hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nekhoroshev estimates
The Nekhoroshev estimates are an important result in the theory of Hamiltonian systems concerning the long-time stability of solutions of integrable systems under a small perturbation of the Hamiltonian.  The first paper on the subject was written by Nikolay Nekhoroshev in 1971.

The theorem complements both the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem and the phenomenon of instability for nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems, sometimes called Arnold diffusion, in the following way:  the KAM theorem tells us that many solutions to nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems persist under a perturbation for all time, while, as Vladimir Arnold first demonstrated in 1964, some solutions do not stay close to their integrable counterparts for all time.  The Nekhoroshev estimates tell us that, nonetheless, all solutions stay close to their integrable counterparts for an exponentially long time.  Thus, they restrict how quickly solutions can become unstable.

Hamiltonian system
A Hamiltonian system is a dynamical system governed by Hamilton's equations. In physics, this dynamical system describes the evolution of a physical system such as a planetary system or an electron in an electromagnetic field. These systems can be studied in both Hamiltonian mechanics and dynamical systems theory.
Striated darter
The striated darter (Etheostoma striatulum) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States.  It occurs in the Duck River system in Tennessee.  It inhabits rocky pools in creeks.  This species can reach a length of 5.6 centimetres (2.2 in) TL though most only reach about 3.8 centimetres (1.5 in).

Gymnocephalus
Gymnocephalus is a genus of ray-finned fishes from the family Percidae, which includes the perches, pike-perches and darters. They are from the Western Palearctic area, although one species, Gymnocephalus cernua has been accidentally introduced to the Great Lakes region where it is regarded as an invasive species. They have the common name "ruffe" and resemble the true perches in the genus Perca, but are usually smaller and have a different pattern.
Te Mahuki
Te Mahuki  (c1840–1899) was a notable New Zealand tribal prophet who believed he was an Israelite sent to find the promised land. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāti Kinohaku and Ngāti Maniapoto iwi. He was born in Te Kumi, King Country, New Zealand.

King Country
The King Country (Māori: Te Rohe Pōtae or Rohe Pōtae o Maniapoto) is a region of the western North Island of New Zealand. It extends approximately from Kawhia Harbour and the town of Ōtorohanga in the north to the upper reaches of the Whanganui River in the south, and from the Hauhungaroa and Rangitoto Ranges in the east to near the Tasman Sea in the west. It comprises hill country, large parts of which are forested.

The region, albeit loosely defined, is very significant in New Zealand's history. The term "King Country" dates from the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s, when colonial forces invaded the Waikato and forces of the Māori King Movement withdrew south of what was called the aukati, or boundary, a line of pā alongside the Puniu River near Kihikihi. Land behind the aukati remained native territory, with Europeans warned they crossed it under threat of death.

Known for its rugged, rural roads and diverse landscape, the King Country has a warm climate, considered subtropical.
Chris Hicks (record executive)
Christopher Hicks is an American record industry executive, artist manager, and publisher.  He has worked with a plethora of artists, songwriters and producers including Justin Bieber, Mary J. Blige, LeToya Luckett, Aaliyah, Johnta Austin, Bryan-Michael Cox, The-Dream, T.I., Timbaland, Lil Wayne, Justice League, Jennifer Lopez and Usher to name a few. Hicks has previously held the positions of Senior Vice President/Head of Urban Music at Warner Chappell Music Publishing as well as Executive Vice President position at Island Def Jam Music Group. Currently he is CEO of Content Media Group based in Atlanta.

J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League
J.U.S.T.I.C.E. (Just Undeniably Some of The Illest Composers Ever) League is an American record production team and rappers composed of producers and instrumentalists from Tampa, Florida.

The group is made up of members Erik "Rook" Ortiz and Kevin "Colione" Crowe. The group takes their name from the DC Comics superhero team the Justice League. The distinctive producer tag of a J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League production has a female voice echoing the words "Justice League" twice at the beginning of most of their songs. They have a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album for their work on Mary J. Blige's The Breakthrough (2006).
El Toro (Freizeitpark Plohn)
El Toro is a wooden roller coaster at Freizeitpark Plohn in Germany. It is the third roller coaster built by Great Coasters International in Europe, after Thunderbird at PowerPark in Finland and Troy at Toverland in the Netherlands. It cost 5.1 million EUR and was by the European Regional Development Fund.

Thunderbird (PowerPark)
Thunderbird is the name of the northernmost wooden roller coaster in the world, located at PowerPark in Alahärmä, Western Finland. The two Millennium Flyer trains operating it were manufactured by Great Coasters International (GCI). It is the basis for American Thunder at Six Flags St. Louis

Thunderbird was the first wooden roller coaster in Europe to be built by GCI.  Approximately 1,000 cubic metres of wood, 750,000 bolts and 1.8 million nails were used for Thunderbird's construction.  President of GCI, Clair Hain, Jr., commended the Finnish carpenters for their remarkable chainsaw skills.  The track is almost one kilometer in length and reaches a speed of about 75 km/h.
Freman College
Freman College is an upper school and sixth form with academy status in Buntingford, Hertfordshire, England. It was established as Ward Freman School in either 1970 or 1971 and became Freman College in 1999. It is named after the late Elizabeth Freman and the Freman family, who currently own the grounds of the school. Of the 788 students at the school in 2006, 198 were enrolled in the Sixth form.

North East Hertfordshire
North East Hertfordshire is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Chris Hinchliff of the Labour Party. On 16 July 2025, Hinchliff was suspended by Labour for "persistent breaches of party discipline". He sat as an Independent, until November 2025 when he had the whip restored.
Florentin (musical duo)
Florentin (formerly Graham Bell which rebranded in 2021) is an Israeli DJ and record producer duo composed of Assaf Tuvia (Hebrew: אסף טוביה) and Gal Abutbul (Hebrew: גל אבוטבול), from Jerusalem, Israel. They began their career as ghost producers and sound engineers.

Their song "The Sound Of Letting Go (Tribute To Yotam)" alongside SIVAN, was chosen at #386 of A State of Trance TOP 1000 of all time.

A State of Trance
A State of Trance (often abbreviated as ASOT) is a Dutch trance radio show, hosted by Armin van Buuren and co-producer Ruben de Ronde, that first aired in June 2001. It is currently aired weekly every Thursday at 20:00 (CET) and 14:00 (EST) and as of January 2021, ASOT is broadcast by more than 150 stations in 84 countries claiming a weekly listener count surpassing 40 million.

ASOT is broadcast as a 2-hour livestream with some stations re-airing the entire stream. However, several of its radio affiliates omit the second hour while other stations format the show into two 58-minute segments to make time for local advertising and station branding.
DePoe
DePoe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brian DePoe, Canadian radio personality and program director

David DePoe (born 1944), Canadian community activist and retired teacher

Norman DePoe (1917-1980), Canadian journalist

Peter DePoe (born 1943), American rock musician

Brian DePoe
Brian DePoe is a Canadian radio executive. He has been a radio personality, program director, and sales manager.

His father is Norman DePoe, a Canadian broadcast journalist at the Canadian Broadcast Corporation until 1976.
Bruno Semenzato
Bruno Semenzato (born 11 July 1992) is a Brazilian tennis player.

Semenzato has a career high ATP singles ranking of 714 achieved on 14 November 2011. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 612, achieved on 3 October 2011.

Semenzato made his ATP main draw debut at the 2011 Farmers Classic in the doubles draw partnering Márcio Torres. Semenzato played college tennis at Duke University.

2011 Farmers Classic
The 2011 Farmers Classic, presented by Mercedes-Benz, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Los Angeles. It was the 85th edition of the Los Angeles Open, and was part of the Olympus US Open Series of the 2011 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Los Angeles Tennis Center on the campus of UCLA, from July 25 through July 31, 2011, with total player compensation in excess of $1 million. The events were televised by ESPN2 and the Tennis Channel. Following the tournament, a Coldplay concert was held on August 3 and broadcast a portion on ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live!.

Juan Martín del Potro, who won the 2008 Countrywide Classic and 2009 US Open was one of the first players signed on to play in the tournament. The Argentinean reached a career high of No. 4 in 2010.

Unseeded Ernests Gulbis won the singles title and the accompanying first-prize money of $113,000.
EcoEI R protein C-terminal domain
In molecular biology, the EcoEI R protein C-terminal domain is a protein domain found at the C-terminus of both the R subunit of type I restriction enzymes and the Res subunit of type III restriction enzymes. The type I enzymes include EcoEI, which recognises 5'-GAGN(7)ATGC-3; the R protein (HsdR) is required for both nuclease and ATPase activity.

ATPase
ATPases (EC 3.6.1.3, Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, ATP hydrolase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life.

Some such enzymes are integral membrane proteins (anchored within biological membranes), and move solutes across the membrane, typically against their concentration gradient. These are called transmembrane ATPases.
Halal conspiracy theories
Halal conspiracy theories revolve around a series of Islamophobic conspiracy theories and hoaxes regarding halal certification in products such as food, beverages and cosmetics. The claims usually made include that the sale of halal-certified goods in stores is a precursor to the Islamisation or institution of Sharia law in a non-Muslim country, that the fees paid by companies for halal certification fund Islamic terrorism, that halal slaughter for meat is cruel, unhygienic or constitutes as animal sacrifice, among others. The spread of these claims has resulted in boycotts and harassment campaigns against businesses who sell halal-certified products, most notably in Australia and India, although anti-halal boycott movements also exist in Denmark, France, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Hoax
A hoax (pl.: hoaxes) is a widely publicised falsehood created to deceive its audience with false and often astonishing information, with the either malicious or humorous intent of causing shock and interest in as many people as possible.

Some hoaxers intend to eventually unmask their representations as having been a hoax so as to expose their victims as fools; seeking some form of profit, other hoaxers hope to maintain the hoax indefinitely, so that it is only when skeptical people willing to investigate their claims publish their findings, that the hoaxers are finally revealed as such.
Garci Lasso de la Vega II
Garci Lasso de la Vega II, also known as “El Joven” ( ? - Burgos, 1351) was the son of Garci Lasso de la Vega "El Viejo" with his first wife, Juana de Castañeda. He commanded Castillian troops against Navarra in the Battle of Río Salado of 1334. After distinguishing his valor, he was appointed as the highest royal official to the court of Fadrique Alfonso de Castilla, master of the Order of Santiago and son of Alfonso XI of Castile.  He was later appointed Adelantado of Castile through the patronage of Juan Núñez de Lara. After the death of his patron, he sought refuge in Burgos, fearing the wrath of Juan Alfonso de Alburquerque. King Peter the Cruel and his henchmen captured him there where he suffered an atrocious death witnessed by the king in 1351, as reported by Pero López de Ayala in his chronicle on the reign of this monarch.

Peter of Castile
Peter (Spanish: Pedro; 30 August 1334 – 23 March 1369), called Peter the Cruel (el Cruel) or the Just (el Justo), was King of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369. Peter was the last ruler of the main branch of the House of Ivrea. He was excommunicated by Pope Urban V for his persecutions and cruelties committed against the clergy.
1927 Texas Tech Matadors football team
The 1927 Texas Tech Matadors football team represented Texas Technological College—now known as Texas Tech University—as an independent during the 1927 college football season. In their third season under head coach Ewing Y. Freeland, the Matadors compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents by a combined total of 134 to 100. The team played its home games at Tech Field.

1927 college football season
The 1927 college football season ended with the Illini of the University of Illinois (7–0–1) being recognized as champion under the Dickinson System. At season's end, the Rissler Cup was awarded to the team that finished first in the "Dickinson ratings", which considered strength of schedule. In the final week, Georgia's "Dream and Wonder team" was upset by Georgia Tech. Georgia had upset Eastern power Yale 14–10. Though most selectors retrospectively named either Illinois or Georgia as their 1927 national champions, over a half-century later Jeff Sagarin, a computer-based selector, named the Texas Aggies as the No. 1 team.

In the Rose Bowl, the Pittsburgh Panthers (8–0–1) were invited to play against the Pacific Coast Conference champion.  Though USC and Stanford had identical records in conference play, Stanford was given a chance to "avenge" its 7–7 tie against Alabama in the previous year's Rose Bowl. Stanford won 7–6.
Sir Henry Peyton, 2nd Baronet
Sir Henry Peyton, 2nd Baronet (1779–1854), of Doddington, Cambridgeshire and Swift's House, Bicester, Oxfordshire was an English politician.

He was the eldest son of Sir Henry Peyton, 1st Baronet of Doddington, whom he succeeded in 1789. He was educated at Harrow School (1790–1795) and Christ Church, Oxford (1797–1799).

He was elected Member (MP) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cambridgeshire in a by-election in May 1802 but did not stand in that year's general election. He was appointed High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1808–1809.

He was a notable carriage driver and a founder member of the Four Horse Club. He is mentioned in two novels by Georgette Heyer, The Reluctant Widow and Regency Buck.

He married Harriet, the daughter of Thomas Fitzhugh of Portland Place, Middlesex and the widow of James Bradshaw of Portland Place. They had one surviving son, Henry.

Regency Buck
Regency Buck is a novel written by Georgette Heyer. It has three distinctions: it is the first of her novels to deal with the Regency period; it is one of only a few to combine both genres for which she was noted, the Regency romance and the mystery novel; and it is the only one of her Regency stories to feature Beau Brummell as an actual character, rather than as someone merely mentioned in passing. The story is set in 1811–1812.
George Baird Hodge
George Baird Hodge (April 8, 1828 – August 1, 1892) was an attorney, Confederate politician, colonel and acting general from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He commanded a cavalry brigade at various times and was paroled as a brigadier general at the end of the war but his appointment as a brigadier general by Confederate President Jefferson Davis was rejected twice by the Confederate States Senate.

Joseph Wheeler
Joseph "Fighting Joe" Wheeler (September 10, 1836 – January 25, 1906) was an American military officer. He was a cavalry general in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, and then a general in the United States Army during both the Spanish-American and Philippine–American Wars near the turn of the twentieth century. For much of the Civil War, he was the senior cavalry general in the Army of Tennessee and fought in most of its battles in the Western Theater.

Between the Civil War and the Spanish–American War, Wheeler served multiple terms as a U.S. Representative from the state of Alabama as a Democrat.
Phil Lollar
Phil Lollar (born August 6, 1959) is an American voice actor, director, producer, and writer for the Focus on the Family radio/audio drama Adventures in Odyssey. He is one of the show's creators, and provided the voice for several characters on the show, including Odyssey Times editor Dale Jacobs. He was also a writer/ director/ producer/ voice actor for Jungle Jam and Friends: The Radio Show!, the Little Dogs on the Prairie videos, Roma Donny’s Little Angels videos, and co-created Big Idea's 3-2-1 Penguins! series. He was script supervisor for Paws & Tales and released his own series, Iliad House, in 2016.

Olivia (TV series)
Olivia is a children's computer-animated comedy television series produced by media company Chorion, in association with animation studio Brown Bag Films and Nickelodeon. the series based on the late Ian Falconer's series of books of the same name . The series won a silver Parents' Choice Award for its positive storylines and characters. The series premiered on January 26, 2009, on the Nick Jr. Channel and aired episodes through October 29, 2015. It had 40 episodes.

In 2012, Classic Media acquired the rights to the show from Chorion. Since then, Classic Media was sold to DreamWorks Animation and became DreamWorks Classics. In 2016, DreamWorks Animation became a subsidiary of NBCUniversal.
A. W. Bhombal
Abdul Waheed Bhombal (13 October 1931 – 31 December 2008), SI(M), best known as A. W. Bhombal was a two-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy and the chairman of the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation from 1980 until retirement from military service in 1986. Bhombal was disciplined by the Pakistani Navy for his role in the friendly fire sinking of PNS Zulfiqar after the missile attack on the Port of Karachi.

Pakistan Navy War College
The Pakistan Navy War College is a military staff college located in Walton Cantonment in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The Navy War College takes pride itself as being the "center of excellence" as it educates and develops leaders in maritime matters, defining the scope of the future navy, roles and missions, supports combat readiness on maritime dimensions, and strengthens global maritime partnerships.

The Navy War College is one of the senior service colleges including the Army's Command and Staff College and the PAF's Air War College. Additionally, the Pakistan's Ministry of Defense operates the Armed Forces War College at the  National Defence University (NDU).
Ill-Matched Lovers (Matsys)
The Ill-Matched Lovers is  an oil painting by the early Netherlandish master Quentin Matsys, usually dated between 1520 and 1525. In the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington since 1971, the painting depicts the trope that old age can make one foolish. Matsys depicts this theme by showing an older man besotted by a younger, beautiful woman. He gazes at her adoringly, not noticing that with the aid of an accomplice, she is stealing his purse. The face of the old man was influenced by a drawing done by Leonardo da Vinci, demonstrating Matsys’ skill in combining Northern European themes with Italian elements.

The picture was exhibited at the Exhibition of Flemish Primitives at Bruges in 1902.

Quentin Matsys
Quentin Matsys (UK: /ˈmætsaɪs/ MAT-sysse, US: /ˈmɑːtsaɪs/ MAHT-sysse; also Massys or Metsys; Flemish: Quinten Matsijs [ˈkʋɪntə ˈmɑtsɛis]; 1466–1530) was a Flemish painter in the Early Netherlandish tradition. He was born in Leuven. According to tradition, he trained as an ironsmith before becoming a painter. Matsys was active in Antwerp for over 20 years, creating numerous works with religious roots and satirical tendencies.  He is regarded as the founder of the Antwerp school of painting, which became the leading school of painting in Flanders in the 16th century.  He introduced new techniques and motifs as well as moralising subjects without completely breaking with tradition.
Dot crawl
Dot crawl (also known as chroma crawl or cross-luma) is a visual defect of color analog video standards when signals are transmitted as composite video, as in terrestrial broadcast television. It consists of moving checkerboard patterns which appear along horizontal color transitions (vertical edges). It results from intermodulation or crosstalk between chrominance and luminance components of the signal, which are imperfectly multiplexed in the frequency domain.

The term is more associated with the NTSC analog color TV system, but is also present in PAL (see Chroma dots). Although the interference patterns are slightly different depending on the system used, they have the same cause and the same general principles apply. A related effect, color bleed or rainbow artifacts, is discussed below.

Luma (video)
In video, luma () represents the brightness in an image (the "black-and-white" or achromatic portion of the image). Luma is typically paired with chrominance. Luma represents the achromatic image, while the chroma components represent the color information. Converting R′G′B′ sources (such as the output of a three-CCD camera) into luma and chroma allows for chroma subsampling: because human vision has finer spatial sensitivity to luminance ("black and white") differences than chromatic differences, video systems can store and transmit chromatic information at lower resolution, optimizing perceived detail at a particular bandwidth.
Bawab
Al-bawab (Arabic: البواب) is a kind of doorman common in Cairo, Egypt. A bawab's job is to watch the entrance of the house or building where they work and perform errands and tasks for residents, essentially combining the function of a doorman with that of a building superintendent and errand boy. The bawab has been described by the BBC as a security guard, porter, enforcer of social mores and general snoop, all rolled into one.

Most buildings have more than one bawab who work in shifts. Bawabs are usually male and wear a gallabeya, a native Egyptian dress. Traditionally, bawabs were from Upper Egypt due to the widespread poverty there. Many modern bawabs are local ex-military men, and some buildings have transitioned to using private security companies which provide uniformed guards.

A bawab's salary is determined and paid by residents of the house or the residential building.

Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt (Arabic: صعيد مصر Ṣaʿīd Miṣr, shortened to الصعيد, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [es.sˤe.ˈʕiːd], locally: [es.sˤɑ.ˈʕiːd]) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel North. It thus starts at Beni Suef and stretches down to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).