hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Averch–Johnson effect
The Averch–Johnson effect is the tendency of regulated companies to engage in excessive amounts of capital accumulation in order to expand the volume of their profits. If companies' profits to capital ratio is regulated at a certain percentage then there is a strong incentive for companies to over-invest in order to increase profits overall. This investment goes beyond any optimal efficiency point for capital that the company may have calculated as higher profit is almost always desired over and above efficiency.

Excessive capital accumulation under rate-of-return regulation is informally known as gold plating.

But the so-called Averch-Johnson effect of overcapitalization does not as a general case involve "gold-plating".

Financial capital
Financial capital (also simply known as capital or equity in finance, accounting and economics) is any economic resource measured in terms of money used by entrepreneurs and businesses to buy what they need to make their products or to provide their services to the sector of the economy upon which their operation is based (e.g. retail, corporate, investment banking). In other words, financial capital is internal retained earnings generated by the entity or funds provided by lenders (and investors) to businesses in order to purchase real capital equipment or services for producing new goods or services.

In contrast, real capital comprises physical goods that assist in the production of other goods and services (e.g. shovels for gravediggers, sewing machines for tailors, or machinery and tooling for factories).
Baoshu
Li Jun (李峻; born 1980), known by the pen name Baoshu (宝树), is a Chinese science fiction and fantasy writer. One of his books, Three Body X (published as The Redemption of Time in English), is an unofficial sequel to Death's End by Liu Cixin. Baoshu received his Master of Philosophy at Peking University, and a second master after studying at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In 2012 he became a full-time science fiction writer.

One of the latest generation of major Chinese sci-fi writers, Baoshu has won six Nebula Awards for Science Fiction and Fantasy in Chinese, three Galaxy Awards for Chinese Science Fiction, and once nominated for the Grand Media Award for Chinese Literature. He is now a contract writer of famous writer and director Guo Jingming's Zuibook, a leading hub for young fiction writers in China. His works have been translated into English and published in the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and Clarkesworld.

Master of Philosophy
A Master of Philosophy (MPhil or PhM; Latin Magister Philosophiae or Philosophiae Magister) is a postgraduate degree. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated MPhil (or, at times, as PhM in other countries). With a few exceptions, MPhils are awarded to postgraduate students after completing at least two years of original research, normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation. In many fields, the completion of a MPhil is typically required for employment as experts, or researcher. MPhil may also serve as a provisional enrolment for a PhD programme.
Rachael Rapraeger
Rachael Michelle Rapraeger is an American radiology technologist who was born in Macon, Georgia and was convicted of 10 counts of reckless conduct and 10 counts of computer fraud at Perry Hospital in Perry, Georgia. In September 2010 she was indicted for giving false mammogram results to as many as 1,289 women, 10 of who later were reported to have breast cancer.  During the process, at least 2 women died.  According to Rabb Wilkerson, she entered the data herself. She was sentenced to serve up to six months in a detention center, to serve 10 years on probation during which she can't work in the health care field and to pay a $12,500 fine.

Perry, Georgia
Perry is a city in Houston and Peach counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Houston County. As of the 2020 census, Perry had a population of 20,624. An estimate in 2019 put the population at 17,894. It is part of the Warner Robins, Georgia metropolitan statistical area, within the Macon–Bibb County–Warner Robins combined statistical area.

Perry is best known as the location of the annual Georgia National Fair.
Zagazig University
Zagazig University (Egyptian Arabic: جامعة الزقازيق, romanized: Jāmiʿat az-Zaqāzīq) is a public university located in the city of Zagazig, Sharqia, Egypt. Founded in 1974, It comprises colleges and scientific institutes belonging to most branches of human knowledge, totaling 16 colleges and two institutes (Civilizations and Asian Studies), with a third under construction (the Oncology Institute), and more than 600 scientific departments.

The university employs 5,000 faculty members holding doctoral degrees and approximately 2,500 teaching assistants and instructors. The Zagazig University has chosen an image of Ahmed Urabi as its emblem.

Sharqia Governorate
Sharqia (Arabic: محافظة الشرقية, romanized: Moḥāfeẓeh esh-Sher'eyyeh, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [eʃ.ʃæɾˈʔejjæ], rural: [eʃ.ʃæɾˈɡejje]; lit. 'Governorate of the Eastern') is the third most populous of the 27 governorates of Egypt.  Located in the northern part of the country, its capital is the city of Zagazig.
Lithuania men's national under-20 basketball team
The Lithuania men's national under-20 basketball team (Lithuanian: Lietuvos nacionalinė vaikinų jaunimo iki 20 krepšinio rinktinė), is the representative for Lithuania in international basketball competitions, and it is organized and run by the Lithuanian Basketball Federation. The Lithuania men's national under-20 basketball team represents Lithuania at the FIBA U20 EuroBasket.

The 2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship champions generation (born 1992), led by Jonas Valančiūnas, won every single age-restricted tournament they have competed in. No other generation in the world have shown such impressive performance. Consequently, the unique Lithuanian generation was nicknamed "Auksinis Lietuvos jaunimas" (English: The Golden Lithuanian Youth).

Martynas Mažeika
Martynas Mažeika (born 29 January 1985) is a Lithuanian professional basketball executive and former player. At 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) in height, he played as point guard and shooting guard, preferring the latter position. He is currently the general manager for Neptūnas Klaipėda.
Itzel Manjarrez
Itzel Adilene Manjarrez Bastidas (born 10 April 1990) is a former taekwondo practitioner from Mexico, who competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's 49 kg.

A graduate of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, she announced her retirement in December 2018.

Taekwondo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 49 kg
The women's 49 kg competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on 17 August, at the Carioca Arena 3. Chinese defending champion Wu Jingyu lost to the silver medalist Tijana Bogdanović in the quarterfinal, unable to win her third Olympic gold. Instead, South Korea's Kim So-hui finished first, beating Panipak Wongpattanakit from Thailand in the process. Wongpattanakit eventually grabbed a bronze medal in the repechage.
Mohammed Ghanim
Mohammed Ghanim is a retired Qatari football player. He was part of the Al-Sadd team that won the 1988–89 Asian Club Championship. He scored an 85th-minute goal in Al-Saad's 3–2 first leg away defeat to Al-Rasheed. The goal eventually proved crucial; Al-Sadd won the second leg 1–0, and therefore won the tournament on the away goals rule.

1988–89 Asian Club Championship
The 1988–89 Asian Club Championship was the 8th edition of the annual Asian club football competition hosted by Asian Football Confederation.

Al-Sadd of Qatar won the final and became Asian champions for the first time.
Marie Machacek
Marie E. Machacek is an astrophysicist conducting research in the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. She earned a BA in physics and mathematics from Coe College, in 1969; an MS in physics from the University of Michigan, in 1970; and a PhD in physics from the University of Iowa, in 1973.  Her current research explores interacting galaxies and the evolution of galaxies in galaxy groups and clusters. She is also the current coordinator for the SAO Astronomy Intern Program.

Machacek was co-author of a Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian study concerning galaxy NGC 5195 presented in January 2016 at the 227th meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS).

Machacek was an Alumni Fellow at the University of Michigan 1974-77.  She was on the physics faculty of Northeastern University, 1979-2002.  In 2003-2004 she was a Fellow of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University.

Galaxy groups and clusters
Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation. They form the densest part of the large-scale structure of the Universe. In models for the gravitational formation of structure with cold dark matter, the smallest structures collapse first and eventually build the largest structures, clusters of galaxies. Clusters are then formed relatively recently between 10 billion years ago and now. Groups and clusters may contain ten to thousands of individual galaxies. The clusters themselves are often associated with larger, non-gravitationally bound, groups called superclusters.
Narayani Temple
Narayani Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the goddess Durga, located in Bakutagaon village, near Khalikote, Odisha, India. The temple is constructed in the Kalingan style.

Narayani Devi is the goddess of wealth, prosperity, and abundance. She is also the goddess of love, beauty, and grace. She is a compassionate and loving mother goddess, and she is always there to help her devotees.

Kalinga architecture
The Kaliṅga architectural style is a style of Hindu architecture which flourished in the ancient Kalinga previously known as Utkal and in present eastern Indian state of Odisha. The style consists of three distinct types of temples: Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula  and Khakhara Deula. The former two are associated with Vishnu, Surya and Shiva temples while the third is mainly with Chamunda and Durga temples. The Rekha Deula and Khakhara Deula houses are the sanctum sanctorum while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing and offering halls.

In Kalinga, the ancient land of Shakta cult, divine iconography existed since the mythological era.  Present day research implies that idols (deities) were placed under auspicious trees in the ancient days. The various aspects of a typical Kalinga temple include architectural stipulations, iconography, historical connotations and honoring the traditions, customs and associated legends.
Parornix inusitatumella
Parornix inusitatumella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island in Canada, and from Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Massachusetts, and Maine in the United States.

The larvae are leaf miners of Crataegus mollis and Crataegus calpodendron; the mine is a large, white or yellowish-white blotch, speckled throughout with frass.

Crataegus mollis
Crataegus mollis, known as downy hawthorn or red hawthorn, is a species of plant that occurs in eastern North America from southeastern North Dakota east to Nova Scotia and southwest to eastern Texas. The range of this species is from southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern North Dakota and southward to Denison, Texas, and Arizona. This tree inhabits wooded bottomlands, the prairie border, and the midwest savanna understorey.
Tetrasodium EDTA
Tetrasodium EDTA is the salt resulting from the neutralization of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with four equivalents of sodium hydroxide (or an equivalent sodium base).  It is a white solid that is highly soluble in water.  Commercial samples are often hydrated, e.g. Na4EDTA.4H2O.  The properties of solutions produced from the anhydrous and hydrated forms are the same, provided they are at the same pH.

It is used as a source of the chelating agent EDTA4-.  A 1% aqueous solution has a pH of approximately 11.3.  When dissolved in neutral water, it converts partially to H2EDTA2-.  Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is produced commercially via the intermediacy of tetrasodium EDTA.

Water of crystallization
In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.

Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost.

Compared to inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice. A water content of 50% is not uncommon for proteins.
Multibeam echosounder
A multibeam echosounder (MBES) is a type of sonar that is used to map the seabed. It emits acoustic waves in a fan shape beneath its transceiver. The time it takes for the sound waves to reflect off the seabed and return to the receiver is used to calculate the water depth. Unlike other sonars and echo sounders, MBES uses beamforming to extract directional information from the returning soundwaves, producing a swathe of depth soundings from a single ping.

Time of flight
Time of flight (ToF) is the measurement of the time taken by an object, particle or wave (be it acoustic, electromagnetic, etc.) to travel a distance through a medium. This information can then be used to measure velocity or path length, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium's properties (such as composition or flow rate). The traveling object may be detected directly (direct time of flight, dToF, e.g., via an ion detector in mass spectrometry) or indirectly (indirect time of flight, iToF, e.g., by light scattered from an object in laser doppler velocimetry). Time of flight technology has found valuable applications in the monitoring and characterization of material and biomaterials, hydrogels included.
Bev Sellars
Bev Sellars (born 1955) is a Xat'sull writer of the award-winning book, They Called Me Number One: Secrets and Survival at an Indian Residential School, describing her experiences within the Canadian Indian residential school system. She is also a longtime-serving Chief of the Xat'sull (Soda Creek) First Nations.

University of Victoria
The University of Victoria (UVic) is a public research university located in the municipalities of Oak Bay and Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Established in 1903 as Victoria College, the institution was initially an affiliated college of McGill University until 1915. From 1921 to 1963, it functioned as an affiliate of the University of British Columbia. In 1963, the institution was re-organized into an independent university.
LASSBio-881
LASSBio-881 is a drug which acts as both a non-selective partial agonist of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, and also as an antagonist of the TRPV1 receptor, as well as having antioxidant effects. It has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects in animal studies.

LASSBio-945 has an identical structure sans the nitro FG.

TRPV1
The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene. It was the first isolated member of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor proteins that in turn are a sub-family of the transient receptor potential protein group.  This protein is a member of the TRPV group of transient receptor potential family of ion channels. Fatty acid metabolites with affinity for this receptor are produced by cyanobacteria, which diverged from eukaryotes at least 2 billion years ago.
The function of TRPV1 is detection and regulation of body temperature. In addition, TRPV1 provides a sensation of scalding heat and pain (nociception). In primary afferent sensory neurons, it cooperates with TRPA1 (a chemical irritant receptor) to mediate the detection of noxious environmental stimuli.
Solt (surname)
Solt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Solt (born 1947), British-born American producer, director, and writer of documentary films

Andrew P. Solt (1916–1990), Hungarian-born Hollywood screenwriter

Jonquil Solt (1933-2022), supporter of paralympic equestrianism

Julie Stevenson Solt (born 1958), judge on the Circuit Court for Frederick County in Maryland

Mary Ellen Solt (1920–2007), American concrete poet, essayist, translator, editor, and professor

Ron Solt (born 1962), American football guard

Ron Solt
Ronald Matthew Solt (born May 19, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins and was selected in the first round of the 1984 NFL draft with the 19th overall pick. Solt played in the NFL for the Indianapolis Colts and the Philadelphia Eagles.
Lime Lake-Machias, New York
Lime Lake-Machias was a census-designated place including two hamlets  in the northeast part of the Town of Machias, in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. As of the 2000 census, it had a population of 1,422. For the 2010 census, the area was delineated as two separate CDPs, Lime Lake (pop. 867) and Machias (pop. 471).

Machias, New York
Machias is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 2,309 at the 2020 census. Machias is an interior town in the northeast quadrant of the county. It is northeast of the city of Salamanca.
2022 Moselle Open – Singles
Lorenzo Sonego defeated Alexander Bublik in the final, 7–6(7–3), 6–2 to win the singles tennis title at the 2022 Moselle Open.

Hubert Hurkacz was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Sonego.

Alexander Bublik
Alexander Stanislavovich Bublik (Александр Станиславович Бублик; born 17 June 1997) is a Russian-born Kazakhstani professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 10 achieved on 12 January 2026, the first Kazakhstani man to reach the ATP top 10. He has won nine ATP Tour singles titles, and is the current Kazakhstani No. 1 singles player. He also has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 47 achieved on 8 November 2021.

Bublik recorded his greatest success at a Grand Slam event at the 2025 French Open where he reached the quarterfinals in singles, the first Kazakhstani man to achieve the feat. Bublik was also the runner-up in doubles at the 2021 French Open, partnering fellow countryman Andrey Golubev, the first Kazakhstani male players to contest a major final.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a form of cancer of the connective tissue surrounding peripheral nerves. Given its origin and behavior it is classified as a sarcoma. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is a risk factor for developing MPNSTs. The lifetime risk for an MPNST in patients with NF-1 is 8–13%. MPNST with rhabdomyoblastomatous component are called malignant triton tumors.

The first-line treatment is surgical resection with wide margins. Chemotherapy and often radiotherapy are done as adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant treatment depending upon various risk factors.

Segmental resection
Segmental resection, or segmentectomy, is a surgical procedure to remove part of an organ or gland as a sub-type of resection, which might involve removing the whole body part.  It may also be used to remove a tumor and the normal tissue around it. In lung cancer surgery, segmental resection refers to removing a section of a lobe of the lung. The resection margin needed to be free of cancerous cells.
Hsiao Huang-chi
Hsiao Huang-chi (Chinese: 蕭煌奇; pinyin: Xiāo Huángqí; Wade–Giles: Hsiao1 Huang2-chʻi2; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Siau Hông-kî; born 22 September 1976), also known as Ricky Hsiao, is a Taiwanese singer, songwriter and former judoka (2nd dan black belt). He represented Taiwan in FESPIC Games in Beijing in 1994, where he won the bronze title and placed seventh at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics. Hsiao gained attention in the  Taiwanese Hokkien pop scene after winning the Best Male Vocalist – Taiwanese award at the 19th Golden Melody Awards in 2008.

Hokkien pop
Hokkien pop, also known as Taiwanese Hokkien popular music, Taiwanese pop (臺灣歌; Tâi-oân-koa), T-pop (臺語流行音樂; Tâi-gí liû-hêng im-ga̍k), Tai-pop, Minnan Pop and Taiwanese folk (臺語歌; Tâi-gí-koa), is a popular music genre sung in Hokkien, especially Taiwanese Hokkien and produced mainly in Taiwan and sometimes in Fujian in Mainland China or Hong Kong or even Singapore in Southeast Asia. Hokkien pop is most popular amongst Hoklo people in Taiwan, mainland China, Hong Kong, and the Overseas Chinese and Overseas Taiwanese in Southeast Asia, such as Chinese Singaporeans, Chinese Malaysians, Chinese Filipinos, Chinese Indonesians, etc.
Ortmark
Ortmark is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Åke Ortmark (1929–2018), Swedish journalist, author, and radio and television presenter

Jacob Ortmark (born 1997), Swedish footballer

Åke Ortmark
Åke Helge Ortmark (14 May 1929 – 18 October 2018) was a Swedish journalist, author and radio and television presenter. During a long career he worked for both television and radio; he also authored several books.
Pasieka Wałowska
Pasieka Wałowska (Polish pronunciation: [paˈɕɛka vaˈwɔfska]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rawa Mazowiecka, within Rawa County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Rawa Mazowiecka and 53 km (33 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Rawa County
Rawa County (Polish: powiat rawski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Rawa Mazowiecka, which lies 54 kilometres (34 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Biała Rawska, lying 17 km (11 mi) east of Rawa Mazowiecka.

The county covers an area of 646.6 square kilometres (249.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 49,443, out of which the population of Rawa Mazowiecka is 17,643, that of Biała Rawska is 3,182, and the rural population is 28,618.
Baden-Württemberg–Bavaria rivalry
The rivalry between the German federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, the nation's second- and third-most populous states behind North Rhine-Westphalia, respectively, is a rhetorical rivalry especially regarding their economies and cultures.

Bavaria is typically considered to be a very proud state, known for its "Mia-san-mia" (Bavarian for Wir sind wir; English: We are [who] we [are]) motto, which would represent their confident mentality and attitude, while Baden-Württemberg is usually portrayed as a rather modest state. While Baden-Württemberg is generally considered to be more progressive, Bavaria is rather traditional and conservative.

Bavarian language
Bavarian (Boarisch or Bairisch; German: Bayrisch [ˈbaɪʁɪʃ] ⓘ), alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a group of Upper German varieties spoken in the south-east of the German language area, including the German state of Bavaria, most of Austria, and South Tyrol in Italy. Prior to 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern Sudetenland and western Hungary. Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area of around 125,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi), making it the largest of all German dialects. In 2008, 45 percent of Bavarians claimed to use only dialect in everyday communication.