hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Submodular set function
In mathematics, a submodular set function (also known as a submodular function) is a set function that, informally, describes the relationship between a set of inputs and an output, where adding more of one input has a decreasing additional benefit (diminishing returns). The natural diminishing returns property which makes them suitable for many applications, including approximation algorithms, game theory (as functions modeling user preferences) and electrical networks. Recently, submodular functions have also found utility in several real world problems in machine learning and artificial intelligence, including automatic summarization, multi-document summarization, feature selection, active learning, sensor placement, image collection summarization and many other domains.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
Refik Resmja
Refik Shaban Resmja (1 January 1931 – 6 September 1997) was an Albanian professional footballer.

He started his career with Tirana, but shortly after signed with Partizani Tirana where he established himself as one of the greatest players of all time, setting several records and winning 9 trophies. He has also been an Albanian international, winning six caps between 1952 and 1963. During his career, Resmja held only one squad number, 11.

For three years he was also the manager of Albania under-21 squad.

Albania national under-21 football team
The Albania national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Albania and is controlled by the Football Association of Albania. The team competes in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship, which is held every two years.

Following the realignment of UEFA's youth competitions in 1976, the Albanian under-21 team was formed.
Oleg Bejenar
Oleg Bejenar (Ukrainian: Олег Валерійович Беженар, transliterated: Oleh Valeriyovych Bezhenar, Russian: Олег Валерьевич Беженарь; 17 September 1971 – 13 February 2023) was a Moldovan-Ukrainian professional football manager and footballer.

Bejenar held a UEFA PRO manager licence, given by the Moldovan Football Federation.

Bejenar died from a heart attack on 13 February 2023, at the age of 51.

Moldovan Football Federation
The Moldovan Football Federation (Romanian: Federația Moldovenească de Fotbal; FMF) is the governing body of football in Moldova. It oversees all national football competitions, including the top-tier Moldovan Liga. The federation organises the national team's football, futsal and beach soccer fixtures. It is based in Chișinău.
St. Peter's Fiesta
St. Peter's Fiesta is a five-day festival honoring the patron saint of the fisherman, St. Peter. Hosted by the Italian American community of Gloucester, Massachusetts, the festival involves a carnival, seine boat races, and the Greasy Pole contest, and attracts people from all over.

Boat of Saint Peter
The boat of Saint Peter (Italian: barca di san Pietro) is a popular rural tradition prevalent in northern Italy, particularly in the geographical area of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino, Lombardy, Liguria and Piedmont. This tradition is also widespread in certain valleys and territories of north-west Tuscany: Garfagnana and Val di Lima (province of Lucca), Valleriana (province of Pistoia) and Galciana (province of Prato).

The tradition dates back to the cult of Saint Peter, widespread in northern Italy from the 18th century, thanks to the Benedictines monks. In certain regions and in other variants, the same tradition also spread for 24 June, the feast of Saint John the Baptist.

The origin of the belief is linked to atmospheric phenomena since they are important for agricultural crops or for fishing.
Tullaroan
Tullaroan (Irish: Tulach Ruáin, meaning 'Rowan's hill') is a village in the western part of County Kilkenny in the Slieveardagh Hills near the Tipperary border. Tullaroan is also the name of the local civil parish.

Slieveardagh Hills
The Slieveardagh Hills are a low range of hills  on the County Tipperary - Kilkenny border, mainly in the Tipperary barony of Slievardagh. The highest point is Clomantagh Hill at 349 m and the highest point by relative height in the hills is Knocknamuck at 340m with prominence of 268m. The hills contain the source of the River Goul, which flows north and the Kings River which flows southwards from the hills.

The Slieveardagh Hills extend eastward into County Kilkenny.
Coral Springs Fire Department
The Coral Springs Parkland Fire Department (CSPFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the city of Coral Springs, Florida. With a total of 8 stations, the CSPFD is also has a contract to serve the city of Parkland located just north of Coral Springs. Three of the CSPFD's 8 stations are located within the city of Parkland.

Parkland, Florida
Parkland is a city in northern Broward County, Florida, United States. It is a suburb of Miami and located 42 miles (68 km) north of the city. As of the 2020 census, the population of Parkland was 34,670. Parkland is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6,166,488 people in 2020.

Parkland's zoning laws are designed to protect the "park-like" character of the city. There were no stores or traffic lights in Parkland until the mid-1990s and early 2000s when large neighborhood developments (Heron Bay and Parkland Isles) were built. The city of Parkland has been known since its early days for its assortment of park spaces and its emphasis on environmental preservation and equestrianism, so beloved, that over the first decade of Parkland's existence horses had outnumbered the town's population.
Million Dollar Round Table
The Million Dollar Round Table (MDRT) is a trade association formed in 1927 to help insurance brokers and financial advisors establish best business practices and develop ethical and effective ways to increase client interest in financial products, specifically risk based products like life insurance, disability and long term care. As of the end of 2008 the organization has more than 39,000 members in 82 countries and territories.

Financial adviser
A financial adviser or financial advisor is a professional who provides financial services to clients based on their financial situation. In many countries, financial advisors must complete specific training and be registered with a regulatory body in order to provide advice.

Relationships between clients and financial advisors can be characterized by principal-agent problems, as financial advisors may possess information and conflicts of interest that lead to dishonest advice and misconduct.
Thomas H. O'Connor
Thomas H. O'Connor (1923-2012) was a professor and university historian of Boston College who published hundreds of books and academic papers on Boston, New England, and American history. O'Connor was known as "the dean of Boston historians".

Boston Public Library
The Boston Public Library (BPL) is a municipal public library system in Boston, Massachusetts, founded in 1848. The Boston Public Library is also Massachusetts' Library for the Commonwealth  (formerly library of last recourse), meaning all adult residents of the state are entitled to borrowing and research privileges, and the library receives state funding.  The Boston Public Library contains approximately 24 million items, making it the third-largest public library in the United States behind the federal Library of Congress and New York Public Library, which is also privately endowed. The Boston Central Library in Copley Square was designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2000.
Artyom Senkevich
Artyom Sergeyevich Senkevich (Russian: Артём Сергеевич Сенькевич, Belarusian: Арцём Сяргеевіч Сянькевіч; born 4 May 1982) is a Belarusian former professional ice hockey player. He is currently the head coach of the United Arab Emirates national team.

He participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Belarus National men's ice hockey team.

United Arab Emirates men's national ice hockey team
The United Arab Emirates national ice hockey team (Arabic: منتخب الإمارات العربية المتحدة لهوكي الجليد) is the national men's ice hockey team of the United Arab Emirates. It is operated under the UAE Ice Sports Federation and a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The UAE currently competes in Division II Group A tournament of the World Championships. As of 2025, it is currently ranked 32nd in the IIHF World Ranking and 5th in the Asian Ranking.
Bobby Vee Sings Your Favorites
Bobby Vee Sings Your Favorites is the debut album by American singer Bobby Vee, released in September 1960 by Liberty Records. It features his first big hit "Devil or Angel", and a mirror hit "Since I Met You Baby". They peaked at Nos. 6 and 81, respectively, on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States.

It contains a dozen ballads, consisting of old standards and newer love songs and providing a good look at popular ballads during that period.

The album was released on compact disc by Beat Goes On in 1999 as tracks 1 through 12 on a pairing of two albums on one CD with tracks 12 through 24 consisting of Vee's 1961 album, Bobby Vee. Reel To Reel labels included this CD in a box set entitled Eight Classic Albums Plus Bonus Singles and was released on October 4, 2019.

Since I Met You Baby (song)
"Since I Met You Baby" is an American rhythm and blues song written and recorded by pianist Ivory Joe Hunter. The song, which Hunter recorded in 1956, became an American standard, and saw renewed popularity in 1969 when country music artist Sonny James released his hit version.
National Housing Authority (Albania)
The National Housing Authority (EKB; Albanian: Enti Kombëtar i Banesave) is a government agency under the supervision of the Albanian Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy. Its scope of activity deals with financing and addressing the housing needs of the population.

Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (Albania)
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (Albanian: Ministria e Infrastrukturës dhe Energjisë) is a department of the Albanian Government, responsible for national climate policy and international cooperation on climate change, as well as energy issues, meteorology and national geological surveys, electricity, water, wastewater services and industry in Albania.
Wolfgang Butzkamm
Wolfgang Butzkamm (born 11 November 1938) is Professor Emeritus of English as a foreign language at Aachen University, Germany. He is credited with the development of a principled and systematic approach to the role of the mother tongue in foreign language teaching which radically differs from a target-language-only philosophy prevailing in many countries. For him, traditional monolingualism is an instance of a more general naturalistic fallacy which is committed when foreign language teaching is modelled after the natural acquisition of a first language (L1), as in the direct method (education) which was also called the natural method.

Language education
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually including some applied linguistics. There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies, cross-cultural experiences, and multiple literacies.
Schnabl
Schnabl, a German family name, can refer to:

Ana Schnabl (born 1985), Slovenian journalist

Johann Andreas Schnabl (1838–1912), Polish-German entomologist

Johann Nepomuk Schnabl (1853–1899), German schoolteacher and mycologist

Karl Schnabl (born 1954), Austrian ski jumper

Katja Sturm-Schnabl (born 1936), Austrian literary scholar, cultural historian, linguist and slavicist

Siegfried Schnabl (1927–2015), German sexologist

Katja Sturm-Schnabl
Katja (Stanislawa Katharina) Sturm-Schnabl (born 17 February 1936 in Zinsdorf, municipality of Magdalensberg) is a Carinthian-Slovene linguist and literary historian known for her research and contemporary eyewitness accounts of the 20th century in central Europe.
Joch Pass
The Joch Pass (German: Jochpass) is a mountain pass of the Uri Alps, located between the Bernese Oberland and Central Switzerland, at the foot of the Titlis. The pass crosses the col between the peaks of Graustock and Jochstock, at an elevation of 2,207 m (7,241 ft) and at the border between the cantons of Bern and Nidwalden.

The pass is traversed by a mule track, now used by hikers and mountain bikers, which connects the town of Engelberg, in the canton of Obwalden and at an elevation of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), with the town of Meiringen, in the canton of Bern and at an elevation of 595 m (1,952 ft). The track forms part of the Alpine Pass Route, a long-distance hiking trail across Switzerland between Sargans and Montreux.

Sargans
Sargans (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈzarɡans]) is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

Sargans is known for its castle, which dates from before the founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291. Sargans was also a County of the Holy Roman Empire; see County of Sargans.
S. Muralidhar
S. Muralidhar is an Indian lawyer and former judge. He was the Chief Justice of Orissa High Court and a Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court and Delhi High Court. He has been designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India and presently practicing before the Supreme Court of India.

Division bench
A Division Bench is a term in judicial system in India in which a case is heard and judged by at least two judges. However, if the bench during the hearing of any matter   feels that the matter needs to be considered by a larger bench, such a matter is referred to a larger bench.
Milan-e Baba Ahmadi
Milan-e Baba Ahmadi (Persian: ميلان بابااحمدي, romanized: Mīlān-e Bābā Aḩmadī), also known as Mīlān-e Bābāaḩmadī is a village in Falard Rural District, Falard District, Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 563, in 107 families. The village is populated by Lurs.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province (Persian: استان چهارمحال و بختیاری) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Shahr-e Kord. The province lies in the southwest of the country, with an area of 16,332 square kilometers.

The province was classified as part of Region 2 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province lies in the heart of the Zagros Mountains, a mountain range that stretches across north-western Iran and forms a natural barrier between Iran and Iraq.
Cabela's Sportsman's Challenge
Cabela's Sportsman's Challenge is a shooting sport simulation game developed by Diversions Software, Inc and released January 27, 1998.
The game was published by HeadGames Publishing, Inc., in conjunction with hunting supply company Cabela's.

Cabela's
Cabela's Inc. is an American retailer that specializes in hunting, fishing, boating, camping, and other outdoor recreation merchandise. The chain was founded by Richard N. Cabela and Jim Cabela in 1961. Cabela's was acquired by Springfield, Missouri-based Bass Pro Shops in 2017 and has been a subsidiary since then. The brand’s retail locations feature wildlife exhibits and outdoor designs, and are viewed as tourist attractions.
Khaemwaset (18th dynasty)
Khaemwaset was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 18th Dynasty. He is likely to have been a son of pharaoh Amenhotep II.: 138 : 144–5

He is mentioned on two graffiti on the Sehel Island along with the throne name of Amenhotep II.: 138  One of the graffiti depicting the prince is mistakenly thought to depict Senenmut by locals.: 144–5

Khaemwaset is titled Overseer of cattle,: 138  which was a rare title for a prince.: 19

Graffito (archaeology)
A graffito (plural "graffiti"), in an archaeological context, is a deliberate mark made by scratching or engraving on a large surface such as a wall. The marks may form an image or writing.  The term is not usually used for the engraved decoration on small objects such as bones, which make up a large part of the art of the Upper Paleolithic, but might be used for the engraved images, usually of animals, that are commonly found in caves, though much less well known than the cave paintings of the same period; often the two are found in the same caves.  In archaeology, the term may or may not include the more common modern sense of an "unauthorized" addition to a building or monument. Sgraffito, a decorative technique of partially scratching off a top layer of plaster or some other material to reveal a differently colored material beneath, is also sometimes known as "graffito".
Town Centre stop
Town Centre (Chinese: 市中心) is a major MTR Light Rail stop. It is located at ground level at Tuen Mun Heung Sze Wui Road in Tuen Mun Town Centre, Tuen Mun District, Hong Kong. It began service on 18 September 1988 and belongs to Zone 2.

Unlike other intermediate stops in the Light Rail system, a total of four platforms were constructed at Town Centre stop, due to the high level of passenger demand associated with its location within the Tuen Mun town centre proper. It has footbridges linking Tuen Mun Park, Trend Plaza, Tuen Mun Town Plaza and a bus terminus.

Railway platform
A railway platform is an area in a train station alongside a railway track providing convenient access to trains. Almost all stations have some form of platform, with larger stations having multiple platforms.

Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan hosts 44 platforms, more than any other rail station in the world. The world's longest station platform is at Hubballi Junction in India at 1,507 metres (4,944 ft). The Appalachian Trail station or Benson station in the United States, at the other extreme, has a platform which is only long enough for a single bench.

Among some American train conductors, the word "platform" has entered usage as a verb meaning "to berth at a station", as in the announcement: "The last two cars of this train will not platform at East Rockaway".
Contarini
The Contarini is one of the founding families of Venice and one of the oldest families of the Italian Nobility. In total eight Doges of the Republic of Venice emerged from this family,  as well as 44 Procurators of San Marco,  numerous ambassadors, diplomats and other notables. Among the ruling families of the republic, they held the most seats in the Great Council of Venice from the period before the Serrata del Maggior Consiglio when Councillors were elected annually to the end of the republic in 1797. The Contarini claimed to be of Roman origin through their patrilineal descendance of the Aurelii Cottae, a branch of the Roman family Aurelia, and traditionally trace their lineage back to Gaius Aurelius Cotta, consul of the Roman Republic in 252 BC and 248 BC.

Rialto
The Rialto is a central area of Venice, Italy, in the sestiere of San Polo. It is, and has been for many centuries, the financial and commercial heart of the city. Rialto is known for its prominent markets as well as for the monumental Rialto Bridge across the Grand Canal.
Kailash Karki
Kailash Kari (Nepali: कैलाश कार्की) is a Nepali stand-up comedian. He was born in 2056 BS (1999-2000) in Solukhumbu, Nepal. He started his comedy journey on the reality show Comedy Champion. He participated in two seasons of Comedy Champion as a competitor. In the first season, he reached the top 15, and in the second season, he reached the top 6. Currently, he presents his performance in a television program called Comedy Club with Champions, which is broadcast by Nepal Television.

Nepal Television
Nepal Television (Nepali: नेपाल टेलिभिजन), shortened to NTV is the Nepali national public state-controlled television broadcaster. It's accessible in four languages. It is the oldest and most watched television channel in Nepal. The news broadcast at 8:00 PM is the channel's most popular show, followed by comedy programmes such as Sakkigoni, Mundre Ko Comedy Club and Meri Bassai.

It also has four sister channels, NTV PLUS, NTV News, NTV Kohalpur and NTV Itahari, all owned by the Nepali government. The network started broadcasting in HD from 31 January 2019.

Several attempts are being made by media stakeholders to convert and transform NTV into a truly public broadcasting entity. NTV, being currently owned by the government, has lost its editorial independence and is accused of being a government mouthpiece. Nir Shah was the first chairman.

The iconic logo of Nepal Television was designed by artist Deepak Kumar Joshi.
Narciso Orellana
Narciso Oswaldo Orellana Guzmán (Spanish pronunciation: [naɾθˈiso oswˈalðo ˌoɾeʎˈana ɡuθmˈan]; born 28 January 1995), commonly known as Chicho, is a Salvadoran professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Primera División club Alianza.

Debuting for Titán in 2010, Orellana quickly became a star of the club. He would eventually join Isidro Metapán in 2013, where he won three consecutive league titles in a row. Since joining Alianza in 2017, Orellana has won eight league titles, as well as making over 200 appearances and scoring 10 goals for the club.

Orellana made his senior debut for El Salvador in August 2014 after previously being capped by El Salvador youth teams at under-20, under-21, and under-23 levels. He was chosen in El Salvador's squads for the CONCACAF Gold Cup in 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, and 2023, as well as the Copa Centroamericana in 2014.

El Salvador national under-21 football team
The El Salvador national under 21 football team, is the national under-21 football team of El Salvador and is controlled by the Federación Salvadoreña de Fútbol. The team competes in the international under-21 and youth football competitions. They compete for qualification to the Central American and Caribbean Games.
Hainleite (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)
Hainleite is a former Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the district of Nordhausen, in Thuringia, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Wolkramshausen. It was disbanded in January 2019.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Hainleite consisted of the following municipalities:

Großlohra

Hainrode

Kleinfurra

Nohra

Wipperdorf

Wolkramshausen

51°25′01″N 10°42′00″E﻿ / ﻿51.417°N 10.700°E﻿ / 51.417; 10.700

Nordhausen (district)
Nordhausen is a Kreis (district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Harz and Mansfeld-Südharz in Saxony-Anhalt; Kyffhäuserkreis and Eichsfeld in Thuringia; and Göttingen and Goslar in Lower Saxony.