hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hardin v. Boyd
Hardin v. Boyd, 113 U.S. 756 (1885), was a motion to dismiss a lawsuit on county bonds issued in aid of a railroad. Judgment below for the plaintiff. The defendant brought a writ of error to reverse it. Subsequently, to the judgment, the county settled with the plaintiff and other bondholders, by giving them new bonds bearing a less rate of interest, and the old bonds, which were the cause of action in this suit, were surrendered and destroyed. Fraud and collusion was alleged in the handling of a will which transferred ownership of property in Crittenden County, Arkansas. These facts were brought before this Court by affidavits and transcripts from the county records, accompanied by a motion to dismiss the writ of error.

The court saw no reason to impeach the transaction by which the new bonds were substituted for the old, and for the judgment it was asked to reverse, so the writ of error was dismissed.

Defendant
In court proceedings, a defendant is a person or object who is the party either accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

Terminology varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots law, the terms "accused" or "panel" are used instead in criminal proceedings and "defender" in civil proceedings. Another term in use is "respondent".
1993–94 Liga Alef
The 1993–94 Liga Alef season saw Hapoel Ramat Gan (champions of the North Division) and Maccabi Kiryat Gat (champions of the South Division) win their regional divisions and promotion to Liga Artzit, along with runners-up Hapoel Kiryat Shmona and Hapoel Lod.

At the bottom, Beitar Nahariya (from the North division) and Maccabi HaShikma Ramat Hen (from the South division) finished bottom and relegated to Liga Bet.

Hapoel Kiryat Shmona F.C.
Hapoel Kiryat Shmona (Hebrew: הפועל קריית שמונה) was an Israeli football club based in Kiryat Shmona. The club played at the Ironi Stadium, and ceased to exist in 2000 when it merged with Maccabi Kiryat Shmona to form Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona.
Rainer Pelkonen
Rainer Pelkonen (born 19 April 1928) is a Finnish hurdler. He competed in the men's 400 metres hurdles at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

In 2009, Pelkonen became a two-time World Veteran Athletics Champion in the 80-year-old men's category.

Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres hurdles
The men's 400 metres hurdles event at the 1952 Summer Olympics took place July 20–21, 1952 at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. There were 40 competitors from 24 nations. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The final was won by American Charles Moore. It was the nation's third consecutive and eighth overall victory in the event. The Soviet Union, in its debut, and New Zealand each earned their first medal in the men's 400 metres hurdles, with Yuriy Lituyev's silver and John Holland's bronze, respectively.
Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
The Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (JPP) is a scientific journal that covers developments in the research and technology of porphyrins and phthalocyanines.

JPP was founded in 1997 and is published by World Scientific. The current editor-in-chief is Karl M. Kadish, a professor emeritus at the University of Houston.

Journal Citation Reports assigned JPP an impact factor of 1.816 in 2019.

Phthalocyanine
Phthalocyanine (H2Pc) is a large, aromatic, macrocyclic, organic compound with the formula (C8H4N2)4H2 and is of theoretical or specialized interest in chemical dyes and photoelectricity.

It is composed of four isoindole units linked by a ring of nitrogen atoms. (C8H4N2)4H2 = H2Pc has a two-dimensional geometry and a ring system consisting of 18 π-electrons. The extensive delocalization of the π-electrons affords the molecule useful properties, lending itself to applications in dyes and pigments. Metal complexes derived from Pc2−, the conjugate base of H2Pc, are valuable in catalysis, organic solar cells, and photodynamic therapy.
Spriguns of Tolgus
Spriguns of Tolgus (aka Spriguns) were a British folk rock group formed in 1972. They managed to obtain a record deal with a major label and the attention of some significant figures in the folk rock world. They produced four albums with growing originality and recognition but were unable to achieve mainstream success and disbanded in 1978. Their lead singer, Mandy Morton, continued her solo career in Scandinavia and the band have now obtained a cult following.

Katrina and the Waves
Katrina and the Waves were an English rock band formed in Cambridge in 1981, widely known for their 1985 hit "Walking on Sunshine". They won the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Love Shine a Light".
Ufa Refinery
Ufa Refinery refers to an oil refinery facility in the Russian city of Ufa, which may be the following:

Bashneft-Ufaneftekhim, established in 1957

Bashneft – Novoil, began in 1951

Ufimsky refinery plant, founded in 1937

Bashneft – Novoil
Bashneft – Novoil   is a producer of petroleum products in Russia.

The current production facilities of Bashneft – Novoil include primary oil refining, hydrotreatment, reforming and iso-reforming, sulphuric acid alkylation, thermocracking and visbreaking, coking and gas fractionation, solvent refining and dewaxing of oil distillates, tar deasphalting and bitumen production, gas desulphurization and sulphur production units as well as environmental facilities.

The flexible technological schemes refine various types of hydrocarbons — low- and high-sulphur crude oil, various gas condensates as well as medium and heavy distillates obtained at other refineries of Ufa Group, producing a wide range of petroleum products.

In 2011, the refinery continued to produce Euro-3 and Euro-4 engine fuels. There are plans to start producing Euro-5 fuel in the near future.
KNIC-DT
KNIC-DT (channel 17) is a television station licensed to Blanco, Texas, United States, broadcasting the Spanish-language UniMás network to the San Antonio area. It is owned and operated by TelevisaUnivision alongside Univision outlet KWEX-DT (channel 41). The two stations share studios at the Univision Broadcast Center on Network Boulevard in Northwest San Antonio; KNIC's transmitter is located on Hogan Drive in Timberwood Park. Although Blanco is geographically within the Austin market, that city has its own UniMás station, KTFO-CD.

TelevisaUnivision
TelevisaUnivision (formerly known as Univision Communications) is a Mexican–American media company, headquartered in Mexico City and New York City that owns American Spanish-language broadcast network Univision and free-to-air channels in Mexico such as Las Estrellas, El 5*, N+ Foro, and NU9VE alongside a collection of specialty television channels and production studios. 45% of the company is held by the Mexican telecommunications and broadcasting company Grupo Televisa, which was a major programming partner for Univision until the company sold their content assets to Univision Communications in 2022.

Since its founding in the early 1960s as Spanish International Network (SIN), the United States' first Spanish language television network, the company has catered to Hispanic and Latino Americans. It is currently a multimedia conglomerate, with free-to-air and specialty, digital and audio networks, including 65 television stations, online and mobile apps and products.
Dudley's Chapel
Dudley's Chapel is a historic Methodist church located near Sudlersville, Queen Anne's County, Maryland.  It was built in 1783 and is a simple brick structure with a moderately pitched gable roof.  A coat of stucco was added in 1883, covering all of the original brickwork.  The chapel has a prominent place in the early history of the Methodist Church in Maryland.  It is one of the earliest surviving Methodist churches in Maryland, and was the first Methodist church built in Queen Anne's County. Many of the prominent early leaders of the Methodist Church are known to have preached both at Dudley's including Francis Asbury, Thomas Coke, Richard Whatcoat, Jesse Lee, and Freeborn Garrettson.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Francis Asbury
Francis Asbury (August 20 or 21, 1745 – March 31, 1816) was a British-American Methodist minister who became one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. During his 45 years in the colonies and the newly independent United States, he devoted his life to ministry, traveling on horseback and by carriage thousands of miles to those living on the frontier.

Asbury spread Methodism in British colonial America and the United States as part of the Second Great Awakening. He also founded several schools during his lifetime, although his own formal education was limited. His journal is valuable to scholars for its account of frontier society, with references to many towns and villages in Colonial America.  Along with John and Charles Wesley, Asbury is often celebrated as one of the founders of the Methodist Church in the USA.
Athersley Recreation F.C.
Athersley Recreation Football Club is a football club based in Athersley, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Counties East League Premier Division and play at Sheerien Park.

Barnsley
Barnsley (/ˈbɑːrnzli/ ⓘ) is a market town in South Yorkshire, England. It is the main settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the fourth largest settlement in South Yorkshire. The town's population was 71,422 in 2021, while the wider borough had a population of 244,600 in the 2021 census.

Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Barnsley is located on the M1 corridor between the cities of Sheffield to the south and Wakefield to the north. Doncaster is to the east, Huddersfield to the north-west, and Manchester lies west across the Peak District to which it is connected to via the A628 road.

Barnsley's former industries include linen, coal mining, glass making and textiles. Barnsley's culture is rooted in its industrial heritage and it has a tradition of brass bands, originally created as social clubs by its mining communities.
Intramacronucleata
Intramacronucleata is a subphylum of ciliates. The group is characterized by the manner in which division of the macronucleus is accomplished during binary fission of the cell. In ciliates of this subphylum, division of the macronucleus is achieved by the action of microtubules which are assembled inside the macronucleus itself. This is in contrast to heterotrich ciliates of the subphylum Postciliodesmatophora, in which division of the macronucleus relies on microtubules formed outside the macronuclear envelope.

Macronucleus
A macronucleus (formerly also meganucleus) is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. Macronuclei are polyploid and undergo direct division without mitosis. It controls the non-reproductive cell functions, such as metabolism. During conjugation, the macronucleus disintegrates, and a new one is formed by karyogamy of the micronuclei.

Macronuclei contain hundreds to thousands of chromosomes, each present in many copies. There is no mechanism to precisely partition this complex genome equally during nuclear division; thus, how the cell manages to maintain a balanced genome after generations of divisions is unknown.
SS City of Brunswick
City of Brunswick was a steam cargo ship built in 1921 by Oscar Daniels Shipbuilding Company of Tampa for the United States Shipping Board as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The freighter ran aground and was wrecked on her first commercial trip to Europe off Halifax in August 1921.

United States Shipping Board
The United States Shipping Board (USSB) was a corporation established as an emergency agency by the 1916 Shipping Act (39 Stat. 729), on September 7, 1916. The United States Shipping Board's task was to increase the number of US ships supporting the World War I efforts. The program ended on March 2, 1934.
Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu
Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu (1879 – 28 June 1945) was a Turkish journalist and the founder of the newspaper Cumhuriyet. He was known for his support for Turkish nationalism and his sympathies with the Nazi regime, publishing many antisemitic propaganda articles in praise of Adolf Hitler.

Antisemitism in Turkey
Antisemitism in Turkey refers to historical and contemporary acts and sentiments of hostility, prejudice, or discrimination directed against Jews as individuals or as a community, based on their religion, ethnicity, culture, or perceived identity in Turkey.
Carrapicho
Carrapicho was a Brazilian music group, created in the 80's in Manaus, Brazil. Members are natives of the state of Amazonas. Its lead singer has been Zezinho Corrêa. The group has sold a total of more than 15 million records around the world.

Continental Records
Continental Records was a record company founded by Donald H. Gabor in 1942 producing and releasing jazz, blues and classical music. Its catalogue included issues by Cozy Cole, Edmond Hall, Sabby Lewis, Slam Stewart, Mary Lou Williams, Rubberlegs Williams, Ethel Waters, and classical artists Georges Enesco, Béla Bartók, and Andor Foldes. The label's name was revived briefly in the 1960s.
Rohit (caste)
Rohit or Rohitas, also called Bhambi Rohit and Bhambi Khalpa, are a Bhambi sub-caste and sub-community from Gujarat, India.

Rohit consider themselves to be followers or descendants of the Bhakti Movement saint Ravidas or Rohidas. Traditionally, they did leather or hide work and were identified as Khalpa. But in 1947, a group of Khalpa organized and decided to call themselves Rohit. They also abandoned all leather works but practiced consumption of non-veg.

From the 1930-40s Rohits were active in changing their caste name from Khalpa to Rohit, like others such as Dheds to Mahyavanshis, Garua to Guru, and Bhangi to Rishi. Only Mahyavanshis were successful in getting official recognition from the Government of India to get a Kshatriya status officially.

Rishi
In Indian religions, a rishi (Sanskrit: ऋषि IAST: ṛṣi) is an accomplished and enlightened person. They find mention in various Vedic texts. Rishis are believed to have composed hymns of the Vedas. The Post-Vedic tradition of Hinduism regards the rishis as "great yogis" or "sages" who after intense meditation (tapas) realized the supreme truth and eternal knowledge, which they composed into hymns. The term appears in Pali literature as Isi; in Buddhism they can be either Buddhas, Paccekabuddhas, Arahats or a monk of high rank.
High Point Christian Academy
High Point Christian Academy (HPCA) is a private, college preparatory, Christian school located in High Point, North Carolina, United States. HPCA serves students in grades Pre-Kindergarten through twelfth Grade.

Christian school
A Christian school is a religious school run on Christian principles or by a Christian organization. These schools often include religious education and worship in their curriculum. They may also have a distinct Christian mission or philosophy.

The nature of Christian schools varies enormously from country to country, according to the religious, educational, and political cultures. In some countries, there is a strict separation of church and state, so all religious schools are private; in others, there is an established church whose teachings form an integral part of the state-operated educational system; in yet others, the state subsidizes religious schools of various denominations.
Tudor-Hart
Tudor-Hart is a surname which is a combination of last names. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Tudor-Hart (1927–2018), British medical doctor

Edith Tudor-Hart (1908–1973), Austrian-British photographer

Julian Tudor-Hart (1927–2018), British general practitioner

Percyval Tudor-Hart (1873–1954), Canadian painter, sculptor, teacher and restorer of paintings

Edith Tudor-Hart
Edith Tudor-Hart (née Suschitzky; 28 August 1908 – 12 May 1973) was an Austrian-British photographer and spy for the Soviet Union. Brought up in a family of socialists, she trained in photography at Walter Gropius's Bauhaus in Dessau, and carried her political ideals through her art. Through her connections with Arnold Deutsch, Tudor-Hart was instrumental in the recruiting of the Cambridge Spy ring which damaged British intelligence from World War II until the security services discovered all their identities by the mid-1960s. She recommended Litzi Friedmann and Kim Philby for recruitment by the KGB and acted as an intermediary for Anthony Blunt and Bob Stewart when the rezidentura at the Soviet Embassy in London suspended its operations in February 1940.
Hultsfred Municipality
Hultsfred Municipality (Swedish: Hultsfreds kommun) is a municipality in Kalmar County, in south-eastern Sweden. The seat is in the town of Hultsfred.

The present municipality was created in 1971 through the amalgamation of the market town (köping) of Hultsfred (instituted in 1927) with a number of surrounding municipalities. In 1863 there were eight entities in the area.

Hultsfred is known as the site of a major rock festival in Sweden, the Hultsfred Festival.

Municipalities of Sweden
The municipalities of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges kommuner) are its generally smaller but co-equal local government entities. There are 290 municipalities which are responsible for a large proportion of local services, including schools, emergency services and physical planning.
Margaret Sixel
Margaret Sixel is an Australian and South African film editor. She is best known for her work as editor on her husband George Miller's films, including Babe: Pig in the City (1998), Happy Feet (2006), and Mad Max: Fury Road (2015). For Fury Road, she won the Academy Award for Best Film Editing and the BAFTA Award for Best Editing.

Romero (film)
Romero is a 1989 biographical film depicting the story of Salvadoran archbishop Óscar Romero, who organized peaceful protests against the violent military regime, eventually at the cost of his own life. The film stars Raúl Juliá as Oscar Romero, Richard Jordan as Romero's close friend and fellow martyred priest, Rutilio Grande, as well as actors Ana Alicia and Harold Gould. Although the film depicts true events, there are some fictional characters.
Darren Clarke (Gaelic footballer)
Darren Clarke (born 1983) is a retired Irish gaelic footballer from County Louth. He played with his local club St Mary's from juvenile level until 2008, when he joined Dublin side St Sylvester's. He returned to the Ardee club in 2013. He was a member of the Louth senior squad from 2004 until 2014.

Clarke won Railway Cup honours with Leinster in 2006. He retired from club football at the end of the 2023 season.

Leinster GAA
The Leinster Council is  a provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling, Gaelic football, camogie, rounders and handball in the province of Leinster.

As of 2008, there were 834 clubs affiliated to the county boards of the Leinster Council.
Chmeľnica
Chmeľnica (German: Hopgarten; Hungarian: Komlóskert; Rusyn: Хмельніця; Polish: Chmielnica) is a village and municipality in Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia. The village is traditionally inhabited by Carpathian Germans. It is also famous for music producer SIIK.

Prešov Region
The Prešov Region (Slovak: Prešovský kraj, pronounced [ˈpreʂɔwskiː ˈkraj]; Hungarian: Eperjesi kerület), also Priashiv Region (Ukrainian: Пряшівський край, romanized: Priashivskyi krai, pronounced [ˈprʲɑʃiu̯sʲkɪj ˈkrɑj]), is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions and consists of 13 districts (okresy) and 666 municipalities, 23 of which have town status. The region was established in 1996 and is the most populous of all the regions in Slovakia. Its administrative center is the city of Prešov.
Raghuvendra Pratap Singh
Raghuvendra Pratap Singh (born 1 August 2003) is an Indian cricketer who represents Bihar in domestic cricket. He made his Twenty20 debut on 12 October 2022, for Bihar, in the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2022-23. He made his List A debut in the 2022-23 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 15 November 2022. Subsequently, he made his First Class debut, for Bihar, in the 2022-23 Ranji Trophy on 27 December 2022.

On 26 December 2024, in the Vijay Hazare Trophy 2024-25 match against Delhi, Raghuvendra won the Player of the Match award, scoring 52 runs (not out) and taking 2 wickets.

Vijay Hazare Trophy
The Vijay Hazare Trophy is a cricket tournament played in India. It is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India and is contested by state and city teams in a league and playoff format. Along with the inter-zonal Deodhar Trophy, it forms the top level of List A cricket in the country, and is an important feeder tournament for selection in the Indian National Cricket Team. Matches consist of 50 overs per side, similar to One Day International matches. It was initially a zonal tournament, and became a national tournament in 2002. Vidarbha are the defending champions, after having won the 2025-26 edition.
Shun (band)
Shun (旬, later known as Syun) was a Japanese experimental sampling unit created by Susumu Hirasawa. The group was active from 1983 to 1987, although it was never officially ended, and was revived by Hirasawa in 1994 to 1996.

Music of Japan
In Japan, music includes a wide array of distinct genres, both traditional and modern. The word for "music" in Japanese is 音楽 (ongaku), combining the kanji 音 on (sound) with the kanji 楽 gaku (music, comfort). Japan is the world's largest market for music on physical media and the second-largest overall music market, with a retail value of US$2.7 billion in 2017.
Godoberi language
Godoberi (also rendered Ghodoberi; self-designation Ghibdilhi mittsi) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken by the Godoberi in southwestern Dagestan, Russia. It is spoken by approximately 3000 people out of an ethnic population of 3,000. There are two dialects - Godoberi and Zibirhali, which differ mainly in pronunciation.

Close back rounded vowel
The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

[u] alternates with labio-velar approximant [w] in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [u̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [w] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
Autostrada A15 (Italy)
The Autostrada A15 or Autostrada della Cisa ("Cisa motorway") is an autostrada (Italian for "motorway") 108.5 kilometres (67.4 mi) long in Italy located in the regions of Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and Liguria connecting Parma and La Spezia through the valleys of the Taro and Magra rivers. It is a part of the E33 European route.

The road is also known as Autostrada della Cisa because it crosses the Northern Apennines at the Cisa Pass. The main 101-km expanse of the motorway connects the Autostrada A1 with the Autostrada A12, thus directly linking the Po Valley with the Italian Riviera and the Versilia region. The Autostrada A15 is operated by the company Società Autostrada Ligure Toscana.

At the 9-km mark, drivers are welcomed by a curious monument, a tuft of steel and cement sculpted by Luigi Magnani and placed in the traffic island between the two carriageways. The monument is visible to motorists coming from the A1.

Cisa Pass
The Cisa Pass or La Cisa Pass is a mountain pass in Italy that marks the division between the Ligurian and Tuscan Apennines. It is located on the border between northern Tuscany (Province of Massa-Carrara) and Emilia-Romagna (Province of Parma), near the source of the Magra River at an altitude of 1,040 meters (3,414 feet) above sea level.