hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stuart Samuel (physicist)
Stuart Samuel is a theoretical physicist  known for his work on the speed of gravity and for his work with Alan Kostelecký on spontaneous Lorentz violation in string theory,  now called the Bumblebee model. He also made significant contributions in field theory and particle physics.

Samuel graduated from Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics in 1975, and in 1979, he graduated from the UC Berkeley, with a Doctor of Philosophy in physics. He was formerly a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, a professor of physics at Columbia University, and a professor of physics at City College of New York.

On shell and off shell
In physics, particularly in quantum field theory, configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on the mass shell (on shell); while those that do not are called off the mass shell (off shell).

In quantum field theory, virtual particles are termed off shell because they do not satisfy the energy–momentum relation; real exchange particles do satisfy this relation and are termed on (mass) shell. In classical mechanics for instance, in the action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler–Lagrange equations give the on-shell equations. Noether's theorem regarding differentiable symmetries of physical action and conservation laws is another on-shell theorem.
Radež
Radež (pronounced [ˈɾaːdɛʃ]) is a settlement in the hills above the left bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Sevnica in east central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

The local church is dedicated to Saints Fabian and Sebastian and belongs to the Parish of Loka pri Zidanem Mostu. It is a medieval building that was greatly rebuilt at various stages over the centuries.

Pope Fabian
Pope Fabian (Latin: Fabianus) was the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church from 10 January 236 until his death on 20 January 250, succeeding Anterus. A dove is said to have descended on his head to mark him as the Holy Spirit's unexpected choice to become the next pope. He was succeeded by Cornelius.

Most of his papacy was characterized by amicable relations with the imperial government, and the schism between the Roman congregations of Pontian and Hippolytus was ended. He divided Rome into diaconates and appointed secretaries to collect the records of the martyrs. He sent out seven "apostles to the Gauls" as missionaries, but probably did not baptize Emperor Philip the Arab as is alleged. He died a martyr at the beginning of the Decian persecution and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church.
Gargantua (gorilla)
Gargantua (1929 - November 1949) was a captive western lowland gorilla famed for being exhibited by the Ringling Brothers circus. He has been credited with saving the business from bankruptcy. An acid scar on his face gave Gargantua a snarling, menacing expression, which the circus management exploited by generating publicity falsely exaggerating his purported hatred of humans. He was also claimed to be the largest gorilla in captivity.

Gargantua was captured as a baby in Africa, and was known as "Buddy" for years. After he was sold to Ringling Brothers by his previous owner, Gertrude Lintz, he was renamed, after François Rabelais's giant character, to sound more frightening.

He had a "mate" named Toto, but apparently never showed any interest in her. She was, nevertheless, advertised by the circus as "Mrs. Gargantua".

Western lowland gorilla
The western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) is one of two Critically Endangered subspecies of the western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) that lives in montane, primary and secondary forest and lowland swampland in central Africa in Angola (Cabinda Province), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is the nominate subspecies of the western gorilla, and the smallest of the four gorilla subspecies.

The western lowland gorilla is the only subspecies kept in zoos with the exception of Amahoro, a female eastern lowland gorilla at Antwerp Zoo, and a few mountain gorillas kept captive in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Len Orchard
Leonard Orchard (second ¼ 1912 – death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Keighley, as a wing.

Keighley Cougars
The Keighley Cougars are a professional rugby league club from Keighley in West Yorkshire, England. The club play home games at Cougar Park and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Keighley have never won a major honour. Their main rivals are Bradford Bulls.
George Ciccariello-Maher
George Ciccariello-Maher (born March 12, 1979), also known as Geo Maher, is an American political scientist and anarchist. His provocative opinions—including a tweet in 2016 ("All I Want for Christmas is White Genocide") resulted in his losing his post as associate professor of politics and global studies at Drexel University.

Tweet (social media)
A tweet  is a short status update on X (formerly known as Twitter) which can include images, videos, GIFs, straw polls, hashtags, mentions, and hyperlinks. Around 80% of all tweets are made by 10% of users, averaging 138 tweets per month, with the median user making only two tweets per month.

Following the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk in October 2022, and rebranding of the platform as X in July 2023, all references to the word "tweet" were removed from the service, changed to a straightforward "post", and "retweet" changed to "repost"; the terms "tweet" and "retweet" are still more popular when referring to posts on X, however.
Naval Support Activity Bethesda
Naval Support Activity Bethesda — NSA Bethesda, NSAB, or simply Bethesda — is a military base of the United States Navy located in Bethesda, Maryland.  NSA Bethesda is responsible for base operational support for its major tenant, the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

Other organizations hosted by NSA Bethesda include:

Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute

National Intrepid Center of Excellence

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

five Fisher Houses

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC; formerly known as the National Naval Medical Center and colloquially referred to as Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed, or Navy Med) is a United States military medical center located in Bethesda, Maryland. It is one of the largest and most prominent military medical centers in the United States, and it has provided medical care for several United States presidents since its opening in 1940.

In 2011, the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC), named after yellow fever researcher Walter Reed, was combined with the National Naval Medical Center to form today's tri-service Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

It is accessed by the Medical Center station on the Washington Metro's Red Line.
Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts
The Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts (NU-ACCESS) is a collaborative initiative between Northwestern University and the Art Institute of Chicago. The institute is dedicated to the convergence diverse scientific disciplines applied to the realm of art conservation and study. Established in 2004 and supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the center employs scientific and technical methods to investigate and preserve artistic and cultural artifacts, helping to uncover details about their creation, history, and conservation.

Researchers and scientists at the center employ a variety of techniques, including imaging, spectroscopy, and materials analysis, to study artworks in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner. The center also works to develop new technologies and methods for art investigation and to train the next generation of researchers in similar fields.

Imaging
Imaging is the process of creating visual representations of objects, scenes, or phenomena. The term encompasses both the formation of images through physical processes and the technologies used to capture, store, process, and display them. While traditional imaging relies on visible light, modern imaging systems can visualize information across the electromagnetic spectrum and through other physical phenomena such as sound waves, magnetic fields, and particle emissions, enabling the visualization of subjects invisible to the human eye.

Imaging science is the multidisciplinary field concerned with the theoretical foundations and practical applications of image creation and analysis. The field draws on physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, computer science, computer vision, and perceptual psychology to develop systems that generate, collect, duplicate, analyze, modify, and visualize images.
Manuel Clemente
Manuel José Macário do Nascimento Clemente, GCC (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛl ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈkaɾju ðu nɐʃsiˈmẽtu klɨˈmẽtɨ]; born 16 July 1948), officially Manuel III, is a Portuguese prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the Metropolitan Patriarch of Lisbon from 2013 to 2023 and a cardinal since 14 February 2015. He has been a bishop since 1999 and was Bishop of Porto from 2007 to 2013.

Pontifical Council for Social Communications
The Pontifical Council for Social Communications (Latin: Pontificium Consilium de Communicationibus Socialibus) was a dicastery of the Roman Curia that was suppressed in March 2016 and merged into the Secretariat for Communication (now the Dicastery for Communication).

According to Pastor bonus, Pope John Paul II's 1988 apostolic constitution on the Roman Curia, the council was "involved in questions regarding the means of social communication, so that, also by these means, human progress and the message of salvation may benefit secular culture and mores." It worked "to encourage and support" the Church and its members in social communication to imbue mass media "with a human and Christian spirit.": n. 170
Zelig
Zelig is a 1983 American satirical mockumentary comedy film written, directed by and starring Woody Allen as Leonard Zelig, a nondescript enigma, who, apparently out of his desire to fit in and be liked, unwittingly takes on the characteristics of strong personalities around him. The film, presented as a documentary, recounts his period of intense celebrity during the 1920s, including analyses by contemporary intellectuals.

The film received critical acclaim and was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design.

Academy Award for Best Costume Design
The Academy Award for Best Costume Design is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for achievement in film costume design.

The award was first given in 1949, for films made in 1948. Initially, separate award categories were established for black-and-white films and color films. Since the merger of the two categories in 1967, the Academy has traditionally avoided giving out the award to films with a contemporary setting.
Myron White
Myron Alan White (August 1, 1957 – August 4, 2018) was an American baseball player who played as an outfielder for the Los Angeles Dodgers during the 1978 season.

White was a running back at Santa Ana Valley High School.  He rushed for 4,194 yards in his high school career, an Orange County record at the time.

The Dodgers drafted White in the second round in 1975, and gave him a signing bonus of $60,000: he had been offered a football scholarship by UCLA.  He played in the Dodgers' minor league system from 1975 to 1981.

In the last decades of his life, White was unable to work and was taken care of by his wife Anita. His memory is  being carried on by his loving granddaughter Janessa along with the rest of his family.

White died from complications relating to diabetes on August 4, 2018, in Cabazon, California and he will forever be remembered.

Cabazon, California
Cabazon (Spanish: Cabazón) is an unincorporated community in Riverside County, California, United States. Cabazon is on the Pacific Crest Trail.
In the 21st century, the area has become a tourist stop, due to the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa and Desert Hills Premium Outlets. The population was 2,629 during the 2020 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Cabazon as a census-designated place (CDP).
1997 Eurocard Open
The 1997 Eurocard Open, also known as the Stuttgart Masters, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 2nd edition of the Stuttgart Masters, and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1997 ATP Tour. It took place at the Schleyerhalle in Stuttgart, Germany, from 20 October through 27 October 1997.

The singles field was led by first-seeded Pete Sampras. Other top seeds were Michael Chang, Patrick Rafter and Goran Ivanišević. Petr Korda, seeded 15th,  won the singles title.

Michael Chang
Michael Te-pei Chang (born February 22, 1972) is an American former professional tennis player and coach. He was ranked world No. 2 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in 1996. Chang is the youngest man in history to win a singles major, winning the 1989 French Open at 17 years and 109 days old. He won a total of 34 ATP Tour-level singles titles, including seven Masters titles, and was a three-time major runner-up.

Chang was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2008. He coached Kei Nishikori from 2014 to 2025, and currently coaches Learner Tien.
Midhinge
In statistics, the midhinge (MH) is the average of the first and third quartiles and is thus a measure of location.
Equivalently, it is the 25% trimmed mid-range or 25% midsummary; it is an L-estimator. The midhinge MH is defined as

The midhinge is related to the interquartile range (IQR), the difference of the third and first quartiles (i.e. IQR = Q3 − Q1), which is a measure of statistical dispersion. The two are complementary in sense that if one knows the midhinge and the IQR, one can find the first and third quartiles.

The use of the term hinge for the lower or upper quartiles derives from John Tukey's work on exploratory data analysis in the late 1970s, and midhinge is a fairly modern term dating from around that time. The midhinge is slightly simpler to calculate than the trimean (TM), which originated in the same context and equals the average of the median (~X = Q2 = P50) and the midhinge:

Statistical dispersion
In statistics, dispersion (also called variability, scatter, or spread) is the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed. Common examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation, and interquartile range. For instance, when the variance of data in a set is large, the data is widely scattered. On the other hand, when the variance is small, the data in the set is clustered.

Dispersion is contrasted with location or central tendency, and together they are the most used properties of distributions.
Jeff Thomas (photographer)
Jeff Thomas (born 1956) is an Onondaga Nation photographer, curator, and cultural theorist who works and lives in Ottawa, Ontario.

Thomas is known for his photographic work that addresses and interrogates the place of First Nations people in contemporary Canadian society. Often, his works explore the disjuncture between depictions he sees of Indigenous people as relics of the past (for instance, in museums), and contemporary Indigenous life as he views it.

His work includes the "Indians on Tour" series began in 2000, in which stereotypical "Indian" figurines are posed against natural or urban landscapes, otherwise against historical monuments and contemporary culture, as Thomas' photographs document First Nations people. In his "Vanishing Race" series, he depicts encounters with stereotypical depictions of Indigeneity.

He is the father of Ehren "Bear Witness" Thomas of the musical group The Halluci Nation (formerly known as A Tribe Called Red.)

Photo Élysée
Photo Élysée, formerly known as Musée de l'Élysée, is a museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, entirely devoted to photography. It is a government-supported institution founded in 1985 by Charles-Henri Favrod. It was housed in an 18th-century mansion until October 2020.

The museum was temporarily closed from October 2020 until June 2022, as it was moving to a new building. The new building is designed by Portuguese architects Aires Mateus. It has merged with two other museums; the Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts and the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts.

Succeeding Tatyana Franck, Nathalie Herschdorfer has been in charge since June 2022.
Melrose Place season 2
The second season of Melrose Place, an American television series, premiered on Fox on September 8, 1993. The season two finale aired on May 18, 1994, after 32 episodes.

The season was produced by Chip Hayes, supervising producer Charles Pratt Jr, co-executive producer Frank South and executive producers Aaron Spelling, E. Duke Vincent and Darren Star.

Darren Star
Darren Star (born July 25, 1961) is an American writer, director, and producer of film and television. He is best known for creating the television series Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), Sex and the City (1998–2004), Younger (2015–2021), Emily in Paris (2020–present),  and Uncoupled (2022).
Ángel Fournier
Ángel Fournier Rodríguez (31 December 1987 – 16 March 2023) was a Cuban rower. He finished 12th in the quadruple sculls at the 2008 Summer Olympics, 7th in the single sculls at the 2012 Summer Olympics, then took the silver medal at the 2013 World Rowing Championships. He was 6th in the single sculls at the 2016 Summer Olympics, then at the 2017 World Rowing Championships in Sarasota, Florida, he won silver in the single sculls.

Fournier died from a heart attack on 16 March 2023, at the age of 35. He was widely regarded as one of Cuba’s most successful rowers, having represented the country at three Olympic Games and winning multiple medals at World Rowing Championships and Pan American Games.

Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's single sculls
The men's single sculls competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place at Dorney Lake which, for the purposes of the Games venue, was officially termed Eton Dorney. It was held from 28 July to 3 August. There were 33 competitors from 33 nations. The event was won by Mahé Drysdale of New Zealand, the nation's first victory in the event since 2000. Ondřej Synek of the Czech Republic earned his second consecutive silver in the event; Drysdale and Synek were the 13th and 14th men to win multiple medals in the single sculls; they would go on to be the 5th and 6th to earn three in the event in 2016 when Drysdale repeated as champion and Synek added a bronze. The 2012 bronze went to Alan Campbell, Great Britain's first medal in the event since 1928.
Windrush line
The Windrush line is the service operated by London Overground on the East London line and South London line, running north to south through the East and South areas of London. The East London line was previously a line of the London Underground. Prior to the name being adopted in November 2024, the service was labelled in Transport for London timetables as the "Highbury & Islington to New Cross, Clapham Junction, Crystal Palace and West Croydon route".

East London
East London is the part of London, England, east of the ancient City of London and north of the River Thames as it begins to widen. East London developed as London's docklands and the primary industrial centre. The expansion of railways in the 19th century encouraged the eastward expansion of the East End of London and a proliferation of new suburbs. The industrial lands of East London are today an area of regeneration, which are well advanced in places such as Canary Wharf and ongoing elsewhere.
ARA Buenos Aires (1895)
ARA Buenos Aires was a protected cruiser of the Argentine Navy. It was built by the British shipyard of Armstrong Mitchell and Co, being launched in 1895 and completing in 1896. Buenos Aires continued in use until 1932.

Argentine Navy
The Argentine Navy (ARA; Spanish: Armada de la República Argentina) is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the Army and the Air Force.

The Argentine Navy day is celebrated on May 17, anniversary of the victory in 1814 at the Battle of Montevideo over the Spanish fleet during the war of Independence.
Amyclinae
The Amyclinae are a subfamily of planthoppers in the Auchenorrhyncha, whose Basionym was first used by Zeno Payne Metcalf in 1938.  The recorded distribution is the Americas, Africa, Malesia and Australia.

Planthopper
A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. Fulgoromorphs are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features: the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.
Albuquerque craft beer market
The Albuquerque craft beer market consists of a growing list of local emerging alcohol manufacturing and retail businesses catering to a target consumption audience. According to 2011 US Census Bureau data, the Albuquerque Metropolitan Area has 29 establishments categorized under the 445(3)(1) Beer, Wine, and Liquor stores designations. The New Mexico Secretary of State's website shows of the 123 brewing businesses applying for a license in the State of New Mexico, 70 were current and 23 were specific to Albuquerque. According to the Brewers Association, craft beers sales have grown 15% in the last year, while standard beers like Budweiser, Miller Lite, and Coors have only seen a 1% increase.

Craft beer
Craft beer is beer manufactured by craft breweries, which typically produce smaller amounts of beer than larger "macro" breweries and are often independently owned. Such breweries are generally perceived and marketed as emphasising enthusiasm, new flavours, and varied brewing techniques.

The microbrewery movement began in both the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s, although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew, and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, the more encompassing concept of craft brewing emerged. A brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer for sale on the premises.
Lincoln High School (Lincoln, California)
Lincoln High School is a public high school located in the city of Lincoln, California. The school, which serves grades 9 through 12, is a part of the Western Placer Unified School District. It is one of two high schools in Lincoln, California and has its own working school farm - the largest working school farm west of the Mississippi river. The school finished construction of the Edward A. Grey Sports Complex in 2005, including a new stadium and baseball fields.

Lincoln, California
Lincoln is a city in Placer County, California, United States, part of the Sacramento metropolitan area. Located 10 miles (16 km) north of Roseville in an area of rapid suburban development, it grew 282 percent between 2000 and 2010, making it the fastest-growing city over 10,000 people in the U.S. Its population was 49,757 at the 2020 census.

Lincoln is part of the Sacramento-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area.