hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ben Davis (clothing)
Ben Davis is an American workwear brand, founded in 1935, in San Francisco, California with headquarters in San Rafael, California. The company founder, Ben Davis' grandfather, Jacob Davis was the inventor of the original Levi's riveted jeans, and partnered with Levi Strauss in 1871 to mass-produce blue jeans. The brand's signature product is its heavyweight cotton/polyester blended twill fabric, which is used for most of its workwear clothing. Ben Davis also offers a selection of streetwear.

Streetwear
Streetwear is a style of casual clothing that gained global popularity in the 1990s. Emerging from the fusion of New York hip-hop fashion and Californian surf culture, it evolved to incorporate elements of sportswear, punk, skateboarding, 1980s nostalgia, and Japanese street fashion.

Streetwear is commonly linked to exclusivity, as many brands limit production through artificial scarcity to drive demand. This has led to practices such as limited edition releases and resale markets. In the 21st century, streetwear intersected with haute couture, as luxury fashion houses adopted streetwear influences, while streetwear brands incorporated aspects of high fashion including runway presentation, designer collaborations, and premium branding.
Battle of Siffin
The Battle of Siffin (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة صِفِّينَ, romanized: Maʿraka Ṣiffīn) was fought in 657 CE (37 AH) between the Iraqi Arab forces of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Syrian Arab forces of the rebelling long-time governor of the Levant, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan. The battle is named after its location Siffin on the banks of the Euphrates river. The fighting stopped after the Syrians called for arbitration when Ali's forces had gained the upper hand, to which Ali reluctantly agreed under pressure from some of his troops. The arbitration process ended inconclusively in 658 though it strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and his political position while weakening the authority of Ali and causing dissension among the Iraqis. The battle was part of the First Fitna and is considered a major step towards the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Lower Mesopotamia
Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Mesopotamia. It is located in the alluvial plain of Iraq from the Hamrin Mountains to the Faw Peninsula near the Persian Gulf.

In the Middle Ages it was also known as the Sawad and al-Jazira al-sflia ("Lower Jazira"), which strictly speaking designated  only the southern alluvial plain, and Arab Iraq, as opposed to Persian Iraq, the Jibal. Lower Mesopotamia was home to Sumer and Babylonia.
Heckman correction
The Heckman correction is a statistical technique to correct bias from non-randomly selected samples or otherwise incidentally truncated dependent variables, a pervasive issue in quantitative social sciences when using observational data. Conceptually, this is achieved by explicitly modelling the individual sampling probability of each observation (the so-called selection equation) together with the conditional expectation of the dependent variable (the so-called outcome equation). The resulting likelihood function is mathematically similar to the tobit model for censored dependent variables, a connection first drawn by James Heckman in 1974. Heckman also developed a two-step control function approach to estimate this model, which avoids the computational burden of having to estimate both equations jointly, albeit at the cost of inefficiency. Heckman received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000 for his work in this field.

Likelihood function
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) generated the observations. When evaluated on the actual data points, it becomes a function solely of the model parameters.

In maximum likelihood estimation, the model parameter(s) or argument that maximizes the likelihood function serves as a point estimate for the unknown parameter, while the Fisher information (often approximated by the likelihood's Hessian matrix at the maximum) gives an indication of the estimate's precision.

In contrast, in Bayesian statistics, the estimate of interest is the converse of the likelihood, the so-called posterior probability of the parameter given the observed data, which is calculated via Bayes' rule.
Ranjung United FC
Ranjung United Football Club was a football club from Bhutan, based at Changlimithang, that played in the Bhutan A-Division, then the top level of football in Bhutan, but since replaced by a full national league.

Bhutan Premier League
The Bhutan Premier League, currently known as the Bank of Bhutan Premier League due to sponsorship reasons, is the men's highest division of professional football in Bhutan. It also provides Bhutan's entrant for continental competition, the AFC Challenge League.
Patrick Baldwin Jr.
Patrick O'Neal Baldwin Jr. (born November 18, 2002) is an American professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Stockton Kings of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Milwaukee Panthers. He was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2021 class.

Stockton Kings
The Stockton Kings are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League based in Stockton, California, and are affiliated with the Sacramento Kings. The Kings play their home games at the Adventist Health Arena and compete in the G League's Western Conference Pacific Division.

The team began play during the 2008–09 season in Reno, Nevada, as the Reno Bighorns. They moved to Stockton and changed their name in 2018.
Georg Mühlberg
Georg Mühlberg (5 February 1863 – 1 January 1925) was a German painter, draftsman and illustrator.

Mühlberg illustrated especially children's literature, including fables (Hey Paul, 100 Fables for Children), fairy tales and magazines. Several images depict scenes of student life. He produced a popular postcard series on fairy tales such as The Wishing-Table and The Seven Swabians, the historical novel by Wilhelm Hauff The Piper of Hardt, and novels by E. Marlitt including The Owl House, The secret of the old maid, Gold Else, and Countess Gisela.

Wilhelm Hauff
Wilhelm Hauff (29 November 1802 – 18 November 1827) was a German poet and novelist known for his stories and novels. Raised in Stuttgart and educated in Tübingen, he wrote fairy tales such as Der kleine Muck (Little Muck) and Das kalte Herz (Heart of Stone), the historical romance Lichtenstein, and the parody Der Mann im Mond (The Man in the Moon). He died of typhoid fever at age 24. Blending exotic and fantastic motifs with German settings, his tales remain popular in German-speaking countries.
Microcephaly deafness syndrome
Microcephaly deafness syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder which consists of microcephaly, congenital hearing loss, mild intellectual disability, speech delay, low height, and facial dysmorphisms (such as low-set cup-shaped ears, protruding lower lips, micrognathia, epicanthal folds, drooping lower lip, and a rather big distance between both eyebrows). Only 2 cases of this disorder have been recorded in medical literature; a mother and her son. The researchers who discovered this disorder (H. Kawashima and N. Tsuji in 1987) later suggested that this disorder was inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, although the genetic cause of it has never been found. The disease is estimated to affect less than 1 out of a million people worldwide.

Micrognathism
Micrognathism is a condition where the jaw is undersized. It is also sometimes called mandibular hypoplasia. It is common in infants, but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws increasing in size.  It may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can hamper feeding. It can also, both in adults and children, make intubation difficult, either during anesthesia or in emergency situations.
Artes prohibitae
The seven artes prohibitae, or artes magicae, are arts prohibited by canon law as expounded by Johannes Hartlieb in 1456. They were divided into seven types reflecting that of the artes liberales and artes mechanicae.

The categories were nigromancy, geomancy, hydromancy, aeromancy, pyromancy, chiromancy, and scapulimancy. The division between the four elemental disciplines (viz., geomancy, hydromancy, aeromancy,  pyromancy) is somewhat contrived. Chiromancy is the divination from a subject's palms as practiced by the Romani (at the time recently arrived in Europe), and scapulimancy is the divination from animal bones, in particular shoulder blades, as practiced in peasant superstition. Nigromancy is distinguished from scholarly high magic derived from High Medieval grimoires such as the Picatrix, Liber Juratus Honorii, and Liber Razielis Archangeli.

The Sworn Book of Honorius
The Sworn Book of Honorius (Latin: Liber juratus Honorii, also Liber sacer, sacratus or consecratus) is a medieval grimoire purportedly written by Honorius of Thebes. The Latin word juratus, which is typically translated "sworn", is intended to mean "oathbound". Its name comes from the alleged compiler Honorius of Thebes, son of Euclid.

The book is one of the oldest existing medieval grimoires as well as one of the most influential.
2019 US Open Series
In tennis, the 2019 US Open Series was the sixteenth edition of the US Open Series, which comprised a group of hard court tournaments that started on July 22, 2019 in Atlanta and concluded in Winston-Salem on August 25, 2019. This edition consisted of four separate men's tournaments and two women's tournaments, with the Western & Southern Open hosting both a men's and women's event. The series was headlined by two ATP Tour Masters 1000 and two WTA Premier 5 events.

US Open Series
The US Open Series was the name given by the United States Tennis Association (USTA) to a series of North American professional tennis tournaments leading up to and including the US Open. It was part of the "North American hard-court season".
Sierra del Divisor National Park
Sierra del Divisor National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Sierra del Divisor) is a national park in the Amazon rainforest of Peru, established in 2015. It covers an area of 1,354,485.10 ha (13,544.85 km2) in the provinces of Coronel Portillo, in the region of Ucayali and Ucayali, in the region of Loreto.The city of Pucallpa lies on the bank of Ucayali River. In the park lies the pyramid shaped mountain top Cerro El Cono which is honored by the indigenous people as an Andes Apu.

Ucayali River
The Ucayali River (Spanish: Río Ucayali, IPA: [ˈri.o wkaˈʝali]) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about 110 km (68 mi) north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of Pucallpa is located on the banks of the Ucayali.
Gibraltar referendum
There have been five referendums held in the territory of Gibraltar

1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum

2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum

2006 Gibraltar constitutional referendum

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum

Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006
The Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006 was taken to a referendum in Gibraltar on 30 November 2006. A coalition of groups opposing the proposal held that a majority of 60% should be required to give effect to a new Constitution, quoting other instances, but the political parties held that the result should be decided by a simple majority in favour of the new constitution. The constitution was approved by 60% of the votes anyway.

It was given effect by an Order in Council on 14 December 2006 and it came into force on 2 January 2007. According to the British government, it aimed to provide a modern and mature relationship that is not based on colonialism between Gibraltar and the United Kingdom.
Swedish Post Union
The Swedish Post Union (Swedish: Svenska Postförbundet, SPF) was a trade union representing postal workers in Sweden.

The union was founded on 8 October 1886 at a conference in Stockholm.  It was initially very small, with only 75 members by the end of 1887, but it grew steadily; although the Stockholm Association of Postmen broke away in 1890, it rejoined in 1896.  The Swedish Association of Sorting Clerks split away in 1912, but rejoined in 1917, by which time the SPF had 2,915 members.

In 1920, the union absorbed the Swedish Association of Rural Postmen, and in 1936, it affiliated to the Swedish Trade Union Confederation.  The Swedish Association of Post Office Managers joined in 1947.  By 1969, the union had a record 27,451 members.   The following year, it merged with seven others, to form the Swedish National Union of State Employees.

Swedish Trade Union Confederation
The Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Swedish: Landsorganisationen i Sverige [ˈlânː(d)sɔrɡanɪsaˌɧuːnɛn iː ˈsvæ̌rjɛ] ⓘ; literally "The National Organisation in Sweden"), commonly referred to as LO ([ˈɛ̂lːuː] ⓘ), is a national trade union centre, an umbrella organisation for thirteen Swedish trade unions that organise mainly "blue-collar" workers. The Confederation, which gathers around 1.5 million employees out of Sweden's 10 million people population, was founded in 1898 by blue-collar unions on the initiative of the 1897 Scandinavian Labour Congress and the Swedish Social Democratic Party, which almost exclusively was made up by trade unions. In 2019 union density of Swedish blue-collar workers was 60%, a decline by seventeen percentage points since 2006 when blue-collar union density was 77%. A strong contributing factor was the considerably raised fees to union unemployment funds in January 2007 made by the new centre-right government.
2012 Zucchetti Kos Tennis Cup – Doubles
Julian Knowle and Michael Kohlmann were the defending champions, but decided not to participate.
Lukáš Dlouhý and Michal Mertiňák won the title, defeating Philipp Marx and Florin Mergea 5–7, 7–5, [10–7] in the final.

Julian Knowle
Julian Knowle (born 29 April 1974) is an Austrian former  professional tennis player. Being a born left-hander, Knowle was one of the few on the ATP Tour who played his forehand, backhand, and even volleys double-handed. He was Austria's most successful doubles player in history by reaching world No. 6 in the ATP doubles rankings in January 2008, before being matched by Jürgen Melzer, who reached No. 6 in September 2010, and overtaken only by Alexander Peya, who reached No. 3 in August 2013.
2021 Engie Open Saint-Gaudens Occitanie – Doubles
Martina Di Giuseppe and Giulia Gatto-Monticone were the defending champions having won the previous edition in 2019, but chose not to participate.

Estelle Cascino and Jessika Ponchet won the title, defeating Eden Silva and Kimberley Zimmermann in the final, 0–6, 7–5, [10–7].

Martina Di Giuseppe
Martina di Giuseppe (born 10 February 1991) is an Italian tennis player.

Di Giuseppe achieved her career-high singles ranking of world No. 149 on 22 July 2019, after having made the semifinals at the Bucharest Open. On the same date, she peaked at No. 338 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Di Giuseppe has won seven singles titles and six doubles titles on tournaments of the ITF Women's Circuit.
Breaking wheel
The breaking wheel, also known as the execution wheel, the Wheel of Catherine or the (Saint) Catherine('s) Wheel, was a torture method used for public execution primarily in Europe from antiquity through the Middle Ages up to the 19th century by breaking the bones of a criminal or bludgeoning them to death. The practice was abolished in Bavaria in 1813 and in the Electorate of Hesse in 1836: the last known execution by the "Wheel" took place in Prussia in 1841. In the Holy Roman Empire, it was a "mirror punishment" for highwaymen and street thieves, and was set out in the Sachsenspiegel for murder, and arson that resulted in fatalities.

Highwayman
A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Such criminals operated until the mid- or late 19th century. Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often dressing as men, especially in fiction.

The first attestation of the word highwayman is from 1617. Euphemisms such as "knights of the road" and "gentlemen of the road" were sometimes used by people interested in romanticizing them with a Robin Hood–esque slant. In the 19th-century American West, highwaymen were sometimes known as road agents. In Australia, they were known as bushrangers.
Avengers Mansion
Avengers Mansion is a fictional building appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It has traditionally been the base of the Avengers. The enormous, city block-sized building is located at 890 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, New York City.

Construction worker
A construction worker is a person employed in the physical construction of the built environment and its infrastructure. The term is used to cover a wide range of roles and tasks during all phases of a construction projects.
Electoral district of Paddington (Queensland)
The electoral district of Paddington was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Queensland, Australia.

Paddington was created in the 1911 redistribution, taking effect at the 1912 state election, and existed until the 1932 state election. Most of its area was based on the Brisbane North which was abolished at the 1912 election. When Paddington was abolished in 1932, its area was incorporated into the districts of Brisbane and Baroona.

The following people were elected in the seat of Paddington:

1912 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 27 April 1912 to elect the 72 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.

The election was the first for the recently formed Liberal government of Digby Denham, who had been premier since 7 February 1911. The opposition Labor Party was led by David Bowman, who had been Labor leader since 15 April 1907.

This election used contingent voting in single-member districts. Five districts that had been two-seat districts - Mackay, Maryborough, North Brisbane, Rockhampton and South Brisbane - were reformed and hereafter have only one seat.
Randle Darwall-Smith
Randle Frederick Hicks Darwall-Smith (11 July 1914 – 17 July 1999) was an English cricketer active from 1935 to 1946 who played for Sussex. He was born in Westminster and died in Seaford. He appeared in 46 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast medium. He scored 649 runs with a highest score of 54 and took 151 wickets with a best performance of seven for 44. His older brother, John Darwall-Smith, also played first-class cricket.

Wicket
In the sport of cricket, the term wicket has several meanings:

It is either of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at each end of the pitch. The fielding team's players can hit the wicket with the ball in a number of ways to get a batter out. 
The wicket is guarded by a batter who, with their bat (and sometimes with their pads, but see the laws on LBW, leg before wicket), attempts to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket (if it does, they may be bowled) and to score runs where possible.

Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batter is known as the taking of a wicket.

The cricket pitch itself is sometimes referred to as the wicket.
The Small Bachelor (film)
The Small Bachelor is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by William A. Seiter and written by John B. Clymer, Rex Taylor and Walter Anthony. It is based on the 1927 novel The Small Bachelor by P. G. Wodehouse. The film stars Barbara Kent, George Beranger, and William Austin. The film was released on November 6, 1927, by Universal Pictures. Carl Laemmle was the film's presenter.

John B. Clymer
John B. Clymer (March 6, 1887 – May 24, 1937) was a Hollywood film screenwriter.  His career spans the silent film era to the early talking films. His first film The Supreme Impulse was produced in 1915. His last film, The Gentleman Misbehaves, was released posthumously in 1946.
Canton of Nœux-les-Mines
The Canton of Nœux-les-Mines is one of the 39 cantons of the Pas-de-Calais department, in northern France. At the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton was expanded from 4 to 13 communes.

It consists of the following communes:

Pas-de-Calais
The Pas-de-Calais (French: [pɑ d(ə) kalɛ] ⓘ, 'strait of Calais'; Picard: Pas-Calés; Dutch: Nauw van Calais) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has the most communes of all the departments of France, with 887, and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019. The Calais Passage connects to the Port of Calais on the English Channel. The Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of Nord and Somme and is connected to the English county of Kent via the Channel Tunnel.
Dobovec pri Ponikvi
Dobovec pri Ponikvi (pronounced [dɔˈbɔːʋəts pɾi ˈpoːnikʋi] or [dɔˈboːʋəts pɾi ˈpoːnikʋi]) is a settlement northeast of Ponikva in the Municipality of Šentjur, in eastern Slovenia. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.

Municipality of Šentjur
The Municipality of Šentjur (Slovene: Občina Šentjur), named Municipality of Šentjur pri Celju (Občina Šentjur pri Celju) until 2002, is a municipality in eastern Slovenia. The town of Šentjur is the seat of the municipality. With an area of 223 square kilometers (86 sq mi) it is one of the larger municipalities in Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. Saint George appears on the municipal coat of arms.
Subversive Symmetry
Subversive Symmetry. Exploring the Fantastic in Mark 6:45-56 is a book written in 1999 by George W. Young, Assistant Professor of Biblical Studies at Queen's College, Newfoundland, Canada. He interprets the New Testament episode of Jesus' walk on water (Mark 6:45-56) by literary critical methods related to fantastic literature.

Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible, with Bible referring to the books of the canonical Hebrew Bible in mainstream Jewish usage and the Christian Bible including the canonical Old Testament and New Testament, respectively. For its theory and methods, the field draws on disciplines ranging from ancient history, historical criticism, philology, theology, textual criticism, literary criticism, historical backgrounds, mythology, and comparative religion.