hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Čech cohomology
In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, Čech cohomology is a cohomology theory based on the intersection properties of open covers of a topological space. It is named for the mathematician Eduard Čech.

Constant sheaf
In mathematics, the constant sheaf on a topological space  associated to a set  is a sheaf of sets on  whose stalks are all equal to . It is denoted by  or . The constant presheaf with value  is the presheaf that assigns to each open subset of  the value , and  all of whose restriction maps are the identity map . The constant sheaf associated to  is the sheafification of the constant presheaf associated to . This sheaf may be identified with the sheaf of locally constant -valued functions on .

In certain cases, the set  may be replaced with an object  in some category  (e.g. when  is the category of abelian groups, or commutative rings).

Constant sheaves of abelian groups appear in particular as coefficients in sheaf cohomology.
Dollar (surname)
Dollar is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aubrey Dollar (born 1980), American actress

Bill Dollar (1950–1996), American radio host

Cameron Dollar (born 1975), American basketball player and coach

Caroline Dollar (born 1983), American actress

Charles M. Dollar, expert on the management of electronic records

Creflo Dollar (born 1962), American televangelist

Jonny Dollar (1922–1986), American country and rockabilly singer, songwriter and guitarist

Jonny Dollar (1964–2009), English record producer and songwriter

Matt Dollar (born 1977), American politician

Mladen Dolar (born 1951), Slovene philosopher

Nelson Dollar (born 1961), American politician

Robert Dollar (1844–1932), Scottish-born lumber baron, shipping magnate and philanthropist

Sarway Dollar (born 1988), Sierra Leonean footballer

William Dollar (1907–1986), American ballet dancer

Beau Dollar, stage name of soul vocalist and drummer William Hargis Bowman Jr. (1941–2011)

William Dollar
William Dollar (April 20, 1907 – February 28, 1986) was an American dancer, ballet master, choreographer, and teacher. As one of the first American danseurs nobles, he performed with numerous companies, including the Philadelphia Opera Ballet, the American Ballet, Ballet Caravan, Ballet Society, Ballet Theatre, and New York City Ballet.
Saint Sebastian (Perugino, Stockholm)
Saint Sebastian is an oil painting on panel by Pietro Perugino, completed c. 1490. The painting has been in the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm since 1928. It is one of the artist's earliest depictions of Saint Sebastian, showing him as an ephebos, or male adolescent, unlike his later treatments based on the Doryphoros, such as that in the Louvre. It is signed "Petrus Perusinus pinxit" ('Pietro Perugino painted [it]').

Ephebos
Ephebos (Greek: ἔφηβος; pl. epheboi, Greek: ἔφηβοι), latinized as ephebus (pl. ephebi) and anglicised as ephebe (pl. ephebes), is a term for a male adolescent in Ancient Greece. The term was particularly used to denote one who was doing military training and preparing to become an adult. From about 335 BC, ephebes from Athens (aged between 18–20) underwent two years of military training under supervision, during which time they were exempt from civic duties and deprived of most civic rights. During the 3rd century BC, ephebic service ceased to be compulsory and its time was reduced to one year. By the 1st century BC, the ephebia became an institution reserved for wealthy individuals and, besides military training, it also included philosophic and literary studies.

Peripoli (περίπολοι) were troops assigned to patrol duty, the term was also used for Athenian ephebes during the two years of their ephebic training, and this phase of their service was known as peripolia (περιπολία).
Jeffrey Meek
Jeffrey William Meek (born February 11, 1959) is an American actor. Meek and his family moved often; as a child, Meek lived in Zweibrücken (West Germany), Michigan and San Francisco.

Meek graduated from Arlington High School in Riverside, California, and attended the University of California at Irvine. After graduating from UCI with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Drama, he moved to New York City, after he was offered the role of Quinn McCleary on Search for Tomorrow.

Irvine, California
Irvine (/ˈɜːrvaɪn/, UR-vine) is a planned city in central Orange County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. It was named in 1888 for the landowner James Irvine. The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28, 1971. The 66-square-mile (170 km2) city had a population of 318,629 as of June 2025. As of 2025, it is the second most populous city in Orange County, fifth most in the Greater Los Angeles region, and 62nd most in the United States.

Several major corporations in the technology and semiconductor sectors maintain their headquarters in Irvine. Irvine is also home to several higher-education institutions including the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Concordia University, Irvine Valley College, and campuses of University of La Verne and Pepperdine University.
CANT 18
The CANT 18 was a flying boat trainer developed in Italy in the 1920s to prepare pilots for flying boat airliners. A development of the CANT 7, it incorporated various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic refinements. While remaining broadly similar in configuration, the new design replaced the CANT 7's conventional struts with Warren truss bracing for the wings. Most of the aircraft produced were used by S.I.S.A.

Bracing (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, bracing comprises structural members which stiffen the functional airframe to give it rigidity and strength under load. Bracing may be applied both internally and externally, and may take the form of struts, which act in compression or tension as the need arises, and/or wires, which act only in tension.

In general, bracing allows a stronger, lighter structure than one which is unbraced, but external bracing adds drag which slows down the aircraft and raises considerably more design issues than internal bracing. Another disadvantage of bracing wires is that they require routine checking and adjustment, or rigging, even when located internally.

During the early years of aviation, bracing was a universal feature of aeroplanes, including monoplanes and biplanes, which were then equally common. Bracing in the form of lift struts remains in use for some light commercial designs where a high wing and light weight are more important than ultimate performance.
Alaskan tundra wolf
The Alaskan tundra wolf (Canis lupus tundrarum), also known as the Barren-ground wolf, is a North American subspecies of gray wolf native to the barren grounds of the Arctic coastal tundra region. It was named in 1912 by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr., who noted that it closely approaches the Great Plains wolf in skull and tooth morphology, though possessing a narrower rostrum and palate. It is a large, white-colored wolf closely resembling C. l. pambasileus, though lighter in color. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).

Subspecies of Canis lupus
There are 38 subspecies of Canis lupus listed in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005, 3rd edition). These subspecies were named over the past 250 years, and since their naming, a number of them have gone extinct. The nominate subspecies is the Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus).
Arrondissements of the Haute-Loire department
The 3 arrondissements of the Haute-Loire department are:

Arrondissement of Brioude, (subprefecture: Brioude) with 111 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 44,829 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Le Puy-en-Velay, (prefecture of the Haute-Loire department: Le Puy-en-Velay) with 102 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 96,495 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Yssingeaux, (subprefecture: Yssingeaux) with 44 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 85,960 in 2021.

Brioude
Brioude (French pronunciation: [bʁijud] ⓘ; Auvergnat: Briude) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-central France. It lies on the banks of the river Allier, a tributary of the Loire.
Archaeology of Bocas del Toro
Archaeology of Bocas del Toro, Panama: The province of Bocas del Toro in Panama has a rich history, beginning with the first European visitors: Christopher Columbus and his son Fernando in 1502 on Columbus’ fourth voyage to the New World. The area was visited frequently from the middle of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th century by privateers and buccaneers marauding Spanish colonial towns and the ships carrying gold to Europe. However little is known of the inhabitants of the region before the time of European contact. Archaeological research conducted since the middle of the 20th century has begun to illuminate the cultural history as well as development of societies in the region prior to Columbus arriving.

Fourth voyage of Columbus
The fourth voyage of Columbus was a Spanish maritime expedition in 1502–1504 to the western Caribbean Sea led by Christopher Columbus. The voyage, Columbus's last, failed to find a western maritime route to the Far East, returned relatively little profit, and resulted in the loss of many crew men, all the fleet's ships, and a year-long marooning in Jamaica. It is deemed the first non-Amerindian discovery of mainland Middle America, and one of the first non-Amerindian, non-Norse discoveries of continental North America.
Cecil Syers
Sir Cecil George Lewis Syers, KCMG, CVO, JP (29 March 1903 – 4 December 1981) was a British civil servant and diplomat. He was private secretary to the Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940 and British High Commissioner to Ceylon from 1951 to 1957.

He was secretary of the University Grants Committee from 1958 to 1963.

University Grants Committee (United Kingdom)
University Grants Committee was an advisory committee of the British government, which advised on the distribution of grant funding amongst the British universities. It was in existence from 1919 until 1989. Its functions have now largely been taken over by the higher education funding councils (OfS and UKRI in England, SFC in Scotland, HEFCW in Wales, and Department for the Economy in Northern Ireland).
Tubalars
The Tubalars are an ethnic subgroup of the Altaians native to the Altai Republic in Russia.

According to the 2010 census, there were 1,965 Tubalars in Russia. In 2002 they were listed by the authorities within the Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

The villages with the highest population of Tubalars are Artybash, Iogach, Novotroitsk, Tuloi, Tondoshka, Kebezen, Ust-Pyzha, Biyka, Yailu, Chuyka, Torochak, Paspaul, Salganda, Karakoksha, Tunzha, Krasnoselskoye, Uskuch, Uimen, and Karasuk.

Kebezen
Kebezen (Russian: Кебезень; Altay: Кебезен) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kebezenskoye Rural Settlement of Turochaksky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 615 as of 2016. There are 19 streets.
Lonely Christmas (Bryson Tiller song)
"Lonely Christmas" (stylized as lonely christmas), is a song by American singer Bryson Tiller featuring Canadian singer Justin Bieber and fellow American singer Poo Bear, who produced it with the Audibles and Sasha Sirota. It was released through RCA Records on November 19, 2021, as the lead single from Tiller's debut extended play, A Different Christmas.

Sasha Sirota
Sasha Sirota is an American musician, record producer, songwriter, singer, and sound engineer.

Born Sasha Isbell Sirotkin, the son of Demetra Jan Isbell and Eric David Sirotkin, he was raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and moved to Los Angeles when he was 17. In 2010 he moved to Las Vegas, NV where he began working with The Audibles and Poo Bear. He currently lives and works in Los Angeles.
Sama Foulala
Sama Foulala is a village and rural commune in the Cercle of Ségou in the Ségou Region of southern-central Mali. The commune contains 7 villages in an area of approximately 154 square kilometers. In the 2009 census it had a population of 6,180. The village of Sama Foulala, is on the left (north) bank of the River Niger.

Sama Foulala and its older sister town Sama Markala were historically part of the province of Kala. The Saako and Sogore families were the founders of the town, with the latter acting as kings. The town was also the site of a powerful Komo shrine.

Ségou Region
Ségou Region (Bambara: ߛߋߓߎ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Segu Dineja) is an administrative region in Mali, situated in the centre of the country with an area of 64,821 km2 (25,028 sq mi), around 5% of Mali. The region is bordered by Sikasso Region on the south, Tombouctou and Mopti on the east, Burkina Faso to the southeast and the Koulikoro Region to the west. In 2009 it had 2,336,255 inhabitants, making it the second most populous region of Mali. Its administrative capital is the town of Ségou.
Thorbjørn Olesen
Jacob Thorbjørn Olesen (born 21 December 1989) is a Danish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour and the PGA Tour. He has won eight times on the European Tour, including the 2016 Turkish Airlines Open and the 2018 Italian Open. Olesen has also represented the Denmark team alongside Søren Kjeldsen which won the 2016 World Cup of Golf  and the European team which won the 2018 Ryder Cup.

Official World Golf Ranking
The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of professional golfers. It was started in 1986. The rankings are based on a player's position in individual tournaments (i.e. not pairs or team events) over a "rolling" two-year period. New rankings are calculated each week. During 2018, nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system. All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings. In 2026, 25 tours factored into the world rankings. As well as being of general interest, the rankings have an additional importance, in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments.

The chair of the OWGR is former world number twelve and 2008 Masters Tournament champion Trevor Immelman.
NHS Lanarkshire
NHS Lanarkshire is responsible for the health care of more than 652,000 people living within the council areas of North Lanarkshire and South Lanarkshire in Scotland, making it the third largest health board in the country after NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde and NHS Lothian.  NHS Lanarkshire employs approximately 12,000 staff. The board is based at Kirklands, Fallside Road in Bothwell, South Lanarkshire.

NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde is an NHS board in West Central Scotland, created from the amalgamation of NHS Greater Glasgow and part of NHS Argyll and Clyde on 1 April 2006.

It is the largest health board in both Scotland, and the UK, which consists of the council areas of Glasgow City, East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, Renfrewshire and West Dunbartonshire.
Platysace lanceolata
Platysace lanceolata, commonly known as shrubby platysace, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae and is endemic  to south-eastern Australia. It is small, upright shrub with variable shaped leaves and white flowers.

Apiaceae
Apiaceae (/ˌeɪpiˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ ⓘ), also called Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.
Charles Alban Buckler
Charles Alban Buckler (1825–1905) was an English author, topographer, architect, artist and officer of arms. According to Historic England, he "became one of the most distinguished of the early to mid-Victorian Catholic architects." In the field of heraldry he was the Surrey Herald Extraordinary.

Officer of arms
An officer of arms is a person appointed by a sovereign or state with authority to perform one or more of the following functions:

to control and initiate armorial matters;

to arrange and participate in ceremonies of state;

to conserve and interpret heraldic and genealogical records.
George R. Robbins
George Robbins Robbins (September 24, 1808 – February 22, 1875) was an American physician and politician who represented Burlington, Mercer, Monmouth, and Ocean counties in the United States House of Representatives for two terms from 1855 to 1859. In his first term in Congress, he was a member of the northern Opposition to the Franklin Pierce administration, which coalesced into the Republican Party in his second term in office.

New Jersey's 2nd congressional district
New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, based in Southern New Jersey, is represented by Republican  Jeff Van Drew. He was first elected as a Democrat in 2018, but announced on December 19, 2019, that he would be switching parties. The district, which is New Jersey's largest geographically, is a Republican-leaning seat that has shifted to the right since the mid 1990s.
Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic (JBPA) is an Arabic pidgin spoken in Jordan. The pidgin was formed from contact between the Jordanian Arabic and Bengali languages. UNESCO classifies it as "endangered/unsafe".

Voiced alveolar fricative
Voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

The symbol for an alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).

The IPA symbol for an alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
1946 NSWRFL season
The 1946 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the thirty-ninth season of Sydney’s top-level rugby league competition, Australia’s first. Eight teams from across the city contested during the season which culminated in Balmain’s victory over St. George in the premiership final.

New South Wales Rugby League premiership
The New South Wales Rugby League premiership was the first rugby league football club competition established in Australia and contributor to today's National Rugby League. Run by the New South Wales Rugby League (initially named the New South Wales Rugby Football League) from 1908 until 1994, the premiership was the state's elite rugby league competition, parallel to Queensland's first-class league, the Brisbane Rugby League.

For most of the premiership's history it was contested by clubs from the state of New South Wales only, but later attempted to grow into a nationwide competition, eventually leading to the competition being played under the auspices of the Australian Rugby League in 1995.  Despite this name, the 1995 and 1996 Australian Rugby League Premierships competitions were still administered by the Board and staff of the New South Wales Rugby League.
Dead Rabbits riot
The Dead Rabbits riot was a two-day civil disturbance in New York City evolving from what was originally a small-scale street fight between members of the Dead Rabbits and the Bowery Boys into a citywide gang war, which occurred July 4–5, 1857. Taking advantage of the disorganized state of the city's police force—brought about by the conflict between the Municipal and Metropolitan police—the fighting spiraled into widespread looting and damage of property by gangsters and other criminals from all parts of the city. It is estimated that between 800 and 1,000 gang members took part in the riots, along with several hundred others who used the disturbance to loot the Bowery area. It was the largest disturbance since the Astor Place Riot in 1849 and the biggest scene of gang violence until the New York Draft Riots of 1863. Order was restored by the New York State Militia, supported by detachments of city police, under Major-General Charles W. Sandford.

Park Row (Manhattan)
Park Row is a street located in the Financial District, Civic Center, and Chinatown neighborhoods of the New York City borough of Manhattan.  The street runs east–west, sometimes called north–south because the western end bends to the south. At the north end of Park Row is the confluence of Bowery, East Broadway, St. James Place, Oliver Street, Mott Street, and Worth Street at Chatham Square. At the street's south end, Broadway, Vesey Street, Barclay Street, and Ann Street intersect. The intersection includes a bus turnaround loop designated as Millennium Park.

Park Row was once known as Chatham Street; it was renamed Park Row in 1886, a reference to the fact that it faces City Hall Park, the former New York Common.
Jordan Mattern
Jordan Mattern (born February 1, 1993) is an American swimmer who specializes in middle-distance freestyle events. At the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Mattern won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the women's 4×200-metre freestyle. She attended the University of Georgia, where she swam for coach Jack Bauerle's Georgia Bulldogs swimming and diving team.

Jack Bauerle
Jack Bauerle (born February 7, 1952) is the former head coach of the University of Georgia (UGA) men's and women's swimming teams. He served as coach for the 2020 US Olympic Swim Team at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
William Augustus Hinton
William Augustus Hinton (December 15, 1883 – August 8, 1959) was an American bacteriologist, pathologist and educator. He was the first Black professor in the history of Harvard University. A pioneer in the field of public health, Hinton developed a test for syphilis (the Hinton test) which, because of its accuracy, was used by the United States Public Health Service. In 1975, the Massachusetts legislature made what had become known as the "Hinton Laboratory" in the scientific community official, passing a bill to rename the state laboratory the "Dr. William A. Hinton Laboratory." In 2019, Hinton's portrait was placed in Harvard Medical School's Waterhouse Room, a room previously dominated by the portraits of former Harvard Medical School Deans, all of whom were white.

American Society for Microbiology
The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), originally the Society of American Bacteriologists, is a professional organization for scientists who study viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa as well as other aspects of microbiology. It was founded in 1899. The Society publishes a variety of scientific journals, textbooks, and other educational materials related to microbiology and infectious diseases. ASM organizes annual meetings, as well as workshops and professional development opportunities for its members.
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 1
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 1 (Dock1), also (DOCK180), is a large (~180 kDa) protein encoded in the human by the DOCK1 gene,  involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is the mammalian ortholog of the C. elegans protein CED-5 and belongs to the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs).

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains that activate monomeric GTPases by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP).  A variety of unrelated structural domains have been shown to exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange activity. Some GEFs can activate multiple GTPases while others are specific to a single GTPase.