hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Permanent (mathematics)
In linear algebra, the permanent of a square matrix is a function of the matrix similar to the determinant. The permanent, as well as the determinant, is a polynomial in the entries of the matrix. Both are special cases of a more general function of a matrix called the immanant.

Adjacency matrix
In graph theory and computer science, an adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent a finite graph. The elements of the matrix indicate whether pairs of vertices are adjacent or not within the graph.

In the special case of a finite simple graph, the adjacency matrix is a (0,1)-matrix with zeros on its diagonal. If the graph is undirected (i.e. all of its edges are bidirectional), the adjacency matrix is symmetric. 
The relationship between a graph and the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of its adjacency matrix is studied in spectral graph theory.

The adjacency matrix of a graph should be distinguished from its incidence matrix, a different matrix representation whose elements indicate whether vertex–edge pairs are incident or not, and its degree matrix, which contains information about the degree of each vertex.
Driving licence in Lebanon
A Lebanese driving licence is a driving licence issued by the government of Lebanon. It authorises its holder to operate various types of motor vehicles on highways and some other publicly accessible roads. It is issued by each individual district (Arabic: قضاء, Kadaa).

As a domestic non-electronic identification, the driving licence has remained in a leading position, because most of the population have to have a licence anyway, and a driving licence is valid for almost every situation where non-electronic personal identification is needed even though they are not officially recognized as such.

Districts of Lebanon
The nine governorates of Lebanon are subdivided into 26 districts (Aqdya, singular – qadaa). Beirut Governorate is not subdivided into districts, and Akkar Governorate comprises a single district.

The districts are further divided into municipalities.
Niall McNeill
Niall MacNeill (1899–1969) was an Irish army officer and entomologist who specialised in Odonata and Heteroptera.

He was the son of Eoin MacNeill, founder of the Irish Volunteers, which Niall MacNeill joined later becoming an officer in the Irish Army. With the rank of colonel, he specialised in surveying, training with the Royal Engineers on the Isle of Wight. After retiring from the army he worked for the Ordnance Survey of Ireland; he was made Assistant Director of the body in 1935.

MacNeill is best known for his studies of larval Odonata on which he worked with A. Eric Gardner and Frederic Charles Fraser. He was a personal friend of both, and of Cynthia Longfield.

Niall MacNeill was a Member of the Royal Irish Academy and a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society.

Irish Army
The Irish Army (Irish: an tArm) is the land component of the Defence Forces of Ireland. As well as maintaining its primary roles of defending the State and internal security within the State, since 1958 the Army has had a continuous presence in peacekeeping missions around the world. The Irish Army is organised into two brigades. The Air Corps and Naval Service support the Army in carrying out its roles.

The Army has an active establishment of 7,520, and a reserve establishment of 3,869. Like other components of the Defence Forces, the Irish Army has struggled to maintain strength and as of April 2023 had only 6,322 active personnel, and 1,382 reserve personnel. However, the Irish government introduced several measures in an attempt to improve recruitment and retention, and in 2024 inductions to the Defence Forces exceeded discharges.
Nevalainen
Nevalainen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anders Nevalainen (1848–1933) Finnish-Russian Fabergé workmaster

Esko Nevalainen (1925–2008), Finnish film cinematographer

Frida Nevalainen (born 1987), Swedish ice hockey player

Jukka Nevalainen (born 1978), Finnish symphonic metal drummer

Lauri Nevalainen (1927–2005), Finnish rower

Liisa Nevalainen (1916–1987), Finnish actress

Frida Nevalainen
Frida Margareta Nevalainen (born 27 January 1987 in Umeå, Sweden) is an ice hockey player. Nevalainen is a defenceman for the Sweden women's national ice hockey team. She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics. (In Swedish)

Her twin brother Patrik also played professional ice hockey, playing in the SM-liiga with Lukko and the Elitserien for Timrå IK.

Nevalainen was the second woman of all time to participate in the TV-pucken tournament, and the first to do so representing the province of Västerbotten.

She has also played for Tornado Moscow Region, a Russian team. Originally representing IF Björklöven she later transferred to Modo Hockey in the Riksserien (Sweden league elite). She played for the University of Windsor in the 2007–08 season.
Kim Ga-young (pool player)
Kim Ga-young (Korean: 김가영) (born 13 January 1983 in Seoul; sometimes referred to in the Western media as Ga-young Kim and nicknamed "Little Devil Girl") is a South Korean female professional pool player who plays on the Women's Professional Billiard Association Tour. Her father began teaching her to play three-cushion billiards (a form of carom billiards) when she was about twelve years old. After playing three-cushion for about three years, she started playing nine-ball pool and turned pro at the 2003 BCA Open.

Kim practices about 30 hours a week and enjoys a friendly rivalry with fellow Asian WPBA player Pan Xiaoting of China. Kim and Pan met in the finals of the 2007 Carolina Women's Billiard Classic, with Kim prevailing 7–6 in the WPBA's first all-Asian championship match. Kim and Pan finished the 2007 WPBA season ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively, behind perennially top-ranked Allison Fisher. Kim speaks Mandarin Chinese in addition to her native Korean language.

Koreans
Koreans are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of Koreans live in the two Korean sovereign states of North and South Korea, which are collectively referred to as Korea. As of 2021, an estimated 7.3 million ethnic Koreans resided outside of Korea. Koreans are also an officially recognised ethnic minority in other several Continental and East Asian countries, including China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Outside of Continental and East Asia, sizeable Korean communities have formed in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
Göncz Árpád városközpont metro station
Göncz Árpád városközpont (Árpád Göncz City Centre) is a station on the Budapest Metro Line 3 (North-South). It was the temporary terminus of Line 3 between 1984 and 1990.

The station was opened on 7 November 1984 as part of the extension from Lehel tér. On 14 December 1990 the line was extended further north to Újpest-központ.

The station is located beneath the intersection of Váci Avenue and Róbert Károly Boulevard, near Árpád bridge. It is also a major public transport hub.

The area has several high-rise offices and governmental buildings, including the headquarters of the Hungarian Police, the National Health Insurance Fund (Országos Egészségbiztosítási Pénztár), Hungarian State Treasury (Magyar Államkincstár) and the National Pension Insurance Directorate (Országos Nyugdíjbiztosítási Főigazgatóság).

From its inauguration until 31 January 2020, the station was called Árpád híd (Árpád Bridge). It then was renamed in honour of the former president of Hungary.

Rendőrség
The Rendőrség (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈrɛndøːrʃeːɡ] ⓘ, English: Police, lit. 'Order Guardian') is the national civil law enforcement agency of Hungary and is governed by the Interior Ministry. It was formerly established under the Hungarian People's Republic in 1955, formally known as the Magyar Népköztársaság Rendőrsége (lit. 'Police of the Hungarian People's Republic').

From the establishment of the Hungarian People's Republic in 1949 to the democratic era after 1989, Hungary’s law enforcement institutions evolved significantly. During the socialist period, law enforcement was a tool of political repression under direct party control. After the fall of communism, democratic reforms led to the restructuring of police and internal security agencies, culminating in the emergence of modern institutions by the early 2000s.
Turbot Bank
The Turbot Bank is a shelf bank and mound feature of the seabed of the North Sea that lies off the east coast of Scotland, about 44 kilometres (27 mi) east of Peterhead. The depth of water above the bank varies from 60 m below sea level on top of the bank down to 80 m at its margins. It has been designated as a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area since 2014.

It is an important habitat for sand eels, small fish of various species that are eaten by seabirds such as Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), as well as fish such as plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and marine mammals such as dolphins. The bank is particularly associated with Raitt's sand eel (Ammodytes marinus), which live buried in the sand of the bank for months at a time.

Black-legged kittiwake
The black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) is a seabird species in the gull family Laridae. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Larus tridactylus. The English name is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'. In North America, this species is known as the black-legged kittiwake to differentiate it from the red-legged kittiwake, but in Europe, where it is the only member of the genus, it is often known just as kittiwake.
Fumarase
Fumarase (or fumarate hydratase) is an enzyme (EC 4.2.1.2) that catalyzes the reversible hydration/dehydration of fumarate to malate. Fumarase comes in two forms: mitochondrial and cytosolic. The mitochondrial isoenzyme is involved in the Krebs cycle and the cytosolic isoenzyme is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and fumarate. Subcellular localization is established by the presence of a signal sequence on the amino terminus in the mitochondrial form, while subcellular localization in the cytosolic form is established by the absence of the signal sequence found in the mitochondrial variety.

This enzyme participates in 2 metabolic pathways: citric acid cycle and reductive citric acid cycle (CO2 fixation), and is also important in renal cell carcinoma. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the  development of leiomyomas in the skin and uterus in combination with renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC syndrome).

Malic acid
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula HO2CCH(OH)CH2CO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is a metabolic intermediate in the citric acid cycle.
2013 Blossom Cup – Doubles
Chan Hao-ching and Rika Fujiwara were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.

Irina Buryachok and Nadiya Kichenok won the tournament, defeating Liang Chen and Sun Shengnan in the final, 3–6, 6–3, [12–10].

Liang Chen
Liang Chen (Chinese: 梁辰; pinyin: Liáng Chén; born 25 February 1989) is a former professional Chinese tennis player.

Liang has a career-high singles ranking of 342, achieved on 21 September 2009. Her career-high WTA doubles ranking of 35, she reached on 26 October 2015.

Liang made her WTA Tour main-draw doubles debut, partnering Zhou Yimiao at the 2009 Guangzhou International Women's Open. They lost in the first round to Peng Shuai and Xu Yifan.

At the 2011 Guangzhou International Women's Open, partnering Tian Ran, they defeated Alona Bondarenko and Mariya Koryttseva 4–6, 6–3, [12–10] in the first round before losing to the second seeds Alberta Brianti and Petra Martić in the quarterfinals.

Playing for China Fed Cup team, she has a win-loss record of 3–2.
Villers-le-Sec, Meuse
Villers-le-Sec (French pronunciation: [vilɛʁ lə sɛk]) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Its epithet "Sec" (dry) comes from the fact that no rivers pass through Villers-le-Sec, which is located on the plateau between the rivers Ornain and Saulx. However, the village is not completely deprived of water since it is located above a water table and there are many ponds.

Saulx (river)
The Saulx (French pronunciation: [so]) is a 115 km long river in France, right tributary of the Marne. Its source is near the village Germisay. It flows generally northwest, through the following départements and towns:

Haute-Marne: Effincourt

Meuse: Montiers-sur-Saulx, Stainville

Marne: Sermaize-les-Bains, Pargny-sur-Saulx, Vitry-le-François

The Saulx flows into the Marne in Vitry-le-François. Its main tributaries are the Ornain and the Chée. The part of the Marne-Rhine Canal between Vitry-le-François and Sermaize-les-Bains runs parallel to the Saulx.
Phyllis Lake
Phyllis Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the White Cloud Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The lake is accessed from Sawtooth National Forest road 053.

Phyllis Lake is northeast of Washington Peak.

Washington Peak (Idaho)
Washington Peak at 10,519 feet (3,206 m) above sea level is a peak in the White Cloud Mountains of Idaho. The peak is located in Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Custer County 2.37 mi (3.81 km) from Fourth of July Peak, its line parent. It is the 264th highest peak in Idaho.
1962–63 DDR-Oberliga
The 1962–63 DDR-Oberliga was the 14th season of the DDR-Oberliga, the first tier of league football in East Germany.

The league was contested by fourteen teams.  SC Motor Jena won the championship, the club's first-ever national East German championship. The club would go on to win two more, then under the name of FC Carl Zeiss Jena.

Peter Ducke of SC Motor Jena was the league's top scorer with 19 goals. For the first time the title East German Footballer of the year was awarded, going to Manfred Kaiser of SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt.

On the strength of the 1962–63 title Motor Jena qualified for the 1963–64 European Cup where the club was knocked out by Dinamo Bucharest in the preliminary round. Seventh-placed club BSG Motor Zwickau qualified for the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup as the seasons FDGB-Pokal winner and was knocked out by MTK Budapest in the second round after having received a bye in the first round.

MTK Budapest
Magyar Testgyakorlók Köre (Hungarian for "Hungarian Circle of Physical Practitioners") is a multi-sports club from Budapest, founded in 1888. It has sections for football, handball, basketball, volleyball, futsal, ice hockey, water polo, cycling, gymnastics, athletics, fencing, canoeing, boxing, wrestling, swimming, rowing, karate, taekwondo, sailing, speed skating, skiing, table tennis, tennis and chess.
Caesar cipher
A Caesar cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions along the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.

The encryption step performed by a Caesar cipher is often incorporated as part of more complex schemes, such as the Vigenère cipher, and still has modern application in the ROT13 system. As with all single-alphabet substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher is easily broken and in modern practice offers essentially no communications security.

Plaintext
In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually refers to data that is transmitted or stored unencrypted.
Frank Napoli
Frank Napoli is a former Italy international rugby league footballer who played as a winger for the Eastern Suburbs in the NSWRL Premiership and the ARL Premiership as well as the Gold Coast Chargers. He also played for the London Broncos in the European Super League.

ARL Premiership
The ARL Premiership was Australia's first grade rugby league competition between 1995 and 1997. It replaced the previous competition, the New South Wales Rugby League premiership, after the competition expanded to 20 teams with the admittance of four additional clubs to the competition; the North Queensland Cowboys (Townsville, Queensland), South Queensland Crushers (Brisbane, Queensland), Western Reds (Perth, Western Australia), and Auckland Warriors (Auckland, New Zealand).
QuTiP
QuTiP, short for the Quantum Toolbox in Python, is an open-source computational physics software library for simulating quantum systems, particularly open quantum systems.  QuTiP allows simulation of Hamiltonians with arbitrary time-dependence, allowing simulation of situations of interest in quantum optics, ion trapping, superconducting circuits and quantum nanomechanical resonators.  The library includes extensive visualization facilities for content under simulations.

QuTiP's API provides a Python interface and uses Cython to allow run-time compilation and extensions via C and C++.  QuTiP is built to work well with popular Python packages NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib and IPython.

Circuit quantum electrodynamics
Circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) provides a means of studying the fundamental interaction between light and matter (quantum optics). As in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics, a single photon within a single mode cavity coherently couples to a quantum object (atom). In contrast to cavity QED, the photon is stored in a one-dimensional on-chip resonator and the quantum object is no natural atom but an artificial one. These artificial atoms usually are mesoscopic devices which exhibit an atom-like energy spectrum.  The field of circuit QED is a prominent example for quantum information processing and a promising candidate for future quantum computation.

In the late 2010s decade, experiments involving cQED in 3 dimensions have demonstrated deterministic gate teleportation and other operations on multiple qubits.
Sports in Memphis, Tennessee
Sports in Memphis, Tennessee, are supported in the city by Memphis Park Services, which offers a wide range of public facilities, including 17 swimming pools, 8 public golf courses, 48 athletic fields hosting a range of 510 youth and 269 adult teams, 130 basketball courts (101 outdoor and 29 indoor), 7 tennis centers and a soccer complex.

Memphis is also home to professional sports teams in basketball, baseball and other sports. Golf, basketball, baseball and tennis are popular recreational sports in Memphis.

Memphis Xplorers
The Memphis Xplorers were a professional arena football team.  They were a 2001 expansion member of the af2.  They played their home games at DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven, Mississippi (a suburb of Memphis, Tennessee).  The team's logo featured the likeness of the namesake of both the venue and the team, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto.

On October 11, 2006, the team announced that they would not return for the 2007 season.

In October 2007, local teacher Patrick Smith and a partner purchased the Memphis Xplorers for $100,000. There were plans to bring the team back for the 2009 season, with the possibility of the team's name being changed to the Midsouth Mafia.  These plans never came to fruition.
2008 World U-17 Hockey Challenge
The 2008 World U-17 Hockey Challenge was an ice hockey tournament held in London, Lucan, St. Thomas, Stratford, Strathroy, and Woodstock, Ontario, Canada between December 29, 2007 and January 4, 2008. The venues used for the tournament included the John Labatt Centre and Western Fair Sports Centre in London, the Lucan Community Memorial Centre in Lucan, the Gemini Sportsplex in Strathroy, the Timken Community Complex in St. Thomas, the Rotary Complex in Stratford, and the Southwood Community Complex in Woodstock. Team Canada Ontario defeated the United States 3–0 to win the gold medal, while team Canada West defeated team Canada Pacific 9–6 to win the bronze medal.

Stratford, Ontario
Stratford is a city on the Avon River within Perth County in southwestern Ontario, Canada, with a 2021 population of 33,232 in a land area of 30.02 square kilometres (11.59 sq mi). Stratford is the seat of Perth County, which was settled by English, Irish, Scottish and German immigrants, in almost equal numbers, starting in the 1820s but primarily in the 1830s and 1840s. Most became farmers; even today, the area around Stratford is known for mixed farming, dairying and hog production.

The area was settled by Europeans in 1832, and the town and river were named after Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Stratford was incorporated as a town in 1859 and as a city in 1886. The first mayor was John Corry Wilson Daly. The swan has become a symbol of the city. Each year, twenty-four white swans are released into the Avon River. The town is noted for the Stratford Festival, which performs Shakespearean plays and other genres from May to October.
New Jersey's 12th congressional district
New Jersey's 12th congressional district is represented by Democrat Bonnie Watson Coleman, who has served in Congress since 2015. The district is known for its research centers and educational institutions such as Princeton University, Rider University, The College of New Jersey, Institute for Advanced Study, Johnson & Johnson and Bristol-Myers Squibb. The district is primarily suburban in character, covering portions of Mercer, Somerset, Union, and Middlesex counties, although the district contains the state capital of Trenton as well as the smaller city of Plainfield.

Rider University
Rider University is a private university in Lawrence Township, New Jersey, United States. It consists of three academic units: the Norm Brodsky College of Business, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, which includes Westminster Choir College, and the College of Education and Human Services.
Brothers of Charity
The Brothers of Charity are an international religious institute of Religious Brothers and associate members at the service of the people most in need in the field of education and health care. The institute was founded in 1807 by Peter Joseph Triest in Ghent, Belgium. He also founded three other religious congregations inspired by Vincentian spirituality. The congregation's patron saint is St. Vincent de Paul. Today the Brothers maintain a presence in 30 countries.

Religious brother
A religious brother (abbreviated Br. or Bro. as a title) is a lay male member of a religious institute or religious order who commits himself to following Christ in consecrated life, usually by the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Equivalent to a religious sister, a religious brother typically lives in a religious community and works in a ministry appropriate to his capabilities.

A brother might practice any secular occupation. Some religious institutes are composed only of brothers; others are made up of brothers and clerics (priests or ministers, and seminarians).

In some Christian groups, members refer to each other as "brother" or "sister". For example, Shakers use the title for all adult male members.