hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Counterguard
The counterguard (German: Kontergarde, French: contre-garde) is an outwork in a bastioned fortification system that usually comprises only a low rampart and which is sited in front of the actual fortress moat that runs around the bastions or ravelins. The rampart way of a counterguard is, however, so constructed and at least wide enough that it enables the positioning of guns. An additional ditch in front of it guards the work from a frontal enemy assault. The function of counterguards was to protect the higher ravelin or bastion behind it from direct fire and to delay an attack on it as long as possible. So that the counterguards and the works that they were to protect could not come under simultaneous fire along the line of the rampart, they were not allowed to run parallel to one another.

If such a rampart work was built for defending infantry alone, i.e. without artillery positions, it was called a couvreface.

Outwork
An outwork is a minor fortification built or established outside the principal fortification limits, detached or semidetached. Outworks such as ravelins, lunettes (demilunes), flèches and caponiers to shield bastions and fortification curtains from direct battery were developed in the 16th century. Later, the increasing scale of warfare and the greater resources available to the besieger accelerated this development, and systems of outworks grew increasingly elaborate and sprawling as a means of slowing the attacker's progress and making it more costly. When taken by an enemy force, their lack of rear-facing ramparts left them totally open to fire from the main works.

An advanced work, a fortification detached and forward of the main castle or fortification, is sometimes referred to as a type of outwork or 'advanced outwork'.

The hornwork and crownwork are subtypes of outworks.
Ja Mezz
Kim Sung-hee (Korean: 김성희, born August 11, 1989), better known by his stage name Ja Mezz (자메즈), is a South Korean rapper. He released his first EP, 1/4, on August 11, 2015. He dropped out Hanyang University in 2017.

In August 2018, he participated in Japanese MC/Singer, Mitsuhiro Hidaka's song, "Name Tag".

Mitsuhiro Hidaka
Mitsuhiro Hidaka (日高 光啓, Hidaka Mitsuhiro; born December 12, 1986, in Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese rapper, singer, actor, dancer, and a member of the J-pop group AAA. He is the rapper of the group and also writes rap lyrics for the band. He is also a member of the hip hop trio Mother Ninjas. He also debuted as a solo artist in August 2013 as Sky-Hi.
Nilu Phule
Nilu Phule (Marathi pronunciation: [niɭuː pʰuleː]; 4 April 1930 – 13 July 2009) was an Indian actor known for his roles in Marathi movies and Marathi theatre. Nilu Phule acted in around 250 Marathi and Hindi movies during his film career. He was most prominently seen playing the roles of notorious villains in the movies. He is recipient of numerous accolades including a Filmfare Award Marathi, four Maharashtra State Film Awards, Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and Zee Chitra Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award.

Phule was also a social worker, and was associated with Rashtra Seva Dal.

Marathi theatre
Marathi theatre is theatre in the Marathi language, mostly originating or based in the state of Maharashtra in India, and elsewhere with Marathi diaspora. Starting in the middle of the 19th century, it flourished in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, it continues to have a marked presence in the State of Maharashtra with a loyal audience base, when most theatre in other parts of India have had tough time facing the onslaught of cinema and television. Its repertoire ranges from musicals, humorous social plays, farces, historical plays like 'Vedat Marathe Veer Daudale Saat' by Bashir Momin Kavathekar, to experimental plays and serious drama of the 1970s onwards, by Vijay Tendulkar, P. L. Deshpande, Mahesh Elkunchwar and Satish Alekar, which have influenced theatre throughout India. In the post-independence era, Bengali theatre, and Marathi theatre have been at the forefront of innovations and significant dramaturgy in Indian theatre.
Dorotheus of Tyre
Saint Dorotheus (Greek: Άγιος Δωρόθεος) bishop of Tyre (present-day Lebanon; c. 255 – 362) is traditionally credited with an Acts of the Seventy Apostles (which may be the same work as the lost Gospel of the Seventy), who were sent out according to the Gospel of Luke 10:1.

Dorotheus was a learned priest of Antioch (Eusebius, VII.32) and a eunuch. Dorotheus is said to have been driven into exile during the persecution of Diocletian, but later returned. He attended the Council of Nicaea in 325, but was exiled to Odyssopolis (Varna) on the Black Sea in Thrace by Julian the Apostate. There, the 107-year-old priest was martyred for his faith. His feast day is observed June 5 according to the Gregorian calendar which coincides with June 18 on the Julian calendar.

Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre is a city in Lebanon, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It was one of the earliest Phoenician metropolises and the legendary birthplace of Europa, her brothers Cadmus and Phoenix, and Carthage's founder Dido (Elissa). The city has many ancient sites, including the Tyre Hippodrome, and was added as a whole to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984. The historian Ernest Renan described it as "a city of ruins, built out of ruins".

Tyre is the fifth-largest city in Lebanon after Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, and Baalbek. It is the capital of the Tyre District in the South Governorate. There were approximately 200,000 inhabitants in the Tyre urban area in 2016, including many refugees, as the city hosts three of the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon: Burj El Shimali, El Buss, and Rashidieh.
Caby
Caby is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adèle Caby-Livannah (born 1957), Congolese writer

Auguste Caby (1887–?), French Olympic swimmer

Robert Caby (1905–1992), French composer and writer

Taylor Caby (born 1983), American poker player and entrepreneur

Taylor Caby
Taylor Caby (born August 20, 1983) is an American poker player and entrepreneur. He is co-founder and CEO of CardRunners, the poker training website, co-founder of Establish the Run, and a managing partner at Hold'em Manager, the poker analytics software.
Riigikogu electoral district no. 12
Electoral district no. 12 (Estonian: Valimisringkond nr 12) is one of the 12 multi-member electoral districts of the Riigikogu, the national legislature of Estonia. The district was established in 1992 when the Riigikogu was re-established following Estonia's independence from the Soviet Union. It was renamed electoral district no. 11 in 1995 following the re-organisation of electoral districts but reverted to electoral district no. 12 in 2003. It is conterminous with the county of Pärnu. The district currently elects seven of the 101 members of the Riigikogu using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 parliamentary election it had 66,852 registered electors.

Riigikogu
The Riigikogu (Estonian: [ˈriːkiˈkoku], from Estonian riigi-, "of the state", and kogu, "assembly") is the unicameral parliament of Estonia. In addition to approving legislation, the Parliament appoints high officials, including the prime minister and chief justice of the Supreme Court, and elects (either alone or, if necessary, together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college) the president. Among its other tasks, the Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law, as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law, and monitors the executive power.
Save Mollem
Save Mollem, also known as My Mollem and Amchem Mollem, is a social movement that aimed to protect the planned deforestation in the Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park in Goa, India. The movement gained recognition for its involvement by millennials and the unique artwork created to spread awareness.

Prakash Javadekar
Prakash Keshav Javadekar (born 30 January 1951) is an Indian politician and former parliamentarian. He served as the Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change two times, from May 2014 to July 2016 and from May 2019 to July 2021.

Javadekar was elected to the upper house Rajya Sabha as a Member of Parliament from Maharashtra in 2008, and re-elected from Madhya Pradesh in 2014.

Following the victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Indian General Election, he was appointed Minister State (Independent Charge) for Environment, Forests and Climate Change by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. He was also a Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, and briefly held the portfolio of Information and Broadcasting.

Javadekar is an official spokesperson of the BJP.
Evciler Castle
Evciler Castle (Turkish: Evciler Kalesi), also called as Kızılbağ Castle, and Evcili Castle is a small medieval castle in Mersin Province, Turkey.

The castle is located at 37°02′26″N 34°29′34″E﻿ / ﻿37.04056°N 34.49278°E﻿ / 37.04056; 34.49278. Visitors from Mersin follow to highway norths to Kızılbağ, and from there eastwards to Değirmendere. The castle is situated on a 890 m (2,920 ft)-high hill. It overlooks Kızılbağ Pond. Its distance to Mersin is about 40 km (25 mi).

There is no historical document about the castle, which was formally surveyed in 1979. But, judging from the masonry, it may be a Byzantine or Armenian fortification. It has small rectangular plan and three storey keep.

Mersin
Mersin (pronounced [ˈmæɾsin]) is a large city and port on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. It is the provincial capital of the Mersin Province (formerly İçel). It is made up of four district governorates, each having its own municipality: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir.

A larger metropolitan region which combines Mersin with Tarsus and Erdemli houses more than 1.7 million inhabitants. Çukurova International Airport (COV) situated 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Mersin city centre, is its closest international airport. There are ferry services from Mersin to Famagusta (Mağusa) in Northern Cyprus. Mersin is linked to Adana via Tarsus by way of TCDD trains.
Hejnum
Hejnum is a populated area, a socken (not to be confused with parish), on the Swedish island of Gotland. It comprises the same area as the administrative Hejnum District, established on 1 January 2016.

Registration districts in Sweden
A registration district is, since 1 January 2016, the smallest administrative subdivision for population registration in Sweden (Swedish: folkbokföring), i.e. the civil registration of births, marriages, civil partnerships and deaths, and for the collation of census information.

Geographically, the districts correspond to the parishes of the Church of Sweden of 31 December 1999. About 85% of the old sockens corresponds with the new districts. The civil registration was originally maintained by the Church of Sweden, but since July 1991 it is administered by the Swedish Tax Agency.

The registration district is also used for registration of land ownership by Lantmäteriet, for the reason that owned land was historically named after parish:neighbourhood:number, but in 2000 changed to municipality:neighbourhood:number, which caused confusion with multiple neighbourhood names in the same municipality.
2002 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 2002 were elections for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 5, 2002. California gained 1 seat because of Congressional apportionment following the 2000 census, which Republicans won. Democrats gained the open 39th district. In the 18th district, Democrat Gary Condit, under fire from the Chandra Levy scandal, lost in the primary to his former chief of staff, Dennis Cardoza.

Dennis Cardoza
Dennis Alan Cardoza GOIH (born March 31, 1959) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for California's 18th congressional district from 2003 to 2012. The district took in a large swath of the Central Valley, from Stockton to Fresno. He is a member of the Democratic Party. On October 20, 2011, he announced he would retire from Congress at the end of 2012.

He first won election to Congress after defeating Congressman Gary Condit in the March 2002 Democratic Party primary election.

He resigned from Congress effective August 15, 2012, citing family concerns as a priority, and joined the law firm Foley & Lardner LLP in a public affairs and lobbying role.
Međurečje (Rudo)
Međurečje (Serbian Cyrillic: Међуречје) is a village located in the municipality of Rudo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is surrounded by the Serbian municipality of Priboj, in Zlatibor District, making it an exclave of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and an enclave within Serbia, a kilometer from the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina. While Serbia recognizes Međurečje as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the entire area is currently under the administration of the Serbian government. Sastavci is the neighboring village in Serbia.

Rudo
Rudo (Serbian Cyrillic: Рудо) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 7,963 inhabitants, while the town of Rudo has a population of 1,949 inhabitants.

It is famous throughout former Yugoslav republics as the birthplace of the 1st Proletarian Brigade formed by Yugoslav Partisans.
Floriston railway station
Floriston railway station was a station which served the rural area around Floristonrigg, Rockcliffe Parish, south of Gretna in the English county of Cumberland (now part of Cumbria). It was served by local trains on what is now known as the West Coast Main Line. The nearest station for Floriston is now at Carlisle.

Cumberland
Cumberland (/ˈkʌmbərlənd/ KUM-bər-lənd) is an area of North West England which was historically a county. The county was bordered by Northumberland to the north-east, County Durham to the east, Westmorland to the south-east, Lancashire to the south, and the Scottish counties of Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire to the north. The county included the city of Carlisle, part of the Lake District and North Pennines, and the Solway Firth coastline.

Cumberland had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974, when it was subsumed into Cumbria with Westmorland as well as parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire. It gives its name to the unitary authority area of Cumberland, which has similar boundaries but excludes Penrith.
Lattice gauge theory
In physics, lattice gauge theory is the study of gauge theories on a spacetime that has been discretized into a lattice.

Gauge theories are important in particle physics, and include the prevailing theories of elementary particles: quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and particle physics' Standard Model. Non-perturbative gauge theory calculations in continuous spacetime formally involve evaluating an infinite-dimensional path integral, which is computationally intractable. By working on a discrete spacetime, the path integral becomes finite-dimensional, and can be evaluated by stochastic simulation techniques such as the Monte Carlo method.  When the size of the lattice is taken infinitely large and its sites infinitesimally close to each other, the continuum gauge theory is recovered.

Quantum electrodynamics
In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light interaction.

In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen.: Ch1  It is the most precise and stringently tested theory in physics.
Lázně Bludov
Lázně Bludov or Bludovské lázně is a spa situated in Bludov, Czech Republic. Strongly alkaline hypotonic thermal mineral water containing sulphates, chlorides and sodium is used for curing child obesity, kidney, urinary tract and musculoskeletal diseases, and respiratory problems.

Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42−. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many are prepared from that acid.
Recalcati
Recalcati is a surname of Italian origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Antonio Recalcati (1938–2022), Italian painter and sculptor

Carlo Recalcati (born 1945), Italian basketball coach and player

Carlo Recalcati
Carlo Recalcati (born September 11, 1945, in Milan, Italy) is an Italian professional basketball coach, and a former player.

He was the head coach of the senior Italian national basketball team, from 2001 to 2009, and led them to the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, and the bronze medal at the EuroBasket 2003.
Alpheus randalli
Alpheus randalli is a species of snapping shrimp in the family Alpheidae. It lives in the Marquesas Islands and parts of the Indian Ocean, including the Seychelles, in association with a goby of the genus Amblyeleotris. The shrimp is transparent or white with prominent red markings.

Amblyeleotris
Amblyeleotris is a genus of fish in the family Gobiidae found throughout the Indo-Pacific region. This is the largest genus of the shrimp gobies or prawn gobies, so-called because of their symbiotic relationship with certain alpheid shrimps. The shrimp excavates and maintains a burrow used by both animals while the goby, which has far superior eyesight, acts as a lookout for predators. The shrimp maintains almost constant contact with the fish with an antenna. Fossil Amblyeleotris otoliths have been found together with alpheid shrimp remnants from as early as late early Miocene (Burdigalian) suggesting a possible mutualistic association since then.

The species of Amblyeleotris vary considerably in size from less than 30 mm (1.2 in) to almost 200 mm (7.9 in) standard length.
Grevillea dimorpha
Grevillea dimorpha, commonly known as flame grevillea or olive grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the Grampians National Park in Victoria, Australia. It is an erect to spreading shrub with elliptic to linear or egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and groups of bright red flowers.

Grampians National Park
The Grampians National Park, commonly known as the Grampians, is a national park located in the Grampians region of Victoria, Australia. The Jardwadjali name for the mountain range itself is Gariwerd.

The 167,219-hectare (413,210-acre) national park is situated between Stawell and Horsham on the Western Highway and Dunkeld on the Glenelg Highway, 260 kilometres (160 mi) west of Melbourne and 460 kilometres (290 mi) east of Adelaide. Proclaimed as a national park on 1 July 1984, the park was listed on the National Heritage List on 15 December 2006 for its outstanding natural beauty and being one of the richest Aboriginal rock art sites in south-eastern Australia.

The Grampians feature a striking series of mountain ranges of sandstone. The Gariwerd area features about 90% of the rock art in the state.
Survivals FC
Survivals Football Club is a Lucian professional football club based in Mabouya Valley. The team plays in the SLFA First Division, the top tier of Saint Lucian football.

Survivals are the most recent champions of the SLFA First Division, winning the title during the 2016 season.

Football in Saint Lucia
The sport of association football in the country of Saint Lucia is run by the Saint Lucia Football Association. The association administers the national football team, as well as the SLFA First Division.
XII Squadriglia MAS
The XII Squadriglia MAS (lit. '12th Assault Craft Division'; Italian: MAS, an initialism for Mezzi d'Assalto) was a formation of the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) which served on Lake Ladoga as part of the Axis siege of Leningrad during World War II.

Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg.

It is the largest lake located entirely in Europe, the second largest lake in Russia after Lake Baikal, and the 14th largest lake by area in the world. It is comparable in size to Lake Ontario. Ladoga Lacus, a methane lake on Saturn's moon Titan, is named after the lake.
2025 Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal
The 2025 Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 14 September 2025 in Montréal, Canada. It was the 14th edition of the Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal and the 34th event of the 2025 UCI World Tour. The race was won by American Brandon McNulty of UAE Team Emirates XRG.

Brandon McNulty
Brandon Alexander McNulty (born April 2, 1998) is an American cyclist who rides for UCI WorldTeam UAE Team Emirates XRG. In the 2016 UCI Junior World Time Trial Championships McNulty became the fourth American junior world champion after Greg LeMond, Jeff Evanshine, and Taylor Phinney, winning the time trial by 35 seconds.
Mitchell, Wisconsin
Mitchell is a town in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,132 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The unincorporated community of Parnell is located in the town.

Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Sheboygan (/ʃɪˈbɔɪɡən/) is a city in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. The population was 49,929 at the 2020 census, while the Sheboygan metropolitan area had 118,034 residents. The city is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Sheboygan River, about 50 miles (80 kilometers) north of Milwaukee and 64 miles (103 kilometers) south of Green Bay.
Spanish ship Lepanto
Three ships of the Spanish Navy have borne the name Lepanto, after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571:

Spanish gunboat Lepanto, an armed paddle steamer built in 1846, decommissioned in 1882, and stricken in 1884.

Spanish cruiser Lepanto, a Reina Regente-class protected cruiser commissioned in 1899 and decommissioned in 1908.

Spanish destroyer Lepanto, a Churruca-class destroyer commissioned in 1930 and decommissioned in 1957.

Lepanto (D21), formerly USS Capps, a Fletcher-class destroyer acquired in 1957 and decommissioned in 1985

Spanish cruiser Lepanto
Lepanto was a Reina Regente-class cruiser protected cruiser in commission in the Spanish Navy from 1899 to 1908. She was named for the 1571 Battle of Lepanto. She had a short career, spending most of it as a training ship.
Brunflo IK
Brunflo IK is a Swedish ice hockey club based in Brunflo. It was founded in 1975, and currently plays in the Norra group of Division 1, the third tier of ice hockey in Sweden.

Internationally Brunflo is probably the best known as being the team in which the legendary Soviet and Russian forward Vladimir Krutov ended his career in 1996. More recently also his former linemate Igor Larionov (in 2006) as well as a fellow NHL veteran Scott Young (in 2012) were invited to repeat the feat, albeit rather as mere publicity stunts.

Brunflo
Brunflo (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈbrɵ̌nːflʊ]) is a locality situated in Östersund Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 3,890 inhabitants in 2010. It is situated some 15 km south-east of Östersund.

The cyclist Georg Johnsson was born here