hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Domain of discourse
In the formal sciences, the domain of discourse or universe of discourse (borrowing from the mathematical concept of universe) is the set of entities over which certain variables of interest in some formal treatment may range.

It is also defined as the collection of objects being discussed in a specific discourse.
In model-theoretical semantics, a universe of discourse is the set of entities that a model is based on.

The domain of discourse is usually identified in the preliminaries, so that there is no need in the further treatment to specify each time the range of the relevant variables. Many logicians distinguish, sometimes only tacitly, between the domain of a science and the universe of discourse of a formalization of the science.

In mathematics, the concept is distinguished from a universe, which is some set internal to a set theory, whereas a domain of discourse is metamathematical, allowing one to speak of the universe of sets or collection of all classes in a formal way.

Metamathematics
Metamathematics is the study of mathematics itself using mathematical methods. This study produces metatheories, which are mathematical theories about other mathematical theories. Emphasis on metamathematics (and perhaps the creation of the term itself) owes itself to David Hilbert's attempt to secure the foundations of mathematics in the early part of the 20th century. Metamathematics provides "a rigorous mathematical technique for investigating a great variety of foundation problems for mathematics and logic" (Kleene 1952, p. 59). An important feature of metamathematics is its emphasis on differentiating between reasoning from inside a system and from outside a system. An informal illustration of this is categorizing the proposition "2+2=4" as belonging to mathematics while categorizing the proposition "'2+2=4' is valid" as belonging to metamathematics.
Torp IF
Torp Idrætsforening is a Norwegian multi-sports club from Torp, Fredrikstad, Østfold. It has sections for association football, team handball and amateur wrestling. The club was founded on 23 January 1915.

The men's football team plays in the 5. divisjon, the sixth tier of Norwegian football, being promoted from the 2019 5. divisjon. It formerly had a spell in the 3. divisjon from 1997 through 2003. Before the Second World War II, the club contested the 1937–38, 1938–39 and 1939–40 League of Norway.

Amateur wrestling
Amateur wrestling is a variant of wrestling practiced at Olympic, collegiate, scholastic, and other levels. There are two international wrestling styles performed at the Olympic Games, freestyle and Greco-Roman, both of which are governed by the United World Wrestling (UWW).

At the middle school and high school levels in the United States, wrestlers compete in scholastic wrestling. In collegiate wrestling, there are minor differences in some scholastic wrestling rules.

The rapid rise in the popularity of the combat sport mixed martial arts (MMA) has increased interest in amateur wrestling due to its effectiveness within the sport and its consideration as a core discipline.
A True Novel
A True Novel (本格小説, Honkaku Shōsetsu) is a novel by Japanese author Minae Mizumura. It is a loose retelling of Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights set in post-World War II Japan. The novel was first serialized in the Japanese monthly literary journal Shinchō from January 2001 to January 2002. It was published in two volumes by Shinchosha in September 2002 and won the Yomiuri Prize for Literature in 2003. The English translation by Juliet Winters Carpenter was published in two volumes by Other Press in November 2013, as part of the Japanese Literature Publishing Project initiated by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. It won the Next Generation Indie Book Awards' Grand Prize in Fiction in 2014.

Agency for Cultural Affairs
The Agency for Cultural Affairs (Japanese: 文化庁, Hepburn: Bunka-chō) is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). It was set up in 1968 to promote Japanese arts and culture.

The agency's budget for FY 2018 rose to ¥107.7 billion.
Mythimna ferrago
Mythimna ferrago, the clay, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787. It is distributed throughout Europe and is also found in Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria, Turkestan, Israel, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia and the western parts of temperate North Asia. Also Tibet.

The forewings of this species vary from buffish to orangey brown, usually with a darker central line running longways down the wing, interrupted by a pale stigma. There are usually a few small dark spots in the basal area. The hindwings are dark grey with paler margins. The male is easily recognizable by a triangular area of black hair on the underside of the abdomen. The wingspan is 36–44 mm. This moth flies at night in July and August and is attracted to light and sugar.

Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan, is a historical name for the region of Asia lying between the Caspian Sea to the west, Siberia to the north, the Gobi Desert to the east, and Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tibet to the south. Turkestan is primarily inhabited by Turkic peoples, as well as Russian and Tajik-Persian minorities. It is subdivided into West Turkestan, which historically belonged to the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, and East Turkestan (identified either with the Tarim Basin/Southern Xinjiang or with Xinjiang as a whole), which forms part of China.

Throughout history, the region has been exposed to the invasion of several different groups and kingdoms, including the Huns, Hepthalites, Bactrians, Imperial China, Arab Caliphate,  Hellenistic Macedonian Empire, Achaemenid Empire,  as well as various Turkic states and the Mongol Empire. The Qara Khitai also briefly controlled a significant bulk of Turkestan.
TBT Hospital Gboko
TBT Hospital Gboko established by TBT Gwabi (Nig.) Limited, is a hospital situated along Captain Downes' Road in Gboko, the heartland of the Tiv nation to provide an adequate health care system so as to reduce morbidity and mortality among the people of Benué State and its environs.

Tiv people
Tiv (or Tiiv) are a Bantu ethnic group. They constitute approximately 2.4% of Nigeria's total population, and number over 5 million individuals throughout Nigeria and Cameroon. The Tiv language is spoken by over 5 million people in Nigeria, with a few speakers in Cameroon. Most of the language's Nigerian speakers are found in Benue, Taraba, Nasarawa, Plateau and Cross River states. The language is a branch of Benue–Congo and ultimately of the Niger–Congo phylum. In pre-colonial times, the Fulani ethnic group referred to the Tiv as "Munchi" (also sometimes written Munshi e.g. Duggan, E. de C. 1932), a term not accepted by the Tiv people.
Johannes van Hoolwerff
Johannes Cornelis van Hoolwerff (13 April 1878 in Hoorn – 2 August 1962 in Heemstede) was a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Van Hoolwerff, as helmsman on the Dutch 8 Metre Hollandia, took the 2nd place with fellow crew members: Lambertus Doedes, Henk Kersken, Cornelis van Staveren, Gerard de Vries Lentsch and Maarten de Wit.

8 Metre
The International Eight Metre class are class of racing yachts.  Eight Metre boats (often called "Eights" or 8mR) are a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurement formula, in this case International rule.  Before WW II, Eights were the most prestigious international yacht racing class and they are still raced around the world. "Eight metre" in class name does not, somewhat confusingly, refer to length of the boat, but product of the formula. 8mR boats are on average some 15 metres long. Between 1907 and 2008 approximately 500 8mR boats were built, 177 of them have survived until today.
Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway
The Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway (DM&IR) (reporting mark DMIR), informally known as the Missabe Road, was a railroad operating in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin that used to haul iron ore and later taconite to the Great Lakes ports of Duluth and Two Harbors, Minnesota. Control of the railway was acquired on May 10, 2004, by the Canadian National Railway (CN) when it purchased the assets of Great Lakes Transportation.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
2023 Israeli female tank crew fight
On 7 October 2023, seven female Israeli tank crew members from the Caracal Battalion fought against Hamas militants continuously for 17 hours. The battle was the first instance in modern military history of an all-female armored unit taking part in combat. According to Israel, they killed 50 militants.

The performance of the unit and other acts by Israeli female soldiers on 7 October impacted the way women were viewed in the IDF and in the integration of women in the army.

Director Ayelet Menahemi and writer-actress Eleanor Sela announced in December 2023 that they were working on a featured film about the all-female tank unit's activities during the 7 October attacks.

Israel has promoted its female tank crews as part of its public relations war within the conflict.

Armoured warfare
Armoured warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war. The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by armoured units.

Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of tanks and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as infantry fighting vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and other combat vehicles, as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units. The doctrine of armoured warfare was developed to break the static nature of World War I trench warfare on the Western Front, and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and decisive battle outcomes in military strategy.
Photek
Rupert Parkes (born 6 September 1971), known as Photek, is a Los Angeles-based British electronic music DJ/record producer, and TV and film score composer. Photek was born and raised in St Albans, England.

Photek has contributed music to several film, TV and video game productions, such as Blade in 1998. He also scored the show Gang Related with director Allen Hughes.

He received three consecutive Grammy Award nominations in the category of Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical for Daft Punk's "End of Line" from the Tron: Legacy movie soundtrack in 2012, Moby's "Lie Down in Darkness" in 2013 and One Love/People Get Ready" in 2014.

Photek composed the TV score for the show How to Get Away with Murder.

St Albans
St Albans (/sənt ˈɔːlbənz/) is a cathedral city in Hertfordshire, England, east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield, 20 miles (32 km) north-west of London, 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Welwyn Garden City and 11 miles (18 km) south-east of Luton. St Albans was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and became the city of Verulamium. It has a population of 82,146.
A Second to Midnight
"A Second to Midnight" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue and English singer-songwriter Olly Alexander, performing under his solo project Years & Years. The song was released on 6 October 2021. It serves as the lead single of Minogue's reissue album Disco: Guest List Edition, the re-release of her fifteenth studio album Disco (2020). The song is also included on the deluxe version of Years & Years' third studio album Night Call (2022) and featured as the intro music for the Night Call Tour. It marks the second collaboration between Minogue and Alexander following "Starstruck".

Night Call Tour
The Night Call Tour was the third and final concert tour by the English synth-pop band Years & Years, which by then was a solo project of frontman Olly Alexander. The tour supported the Night Call album and began on 19 May 2022 at the Brighton Centre and concluded on 12 November in Melbourne, Australia.
Brycheiniog Tawe Nedd
Brycheiniog Tawe Nedd (Welsh for 'Brycheiniog, Tawe, [and] Neath'; listenⓘ) is a proposed six-member constituency of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh: Senedd Cymru) to be used for the 2026 Senedd election.

It was proposed following the 2026 review of Senedd constituencies, and will be a pairing of the two UK Parliament constituencies of Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe and Neath and Swansea East. It is to have a Welsh-only name.

Neath
Neath (/niːθ/; Welsh: Castell-nedd) is a market town and community situated in the Neath Port Talbot County Borough, Wales. The town had a population of 50,658 in 2011. The community of the parish of Neath had a population of 19,258 in 2011. Historically in Glamorgan, the town is located on the River Neath, seven miles (eleven kilometres) east-northeast of Swansea.
C. G. Tötterman
Carl Gustaf Tötterman (b. June 21, 1836 Pyhäjärvi Vpl., now Otradnoye, Priozersky District, Leningrad Oblast – May 20, 1895 Helsinki) was the second director of the Finnish Missionary Society, occupying this position from 1877 until his death in 1895.

Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission
The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission (FELM, formerly The Finnish Missionary Society; Finnish: Suomen Lähetysseura ry; Swedish: Finska Missionssällskapet rf) is a Lutheran missionary society formed on January 19, 1859, in Helsinki, Finland. It is one of seven organisations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (ELCF) that conduct missionary work. Its first deployments outside Finland were made to Ovamboland, an area that today is cut by the Angola-Namibian border.
2011 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy
The 2011 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy was the 19th edition of the Hockey Champions Trophy for women. It was held from 25 June to 3 July 2011 in Amstelveen, Netherlands.

The Netherlands won the tournament for the sixth time after defeating Argentina 3–2 in the final on a penalty shoot-out after a 3–3 draw, tying the record previously set by Australia in 2003 of six titles won. New Zealand won the third place match by defeating Korea 3–2 to claim their first ever Champions Trophy medal.

After the preliminaries were over, the final originally was scheduled to be played between the Netherlands and Korea, but the Argentine side protested against the second round standing in which they were ranked third behind Korea based on goals scored in that round. After a second appeal by the Argentine team, the final day schedule was changed, since the regulations stated that in case of a draw in points in the second round, the total points in the tournament should be the next tie-breaker.

Amstelveen
Amstelveen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɑmstəlˈveːn] ⓘ) is a municipality and city in the province of North Holland, Netherlands, with a population of 95,996 as of 2024. It is a suburban part of the Amsterdam metropolitan area.

The municipality of Amstelveen consists of the historical villages of Bovenkerk and Nes aan de Amstel.  In addition, as well as Downtown Amstelveen (Dutch: Amstelveen stadshart), it contains the following neighbourhoods: Westwijk, Bankras-Kostverloren, Groenelaan, Waardhuizen, Middenhoven, Randwijk, Elsrijk and Keizer Karelpark. The name Amstelveen comes from the Amstel, a local river (as does the name Amsterdam) and veen, meaning fen, peat, or moor. Amstelveen houses the international headquarters of Dutch national airline KLM (although it is slated to leave for Schiphol  in the future, plans to move have been delayed due to covid and high costs) and KPMG, one of the Big Four accounting firms. The Cobra Museum is also located in Amstelveen.
Agreeableness
Agreeableness is the personality trait of being kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, honest, straightforward, and considerate. In personality psychology, agreeableness is one of the five major dimensions of personality structure, reflecting individual differences in cooperation. People who score high on measures of agreeableness are empathetic and self-sacrificing, while those with low agreeableness are prone to selfishness, insincerity, and zero-sum thinking. Those who score low on agreeableness may show dark triad tendencies, such as narcissistic, antisocial, and manipulative behavior.

Agreeableness is a superordinate trait, meaning it is a grouping of personality sub-traits that cluster together statistically. Some lower-level traits, or facets, that are commonly grouped under agreeableness include trust, straightforwardness, altruism, helpfulness, modesty, and tender-mindedness.

Selfishness
Selfishness is being concerned excessively or exclusively for oneself or one's own advantage, pleasure, or welfare, regardless of others.
Selfishness is the opposite of altruism or selflessness, and has also been contrasted (as by C. S. Lewis) with self-centeredness.
Bembecia uroceriformis
Bembecia uroceriformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy and most of the Balkan Peninsula. It is also found in North Africa (including Morocco) and from Asia Minor to the Caucasus.

The wingspan is 20–24 mm.

The larvae feed on Dorycnium species (including Dorycnium herbaceum), Lotus corniculatus, Ulex europaeus, Ulex nanus, Coronilla emerus, Chamaecytisus species, Cytisus procumbens, Cytisus hirsutus and Corothamnus procumbens.

Lotus (genus)
Lotus, a latinization of Greek lōtos (λωτός), is a genus of flowering plants that includes most bird's-foot trefoils (also known as bacon-and-eggs) and deervetches. Depending on the taxonomic authority, roughly between 70 and 150 species are accepted, all legumes; American species formerly placed in the genus have been transferred to other genera. Lotus species are found in the Eastern Hemisphere and adapted to a wide range of habitats.

The aquatic plant commonly known as the Indian or sacred lotus is Nelumbo nucifera, a species not closely related to Lotus.
Chatom Union School District
Chatom Union School District is a school district based in Stanislaus County, California, United States.  The district operates Chatom Pre-School, Chatom Elementary School (grades K–5), and Mountain View Middle School (grades 6–8).

Stanislaus County, California
Stanislaus County (/ˈstænɪslɔː(s)/ ⓘ STAN-iss-law(ss); Spanish: Condado de Estanislao) is a county located in the San Joaquin Valley of the U.S. state of California. As of 2023, its estimated population  is 564,404. The county seat is Modesto.

Stanislaus County makes up the Modesto metropolitan statistical area. The county is located just east of the San Francisco Bay Area and serves as a bedroom community for those who work in the eastern part of the Bay Area.
Fukagawa-Rumoi Expressway
The Fukagawa-Rumoi Expressway (Japanese: 深川留萌自動車道, Hepburn: Fukagawa Rumoi Jidōsha-dō) is a partially tolled expressway in Sorachi Subprefecture and Rumoi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. The expressway connects Rumoi on the Sea of Japan coast of Hokkaido to the Dō-Ō Expressway in the central part of the island. It is owned and operated by partially by the East Nippon Expressway Company and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). It is signed as an auxiliary route of National Route 233 as well as E62 under their "2016 Proposal for Realization of Expressway Numbering.

East Nippon Expressway Company
The East Nippon Expressway Company Limited (東日本高速道路株式会社, Higashi-nihon Kōsoku-dōro Kabushiki-gaisha), abbreviated as NEXCO East (NEXCO東日本, NEXCO Higashi-Nihon), is one of the main operators of expressways and toll roads in Japan. It is headquartered in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo.

The company was established on October 1, 2005 as a result of the privatization of Japan Highway Public Corporation. The company manages roadways mainly in the Kantō and Tōhoku regions as well as on Hokkaido. Roadways in other regions of Japan are managed by Central Nippon Expressway Company and West Nippon Expressway Company.
Harless
Harless is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless

Gottlieb Christoph Harless

James H. Harless (1919–2014), American business executive

Meredith Howard Harless

Patricia Harless, member of the Texas House of Representatives from Harris County

Richard F. Harless

William G. Harless

Harris County, Texas
Harris County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,731,145, and was estimated to be 5,009,302 in 2024, making it the most populous county in Texas and the third-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Houston, the most populous city in Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. The county was founded on December 22, 1836 and organized on March 10, 1837. It is named for John Richardson Harris, who founded the town of Harrisburg on Buffalo Bayou in 1826. It contains over 16% of the state's population. Harris County is included in the nine-county Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area, which is the fifth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States.
Jason Xenakis
Jason Byron Xenakis (1923–1977) was a Romanian-born Greek philosopher, and for a time, a significant presence in American philosophical scholarship about Epictetus and Stoicism.  Born into an affluent expatriate Greek family in Brăila, Romania, He is known for pioneering work on the philosophy of Epictetus, modern interpretations of Stoicism and works on the philosophy of suicide.  As an academic, he contributed scholarly work in philosophy and logic. His best known work is his 1969 book   Epictetus: Philosopher-therapist.

Brăila
Brăila (/brəˈiːlə/, also US: /-lɑː/, Romanian: [brəˈila] ⓘ) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County. The Sud-Est Regional Development Agency is headquartered in the city.

According to the 2021 Romanian census, Brăila had a population of 154,686 inhabitants, making it the 11th most populous city in Romania and the 9th largest on the Danube. The city's current mayor is Viorel Marian Dragomir of the PSD.
Albina Felski
Albina Felski (1916–1996) was a Canadian–American self-taught folk artist. Her work is included in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Smart Museum of Art. Felski's work was included in the 1975 exhibition, "Twentieth-Century Folk Art," at The Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago.

Renaissance Society
The Renaissance Society, founded in 1915, is an independent contemporary art museum located on the campus of the University of Chicago, with a focus on the commissioning and production of new works by international artists. The kunsthalle-style institution typically presents four exhibitions each year, along with concerts, performances, screenings, readings, and lectures—all of which are free and open to the public. "The Ren" also produces publications in conjunction with many of its exhibitions.