hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Universal Disk Format
Universal Disk Format (UDF) is an open, vendor-neutral file system for computer data storage for a broad range of media. In practice, it has been most widely used for DVDs and newer optical disc formats, supplanting ISO 9660. Due to its design, it is very well suited to incremental updates on both write-once and re-writable optical media. UDF was developed and maintained by the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA).

In engineering terms, Universal Disk Format is a profile of the specifications known as ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167.

Open file format
An open file format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by an openly published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. An open file format is licensed with an open license.

For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open-source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open file formats, closed file formats are considered trade secrets.

Depending on the definition, the specification of an open format may require a fee to access or, very rarely, contain other restrictions. The range of meanings is similar to that of the term open standard.
Partido (historical province)
The Partido is a district in Camarines Sur, a province of the Philippines, that was formerly known as the Partido de Ibalon. The Spanish divided the Bicol Region into two distinct areas at the present province of Camarines Sur, the southern part becoming known as the Partido.

The northern, upper portion included present-day Camalig, Albay, and all the towns of Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte, and was called “Partido de Camarines”. The southern portion comprised the region south of Camalig, Sorsogon, the islands of Masbate and Catanduanes, was called “Partido de Ibalon”, which was later simply called "Partido".

The proposed province of Nueva Camarines would be what was once the Partido. Partido State University meanwhile takes its name from the former administrative division.

Masbate
Masbate, officially the Province of Masbate (Masbateño: Probinsya san Masbate; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Masbate), is an island province in the Philippines located near the midsection of the nation's archipelago. Its provincial capital is Masbate City, the most populous in the province. The province consists of three major islands: Masbate, Ticao and Burias.

Masbate is at the crossroads of two island groups: Visayas and Luzon. It is politically part of Bicol Region in the latter. However, from a bio-geographic and socio-ethno-linguistic perspective, Masbate is grouped in the former.
Microlithography
Microlithography is a general name for any  manufacturing process that can create a minutely patterned thin film of protective materials over a substrate, such as a silicon wafer, in order to protect selected areas of it during subsequent etching, deposition, or implantation operations.
The term is normally used for processes that can reliably produce features of microscopic size, such as 10 micrometres or less. The term nanolithography may be used to designate processes that can produce nanoscale features, such as less than 100 nanometres.

Microlithography is a microfabrication process that is extensively used in the semiconductor industry and also manufacture microelectromechanical systems.

Etching (microfabrication)
Etching is used in microfabrication to chemically remove layers from the surface of a wafer during manufacturing. Etching is a critically important process module in fabrication, and every wafer undergoes many etching steps before it is complete.

For many etch steps, part of the wafer is protected from the etchant by a "masking" material which resists etching.  In some cases, the masking material is a photoresist which has been patterned using photolithography. Other situations require a more durable mask, such as silicon nitride.
Kachhi (Punjab)
The Kachhi (Punjabi and Urdu: کچهی) is a geographical region of Punjab, Pakistan. It lies between the Thal Desert and the part of Chenab which flows after its confluence with the Jhelum River at Atharan Hazari in the Jhang District. Parts of the districts of Kot Addu and Layyah form this region.

Chenab River
The Chenab River is a major river in India and Pakistan, and one of the five major rivers associated with the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters, the Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Chenab then flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, where it joins the Sutlej River to form the Panjnad, which ultimately flows into the Indus River at Mithankot.

The waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is allowed non-consumptive uses such as power generation. The Chenab River is extensively used in Pakistan for irrigation. Its waters are also transferred to the channel of the Ravi River via numerous link canals.
The Promise (2007 film)
The Promise (Filipino: Ang Pangako) is a 2007 Filipino coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Mike Tuviera. The screenplay written by Racquel N. Villavicencio is a remake of Hihintayin Kita sa Langit which she wrote 16 years earlier and was an adaptation of Emily Brontë's 1847 novel Wuthering Heights.

The film stars Richard Gutierrez and Angel Locsin in their last collaboration as romantic leads, with both going on to separate successful careers. Produced by Regal Films and GMA Films, the film was theatrically released on February 14, 2007 (Valentine's Day).

GMA Pictures
GMA Network Films Inc., doing business as GMA Pictures (formerly Cinemax Studios and GMA Films), is a Philippine film, television production and distribution company based in Diliman, Quezon City. It is one of the largest film studios in the Philippines, along with Star Cinema, Viva Films and Regal Entertainment. Its notable films include Sa Pusod ng Dagat (1998), José Rizal (1998), Muro-Ami (1999), Deathrow (2000), Let the Love Begin (2005), Moments of Love (2006), Ouija (2007), Firefly (2023), and Green Bones (2024).
Raag Kapur
Raag Kapur (born 22 February 1999) is a Hong Kong cricketer. In September 2019, he was named in Hong Kong's Twenty20 International (T20I) squads for the 2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series and the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates. He made his T20I debut for Hong Kong, against Nepal, on 6 October 2019.

2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series
The 2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series was a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket tournament, that was held in Oman in October 2019. Originally scheduled to be played between four teams, it was increased to five. The series was played by Hong Kong, Ireland, Nepal, the Netherlands and hosts Oman ahead of the 2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates. All the matches were played at the Al Amerat Cricket Stadium in Muscat.

In September 2019, when Cricket Hong Kong announced their squad, Anshuman Rath was not included in the side, after quitting the national team to pursue a career in India. Following Rath's announcement to quit playing for the Hong Kong team, Babar Hayat then declared that he was no longer available to play for Hong Kong. Brothers Tanveer Ahmed and Ehsan Nawaz also withdrew themselves for selection.

Hosts Oman won the tournament, after they won all four of their matches, with Ireland finishing as the runners-up.
Meniscus corrector
A meniscus corrector is a negative meniscus lens that is used to correct spherical aberration in image-forming optical systems such as catadioptric telescopes. It works by having the equal but opposite spherical aberration of the objective it is designed to correct (usually a spherical mirror).

Curved mirror
A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface. The surface may be either convex (bulging outward) or concave (recessed inward). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects, since spherical mirror systems, like spherical lenses, suffer from spherical aberration. Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment. They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images. They also provide highly magnified or highly diminished (smaller) images when the object is placed at certain distances. Convex mirrors are often used for security and safety in shops and parking lots.
Musée de Radio France
The Musée de Radio France was a museum operated by Radio France and located in the Maison de Radio-France, near the Pont de Grenelle in the XVIe arrondissement at 116, avenue du Président Kennedy, Paris, France. The museum was established in 1966, and contained a remarkable collection of radios and televisions from their origins to the present day, including the 1793 telegraph by Claude Chappe and early crystal radios. The museum's 2000 objects include prototypes and commercial devices, archival documents, photographs, and manuscripts, replicas of early radio laboratories and studios, and exhibits featuring research by Edouard Branly, Lee de Forest, Heinrich Hertz, Guglielmo Marconi, James Clerk Maxwell, and Alexander Stepanovich Popov.  In 2007, the museum was closed to the public due to the renovation of the Maison de Radio France.

Claude Chappe
Claude Chappe (French: [klod ʃap]; 25 December 1763 – 23 January 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France. His system consisted of a series of towers, each within line of sight of others, each supporting a wooden mast with two crossarms on pivots that could be placed in various positions. The operator in a tower moved the arms to a sequence of positions, spelling out text messages in semaphore code. The operator in the next tower read the message through a telescope, then passed it on to the next tower. This was the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age, and was used until the 1850s when electric telegraph systems replaced it.
UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Mousasi
UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Mousasi (also known as UFC Fight Night 36) was a mixed martial arts event held on February 15, 2014, at the Arena Jaraguá in Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil.  The event was broadcast live on Fox Sports 1.

Arena Jaraguá
Arena Jaraguá is an indoor sporting arena located in Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil. It is used mainly for futsal and volleyball.  The capacity of the arena is 15,000 people and it was built in 2007. Malwee/Jaraguá plays its home matches at the stadium.  UFC on FX: Belfort vs. Rockhold took place at the arena on May 18, 2013.
Johnstons of Elgin
Johnstons of Elgin is a British family-owned luxury fashion brand and manufacturer. Johnstons was founded in 1797 and is based in Elgin, Scotland.

Its process is split across two Scottish mills, a "vertically integrated" weaving mill in Elgin, where it has been headquartered since 1800, and a knitting mill in the Scottish Border town of Hawick.

The company holds three royal warrants of appointment for the manufacture of Estate Tweeds, Knitwear, and Woven Accessories. It sells direct-to-consumer under its own name, and is also a supplier for the luxury fashion industry, including brands like Hermès, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Ralph Lauren, and Burberry.

Luxury goods
In economics, a luxury good (or upmarket good) is a product or item or service  for which demand increases more than what is proportional as income rises, so that expenditures on the good become a more significant proportion of overall spending. Luxury goods are in contrast to necessity goods, where demand increases proportionally less than income. Whereas people consume necessity goods to meet basic survival needs, luxury goods are consumed both for their "intrinsic quality and to signal their wealth and confirm social status." In economics, luxury goods is often used synonymously with superior goods.
Rountree
Rountree is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christopher Rountree, American conductor

Harry Rountree (1878–1950), British illustrator

J. L. Hunter "Red" Rountree (1911–2004), American folk hero

Jim Rountree (1936–2013), American football player

John H. Rountree (1805–1890), American judge, farmer, politician

Khalil Rountree (born 1990), American mixed martial artist

Larry Rountree III (born 1998), American football player

Leonidas Johnson Rountree (1868–1923), American politician

Lin Rountree (born 1971), American composer and record producer

Martha Rountree (1911–1999), American journalist

Mary Rountree (1922–2007), American baseball player

Tucker Rountree (born 1981), American songwriter

Walter B. Rountree (1903–1980), American football player

William J. Rountree (1882–? ) American Shipping company owner

William M. Rountree (1917–1995), American diplomat

Lin Rountree
Lin Rountree (born September 15, 1971) is an American soul/urban jazz trumpeter, record producer, and composer.  He has recorded 9 solo albums, the last six for Trippin N' Rhythm Records.  Between the years 2011 - 2025 Lin Rountree released 24 singles that landed on the National Billboard Top 25 Smooth Jazz Chart which included 5 number 1 Billboard singles; "Pass The Groove" (that stayed #1 for three consecutive weeks), "Fluid" in 2020, "Release" in 2021, "Solid" in 2023 and "So Naturally" in 2025.  Rountree's sixth solo album, Stronger Still, peaked at #20 on the Billboard Top 50 Jazz Albums Chart.  In 2014, Lin Rountree appeared alongside Jordin Sparks and CeeLo Green in the film, Sparkle.
European Association of Political Consultants
The European Association of Political Consultants (EAPC) is the professional association of political consultants in Europe, with members from over 20 countries. Although the foundation of The EAPC was started in 1996 in Vienna, the association's current organization was formally established in Leibnitz in 2002. The EAPC is a platform for exchanging ideas between political consultants and is committed to supporting the development of democratic structures in Europe.

The current president is Reza Kazemi from Germany. Vice-presidents are Torbjörn Sjöström from Sweden and Anthony Grally from France.

Past presidents include Gülfem Saydan Sanver, Igor Mintusov, Marko Rakar, Jan Juul Christensen, Gerlinde Manz-Christ of Liechtenstein, Necati Özkan, Christoph Hofinger, Volker Riegger, Mario Ballerini, Andrey Bulychev, Mehmet Ural and Bo Krogvig.

Leibnitz
Leibnitz (Austrian German: [ˈlaɪbnɪts]; Slovene: Lipnica) is a city in the Austrian state of Styria and on 1 Jan. 2023 had a population of 13,014. It is located to the south of the city of Graz, between the Mur and Sulm rivers.

The town is the capital of the Leibnitz political district, which covers about 727 km2, within which more than 80,000 people live. Leibnitz acts as a cultural, educational, judicial and economic focus for the surrounding district.
Fort Good Hope First Nation
The Fort Good Hope First Nation is a Dene First Nations band government in the Northwest Territories. The band's main community is Fort Good Hope.

The Fort Good Hope First Nation is a member of the Sahtu Dene Council. Under the Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement, the First Nation shares title to 41,437 square kilometers of land in the Sahtu Region.

Fort Good Hope
Fort Good Hope (formerly Fort Hope, Fort Charles, also now known as the Charter Community of K'asho Got'ine "KAH-sho go-TIN-eh") is a charter community in the Sahtu Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on a peninsula between Jackfish Creek and the east bank of the Mackenzie River, about 145 km (90 mi) northwest of Norman Wells.

Its population is about 500, mainly indigenous. The two principal languages are North Slavey and English. Hunting and trapping are two major sources of income.

The Church of Our Lady of Good Hope, a National Historic Site, is located in the community. The church, completed in 1885, was once home to Father Émile Petitot.
36th Manitoba Legislature
The members of the 36th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in April 1995. The legislature sat from May 23, 1995, to August 17, 1999.

The Progressive Conservative Party led by Gary Filmon formed the government.

Gary Doer of the New Democratic Party was Leader of the Opposition.

Louise Dacquay served as speaker for the assembly.

There were five sessions of the 36th Legislature:

Yvon Dumont was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until March 2, 1999, when Peter Liba became lieutenant governor.

Leader of the Opposition (Manitoba)
The Leader of the Opposition (French: Chef de l'Opposition) in Manitoba is the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba who leads the party recognized as the Official Opposition. This status generally goes to the leader of the second largest party in the Legislative Assembly.

William Alexander Macdonald was the first officially recognized Leader of the Opposition in Manitoba, although Rodmond Roblin is considered to have been the de facto opposition leader from 1890 until he lost his seat in the 1892 provincial election.

As of 26 April 2025, the Leader of the Opposition of Manitoba has been Obby Khan, the head of the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba.
Hilala
Hilala is a small town and rural commune in Chtouka-Aït Baha Province of the Souss-Massa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 3831 people living in 734 households.

Chtouka Aït Baha Province
Chtouka Aït Baha (Arabic: اشتوكة أيت باها) is a province in the Moroccan region of Souss-Massa. Its population in 2004 was 297,245.  its capital is Biougra.

The major cities and towns are:

Ait Baha

Biougra

Massa
Paxson (surname)
Paxson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bud Paxson (1935–2015), American media executive

Diana Paxson, American writer

Edgar Samuel Paxson (1852–1919), American painter

Frederic L. Paxson (1877–1948), Pulitzer Prize-winning historian

James M. Paxson (died 1995), American businessman

Jim Paxson (born 1957), American former professional basketball player and executive

John Paxson (born 1960), American former professional basketball player and current executive, and the brother of Jim

Melanie Paxson (born 1972), American actress

Scott Paxson (born 1983), American football player

Vern Paxson, Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley

Edgar Samuel Paxson
Edgar Samuel Paxson (April 25, 1852 – November 9, 1919) was an American frontier painter, scout, soldier and writer, based mainly in Montana. He is best known for his portraits of Native Americans in the Old West and for his depiction of the Battle of Little Bighorn in his painting "Custer's Last Stand".
Ema Rajić
Ema Rajić (born 24 February 2000) is a Croatian swimmer. She graduated from University Laboratory High School in 2018. She competed in the women's 50 metre breaststroke at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships, but she did not advance to the semi-finals.

In 2019, she was part of the California Golden Bear's NCAA National Champions in the 400 medley relay and Runner-Up National Champions in the 200 yard medley relay held in Austin, Texas. She qualified for and participated in the 100-yard breaststroke NCAA A final, where she placed eighth.

In 2021, she competed in the women's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan. She also competed in the women's 100 metre breaststroke event.

Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle
The women's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2020 Summer Olympics was held from 30 July to 1 August 2021 at the Olympic Aquatics Centre. It was the event's ninth consecutive appearance, having been held at every edition since 1988.
Armin Niederer
Armin Niederer (born 28 February 1987) is a Swiss freestyle skier who specializes in the skicross discipline.

He made his World Cup debut in January 2007 in Flaine, with a 27th place. He then won a bronze medal at the 2007 Junior World Championships. He finished among the top twenty for the first time in February 2008, with an eighteenth place in Sierra Nevada. In the 2008–09 season he finished among the top twenty in three of his first four races, with the best result being an eleventh place in Lake Placid in January.

He uses Fischer Skis.

Ski cross
Ski cross is a skiing competition which incorporates terrain features traditionally found in freestyle skiing with courses which include big-air jumps and high-banked turns. In spite of the fact that it is a timed racing event, it is often considered a type of freestyle skiing. What sets ski cross apart from other alpine skiing disciplines is that it involves more than one skier racing down the course. Any intentional contact with other competitors like grabbing or any other forms of contact meant to give the competitor an advantage leads to disqualification.

Ski cross is a part of the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships, the world championship organized by the FIS for freestyle skiing. First organized in 1986, the world championship is now held every odd year. In 2010 the sport debuted as a part of the Winter Olympic Games and has been contested ever since. It was a part of the Winter X Games until 2012.
Thomas Fowler (courtier)
Thomas Fowler (died 1590) was an English lawyer, diplomat, courtier, spy, servant of the Countess of Lennox, broker of the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, steward of the Earl of Leicester, advisor to James VI of Scotland and the Scottish ambassador in London, Archibald Douglas.

Earl of Leicester
Earl of Leicester is a title that has been created seven times. The first title was granted during the 12th century in the Peerage of England. The current title is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and was created in 1837.
Yellow Bay State Park
Yellow Bay State Park is a public recreation area occupying fifteen acres (6.1 ha) on the eastern shore of Flathead Lake twelve miles (19 km) south of Bigfork in Lake County, Montana. The state park offers boating, fishing, camping, swimming, and wildlife viewing.

Flathead Lake
Flathead Lake (Salish: člq̓etkʷ, Kutenai: yawuʔnik̓ ʔa·kuq̓nuk) is a large natural lake in northwest Montana, United States.

The lake is a remnant of the ancient, massive glacial dammed lake, Lake Missoula, of the era of the last interglacial. Flathead Lake is a natural lake along the mainline of the Flathead River. It was dammed in 1930 by Kerr Dam at its outlet on Polson Bay, slightly raising the lake level; the dam generates electricity. The hydroelectric has been owned and operated by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes since 2015. It is one of the cleanest lakes in the populated world for its size and type.
Limehouse Studios
Limehouse Studios was an independently owned television studio complex which opened in 1983 and was built in No. 10 Warehouse (30 Shed) of the South Quay Import Dock at the northern end of the Isle of Dogs in London. The building was demolished just six years later, in 1989, to make way for the Olympia & York development of Canary Wharf which now occupies the site. The opening of the studios was commemorated with a programme called Celebration which featured host Gary Wilmot and artists including Bonnie Langford.

South Quay DLR station
South Quay is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station on the Isle of Dogs, East London, England. The station is between Crossharbour and Heron Quays stations and is in London fare zone 2. South Quay is in Millwall and is located on the southern shore of the South Dock of the West India Docks; the current station platforms sit astride the channel connecting Millwall Dock to the West India Docks.