hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Early effect
The Early effect, named after its discoverer James M. Early, is the variation in the effective width of the base in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) due to a variation in the applied base-to-collector voltage. A greater reverse bias across the collector–base junction, for example,  increases the collector–base depletion width, thereby decreasing the width of the charge carrier portion of the base.

Charge carrier
In solid state physics, a charge carrier is a particle or quasiparticle that is free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors. Examples are electrons, ions and holes. In a conducting medium, an electric field can exert force on these free particles, causing a net motion of the particles through the medium; this is what constitutes an electric current. 
The electron and the proton are the elementary charge carriers, each carrying one elementary charge (e), of the same magnitude and opposite sign.
Americans For Fair Taxation
Americans For Fair Taxation (AFFT), also known as FairTax.org, is a U.S. political advocacy group based in Clearwater, Florida that is dedicated to fundamental tax code replacement. It is made up of volunteers who are working to get the Fair Tax Act (H.R. 25/S. 122) enacted in the United States – a plan to replace all federal payroll and income taxes (both corporate and personal) with a national retail sales tax and monthly tax "prebate" to households of citizens and legal resident aliens.

The organization claims it is the largest, single-issue grassroots taxpayers union in the United States, with over 800,000 supporters. The organization states that it subscribes to the ideals of simplicity, fairness, and freedom which they believe are embodied in the FairTax.

Sales tax
A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.

When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales and use tax, such as food, education, and medicines. A value-added tax (VAT) collected on goods and services is related to a sales tax. See Comparison with sales tax for key differences.
Sansho the Bailiff
Sansho the Bailiff (Japanese: 山椒大夫, Hepburn: Sanshō Dayū; known by its Japanese title in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is a 1954 Japanese period film directed by Kenji Mizoguchi based on a 1915 short story of the same name by Mori Ōgai (translated as "Sanshō the Steward" in English), which in turn was based on a sekkyō-bushi (oral lore) appearing in written form in the 17th century. It follows two aristocratic children who are sold into slavery.

Sansho the Bailiff bears many of Mizoguchi's hallmarks, such as portrayals of poverty and elaborately choreographed long takes. It is regarded as Mizoguchi’s magnum opus and one of cinema’s greatest films.

Masterpiece
A masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin for 'great work'), or chef-d'œuvre (French for 'master of work'; pl. chefs-d'œuvre; French: [ʃɛ.d‿œvʁ]) is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.

Historically, a "masterpiece" was a work of a very high standard produced by an apprentice to obtain full membership, as a "master", of a craft guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.
David Davies (Dean of Wellington)
David Jones Davies was Dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral, Wellington from 1948 to 1962.

Davies was educated at the University of Wales and St. Michael's College, Llandaff; and ordained in 1916. After  curacies in  Canton, Mottram in Longdendale and Gisborne, New Zealand he held incumbencies at Ōpunake, Greytown, Palmerston North and Kilbirnie before joining the staff of  Saint Paul's Cathedral, Wellington in 1938.

Canton, Cardiff
Canton (Welsh: Treganna) is an inner-city district and community in the west of Cardiff, capital of Wales, lying 2 miles (3.2 km) west of the city's civic centre. It is located adjacent to Pontcanna. Canton is one of the most ethnically diverse of Cardiff's suburbs, with a significant Pakistani and Indian population. The total population of Canton increased to 16,138 at the 2021 census. It is also the most Welsh-speaking ward in Cardiff, with 24% of the population aged three years old and over being able to speak Welsh.
Sanave Thomas
Sanave Thomas Arattukulam (born 21 May 1980) is an Indian badminton player. He won bronze medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games and silver medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in mixed team event. He was the gold medalists at the 2006 and 2010 South Asian Games in the men's doubles and team events, also won silver medal in the mixed doubles in 2010.

Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games
Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games was held in Wooden-Floor Gymnasium in Dhaka, Bangladesh between 30 January and 4 February 2010. The badminton programme in 2010 included men's and women's singles competitions; men's, women's and mixed doubles competitions alongside men's and women's team events.
Cronobacter dublinensis
Cronobacter dublinensis is a bacterium. Its name pertains to Dublin, the origin of the type strain. The type strain is originally from a milk powder manufacturing facility (LMG 23823T =DSMZ 18705T). C. dublinensis sp. nov. is dulcitol negative and methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside positive and generally positive for indole production.

Indole
Indole is an organic compound with the formula  C6H4CCNH3.  Indole is classified as an aromatic heterocycle. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indoles are derivatives of indole where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by substituent groups.  Indoles are widely distributed in nature, most notably as amino acid tryptophan and neurotransmitter serotonin.. In plants, IAA is a common plant hormone which is a derivative of Indole.
Atlantic Wharf
Atlantic Wharf (Welsh: Glanfa'r Iwerydd) is a southern area of the city of Cardiff, Wales. It is primarily an area of new houses and apartments located on the west side of the disused Bute East Dock and to the east of Lloyd George Avenue. It also includes a number of refurbished dock warehouses, modern hotels, the Red Dragon Centre and Cardiff Council's County Hall. Atlantic Wharf lies in the Butetown electoral division of Cardiff and the Cardiff South and Penarth constituency for the UK Parliament and the Senedd.

Red Dragon Centre
The Red Dragon Centre is an indoor entertainment and leisure complex in southern Cardiff, the capital of Wales. It was originally known as the Atlantic Wharf Leisure Village when it opened in August 1997. The complex features restaurants, cafés, a Hollywood Bowl bowling alley with arcade amusements, an Odeon multiplex cinema, a casino, gym and an on-site car park.

It is located in the Cardiff Bay area, opposite the Wales Millennium Centre. This is close to the A4232 and near Cardiff Bay railway station. It is directly served by Cardiff Bus routes 6 (Baycar) and 8 (via Grangetown, Central Station) to the city centre.
Puerto Rico Zoological Society
The Puerto Rico Zoological Society (Sociedad Zoológica de Puerto Rico) was founded by Dr. Juan A. Rivero, a professor of Biology of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Dr. Rivero went on to serve as the Society's first president.

The Zoological Society contributed to the development of Puerto Rico's only zoo, located at the UPR Mayagüez campus, named by the Legislature in 1998 as the "Dr. Juan A. Rivero Zoo".

University of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Universidad de Puerto Rico; often shortened to UPR) is the main public university system in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is a government-owned corporation with 11 campuses and approximately 44,200 students and approximately 4,450 faculty members. UPR has the largest and most diverse academic offerings in the commonwealth, with 472 academic programs of which 32 lead to a doctorate.
Fordson
Fordson was a brand name of tractors and trucks. It was used on a range of mass-produced general-purpose tractors manufactured by Henry Ford & Son Inc from 1917 to 1920, by Ford Motor Company (U.S.) and Ford Motor Company Ltd (U.K.) from 1920 to 1928, and by Ford Motor Company Ltd (U.K.) alone from 1929 to 1964. The latter (Ford of Britain) also later built trucks and vans under the Fordson brand.

After 1964, the Fordson name was dropped and all Ford tractors were simply badged as Fords in both the UK and the US.

Transmission (mechanical device)
A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication or reduction, in a machine.

A transmission can have a single, or fixed, gear ratio or it can have variable ratios; a variable-ratio transmission can have multiple discrete gear ratios or be continuously variable. Variable-ratio transmissions are used in many kinds of machinery, especially vehicles.
MS Juno
MS Juno is a Swedish motor vessel, and former steam ship, that was built in 1874 at Motala for the Göta canal. M/S Juno is the world’s oldest registered cruising ship. The ship has 29 cabins on three decks. The dining room with a lounge is found on the middle deck (shelter deck) and the upper deck (bridge deck) offers a covered aft deck with a perfect view. She is a listed historic ship of Sweden.

Göta Canal
58°29′54″N 16°10′24″E﻿ / ﻿58.49827°N 16.17332°E﻿ / 58.49827; 16.17332

The Göta Canal (Swedish: Göta kanal) is a Swedish canal constructed in the early 19th century. 
The canal is 190 km (120 mi) long, of which 87 km (54 mi) were dug or blasted, with a width varying between 7–14 m (23–46 ft) and a maximum depth of about 3 m (9.8 ft). The speed is limited to 5 knots in the canal.

The Göta Canal is a part of a waterway 390 km (240 mi) long, linking a number of lakes and rivers to provide a route from Gothenburg (Göteborg) on the west coast to Söderköping on the Baltic Sea via the Trollhätte kanal and Göta älv river, through the large lakes Vänern and Vättern.
This waterway was dubbed as Sweden's Blue Ribbon (Swedish: Sveriges blå band).
Contrary to the popular belief it is not correct to consider this waterway as a sort of greater Göta Canal: the Trollhätte Canal and the Göta Canal are completely separate entities.
Mohankheda
Mohan Kheda is a Śvetāmbara Jain tirtha (pilgrimage place) located in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh in India. The site is situated 105 kilometres (65 mi) from Indore and 47 km (29 mi) from Dhar on the Indore-Ahmedabad Highway. It was established by Acharya Rajendrasuri (1826–1906), around 1884 and is today an important Gyana kshetra or Jain center of learning as well.

This tirtha has a 16-foot-tall (4.9 m) statue of the first Tirthankara, in the lotus position, and the samadhi derasar of Acharyas Rajendrasuri, Yatindrasuri and Vidhyachandrasuri. A fair is held here every year on the fifteenth day of the bright half of the month of Kartika, the month of Chaitra, and the seventh day of the bright half of the month of Pausha.

Dhar
Dhar is a city located in Dhar district of the Malwa region in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The city is the administrative headquarters of the Dhar district. Before Indian independence from Great Britain, it was the capital of the Dhar princely state.
Kilnhurst Central railway station
Kilnhurst Central was a railway station in Kilnhurst, South Yorkshire, England, one of two railway stations serving the village, the other being Kilnhurst West, situated on the North Midland Railway line. Kilnhurst Central was on the former Great Central Railway's (GCR) Sheffield Victoria - Doncaster line, between Parkgate and Aldwarke and Swinton Central.

Great Central Railway
The Great Central Railway in England was formed when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name in 1897, anticipating the opening in 1899 of its London Extension. On 1 January 1923, the company was grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway.
Thermionic converter
A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which thermionically emits electrons over a potential energy barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful electric power output. Caesium vapor can be used to optimize the electrode work functions and provide an ion supply (by surface ionization or electron impact ionization in a plasma) to neutralize the electron space charge.

Electron ionization
Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions. EI was one of the first ionization techniques developed for mass spectrometry. However, this method is still a popular ionization technique. This technique is considered a hard (high fragmentation) ionization method, since it uses highly energetic electrons to produce ions. This leads to extensive fragmentation, which can be helpful for structure determination of unknown compounds. EI is the most useful for organic compounds which have a molecular weight below 600  amu. Also, several other thermally stable and volatile compounds in solid, liquid and gas states can be detected with the use of this technique when coupled with various separation methods.
USS Mount Vernon
USS Mount Vernon has been the name of five U.S. Navy ships:

USS Mount Vernon (1846), a sidewheel gunboat seized by the U.S. Navy in April 1861, renamed USS Mount Washington in November 1861, and sold in 1865.

USS Mount Vernon (1859), a steamer purchased by the U.S. Navy in April 1861 and sold in 1865.

USS Mount Vernon (ID-4508), an ocean liner built in Germany as Kronprinzessin Cecilie in 1906, commandeered and commissioned by the U.S. Navy for use as a troop transport as USS Mount Vernon in 1917, and decommissioned in 1919.

USS Mount Vernon (AP-22), an ocean liner built in the early 1930s as SS Washington, purchased by the U.S. Navy for use as a troop transport in 1941 and commissioned as USS Mount Vernon, and decommissioned in 1946

USS Mount Vernon (LSD-39), a dock landing ship commissioned in 1972 and decommissioned in 2003.

USS Mount Vernon (AP-22)
USS Mount Vernon (AP-22) was a troop transport that served with the United States Navy during World War II. Prior to her military service, she was a luxury ocean liner named SS Washington.

Washington was launched in May 1933 by the New York Shipbuilding Company of Camden, New Jersey, and operated as a passenger liner from New York City to Plymouth, England, and Hamburg, Germany. Renamed Mount Vernon 6 June 1941, the liner was acquired by the Navy 16 June 1941 and commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard the same day, Captain Donald B. Beary in command.

Converted for naval use by Philadelphia Navy Yard, Mount Vernon trained along the east coast while mounting tension in the Far East drew the United States toward participation in World War II.
Dara Calleary
Dara Calleary (born 10 May 1973) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as Minister for Social Protection and Minister for Rural and Community Development and the Gaeltacht since January 2025. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Mayo constituency since the 2007 general election. He previously served as Minister of State for Trade Promotion, Digital and Company Regulation from 2022 to 2025, Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine from July to August 2020, Deputy leader of Fianna Fáil from 2018 to 2020 and Minister of State for Labour Affairs from 2009 to 2011.

Mayo (Dáil constituency)
Mayo is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). The constituency elects five deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). It includes the entirety of County Mayo.
Walter McClure
Walter Rayburn McClure (August 24, 1892 – April 12, 1959) was an American middle-distance runner who competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He finished eighth in the 1500 m event and failed to reach the 800 m final. He also took part in the baseball event, which was held as demonstration sport.

Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres at the 1912 Summer Olympics was the event’s fifth appearance, remaining one of 12 athletics disciplines contested at every games. The competition was held from Saturday, July 6, 1912, to Monday, July 8, 1912. Forty-seven runners from 16 nations competed. NOCs could enter up to 12 athletes. The event was won by Ted Meredith of the United States, the nation's third consecutive victory in the 800 metres. Mel Sheppard became the first man to win two medals in the event, coming in second to miss out on defending his 1908 gold. Ira Davenport completed the United States sweep, the second time the Americans had swept the 800 metres podium (after 1904).
Siegfried Glacier
Siegfried Glacier (69°33′00″S 72°28′00″W﻿ / ﻿69.55000°S 72.46667°W﻿ / -69.55000; -72.46667) is a glacier flowing east-southeast into Lazarev Bay, south of Mirnyy Peak on Rothschild Island. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee in association with the Wagner Ice Piedmont after Siegfried, the third part of the four-part festival play Der Ring des Nibelungen (1826) by Wagner.

Wagner Ice Piedmont
Wagner Ice Piedmont (69°28′S 72°38′W﻿ / ﻿69.467°S 72.633°W﻿ / -69.467; -72.633) is an ice piedmont, 9 nautical miles (17 km) long in a NW-SE direction and 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide, overlying the southwest part of Rothschild Island.

Observed and photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1939–41. Mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1960.

Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Richard Wagner (1813–1883), German composer.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Wagner Ice Piedmont". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Park So-hyun (tennis)
Park So-hyun (Korean: 박소현; born 2 July 2002) is a South Korean tennis player.
She has career-high singles WTA ranking of world No. 280 , achieved on 18 August 2024, and a doubles ranking No. 212, attained on 26 August 2024.   She is the current No. 1 Korean singles player.

On the ITF Junior Circuit, she reached a career-high combined ranking of No. 17, on 14 October 2019.

WTA rankings
The WTA rankings are the ratings defined by the Women's Tennis Association, introduced in November 1975. The computer that calculates the ranking is nicknamed "Medusa".

Aryna Sabalenka is the current world No. 1 in women's singles.
Reformed Church, Vardarac
The Reformed Church (Croatian: Reformatska crkva u Vardarcu, Hungarian: Várdaróci református templom) in Vardarac is a Reformed Christian Calvinist affiliated church serving primarily Hungarian community in the parish. Parish doctrine is grounded in the Second Helvetic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism. Adherents of this tradition are often referred to as Calvinists, named after the prominent Geneva reformer John Calvin.

Hungarians in Croatia
Hungarians are a recognized ethnic minority in Croatia. According to the 2021 census there were 10,315 Hungarians living in Croatia. According to the 2011 census there were 14,048 people of Hungarian ethnicity living in Croatia (or 0.33% of total population). Around two thirds of them (8,249) live in Osijek-Baranja County in eastern Croatia, especially in the Croatian part of the Baranya region which borders Hungary to the north. There are also small Hungarian communities in other parts of the country, including areas in Bjelovar-Bilogora County in central Croatia where 881 people identify themselves as Hungarian.
James Walker (Exeter MP)
James Walker (c. 1635–1692), of Exeter, Devon was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in the late 17th century. He was a local landowner and active in municipal affairs in Exeter.

James Walker was born circa 1635, the fourth son of Robert Walker and younger brother of Thomas Walker. He married Dorothy Southcote on 15 August 1676, though she died a year later on  27 August 1677. They had one child together, a daughter.

Walker served as a captain in the Barbados Dragoons, an England-based regiment, from 1672 to 1674. A decade later, he became mayor of Exeter, then served as a Member of the House of Commons under King James II of England. After leaving the position, he served as colonel in Jamaica (1686-1690), as well as governor of Port Royal (1686-1690).

Walker died on 16 January 1692. He is buried at St Mary Arches Church, Exeter.

House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the upper house of parliament, which is nominally superior. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons by convention becomes the prime minister. Other parliaments have also had a lower house called the "House of Commons".
Strait Regional Centre for Education
Strait Regional Centre for Education is a Canadian school district operating in eastern Nova Scotia's counties of Richmond, Antigonish, Inverness, and Guysborough.

The centre has a student population of 7,281 and it employs 612 teachers. The annual budget of the board is approximately $66 million (CAD).

The centre was created on April 1, 2018, replacing the Strait Regional School Board.

Inverness County, Nova Scotia
Inverness County is a historical county and census division of Nova Scotia, Canada located on Cape Breton Island. Local government is provided by the Municipality of the County of Inverness, the town of Port Hawkesbury and the Whycocomagh 2 Waycobah First Nation reserve.
Or Aviram
Or Aviram (Hebrew: אור אבירם) is an Israeli ten-pin bowler. He finished runner-up in the 2005 QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup. Eight years later, he would become the first Israeli to win the QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup.  He became the first Israeli to win the European Champions Cup, when he won in 2006. This would be the only medal Israel has won in European Champions Cup history.

His sister, Mor Aviram, is also a professional bowler, as was their mother, Sara Aviram.

QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup
The QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup, previously known as the International Masters and AMF Bowling World Cup, is an annual ten-pin bowling championship sponsored by QubicaAMF Worldwide, and the largest in bowling in terms of number of participating nations. Each nation chooses one male and/or one female bowler to represent them in the tournament, and in the majority of cases, this is done by running a qualifying tournament, the winners of which (male and/or female) are chosen.
South Casco, Maine
South Casco is an unincorporated village in the town of Casco, Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The community is located along U.S. Route 302 and Maine State Route 35 near the town's border with Raymond and the north shore of Sebago Lake. South Casco has a post office with ZIP code 04077.

Maine State Route 35
State Route 35 (SR 35) runs the course of western Maine, from Kennebunk to Bethel. It passes through York, Cumberland, and Oxford counties. It is known in its lower sections for both its unusually windy course as well as its notoriously poor paving, as a result of winter frost heaves. Its northern section leads to the famous ski resort, Sunday River.  The route crosses the Presumpscot River and a well-preserved section of the Cumberland and Oxford Canal approximately one mile (1.6 km) west of U.S. Route 302 (US 302) in North Windham.