hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mount Alayta
Mount Alayta is an active shield volcano in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Afar Triangle (Afar Depression), a highly active volcanic region which includes the adjacent Mount Afdera. Mount Alayta covers an area of 2,700 square kilometers southwest of Lake Afrera. A chain of younger craters are aligned along a north-northwest axis in the basaltic-to-trachytic shield along the east side of the shield volcano, which extends to the western flank of Mount Afdera. The Alayta Lavafeld was formed from a series of north-south fissures. In two areas on the southern side of the volcanic complex, fumaroles can be observed.

Two historical eruptions that were formerly attributed to Mount Afdera are believed to have originated from Alayta. One of those eruptions, between June and August 1907, produced a large lava flow from a vent on its southeastern flank. Its most recent eruption was in 1915.

Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a shield lying on the ground. It is formed by the eruption of highly fluid (low viscosity) lava, which travels farther and forms thinner flows than the more viscous lava erupted from a stratovolcano. Repeated eruptions result in the steady accumulation of broad sheets of lava, building up the shield volcano's distinctive form.

Shield volcanoes are found wherever fluid, low-silica lava reaches the surface of a rocky planet. However, they are most characteristic of ocean island volcanism associated with hot spots or with continental rift volcanism. They include the largest active volcanoes on Earth, such as Mauna Loa. Giant shield volcanoes are found on other planets of the Solar System, including Olympus Mons on Mars and Sapas Mons on Venus.
Castle O'er Forest
Castle O'er Forest is a Forestry Commission plantation in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, dating from the late 1960s. It lies in the upper reaches of Eskdale, at the confluence of the White Esk and the Black Esk. Eskdalemuir Forest adjoins it to the north.

The plantation takes its name from Castle O'er, an Iron Age hillfort.

Eskdale (Scotland)
Eskdale (Scottish Gaelic: Eisgeadal, IPA: [ˈeʃkʲət̪əl̪ˠ]) is a glen and former lordship in the county of Dumfriesshire, Scotland. The River Esk flows through Eskdale to its estuary at the Solway Firth.

In 1620, when 13 continuous days of snow occurred in Scotland, on Eskdale Moor only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survived.
Wheelchair Sports NSW
Wheelchair Sports NSW is the peak New South Wales sports organisation that assists people with disabilities ranging from spinal cord injury, spina bifida, amputation, paraplegia, quadriplegia to other similar disabling conditions. The organisation was established as the Paraplegic Sports Club, a section of the Paraplegic Association of NSW (also known as ParaQuad) in October 1961. It offers a range of sports programs, facilities and financial support from beginners to Paralympians.

Kevin Betts
Kevin Francis Betts, OAM (13 August 1926 – 4 May 1990) was a sports administrator known for his work in the Paralympic movement in Australia and his founding work related to wheelchair sports in New South Wales.
Jaguar (1979 film)
Jaguar is a 1979 Filipino neo noir crime film directed by Lino Brocka from a story and screenplay written by Jose F. Lacaba and Ricky Lee. It was entered into the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. The story is based on the real-life "Brown Derby Shooting" in 1960 as documented by Quijano de Manila in the article "The Boy Who Wanted to Become Society", later republished in the non-fiction crime anthology, Reportage on Crime (1977).

The film was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival, becoming the first Filipino film to compete in the main competition of the festival. It won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1980 FAMAS Awards. It also won five Gawad Urian Awards, including Best Picture and Best Direction. Anita Linda was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the Urian Awards.

A 4K restoration of the film premiered at the 16th Lumière Festival in October 2024 in Lyon, France.

4K resolution
4K resolution is a horizontal display resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels. For digital cinematography, it is 3996 × 2160 (DCI 4K), typically with a 16.65:9 (1.85:1) aspect ratio; for digital television, it is 3840 × 2160 (4K UHD), typically with a 16:9 (1.78:1) aspect ratio.

The 4K television market share increased as prices fell dramatically throughout 2013 and 2014.
Jeffrey Licon
Jeffrey Licon (born August 29, 1985) is an American actor most notable for his role as Carlos Garcia on the Nickelodeon show, The Brothers García. He portrayed Eric Preston, a supporting character in the 2004 movie Mysterious Skin. He had a leading role in Alien Raiders, and smaller roles in the television series Joan of Arcadia, NYPD Blue, Cold Case, Walker, Texas Ranger, Second Noah, Lincoln Heights, The Mentalist, and The Closer (Season 4 Episode 12).

Cold Case
Cold Case is an American police procedural crime drama television series. It ran on CBS from September 28, 2003, to May 2, 2010. The series revolved around a fictionalized Philadelphia Police Department division that specializes in investigating cold cases, usually homicides. On May 18, 2010, the series was cancelled after seven seasons.
Diying Township
Diying Township (simplified Chinese: 翟营乡; traditional Chinese: 翟營鄉; pinyin: Díyíng Xiāng) is a township of Xingtang County in western Hebei province, China, located less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the county seat across G5 Beijing–Kunming Expressway. As of 2011, it has 29 villages under its administration.

G5 Beijing–Kunming Expressway
The Beijing–Kunming Expressway (Chinese: 北京－昆明高速公路), designated as G5 and commonly referred to as the Jingkun Expressway (Chinese: 京昆高速公路) is an expressway that connects the cities of Beijing, and Kunming, in Yunnan province. It is 2,865 km (1,780 mi) in length. As of 2018, the expressway had been completed in its entirety.
2012–13 Cuban National Series
The 2012–13 Cuban National Series was the 52nd season of the league. Villa Clara defeated Matanzas in the series' final round.

The season involved a pause of approximately eight weeks, to allow players of the Cuba national baseball team to participate in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. Cuba won their pool to advance to the second round, where they were eliminated via two losses to Netherlands.

Cocodrilos de Matanzas
Cocodrilos de Matanzas ('Matanzas Crocodiles') are a baseball team in the Cuban National Series. Based in Matanzas Province, the Cocodrilos were formed after the dissolution of Henequeneros and Citricultores, two teams from Matanzas. The Cocodrilos have struggled to enjoy the success of their predecessors.
Robert Latane Montague
Robert Latané Montague (May 23, 1819 – March 2, 1880) was a prominent Virginia lawyer, politician and judge, before and after the American Civil War. He twice won election to the Virginia House of Delegates, and also served during the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861, as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (1860 to 1864), and in the Second Confederate Congress from (1864 to 1865). His son Andrew Jackson Montague became Governor of Virginia and a U.S. Congressman, and grandson Robert Latane Montague rose to become a general in the U.S. Marine Corps after receiving the Distinguished Service Cross in World War I.

Governor of Virginia
The governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The governor is head of the executive branch of the government of Virginia and is the commander-in-chief of the Virginia National Guard and Virginia Defense Force.

Three signatories of the Declaration of Independence served as governor of Virginia and three governors became president of the United States: Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler.

The current officeholder is Abigail Spanberger, a member of the Democratic Party who took office on January 17, 2026. She is Virginia's first female governor.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 12th Plymouth district
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 12th Plymouth district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Plymouth County. Democrat Kathy LaNatra of Kingston has represented the district since 2019.

Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Plymouth County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, south of Boston. As of the 2020 census, the population was 530,819.  Its county seats are Plymouth and Brockton. In 1685, the county was created by the Plymouth General Court, the legislature of Plymouth Colony, predating its annexation by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Plymouth County is part of the 
Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area.
South African Women's Open
The South African Women's Open is a golf tournament. It was first played in 1988, is sanctioned by the Women's PGA of South Africa and is played as part of the Sunshine Ladies Tour. The tournament has been co-sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour 2012–2014 and from 2018 onwards.

The title sponsor is Investec and the host sponsor is the City of Cape Town.

Investec
Investec is an Anglo-South African international banking and wealth management group, founded in Johannesburg, South Africa. It provides a range of financial products and services to a client base in Europe, Southern Africa, and Asia-Pacific.

Investec is dual-listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It is a constituent of the FTSE 250 index.

They are the current primary sponsors of the European Rugby Champions Cup.
Mesilla Valley Bosque State Park
Mesilla Valley Bosque State Park is a state park of New Mexico, United States, preserving a riverside forest (a bosque) along the Rio Grande. The park is located near Las Cruces and just west of Mesilla. The park encompasses approximately 305 acres (123 ha) at an elevation of 3,900 feet (1,200 m). The park consists of river woodlands and restored wetlands. It is used by migratory birds, and is popular for birdwatching, walking, and bicycling. It is a day-use only park, and camping is not allowed. An active Friends of Mesilla Valley Bosque State Park group exists to contribute to the park's restoration, recreation, and education missions.

Bosque
A bosque (/ˈboʊskeɪ/ BOH-skay) is a type of gallery forest habitat found along the riparian flood plains of streams, river banks, and lakes.  It derives its name from the Spanish word for "forest", pronounced [ˈboske].
The Harlem Tulip
La Tulipe de Haarlem (ru: Гарлемский тюльпан) is a fantastic ballet in three acts and four scenes, with choreography by Lev Ivanov and music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell, first presented by the Imperial Ballet on 16 October [O.S. 4 October] 1887 at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia, with Emma Bessone (as Emma), Pavel Gerdt (as Peters), and Alfred Bekefy (as Andreas).

Mariinsky Theatre
The Mariinsky Theatre (Russian: Мариинский театр, romanized: Mariinskiy teatr, also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic opera house in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th-century Russia, where many of the stage masterpieces of Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov received their premieres. Through most of the Soviet era, it was known as the Kirov Theatre.  Today, the Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet, Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra. Since Yuri Temirkanov's retirement in 1988, the conductor Valery Gergiev has served as the theatre's general director.
Warren Bell
Warren Bell (born 23 July 1986) is a South African first-class cricketer. He was included in the Griqualand West cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup.

He was the leading wicket-taker in the 2017–18 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge tournament for Northern Cape, with nine dismissals in five matches.

2015 Africa T20 Cup
The 2015 Africa T20 Cup was a Twenty20 cricket tournament held in South Africa from 4 September to 4 October 2015, as a curtain-raiser to the 2015–16 South African domestic season. Organized by Cricket South Africa, it featured thirteen South African provincial teams, as well as a Zimbabwean development XI and the national sides of Kenya and Namibia.

The sixteen participating teams were split into four pools of four, with the teams from each pool playing all of their matches at one ground across a single weekend. Benoni, Potchefstroom, Kimberley, and Bloemfontein hosted matches, as other venues were unavailable at that point in the season. Northerns defeated KwaZulu-Natal Inland in the final, which was held at Bloemfontein's Mangaung Oval. The tournament's leading runscorer was KZN Inland's Vaughn van Jaarsveld, while four players shared the leading wicket taker title.
Chartered Security Professional
Chartered Security Professional (CSyP) is a professional certification in security offered by the Worshipful Company of Security Professionals, a livery company in the City of London. The certification has been established to show the attainment of strategic and higher operational level competencies in security. The Register of Chartered Security Professionals is managed by the Security Institute and overseen by the Chartered Security Professionals Registration Authority (CSPRA).

Engineering Council
The Engineering Council (formerly Engineering Council UK; colloquially known as EngC) is the UK's regulatory authority for registration of Chartered and Incorporated engineers and engineering technician. The Engineering Council holds the national registers of over 228,000 Engineering Technicians (EngTech), Incorporated Engineers (IEng), Chartered Engineers (CEng) and Information and Communications Technology Technicians (ICTTech). The Engineering Council is also responsible for establishing and upholding globally acknowledged benchmarks of professional competence and ethical conduct, which govern the award and retention of these titles. This guarantees that employers, government bodies, and the broader society, both within the UK and abroad, can place their trust in the expertise, experience, and dedication of engineers and technicians who are professionally registered with the Engineering Council.
Rychnówek
Rychnówek [rɨxˈnuvɛk] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Barlinek, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Barlinek, 19 km (12 mi) east of Myślibórz, and 64 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 40.

Myślibórz
Myślibórz ([mɨˈɕlʲibuʂ]; German: Soldin) is a town in northwestern Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is the capital of the Myślibórz County, with a population of 11,867.

It is home to the first monastery of the Congregation of Sisters of Merciful Jesus and a sanctuary of the Divine Mercy.
Hooghalen
Hooghalen is a village in the municipality Midden-Drenthe, in the Dutch province Drenthe. In Drenthe it is also called  Hoal'n  or  Hoalen , but then people often mean the entire area, with the neighborhoods Laaghalen, Laaghalerveen and Oosthalen.

It is located on the flank of sandy soils, above a salt dome. The main attraction of Hooghalen is the Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork. Here the history is told of Westerbork Camp and the Jewish persecution in general. The former camp is located on the edge of the southern village Westerbork.

Persecution of Jews
The persecution of Jews is a major component of Jewish history, and has prompted shifting waves of refugees and the formation of diaspora communities around the world. The earliest major event was in 597 BCE, when the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered the Kingdom of Judah and then persecuted and exiled its Jewish subjects. Antisemitism has been widespread across many regions of the world and practiced by many different empires, governments, and adherents of other religions.

Jews have been commonly used as scapegoats for tragedies and disasters such as in the Black Death persecutions, the 1066 Granada massacre, the Massacre of 1391 in Spain, the many pogroms in the Russian Empire, and the ideology of Nazism, which led to the Holocaust, the systematic murder of six million Jews during World War II.
Warren Billhartz
Warren O. Billhartz (January 3, 1927 – August 21, 2006) was an American lawyer and politician.

Billhartz was born in Centralia, Illinois and went to the New Baden, Illinois public schools. He served in the United States Merchant Marine during World War II. Billhartz graduated from Illinois College and Washington University School of Law. Billhartz was admitted to the Illinois and Missouri bar associations and practiced law in Belleville, Illinois. He was also involved with the banking and loan business. He was an assistant Illinois Attorney General and was involved with the Republican Party. Billhartz served on the Clinton Board of School Trustees and was the first president of the school board.  Billhartz served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1955 to 1961. He lived in Collinsville, Illinois. Billhartz died in St. Louis, Missouri

Washington University School of Law
The Washington University School of Law (WashU Law) is the law school of Washington University in St. Louis, a private research university in St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1867, it is the oldest continuously operating law school west of the Mississippi River.

In 2025, WashU Law reported a median LSAT score of 175 for its incoming Class of 2028, which is the highest median of any law school in the United States. The school offers JD, LLM, MLS, and JSD degrees, along with a range of dual-degree programs in conjunction with other schools at the university, and graduates around 230 to 250 JD students each year.
Komlan Mally
Komlan Mally (born 12 December 1960) is a Togolese politician who served as Prime Minister of Togo from December 2007 to September 2008. He was Minister of State for Health from September 2008 to June 2011.

Union of Forces for Change
The Union of Forces for Change (French: Union des Forces du Changement) is an opposition political party in Togo. The President of the UFC was Gilchrist Olympio and its Secretary-General was Jean-Pierre Fabre until 10 August 2010. Olympio is the son of the first President of Togo, Sylvanus Olympio, who was assassinated in a 1963 coup. On 10 August 2010, Jean-Pierre Fabre was elected as President of the party.
Income in respect of a decedent
As defined by Title 26 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations § 1.642(c)-5 and the Internal Revenue Code section 691, the income in respect of a decedent (IRD) is "all income the decedent would have received had death not occurred that wasn't properly includible on the final tax return". It is payable to  decedent’s estate, trusts, or individual beneficiaries after decedent's death.  These are includible in the decedent’s estate for federal estate tax purposes and is often a reason of misunderstanding or oversight.

Common IRD assets are IRA bequests.

Individual retirement account
An individual retirement account (IRA) in the United States is a type of retirement savings plan offered by many financial institutions that provides tax advantages for retirement savings. It is a trust that holds investment assets purchased with a taxpayer's earned income for the taxpayer's eventual benefit in old age. An individual retirement account is a type of individual retirement arrangement as described in IRS Publication 590, Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs). Other arrangements include individual retirement annuities and employer-established benefit trusts.
Razak Omotoyossi
Razak Omotoyossi (8 October 1985 – 19 August 2025) was a Nigerian-born Beninese professional footballer who played as a striker for clubs in the Nigeria Premier Football League, Egyptian Premier League, Allsvenskan, Moroccan Botola Pro, Saudi Pro League and Ligue 1. Born in Nigeria, he played for the Benin national team. He is Benin's second-highest goalscorer, behind Stéphane Sessègnon with 21 goals in 47 appearances.

Nigeria Premier Football League
The Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL) (formerly the Nigeria Professional Football League) is the highest level of club football in Nigerian football league system. The Nigerian Premier League has suffered like many others, from the financial impact and dwindling fortunes since the late 2000s. It is fed into by the Nigeria National League (NNL). It is organized by the Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL) Board headed by Gbenga Elegbeleye.
Tamron 18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II VC PZD
The Tamron 18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II VC PZD is a superzoom lens for APS-C DSLR cameras, announced by Tamron on December 9, 2010. The Sony/Minolta A mount version is simply called Tamron 18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II PZD as it lacks image stabilisation (VC, or Vibration Compensation, in Tamron classification).

Compared to its predecessor, the Tamron AF 18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II VC LD Aspherical (IF) MACRO, it is considerably reduced in size and features an ultrasonic motor (Piezo Drive in Tamron nomenclature).

Image stabilization
unstabilised

lens-based optical stabilisation

sensor-shift optical stabilisation

digital or electronic stabilisation

Image stabilization (IS) is a family of techniques that reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure.

Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation about the optical axis (roll). It is mainly used in high-end image-stabilized binoculars, still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes, and also smartphones. With still cameras, camera shake is a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length lenses (telephoto or zoom). With video cameras, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to variation in the atmosphere, which changes the apparent positions of objects over time.
Maurice John Cary
Maurice John Cary JP UPM (1871 – 12 August 1938) was an appointed member of the 1st and 2nd State Councils of Ceylon.

Maurice John Cary was born in London in 1871, the son of George Goldney Cary, a barrister at law.

Cary migrated to Ceylon in 1896 where he served as the manager of the Colombo Commercial Company Ltd. He was a director of the Colombo YMCA between 1929 and 1930, and was the chairman of the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce between 1929 and 1931.

Cary married Emily Winifred Thomas on 30 October 1900 at the Isle of Wight.

He was appointed one of the European members of the 1st State Council of Ceylon in 1931 and subsequently in 1936 was re-appointed to the 2nd State Council of Ceylon.

He died in Edgbaston, Birmingham, in 1938.

Unofficial magistrate
In Sri Lanka, a Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrate (also known as Acting magistrate) is a judicial appointment made by the Minister of Justice to a particular jurisdiction under the Judicature Act No 02 of 1978. An Unofficial magistrate is a senior Attorney at law (with 15 years or more practice), who is a Justice of the Peace and has the powers and authority vested in a Magistrate except the power to hear, try, or determine civil or criminal cases. Persons appointed as Unofficial magistrates may use the post-nominal JP, UM.

Commonly found in magistrate courts in remote areas where there are only one Magistrate and/or Additional Magistrate, it is a nominal position awarded to a senior lawyer of the court, who as the unofficial magistrate site on behalf of the magistrate in his/her absence and postpone hearings to a later date, grant bail and remand arrested suspects pending magisterial inquiry.