hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bishkent culture
The Bishkent culture or Beshkent culture is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of southern Tajikistan, recently dated to c. 2800 – 2400 BC. It is primarily known from its cemeteries, which appear to have been used by mobile pastoralists, but currently considered to be a small group of people moving towards Tajikistan from Swat valley or Baluchistan, just as it was found in the early necropolis of Tulkhar.

According to J. P. Mallory, "the Bishkent culture has been seen as a possible contributor to the Swat culture, which in turn is often associated with early Indo-Aryan movements into northwest India."

Archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society. The connection between these types is an empirical observation. Their interpretation in terms of ethnic or political groups is based on archaeologists' understanding. However, this is often subject to long-unresolved debates. The concept of the archaeological culture is fundamental to culture-historical archaeology.
Mount Rose Summit
Mount Rose Summit is a mountain pass located in the Carson Range near Mount Rose and Slide Mountain, northeast of Incline Village, Nevada, United States. The 8,911-foot-high (2,716 m) pass is traversed by State Route 431, which is the highest point of the highway and the highest mountain pass in the Sierra Nevada that remains open year-round. The saddle itself features a parking lot and a small building which both serve as a highway stop. A closed dirt road leading to the Mount Rose Ski Resort ends near the northern section of the summit. The pass is the low point of the saddle between Slide Mountain and Tamarack Peak.

Slide Mountain (Nevada)
Slide Mountain is a 9,702-foot (2,957 m) peak in the Carson Range near Reno, in Washoe County, Nevada.  From the summit of Slide Mountain, Lake Tahoe, Washoe Lake, Carson Valley, and the city of Reno can be viewed.
Campbell Robb
Campbell Robb (25 February 1882 — 6 September 1958) was an Irish international rugby union player.

Born in Galway, Robb attended Campbell College and Queen's College Belfast.

Robb played varsity rugby during his medical studies as a three-quarter for Queen's College RFC and was capped five times on the wing for Ireland from 1904 to 1906, with his only try coming in his last match against Scotland.

An officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps, Robb attained the rank of captain and served in the Middle East in World War I, during which was put in charge of a hospital in Palestine.

Robb was Chief Medical Officer for Egyptian State Railways, prior to independence, and later worked in Ipswich, Suffolk, where he was chairman of the Health Executive Council.

Egyptian National Railways
Egyptian National Railways (ENR; Arabic: السكك الحديدية المصرية, romanized: Al-Sikak al-Ḥadīdiyyah al-Miṣriyyah) is the national railway network of Egypt. It's managed by the parastatal Egyptian Railway Authority (ERA; Arabic: الهيئة القومية لسكك حديد مصر, romanized: Al-Haī'ah al-Qawmiyya li-Sikak Ḥadīd Miṣr, lit. 'National Agency for Egypt's Railways').
Borj Belkari
Borj Belkari (Arabic: برج بالقاري, romanized: Burj bel-kari) is a bastion tower built in the 17th century as a part of the defensive walls of the Kasbah of Sultan Moulay Ismail in Meknes, Morocco. Since 2003 this tower holds the museum of pottery.

Bastion
A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the flanks being able to protect the curtain wall and the adjacent bastions. Compared with the medieval fortified towers they replaced, bastion fortifications offered a greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defence in the age of gunpowder artillery. As military architecture, the bastion is one element in the style of fortification dominant from the mid 16th to mid 19th centuries.
Subdivisions of Tunisia
Tunisia is divided into 24 Wilayah (province) governorates.

The governorates are divided into 264 Mutamadiyat (delegations), and further subdivided into 350 Baladiyah (municipalities) and 2073 Imadats (sectors).

Wilayah
A wilayah (Arabic: وَلاية, romanized: walāya or wilāya, plural wilāyat, wilayat; Urdu, Pashto and Persian: ولایت, romanized: velâyat, welāyat; Turkish: vilayet) is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province" or occasionally as "governorate". The word comes from the Arabic root "w-l-y", "to govern": a wāli—"governor"—governs a wālāya (or wilāya), "that which is governed". Under the Caliphate, the term referred to any constituent near-sovereign state.
Cristiano Araújo
Cristiano de Melo Araújo (January 24, 1986 – June 24, 2015) was a Brazilian singer-songwriter.

Araújo was known for the singles "Efeitos" (2011), "Você mudou" (2012), "Maus bocados" (2013), "Cê que sabe" and "É com ela que eu estou" (both in 2014). After his album Efeitos in 2011 and live álbum/ DVD Ao Vivo em Goiânia in 2012, he released his solo studio album Continua in 2013. In 2014, he released his third live album In The Cities – Ao Vivo em Cuiabá. Araújo was signed to the Brazilian Som Livre record label.

Som Livre
Som Livre (Portuguese for "Free Sound") is a Brazilian record company that was founded in March 1969 in order to commercialize the soundtracks for TV Globo (its then parent company) soap operas and later expanded to recording studio albums.

Today, Som Livre is Brazil's largest domestic label and was formerly part of Grupo Globo, which is the biggest media conglomerate in Brazil. In November 2020, Globo placed the label up for sale. In April 2021, it was acquired by Sony Music Entertainment (initially for an undisclosed amount, later revealed to be USD 255 million). The sale was approved by the national competition regulator Cade on 4 November 2021 and was completed on 4 March 2022.
Ziauddin Sardar
Ziauddin Sardar (Urdu: ضیاء الدین سردار; born 31 October 1951) is a British-Pakistani scholar, award-winning writer, cultural critic and public intellectual who specialises in Muslim thought, the future of Islam, futures studies, Critique of modernity,  postmodernism and science and cultural relations. He has written and edited more than 60 books. Prospect magazine named him as one of Britain's top 100 public intellectuals and The Independent newspaper called him: 'Britain's own Muslim polymath'.

In 2012, he launched the influential quarterly, Critical Muslim, which is published by Hurst Publishers and the Muslim Institute, as a paperback book. In 2014, Sardar established The Center for Postnormal Policy and Futures Studies which focuses on his recent work on Postnormal Times. In 2025, he was appointed Director, International Institute of Futures Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)

Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting, producing or extending an ideology, and by defending a system of values.
John May (cricketer)
John May (born 26 September 1845 — date of death unknown) was an English first-class cricketer.

May was born at Southampton in September 1845. A club cricketer for the Southampton-based Union Club, he was described as a "good bowler" by the Hampshire Advertiser. He made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire against Kent at Gravesend in June 1867, and played against the same opposition at Southborough in July of the same year. He later made two further first-class appearances for Hampshire in 1869, both against Lancashire at Old Trafford and Southampton. Playing as a right-arm fast bowler, he took 6 wickets at an average of 27.50, with best figures of 4 for 80. As a batsman, he scored 71 runs at an batting average, with a highest score of 28. May's date of death is not recorded.

Hampshire Advertiser
The Hampshire Advertiser was a British local, broadsheet newspaper, based in Southampton, Hampshire. It ran from 1823 until 1940.

Edward Langdon Oke (1775–1840), a corn merchant in the older part of the city (High Street), was credited with establishing the Hampshire Advertiser (previously the "Herald").  Oke, originally from Sherborne, was elected to the Town Council of Southampton and appointed Consul at Southampton for the Kingdom of Hanover by Prince Regent George IV in 1818.
USS Hudson (DD-475)
USS Hudson (DD-475), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Captain William L. Hudson (1794–1862).

Hudson (DD-475) was launched 3 June 1942 by the Boston Navy Yard; sponsored by Mrs. Henry H. Hough, wife of Admiral Henry H. Hough (Ret.); and commissioned 13 April 1943.

Henry Hughes Hough
Henry Hughes Hough (January 8, 1871 – September 9, 1943) was a Rear Admiral of the United States Navy and one-time military Governor of the United States Virgin Islands. In 1923 he was the director of the Office of Naval Intelligence. He commanded the Yangtze Patrol from 1925 to 1927.
Ujwaadu
Ujwaadu (Light) is a 2011 Konkani film directed by Kasargod Chinna and produced by KJ Dhananjaya and Anuradha Padiyar as the third film ever produced in the GSB Konkani language and attempts to showcase Konkani Saraswatha tradition and culture.

Released on 14 October 2011, and with music by V Manohar, the film stars Shivadhwaj, Neethu, Sadashiv Brahmavar, Sandhya Pai, Prameela Nesargi, Dr. Ananth Prabhu and Umashree. The film was selected for the Bengaluru International Film Festival.

Konkani cinema
Konkani cinema is an Indian film industry, where films are made in the Konkani language, which is spoken mainly in the Indian states of Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka and to a smaller extent in Kerala. The films have been produced in Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.

The first full-length Konkani film was Sukhi Konn produced by GMB Rodrigues in 1949 but was never released. Mogacho Anvddo, was released on 24 April 1950, and was produced and directed by Al Jerry Braganza, a native of Mapusa, under the banner of ETICA Pictures. Hence, 24 April is celebrated as Konkani Film Day.

Konkani film Paltadcho munis has been included in the world's best films of 2009 list.

Konkani films are eligible for the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani.
Charles Sowa
Charles Sowa (17 April 1933 – 7 July 2013) was a Luxembourgish race walker and coach. He was born in Schifflange.

He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich he placed 10th in the men's 50 kilometres walk.

He was selected male Luxembourgish Sportsperson of the Year in 1964, 1967, 1971 and 1972.

Schifflange
Schifflange (French pronunciation: [ʃiflɑ̃ʒ]; Luxembourgish: Schëffleng [ˈʃəfleŋ] ⓘ, German: Schifflingen [ˈʃɪflɪŋən]) is a commune and town in south-western Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette.

As of 2023, the commune has a population of 11,363.

Schifflange was formed on 15 August 1876, when it was detached from the commune of Esch-sur-Alzette.  The law forming Schifflange was passed on the 6 July 1876.
Soyuz 4
Soyuz 4 (Russian: Союз 4, Union 4) was launched on 14 January 1969, carrying cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov on his first flight. The aim of the mission was to dock with Soyuz 5, transfer two crew members from that spacecraft, and return to Earth. The previous Soyuz flight (Soyuz 3) was also a docking attempt but failed for various reasons.

The radio call sign of the crew was Amur, while Soyuz 5 was Baikal. This referred to the trans-Siberian railway project called the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which was in development at the time.

Soyuz programme
The Soyuz programme (/ˈsɔɪjuːz/ SOY-yooz, /ˈsɔː-/ SAW-; Russian: Союз [sɐˈjus], meaning "Union") is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok (1961–1963) and Voskhod (1964–1965) programmes.

The programme consists of the Soyuz capsule and the Soyuz rocket and is now the responsibility of Roscosmos. After the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, the Soyuz was the only way for humans to get to the International Space Station (ISS) until 30 May 2020 when Crew Dragon flew to the ISS for the first time with astronauts.
Southampton Harbour Board Police
Southampton Harbour Board Police was a small police force for the Port of Southampton, founded in 1847 and disbanded in 1980. Officers were sworn in under section 79 of the Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847.

British Transport Docks Board
The British Transport Docks Board (BTDB) was a nationalised industry, managing former railway-owned docks in Great Britain.  It was created by the Transport Act 1962 and abolished by the Transport Act 1981, which provided for its privatisation as Associated British Ports.

The business had its origins in the ports developed or acquired by the private railway companies.  These passed to the British Transport Commission on nationalisation in 1948 and were organised under its Docks and Inland Waterways Executive.

The Transport Act 1962 abolished the commission and distributed its assets to five successor bodies.  The BTDB inherited the dock undertakings, other than harbours used primarily by railway steamer services.

The BTDB was among the first nationalised industries to be privatised by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher.
Friedrichshafen Stadt station
Friedrichshafen Stadt (city) station is the largest railway station of the city of Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance (Bodensee) and a railway junction in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It has five tracks and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station. Each day it is used by about 160 trains operated by Deutsche Bahn and the Bodensee-Oberschwaben-Bahn (BOB). Ulm–Friedrichshafen railway from Ulm ends at the station, where it meets the Stahringen–Friedrichshafen railway and the Friedrichshafen–Lindau railway. Another major railway station in the city, Friedrichshafen Hafen station (Friedrichshafen port station), which is operated as part of Friedrichshafen Stadt station, was used until 1976 for loading and unloading carriages on the Lake Constance train ferry to Romanshorn in Switzerland.

Lake Constance train ferries
The Lake Constance train ferries (Bodensee-Trajekte) were train ferries that were set up in the 19th century by railway companies to transport rail freight wagons across Lake Constance (Bodensee) between the five states located around the lake at the time. In the heyday of the railways, they were of great importance, especially for freight traffic.
Ranjiaba station
Ranjiaba  is a station on Line 5, Line 6, and the Loop Line of Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing Municipality, China. It is located in Yubei District and serves its surrounding area, including nearby office towers, residential blocks and a mall.

It opened on January 20, 2013, with Line 6. Line 5 services were later added on December 28, 2017. The station expanded exactly one year later with the opening of the Loop Line section of the station on December 28, 2018.

Line 6 (Chongqing Rail Transit)
CRT Line 6 (and the branch line branded as International Expo line) is the second heavy rail subway line in Chongqing, as well as being the longest rapid transit line in China, at 85.6 km (53.19 mi) long. It opened with provisional revenue service on September 28, 2012, and connects Nan'an, Yuzhong, and Jiangbei districts in central Chongqing.

The eastern extension of line 6 convers a distance of 6.79 km, this extension starts from Liujiaping and branches off towards Chongqingdong Railway Station, with 2 stations in between. The project began on 28 March 2022. It is opened in 27 June 2025.
Hrdlička
Hrdlička (feminine Hrdličková) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleš Hrdlička (1869–1943), Czech-American anthropologist

Alfred Hrdlicka (1928–2009), Austrian sculptor, draughtsman and painter

Franz Hrdlicka (1920–1945), German Luftwaffe pilot

Ivan Hrdlička (born 1943), Slovak football player

Jayne Hrdlicka, managing director and chief executive in Australia

Karolína Plíšková Hrdličková, Czech tennis player

Květa Hrdličková Peschke, Czech tennis player

Libor Hrdlička (born 1986), Slovak football player

Petr Hrdlička (born 1967), Czech sports shooter

Tomáš Hrdlička (born 1982), Czech football player

Franz Hrdlicka
Franz Hrdlicka (15 October 1920 – 25 March 1945) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. Hrdlicka was credited with 60 aerial victories, potentially up to 96 claims. He was shot down and killed in action on 25 March 1945 near Betzenrod, now a suburb of Schotten, Hesse.
Meat and Candy
Meat and Candy is the debut studio album by American country music band Old Dominion. It was released on November 6, 2015 by RCA Nashville. The album includes the single "Break Up with Him", which has charted No. 1 on Country Airplay. The album's second single, "Snapback" released to country radio on January 11, 2016. The album's third single, "Song for Another Time" released to country radio on June 20, 2016.

Country Airplay
Country Airplay is a chart published weekly by Billboard magazine in the United States since October 20, 2012, although the magazine also retrospectively recognizes the Hot Country Songs charts from January 20, 1990, through October 13, 2012, as part of the history of the Country Airplay listing.  The chart lists the 60 most-listened-to records played on 150 mainstream country radio stations across the country as monitored by Nielsen BDS, weighted to each station's Nielsen ratings.

The first number-one song actually published under the Country Airplay banner was "Take a Little Ride" by Jason Aldean; but as Billboard also recognizes the history of the Hot Country Songs chart since 1990 as part of this chart, the magazine recognizes the first chart-topper as "Nobody's Home" by Clint Black.
Yoshio Kimura (shogi)
Yoshio Kimura (木村 義雄, Kimura Yoshio; February 21, 1905 – November 17, 1986) was a Japanese professional shogi player who achieved the rank of 8-dan (which was the highest dan level during his time).

He was a Lifetime Meijin who won the title eight times. At the time, the Meijin title was the only shogi title.

From December 1947 to March 1948 he was the first president of the Japan Shogi Association.

Professional shogi player
A professional shogi player (将棋棋士 shōgi kishi or プロ棋士 puro kishi "professional player") is a shogi player who is usually a member of a professional guild of shogi players.

There are two categories of professional players: regular professional and women's professional. All regular professional shogi players are members of the Japan Shogi Association (JSA). However, only regular professional players, who are as of yet all male, are considered to be full-fledged members. Women's professional players belong to groups distinct from regular professional players. In Japanese, the term 棋士 kishi only refers to regular professional players to the exclusion of women's professionals, who are termed 女流棋士 joryū kishi.
Jean Girard
Jean Girard (8 August 1696 – 23 February 1765) was a French organist, serpent player, and schoolmaster who was primarily active in Canada. He was one of the first professional musicians living and working in the city of Montreal.

Born in Bourges, Girard initially intended to become a priest and entered the seminary of the Society of Saint-Sulpice in his native city in 1720. However, he was never ordained and instead began his career as a singing master at the seminary at the Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris in 1724. The following July he sailed across the Atlantic to Canada where he remained for the rest of his life. From 1724 until his death in 1765 he served as the organist of the Notre-Dame Church in Montreal. He also was active as a teacher.

He is mainly known for the voluminous book of French organ music he collected and brought with him from Paris; an anonymous collection known as the Livre d'orgue de Montréal.

Organist
An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumental soloists. In addition, an organist may accompany congregational hymn-singing and play liturgical music.
Fred Harrison (author)
Fred Harrison (born 1944) is a British author, economist, economic commentator, and corporate policy advisor, notable for his stances on land reform and belief that an overreliance on land, property, and mortgages weakens economic structures and makes companies vulnerable to economic collapse. Dirk Bezemer, a professor of economics at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, noted that Harrison was one of the earliest to have predicted the 2008 financial crisis. In 2005 Harrison commented: "The next property market tipping point is due at end of 2007 or early 2008 ... The only way prices can be brought back to affordable levels is a slump or recession."

Economic policy
The economy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy.

Most factors of economic policy can be divided into either fiscal policy, which deals with government actions regarding taxation and spending, or monetary policy, which deals with central banking actions regarding the money supply and interest rates.

Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties.
Richard Bong
Richard Ira "Dick" Bong (September 24, 1920 – August 6, 1945) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and Medal of Honor recipient in World War II. He was one of the most decorated American fighter pilots and the country's top flying ace in the war, credited with shooting down 40 Japanese aircraft, all with the Lockheed P-38 Lightning. He died in California while testing a Lockheed P-80 jet fighter shortly before the war ended. Bong was posthumously inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1986 and has several commemorative monuments named in his honor around the world, including an airport, two bridges, a theater, a veterans historical center, a recreation area, a neighborhood terrace, and several avenues and streets, including the street leading to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.

Superior, Wisconsin
Superior is a city in Douglas County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. The population was 26,751 at the 2020 census. Superior and nearby Duluth, Minnesota, sit at the western tip of Lake Superior and together form the Twin Ports, a major Great Lakes harbor.

Bordered by Saint Louis, Superior, and Allouez bays, the city is framed by two rivers: the Nemadji and the Saint Louis. Superior is at the junction of U.S. Route 2 and U.S. Route 53 immediately north of, and adjacent to, both the Village of Superior and the Town of Superior. It is an industrial city, with ship harbors along two sides, several large rail yards, an oil refinery, and a shipyard. Superior and neighboring Duluth feature museum ships (SS William A. Irvin in Duluth and SS Meteor in Superior), devoted to the local maritime heritage. Superior was the final port of call for SS Edmund Fitzgerald before her sinking on November 10, 1975.