hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Second Battle of Siping
The Battle of Siping (Chinese: 四平保卫战) was a battle between the Nationalists and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) for the control of Siping in 1946 during the Chinese Civil War. This campaign was characterized by the fact that the supreme commanders of both sides had overestimated their strength and set unrealistic goals, but in both cases, the frontline commanders on both sides averted the potential catastrophes by convincing their respective supreme commanders to change their original decisions.

Benxi
Benxi (Chinese: 本溪) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, southeast of the provincial capital of Shenyang. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,326,018 (1,709,538 in 2010), of whom 809,655 lived in the built-up area made of 3 urban districts (Pingshan, Xihu and Mingshan). It was founded as a metallurgical center in 1915. Benxi Iron and Steel Company (Bengang) is the largest employer in the city, and used to be the fourth-largest steel company in China. The second-largest industry in Benxi is coal mining. The city has pollution problems due to steel production and coal mining.
Chak 48/3R
Chak 48/3R is a planned village in southwest Okara District, of Punjab province, Pakistan. It has two localities: 48/3R and Niami. The hamlet has modern amenities, including wide streets and a sewer system.

Planned community
A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.

The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages.

A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.
Segreganset River
The Segreganset River is a small river in Bristol County, Massachusetts that flows 9.6 miles (15.4 km) in a southeasterly direction through Taunton and Dighton into the Taunton River. Named tributaries include the Maple Swamp, Poppasquash Swamp, Sunken Brook and Cedar Swamp.

The USGS maintains a gaging station on the Segreganset River near Center Street in Dighton.

Bristol County, Massachusetts
Bristol County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 579,200. The shire town is Taunton. Some governmental functions are performed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, others by the county, and others by local towns and cities. The county is the sixth most populous county in Massachusetts. Bristol County is part of the Providence metropolitan area, which is also included in Greater Boston. The county is adjacent to the state of Rhode Island. It is geographically adjacent to the Massachusetts counties of Plymouth, Norfolk, and Dukes (via water), and the Rhode Island counties of Bristol, Newport, and Providence.
Elred Ferreira
Elred Thomas Ferreira (born 23 September 1962), also known as Alfred Ferreira, is a South African politician who represented the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in the National Assembly from 1994 to 2004, gaining election in 1994 and 1999. During his second term, he was a member of Parliament's Portfolio Committee on Safety and Security.

1999 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 2 June 1999. The result was a landslide victory for the governing African National Congress (ANC), which gained fourteen seats. Incumbent president Nelson Mandela declined to seek re-election as president on grounds of his age. This election was notable for the sharp decline of the New National Party, previously the National Party (NP), which without former State President F. W. de Klerk lost more than half of their former support base. The liberal Democratic Party became the largest opposition party, after being the fifth largest party in the previous elections in 1994. The number of parties represented in the National Assembly increased to thirteen, with the United Democratic Movement, jointly headed by former National Party member Roelf Meyer, and former ANC member Bantu Holomisa, being the most successful of the newcomers with fourteen seats.
Jackson Mendoza
Jackson Mendoza was a short-lived Australian pop duo consisting of the sisters Natalie (born 1976) and Rebecca Jackson Mendoza (born 1973). Jackson Mendoza's first single, "Venus or Mars", was the first song written by the music production team, the Matrix. "Venus or Mars" was released in October 1999, spent ten weeks on the top 50 of the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at No. 24. It reached No. 31 in New Zealand. Their follow-up single, "Ordinary Girl" (August 2000), also reached No. 24 in Australia but did not enter the top 50 in New Zealand. The group disbanded soon after with both members pursuing acting careers.

Official Aotearoa Music Charts
The Official Aotearoa Music Charts, formerly the Official New Zealand Music Chart (Māori: Te Papa Tātai Waiata Matua o Aotearoa), is the weekly New Zealand top 40 singles and albums charts, issued weekly by Recorded Music NZ (formerly Recording Industry Association of New Zealand). The Music Chart also includes the top 40 Hot Singles chart, the top 20 New Zealand artist singles and albums, the top 20 Hot New Zealand singles, and top 10 compilation albums. All charts are compiled from data of both physical and digital sales from music retailers in New Zealand.

The chart also publishes gold and platinum certifications of albums and singles, according to thresholds set by Recorded Music NZ, through the database on radioscope.net.nz.
Alvin Cruz
Alvin Cruz (born April 24, 1982) is a professional basketball player who played for the Niagara University men's university basketball team from 2001 to 2005. He is currently playing in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional for the Grises de Humacao. Born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Cruz played with the Puerto Rico U21 National Team-01 and Puerto Rico National Team-05 as well as in several different professional teams overseas.

Grises de Humacao
Grises de Humacao (lit. "Humacao Greys") were a basketball team based in Humacao, Puerto Rico, which competed in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN), the top professional league in Puerto Rico, until the relocation of the team following the 2023 season. Following unanimous league approval, the team was sold to a new ownership group, and moved to become the Criollos de Caguas.
Guided bone and tissue regeneration (dentistry)
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) are dental surgical procedures that use barrier membranes to direct the growth of new bone and gingival tissue at sites with insufficient volumes or dimensions of bone or gingiva for proper function, esthetics or prosthetic restoration. Guided bone regeneration typically refers to ridge augmentation or bone regenerative procedures; guided tissue regeneration typically refers to regeneration of periodontal attachment.

Guided bone regeneration is similar to guided tissue regeneration, but is focused on development of hard tissues in addition to the soft tissues of the periodontal attachment. At present, guided bone regeneration is predominantly applied in the oral cavity to support new hard tissue growth on an alveolar ridge to allow stable placement of dental implants.  When bone grafting is used in conjunction with sound surgical technique, guided bone regeneration is a reliable and validated procedure.

Alveolar process
The alveolar process (/ælˈviːələr, ˌælviˈoʊlər, ˈælviələr/) is the portion of bone containing the tooth sockets on the jaw bones (in humans, the maxilla and the mandible). The alveolar process is covered by gums within the mouth, terminating roughly along the line of the mandibular canal. Partially comprising compact bone, it is penetrated by many small openings for blood vessels and connective fibres.

The bone is of clinical, phonetic and forensic significance.
Black-throated saltator
The black-throated saltator (Saltatricula atricollis) is a species of songbird in the family Thraupidae.

It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and dry savanna.

Tanager
The tanagers (singular /ˈtænədʒər/) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds. As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the family Cardinalidae, and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.
Zoltan Lunka
Zoltan Lunka (born 22 May 1970 in Miercurea Nirajului, Romania) is a professional boxer, who won a Flyweight bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics for Germany. A year earlier, at the 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Berlin, he captured the world title.

1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships
The Men's 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships were held in the Deutschlandhalle in Berlin, Germany from May 4 to May 15. The eighth edition of this competition, held a year before the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, was organised by the world governing body for amateur boxing AIBA. These World Championships saw the introduction of 'seedings' in each weight.  Those seedings were to be based on the 1994 AIBA ranking list.
Bückeberg
The Bückeberg (German pronunciation: [ˈbʏkəˌbɛʁk] ⓘ; also the Bückeberge) is a small hill range, up to 375 metres (1,230 ft) high, in the Calenberg Uplands between the Harrl and the Deister in central Germany, and is often considered part of the Weser Uplands. It lies in the district of Schaumburg, and stretches for some 20 km (12 mi) from west to east from Bückeburg and the village of Bad Eilsen towards Bad Nenndorf.

Schaumburg
Schaumburg (German pronunciation: [ˈʃaʊmˌbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a district (Landkreis) of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (clockwise from the north) the districts of Nienburg, Hanover and Hameln-Pyrmont, and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (districts of Lippe and Minden-Lübbecke).
Pasto Ventura
Pasto Ventura is an area in the Catamarca Province of Argentina. It features about 14 small Pleistocene volcanoes, mostly cinder cones with associated lava flows but also lava domes, tuff rings and two maars. The volcanoes are accompanied by pyroclastic deposits and their total volume reaches about 0.42 cubic kilometres (0.10 cu mi). Argon-argon dating has yielded ages ranging from 1.3 million years to about 270,000 years for volcanic rocks in the field.

Faults have displaced several of the cones, and their movement reflects a tectonic environment characterized by ongoing extension of the Altiplano-Puna high plateau. Several dry valleys cross across the volcanic field and a lake (Laguna Pasto Ventura) is also located within the field. The climate in the region is currently arid but may have been wetter in the past. Vegetation consists of sparse bush.

Pyroclastic rock
Pyroclastic rocks are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions. The individual rock fragments are known as pyroclasts. Pyroclastic rocks are a type of volcaniclastic deposit, which are deposits made predominantly of volcanic particles. Phreatic pyroclastic deposits are a variety of pyroclastic rock formed from volcanic steam explosions and are entirely composed of accidental clasts. Phreatomagmatic pyroclastic deposits are formed from explosive interaction of magma with groundwater. Pyroclastic material has been produced during some of history's most powerful volcanic eruptions, including the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the large eruptions from the Yellowstone Caldera, and the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The word pyroclastic comes from the Ancient Greek words pyr, meaning "fire", and klastos, meaning "broken in pieces".
1929–1930 Massachusetts legislature
The 146th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1929 and 1930 during the governorship of Frank G. Allen. Gaspar G. Bacon served as president of the Senate and Leverett Saltonstall served as speaker of the House.

President of the Massachusetts Senate
The president of the Massachusetts Senate is the presiding officer.  Unlike the United States Congress, in which the vice president of the United States is the ex officio president of the United States Senate, in Massachusetts, the president of the Senate is elected from and by the senators. The president, therefore, typically comes from the majority party, and the president is then the de facto leader of that party.

The current president of the Massachusetts Senate, since July 26, 2018, is Karen Spilka, a Democrat from Ashland. Democrats have had a majority in the Senate since 1959. Notable former presidents of the Massachusetts Senate include U.S. president Calvin Coolidge.
Leo Mogus
Leo John Mogus (April 13, 1921 – May 31, 1971) was an American professional basketball player.

A 6'4" power forward/center, Mogus played at Youngstown State University from 1939 to 1943, where he scored 1,400 points. Mogus also played football at the school. After college, he played professional basketball in the Basketball Association of America (later National Basketball Association) as a member of the Cleveland Rebels, Toronto Huskies, Baltimore Bullets, Fort Wayne Pistons, Indianapolis Jets, and Philadelphia Warriors. He averaged 8.5 points per game in his BAA/NBA career, and during the 1946–47 BAA season, he ranked ninth in the league in total points (753), ninth in points per game (13.0), seventh in total assists (84), and ninth in assists per game (1.4).

To date, Mogus is the only player from Youngstown State University to play in the NBA. He was inducted into the school's Hall of Fame in 1985.

Baltimore Bullets (1944–1954)
The Baltimore Bullets were a professional basketball team based in Baltimore. The Bullets competed in the American Basketball League (1944–1947), the Basketball Association of America (1947–1949), and (following the BAA's merger with the National Basketball League) the National Basketball Association (1949–1954). On November 27, 1954, the team folded with a 3–11 record on the season, making the Bullets the last NBA franchise to fold. Out of all defunct NBA teams, the Bullets were members of the association for the longest time and the only defunct team to win a championship.

The Bullets name was revived in 1963, when the former Chicago Zephyrs relocated to Baltimore; even after these Bullets relocated to Washington in 1973, they kept their name for 24 more years until they were renamed the Wizards.
Monopotassium arsenate
Monopotassium arsenate is the inorganic compound with the formula KH2AsO4.  A white solid, this salt is used to prepared other arsenic-containing compounds, mainly pesticides. It is prepared by calcining arsenic oxide and potassium nitrate, followed by extraction with water.

Relevant acid-base equilibria for aqueous solutions of this diprotic acid derived from arsenic acid are as follows:

H3AsO4  +  H2O  ⇌ H2AsO−4  +  H3O+  (pKa1 = 2.19)

H2AsO−4  +  H2O  ⇌ HAsO2−4  +  H3O+  (pKa2 = 6.94)

Calcination
Calcination is thermal treatment of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed carbonate ores) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting with a restricted supply of oxygen (i.e. gaseous O2 fraction of air), generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile substances and/or to induce thermal decomposition.

The root of the word calcination refers to its most prominent use, which is to remove carbon and oxygen from limestone (calcium carbonate) through applying heat to yield calcium oxide (quicklime). This calcination reaction (which is endothermic) is CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g).

Calcium oxide is a crucial ingredient in modern cement, and is also used as a chemical flux in smelting. Industrial calcination generally emits carbon dioxide (CO2).

A calciner is a steel cylinder that rotates inside a heated furnace and performs indirect high-temperature processing (550–1150 °C, or 1000–2100 °F) within a controlled atmosphere.
South-Western constituency (Saint Petersburg)
The South-Western constituency (No.212) was a Russian legislative constituency in Saint Petersburg in 1993–2007. It covered southern Saint Petersburg, as well as the cities of Kolpino and Pavlovsk. The seat was last occupied by Yabloko deputy Sergey Popov, an attorney, who narrowly defeated first-term incumbent State Duma member Mark Goryachev in the 1995 election.

The constituency was dissolved in 2007 when State Duma adopted full proportional representation for the next two electoral cycles. South-Western constituency was not re-established for the 2016 election, currently most of the former constituency is part of Southern constituency.

Sergey Popov (politician, born 1948)
Sergey Alekseyevich Popov (Russian: Сергей Алексеевич Попов; born on 15 May 1948), is a Russian politician, who had been a member of parliament, a deputy of the State Duma of the second, third, and fourth convocations.
Chino Valley (Arizona)
The Chino Valley of Arizona is a large, 70-mi (113 km) long valley, centered on Seligman, Arizona in northwest Yavapai County and southwest Coconino County. The valley is located at the southwest of the Coconino Plateau and lies in the extreme northwest of Arizona's transition zone.

Big Chino Wash drains the valley's center, and is one of the major northwest watersheds feeding into the Verde River, which drains southeast, then due south to meet the Salt and Gila Rivers at Phoenix.

Chino Valley, Arizona and Paulden lie at the southeast terminus of the valley's southern section, and is the common named beginning region of the Verde River.

Yavapai County, Arizona
Yavapai County (/ˈjævəˌpaɪˌ/ YA-və-pye) is a county near the center of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2020 census, its population was 236,209, making it the fourth-most populous county in Arizona. The county seat is Prescott.

Yavapai County comprises the Prescott Valley-Prescott, AZ Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the northern portions of Peoria and Wickenburg, the balance of which are in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area.
The Wandering Jew (1933 film)
The Wandering Jew is a 1933 British fantasy drama film produced for the Gaumont-Twickenham Film Studios and directed by Maurice Elvey. It recounts the tale of a Jew (played by Conrad Veidt) who is forced to wander the Earth for centuries because he rebuffed Jesus while he was carrying his cross. The other cast members included Peggy Ashcroft, Francis L. Sullivan, and Felix Aylmer. This film is a remake of the 1923 silent film of the same name, based on a play of the same name by E. Temple Thurston.

Gaumont
Gaumont SA (French: [ɡomɔ̃]) is a French film and television production and distribution company headquartered in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Founded by the engineer-turned-inventor Léon Gaumont (1864–1946) in 1895, it is the oldest extant film company in the world, established before other studios such as Pathé (founded in 1896), Titanus (1904), Nordisk Film (1906), Universal, Paramount, and Nikkatsu (all founded in 1912).

Gaumont predominantly produces, co-produces, and distributes films, and in 2011, 95% of Gaumont's consolidated revenues came from the film division. The company is also a producer of TV series through Gaumont Télévision and animation through Gaumont Animation as well as its existing French production features. Gaumont is run by Nicolas Seydoux (chairman) and Sidonie Dumas (CEO).
COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal
The COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Senegal on March 2, 2020.

Touba
Touba (Hassaniya Arabic: توبا, 'Felicity'; Wolof: Tuubaa) is a city in central Senegal, part of Diourbel Region and Mbacké district. With a population of 1,120,824 in 2023, it is the second most populated Senegalese city after Dakar. It is the holy city of Mouridism and the burial place of its founder, Shaikh Ahmadou Bàmba Mbàcke.  Next to his tomb stands a large mosque, completed in 1963.
Croxteth Hall
Croxteth Hall is a country estate and Grade II* listed building in the West Derby suburb of Liverpool, England. It is the former country estate and ancestral home of the Molyneux family, the Earls of Sefton. After the death of the seventh and last Earl in 1972, the estate passed to Liverpool City Council, which now manages the remainder of the estate following the sale of approximately half of the grounds. The remaining grounds, Croxteth Park, were at one time a hunting chase of the Molyneux family and are now open to the public.

Liverpool City Council
Liverpool City Council, formerly the Liverpool Corporation is the local authority for the city of Liverpool in Merseyside, England. Liverpool has had a local authority since 1207, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. It provides the majority of local government services in the city. The council has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority since 2014.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2010. It meets at Liverpool Town Hall and has its main offices at the Cunard Building.
E. Graham Howe
Eric Graham Howe (3 February 1897 – 8 July 1975) was a British psychiatrist notable for his early, interdisciplinary approach to psychotherapy in the 1930s, featuring elements of psychodynamic psychology, existential phenomenology, Eastern philosophy and Christian spirituality. After serving in World War I, he became interested in Sigmund Freud and decided to study psychiatry. Following medical school, he worked at the Tavistock Clinic in the 1920s and 1930s, and established the Open Way Clinic in the 1950s, later renamed the Langham Clinic. Towards the end of his life, he was known as a practicing Druid. He was the author of more than a dozen books, and was influential among writers and psychiatrists including Israel Regardie, Jean Lucey Pratt, Alan Watts, Henry Miller, and R.D. Laing.

Philadelphia Association
The Philadelphia Association is a UK charity concerned with the understanding and relief of mental suffering. It was founded in 1965 by the radical psychiatrist and psychoanalyst  R. D. Laing along with fellow psychiatrists David Cooper, Joseph Berke, Aaron Esterson, writer Clancy Sigal as well as John Heaton, Joan Cunnold and Sid Briskin.

Kingsley Hall, the first of a number of community houses, was founded in 1965 (a building dating from 1928).

The Philadelphia Association (PA) came into being to challenge and to widen the discourse around the teaching and practise of psychotherapy and continues to offer a training, an affordable therapy service and two community houses for those seeking retreat.