that identified as Romans starting from Late Antiquity. Although modern scholarship commonly refers to these populations as Byzantines, Eastern Romans, or Byzantine Greeks, they consistently understood their identity as Roman, rooted in imperial continuity, the Christian faith, and the Greek language and culture. Over time, Rhōmaios became closely associated with the Eastern Orthodox Church as well as Greek speech, and the identity continued in use among Greek Orthodox communities after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
The Tale of Joan of Arc
Le Ditie de Jehanne d'Arc ("The Tale of Joan of Arc", sometimes called "The Song of Joan of Arc") is a patriotic lyrical verse, and the last work of the medieval French poet Christine de Pizan, who lived from 1364 to about 1430 AD. Earlier in her career Pizan wrote many texts including The Book of the City of Ladies which included tales about famous women in history. Christine de Pizan was a professional poet in the court of King Charles VI of France. In her last work "The Tale of Joan of Arc" Pizan writes 61 verses about Joan of Arc, who led the French army to reclaim territory being held by the English. It was written before Joan lost in battle and was taken as a prisoner and right before the death of Christine de Pizan herself.

Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski
Renate Elisabeth Blumenfeld-Kosinski, also known as Renate Kosinski, (born 1952) is a German-American medievalist, literary historian, scholar of medieval French literature, editor, writer, and academic. She is known for her books and research on medieval political texts, mysticism, medieval visionary women, religious literature, saints' lives, and the Great Schism of the Western Church. As of 2019, Blumenfeld-Kosinski is a Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of Pittsburgh, and has been a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America (MAA) since 2014. She served as the president of the MAA from 2020 to 2021. Blumenfeld-Kosinski won the 2022 Scholarly Edition in Translation Award from the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women and Gender (SSEMWG) for her translation of Two Lives of Saint Colette: With a Selection of Letters by, to, and about Colette (2022, Iter Press).
John-Michael Shenette
John-Michael Shenette (born May 20, 1986) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner who competes full-time in the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour, driving and fielding the No. 8 for his own team, Eighty-Two Autosport.

Shenette has previously competed in series such as the SMART Modified Tour, the PASS National Championship Super Late Model Series, the PASS South Super Late Model Series, and the Granite State Pro Stock Series.

SMART Modified Tour
The Southern Modified Auto Racing Teams (SMART) Tour is a Modified stock car racing series racing in the Southeastern region of The United States. The series began in 1989, NASCAR took over the series in 2005. During its time as a NASCAR sanctioned series it followed identical regulations to the Northern NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour.

The series merged with the Northern Modified Tour in 2017 bringing an end to the series after almost 30 years.

The series came back in late 2020 without NASCAR sanction under the SMART Tour name and ran its first full season since 2004, in 2021 with the likes of Bobby Labonte and Ryan Preece competing, after only 4 events in 2020.

All races are broadcast live on FloRacing.
Ashton to Tetonia Trail
The Ashton to Tetonia Trail is a 29.6-mile (47.6 km) rail-trail conversion built on the former Teton Valley Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad from Ashton to Tetonia, Idaho. The trail is used for hiking, biking, horseback riding, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling. Access points are found at Ashton, Marysville, Bitch Creek, Felt, and Tetonia. It is managed through Harriman State Park under administration by the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation.

The trail crosses Conant Creek at the Conant Creek Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, a former railroad bridge built in 1911, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Rail trail
A rail trail or railway walk is a shared-use path on a railway right of way. Rail trails are typically constructed after a railway has been abandoned and the track has been removed; in addition, rails with trails share the rail corridor with active railways, light rail or with disused track. As shared-use paths, rail trails are primarily for non-motorised traffic including pedestrians, bicycles, horseback riders, skaters and cross-country skiers, although snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles may be allowed. The characteristics of abandoned railways lend themselves to rail trails and account for their popularity; these include gentle grades, well-engineered rights of way and structures (bridges and tunnels), and passage through historical areas. Many rail trails are long-distance trails, while some shorter rail trails are known as greenways or linear parks.
Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza
The Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza (Persian: امامزاده سید مرتضی; Arabic: مرقد مرتضى الكاظم), or simply Imamzadeh Morteza, is a Shi'ite imamzadeh located in Kashmar, in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran. It was completed in 1857 CE, during the Qajar era.

The complex was added to the Iran National Heritage List on 24 October 1977, administered by the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran. The complex is one of the holiest sites in Twelver Shia Islam.

Kashmar
Kashmar (/kæʃˈmɑːr/; Persian: کاشمر [kʰɒːʃˈmæɹ]) is a city in the Central District of Kashmar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Kashmar is near the river Shesh Taraz in the western part of the province, and south of the province's capital Mashhad, in Iran, from east to Bardaskan, west to Torbat-e Heydarieh, north to Nishapur, south to Gonabad. Until two centuries ago, this city was named Torshiz (ترشیز).
Upperville, Virginia
Upperville is a small unincorporated village in Fauquier County, Virginia, United States, along U.S. Route 50, fifty miles from downtown Washington, D.C. and near the Loudoun County line. Founded in the 1790s along Pantherskin Creek, it was originally named Carrstown by first settler Josephus Carr. Through an 1819 act passed by the Virginia General Assembly, the name was changed to Upperville.

John Updike wrote of Upperville in his sardonic 1961 poem "Upon Learning That a Town Exists Called Upperville".

Loudoun County, Virginia
Loudoun County (/ˈlaʊdən/) is in the northern part of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. In 2020, the census returned a population of 420,959, making it Virginia's third-most populous county. The county seat is Leesburg. Loudoun County is part of the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of 2023, Loudoun County had a median household income of $156,821, the highest of any county or county equivalent in the nation.
Carmack
Carmack is a surname derived from the Irish given name "Cormac". Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Carmack (born 1969), game artist, cofounder of id Software

Chris Carmack (born 1980), American actor

Edward W. Carmack (1858–1908), American politician

George Carmack (1860–1922), American discoverer of gold in the Klondike region

Howard Carmack, Internet spammer

John Carmack (born 1970), American game programmer, co-founder of id Software

Justin Carmack (1981–2000), American child actor

Kate Carmack (1862–1920), First Nation woman

Kona Carmack (born 1976), American model

Edward W. Carmack
Edward Ward Carmack (November 5, 1858 – November 9, 1908) was an attorney, newspaperman, and political figure who served as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1901 to 1907.

Following his political service, and after an unsuccessful run for Governor of Tennessee, he became editor of the one-year-old Nashville Tennessean.  He was fatally shot on November 9, 1908, over a feud precipitated by Duncan Brown Cooper for his editorial comments in the paper.