hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tone policing
A tone argument (also called tone policing) is a type of ad hominem aimed at the tone of an argument instead of its factual or logical content in order to dismiss a person's argument. Ignoring the truth or falsity of a statement, a tone argument instead focuses on the emotion with which it is expressed. This is a logical fallacy because a person can be angry while still being rational.

Affect (linguistics)
In linguistics, affect is an attitude or emotion that a speaker brings to an utterance. Affects such as sarcasm, contempt, dismissal, distaste, disgust, disbelief, exasperation, boredom, anger, joy, respect or disrespect, sympathy, pity, gratitude, wonder, admiration, humility, and awe are frequently conveyed through paralinguistic mechanisms such as intonation, facial expression, and gesture, and thus require recourse to punctuation or emoticons when reduced to writing, but there are grammatical and lexical expressions of affect as well, such as pejorative and approbative or laudative expressions or inflections, adversative forms, honorific and deferential language, interrogatives and tag questions, and some types of evidentiality.
Alan Dowding
Alan Lorimer Dowding (4 April 1929 – 8 June 2023) was an Australian first-class cricketer who played for Oxford University, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), the Commonwealth XI and Free Foresters. He became a schoolteacher.

Commonwealth XI cricket team
The Commonwealth XI cricket team played over 100 first-class cricket matches from 1949 to 1968. The team started out as a side made up of mostly English, Australian and West Indian cricketers, that toured the subcontinent but later on played first-class fixtures in England. They also toured South Africa and Rhodesia.
Maureen Malumise
Meisi Maureen Malumise (born 7 May 1934), also known as Maureen Madumise, is a retired South African politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 1994 to 2009. She was elected to the first democratic Parliament in 1994 and gained re-election in 1999 and 2004.

Malumise served the Free State constituency. During her third term in Parliament, she was the ANC's whip in the Portfolio Committee on Health.

Portfolio Committee on Health
The Portfolio Committee on Health is a National Assembly of South Africa committee established to oversee the work of the Department of Health (DOH) as well as the following related entities: the Allied Health Professions Council, the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational Diseases, the Council for Medical Schemes (CMS), the South Africa Dental Technicians Council, the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA), the Interim Traditional Health Practitioners Council, the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), the Office of Health Standards Compliance, the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority, the South African Nursing Council, and the South African Pharmacy Council.

As of 2021, Kenneth Jacobs of the African National Congress serves as chairperson of the committee. Notable former chairpersons include Sibongiseni Dhlomo (2019–2021) Mary-Ann Dunjwa (2014–2019) and Bevan Goqwana (2009–2014).
Du Chaillu's rope squirrel
Du Chaillu's rope squirrel (Funisciurus duchaillui) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to parts of central Gabon, within dense tropical rainforests, where it was listed as extinct in 1952, but was then rediscovered in 1993.  The species is currently has a "Data Deficient" conservation status brought about by the IUCN Red List. It was named after French zoologist, traveler, and anthropologist Paul Du Chaillu.

Paul Du Chaillu
Paul Belloni Du Chaillu (July 31, 1831 (disputed) – April 29, 1903) was a French-American traveler, zoologist, and anthropologist.  He became famous in the 1860s as the first modern European outsider to confirm the existence of gorillas, and later the Pygmy people of central Africa.  He later researched the prehistory of Scandinavia.
Braja Kishore Goswami
Braja Kishore Goswami (born 3 December 1988) is an Indian politician who currently serves as a Member of Legislative Assembly from Santipur constituency in West Bengal. He is also a prominent social reformer and religious glory of Shantipur in Nadia, West Bengal. He is one of the youngest educated political leaders of West Bengal.

Shantipur
Shantipur is a city and a municipality in the Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The fort area of this city, also known as Daak-Garh (calling or gathering room) is thought to have been built by Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia.
Raúl Domínguez (cyclist)
Raúl Domínguez Romero (born 15 August 1972) is a retired male track cyclist from Cuba. He competed for his native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, after having won two gold medals in the previous year at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba.

1991 Pan American Games
The 1991 Pan American Games, officially known as the XI Pan American Games (Spanish: XI Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Havana 1991 (Spanish: La Habana 1991), were held in Havana, Cuba from 2 to 18 August 1991. There were 4,519 athletes from 39 countries of the PASO community, with events in 33 different sports. The main stadium was the Estadio Panamericano, a multi-use stadium in Havana that holds 50,000 people.
2025 Open de Oeiras – Doubles
Anirudh Chandrasekar and Arjun Kadhe were the defending champions but only Chandrasekar chose to defend his title, partnering David Vega Hernández. They lost in the first round to Francisco Cabral and Lucas Miedler.

Karol Drzewiecki and Piotr Matuszewski won the title after defeating Cabral and Miedler 6–4, 3–6, [10–8] in the final.

Arjun Kadhe
Arjun Kadhe (Marathi: अर्जुन कढे; born 7 January 1994) is an Indian tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 76 achieved on 28 October 2024. He also has a career high singles ranking of No. 328 achieved on 27 August 2018. 
Kadhe has won one doubles ATP Tour title. He also won 4 ITF Tour singles and 6 ATP Challenger Tour and 7 ITF doubles titles.
Hantamah bint Hashim
Ḥantamah bint Hisham (Arabic: حنتمة بنت هِشَام) was the mother of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Khattab ibn Nufayl. She lived during the 6th century and was a contemporary of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Her son Umar would become Muslim and is regarded as the second "Rightly guided Caliph" (Arabic "Rashidun") by Muslims (except Shiites). She was the ancestor of many Sahabas.

Rashidun
The Rashidun (Arabic: الراشدون, romanized: al-Rāshidūn, lit. 'the rightly-guided') are the first four caliphs (lit. 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644), Uthman (r. 644–656), and Ali (r. 656–661).

The reign of these caliphs, called the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), is considered in Sunni Islam to have been 'rightly guided' (Arabic: rāshid), meaning that it constitutes a model (Sunnah) to be followed and emulated from a religious point of view.
Dushyant Kumar Gautam
Dushyant Kumar Gautam is an Indian politician and a National General Secretary of the Bhartiya Janata Party. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament, from Haryana as a member of the BJP. He has been associated with the Scheduled Caste Morcha of the BJP for quite a long time. He has also contested the MCD and Delhi Legislative Assembly election from Kondli (SC) and Karol Bagh (SC) unsuccessfully in the 2008 & 2013 and 2025elections, getting 21,594 & 29,373 and 44,867 votes, respectively. He served as Member of the Rajya Sabha of Haryana for the remaining 2.5 years term during 2020-2022 of former INLD leader Ram Kumar Kashyap who resigned after being elected an MLA from Indri Assembly Constituency of Karnal district in 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly.

2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Delhi on 5 February 2025 to elect all 70 members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly. The counting of votes and declaration of results took place on 8 February 2025.

The Bharatiya Janata Party won in 48 out of 70 seats, thus returning to power in Delhi after 27 years. Rekha Gupta, the MLA from Shalimar Bagh, took oath as the Chief Minister on 20 February 2025.
What's Forever For
"What's Forever For" is a song written by Rafe Van Hoy and first recorded by England Dan & John Ford Coley on their 1979 album Dr. Heckle and Mr. Jive.

The song saw its biggest success when it was recorded by American country music artist Michael Martin Murphey. It was released in June 1982 as the second single from his album, Michael Martin Murphey. The song was Murphey's first of two number ones on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent 16 weeks in the country top 40. On the Hot 100, "What's Forever For" was his final top 40 hit, peaking at number 19. The song is also one of his most well known in the Philippines, along with "Maybe This Time".

Michael Martin Murphey (album)
Michael Martin Murphey is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Michael Martin Murphey and his first for Liberty Records. The album peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart.
Montgomery House (Montgomery, Vermont)
The Montgomery House is a historic travel accommodation on Vermont Route 118 in the center of Montgomery, Vermont.  Built in 1803, it is one of the town's oldest buildings, and it served for many years as a social and civic center in the small community.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Montgomery, Vermont
Montgomery is a town in Franklin County, Vermont, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 1,184. In 1963, part of Avery's Gore in Franklin County became part of Montgomery, with the other section becoming part of Belvidere in Lamoille County. Montgomery is also known for having the most covered bridges of any town in Vermont, with seven. This amounts to one covered bridge for approximately every 170 residents, and is the most of any single town in the United States.
Alstroemeria pelegrina
Alstroemeria pelegrina, the Peruvian lily, is a species of flowering plant in the large genus Alstroemeria of the family Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lilies), part of the monocot order Liliales. It is the type-species of that genus, originally described by Linnaeus in 1762 as one of three species of Alstroemeria. It is a herbaceous rhizomatous perennial endemic to Chile.

Alstroemeriaceae
Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera, almost entirely native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America. One species of Luzuriaga occurs in New Zealand, and the genus Drymophila is endemic to south-eastern Australia.

The genus Alstroemeria, commonly called the Peruvian lilies, is popular florist's and garden flower. The genus Bomarea is a vine that produces clusters of variously-colored, bell-shaped flowers.
Dancing Down the Stony Road
Dancing Down the Stony Road is the seventeenth studio album by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea, released in September 2002 on his own record label, Jazzee Blue. The album was also released in Europe by Edel under the shorter title Stony Road with different cover art and only one CD (except Germany), while the original UK is double CD edition with additional tracks. The album is notable for its change of Rea's previous rock music style to Delta blues and gospel blues. It reached the No. 14 in the UK Albums Chart, and was certified Gold by BPI. A version of Dancing Down The Stony Road was used in the BBC television programme Speed.

Speed (TV series)
Speed is a BBC television series about the history of fast vehicles, including aeroplanes, boats and cars. The show is presented by Jeremy Clarkson and consists of six episodes. Each focuses on a different aspect of speed. The series was first shown in the UK on BBC One in 2001, and was subsequently shown to an international audience on BBC World and in Australia on the HOW TO Channel. Jeremy Clarkson's Speed, a video containing an hour of highlights from the series was also released in 2001. The video was released on DVD, as part of The Jeremy Clarkson Collection in 2007.
Andrew Linton
Sir Andrew Linton KBE (28 November 1893 – 9 January 1971) was a New Zealand cheesemaker, farmer and New Zealand Dairy Board administrator. He was born in Mataura, New Zealand, on 28 November 1893.

In the 1953 Coronation Honours, Linton was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1964 New Year Honours.

New Zealand Dairy Board
The New Zealand Dairy Board (NZDB) was a statutory board in control of the export of all New Zealand dairy products from its formation in 1923 until 2001.  It operated through a global network of marketing subsidiaries.

In 2001, the Dairy Board was merged with the two largest New Zealand dairy cooperatives (which represented 96% of the industry) to a company initially called GlobalCo, but shortly afterwards renamed Fonterra.

The merger required approval from the Commerce Commission, which it declined, so a special Act of Parliament, the Dairy Industry Restructuring Act 2001 was passed allowing the merger to occur.
Seattle Chinese Times
The Seattle Chinese Times (traditional Chinese: 西城時報; simplified Chinese: 西城时报; pinyin: Xīchéng shíbào) is a United States-based free bilingual weekly newspaper which was launched its first edition in May 2004 by Deng Rihua (邓日华).

The contents comprise news reports, and editorials concerning the lifestyle and culture of the Chinese/Asian ethnic group in the Greater Puget Sound and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in the northwest.

In January 2005, the Seattle Chinese Times introduced a full-color edition, the first full-color weekly newspaper in the Chinese community. That same year saw the introduction of the "Canada Section", featuring events and activities in Canada; restaurants, entertainment, feature articles, and celebrity interviews. In April 2007, the Northwest Edition, Greater Seattle Edition and Metropolitan Edition were launched.

Puget Sound region
The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington, including Puget Sound, the Puget Sound lowlands, and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains. It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays, islands, and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers.

Poet Robert Sund called the Puget Sound region "Ish River country", owing to its numerous rivers with names ending in "ish", such as the Duwamish, Samish, Sammamish, Skokomish, Skykomish, Snohomish, and the Stillaguamish. The ish ending is from Salishan languages and means "people of".
Aminopeptidase B
Aminopeptidase B (EC 3.4.11.6, arylamidase II, arginine aminopeptidase, arginyl aminopeptidase, Cl—activated arginine aminopeptidase, cytosol aminopeptidase IV, L-arginine aminopeptidase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Release of N-terminal Arg and Lys from oligopeptides when P1' is not Pro. Also acts on arylamides of Arg and Lys

This enzyme from mammalian tissues is activated by chloride ions and low concentrations of thiol compounds.

An inhibitor is bestatin (ubenimex).

Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group -NH2 but is rather a secondary amine. The secondary amine nitrogen is in the protonated form (NH2+) under biological conditions, while the carboxyl group is in the deprotonated −COO− form. The "side chain" from the α carbon connects to the nitrogen forming a pyrrolidine loop, classifying it as a aliphatic amino acid. It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it from the non-essential amino acid L-glutamate. It is encoded by all the codons starting with CC (CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG).

Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid which is a secondary amine, as the nitrogen atom is attached both to the α-carbon and to a chain of three carbons that together form a five-membered ring.
Six-dimensional holomorphic Chern–Simons theory
In mathematical physics, six-dimensional holomorphic Chern–Simons theory or sometimes holomorphic Chern–Simons theory is a gauge theory on a three-dimensional complex manifold. It is a complex analogue of Chern–Simons theory, named after Shiing-Shen Chern and James Simons who first studied Chern–Simons forms which appear in the action of Chern–Simons theory. The theory is referred to as six-dimensional as the underlying manifold of the theory is three-dimensional as a complex manifold, hence six-dimensional as a real manifold.

The theory has been used to study integrable systems through four-dimensional Chern–Simons theory, which can be viewed as a symmetry reduction of the six-dimensional theory. For this purpose, the underlying three-dimensional complex manifold is taken to be the three-dimensional complex projective space , viewed as twistor space.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Lindy, Nebraska
Lindy is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located on the Santee Sioux Reservation in Knox County, in the northeastern part of the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 13.

Nebraska Highway 12
Nebraska Highway 12 is a highway in northern and northeastern Nebraska.  It has a western terminus at U.S. Highway 83 in Valentine and an eastern terminus at U.S. Highway 20 west of Jackson.  The highway largely lies within 10 miles (16 km) of the South Dakota border its entire length.  The highway has been designated the Outlaw Trail Scenic Byway.
Avatar: The Game
Avatar: The Game is a 2009 third-person shooter action-adventure game based on the 2009 film Avatar. The game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal (with Gameloft Barcelona also for the mobile version) and published by Ubisoft. It was released on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Wii, and Nintendo DS on December 1, 2009, with a PlayStation Portable version later released on December 7. It uses the same technology as the film to be displayed in stereoscopic 3D. As of May 19, 2010, the game has sold nearly 2.7 million copies.

The game, which acts as a non-canon prequel to the film, features Sigourney Weaver, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez, and Giovanni Ribisi, who reprise their roles from the film. The casting and voice production for Avatar: The Game was handled by Blindlight.

The online services for the game were shut down on August 8, 2014.

Blindlight
Blindlight, LLC is a Los Angeles-based company providing Hollywood production services to the video game industry. Notable properties the company has contributed to include the Elder Scrolls, Fallout, Guild Wars, Splinter Cell, Tomb Raider, Destiny, and Halo series. It was acquired by Keywords Studios in June 2018.
John Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham
John Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham (c. 1316–January 1408), lord of the Manor of Cobham, Kent, was the son of John Cobham, 2nd Baron Cobham, and Joan Beauchamp, daughter of John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Somerset. He was given a licence to crenellate by Richard II in 1381 and built Cooling Castle at the family seat at Cowling or Cooling, Kent.

Around 1332, Sir John married Margaret Courtenay, daughter of Hugh Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon. She died on 2 August 1385 or 95. In 1398 Sir John was exiled to Guernsey. Henry IV restored the estate and Sir John died at Cooling, 1408.  He was buried at Greyfriars, London, though his brass is near his wife in the church of St Mary Magdalene, Cobham.

According to a lengthy article by Mr. J. G. Waller entitled "The Lords of Cobham, their Monuments and the Church," published in Volume 11 (1877) of Archaeologia Cantiana, the bulletin of the Kent Archaeological Society, at the time of his death Lord John Cobham was approximately 92 years old.

John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Somerset
John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp "de Somerset" (25 July 1274 – October/December 1336), was feudal baron of Hatch Beauchamp in Somerset. He fought in the wars in Scotland and  was a signatory of the Baron's Letter to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301.
Martua Sitorus
Martua Sitorus (born as Thio Seng Hap, 1960) is an Indonesian businessman and palm oil magnate. He was once known as the fourth richest person in Indonesia (and #377 in the world), but had decreased to fifteenth by December 2018, according to Forbes.  He and his business partner, Kuok Khoon Hong founded the Singapore-based Wilmar International, the largest palm oil producer in the world.

Wilmar's business activities include oil palm cultivation, oilseeds crushing, edible oils refining, sugar milling and refining, specialty fats, oleochemicals, biodiesel and fertilizers manufacturing and grains processing. It has over 300 manufacturing plants and an extensive distribution network covering China, India, Indonesia, United States and some 50 other countries.

Cooking oil
Cooking oil (also known as edible oil) is a plant or animal liquid fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking. Oil allows higher cooking temperatures than water, making cooking faster and more flavorful, while likewise distributing heat, reducing burning and uneven cooking. It sometimes imparts its own flavor. Cooking oil is also used in food preparation and flavoring not involving heat, such as salad dressings and bread dips.

Cooking oil is typically a liquid at room temperature, although some oils that contain saturated fat, such as coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil, are solid.

There are a wide variety of cooking oils from plant sources, such as olive oil, palm oil, soybean oil, canola oil (rapeseed oil), corn oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil and other vegetable oils, as well as animal-based oils like butter and lard.

Oil can be flavored with aromatic foodstuffs such as herbs, chilies or garlic. Cooking spray is an aerosol of cooking oil.
Maurice Plantier
Maurice Plantier (29 January 1921, Biarritz – 25 January 2006) was a French politician. He represented the Rally of Republican Lefts (RGR) (1956), the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) (from 1956 to 1958), the Union for the New Republic (UNR) (from 1958 to 1962), the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR) (from 1973 to 1976) and the Rally for the Republic (RPR) (from 1976 to 1978) in the National Assembly.

Union for the New Republic
The Union for the New Republic (French: L'Union pour la nouvelle République, pronounced [lynjɔ̃ puʁ la nuvɛl ʁepyblik], UNR) was a Gaullist political party in France, formed in support of Charles de Gaulle in the 1958 elections.