hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mathiness
Mathiness is a term coined by Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Romer to label a specific misuse of mathematics in economic analyses. An author committed to the norms of science should use mathematical reasoning to clarify their analyses. By contrast, "mathiness" is not intended to clarify, but instead to mislead. According to Romer, some researchers use unrealistic assumptions and strained interpretations of their results in order to push an ideological agenda, and use a smokescreen of fancy mathematics to disguise their intentions.

Scientism
Scientism is the belief that science and the scientific method are the best or only way to render truth about the world and reality.

While the term was defined originally to mean "methods and attitudes typical of or attributed to natural scientists", some scholars, as well as political and religious leaders, have also adopted it as a pejorative term with the meaning "an exaggerated trust in the efficacy of the methods of natural science applied to all areas of investigation (as in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities)".
Christmas Wrapping
"Christmas Wrapping" is a Christmas song by the American new wave band the Waitresses. First released on ZE Records' 1981 compilation album A Christmas Record, it later appeared on the band's 1982 EP I Could Rule the World If I Could Only Get the Parts and numerous other holiday compilation albums. It was written and produced by Chris Butler, with vocals by Patty Donahue.

"Christmas Wrapping" received positive reviews and AllMusic described it as "one of the best holiday pop tunes ever recorded". It has been covered by more than a dozen acts, including the Spice Girls.

Kurtis Blow
Kurtis Walker (born August 9, 1959), known professionally by his stage name Kurtis Blow, is an American rapper, songwriter, and record producer. Walker is the first commercially successful rapper and the first to sign with a major record label. "The Breaks", a single from his 1980 self-titled debut album, is the first certified gold record rap song. Over his career he released 17 albums. He is an ordained minister.
Noble and Godlike in Ruin
Noble and Godlike in Ruin is the twentieth studio album by American experimental rock band Deerhoof. The album was self-produced by the band. The album title is taken from Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, reflecting the band's concept of "our low-budget, DIY Frankenstein: A sensitive, spurned, intelligent, dehumanized creature made out of people", described by drummer Greg Saunier. The album cover depicts a stitched collage of the band members' faces, reflecting this idea of a "Deerhoofstein".

Our Culture Mag
Our Culture Mag (stylised ourculture) is a British arts and culture online magazine launched in 2016 by Modestas Mankus, based in Cambridge, England. It covers film, fashion, music, art, photography and literature.
Jones oxidation
The Jones oxidation is an organic reaction for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carboxylic acids and ketones, respectively. It is named after its discoverer, Sir Ewart Jones. The reaction was an early method for the oxidation of alcohols.  Its use in organic chemistry has been displaced by related reagents such as the pyridine complex of chromium trioxide ("Collins reagent").

Jones reagent is a solution prepared by dissolving chromium trioxide in aqueous sulfuric acid.  To effect a Jones oxidation, this acidic mixture is then added to an acetone solution of the substrate. Alternatively, potassium dichromate can be used in place of chromium trioxide. The oxidation is very rapid and quite exothermic.  Yields are typically high. The reagent is convenient and cheap. However, Cr(VI) compounds are carcinogenic, which deters the use of this methodology.

Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2Cr2O7.  An orange solid, it is used in diverse laboratory and industrial applications. As with all hexavalent chromium compounds, it is chronically harmful to health. It is a crystalline ionic solid with a very bright, red-orange color.  The salt is popular in laboratories because it is not deliquescent, in contrast to the more industrially relevant salt sodium dichromate.
Business routes of Interstate 20 in Texas
All of the business loops within Texas are maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Interstate 20 (I-20) has 15 business loops in the state, all located in western Texas. Along I-20, TxDOT identifies each business route as Business Interstate 20 followed by an alphabetic suffix. Along Texas Interstates, the alphabetic suffixes on business route names ascend eastward and northward. There are gaps in the alphabetic values to allow for future system expansion. The alphabetic naming suffixes are included as small letters on the bottom of route shields.

I-20 business routes in Texas generally follow the path of the former U.S. Route 80 (US 80) through the central portions of towns now bypassed by the Interstate route.

U.S. Route 80 in Texas
U.S. Route 80 (also known as U.S. Highway 80 and US 80) is a U.S. highway that begins in the state of Texas in Dallas at an interchange with I-30. US 80 runs in an east–west direction for most of its length from Dallas to Louisiana. Before the advent of the Interstate Highway System, US 80 through Texas was once a vital link in a major transcontinental highway with the national western terminus being in San Diego, California rather than Dallas. Since 1991, most of US 80 in Texas has been decommissioned in favor of I-10, I-20 and I-30 between the New Mexico state line and its current western terminus.
Luaspis
Luaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

Cambrian Stage 4
Cambrian Stage 4 is the still unnamed fourth stage of the Cambrian and the upper stage of Cambrian Series 2. It follows Cambrian Stage 3 and lies below the Wuliuan. The lower boundary has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. One proposal is the first appearance of two trilobite genera, Olenellus or Redlichia. Another proposal is the first appearance of the trilobite species Arthricocephalus chauveaui. Both proposals will set the lower boundary close to 514.5 million years ago. The upper boundary corresponds to the beginning of the Wuliuan.
Deir al-Bukht
Deir al-Bukht (Arabic: دير البخت, also spelled Deir al-Bukhit or Dayr al-Bakht) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the al-Sanamayn District of the Daraa Governorate located north of Daraa. It is situated about 63 kilometers south of the capital Damascus. Nearby localities include al-Sanamayn to the south, Kafr Shams to the southwest, Deir al-Adas to the west, Ghabaghib to the northeast, Muthabin to the east and Jabab to the southeast. In the 2004 census by the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Deir al-Bukht had a population of 5,381.

As-Sanamayn District
As-Sanamayn District (Arabic: منطقة الصنمين) is a district (mantiqah) administratively belonging to Daraa Governorate, Syria. At the 2004 Census it had a population of 167,993. Its administrative centre is the city of As-Sanamayn.
Ehmaniella
Ehmaniella is a genus of trilobite known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. 392 specimens of Ehmaniella are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.74% of the community.

Ehmaniella's major characteristics are a wide cranidium, heavy eye ridges, longitudinal striae on the pre-glabellar area, and a small pygidium with few segments.

Pygidium
The pygidium (pl.: pygidia) is the posterior body part or shield of crustaceans and some other arthropods, such as insects and the extinct trilobites. In groups other than insects, it contains the anus and, in females, the ovipositor. It is composed of fused body segments, sometimes with a tail, and separated from thoracic segments by an articulation.
Nicabau Lake
Nicabau Lake is a freshwater body of the unorganized territory of Lac-Ashuapmushuan, Quebec, in the western part of Regional County Municipality (MRC) Le Domaine-du-Roy, in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean administrative region, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.

This lake is located mainly in the canton of Ducharme, except the bay of the South which is located in the canton of Bouterque. This lake is marked the western boundary of the Ashuapmushuan Wildlife Reserve.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. Recreational tourism activities come second.

The forest road route 167 passes on the east side of Nicabau Lake, connecting Chibougamau to Saint-Félicien, Quebec. The Canadian National Railway runs along route 167. The Nicabau railway stop served the area.

The surface of Nicabau Lake is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice movement is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Saint-Félicien, Quebec
Saint-Félicien (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ felisjɛ̃] ⓘ) is a city in the Canadian province of Quebec. The town is located within the Le Domaine-du-Roy Regional County Municipality in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region. Its population as of 2021 is 10,089.
Seven circles theorem
In geometry, the seven circles theorem is a theorem about a certain arrangement of seven circles in the Euclidean plane.  Specifically, given a chain of six circles all tangent to a seventh circle and each tangent to its two neighbors, the three lines drawn between opposite pairs of the points of tangency on the seventh circle all pass through the same point.  Though elementary in nature, this theorem was not discovered until 1974 (by Evelyn, Money-Coutts, and Tyrrell).

Circle
A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any point of the circle and the centre is called the radius. The length of a line segment connecting two points on the circle and passing through the centre is called the diameter. A circle bounds a region of the plane called a disc.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles are common, such as the full moon or a slice of round fruit. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern machinery possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy and calculus.
Khedbrahma railway station
Khedbrahma railway station is a railway station Sabarkantha district, Gujarat, India. Its code is KDBM. It serves Khedbrahma city. The station consists of a platform. The old station was part of the Ahmedabad–Himmatnagar metre-gauge railway line which was opened in 1911. It was rebuilt in 2025 after a completion of the conversion to the broad-gauge line.

Sabarkantha district
Sabarkantha district is one of the 33 administrative districts of the Indian state of Gujarat, situated in the northeastern part of the state. The district headquarters is in Himatnagar, and it is traversed by National Highway 48. Sabarkantha comprises a total of 1,389 villages, including Pedhmala and Takhatgadh Kampa. According to recent demographic projections, the district has an estimated population of around 2.5 million as of January 2025.
BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
The BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay is a film award presented annually at the British Academy Film Awards to a screenwriter for a specific film. It is awarded by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, and video games (and formerly also for children's film and television). Since 1983, selected films have been awarded with the BAFTA award for Best Adapted Screenplay at an annual ceremony.

In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a gold background are the winners and recipients respectively; those not in bold are the remaining nominees. The winner is also the first name listed in each category.

British Academy Children's Awards
The British Academy Children's Awards were an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). They were awarded annually from 1996, before then they were a part of the main British Academy Television Awards. Categories included those for television productions, feature films and video games.

The final ceremony, the 25th British Academy Children's Awards, was held on 27 November 2022, at Old Billingsgate in London, and was hosted by television presenter Lindsey Russell. The ceremony marked the return of the awards after a three-year absence due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2023, BAFTA discontinued the children's awards, citing a decline in entries and engagement, with new categories for children's content introduced in the film, games and television award ceremonies in 2025.
Executive Order 12999
Executive Order 12999 is a United States Presidential Executive Order signed on April 17, 1996, by President Bill Clinton which
permits U.S. federal agencies to transfer excess computers and related peripherals to educational and nonprofit 501(c)(3) organizations.

This order extended Executive Order 12821, which was signed by President George H.W. Bush on November 16, 1992.

501(c) organization
A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for obtaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.
Tucana in Chinese astronomy
The modern constellation Tucana is not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system of traditional Chinese uranography because its stars are too far south for observers in China to know about them prior to the introduction of Western star charts. Based on the work of Xu Guangqi and the German Jesuit missionary Johann Adam Schall von Bell in the late Ming Dynasty, this constellation has been classified as one of the 23 Southern Asterisms (近南極星區, Jìnnánjíxīngōu) under the name Crane (鶴, Hè) and Bird's Beak (鳥喙, Niǎohuì).

The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 杜鵑座 (dù juān zuò), meaning "the cuckoo constellation".

Xu Guangqi
Xu Guangqi or Hsü Kuang-ch'i (April 24, 1562 – November 8, 1633), also known by his baptismal name Paul or Paul Siu, was a Chinese agronomist, astronomer, mathematician, politician, and writer during the late Ming dynasty. Xu was appointed by the Chinese Emperor in 1629 to be the leader of the Shixian calendar reform, which he embarked on with the assistance of Jesuits. Xu was a colleague and collaborator of the Italian Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Sabatino de Ursis and assisted their translation of several classic Western texts into Chinese, including part of Euclid's Elements. He was also the author of the Nong Zheng Quan Shu, a treatise on agriculture.

He is one of the "Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism". The Roman Catholic Church considers him a Servant of God,. On April 15, 2011, Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi announced the start of a beatification process for Xu Guangqi,  which has stalled.
1967 Aga Khan Gold Cup
The 1967 Aga Khan Gold Cup was the ninth edition of the Aga Khan Gold Cup. The tournament was organized by the East Pakistan Sports Federation (EPSF) and all games were held at the Dhaka Stadium in Dhaka, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), from 20 October to 6 November 1967. Apart from the opening game, which lasted 90 minutes, the matches lasted 70 minutes.

National Stadium, Dhaka
National Stadium, Dhaka (Bengali: জাতীয় স্টেডিয়াম, ঢাকা) is a multipurpose sports arena and the national stadium of Bangladesh. Located in the Motijheel area of Dhaka, it is predominantly used for football matches and serves as the home venue for the Bangladesh national football team. The stadium is well known for hosting a high-profile international friendly between Argentina and Nigeria in 2011.

The stadium has undergone multiple renovations. Prior to the refurbishment for the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cricket World Cup, its capacity was nearly 55,000. Despite its reduced capacity of 36,000 after renovation, it was the largest stadium in Bangladesh. It was renovated again [2021-2025] and the capacity reduced to 22,400.
Wrong Ones
"Wrong Ones" is a song by American musician Post Malone featuring American country singer Tim McGraw. It was released on August 16, 2024, from Malone's sixth studio album, F-1 Trillion. Malone wrote the song with producers Louis Bell and Charlie Handsome, alongside Luke Combs, Ernest, and James McNair.

Louis Bell
Louis Russell Bell (born May 27, 1982) is an American record producer, vocal producer, songwriter, and mixing engineer. His work includes production for Post Malone, Camila Cabello, Halsey, Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, 5 Seconds of Summer, Taylor Swift, Juice Wrld, DJ Khaled, Kanye West and Frank Dukes among others. A producer and writer specializing in various genres, Bell has been credited on 22 songs that have peaked within the Billboard Hot 100's top ten, including 10 number ones. Billboard called Bell's impact on the top of the charts "historic" and labeled him "pop's most prolific, accomplished and untethered freelancer of 2019".
Arrondissement of La Flèche
The arrondissement of La Flèche is an arrondissement of France in the Sarthe department in the Pays de la Loire region. It has 118 communes. Its population is 148,804 (2021), and its area is 2,521.4 km2 (973.5 sq mi).

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (French pronunciation: [pe.i d(ə) la lwaʁ]) is one of the eighteen administrative regions of France, located on the country's Atlantic coast. It was created in the 1950s to serve as a zone of influence for its capital and most populated city, Nantes, one of a handful of French "balancing metropolises" (métropoles d'équilibre). In 2020, Pays de la Loire had a population of 3,832,120.
Chelsia Chan
Puan Sri Chelsia Chan, also known as Chan Chau Ha is Hong Kong–based actress and singer-songwriter. Chan joined the music industry after winning the first prize at an amateur creative singing contest in 1975 in Hong Kong with the English song "Dark Side of Your Mind", which she composed with lyrics provided by her then-manager Pato Leung. Later, this became one of her best remembered songs. In 1976, at the age of 19, she won the leading actress award at Taiwan's Golden Horse Film Festival for the movie "Qiu Xia" (Chelsia My Love) which incidentally is also her own birth name. She is so far the youngest winner with the shortest screen life (seven years) in the Festival's history. Chan used to sing along with the Hong Kong group, The Wynners.

Chan is married to Lion Group Chairman, Tan Sri William Cheng.

The Wynners
The Wynners are a Hong Kong pop band formed in the 1970s. The group consists of Alan Tam (lead vocals), Kenny Bee (lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards), Bennett Pang (lead guitar), Danny Yip (bass), and Anthony Chan (drums).
Fältmarskalk
Fältmarskalk (field marshal) was a Swedish military rank equivalent to present day NATO OF-10. Sometimes written as generalfältmarskalk (General Field Marshal, or German equivalent Generalfeldmarschall).

The rank of field marshal, the highest in the Swedish Army, existed from the late 16th century until 1837. It was last appointed in 1824 and officially discontinued in 1972. Historically, it was primarily used during wartime. Sweden has had a total of 77 field marshals.

Riksmarskalk (Marshal of the Realm) was earlier the most senior military officer in Sweden (still second to the Monarch), but is now the senior courtier of the Royal Court.

Royal Court of Sweden
The Royal Court (Swedish: Kungliga Hovstaterna) is the official name for the organisation (royal households) that supports the monarch and the royal house. The incumbent monarch, King Carl XVI Gustaf, is head of the Royal Court.
Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)
Lawrenceville is one of the largest neighborhood areas in Pittsburgh in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is located northeast of downtown, and like many of the city's riverfront neighborhoods, it has an industrial past.  The city officially divides Lawrenceville into three neighborhoods, Upper Lawrenceville, Central Lawrenceville, and Lower Lawrenceville, but these distinctions have little practical effect. Accordingly, Lawrenceville is almost universally treated as a single large neighborhood.

In 2019, the Lawrenceville Historic District, which encompasses the majority of the neighborhood, was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Riverfront
A riverfront is a region along a river. Often in larger cities that are traversed or bordered by one or more rivers. The riverfronts are mostly lined with marinas, docks, cafes, museums, parks, or minor attractions. Today many riverfronts are a staple of modernism and city beautification.
Blaen-y-Maes AFC
Blaen-y-Maes Association Football Club is an amateur Welsh football team from the area of Blaen-y-Maes in Swansea. The club was formed in 1973. They play in a leased pitch called the Cadle Mill football pitch. Blaen-y-Maes AFC currently plays in the Premier Division of the Swansea Senior Football League.

The club has competed in the Welsh Cup, most recently in the 2024–25 season, where they lost 5–1 in the first qualifying round against Caldicot Town.

2024–25 Welsh Cup
The 2024–25 FAW Welsh Cup was the 137th season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales. The winners qualified for the 2025–26 UEFA Conference League first qualifying round.

The New Saints won the cup on 4 May 2025 (their tenth Welsh Cup win), defeating defending holders Connah's Quay Nomads 2–1 in the final. Since they qualified for the Conference League based on league position, the spot for winning the cup was passed to the second-placed team of the 2024–25 Cymru Premier.
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 qualifying Group F
Group F of the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 qualifying competition consisted of five teams: Sweden, Iceland, Hungary, Slovakia, and Latvia. The composition of the nine groups in the qualifying group stage was decided by the draw held on 21 February 2019, 13:30 CET (UTC+1), at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. with the teams seeded according to their coefficient ranking.

The group was played in home-and-away round-robin format between August 2019 and December 2020. The group winners and the three best runners-up among all nine groups (not counting results against the sixth-placed team) qualified directly for the final tournament, while the remaining six runners-up advance to the play-offs.

On 17 March 2020, all matches were put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Latvia women's national football team
The Latvia women's national football team (Latvian: Latvijas sieviešu futbola izlase) represents Latvia in international football and is controlled by the Latvian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Latvia. They have never qualified for a major international tournament.

Latvia, alongside their Baltic rivals, Lithuania and Estonia, also participates in the local sub-regional Women's Baltic Cup, which takes place every year. Latvia has won this tournament five times, the first time in 1997. The next moment of triumph had to wait until 2011. Latvia closed out the 2010s by winning the trophy three years in a row, in 2017, 2018 and 2019, winning again in 2025.