hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Julia Sand
Julia Isabella Sand (1848–1933) was an American woman who corresponded with President Chester A. Arthur, beginning in late August 1881. Arthur saved 23 letters, all of which were discovered in 1958 after his grandson, Chester Alan Arthur III (also known as Gavin Arthur), sold his grandfather's papers to the Library of Congress. The last surviving letter is dated September 15, 1883.

Sand often referred to herself as the President's "little dwarf", an allusion to the idea that in a royal court, only the dwarf would have the courage to tell the truth. It is not known whether Arthur responded to Sand's letters. Following her death in 1933, relatives burned Sand's papers without any thought as to their possible historic value.

Letter (message)
A letter is a written message conveyed from one person (or group of people) to another through a medium. Something epistolary means that it is a form of letter writing. The term usually excludes written material intended to be read in its original form by large numbers of people, such as newspapers and placards, although even these may include material in the form of an "open letter". The typical form of a letter for many centuries, and the archetypal concept even today, is a sheet (or several sheets) of paper that is sent to a correspondent through a postal system. A letter can be formal or informal, depending on its audience and purpose. Besides being a means of communication and a store of information, letter writing has played a role in the reproduction of writing as an art throughout history. Letters have been sent since antiquity and are mentioned in the Iliad. Historians Herodotus and Thucydides mention and use letters in their writings.
Yang Guoliang
Yang Guoliang (Chinese: 杨国梁; born March 1938) is a general in the People's Liberation Army of China who served as commander of the Second Artillery Corps from 1992 to 2003.

He was an alternate member of the 12th and 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the 14th and 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress.

14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1992 to 1997. It held seven plenary sessions. It was preceded by the 13th Central Committee. It was elected by the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and in turn elected the 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.
Presidential Honor Guard (Guatemala)
The Presidential Honor Guard (Spanish: Guardia de Honor Presidencial) is a branch of the Armed Forces of Guatemala, which is responsible for ceremonial duties of state as well as the protection of the President of Guatemala and his/her Vice President. It currently has its headquarters at Avenida De La Barranquilla.

President of Guatemala
The president of Guatemala (Spanish: Presidente de Guatemala), officially titled President of the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: Presidente de la República de Guatemala), is the head of state and head of government of Guatemala, elected to a single four-year term. The position of President was created in 1839.
Peninsula Developmental Road
The Peninsula Developmental Road (PDR) runs 571 km (355 mi) from Lakeland to Weipa, in the Australian state of Queensland. It is the main road transport link within Cape York Peninsula and to the rest of the Australian mainland.

The segment from Weipa Town to 43 km (27 mi) south of the town is within the Rio Tinto mine lease. The 43 km (27 mi) within the Rio Tinto mine lease boundary is not part of the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads-controlled road. The department excluded this 43 km (27 mi) section from its official PDR calculations.

The segment from Lakeland to the Rio Tinto boundary is 466 km (290 mi) and is under Transport and Main Roads control.

Weipa
Weipa (/wiːpə/) is a coastal mining town in the local government area of Weipa Town in Queensland. It is one of the largest towns on the Cape York Peninsula.  It exists because of the enormous bauxite deposits along the coast. The Port of Weipa is mainly involved in exports of bauxite. There are also shipments of live cattle from the port.

In the 2021 census, the town of Weipa had a population of 4,097 people.
Beijing E-Town Street Circuit
The Beijing Street Circuit or Beijing E-Town Street Circuit is 4.894 km (3.041 mi) anti-clockwise street circuit located in Beijing, China. The circuit was announced in October 2024 to host the finale of 2025 GT World Challenge Asia season, the circuit also hosted the third round of SRO GT Cup besides it. Before its opening, it was already announced that the circuit would also host the finale of GT World Challenge Asia season for 2026.

The circuit is designed by Apex Circuit Design and located around the Tongming Lake Park in the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area.

Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area
Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area (BETDA or BDA) (simplified Chinese: 北京经济技术开发区; traditional Chinese: 北京經濟技術開發區; pinyin: Běijīng Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū) is a state-level economic and technological development zone in Beijing, China. The area is developed by Beijing E-Town, an economic development and investment initiative of the Beijing Municipal People's Government.

It is located in Yizhuang, the southeast suburb of Beijing, with the Jingjintang Expressway nearby on its east, with the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Rail and the Fifth Ring Road in the north and the Sixth Ring Road in the south. The pillar industries in the zone include pharmaceuticals, information technology, mechanic and electronic products and new materials. As of 2020, it had a total population of 148,145.
Martinsdale Colony, Montana
Martinsdale Colony is a Hutterite community and census-designated place (CDP) in Wheatland County, Montana, United States. It is on the western edge of the county, bordered to the west by Meagher County and 4 miles (6 km) northeast of the unincorporated community of Martinsdale. The Musselshell River forms the southern edge of the CDP.

U.S. Route 12 runs through the southern part of the CDP, leading east 22 miles (35 km) to Harlowton, the Wheatland county seat, and west 36 miles (58 km) to White Sulphur Springs.

The community was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

Harlowton, Montana
Harlowton is a city in and the county seat of Wheatland County, Montana, United States. The population was 955 at the 2020 census.

The city was once the eastern terminus of electric operations (1914–74) for the "Pacific Extension" of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ("Milwaukee Road").  Here, steam or diesel locomotives were changed or hooked up to electric locomotives for 438-mile (705 km) trip through the Rocky Mountains to Avery, Idaho.  Harlowton was founded in 1900 as a station stop on the Montana Railroad, a predecessor to the Milwaukee, and was named for Richard A. Harlow, the Montana Railroad's president.
Keith Hanson
Keith Francis Hanson (born April 26, 1957) is an American retired professional ice hockey defenseman. He played 25 games for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League during the 1983–84 season. He was drafted 145th overall by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft but was traded to the Flames in 1983 without playing a game for Minnesota. In his 25 games in the NHL, he scored two assists and racked up 77 penalty minutes. He also played for teams in the American Hockey League, the International Hockey League and the Central Hockey League. He retired in 1985.

Minnesota North Stars
The Minnesota North Stars were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 26 seasons, from 1967 to 1993. The North Stars played their home games at the Met Center in Bloomington, Minnesota, and the team's colors for most of its history were green, yellow, gold and white. The North Stars played 2,062 regular season games and made the NHL playoffs 17 times, including two Stanley Cup Final appearances, where they were defeated by the New York Islanders in 1981 and the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1991. After the 1992–93 season, the franchise moved to Dallas, and the team was renamed the Dallas Stars.
John Severin
John Powers Severin (/ˈsɛvərɪn/; December 26, 1921 – February 12, 2012) was an American comics artist noted for his distinctive work with EC Comics, primarily on the war comics Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat; for Marvel Comics, especially its war and Western comics; and for his 45-year stint with the satiric magazine Cracked. He was one of the founding cartoonists of Mad in 1952.

Severin was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2003.

Timely Comics
Timely Comics was the common name for the group of corporations that was the earliest comic book arm of American publisher Martin Goodman, and the entity that would evolve by the 1960s to become Marvel Comics.

Founded in 1939, during the era called the Golden Age of Comic Books, "Timely" was the umbrella name for the comics division of pulp magazine publisher Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities all producing the same product. The company's first publication in 1939 used Timely Publications, based at his existing company in the McGraw-Hill Building at 330 West 42nd Street in New York City. In 1942, it moved to the 14th floor of the Empire State Building, where it remained until 1951. In 2016, Marvel announced that Timely Comics would be the name of a new imprint of low-priced reprint comics.
Dudzele
Dudzele (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdʏtseːlə]) is a sub-municipality of the city of Bruges located in the province of West Flanders, Flemish Region, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1971. On 1 January 1971, it was merged into Bruges.

Sint-Pietersbandenkerk in Dudzele

The RV Belgica (A962) leaving the port of Bruges

Flemish Region
The Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest, pronounced [ˌvlaːms xəˈʋɛst] ⓘ), usually simply referred to as Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen [ˈvlaːndərə(n)] ⓘ), is one of the three regions of Belgium—alongside the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region. Covering the northern portion of the country, the Flemish Region is primarily Dutch-speaking. With an area of 13,626 km2 (5,261 sq mi), it accounts for only 45% of Belgium's territory, but 58% of its population. It is one of the most densely populated regions of Europe with around 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi).

The Flemish Region is distinct from the Flemish Community: the latter encompasses both the inhabitants of the Flemish Region and the Dutch-speaking minority living in the Brussels-Capital Region. It borders the Netherlands and France.
Blame It on Baby
Blame It on Baby (stylized in all caps) is the third studio album by American rapper DaBaby. The album was released on April 17, 2020, by Interscope Records and South Coast Music Group. The album features guest appearances from Quavo from the hip-hop trio Migos, Future, JetsonMade, Roddy Ricch, YoungBoy Never Broke Again, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, London on da Track, Ashanti, and Megan Thee Stallion. The deluxe edition was released with ten bonus tracks on August 4, 2020. It features additional guest appearances from Young Thug, Stunna 4 Vegas, Gunna, and Rich Dunk.

The album is supported by the singles "Find My Way", released on April 1, 2020, and "Rockstar", featuring Roddy Ricch, released on April 24, 2020. The latter reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, with its Black Lives Matter (BLM) remix being included on the deluxe edition. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics.

Quavo
Quavious Keyate Marshall (born April 2, 1991), better known by his stage name Quavo (/ˈkweɪvoʊ/ KWAY-voh), is an American rapper and record producer. He is best known as the frontman of the now-defunct hip-hop group Migos. Formed with his nephew Takeoff and their mutual friend Offset in 2008, the group released four commercially successful studio albums before disbanding in 2023.

As a solo act, Marshall has guest performed on six Billboard Hot 100 top ten singles: Post Malone's diamond-certified "Congratulations", Justin Bieber's "Intentions", Liam Payne's "Strip That Down", Drake's "Portland", and DJ Khaled's "No Brainer" and "I'm the One", the latter of which peaked atop the chart. His debut studio album, Quavo Huncho (2018), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and spawned the platinum-certified single "Workin Me". His second album, Rocket Power (2023), peaked at number 18 and was released in memory of Takeoff, who was fatally shot the year prior.
Sammy Byrd
Samuel Dewey Byrd (October 5, 1906 – May 11, 1981) was an American professional baseball outfielder and professional golfer. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) and on the PGA Tour. Byrd is the only person to play in both the World Series and the Masters Tournament.

Byrd made his professional baseball debut in 1926, and made his MLB debut with the New York Yankees in 1929. He was primarily a reserve player, and saw action as a defensive replacement and pinch runner for Babe Ruth, which earned him the nickname "Babe Ruth's Legs". The Yankees sold Byrd to the Cincinnati Reds before the 1935 season, and he retired from baseball to pursue a career as a professional golfer after the 1936 season. He won six PGA events during his career.

Pennsylvania Open Championship
The Pennsylvania Open Championship is the Pennsylvania state open golf tournament, open to both amateur and professional golfers. It is organized by the Pennsylvania Golf Association. It has been played annually since 1912 (except for war years) at a variety of courses around the state. It was considered a PGA Tour event in some years during the 1920s and 1930s.
Munir Nayfeh
Munir Hasan Nayfeh is a Palestinian-American particle physicist, renowned for his pioneering work in nanotechnology. Nayfeh was born in December 1945, in the neighborhood of Shweikeh in Tulkarem city, in what was then Mandatory Palestine. Following the 1948 Palestine war and Palestinian exodus, Nayfeh's family was compelled to settle in Jordan, where he received his Thanaweyeh Ammeh (high school diploma). He received his bachelor's degree in 1968, and his master's in physics in 1970 from the American University of Beirut, after which he won a scholarship to pursue his PhD at Stanford University in the US, which he successfully completed in 1974.

Tulkarm
32°18′45″N 35°1′36″E﻿ / ﻿32.31250°N 35.02667°E﻿ / 32.31250; 35.02667

Tulkarm or Tulkarem (Arabic: طولكرم, Ṭūlkarm) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine and the capital of the Tulkarm Governorate. Netanya is to the west in Israel, while Nablus and Jenin are to the east. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 Tulkarm had a population of 64,532. Tulkarm is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority.
Mount Azov
Azov (Russian: Азов) is a mountain in Central Ural, Russia. It is located 8 km from Polevskoy meat Zyuzelsky village. It's one of the natural monuments of Russia.

According to Aleksandr Matveyev, the configuration of the rocks gives a reason to believe that the name of the mountain derives from the Tatar word azaw teš (азау теш), meaning 'molar tooth'. In other Turkic languages the word means 'fang', 'edge', or 'sting'. The archaeologist E. Bers believed that in the Iron Age it served as a sacrificial place.

According to popular beliefs, a creature from local folktales called Azovka (lit. 'the Azov girl') lives inside Mount Azov.

Aleksandr Matveyev (linguist)
Aleksandr Konstantinovich Matveyev (Russian: Александр Константинович Матвеев, July 8, 1926 – October 9, 2010) was a Russian linguist known for his works in toponymics (branch of linguistics studying toponyms), onomastics (studies of proper names), and etymology (origins and semantical development of words).
Sulak, Republic of Dagestan
Sulak (Russian: Сула́к; Nogai: Солак, Solak) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Kirovsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 8,565.

Nogai language
Nogai (/noʊˈɡaɪ/ noh-GHY; Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. It is the ancestral language of the Nogais. As a member of the Kipchak branch, it is closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak and Crimean Tatar. In 2014, the first Nogai novel (Akşa Nenem) was published, written in the Latin alphabet.
CDw17 antigen
CDw17 antigen is a lactosylceramide, a class of glycosphingolipids found in microdomains on the plasma layers of numerous cells. It is found on human neutrophils, basophils, monocyte, platelets, tonsillar CD45+ dendritic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells in intestinal epithelium, and on post-proliferative granulocytes in the bone marrow.

CDw17 acts as a precursor for biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids.

The enzyme A4GALT acts upon it, aiding transfer of galactose to lactosylceramide to form globotriaosylceramide.

A4GALT
Lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the A4GALT gene.

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the transfer of galactose to lactosylceramide to form globotriaosylceramide, which has been identified as the P(k) antigen of the P blood group system. The encoded protein, which is a type II membrane protein found in the Golgi, is also required for the synthesis of the bacterial verotoxins receptor.
Ivan Artemyev
Ivan Timofeevich Artemyev (7(19) August  1895, Lobkovo, Ryazan Province, - October 18, 1968, Moscow) was a Russian football player involved in the founding of FC Spartak Moscow.

Artemyev was living in Presnya, a district of Moscow, at the time of the Russian Revolution. He soon played a leading role in organising sporting activity in what was one of the most ardently revolutionary districts of Moscow. The Moscow Sports Circle was formed in 1921, and by 1922 had opened a stadium on a former potato field.

Presnensky District
55°44′48″N 37°32′13″E﻿ / ﻿55.74667°N 37.53694°E﻿ / 55.74667; 37.53694

Presnensky District (Russian: Пре́сненский райо́н), commonly called Presnya (Пре́сня), is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population: 123,284 (2010 Census); 116,979 (2002 Census).

The district is home to the Moscow Zoo, White House of Russia, Kudrinskaya Square Building, Patriarch Ponds, Vagankovo Cemetery, and Moscow-City financial district (under construction).
Taraklı, Dargeçit
Taraklı (Kurdish: Miştê; Syriac: Maštī) is a settlement in the district of Dargeçit, Mardin Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds of the Erebiyan tribe. It is located near the Tigris in the historic region of Tur Abdin.

Tigris
The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf.

The Tigris passes through historical cities such as Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants such as the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.

Today the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.
Allantospermum
Allantospermum is a genus of trees up to 90 m (300 ft) tall  in the family Irvingiaceae. Formerly it has been included in families Simaroubaceae and Ixonanthaceae. It contains the following two species:

Allantospermum borneense – Malesia

Allantospermum multicaule – Madagascar

Malesia
Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. It is a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical kingdom. It was first recognized as a distinct region in 1857 by Heinrich Zollinger, a Swiss botanist and explorer. The precise boundaries used to define Malesia vary. The broadly defined area used in Flora Malesiana consists of the countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. The original definition by the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) covered a similar area, but New Guinea and some offshore islands were split off as Papuasia in its 2001 version.
2011 Dow Corning Tennis Classic – Doubles
Laura Granville and Lucie Hradecká were the defending champions, however Granville did not participate. Lucie Hradecká partnered up with Marina Erakovic and lost in the first round to Beatrice Capra and Coco Vandeweghe

The doubles final was scratched and Jamie Hampton and Anna Tatishvili were awarded a “walkover” defeat of Irina Falconi and Alison Riske as Riske withdrew due to illness. As a result, Hampton and Tatishvili split the $5,573 first place prize, while Falconi and Riske forfeited their prize to the United States Tennis Association. Riske was awarded the tournament's Sportsmanship Award with her withdrawal cited as one of the reasons for the award.

Marina Erakovic
Marina Erakovic (/məˈrɪnə ɪˈrækəvɪtʃ/ mə-RIN-ə ih-RAK-ə-vitch; Croatian: Marina Eraković [marǐːna erǎːkoʋitɕ]; born 6 March 1988) is a former tennis player from New Zealand. She achieved career-high rankings of 39 in singles and 25 in doubles, and won a singles title (at Memphis in February 2013) and eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour.
Napoleon Diamond Necklace
The Napoleon Diamond Necklace is a diamond necklace commissioned by Napoleon I of France c. 1811–1812 from the Parisian jeweler Marie-Étienne Nitot. It is now in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

Necklace
A necklace is an article of jewellery that is worn around the neck. Necklaces may have been one of the earliest types of adornment worn by humans. They often serve ceremonial, religious, magical, or funerary purposes and are also used as symbols of wealth and status, given that they are commonly made of precious metals and stones.

The main component of a necklace is the band, chain, or cord that wraps around the neck. It is most often rendered in precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum. Necklaces often have additional attachments suspended or inset into the necklace itself. These attachments typically include pendants, lockets, amulets, crosses, and precious and semiprecious materials such as diamond, pearls, rubies, emeralds, garnets, and sapphires. They are made with many different type of materials and are used for many things and sometimes classified as clothing.