hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Township (South Africa)
In South Africa, the terms township and location usually refer to an under-developed, racially segregated urban area, from the late 19th century until the end of apartheid, which were reserved for non-whites, namely Black Africans, Coloureds and Indians. Townships were usually built on the periphery of towns and cities. The term township also has a distinct legal meaning in South Africa's system of land title, which carries no racial connotations.

Townships for non-whites were also called locations or lokasies in Afrikaans and are often still referred to as such in the smaller towns. The slang term "kasie / kasi", a popular short version of "lokasie" is also used. Townships sometimes have large informal settlements nearby.

Bantu peoples of South Africa
Bantu speaking people of South Africa are the majority, ethno-linguistic people of South Africa. They are indigenous southern Africans from Southern Bantu-speaking peoples; whose earliest presence through surviving evidence, in the now "South Africa", is noted between 350 BCE and 300 CE from either the speculated prehistoric migrations called Bantu expansion (5000 BCE to 500 CE), or due to localized back and forth seasonal migratory culture(s) based on shifting cultivation. They are referred to in various census as African, Black, or Native South African.
Rhombic hexecontahedron
In geometry, a rhombic hexecontahedron is a stellation of the rhombic triacontahedron. It is nonconvex with 60 golden rhombic faces with icosahedral symmetry. It was described mathematically in 1940 by Helmut Unkelbach.

It is topologically identical to the convex deltoidal hexecontahedron which has kite faces.

Icosahedral symmetry
In mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron. Examples of other polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry include the regular dodecahedron (the dual of the icosahedron) and the rhombic triacontahedron.

Every polyhedron with icosahedral symmetry has 60 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries and 60 orientation-reversing symmetries (that combine a rotation and a reflection), for a total symmetry order of 120.  The full symmetry group is the Coxeter group of type H3.  It may be represented by Coxeter notation [5,3] and Coxeter diagram . The set of rotational symmetries forms a subgroup that is isomorphic to the alternating group A5 on 5 letters.
Oskar Johansson
Oskar Johansson (born 23 June 1977) is a Canadian world class sailor from Toronto.

He won the ICSA Men's Singlehanded National Championship in 2000 and competed in Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece and finished in 15th place. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, he finished 4th in the Tornado class with partner Kevin Stittle.

Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport that has been part of the Olympic programme starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program in 2004 consisted of eleven disciplines divided over nine sailing classes. For each discipline multiple races were scheduled between 14 and 28 August 2004 along the coast near Athens. Athens hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time, having done so during the 1896 Summer Olympics. However, in 1896, the sailing competition was cancelled due to heavy storms and further bad weather conditions. This time the weather conditions were good. The sailing event was executed on the several types of Olympic courses in different course areas using the 'Fleetrace' and 'Matchrace' formats.
Pierre-Alain Muet
Pierre-Alain Muet (born 1 January 1945 in Lyon) was a member of the National Assembly of France.  He represented the Rhône department from 2007 to 2017,  as a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche.

Rhône (department)
Rhône (French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Arpitan: Rôno) is a French department located in the east-central administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Rhône, its prefecture is Lyon. Its sole subprefecture is Villefranche-sur-Saône. Including the Lyon Metropolis, it had a population of 1,875,747 in 2019.
András Sárközy
András Sárközy (born  (1941-01-16) January 16, 1941 in Budapest) is a Hungarian mathematician, working in analytic and combinatorial number theory, although his first works were in the fields of geometry and classical analysis.  He has the largest number of papers co-authored with Paul Erdős (a total of 62); he has an Erdős number of one. He proved the Furstenberg–Sárközy theorem that every sequence of natural numbers with positive upper density contains two members whose difference is a full square. He was elected a corresponding member (1998), and a full member (2004) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He received the Széchenyi Prize (2010). He is the father of the mathematician Gábor N. Sárközy.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).
Instituto Adolfo Lutz
Instituto Adolfo Lutz is an analytical laboratory accredited as a National Laboratory of Public Health and Reference Laboratory Macroregional by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is based in São Paulo. It is the result of the combination of the Bacteriological Institute and the Dietetic Laboratories, participants in the Paulista Network of Health on October 26, 1940. The name of the new institute was a posthumous tribute to Adolfo Lutz, the first director of the Bacteriological Institute in 1892.

The Institute works in the areas of Bromatology and Chemistry, Biology, Medicine and Pathology, and produces knowledge relevant to public health, developing applied research, promoting and disseminating scientific research, collaborating in the development of technical standards, standardizing diagnostic methods and analytical methods, and organizing courses in technical training, improvement, and specialization.

Food science
Food science (or bromatology) is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope overlaps with agricultural science and nutritional science and extends to the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology.

Food science is an interdisciplinary field that integrates concepts from chemistry, physics, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It evolved from early preservation practices such as salting to an organized research-driven field central to modern food production.

Food scientists develop new food products, design processing methods to produce these foods, select packaging materials, conduct shelf life and sensory evaluation studies of products using survey panels or potential consumers, and perform microbiological and chemical testing. Food scientists may study more fundamental phenomena that are directly linked to the production of food products and its properties.
Con Houlihan
Con Houlihan (6 December 1925 – 4 August 2012) was an Irish sportswriter. Despite only progressing to national journalism at the age of 46, he became "the greatest and the best-loved Irish sports journalist of all".

Sports journalism
Sports journalism is a form of writing that reports on sporting topics and competitions.

The appetite for sports resulted in sports-only media such as Sports Illustrated and ESPN. There are many different forms of sports journalism, ranging from play-by-play and game recaps to analysis and investigative journalism on important developments in the sport. Technology and the internet age has massively changed the sports journalism space as it is struggling with the same problems that the broader category of print journalism is struggling with, mainly not being able to cover costs due to falling subscriptions. New forms of internet blogging and tweeting in the current millennium have pushed the boundaries of sports journalism.
Jimmy Johnson (actor)
Jimmy Johnson (1940 − 8 July 2020) was a Nigerian actor, writer and broadcaster, best known for his role Okoro of the Nigerian Television Authority 1980s TV series The Village Headmaster. On July 8, 2020, Johnson died at Garki hospital, Abuja at the age of 80.

Nigerian Television Authority
The Nigerian Television Authority or NTA is a Nigerian government-owned and partly commercial broadcast station. Originally known as Nigerian Television (NTV), it was inaugurated in 1977 with a monopoly on national television broadcasting, after a takeover of regional television stations by military governmental authorities in 1976. After a declining interest from the public in government-influenced programming, it lost its monopoly over television broadcasting in Nigeria in the 1990s.

The NTA runs the largest television network in Nigeria with stations in several parts of the country. It is widely viewed as the "authentic voice" of the Nigerian government.
2023 Lory Meagher Cup
The 2023 Lory Meagher Cup is the fifteenth edition of the Lory Meagher Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2009 and is the fifth-tier of Hurling for senior county teams (the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is the first-tier trophy). It is contested by six GAA county teams ranked 30–35 in the 2023 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. The cup fixtures were made in 2022.

Monaghan were the winners, defeating Lancashire in the final.

Leitrim GAA
The Leitrim County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Liatroma) or Leitrim GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Leitrim. The county board is also responsible for the Leitrim inter-county teams. The county football team play in the Connacht Senior Football Championship and compete in Division 3 of the National Football League.
Considered "Connacht's traditional minnows" and "one of the GAA's Cinderella counties", Leitrim are never seriously seen as likely to win a major title. They have won the Connacht Senior Football Championship on two occasions, the first in 1927 and their second in 1994.
Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
There are many types of trains in Seoul but they are generally similar to each other. Typically, train cars have four pairs of doors on each side. In between the doors are rows of either cushioned or non-cushioned seats for 7 people (6 on newer trains), except for the outer ends of each wagon where there are smaller rows of seats for 3 people, marked for the use by the elderly, disabled passengers, and pregnant women.

This list focuses primarily on trains that run on the 9 urban subway lines in Seoul, the wide-area commuter rail lines integrated into the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, and the AREX airport railroad. The list does not, however, include rolling stock used on the Incheon Subway and light metro systems such as the U Line or EverLine.

Seoul Light Rapid Transit
Seoul City in South Korea plans to build up to ten new light metro, or light rapid transit (LRT).  They would be connected to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway giving access to several hundred subway stations. As opposed to traditional subway lines, LRT lines have a lower capacity.
B(e) star
A B[e] star, frequently called a B[e]-type star, is a B-type star with distinctive forbidden neutral or low ionisation emission lines in its spectrum. The designation results from combining the spectral class B, the lowercase e denoting emission in the spectral classification system, and the surrounding square brackets signifying forbidden lines. These stars frequently also show strong hydrogen emission lines, but this feature is present in a variety of other stars and is not sufficient to classify a B[e] object. Other observational characteristics include optical linear polarization and often infrared radiation that is much stronger than in ordinary B-class stars, called infrared excess. As the B[e] nature is transient, B[e]-type stars might exhibit a normal B-type spectrum at times, and hitherto normal B-type stars may become B[e]-type stars.

Spectral line
A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum. It may result from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the previously collected ones of atoms and molecules, and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of stars and planets, which would otherwise be impossible.
Farr 38
The Farr 38, also called the Farr 11.6m, is a sailboat that was designed by New Zealander Bruce Farr as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1978. It is Farr Yacht Design number 72.

The Farr 38 is sometimes confused with an earlier Farr 38 design. This unrelated design was produced as a single boat, the Jenny H, constructed in 1977.

Farr Yacht Design
Farr Yacht Design, founded by Bruce Farr in Auckland, New Zealand, is a racing yacht design firm based in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. Today the firm is led by Britton Ward. Its yachts measure from 25 feet (7.6 m) to 125 feet (38 m). Farr develops custom and production yachts, including interiors, sails, and hull design. Farr uses outside research and development with tank testing and wind tunnels. Farr-designed yachts have won and placed well in a broad range of races.
The Art of Star Wars
The Art of Star Wars is a series of books by various editors featuring concept art from the Star Wars motion picture saga. The books mainly feature artwork accompanied by a short explanation of the scene and the artist's ideas, but also script notes, posters and other information. The first books were published by Ballantine Books, a subsidiary of  Random House, with later editions appearing under the DelRey and LucasBooks imprints. Later titles were published by Harry N. Abrams.

The Art of Star Wars was also the title of an exhibition of Star Wars artwork, props, and costumes mounted by Lucasfilm at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco in 1995. The exhibition was subsequently expanded to various international venues from 2000 to 2001, including the Barbican Art Gallery in London and the Helsinki City Art Museum.

Yerba Buena Center for the Arts
Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (YBCA) is a multi-disciplinary contemporary arts center in San Francisco, California, United States. Located in Yerba Buena Gardens, YBCA features visual art, performance, and film/video that celebrates local, national, and international artists and the Bay Area's diverse communities. YBCA programs year-round in two landmark buildings—the Galleries and Forum by Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki and the adjacent Theater by American architect James Stewart Polshek and Todd Schliemann. Betti-Sue Hertz served as Curator from 2008 through 2015.
Gajendra Moksha
Gajendra Mokṣaḥ (Sanskrit: गजेन्द्रमोक्षः) or The Liberation of Gajendra is a Puranic legend from the 8th Skandha of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, a sacred text in Hinduism. It is one of the famous exploits of the preserver deity, Vishnu. In this episode, Vishnu came down to earth to protect Gajendra, the elephant, from the clutches of a crocodile, alternatively known as Makara or Huhu, and with Vishnu's help, Gajendra achieved mokṣa, or liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Gajendra then attained a form like that of the deity (Sarupya Mukti) and went to Vaikuntha with Vishnu. This story was narrated by Shuka to King Parikshit at Parikshit's request.

Parikshit
Parīkṣit (Sanskrit: परीक्षित्, IAST: Parīkṣit) was a Kuru king who reigned during the Middle Vedic period (12th–9th centuries BCE). Along with his son and successor, Janamejaya, he played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state, the arrangement of Vedic hymns into collections, and the development of the orthodox srauta ritual, transforming the Kuru realm into the dominant political and cultural center of northern Iron Age India. He also appears as a figure in later legends and traditions. According to the legendary accounts in Mahabharata and the Puranas, he succeeded his granduncle Yudhishthira to the throne of Hastinapur.
2003 Australian Formula Ford Championship
The 2003 Ford Racing Australian Formula Ford Championship was an Australian motor racing competition for Formula Ford racing cars. It was managed by the Formula Ford Association Inc. and was recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as a National Championship. The title, which was the eleventh Australian Formula Ford Championship, was won by  Neil McFadyen driving a Van Diemen RF94.

Van Diemen RF93
The Van Diemen RF93, and its evolution, the RF94, were open-wheel formula race car chassis, designed, developed, and built by British manufacturer and race car constructor Van Diemen, for Formula Ford race categories, in 1993.
Sanam, Sudan
Sanam is a modern village in Sudan. It is located at the bank of the Nile river next to Merowe.

Here were found the remains of an ancient town which flourished mainly in the Napatan Period. These are perhaps the remains of Napata, the capital of the Kushite empire from about 800 to 300 BC. Parts of the town were excavated in 1912 to 1913 by Francis Llewellyn Griffith. The excavation was focused on numerous distinct structures He found the remains of a badly preserved temple and of a building he called treasury. The temple was built under king Taharqo with additions by king Aspelta. Most importantly, he excavated a big cemetery belonging to the inhabitants of the town. This is one of the few so far excavated cemeteries of this period belonging to "common" people.

Merowe, Sudan
Merowe is a town in Northern State, Sudan, near Karima Town, about 330 kilometres (210 mi) north of Khartoum. It borders the Nile and is the site of the Merowe Dam project, the largest contemporary hydropower project in Africa.
Fridge vs. TV
In discussions of the politics of Russia, the expressions "battle of the fridge vs. TV" (битва холодильника с телевизором), "refrigerator and TV set",   etc., refer to the relative influence of the actual living conditions ("what's in the fridge") and state propaganda ("what's on TV") on the opinions of the ordinary population of Russia.

In mid-2010s it appeared that the TV is winning. For example, while in 2015 polls the majority agreed that Russia is in crisis, the blame was commonly put on the West, rather than on the poor performance of the government. The expression was among the entries for the 2015 Russian Word of the Year.

The situation began to change around the 2021 Russian protests.

Still, the very existence of the witticism indicates that the grip of the state propaganda is incomplete  yet.

Word of the year (Russia)
In Russia, the Word of the Year (Russian: Слово года)  poll has been carried out since 2007 by the Expert Council of the Centre for Creative Development of the Russian Language headed by Russian-American philologist Mikhail Epstein.
Karen Quiroga Anguiano
Karen Quiroga Anguiano (born 19 January 1980) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD. 
In 2012–2015 she served as a federal deputy in the 62nd Congress, representing the Federal District's eighteenth district for the PRD.

Party of the Democratic Revolution
The Party of the Democratic Revolution (Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática [paɾˈtiðo ðe la reβoluˈsjon demoˈkɾatika], PRD) is a state-level social democratic political party in Mexico (previously national, until 2024). The PRD originated from the Democratic Current, a political faction formed in 1986 from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRD was formed after the contested general election in 1988, which the PRD's immediate predecessor, the National Democratic Front, believed was rigged by the PRI. This sparked a movement away from the PRI's authoritarian rule.

As of 2023, the PRD was a member of the Fuerza y Corazón por México (Strength and Heart for Mexico) coalition. Internationally, the PRD was a member of the Progressive Alliance. The members of the party are known colloquially in Mexico as Perredistas. In 2024, the party failed to reach the necessary percentage of votes to keep its registration as a national political party.
Einar Løchen (1918–2008)
Einar Løchen (1918–2008) was a Norwegian judge.

He was born in Kristiania. He was a grandson of Chief Justice Einar Løchen, grandnephew of Hjalmar Løken, Thorvald Løchen and Kalle Løchen, and first cousin once removed of Olaug Løken and Håkon Løken.

He worked in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1949 to 1963, then as a barrister from 1964. In 1974 he was appointed as a presiding judge, and from 1977 to 1985 he served as a Supreme Court Justice.

Supreme Court of Norway
The Supreme Court of Norway (Norwegian Bokmål: (Norges) Høyesterett; Norwegian Nynorsk: (Noregs) Høgsterett; lit. 'Highest Court') is the highest court in the Norwegian judiciary. It was established in 1815 on the basis of section 88 in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway, which prescribed an independent judiciary. It is located in the capital Oslo. In addition to serving as the court of final appeal for civil and criminal cases, it can also rule whether the Cabinet has acted in accordance with Norwegian law and whether the Parliament has passed legislation consistent with the Constitution.
Spiroplasma poulsonii
Spiroplasma poulsonii are bacteria of the genus Spiroplasma that are commonly endosymbionts of flies. These bacteria live in the hemolymph (insect blood) of the flies, where they can act as reproductive manipulators or defensive symbionts.

Hemolymph
Hemolymph or haemolymph is a body fluid that circulates inside arthropod bodies transporting nutrients and oxygen to tissues, comparable with the blood in vertebrates. It is composed of a plasma in which circulating immune cells called hemocytes are dispersed in addition to many plasma proteins (hemoproteins) and dissolved chemicals. It is the key component of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods such as insects, arachnids, myriapods and crustaceans. Some non-arthropod invertebrates such as molluscs and annelids also possess a similar hemolymphatic circulatory system.

In insects, the largest arthropod clade, the hemolymph mainly carries nutrients but not oxygen, which is supplied to the tissues separately by direct deep ventilation through an extensive tracheal system. In other arthropods, oxygen is dissolved into the hemolymph from gills, book lungs or across the cuticle and then distributed to the body tissues via the hemocoel.