hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles Alling Gifford
Charles Alling Gifford (July 17, 1860 – May 3, 1937) was an American architect and a partner in the New York City firm of Gifford & Bates. He is best remembered for his resort hotels, but also designed houses, churches, and five armories for the New Jersey National Guard.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was an international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds totaling $15 million (equivalent to $538 million in 2025) were used to finance the event. More than 60 countries and 43 of the then-45 American states maintained exhibition spaces at the fair, which was attended by nearly 19.7 million people.

Historians generally emphasize the prominence of the themes of race and imperialism, and the fair's long-lasting impact on intellectuals in the fields of history, architecture, and anthropology. From the point of view of the memory of the average person who attended the fair, it primarily promoted entertainment, consumer goods, and popular culture. The monumental Greco-Roman architecture of this and other fairs of the era did much to influence permanent new buildings and master plans of major cities.
Sienna
Sienna (from Italian  terra di Siena 'earth of Siena') is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state, it is yellowish brown, and it is called raw sienna. When heated, it becomes a reddish brown, and it is called burnt sienna. It takes its name from the city-state of Siena, where it was produced during the Renaissance. Along with ochre and umber, it was one of the first pigments to be used by humans, and is found in many cave paintings. Since the Renaissance, it has been one of the brown pigments most widely used by artists.

The first recorded use of sienna as a color name in English was in 1760.

The normalized color coordinates for sienna are identical to kobe, first recorded as a color name in English in 1924.

Cave painting
In archaeology, cave paintings are a type of parietal art (which category also includes petroglyphs, or engravings), found on the wall or ceilings of caves. The term usually implies prehistoric origin. Several groups of scientists suggest that the oldest of such paintings were created not by Homo sapiens, but by Denisovans and Neanderthals.

Discussion around prehistoric art is important in understanding the history of Homo sapiens and how human beings have come to have unique abstract thoughts. Some point to these prehistoric paintings as possible examples of creativity, spirituality, and sentimental thinking in prehistoric humans.
Wasps' Nests
Wasps' Nests is the 1995 debut album by the 6ths, a side-project created by Stephin Merritt of the Magnetic Fields. Merritt wrote and recorded the album, inviting different vocalists to sing lead. Like the band's name, the album title is a tongue-twister.

"Yet Another Girl" originally only appeared on the vinyl release of the album, but was later included on Merritt's 2011 compilation Obscurities.

Stephin Merritt
Stephin Merritt (born February 9, 1965) is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the songwriter and principal singer of the bands the Magnetic Fields, the Gothic Archies, and Future Bible Heroes. He is known for his distinctive bass voice.
Gholston
Gholston is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bert Gholston (1888–1954), African-American baseball umpire

Vernon Gholston (born 1986), American football player

William Gholston (born 1991), American football player, cousin of Vernon

Vernon Gholston
Vernon Gholston (born June 5, 1986) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end and linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes and was selected sixth overall by the New York Jets in the 2008 NFL draft. Gholston was also a member of the Chicago Bears and St. Louis Rams.
Dømmesmo Oak
58°21′15″N 8°34′36″E﻿ / ﻿58.35407°N 8.57674°E﻿ / 58.35407; 8.57674

The Dømmesmo Oak (in Norwegian: Dømmesmoeika) is a large oak tree that stands at Dømmesmoen park in Grimstad, Norway. A heavy snowfall in March 1985 broke several of the largest branches, and a New Year fireworks rocket ignited the tree around the year 2000.   Nevertheless, the tree is still one of the most distinctive of old Norwegian trees. The oak is hollow, but the foliage is still lush and vigorous.  Estimated age is about 500 years.  The tree is 21 meters (69 ft) high and the perimeter is at  1.3 m (4.27 ft) above the ground  7.2 m (23.62 ft).

The Dømmesmo Oak is probably a hybrid of the oak tree species Quercus robur and Quercus petraea.

The cavity is formed by Laetiporus sulphureus.

Laetiporus sulphureus
Laetiporus sulphureus is a species of bracket fungus (fungi that grow on trees). Its common names include sulphur polypore, sulphur shelf, and chicken-of-the-woods. Its fruit bodies grow as striking golden-yellow shelf-like structures on tree trunks and branches. Old fruitbodies fade to pale beige or pale grey. The undersurface of the fruit body is made up of tubelike pores rather than gills.

Found in Europe and North America, L. sulphureus is a saprophyte and occasionally a weak parasite, causing brown cubical rot in the heartwood of trees on which it grows. Unlike many bracket fungi, it is edible when young, although adverse reactions have been reported.
Invasion of Tobago
The French invaded the British-held island of Tobago in 1781 during the Anglo-French War. On 24 May 1781, the fleet of Comte de Grasse landed troops on the island under the command of General Marquis de Bouillé. By 2 June 1781, they had successfully gained control of the island.

François Joseph Paul de Grasse
Lieutenant général des armées navales François Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, Marquis of Grasse-Tilly, KM (13 September 1722 – 11 January 1788) was a French naval officer. He is best known for his crucial victory over the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Chesapeake in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. The battle directly led to the Franco-American victory at the siege of Yorktown and helped secure the independence of the United States.

After the battle, de Grasse returned with his fleet to the Caribbean. In 1782, a British fleet under Admiral George Rodney defeated and captured de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes. De Grasse was widely criticised for his defeat in the battle. On his return to France in 1784, he blamed his captains for the defeat. A court-martial exonerated all of his captains, effectively ending his naval career.
Tachikawa Ki-36
The Tachikawa Ki-36 (named Ida in Allied reporting code) is a Japanese army co-operation aircraft of World War II. It was a two-seat, low-wing monoplane with a single piston engine and fixed, tailwheel-type undercarriage.

Army cooperation aircraft
The army cooperation aircraft was an inter-war concept of an aircraft capable of support of ground units in a variety of roles. Army cooperation planes combined the roles of artillery spotter aircraft, liaison, reconnaissance plane and close air support.
Gamleby
Gamleby is the second largest locality situated in Västervik Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 2,775 inhabitants in 2010. It is situated about 20 km north-west of Västervik, in the area known as Tjust.

Gamleby (which means "old village") was the original location of the town Västervik, first mentioned in 1275 (as Västervik). In 1433 Västervik moved to its present place, but a small settlement remained here.

The bandy and football club Tjust IF has its home in Gamleby.

Västervik Municipality
Västervik Municipality (Swedish: Västerviks kommun) is a municipality in Kalmar County, south-eastern Sweden, with its seat in the city of Västervik.

The present municipality was created in 1971, when the former City of Västervik was amalgamated with eight surrounding rural municipalities.
Frank Froest
Superintendent Frank Castle Froest MVO KPM (1858, Bristol – 7 January 1930, Weston-super-Mare) was a British detective and crime writer.

Froest was described by a journalist as being "...short, thick-set, full-faced, Mr. Froest in uniform looked more like a Prussian field-marshal than anything else. Out of uniform (which he generally was) he was always immaculate in silk hat, patent leather boots, and carrying a carefully rolled umbrella." Called 'the man with iron hands', Froest was incredibly strong, and could tear a pack of cards in half and snap a sixpence 'like a biscuit'.

Detective
A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court. A detective may work for the police or privately.
Slow Rollin'
"Slow Rollin'" is a song written by Rodney Clawson and Luke Laird, and recorded by Canadian country rock singer Dallas Smith for his first EP, Tippin' Point (2014). It is also included on his second studio album, Lifted (2014). It was serviced to Canadian country radio via 604 Records on March 19, 2014 as the EP's second single. "Slow Rollin'" entered the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 at number 98.

American country music group Lady Antebellum recorded a version of "Slow Rollin'" for the deluxe edition of their sixth studio album, 747 (2014).

Country rock
Country rock is a music genre that fuses rock and country. It was developed by rock musicians who began to record country-flavored records and country musicians who implemented rock flavor into country records in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These musicians recorded records blending rock with country themes, vocal styles, and additional instrumentation, most characteristically pedal steel guitars. Country rock began in the late 60s with artists like the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, International Submarine Band, The Flying Burrito Brothers, The Byrds, Bob Dylan, Bob Seger and Poco, reaching its greatest popularity in the 1970s with artists such as Eagles, Grateful Dead, Gram Parsons and New Riders of the Purple Sage. Country rock also influenced artists in other genres, including The Band, the Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Rolling Stones, and George Harrison's solo work, as well as playing a part in the development of Southern rock.
Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk
Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk was a mechanical workshop focusing on design and construction of railcars. It was established by Hans Skabo in Drammen, Norway, in 1864; it became the first rail car factory in the country when it took delivery of the cars for Kongsvingerbanen. Due to the size of the venture, it moved to Tyskerstranden at Skøyen in Kristiania (now Oslo) in 1873.

Because the delivery of rail cars is uneven, Skabo participated in other manufacturing, including coachworks for trucks, buses and taxicabs. The first Norwegian-produced trolleybus was delivered from Skabo in 1911. Also technical devices and stalls and in 1926 firewood powered snow melters; the latter contraption rather unsuccessful. In 1948 the company was bought by Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri (NEBB), who sold it to Strømmens Værksted in 1959; moving all activity to Strømmen and closing the Skøyen plant.

Railcar
A railcar (not to be confused with the generic term "railroad car" or "railway car"), or motor car is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. The "self-propelled railcar" refers to a railway train consisting of a single coach (or carriage, car, unit), with a driver's cab at one or both ends. In its simplest form, a "railcar" may also be little more than a railbus or motorized draisine.

Self-powered railcars were once common in North America; these "motor cars" were often called doodlebugs. Some railway companies, such as the Great Western, termed such vehicles "railmotors" (or "rail motors"). Self-propelled passenger vehicles also capable of hauling a train are, in technical rail usage, usually called "rail motor coaches".
Banteay Prey Nokor
Banteay Prei Nokor (Khmer: បន្ទាយព្រៃនគរ) is an ancient temple complex in the northwest of Kompong Cham, Cambodia.

Known locally as temple of "Wat Nokor in Khum of Kompong Siem", or "Wat Angkor", around 2 km from the provincial capital Kampong Cham (city). though a sign at the entrance now officially designates the name of the temple as Nokor Bachey Temple (Khmer: ប្រាសាទនគរបាជ័យ).

Jayavarman VII
Jayavarman VII (Khmer: ព្រះបាទជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧, lit. 'victory armor'), known posthumously as Mahaparamasaugata (1122–1218), was king of the Khmer Empire. He was the son of King Dharanindravarman II (r. 1150–1160) and Queen Sri Jayarajacudamani. He was the first Khmer king devoted to Buddhism; only one other had been a Buddhist. He built the Bayon as a monument to Buddhism. Historians generally consider Jayavarman VII the most powerful of the Khmer monarchs. His government built many projects, including hospitals, highways, rest houses, and temples. With Buddhism as his motivation, Jayavarman VII is credited with introducing a welfare state that served the Khmer people's physical and spiritual needs.
Charlotte Despard
Charlotte Despard (née French; 15 June 1844 – 10 November 1939) was an Anglo-Irish suffragist, socialist, pacifist, Sinn Féin activist, and novelist. She was a founding member of the Women's Freedom League, the Women's Peace Crusade, and the Irish Women's Franchise League, and an activist in a wide range of political organizations over the course of her life, including among others the Women's Social and Political Union, Humanitarian League, Labour Party, Cumann na mBan, and the Communist Party of Great Britain.

Despard was imprisoned four times for her suffragette activism, and she continued campaigning for women's rights, poverty relief and world peace into her 90s.

Battersea
Battersea is a large district in southwest London, part of the London Borough of Wandsworth, England. It is centred 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Charing Cross and also extends along the south bank of the Thames Tideway. It includes the 200-acre (0.81 km2) Battersea Park.
Sungshin Women's University
Sungshin Women's University (Korean: 성신여자대학교) is a private women's university located in Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It was founded by Dr. Sook-Chong Lee in 1936. The university comprises ten colleges and five graduate schools, with total enrollment of about 12,000 students.

April (girl group)
April (Korean: 에이프릴) was a South Korean girl group formed by DSP Media. The group debuted on August 24, 2015, with their EP Dreaming and its title track "Dream Candy". The group's final lineup was composed of six members: Chaekyung, Chaewon, Naeun, Yena, Rachel, and Jinsol. The group officially disbanded on January 28, 2022.
2024–25 European North Basketball League
2024–25 European North Basketball League was the fourth season of the European North Basketball League, a regional basketball competition patronized by FIBA. It was won by CSO Voluntari, after defeating Newcastle Eagles in the final 95–82.

CSO Voluntari
Club Sportiv Orășenesc Voluntari (CSO) is a multi-sport club based in Voluntari, Romania.

CSO Voluntari was founded in 2005 and currently encompasses 14 sports disciplines, with the women’s volleyball and men’s basketball teams standing out as its most successful departments.
International Symposium on Graph Drawing
The International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD) is an annual academic conference in which researchers present peer reviewed papers on graph drawing, information visualization of network information, geometric graph theory, and related topics.

Network theory
In mathematics, computer science, and network science, network theory is a part of graph theory. It defines networks as graphs where the vertices or edges possess attributes. Network theory analyses these networks over the symmetric relations or asymmetric relations between their (discrete) components.

Network theory has applications in many disciplines, including statistical physics, particle physics, computer science, electrical engineering, biology, archaeology, linguistics, economics, finance, operations research, climatology, ecology, public health, sociology, psychology, and neuroscience. Applications of network theory include logistical networks, the World Wide Web, Internet, gene regulatory networks, metabolic networks, social networks, epistemological networks, etc.; see List of network theory topics for more examples.

Euler's solution of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem is considered to be the first true proof in the theory of networks.
Needham Yates
Needham P. Yates (c. 1818 – March 1870) was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1860 to 1862.

He was the son of James Yates and Agnes Rowland.

He was the first Yates in the Shingle Creek community in 1847. His land was homestead land with the deed signed by president Franklin Pierce.

Shingle Creek (Florida)
Shingle Creek is a small waterway in central Florida that is generally considered to be the northernmost headwaters of the Everglades watershed. It is named after the cypress trees that lined the bank in the late 19th century, which were used to make wood shingles. The stream and surrounding wetlands are part of ongoing preservation efforts.

The creek begins in southern Orange County, a few miles east of International Drive, and west of John Young Parkway. From there, it flows south under the Beachline Expressway, State Road 417, and Osceola Parkway to Kissimmee in Osceola County. It then turns directly east and flows into Lake Tohopekaliga, contributing to the Kissimmee River system which continues into south Florida and the Everglades.

Name associations include the Rosen Shingle Creek Resort, Shingle Creek Elementary School, the Shingle Creek Toll Plaza on Osceola Parkway, and the Shingle Creek Transit & Utility Community Development District.
John V, Duke of Mecklenburg
John V of Mecklenburg (1418 – 1 November 1442/13 January 1443) was Duke of Mecklenburg from 1436 to 1442.

John was the son of the Duke John IV of Mecklenburg and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg. He ruled Mecklenburg-Schwerin after the death of his father, initially under regency of his mother Catherine, then from 1436 along with his brother Henry IV.

On 17 September 1436 he married Anna of Pomerania-Stettin (died after 14 May 1447), the daughter of Casimir V, Duke of Pomerania. He was probably buried in the Doberan Minster in Bad Doberan.

Bad Doberan
Bad Doberan (German pronunciation: [baːt dobəˈʁaːn] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It was the capital of the former district of Bad Doberan. In 2012, its population was 11,427.
Bevan Kapisi
Bevan Kapisi (born 15 August 1981) in Samoa is a footballer who plays as a central midfielder. He has played for Vaivase-Tai, AST Central United, Otahuhu United and the Samoa national football team.

In 2004 he was named to the Samoa national football team for the 2004 OFC Nations Cup.

2004 OFC Nations Cup
The 2004 OFC Nations Cup was the  edition of the tournament for the OFC Nations Cup and doubled as the qualification tournament to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, except the two-legged final. A separate playoff between Australia and Solomon Islands was held in September 2005, for World Cup Qualifying purposes.

The competition was divided in two Group stages (the first is the Qualifying Stage), with Australia and New Zealand seeded into the second stage (Final Stage). The Oceania champion (Australia) qualified for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup.
Oyi
Oyi Listenⓘ is a Local Government Area in Anambra State, Nigeria. It is home to the Oyi people. The towns that make up the local government are Nkwelle-Ezunaka, Awkuzu, Ogbunike, Umunede Umunya and Nteje. This Local Government Area falls under the Anambra Central senatorial district in Anambra state.

Oyi/Ayamelum is a Federal Constituency represented by Hon Chinedu Eluemuno at the Federal House of Representatives, Abuja. Oyi have had many Council Chairmen including Chief Okonkwo Onuigbo (from Omor), Barr Solomon Ekwenze, Barr. Ifeyinwa Morah and Hon. Edwin Aghadiuno. It is part of the Greater Onitsha Metropolis.

Anambra Central senatorial district
Anambra Central senatorial district in Anambra State is one of the three Senatorial Districts in the State. It has seven local government areas. They are Awka North, Awka South, Njikoka, Anaocha, Idemili North, Idemili South and Dunukofia. There are 1,556 polling units (Pus) and 109 registration areas (RAs) as of 2019. INEC office in Amawbia,  Awka South LGA is the collation centre. This Senatorial District covers the Anambra State Capital, Awka, and its environs. It also has prominent and notable people.
Dapper Dan Open
The Dapper Dan Open was a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour that was played intermittently in the 1930s and 1940s. It was sponsored by Dapper Dan Charities, a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based charitable organization founded in 1936 as a businessman's sports club by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette sports editor Al Abrams. Dapper Dan evolved into one of western Pennsylvania's premier sports charities with six fund raising events throughout the year, including Pittsburgh's oldest, largest and most-prestigious annual sports banquet. The organization awarded its top honor to golfer Arnold Palmer in 1960.

Arnold Palmer's first ever PGA tournament was the Dapper Dan when he was just 16 years old.

The tournament was played at the Wildwood Country Club in Allison Park, Pennsylvania in 1939. After a break of nine years, the tournament resumed in 1948 at the Alcoma Country Club in Pittsburgh.

Al Abrams
Albert Edward Abrams (February 29, 1904 – March 3, 1977) was an American sportswriter who wrote for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette from 1926 until his death in 1977, serving as its sports editor from April 1947 to March 1974. From 1936, he was founder and president of the Post-Gazette Dapper Dan Club, which, between its inception and Abrams's death, contributed over $800,000 to charitable organizations. In February 1979, the Club instituted the Al Abrams Memorial Award, given to athletes who have already gained admission to their respective sports' Halls of Fame. Abrams died at age 73 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
National Association for Interpretation
The National Association for Interpretation is a non-profit professional association of natural and cultural resources interpreters, primarily in the United States. It is based in Fort Collins, Colorado.

Professional association
A professional association (also called  a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest. In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms.
San Stino di Livenza
San Stino di Livenza (Venetian: San Stin) is a town in the Metropolitan City of Venice, Veneto, northern Italy. It is connected by the SP61 provincial road and by the motorway A4. The main square (piazza) is the Piazza Aldo Moro.

Autostrada A4 (Italy)
The Autostrada A4, or Autostrada Serenissima ("Serenissima motorway"), is an autostrada (Italian for "motorway") 523.1 kilometres (325.0 mi) long in Italy located in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia which connects Turin and Trieste via Milan and Venice crossing the entire Po Valley from west to east.

The city of Venice (or rather, Mestre, a mainland frazione of Venice) originally formed a bottleneck on the A4, but is now bypassed by the Passante di Mestre (the old route through Mestre was renumbered A57). The A4 passes just north of the city of Milan, where it is toll-free. It is a part of the E55, E64 and E70 European routes.