hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Medieval French literature
Medieval French literature is, for the purpose of this article, Medieval literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle French) during the period from the eleventh century to the end of the fifteenth century.

The material and cultural conditions in France and associated territories around the year 1100 unleashed what the scholar Charles Homer Haskins termed the "Renaissance of the 12th century" and, for over the next hundred years, writers, "jongleurs", "clercs" and poets produced a profusion of remarkable creative works in all genres.  Although the dynastic struggles of the Hundred Years' War and the Black Death pandemic of the fourteenth century in many ways curtailed this creative production, the fifteenth century laid the groundwork for the French Renaissance.

Chrétien de Troyes
Chrétien de Troyes (Modern French: [kʁetjɛ̃ də tʁwa]; Old French: Crestien de Troies [kresˈtjẽn də ˈtrojəs]; fl. c. 1160–1191) was a French poet and trouvère known for his writing on Arthurian subjects such as Gawain, Lancelot, Perceval, and the Holy Grail. Chrétien's chivalric romances, including Erec and Enide, Lancelot, Perceval, and Yvain, represent some of the best-regarded works of medieval literature. His use of structure, particularly in Yvain, has been seen as a step toward the modern novel.
Kodecyte
A kodecyte (ko•de•cyte) is a living cell that has been modified (koded) by the incorporation of one or more function-spacer-lipid constructs (FSL constructs) to gain a new or novel biological, chemical or technological function. The cell is modified by the lipid tail of the FSL construct incorporating into the bilipid membrane of the cell.

All kodecytes retain their normal vitality and functionality while gaining the new function of the inserted FSL constructs. The combination of dispersibility in biocompatible media, spontaneous incorporation into cell membranes, and apparent low toxicity, makes FSL constructs suitable as research tools and for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Vitality
Vitality (from Middle French  vitalité, from Latin  vītālitās, from Latin  vīta 'life') is the capacity to live, grow, or develop. Vitality is also the characteristic that distinguishes living from non-living things. To experience vitality is regarded as a basic psychological drive and, in philosophy, a component to the will to live. As such, people seek to maximize their vitality or their experience of vitality—that which corresponds to an enhanced physiological capacity and mental state.
Acronychia laevis
Acronychia laevis, commonly known as hard aspen, glossy acronychia or northern white lilly pilly, is a species of shrub or small tree in the citrus family, and is endemic to eastern Australia. It has simple, elliptical to egg-shaped leaves, groups of creamy white flowers and fleshy, mitre-shaped to spherical fruit.

Mitre
The mitre (Commonwealth English) or miter (American English; see spelling differences; both pronounced /ˈmaɪtər/ MY-tər; Greek: μίτρα, romanized: mítra, lit. 'headband') is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in traditional Christianity. Mitres are worn in the Catholic Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (IOC), Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church (Jacobites), Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, some Lutheran churches, for important ceremonies, by the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, and also, in the Catholic Church, all cardinals, whether or not bishops, and some Eastern Orthodox archpriests.
Two-dimensional magnetic recording
Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) is a technology introduced in 2017 in hard disk drives (HDD) used for computer data storage. Most of the world's data is recorded on HDDs, and there is continuous pressure on manufacturers to create greater data storage capacity in a given HDD form-factor and for a given cost. In an HDD, data is stored using magnetic recording on a rotating magnetic disk and is accessed through a write-head and read-head (or read-element). TDMR allows greater storage capacity by advantageously combining signals simultaneously from multiple read-back heads to enhance the recovery of one or more data-tracks. In this manner, data can be stored with higher areal-density on the disks thus providing higher capacity in each HDD. TDMR is a read-back technology and thus applies equally well to future recording (writing) technologies such as heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) and microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR).

Form factor (design)
Form factor is a hardware design aspect that defines and prescribes the size, shape, and other physical specifications of components, particularly in electronics. A form factor may represent a broad class of similarly sized components, or it may prescribe a specific standard. It may also define an entire system, as in a computer form factor.
Bullard Farm
The Bullard Memorial Farm  is a historic farm located at 7 Bullard Lane in Holliston, Massachusetts.   It was first settled by Benjamin Bullard in approximately 1652. The land was purchased from local Native Americans.  Bullards farmed the land until 1916, when John Anson Bullard bequeathed it to the Bullard Memorial Farm Association (“BMFA”), which had been created in 1909. The main house was built in 1777 and enlarged in 1794; the property has a number of outbuildings, including a barn, a vinegar building, a cider building, a blacksmith shop, a library, a locker building, a small shed/horse barn, and a cottage. The farm includes 100 acres (40 ha) under a forestry and agricultural designation and another 50 acres (20 ha) are undeveloped pasture."  The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Holliston, Massachusetts
Holliston is a New England town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States in the Greater Boston area. The population was 14,996 at the 2020 census. It is located in MetroWest, a Massachusetts region that is west of Boston. Holliston is the only town in Middlesex County that borders both Norfolk and Worcester counties.
Ptychodus
Ptychodus (from Greek: πτυχή ptyche 'fold' and Greek: ὀδούς odoús 'tooth') is a genus of extinct large durophagous (shell-crushing) lamniform sharks from the Cretaceous period, spanning from the Albian to the Campanian. Fossils of Ptychodus teeth are found in many Late Cretaceous marine sediments worldwide.

At least 16 species are considered valid, with the largest members of the genus suggested to have grown up to 10 meters (33 feet) long. The youngest remains date to around 75 million years ago. A large number of remains have been found in the former Western Interior Seaway.

Albian
The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/Series. Its approximate time range is 113.2 ± 0.3 Ma to 100.5 ± 0.1 Ma (million years ago). The Albian is preceded by the Aptian and followed by the Cenomanian.
Hua Islet
Hua Islet (Chinese: 花嶼; Hanyu Pinyin: Huā Yǔ; Tongyong Pinyin: Hua Yǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hoe-sū; lit. 'flower islet') is an islet in Huayu Village (花嶼村), Wangan Township, Penghu County (the Pescadores), Taiwan. Hua Islet is the westernmost point in Penghu (the Pescadores). The island has also been known as "West Islet" (西嶼). The Japanese-built Huayu Lighthouse (Hua Islet Lighthouse) is located on the southwestern hill of the island.

Ferries run periodically between Magong and Hua Islet as well as between Wangan Island and Hua Islet.

Tongyong Pinyin
Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, while a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry of Education approved the system in 2002, but its use was optional.

From 1 January 2009, the Ministry of Education began promoting Hanyu Pinyin. Local governments were not able to get financial aid from the central government if they used Tongyong Pinyin-derived romanizations. However, Tongyong Pinyin has continued in use for the transliteration of some place names and personal names in Taiwan (Republic of China). Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin –  for example, Cijin District (旗津區, Cíjin Cyu).
All Night Long (1981 film)
All Night Long is a 1981 American romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Claude Tramont and starring Gene Hackman, Barbra Streisand, Diane Ladd, Dennis Quaid, Kevin Dobson and William Daniels. It was written by W. D. Richter.

Diane Ladd
Diane Ladd (born Rose Diane Ladner; November 29, 1935 – November 3, 2025) was an American actress. With a career spanning over 70 years, she appeared in over 200 films and television shows, receiving three Academy Award nominations for her roles in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Wild at Heart (1990) and Rambling Rose (1991), the first of which won her a BAFTA Award. She was also nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and four Golden Globe Awards, winning one for her role in the sitcom Alice (1980–1981).

Ladd's other film appearances included Chinatown (1974), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), Primary Colors (1998), 28 Days (2000) and Joy (2015). She was the mother of actress Laura Dern, with her ex-husband, actor Bruce Dern.
Envy-free item allocation
Envy-free (EF) item allocation is a fair item allocation problem, in which the fairness criterion is envy-freeness - each agent should receive a bundle that they believe to be at least as good as the bundle of any other agent.: 296–297

Since the items are indivisible, an EF assignment may not exist. The simplest case is when there is a single item and at least two agents: if the item is assigned to one agent, the other will envy.

One way to attain fairness is to use monetary transfers. When monetary transfers are not allowed or not desired, there are allocation algorithms providing various kinds of relaxations.

Round-robin item allocation
Round robin is a procedure for fair item allocation. It can be used to allocate several indivisible items among several people, such that the allocation is "almost" envy-free: each agent believes that the bundle they received is at least as good as the bundle of any other agent, when at most one item is removed from the other bundle. In sports, the round-robin procedure is called a draft.
Ellen Perez
Ellen Perez (born 10 October 1995) is an Australian professional tennis player.
Her career-high rankings in singles and doubles are world No. 162 and No. 7, achieved in August 2019 and in April 2024, respectively.
She has won eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour, three doubles titles on the Challenger Tour, as well as two singles and 19 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

Perez made her major main-draw debut at the 2016 Australian Open in doubles with Belinda Woolcock; they lost in the first round to Jessica Moore and Storm Sanders. Perez made her first singles major appearance at the 2016 US Open, after winning the Australian Wildcard Play-off.

2016 Australian Open
The 2016 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park between 18 and 31 January 2016. It was the 104th edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles play. Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments.

Novak Djokovic successfully defended the men's singles title and thus won a record-equaling sixth Australian Open title. Serena Williams was the defending champion in the women's singles but failed to defend her title, losing to Angelique Kerber in the final; by winning, Kerber became the first German player of any gender to win a Grand Slam title since Steffi Graf won her last such title at the 1999 French Open.

As in previous years, this year's tournament's title sponsor was Kia. This edition set a new attendance record for the tournament of 720,363.
Bella Verano
Bella Verano Domínguez (born 14 February 1978) is a Spanish politician serving as a member of the Congress of Deputies since 2023. From 2019 to 2023, she served as delegate of the regional government of Andalusia in the province of Huelva.

Regional Government of Andalusia
The Regional Government of Andalusia (Spanish: Junta de Andalucía) is the government of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. It consists of the Parliament, the President of the Regional Government and the Government Council. The 2011 budget was 31.7 billion euros. It employs about 500,000 workers.
John M. Peters
John Merrell Peters (January 16, 1927 – February 4, 2013) was an American lawyer and legislator.

Born in Rochester, Minnesota, Peters grew up in DeWitt, Iowa. He served in the United States Navy during World War II. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Iowa and his law degree from the University of Iowa College of Law. He practiced law in Fort Dodge, Iowa. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives in 1953–1955 as a Republican.

Iowa House of Representatives
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa House of Representatives is the lower house of the Iowa General Assembly, the upper house being the Iowa Senate. There are 100 seats in the Iowa House of Representatives, representing 100 single-member districts across the state, formed by dividing the 50 Senate districts in half. Each district has a population of approximately 30,464 as of the 2010 United States census. The House of Representatives meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the upper house, the Iowa Senate, state House representatives serve two-year terms with the whole chamber up for re-election in even-numbered years. There are no term limits for the House.
Georgian–Ossetian conflict
The Georgian–Ossetian conflict is an ethno-political conflict over Georgia's former autonomous region of South Ossetia, which evolved in 1989 and developed into a war. Despite a declared ceasefire and numerous peace efforts, the conflict remained unresolved. In August 2008, military tensions and clashes between Georgia and South Ossetian separatists erupted into the Russo-Georgian War. Since then, South Ossetia has been under de facto Russian control.

Dmitry Sanakoyev
Dmitry Ivanovich Sanakoyev (born 10 May 1969 in Tskhinvali, South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union) is a South Ossetian and Georgian politician, a former official in the secessionist government of South Ossetia and later, from 2007 to 2022, served as the Head of the Provisional Administration of South Ossetia, a rival entity established in the Georgian-controlled territories in the South Ossetia region by the Georgian government.
Shiashkotan
Shiashkotan (Russian: Шиашкотан) (Japanese: 捨子古丹島; Shasukotan-tō) is an uninhabited volcanic island near the center of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean, separated from Ekarma by the Ekarma Strait. Its name is derived from the Ainu language, from “Konbu village”.

Kombu
Kombu or Konbu (from Japanese: 昆布, romanized: konbu or kombu) is edible kelp mostly from the family Laminariaceae and is widely eaten in East Asia. It may also be referred to as dasima (Korean: 다시마) or haidai (simplified Chinese: 海带; traditional Chinese: 海帶; pinyin: Hǎidài).

Kelp features in the diets of many civilizations, including Chinese and Icelandic; however, the largest consumers of kelp are the Japanese, who have incorporated kelp and seaweed into their diets for over 1,500 years.
Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi
Abū Ḥātim Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdān al-Rāzī (Persian: ابو حاتم احمد بن حمدان الرازی) was a Persian Ismaili philosopher of the 10th century, who died in 322 AH (932/933 CE). He was also the Da'i al-du'at (chief missionary) of Ray and the leader of the Ismaili da'wah in Central Persia.

Bab (Shia Islam)
The term bāb (Arabic: باب, lit. 'gateway') was used in early Shia Islam for senior disciples, and authorised deputies, of the current Imam. Less commonly, the term is also applied to the Imams themselves, as well as to Muhammad and other prophets in Islam.
Luzhou District, New Taipei
Luzhou District (Chinese: 蘆洲區; Hanyu Pinyin: Lúzhōu Qū; Tongyong Pinyin: Lújhou Cyu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lô·-chiu-khu) is an inner city district in northwestern New Taipei City, Taiwan. It is the second smallest district in New Taipei City after Yonghe District.

Tongyong Pinyin
Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, while a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry of Education approved the system in 2002, but its use was optional.

From 1 January 2009, the Ministry of Education began promoting Hanyu Pinyin. Local governments were not able to get financial aid from the central government if they used Tongyong Pinyin-derived romanizations. However, Tongyong Pinyin has continued in use for the transliteration of some place names and personal names in Taiwan (Republic of China). Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin –  for example, Cijin District (旗津區, Cíjin Cyu).
Poupart
Poupart can refer to:

Alfred Poupart (1876-1963), French archer who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London

Brigitte Poupart, Canadian actress and filmmaker

Chaiyapol Julien Poupart (born 1990), Thai actor and model

François Poupart (1661–1708) French physician, anatomist, entomologist, who described:
Poupart's ligament, another name for the inguinal ligament in anatomy

Henri-Pierre Poupart or Henri-Pierre Poupard, renamed himself Henri Sauguet, (1901-1989), French composer

Henri Poupart-Lafarge (born 1969), French business executive

Jean Frédéric André Poupart de Neuflize (1850 – 1928), French banker and equestrian

Roberte Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough, née Poupart de Neuflize (1892–1979), French noblewoman

Samuel Poupart, English owner of the land that became:
Shaftesbury Park Estate which is served by the rail junction

Susan "Suzy" Poupart (1960–1990) victim in the Murder of Susan Poupart

François Poupart
François Poupart (1661–1709) French physician, anatomist and entomologist.

He described Poupart's ligament, which had been discovered by Gabriele Falloppio.

In 1789, botanists published Poupartia a genus of plants from Islands in the Indian Ocean in family Anacardiaceae. It was named in Poupart's honour.

Then in 2006, botanists published Poupartiopsis. a genus of flowering plants from Madagascar, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae and also named in Francois honour.
Albrecht Agthe
Wilhelm Johann Albrecht Agthe (14 April 1790 – 8 October 1873) was a German music teacher.

Agthe was born in Ballenstedt to Karl Christian Agthe, a court organist and composer. He studied under Michael Gotthard Fischer in Erfurt, and in 1810 became a music teacher in Leipzig and a member of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. In 1823, he began teaching using Logier's method in Dresden; from 1826 in Posen (where he taught Theodor Kullak); from 1830 in Breslau; and from 1832 in Berlin, where he directed a music school for 13 years.

Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (Gewandhausorchester; also previously known in German as the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig) is a German symphony orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany.  The orchestra is named after the concert hall in which it is based, the Gewandhaus ("Garment House").  In addition to its concert duties, the orchestra also performs frequently in the Thomaskirche and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.
Bidiagonalization
Bidiagonalization is one of unitary (orthogonal) matrix decompositions such that U* A V = B, where U and V are unitary (orthogonal) matrices; * denotes Hermitian transpose; and B is upper bidiagonal. A is allowed to be rectangular.

For dense matrices, the left and right unitary matrices are obtained by a series of Householder reflections alternately applied from the left and right. This is known as Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization. For large matrices, they are calculated iteratively by using Lanczos method, referred to as Golub-Kahan-Lanczos method.

Bidiagonalization has a very similar structure to the singular value decomposition (SVD). However, it is computed within finite operations, while SVD requires iterative schemes to find singular values. The latter is because the squared singular values are the roots of characteristic polynomials of A* A, where A is assumed to be tall.

Unitary matrix
In linear algebra, an invertible complex square matrix U is unitary if its matrix inverse U−1 equals its conjugate transpose U*, that is, if

where I is the identity matrix.

In physics, especially in quantum mechanics, the conjugate transpose is referred to as the Hermitian adjoint of a matrix and is denoted by a dagger (⁠⁠), so the equation above is written

A complex matrix U is special unitary if it is unitary and its matrix determinant equals 1.

For real numbers, the analogue of a unitary matrix is an orthogonal matrix. Unitary matrices have significant importance in quantum mechanics because they preserve norms, and thus, probability amplitudes.
Pskov Viceroyalty
57°49′N 28°20′E﻿ / ﻿57.817°N 28.333°E﻿ / 57.817; 28.333

Pskov Viceroyalty (Russian: Псковское наместничество, romanized: Pskovskoye namestnichestvo) was an administrative-territorial unit (namestnichestvo) of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1777–1796. The seat of the Viceroyalty was located in Pskov. Both the predecessor and the successor of the viceroyalty was Pskov Governorate. In terms of modern administrative division of Russia, the area of the viceroyalty is currently split between Pskov, Leningrad, Tver, and Novgorod Oblasts.

Pskov Oblast
Pskov Oblast (Russian: Пско́вская о́бласть, romanized: Pskovskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 599,084.
Caroline Trevor
Caroline Trevor (born 1958) is an English contralto, focused on early music and Baroque music in historically informed performance. She has been one of two alto voices in the award-winning ensemble The Tallis Scholars since 1982.

Early music
Early music generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600–1750) or Ancient music (before 500 AD). Originating in Europe, early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western classical music.