hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Capillary surface
In fluid mechanics and mathematics, a capillary surface is a surface that represents the interface between two different fluids. As a consequence of being a surface, a capillary surface has no thickness in slight contrast with most real fluid interfaces.

Capillary surfaces are of interest in mathematics because the problems involved are very nonlinear and have interesting properties, such as discontinuous dependence on boundary data at isolated points. In particular, static capillary surfaces with gravity absent have constant mean curvature, so that a minimal surface is a special case of static capillary surface.

They are also of practical interest for fluid management in space (or other environments free of body forces), where both flow and static configuration are often dominated by capillary effects.

Minimal surface
In mathematics, a minimal surface is a surface that locally minimizes its area. This is equivalent to having zero mean curvature (see definitions below).

The term "minimal surface" is used because these surfaces originally arose as surfaces that minimized total surface area subject to some constraint. Physical models of area-minimizing minimal surfaces can be made by dipping a wire frame into a soap solution, forming a soap film, which is a minimal surface whose boundary is the wire frame. However, the term is used for more general surfaces that may self-intersect or do not have constraints. For a given constraint there may also exist several minimal surfaces with different areas (for example, see minimal surface of revolution): the standard definitions only relate to a local optimum, not a global optimum.
30.5 cm RK L/22
The 30.5 cm Ring Kanone L/22 was a 30.5 cm 22 caliber long Krupp Ring Kanone. It was a rifled breech loader built-up gun with a Krupp cylindroprismatic horizontal sliding breech. The gun became famous when it was exhibited at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair. It did not enter service, but did lead to the development of the 30.5 cm MRK L/22.

Driving band
A driving band or rotating band is a band of soft metal near the base of an artillery shell, often made of gilding metal, copper, or lead. When the shell is fired, the pressure of the propellant swages the metal into the rifling of the barrel and forms a gas seal; this seal prevents the gases from blowing past the shell and engages the barrel's rifling to spin-stabilize the shell.
Celebration (United DJ's vs. Pandora album)
Celebration is a remix album credited to United DJ's vs. Pandora. The album contains new remixes of some of Pandora's biggest hits. The album was released worldwide in November 2007 and spawned four top 10 singles in Sweden.

Remix album
A remix album is an album consisting of remixes or rerecorded versions of an artist's earlier released material. The first act who employed the format was American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson (Aerial Pandemonium Ballet, 1971). As of 2007, the best-selling remix album of all time is Michael Jackson's Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1997).
Doug Henry (motocross)
Douglas Howard “Doug” Henry (born September 6, 1969) is an American former professional motocross racer. He competed in the AMA Motocross Championships from 1988 to 2006. He is a three-time AMA motocross national champion. Henry was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2005.

Motorcycle Hall of Fame
The AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum is an offshoot of the American Motorcyclist Association, recognizing individuals who have contributed to motorcycle sport, motorcycle construction, or motorcycling in general. It also displays motorcycles, riding gear, and memorabilia in two floors of exhibits. The American Motorcyclist Association board began planning the museum c. 1998.

The museum is located in Pickerington, Ohio, United States.
Melanderia
Melanderia is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It is distributed along the West Coast of the United States, and members of the genus live in the intertidal zone. The adults have modified labellae that resemble mandibles.

Dolichopodidae
Dolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, are a large, cosmopolitan family of true flies with more than 8,000 described species in about 250 genera. The genus Dolichopus is the most speciose, with some 600 species.

Dolichopodidae generally are small flies with large, prominent eyes and a metallic cast to their appearance, though there is considerable variation among the species.  Most have long legs, though some do not. In many species, the males have unusually large genitalia which are taxonomically useful in identifying species. Most adults are predatory on other small animals, though some may scavenge or act as kleptoparasites of spiders or other predators.
Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu
Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu (also spelled Ion Desideriu Sârbu; June 28, 1919 – September 17, 1989) was a Romanian philosopher, novelist, essayist, and dramatist. An academic and theater critic, he was a victim of the communist regime, spending about 14 years as a political prisoner.

Petroșani
Petroșani (Romanian pronunciation: [petroˈʃanʲ]; Hungarian: Petrozsény; German: Petroschen) is a city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 31,044 as of 2021. The city has been associated with mining since the 19th century.
Richard de Pontefract
Richard de Pontefract O. P. (fl. 1320) was an English Dominican friar active during the reign King Edward II. On 25 June 1320, King Edward petitioned the papacy for Richard to fill the see of Dunblane, vacant by the death of Nicholas de Balmyle. Although King Edward probably did not expect to have much luck due to the circumstances of Wars of Scottish Independence, he claimed the right of patronage to Scottish sees. The vacant bishopric was eventually filled by Maurice, the Abbot of Inchaffray.

Abbot of Inchaffray
The Abbot of Inchaffray, before 1221 Prior of Inchaffray, and then by the end of the 15th century, the Commendator of Inchaffray, was the head of the community of Augustinian canons of Inchaffray Abbey and their lands. Inchaffray is in Strathearn, in southern Perthshire, Scotland. The house was founded by Gille Brigte (Gilbert), mormaer of Strathearn in 1200 as a priory and was elevated to an abbey in 1221. By the late 15th century the monastery was becoming secularized. and after the resignation of Abbot George Mureff (Murray) in 1495, Laurence, Lord Oliphant, took over as commendator and thereafter it was held by commendators. It was turned into a secular lordship for Commendator James Drummond, Lord Maddertie, but the final formalization of the lordship did not come until 1669, when it was given to William Drummond.
Turkmenistan at the Islamic Solidarity Games
Turkmenistan has competed at every celebration of the Islamic Solidarity Games since the  first edition in Mecca. As of the last tournament held in 2021 in Konya, Turkey, the Turkmen athletes have won a total of 45 medals (7 gold, 10 silver, and 28 bronze).
Most medals won in a tournament was 23 medals in 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games, and most gold medal earned in an Edition was 4 gold as well in 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games.

Islamic Solidarity Games
The Islamic Solidarity Games (Arabic: ألعاب التضامن الإسلامي, romanized: Alʿāb at-Taḍāmun al-Islāmī) is a multinational, multi-sport event that has been held since 2005. Managed jointly by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and Islamic Solidarity Sports Association (ISSA), the Games involve elite athletes from the OIC members competing in a variety of sports. The most recent edition (2025) took place in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Ma Yue
Ma Yue (Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ  ﻳُﻮٔ) was born in 1959 in Hebei, to a Muslim Hui family whose association with martial arts goes back six generations.

As a five-year-old, his father Ma Xianda took him to train with his grandfather, Ma Fengtu where he learned his family styles tongbeiquan, piguaquan, fanziquan, bajiquan, and cuojiao. At the age of 11, Ma Yue won the Xi'an city and Shaanxi province all-around championships and beat renowned International Wushu champion Zhao Changjun.

In 1983, he won a four gold awards, placing firsts in fanzi, pigua, short weapon and straight sword. Ma Yue has since had a long career in the martial arts. He is a Chinese National Wushu Champion, two-time gold medallist and a graduate of Wushu University of China.

Bajiquan
Bajiquan (Chinese: 八極拳; pinyin: Bājíquán) is a traditional Chinese martial art that features explosive, short-range power in close combat and is well-known for its rapid elbow and shoulder strikes. Its full name is kaimen bajiquan (Chinese: 開門八極拳; pinyin: Kāimén bājíquán; lit. 'open-gate eight-extremities boxing').

The eight extremities in Bajiquan are the eight distalmost parts of the body used to strike the opponent. This includes the fist, forearm, elbow, shoulder, hip, thigh, knee, and foot to deliver a powerful blow in close range. Bajiquan is also known as the "bodyguard style", as this was the pugilism style taught and used by personal bodyguards for Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-shek, and Puyi (the last Qing dynasty emperor).

Bajiquan is now popular in northern China and Taiwan. Later, it was introduced to Japan, South Korea, and other countries such as the United States, Canada, Britain, France and Italy, among others.
Gierczyce, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Gierczyce [ɡʲɛrˈt͡ʂɨt͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojciechowice, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south-west of Wojciechowice, 7 km (4 mi) east of Opatów, and 65 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Opatów County
Opatów County (Polish: powiat opatowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Opatów, which lies 58 kilometres (36 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce. The only other town in the county is Ożarów, lying 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Opatów.

The county covers an area of 911.51 square kilometres (351.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 53,942, out of which the population of Opatów is 6,466, that of Ożarów is 4,569, and the rural population is 42,907.
James Branch (Broad Creek tributary)
James Branch is a 10.97 mi (17.65 km) long tributary to Records Pond (Broad Creek) that rises in northern Wicomico County, Maryland and flows north into Sussex County, Delaware.  James Branch is listed as a state-protected paddling trail by Delaware.

Wicomico County, Maryland
Wicomico County (/waɪˈkɒmɪkoʊ/ wy-KOM-ik-oh) is in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Maryland, on the Delmarva Peninsula. As of the 2020 census, the population was 103,588. The county seat is Salisbury. The county was named for the Wicomico River, which in turn derives its name from the Algonquian language words wicko mekee, meaning "a place where houses are built", apparently referring to a Native American town on the banks. The county is included in the Salisbury, MD-DE Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is part of the Lower Eastern Shore region of the state.
Thorkel of Namdalen
Thorkel of Namdalen was a Norwegian jarl in Namdalen who lived in the mid to late ninth century CE. Thorkel married Hrafnhilda, the daughter of Ketil Trout of Hrafnista. Their son, named Ketil Trout after his grandfather, was to become one of the major players in the early settlement of Iceland. Through Ketil Thorkel was the grandfather of Hrafn Haengsson, the first lawspeaker of Iceland.

Hrafn Haengsson
Hrafn Hængsson (Old Norse: [ˈhrɑvn ˈhɛːŋɡsˌson]; Modern Icelandic: [ˈr̥apn̥ ˈhaiŋsˌsɔːn]) was a tenth-century Icelandic jurist and goði. He was the son of Ketil Haeng, one of the early settlers of Iceland, and his wife Ingunn.

Hrafn was one of the main parties responsible for the unification of Iceland under the Althing and was then appointed lawspeaker at the first Althing in 930 CE. He served in that capacity until 949.
Indian locomotive class WAP-6
The Indian locomotive class WAP-6 was a class of 25 kV AC electric locomotives that was developed in the mid-1990s by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works for Indian Railways. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), AC Current (A), Passenger traffic (P) locomotive, 6th generation (6). They entered service in April 1996. A total of 17 WAP-6 units were built at CLW between 1995 and 1998.

The WAP-6 were intended to be a higher-speed variant of the WAP-4, but were restricted to a top speed of 105 km/h after failing trials. All were based at Asansol (ASN) shed, but after conversion to WAP-4 specifications, they were reallocated to Howrah (HWH) shed.

5 ft 6 in gauge railway
5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm), also known as the Indian gauge is a broad track gauge, used in India, Pakistan, western Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Chile, and on BART (San Francisco Bay Area).

In North America, it is called Indian, Provincial, Portland, or Texas gauge (or in the San Francisco Bay Area region of California, BART gauge). In Argentina and Chile, it is known as "trocha ancha" (Spanish for "broad gauge"). In the Indian subcontinent it is simply known as "broad gauge". It is the widest gauge in use of heavy-duty mainline railways in the world.
2003 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' doubles
Elke Clijsters and Barbora Strýcová were the defending champions, but they did not compete in the Juniors this year.

Alisa Kleybanova and Sania Mirza defeated Kateřina Böhmová and Michaëlla Krajicek in the final, 2–6, 6–3, 6–2 to win the girls' doubles tennis title at the 2003 Wimbledon Championships.

Alisa Kleybanova
Alisa Mikhailovna Kleybanova (Алиса Михайловна Клейбанова, born 15 July 1989) is a Russian former tennis player. Her career-high singles ranking is world No. 20, achieved in February 2011. In her career, she won two singles titles and five doubles titles on the WTA Tour.
Cryptastria
Cryptastria is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1926. Its only species, Cryptastria fuscomarginata, was first described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1906. It is found in New Guinea.

George Thomas Bethune-Baker
George Thomas Bethune-Baker (20 July 1857, in Birmingham – 1 December 1944, in Eastbourne) was an English entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera, especially those in the family Lycaenidae of butterflies.

His collection is partly in the Museum of Zoology Cambridge University and partly in the Natural History Museum, London.
Rosalba Dominguez
Rosalba Dominguez is an American politician. She serves as a Democratic member for the 35th district in the Utah House of Representatives since 2025.

Dominguez is a first-generation Mexican-American. She was a member of Murray city council.

Utah House of Representatives
The Utah House of Representatives is the lower house of the Utah State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Utah. The House is composed of 75 representatives elected from single member constituent districts. Each district contains an average population of 44,000 people. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The House convenes at the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City.
Clonal anergy
In immunology, anergy characterizes the absence of a response from the body's defense mechanisms when confronted with foreign substances. This phenomenon involves the direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. When an individual is in a state of anergy, it signifies that their immune system is incapable of mounting a typical response against a specific antigen, typically a self-antigen. The term anergy specifically refers to lymphocytes that exhibit an inability to react to their designated antigen. Notably, anergy constitutes one of the essential processes fostering tolerance within the immune system, alongside clonal deletion and immunoregulation. These processes collectively act to modify the immune response, preventing the inadvertent self-destruction that could result from an overactive immune system.

Calcineurin
Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium and calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase 3, and calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). It activates the T cells of the immune system and can be blocked by drugs. Calcineurin activates nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic (NFATc), a transcription factor, by dephosphorylating it. The activated NFATc is then translocated into the nucleus, where it upregulates the expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), which, in turn, stimulates the growth and differentiation of the T cell response. Calcineurin is the target of a class of drugs called calcineurin inhibitors, which include ciclosporin, voclosporin, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus.

Calcineurin is a highly conserved protein within eukaryotic life, appearing within organisms from yeasts to mammals.
1996 Davis Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1996. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group qualifying round, and the winners progressed to the quarterfinals and were guaranteed a World Group spot for 1997.

The United States were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals.

France won the title, defeating Sweden in the final, 3–2. The final was held at the Malmö Isstadion in Malmö, Sweden, from 29 November to 1 December. It was the French team's 8th Davis Cup title overall.

Sweden Davis Cup team
The Sweden Davis Cup team represents Sweden in Davis Cup tennis competition and is governed by the Swedish Tennis Association, known in Swedish as Svenska Tennisförbundet .

Sweden is the fifth most successful nation in Davis Cup history, having won the title 7 times, including 6 titles since the creation of the World Group in 1981. Since the abolition of the Challenge Round, Sweden holds the record for most consecutive years in the final  with seven years from 1983 to 1989 and have defended the title on two occasions in 1984–85 and 1997–98, a feat only also accomplished by the United States Davis Cup team.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Birmingham, Alabama
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Birmingham, Alabama.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 177 properties and districts listed on the National Register in Jefferson County, including 3 National Historic Landmarks. 147 of these sites, including all of the National Historic Landmarks, are located in Birmingham, and are listed here, while 31 sites are listed separately. One district, the Red Mountain Suburbs Historic District, includes contributing properties located in the city of Birmingham and in adjacent parts of Jefferson County.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 13, 2026.

Jefferson County, Alabama
Jefferson County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Alabama, located in the central portion of the state. As of the 2020 census, its population was 674,721. Its county seat is Birmingham. Its rapid growth as an industrial city in the 20th century, based on heavy manufacturing in steel and iron, established its dominance. Jefferson County is the central county of the Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2016 Wilde Lexus Women's USTA Pro Circuit Event – Doubles
Anhelina Kalinina and Oleksandra Korashvili were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.

Asia Muhammad and Taylor Townsend won the title, defeating Louisa Chirico and Katerina Stewart in an all-American final, 6–1, 6–7(5–7), [10–4].

Louisa Chirico
Louisa Chirico (born May 16, 1996) is an American tennis player. On 24 October 2016, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 58. On 6 March 2017, she peaked at No. 184 in the WTA doubles rankings. 
Chirico has won seven singles titles and two doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. Her best performance in singles at a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the second round at the 2016 French Open.
Presidente
Presidente is a brand of Pilsner beer that is owned and produced by Cervecería Nacional Dominicana (CND) at several breweries in the Dominican Republic. In addition to domestic consumption in the Dominican Republic, Presidente is exported to the United States, Panama, Honduras, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Andorra, Aruba, Cuba, Curaçao, Antigua, Belize, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Turks and Caicos, The Bahamas, Saint Martin, British Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Varieties include Presidente (5.0% ABV), Presidente Light (4.3 ABV), Presidente Black (6.0% ABV), The One (4.7% ABV), Bohemia (5.0% ABV), Bohemia Light (3.8% ABV), Bohemia Especial (7.2% ABV). Bohemia Especial Light (4.3 ABV), Bohemia Light (4.3% ABV) and Brahma (3.8% ABV.)

Pilsner
Pilsner (also pilsener or simply pils) is a type of pale lager. It takes its name from the Bohemian city of Plzeň (German: Pilsen), where the world's first pale lager (now known as Pilsner Urquell) was produced in 1842 by Pilsner Urquell Brewery.
Treejumping
Treejumping is a form of parachuting, into a forest or jungle – typically, from a relatively low altitude. It is generally considered to be a particularly dangerous form of parachuting. Treejumping is also especially damaging to the parachuting equipment.

The technique was pioneered by the British Special Air Service Regiment in 1951 during the Malayan Emergency, when insertion into dense jungle was required to combat the insurgents of the Malayan National Liberation Army. Soldiers carried a 30-metre rope to enable them to abseil down from the forest canopy.

In the United States Army, there is one company of combat engineers, Bravo Company of the  27th Engineer Battalion (Combat)(Airborne), trained to intentionally jump into forested areas in order to create drop zones for follow-on forces. In 2008, the 27th Engineer Battalion (Combat)(Airborne) transformed, changing Bravo Company (Combat)(Airborne)(Rough Terrain) to the 57th Engineer Company (Airborne)(Sapper)(Rough Terrain).

Malayan National Liberation Army
The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) was a Communist guerrilla army that fought for Malayan independence from the British Empire during the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) and later fought against the Malaysian government in the Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989). Many MNLA fighters were former members of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), including its leader Chin Peng.

The group was also referred to as the Malayan Races Liberation Army owing to a mistranslation.

In 1989 the Communist Party of Malaya signed a peace treaty with the Malaysian state, and the MNLA and the Party settled in villages in southern Thailand.
Mount Apoi Geopark
The Mount Apoi Geopark (アポイ岳ジオパーク) is a geopark covering the whole territory of Samani in Japan's northern island of Hokkaidō. The area was declared a Japanese Geopark in 2008, and a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2015.

Samani, Hokkaido
Samani (浦河町, Samani-chō) is a town located in Hidaka Subprefecture, Hokkaidō, Japan.  As of 31 January 2026, the town had an estimated population of 3,668 in 1995 households, and a population density of 10 people per km2. The total area of the town is 364.30 km2 (140.66 sq mi).
Group of Eleven
Group of Eleven (G11) is a forum, constituted by mostly developing countries aimed at easing their debt burden (government debt), narrowing the income gap with rich countries and lifting their people out of poverty.

Income distribution
In economics, income distribution covers how a country's total GDP is distributed amongst its population. Economic theory and economic policy have long seen income and its distribution as a central concern. Unequal distribution of income causes economic inequality which is a concern in almost all countries around the world.