hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
All Saints' Church, Kirkby Overblow
All Saints' Church is the parish church of Kirkby Overblow, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.

The oldest part of the church is the north doorway, which is probably 11th century, while the north transept is 14th century.  It became a collegiate church in 1362, enabling the rector to become known as a provost.  The church was almost entirely rebuilt between 1780 and 1781, and in 1848, it was described as a "a spacious and venerable structure".  It was restored in 1872 by G. E. Street, and was grade II listed in 1966.

The church is built of gritstone with a stone slate roof, and consists of a nave, a south aisle, a south porch, a north transept, a chancel and a west tower. The tower has three stages, diagonal buttresses, Perpendicular windows, a sundial, a west clock face, two-light bell openings with hood moulds,  and an embattled parapet with crocketed corner pinnacles. There are also embattled parapets on the body of the church.

Pinnacle
A pinnacle is an architectural element originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, but afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations. The pinnacle looks like a small spire. It was mainly used in Gothic architecture.

The pinnacle had two purposes:

Ornamental – adding to the loftiness and verticity of the structure. They sometimes ended with statues, such as in Milan Cathedral. Ornamental pinnacles of Milan Cathedral

Structural – the pinnacles were very heavy and often rectified with lead, in order to enable the flying buttresses to contain the stress of the structure vaults and roof. This was done by adding compressive stress (a result of the pinnacle weight) to the thrust vector and thus shifting it downwards rather than sideways.
Mount Potts
Mount Potts (2,184 metres) is a mountain in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is located in the Hakatere Conservation Park.

Until 2011, the area was operated as an exclusive skifield. Unlike normal resorts, there were no fixed ski tows or chairlifts. Instead, vertical transport was provided by snowcats and helicopter. The ski area covered 660 hectares and included, "steep faces, chutes, rocks to drop off, cornices, wide open powder bowls and gullies". Now, Mount Potts is a popular destination for backcountry skiing because there is easy access to the snow via the old road. Nearby Mount Sunday, the setting of Edoras in The Lord Of The Rings, is also a tourist attraction.

Mount Potts is an hour's drive from Methven, and two hours' drive from Christchurch.

Methven, New Zealand
Methven  is a small town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand.  It is located near the western edge of the Canterbury Plains, 34 km (21 mi) north of Ashburton and 95 km (59 mi) west of Christchurch, and at an elevation of 320 m (1,050 ft). The town is a service centre for agriculture in the surrounding area, and is a base for skiing at the nearby Mount Hutt skifield. The town slogan is "Amazing Space".
Youth for Heritage Foundation
The Youth for Heritage Foundation is a non-profit non-governmental organization registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It was started as a hobby project in October 2009 and became popular over time.

Societies Registration Act, 1860
The Societies Registration Act, 1860 is a legislation in British India which allows the registration of entities generally involved in the benefit of society – education, health, employment etc.

The British Indian Empire, with a wish to encourage such activities and to promote the formal organisation of groups of like minded people, incorporated the Act 21 of 1860, in other words, the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), which came into force on 21 May 1860.

In post-independence India, the Act continues until today and being an Act of Parliament, comes under the Right to Information Act, wherein the government is legally responsible to give any information requested by any citizen of India with respect to any society.

In Bangladesh, Burma and Pakistan, all previously part of the British Raj, the Act also continues. In Brunei, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, similar legislations for the registration of societies are also in place.
MV North Head
MV North Head (formerly SS Barrenjoey) was a ferry operated by the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company and its successors on the Manly service from 1913 until 1985.

The vessel was launched as Barrenjoey, a steamer and one of the six Binngarra-type Manly ferries which were built between 1905 and 1922. In 1951, she was converted to diesel-electric power, completely rebuilt and renamed North Head. She was removed from service in 1985 following the introduction of the Freshwater-class ferries. She spent time in Hobart as a floating restaurant and, in 2000, she was taken to Cairns where she remains grounded and in deteriorating condition.

The name "Barrenjoey" was taken from the headland at the northern tip of Pittwater. "North Head" is the northern headland at the entrance to Sydney Harbour.

Bradleys Head
33°51′9″S 151°14′45″E﻿ / ﻿33.85250°S 151.24583°E﻿ / -33.85250; 151.24583

Bradleys Head is a headland protruding from the north shore of Sydney Harbour, within the metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.  It is named after the First Fleet naval officer William Bradley. The original Aboriginal inhabitants, who belonged to the Borogegal clan of the Eora nation, knew Bradleys Head as Borogegy, Booraghee, Booragy or Burrogy. On the headland is an active lighthouse, Bradleys Head Light, constructed in 1905.

Bradleys Head is now a unit of the Sydney Harbour National Park and managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Kara Mehmed Pasha (died 1722)
Kara Mehmed Pasha (died March or April 1722) was an Ottoman statesman who served as the Ottoman governor of various provinces (eyalets) and sub-provinces (sanjaks). He was also a vizier.

Mehmed Pasha served as the Ottoman governor of Egypt Eyalet (1699–1704, 1712), Sanjak of Karasi (1706–1708), Sidon Eyalet (1708), Sanjak of Inebahti (1708–1710), Rumelia Eyalet (1710), Sanjak of Bender (1710–1712), Sanjak of Trabalus (1712–1714), Azov (1714–1717), Sanjak of Candia (1717–1718), Sanjak of Sakız (1718–1719), and Sanjak of Vidin (1719–1722). He died in office in Vidin in March or April 1722.

He had a mosque built in the neighborhood of Aksaray in Istanbul, in the capital of the Ottoman Empire. However, the Kara Mehmed Pasha Mosque was demolished and was only rediscovered in November 2012, when its former location was found to lie directly on modern-day trolley car tracks across the street from the Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque in the neighborhood.

Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque
The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, also known as the Aksaray Valide Mosque (Turkish: Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii, Aksaray Valide Sultan Camii), is a grand Ottoman imperial mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It is located at the intersection of Ordu Street and Atatürk Boulevard in the Aksaray neighborhood beside the Pertevniyal High School (Turkish: Pertevniyal Lisesi) which was also built by the order of Sultana Pertevniyal in 1872. The mosque attracts 400-500 worshipers during regular prayer times and over 2,500 worshipers during Friday prayers.

The mosque's location was regarded as important to the Valide Sultan and royal family, as Aksaray was a vital commercial center during the Ottoman period. At the time what is now a busy pedestrian thoroughfare was known for its overwhelming beauty, with plentiful gardens and orchards.
Istanbul (2nd electoral district)
Istanbul's second electoral district is one of three divisions of the Istanbul electoral district for the purpose of elections to Grand National Assembly of Turkey.  It elects twenty-seven members of parliament (deputies) to represent the district for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system.

The district partially covers the European side of the Province of Istanbul, on the west of the Bosphorus. The third electoral district is situated to the west while the first electoral district occupies the Anatolian side of Istanbul on the east side of the Bosphorus.

Party-list proportional representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats  roughly proportional to their share of the vote.

In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in Spain, Turkey, and Israel (closed lists); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to determine the share of representation of their respective parties, as in Finland, Brazil, and the Netherlands (mixed single vote or panachage).
Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
Germany was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang" written by Alex Christensen and Steffen Häfelinger, and performed by Alex Swings Oscar Sings!, consisting of producer Alex Christensen and singer Oscar Loya. The German entry for the 2009 contest in Moscow, Russia was internally selected by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The announcement of "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang" as the German entry occurred on 9 February 2009 and the presentation of the song occurred during the Echo Music Prize awards show on 21 February 2009.

As a member of the "Big Four", Germany automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing in position 17, Germany placed twentieth out of the 25 participating countries with 35 points.

Guildo Horn
Horst Heinz Köhler (born 15 February 1963), known professionally as Guildo Horn (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɪldo ˈhɔʁn]), is a German Schlager singer. He is best known for his eccentric stage persona, which includes outrageous clothes and extroverted antics.

At the Eurovision Song Contest 1998, he came seventh with the song "Guildo hat euch lieb!" ("Guildo loves you!").
Dionysius the Phasilite
Dionysius the Phaselite (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ο Φασηλίτης) was an ancient Greek grammarian. He flourished in the Hellenistic period, around the 1st century BC.

He was particularly involved in the criticism of ancient poetry. His works are considered to be "On Poets" and "On the Poetry of Antimachus" as well as an excerpt from a commentary on Bacchylides.

In his time, special importance was given to the characterization of various poems. A significant problem had arisen then regarding the classification of poems into dithyrambs and paeans. Among those that sparked particular interest was the poem Cassandra by Bacchylides, for which Dionysius agreed with Aristarchus that it was a dithyramb, while he disagreed with Callimachus who had characterized it as a paean.

Paean
A paean (/ˈpiːən/ ⓘ) is a song or lyric poem expressing triumph or thanksgiving. In classical antiquity, it is usually performed by a chorus, but some examples seem intended for an individual voice (monody). It comes from the Greek παιάν/paian (also παιήων/paeion or παιών/paion), "song of triumph, any solemn song or chant". "Paeon"
(paian), which originally referred to a distinct deity of healing.
Historical evidence from Linear B tablets (notably the name Pa-ja-wo-ne found at Knossos) suggests that Paean was an independent, pre-Olympian god of healing in the Mycenaean period. In the Homeric epics, Paean remains a separate figure from Apollo, serving as the personal physician to the gods who heals the wounds of Ares and Hades.
Over time, the cult of Apollo absorbed Paean’s identity and healing attributes. By the Archaic period, "Paean" became a major epithet for Apollo (Apollo Paean),
Ole Lippmann
Ole Lippmann (25 April 1916 – 3 September 2002) was a Danish businessman and leading figure of the Danish resistance movement, active during the German occupation of Denmark during World War II. In February 1945 he replaced Flemming Muus as Special Operations Executive (SOE) parachute commander, and functioned as such until the liberation of Denmark on 5 May 1945. Lippmann was the last surviving senior figure from the wartime Freedom Council, which had been established to sabotage railways, bridges, factories, as well as oil and military installations.

Lippmann married, in 1942, Inga Bjorn Nielsen; they had three children.

German surrender at Lüneburg Heath
On 4 May 1945, at 18:30 British Double Summer Time, at Lüneburg Heath, south of Hamburg, British Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery accepted the unconditional surrender of the German forces in the Netherlands, northwest Germany including all islands, in Denmark and all naval ships in those areas. The surrender preceded the end of World War II in Europe and was signed in a carpeted tent at Montgomery's headquarters on the Timeloberg hill at Wendisch Evern.
Thaddeus Spratlen
Thaddeus H. Spratlen (1930 - May 18, 2021) was an American economist who was professor emeritus at the University of Washington's Foster School of Business.  He was the first African American faculty member at Western Washington State College (now Western Washington University) and the Foster School of Business, and was among the founders of the National Economic Association.

Foster School of Business
The University of Washington Foster School of Business (also known as UW Foster) is the business school of the University of Washington in Seattle. Founded in 1917 as the University of Washington School of Business Administration, the school was the second business school in the Western United States.

Accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, the school offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, as well as a undergraduate minor and certificate programs. Enrollment each year is about 2,500 students in its undergraduate and graduate programs and more than 1,000 working professionals in its executive education seminars and lifelong learning programs.
Merton Professors
There are two Merton Professorships of English in the University of Oxford: the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, and the Merton Professor of English Literature.  The second was created in 1914 when Sir Walter Raleigh's chair was renamed.  At the present day both professorships are associated with Merton College, but Dame Helen Gardner held her post in association with Lady Margaret Hall.  The occupants of the chairs have been:

Merton Professor of English Language and Literature

1885–1916: Arthur S. Napier

1916–1920: vacant

1920–1945: H. C. K. Wyld

1945–1959: J. R. R. Tolkien

1959–1980: Norman Davis

1980–1984: vacant

1984–2014: Suzanne Romaine

2018 onwards: Helen Small

Merton Professor of English Literature

1904–1922: Walter Raleigh

1922–1928: George Stuart Gordon

1929–1946: David Nichol Smith

1947–1957: F. P. Wilson

1957–1966: Nevill Coghill

1966–1975: Helen Gardner

1975–2002: John Carey

2002–2014: David Norbrook

2016–present: Lorna Hutson

Helen Small
Helen Wenda Small FBA (born 23 October 1964) is the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Merton College, Oxford. She was previously a fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford.
Ithikkara River
Ithikkara River is a 56 km long river in Kerala, India. It originates in the Kulathupuzha in the Western Ghats and flows through the Kollam district, finally emptying into Paravur Lake. The village of Ithikkara is located on the river, 15 km from the port of Kollam. The river also flows through the settlements of Chathannoor and Pooyappally.

Kollam district
Kollam district (Malayalam: [kolːɐm] ⓘ), (formerly known as Quilon district) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Kerala's natural attributes; it is endowed with a long coastline, a major Laccadive Sea seaport and an inland lake (Ashtamudi Lake). The district has many water bodies. Kallada River is one among them, and land on the east bank of the river is East Kallada and that on the west bank is West Kallada.
Chimakuan languages
The Chimakuan languages are a group of extinct languages that were spoken in northwestern Washington state, United States, on the Olympic Peninsula. They were spoken by Chimakum, Quileute and Hoh tribes. They are part of the Mosan sprachbund, and one of its languages, Quileute, is famous for having no nasal consonants. The two languages were about as close as English and German. Due to proximity, the Chimakuan languages are also similar to Wakashan.

Olympic Peninsula
The Olympic Peninsula is a large peninsula in Western Washington that lies across Puget Sound from Seattle, and contains Olympic National Park. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the east by Hood Canal. Cape Alava, the westernmost point in the contiguous United States, and Cape Flattery, the northwesternmost point, are on the peninsula. Comprising about 3,600 square miles (9,300 km2), the Olympic Peninsula contained many of the last unexplored places in the contiguous United States. It remained largely unmapped until Arthur Dodwell and Theodore Rixon mapped most of its topography and timber resources between 1898 and 1900.
Ludovic Asuar
Ludovic Asuar (born 26 October 1976) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Olympique de Marseille, FC Metz, AC Ajaccio, Dijon FCO, CS Sedan Ardennes, and SO Cassis Carnoux.

CS Sedan Ardennes
Club Sportif Sedan Ardennes, commonly referred to as CS Sedan or simply Sedan (French pronunciation: [sədɑ̃]), is a football club based in Sedan, France. The club was formed in 1919 and plays its home matches at the Stade Louis Dugauguez located within the city. Despite finishing 7th in the Championnat National at the end of the 2022–23 season, the club was relegated to the Régional 3 (8th tier) due to financial problems.
Must Be Santa (song)
"Must Be Santa" is a Christmas song written by Hal Moore and Bill Fredericks and first released in November 1960 by Mitch Miller on Columbia 41814 (45 rpm). A cover version by Tommy Steele reached Number 40 on the UK Singles Chart a year later. Another cover, by Joan Regan made number 42 a week later.

A contrafactum of a German drinking song (Schnitzelbank), "Must Be Santa" is structured as a call and response, with the lead singer posing the question of who has a certain feature, with a chorus responding that Santa Claus has said feature. After every other verse, the list of features mentioned up to that point is reiterated, followed by the chorus of "must be Santa" repeated three times and ending with "Santa Claus".

Example:

Lead singer: Who laughs this way, ho ho ho?Chorus: Santa laughs this way, ho ho ho!All: Ho ho ho, cherry nose, cap on head, suit that's red...

Call and response
Call and response is a form of interaction between a speaker and an audience in which the speaker's statements ("calls") are punctuated by responses from the listeners, for example in protest gatherings and marches where calls such as "what do we want?" and "when do we want it?" form a vehicle for promoting the issue underlying the protest. This form is also used in music, where it falls under the general category of antiphony.
Joel Hintz
Joel Hintz (born 11 July 1996) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He spent most of his career as a prop for Hawke's Bay in New Zealand's National Provincial Championship. He also played for the Sharks in the United Rugby Championship in 2023 and 2024, and the Western Force in Super Rugby in 2024. He played for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States in 2023, winning the 2023 MLR Championship with them.

Western Force
The Western Force is an Australian professional rugby union team based in Perth, Western Australia, currently competing in Super Rugby Pacific. They previously played in Super Rugby from 2006 until they were axed from the competition in 2017. Following their axing they played in the National Rugby Championship in 2018 and 2019, replacing the Perth Spirit, and Global Rapid Rugby from 2018 to 2020, an Indo-Pacific competition organised by Andrew Forrest.

Following the cancellation of both the 2020 Super Rugby season and 2020 Global Rapid Rugby season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Western Force were invited to compete in the 2020 Super Rugby AU season, a domestic competition organised by Rugby Australia to replace the cancelled Super Rugby season. The Force competed in the 2021 Super Rugby AU season and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, before being confirmed that their return to Super Rugby will be permanent in the revamped 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season.
Mudi Sooda Mannan
Mudi Sooda Mannan (transl. Uncrowned monarch) is a 1978 Indian Tamil-language film produced and directed by R. Vittal, and written by Thooyavan. The film stars Jaishankar and Sridevi, with Y. Vijaya, Deepa, Sarath Babu, M. N. Nambiar, R. S. Manohar and S. A. Ashokan in supporting roles. It was released on 15 September 1978.

S. A. Ashokan
S. A. Ashokan (20 May, 1931-11 November, 1982), born as Antony and often spelled Asokan, was an Indian actor who worked mainly in Tamil cinema and theatre. He was popular mainly for playing negative roles but was also a successful character actor.
David of Makuria
David II (Old Nubian: ⲇⲁ̄ⲇ, Dād) was king of the Nubian kingdom of Makuria from 1268 or 1269 (667 AH) to 4 June 1276.

David was the son of an unknown father and Taslima, a sister of king Murtashkara. David came to power after deposing Murtashkara and expelling his sons to the Kingdom of al-Abwab in the south. Afterwards he attacked the Red Sea port of Aydhab and the Egyptian border town of Aswan in 1272 and 1275 respectively, ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate of Baybars. The attack on Aswan prompted Baybars to invade Makuria, depose David and install Mashkouda on the throne. As a consequence Makuria would become a Mamluk puppet state plagued by civil wars and Mamluk incursions for decades to come. David and his family were detained in Cairo in June 1276, where he remained captive until his death, presumably after 1284.

David is known from two legal documents found at Qasr Ibrim. In one of them his throne name appears as George Basil David (Georgiou Basileos Dād).

Qasr Ibrim
Qasr Ibrim (Arabic: قصر ابريم; Meroitic: Pedeme; Old Nubian: Silimi; Coptic: ⲡⲣⲓⲙ Prim; Latin: Primis) is an archaeological site in Lower Nubia, located in the modern country of Egypt. The site has a long history of occupation, ranging from as early as the eighth century BC to AD 1813, and was an economic, political, and religious center. Originally it was a major city perched on a cliff above the Nile, but the flooding of Lake Nasser after the construction of the Aswan High Dam – with the related International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia – transformed it into an island and flooded its outskirts. Qasr Ibrim is the only major archaeological site in Lower Nubia to have survived the Aswan Dam floods. Both prior to and after the floods, it has remained a major site for archaeological investigations.