hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner
Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136 (1967), was a case heard before the United States Supreme Court. The Court held that drug companies were not prohibited by the ripeness doctrine from challenging a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation requiring a prescription drug's generic name to appear on all related printed materials. The government argued that the case was not ripe because the regulation had yet to be enforced. That argument failed as the Court found the issues to be fit for judicial resolution, and that the drug companies would experience substantial hardship if denied a pre-enforcement challenge to the statute. Prosecution for non-compliance was likely, civil and criminal penalties could be imposed, and the drug companies would suffer reputational damage if required to violate the regulation before challenging it in court.

Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication, prescription medicine or prescription-only medication) is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription. In contrast, over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in substance control is the potential scope of misuse, from drug abuse to practising medicine without a license and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug.

In North America, ℞, usually printed as "Rx", is used as an abbreviation of the word "prescription". It is a contraction of the Latin word "recipe" (an imperative form of "recipere") meaning "take". Prescription drugs are often dispensed together with a monograph (in Europe, a Patient Information Leaflet or PIL) that gives detailed information about the drug.

The use of prescription drugs has been increasing since the 1960s.
Achelous-class repair ship
The Achelous-class repair ship was a class of ship built by the US Navy during World War II.

As the United States gained experience in amphibious operations, it was realized that some sort of mobile repair facility would be useful for repairing the damage that frequently occurred to smaller vessels such as LCVP's (Landing Craft Vehicle/Personnel). The Auxiliary Repair Light (ARL) ship was designed to meet this need, and the Achelous class was the only class to receive this designation.

LCVP (United States)
The landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP) or Higgins boat was a landing craft used extensively by the Allied forces in amphibious landings in World War II. Typically constructed from plywood, this shallow-draft, barge-like boat could ferry a roughly platoon-sized complement of 36 men to shore at 12 knots (14 mph; 22 km/h).  Men generally entered the boat by climbing down a cargo net hung from the side of their troop transport; they exited by charging down the boat's lowered bow ramp.

Designer Andrew Higgins based it on boats made for operating in swamps and marshes. More than 23,358 were built, by Higgins Industries and licensees.

Taking the last letter of the LCVP designation, sailors often nicknamed the Higgins Boat the "Papa Boat" or "Peter Boat" to differentiate it from other landing craft such as the LCU and the LCM, with the LCM being called the "Mike Boat".
Jean-Marie De Koninck
Jean-Marie De Koninck, OC CQ (born 1948) is a Canadian mathematician.  He has served as a professor at Université Laval since 1972 and is the creator of the road safety program Opération Nez Rouge, or "Red Nose Operation", a system preventing people from drinking and driving.

Université Laval
Université Laval is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institution of higher education in Canada and the first North American institution to offer higher education in French. The university, which was founded in Old Québec, moved to a new campus in the 1950s in the suburban borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is ranked among the top 10 Canadian universities in research funding and holds four Canada Excellence Research Chairs.
Susan Harrison (British actress)
Susan Harrison is a British actress, writer and character comedian, who trained at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. She has taken six one-woman shows to the Edinburgh Fringe one of which, "Creatures" was the recipient of a ThreeWeeks Editor's Choice Award. Harrison is a regular performer with Showstopper! The Improvised Musical and also performs with Mischief Theatre as part of Mischief Movie Night and Mischief Movie Night In. She has performed at London's Comedy Store with The Comedy Store Players.

ThreeWeeks
ThreeWeeks is a magazine that covers the Edinburgh Festivals in August.

It has covered the Edinburgh Festival since 1996 . It also covered the Brighton Festival from 2006 to 2010, but withdrew due to lack of financial support.
Cabinet of Mamerto Urriolagoitía
Mamerto Urriolagoitía assumed office as the 43rd President of Bolivia on 24 October 1949, and his term was terminated upon his resignation in a self-coup on 16 May 1951. The vice president of Enrique Hertzog, Urriolagoitía had already been serving as acting president since 7 May 1949 but officially took office after Hertzog presented his resignation on 22 October.

Urriolagoitía formed three cabinets during his 18-month presidency, constituting the 123rd to 125th national cabinets of Bolivia. A further two cabinets, constituting the 121st and 122nd national cabinets, were formed while he was still acting president during the term of his predecessor Enrique Hertzog but are generally regarded as his first and second cabinets rather than Hertzog's eight and ninth.

Foreign Minister of Bolivia
The Foreign Minister of Bolivia (Spanish: Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores; informally Canciller) is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Fernando Aramayo since 9 November 2025 , whose predecessor  Celinda Sosa Lunda was appointed by then- president Luis Arce in November 2023.
David Gil (linguist)
David Gil (born 1 November 1953 in London, United Kingdom) is a linguist specializing in Indonesian and Malay linguistics. His research interests include Malayic comparative linguistics, syntax, semantics, linguistic typology, and language evolution.

Comparative linguistics
Comparative linguistics is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.

Genetic relatedness implies a common origin or proto-language and comparative linguistics aims to construct language families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the changes that have resulted in the documented languages. To maintain a clear distinction between attested and reconstructed forms, comparative linguists prefix an asterisk to any form that is not found in surviving texts. A number of methods for carrying out language classification have been developed, ranging from simple inspection to computerised hypothesis testing. Such methods have gone through a long process of development.
Socialist Party of Washington
The Socialist Party of Washington was the Washington state section of the Socialist Party of America (SPA), an organization originally established as a federation of semi-autonomous state organizations.

During the 1910s, the Socialist Party of Washington was one of the largest state affiliates of the SPA in the Western United States, touting a membership which peaked with more than 6,200 paid members. The Socialist Party of Washington is remembered today for its place in the free speech fights of the first decade of the 20th century, during which it was closely connected with the Industrial Workers of the World. It was also the organizational home of a number of key leaders of the early Communist Party of America.

Lena Morrow Lewis
Martha Lena Morrow Lewis (1868–1950) was an American orator, political organizer, journalist, and newspaper editor. An activist in the prohibition, women's suffrage, and socialist movements, Lewis is best remembered as a top female leader of the Socialist Party of America during that organization's heyday in the first two decades of the 20th century and as the first woman to serve on that organization's governing National Executive Committee.
Lockkeeper's House (Washington, D.C.)
The Lockkeeper's House is the oldest building on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It was built in 1837 at what is now the southwest corner of 17th Street, NW and Constitution Avenue, NW, near Constitution Gardens.

The building dates to a period when the south end of 17th Street, NW was a wharf and Constitution Avenue, NW was the location of a section of the Washington City Canal, which connected the Potomac and Anacostia rivers. An eastward extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O Canal) met the Potomac River and the Washington City Canal at a canal lock.

The 350 square foot house served the canal lock keeper, who collected tolls, recorded commerce, maintained the canal and managed traffic. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Lock keeper
A lock keeper, lock tender, or lock operator looks after a canal or river lock, operating it and if necessary maintaining it or organizing its maintenance. Traditionally, lock keepers lived on-site, often in small purpose-built cottages. A lock keeper may also be the operator for the lock's weir and, in many cases lock keepers play an important role in moderating and controlling water levels in response to drought and heavy rain. With the decline in commercial traffic the occupation is dying out on inland waterways, at least in Britain. Many previously staffed locks are now unstaffed. At large locks on large rivers, several locktenders report to the lockmaster, the manager in charge.
Sachin Khurana
Sachin Khurana is an Indian actor, model and beauty pageant titleholder. He won the title of Grasim Mr. India 1996 and represented India at the 1998 Mister World pageant at Portugal. He also represented India in Best Model of the World contest in 1996. As a model he has ramp presence in over 500 fashion shows in India and abroad. He also appeared in more than 200 advertisements.

Grasim Mr. India
Grasim Mr. India (formerly Adonis - Graviera Man of the Year) was a national male beauty pageant in India that annually selected representatives to compete globally at Mr. International, Mister World, Mr. Intercontinental and Best Model of the World. In the years 1996 and 1998, the winner of the contest represented India at Mister World contest. Later the title was changed to "Mr. India" International and the winner was sent to compete at Mr. International pageant. Later in 2007 and 2008, Hayward 5000 organized Mr India pageant and the winner was sent to Mister World. In 2010 and 2012, Grasim Mr. India again sent its winner to Mister World and the title was renamed Mr India World. Since 2014, The Times Group owns the right to organize Mr India World contest and its winner represents India at Mister World.
APOPT
APOPT (for Advanced Process OPTimizer) is a software package for solving large-scale optimization problems of any of these forms:

Linear programming (LP)

Quadratic programming (QP)

Quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP)

Nonlinear programming (NLP)

Mixed integer programming (MIP)

Mixed integer linear programming (MILP)

Mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP)

Applications of the APOPT include chemical reactors,
friction stir welding, prevention of hydrate formation in deep-sea pipelines, computational biology, solid oxide fuel cells, and flight controls for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).

Solid oxide fuel cell
A solid oxide fuel cell (or SOFC) is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel. Fuel cells are characterized by their electrolyte material; the SOFC has a solid oxide or ceramic electrolyte.

Advantages of this class of fuel cells include high combined heat and power efficiency, long-term stability, fuel flexibility, low emissions, and relatively low cost. The largest disadvantage is the high operating temperature, which results in longer start-up times and mechanical and chemical compatibility issues.
Lily of da Valley
Lily of da Valley is the fourth full-length album by Japanese rap rock group Dragon Ash; released in 2001. The album was preceded by the release of three singles, including "Shizuka na Hibi no Kaidan o", which was used as the ending theme for the 2000 film Battle Royale. The limited edition features "Episode 2" featuring Shun and Shigeo as a bonus track. The album also contains the hidden track "Hanakotoba".

In the language of flowers, lily of the valley represents the return of happiness.

Rap rock
Rap rock is a music genre that developed from the early to mid-1980s, when hip hop DJs incorporated rock records into their routines and rappers began incorporating original and sampled rock instrumentation into hip hop music. Rap rock is considered to be rock music in which lyrics are rapped, rather than sung. The genre achieved its greatest success in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Rudolph Krejci
Rudolph Krejci (Czech: Rudolf Václav Krejčí; 4 March 1929 – 9 December 2018) was a Czech-American philosopher and professor, who was the founder of the Philosophy and Humanities Programs at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and founder and first dean of the university's College of Arts and Sciences in 1975. In 1997, after 37 years at the university, Krejci became Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Humanities.

International Wittgenstein Symposium
The International Wittgenstein Symposium is an international conference dedicated to the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein and its relationship to philosophy and science. It is sponsored by the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society.
Albert Cunningham
Colonel Sir Albert Cunningham (died 5 September 1691) was an Ulster Scots army officer who fought in the Williamite War in Ireland. He was one of the twenty-seven children of Alexander Cunningham, Dean of Raphoe, who emigrated to Ireland from Scotland, and Marian Murray, daughter of John Murray of Broughton, Edinburgh. He married Margaret Leslie, daughter of Henry Leslie, Bishop of Meath, and Jane Swinton, and had one son, Henry.

Cunningham became Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance in Ireland in 1660. He stood down from that role in 1687 and went on to raise Cunningham's Dragoons in 1689. He fought on the side of Prince William of Orange at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 and the Siege of Limerick in August 1691. He was murdered while being held as a prisoner of war near Collooney in County Sligo on 5 September 1691.

A portrait of Cunningham is at Springhill House.

Dean of Raphoe
The Dean of Raphoe is based at the Cathedral Church of St Eunan in Raphoe, County Donegal, in Ulster. The Deanery is within the Diocese of Derry and Raphoe within the Church of Ireland. The Dean is the Rev. Elizabeth (Liz) Fitzgerald, the first female dean in the cathedral’s history.
Ashok Kumar Das
Ashok Kumar Das was an Indian politician. He joined the Bihar Movement in 1974 led by Jayaprakash Narayan and was political Prisoner under MISA. He was member of Swatantra Party, Utkal Congress, Janata Party (Secular), Janata Party (Secular), Janata Dal, Biju Janata Dal then Janata Dal (Secular).

Swatantra Party
The Swatantra Party (lit. 'Free Party'  or 'Independent Party') was an Indian classical liberal political party that existed from 1959 to 1974. It was founded by C. Rajagopalachari in reaction to what he felt was the increasingly socialist and statist outlook of the ruling Indian National Congress government under prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

The party had a number of distinguished leaders, most of them old Congress leaders, like C. Rajagopalachari, Minoo Masani, N. G. Ranga, Darshan Singh Pheruman, Udham Singh Nagoke, and K. M. Munshi.

Swatantra stood for a market-based economy and the dismantling of the "Licence Raj" although it opposed laissez-faire policies. Nehru was highly critical of Swatantra and dubbed it as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles, and zamindars".
Village of Lisle-Benedictine University Sports Complex
Village of Lisle-Benedictine University Sports Complex is a facility for football, baseball, lacrosse, soccer, softball, and track and field. The multimillion-dollar sports-complex on the campus of Benedictine University, in the Village of Lisle, Illinois is a collaborative effort between the university and the village.
Located just outside Chicago, the sports-complex is home to the sport teams of Benedictine University Athletics.
It was the home stadium of Chicago Red Stars women's soccer club from 2011 to 2015.

The stadium was home to Major League Lacrosse's Chicago Machine in their 2006 inaugural season. Local high schools host football and soccer games in the stadium. A baseball stadium and a softball stadium are also included in the complex. The baseball stadium is home to Benedictine University Eagles, the DuPage County Hounds
of the Midwest Collegiate League, and the DuPage Pistol Shrimp of the Prospect League.

Prospect League
The Prospect League is a collegiate summer baseball league comprising teams of college players from North America and beyond. All players in the league must have NCAA eligibility remaining in order to participate. So as to maintain their college eligibility, players are not paid. Beginning in 2012, the league added four games to the season, making a total of 60 games per team (30 home and 30 road).
2003 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election
The 2003 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election took place in February 2003, following the decision by the incumbent, Alan Beith to stand down as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats, a political party in the United Kingdom. The post was voted on by the party's then 53 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons.

The election was expected to be contested by Simon Hughes, who had come second in the 1999 leadership election, but in the event he declined to run, instead running to be Mayor of London in the 2004 elections. In the event the candidates were Menzies Campbell, the party's foreign affairs spokesperson, and Malcolm Bruce, spokesperson for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Malcolm Bruce
Malcolm Gray Bruce, Baron Bruce of Bennachie, PC (born 17 November 1944) is a British Liberal Democrat politician.
He was the Member of Parliament for Gordon from 1983 to 2015 and was the chairman of the International Development Select Committee from 2005 to 2015.
He was deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats from January 2014 to May 2015. He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours. He was also previously President of the Scottish Liberal Democrats until being succeeded by Councillor Eileen McCartin from 1 January 2016.
Verona Area School District
Verona Area School District (VASD) is the public school district for the cities of Verona and Fitchburg, Wisconsin, as well as a small part of Madison, Wisconsin. It consists of one high school, two middle schools, and seven elementary schools. Its superintendent is Dr. Tremayne Clardy.

Fitchburg, Wisconsin
Fitchburg is a city in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 29,609 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb south of Madison and is part of the Madison metropolitan area. Fitchburg consists of a mix of suburban neighborhoods closer to the border with Madison, commercial and industrial properties, and rural properties in the south.
Janne Ryynänen
Janne Pekka Ryynänen (born 1 January 1988 in Rovaniemi) is a Finnish Nordic combined athlete who has been competing since 2003. His ski club is Ounasvaaran hiihtoseura. One of his greatest achievements include a gold medal from 4 x 5 km team competition at Sapporo 2007, where he had the longest jump of the Finnish team. Ryynänen's best individual finish was fourth in the 10 km individual large hill event at Liberec in 2009.

Ryynänen's best finish at the Winter Olympics was seventh in the 4 x 5 km team event at Vancouver in 2010 while his best individual finish was 12th in the 10 km individual large hill event at those same games.

His lone World Cup victory was at a 4 x 5 km team event at Italy in 2007 while his best individual finish was second in Finland twice, both in 2008.

Liberec
Liberec (Czech pronunciation: [ˈlɪbɛrɛts] ⓘ; German: Reichenberg) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 108,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in the country. It lies on the Lusatian Neisse River, in a basin surrounded by mountains. The city centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Liberec was once home to a thriving textile industry and hence nicknamed the "Manchester of Bohemia". A symbol of the city and the main landmark of the panorama of Liberec is the Ještěd Tower. Since the end of the 19th century, the city has been a conurbation with the suburb of Vratislavice nad Nisou and the neighbouring city of Jablonec nad Nisou.
Izhar Shah Arif Shah
Yang Berbahagia Tuan Izhar Shah bin Datuk Arif Shah (born 14 July 1993) is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly for Seberang Jaya since August 2023. He is a member of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), a component party of Perikatan Nasional (PN). He is the son of former Seberang Jaya MLA, Arif Shah Omar Shah.

Malaysian United Indigenous Party
The Malaysian United Indigenous Party (Malay: Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia; abbrev: BERSATU or PPBM) is a nationalist political party in Malaysia. The party was preceded by the United Indigenous Association of Malaysia (Malay: Persatuan Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia) and founded by members of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) rebel group Gabungan Ketua Cawangan Malaysia. It is a major component of the Perikatan Nasional coalition.

Full membership in the party is limited only for Bumiputeras (indigenous communities of Malaysia). Non-Bumiputeras are permitted to join the party as associate members who are not eligible to vote and contest party elections.
Line 2 (Xuzhou Metro)
Line 2 of the Xuzhou Metro (Chinese: 徐州地铁2号线; pinyin: Xúzhōu dìtiě èr hào xiàn) is a rapid transit line in Xuzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. Construction commenced in February 2016, and the line was opened on November 28, 2020. It is the second metro line to open in Xuzhou.

Line 2 runs primarily north–south through Xuzhou's CBD and Xuzhou New District, from North Coach Station in the north to Xinchengqu East in the south.

Xuzhou Metro
The Xuzhou Metro (Chinese: 徐州地铁; pinyin: Xúzhōu dìtiě) is a rapid transit system in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. Construction began in February 2014, and Line 1 was opened on September 28, 2019, Line 2 was opened on November 28, 2020, Line 3 was opened on June 28, 2021, and Line 6 was opened on September 28, 2025.

By 2020, the network is scheduled to comprise three lines with a total length of about 67 kilometres (42 mi). The total investment is expected to be 44.3 billion renminbi. The system is planned to comprise 11 lines and 323 kilometres (201 mi) of track when fully built out.

In its first year of operation the ridership was 7.5 million (2019).