hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jama Awil Aden
Jama Awil Aden (born 2 September 1948) is a former long-distance runner who competed for Somalia.

Aden was a member of Somalia's first ever Summer Olympic team when he competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich. He entered the marathon but was one of the eleven runners who didn't finish the course.

Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
The men's marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany was held on Sunday September 10, 1972. The race started at 15:00h local time. There were 74 competitors from 39 countries. Twelve of them did not finish. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by Frank Shorter of the United States, the nation's first Olympic marathon victory since 1908 and third overall (matching France and Ethiopia for most golds in the event). Karel Lismont won Belgium's second medal in the marathon with his silver (after a bronze in 1948). Mamo Wolde of Ethiopia became only the second man, after his countryman Abebe Bikila, to win two medals in the marathon. Ethiopia's four-Games medal streak was matched only by Finland (1920–1932).
Field stain
Field stain is a histological method for staining of blood smears. It is used for staining thick blood films in order to discover malarial parasites. Field's stain is a version of a Romanowsky stain, used for rapid processing of the specimens.

Field's stain consists of two parts - Field's stain A is methylene blue and Azure 1 dissolved in phosphate buffer solution; Field's stain B is Eosin Y in buffer solution. Field stain is named after physician John William Field, who developed it in 1941.

Methylene blue
Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a salt used as a dye and as a medication. As a medication, it is mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia. It has previously been used for treating cyanide poisoning and urinary tract infections, but this use is no longer recommended.  It has also been used to treat cases of malaria for over a century.

Methylene blue is typically given by injection into a vein. Common side effects include headache, nausea, and vomiting.

Methylene blue was first prepared in 1876, by Heinrich Caro. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

In recent years, methylene blue has been promoted for various health effects, but outside its established medical use, its safety and effectiveness are unproven; it is potentially toxic and should only be used under a doctor's prescription.
Gubbay
Gubbay is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aline Gubbay (1920–2005), Canadian photographer, art historian, and writer

Anthony Gubbay (born 1932), Zimbabwean judge

Raymond Gubbay (born 1946), English music promoter

Aline Gubbay
Aline Gubbay (June 20, 1920 – October 21, 2005) was a Canadian photographer, art historian and writer.

Gubbay was the author of four non-fiction books, Montreal's Little Mountain (1979), The Mountain and the River (1981), A Street Called the Main (1989) and A View of Their Own (1998).
2024–25 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The 2024–25 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, organised by the International Ski Federation (FIS), was the 59th World Cup season for men and women as the highest level of international alpine skiing competitions.

The season started on 26 October 2024 in Sölden, Austria, and concluded on 27 March 2025 at the finals in Sun Valley, United States.

The season took a break in February for the World Championships in Saalbach, Austria.

Marco Odermatt and Lara Gut-Behrami, both from Switzerland, were the reigning champions from the previous season. Odermatt successfully defended his title, claiming the crystal globe for the 4th consecutive time. Gut-Behrami finished the season in 2nd place, as Federica Brignone from Italy secured the women's overall title for the 2nd time in her career.

Marco Odermatt
Marco Odermatt (born 8 October 1997) is a Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer who races in giant slalom, super-G and downhill. In addition to the World Cup, Odermatt has competed for Switzerland at two Junior World Championships, three World Championships, the 2022 (where he won an Olympic gold medal) and 2026 Winter Olympics.
Voices of Classic Rock
Voices of Classic Rock is a rock music ensemble featuring singers and musicians from classic rock groups popular in the 1970s and 1980s.

Voices of Classic Rock was formed in 1998.
In 2001, following the September 11 attacks, they released a version of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".

John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band
John Cafferty & the Beaver Brown Band is an American rock band from Rhode Island which began its career in 1972, and achieved mainstream success in the 1980s. Originally known as simply Beaver Brown, they got their name from a paint can. The classic lineup of the group (consisting of John Cafferty on vocals and guitar, Gary Gramolini on lead guitar, Pat Lupo on bass, Kenny Jo Silva on drums, Bobby Cotoia on keyboards, and Michael "Tunes" Antunes on saxophone) started out as a New England bar band based in Narragansett, Rhode Island and established a following up and down the Northeast corridor with strongholds in the beach resort towns of Narragansett and Misquamicut, Rhode Island; New York City; New Haven, Connecticut; Boston, Massachusetts; and Asbury Park, New Jersey.
Saruca Pasha
Saruca Pasha (? - 1415)was an Kapudan Pasha Of Murad I. and Governor He commissioned and launched the first Ottoman fleet, consisting of 60 ships, from the Gallipoli naval yard. With this fleet, he embarked on expeditions in the Aegean Sea. He conducted naval raids on the islands of Euboea and Chios, as well as the coast of Greece, and captured vast spoils. Saruca Pasha was of Turkish origin and probably died in 1415.

Murad I
Murad I (Ottoman Turkish: مراد اول; Turkish: I. Murad), nicknamed Hüdavendigâr , (from Persian: خداوندگار, romanized: Khodāvandgār, lit. 'the devotee of God' – meaning "sovereign" in this context; 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun. Murad I came to the throne after his elder half-brother Süleyman Pasha's death.

Murad I conquered Adrianople in 1360s and made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate. Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southern Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of Serbia, the emperor of Bulgaria as well as the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute. Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans).
Joe Fitzgibbon
Joseph Clark Fitzgibbon (born August 27, 1986) is an American politician of the Democratic Party. He is a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 34th district since 2010.

In 2013, Fitzgibbon called Arizona a “desert racist wasteland” after the Seahawks lost to the Cardinals. He later apologized.

Fitzgibbon has been chair of the House Environment and Energy Committee since 2015. In early 2023, Fitzgibbon expressed his opposition to broad tax relief. He has championed several major bills to fight climate change, including the Clean Energy Transformation Act, requiring 100% clean energy in Washington; the low-carbon fuel standard; and the Climate Commitment Act, which intends to reduce carbon emissions with an emissions trading system, although Fitzgibbon stated there are not mechanisms to track whether the revenue raised by the legislation is spent effectively. In late 2024, Fitzgibbon blamed the state’s budget issues on rising costs.

100% renewable energy
100% renewable energy is the goal of using fully renewable resources for all electric energy consumption. 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels.

Research into this topic is fairly new, with few studies published before 2009, but has gained increasing attention in recent years. A cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.
Mirgissa
Mirgissa (originally Iken) was a settlement in Northern state, Sudan. Situated at the 2nd cataract in Wadi Halfa, it contained one of the largest fortresses in Nubia. In the time of Thutmose II, 250 to 450 people inhabited the area. The first European explorer was  English geologist Sir Henry George Lyons in 1892, and was excavated without Sudanese permission, by the French Egyptologist Jean Vercoutter from 1962 to 1969. In addition to the fort, excavations uncovered the remains of two cities, one of which was fortified, a northern enclosure, two cemeteries, a boat slide, and a port. Construction of the Aswan High Dam caused the disappearance of Mirgissa, which now lies under the waters of Lake Nubia.

Thutmose II
Thutmose II was the fourth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and his reign is thought to have lasted for 14 years, from 1493 to 1479 BC (Low Chronology), or just 3 years from around 1482 to 1479 BC. Little is known about him, and he is overshadowed by his father Thutmose I, half-sister and wife Hatshepsut, and son Thutmose III. There are relatively few monuments that refer to Thutmose II.

He died before the age of 30, and a body claimed to be his was found in the Royal Cache above the Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. His tomb, in the Western Wadis near the Valley of the Queens, was found in 2022 and confirmed to be his in 2025. The tomb was built under waterfalls, leading to periodic flooding, which damaged the tomb throughout the ages. His mummified body was relocated in ancient times, and its final resting place is disputed.
Magnolia vrieseana
Magnolia vrieseana is a tree species of the family Magnoliaceae endemic to Indonesia, occurring in Sulawesi and Maluku.

Magnolia vrieseana are large, evergreen trees with spiral leaves and long terminal stipules that leave circular scars when falling off.  The flowers are borne on short shoots in leaf axils and have cream or white petals.

The timber of this plant is much sought after in Sulawesi and often used to make carvings by the Toraja people. The species is known as "uru" in the area around Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi. In Minahasa the Indonesian name is "cempaka hutan kasar" which means "coarse-grained forest-cempaka" and alludes the natural occurrence of the species as opposed to the cultivated cempaka and its coarser-grained wood compared to "cempaka hutan halus" (= "fine-grained forest-cempaka", Magnolia tsiampacca), another other common species with valuable timber in Sulawesi.

Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae (/mæɡˌnoʊliˈeɪsii/) are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family,  in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: Magnolia and Liriodendron (tulip trees).

Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), the Magnoliaceae have their stamens and pistils in spirals on a conical receptacle. This arrangement is found in some fossil plants and is believed to be a basal or early condition for angiosperms. The flowers also have parts not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals, while angiosperms that evolved later tend to have distinctly differentiated sepals and petals. The poorly differentiated perianth parts that occupy both positions are known as tepals.

The family has about 219 species and ranges across subtropical eastern North America, Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, tropical South America, southern and eastern India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malesia, China, Japan, and Korea.
Robert Burton Leslie
Brigadier Robert Burton Leslie MC (7 October 1891 – 12 July 1976) was the 8th Commander of the Ceylon Defence Force. He was appointed on 3 March 1935 until 12 May 1937. He was succeeded by Gordon Thorne.

He served in the Lincolnshire Regiment in World War I and was awarded an MC in the 1916 Birthday Honours.

Royal Lincolnshire Regiment
The Royal Lincolnshire Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army raised on 20 June 1685 as the Earl of Bath's Regiment for its first Colonel, John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath. In 1751, it was numbered like most other Army regiments and named the 10th Regiment of Foot. After the Childers Reforms of 1881, it became the Lincolnshire Regiment after the county where it had been recruiting since 1781.

After the Second World War, it became the Royal Lincolnshire Regiment, before being amalgamated in 1960 with the Northamptonshire Regiment to form the 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire) which was later amalgamated with the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk), 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment to form the Royal Anglian Regiment. 'A' Company of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Anglians continues the traditions of the Royal Lincolnshire Regiment.
Battal
Battal is a town and a union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Battal is the headquarters of the Konsh Valley in Mansehra district. The town and valley are in a region severely damaged by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.

Mansehra District
Mansehra District (Urdu, Hindko: ضلع مانسہرہ) is a district in the Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. The city of Mansehra serves as the headquarters of the district.

Mansehra was established as an independent district in 1976. It was previously a tehsil within the broader Hazara District. In 1993, a former subdivision of Mansehra, Battagram, was separated as an independent district. Similarly, in 2011, another subdivision of Mansehra, Kala Dhaka, was separated which is now known as Torghar District.

The area comprising present-day Mansehra District historically consisted of two regions: Pakhal, known as the country of the Swati tribe, and Tanawal, the territory of the Tanoli tribe. According to revenue records, historical accounts, and British gazetteers, following the conquest of Pakhal from the Turks in 1703, Swati clans settled across the region, establishing ownership of nearly all villages in the district.
2005 Cape Verdean Football Championships
The 2005 Cape Verdan Football Championship season was the 26th of the competition of the first-tier football in Cape Verde. Its started on 14 May and finished on 16 July, earlier than the last season. The tournament was organized by the Cape Verdan Football Federation. FC Derby won the 3rd title and did not receive entry to the 2006 CAF Champions League. No second place club would also receive entry to the 2006 CAF Confederation Cup

Cape Verdean Football Federation
The Cape Verdean Football Federation (Portuguese: Federação Cabo-verdiana de Futebol, FCF) is the governing body of football in Cape Verde. It was founded in 1982, affiliated to FIFA and CAF in 1986. It organizes the national football league and the national team.

The federation is headquartered in the capital city of Praia and is located on Avenida Cidade de Lisboa in the subdivision of Várzea where the sport complexes are located.

Its office is just south of Estádio da Várzea and features a small field on the east part.  The building was completed in 2006 after the nearby stadium was also repaired.  Since 2013, the Caixa building is adjacent to its offices.
Petar Ražnatović
Petar Ražnatović (born 7 August 2008) is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for FK Arsenal Tivat where he debuted in first team at the age of 16.

At international level, he is currently a member of Montenegro U19 squad. Before that, he represented Montenegro on U15, U16, U17 and U18 levels.

In Montenegro, he is considered as one of the major football talents.

Montenegro national under-19 football team
The Montenegro national under-19 football team is the national under-19 football team of Montenegro and is controlled by the Football Association of Montenegro.  The team competes in the European Under-19 Football Championship, held every year.
Yoshiwara, Shizuoka
Yoshiwara (吉原市, Yoshiwara-shi) was a city located in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture. On November 1, 1966, Yoshiwara was merged with the city of Fuji.

During the Edo period, Yoshiwara was a post town known as Yoshiwara-juku on the Tōkaidō (road). At the time of its merger, the town had an estimated population of 90,224 and a density of 516.86 persons per km2. The total area was 174.56 km2. The town was served by both the Tōkaidō Main Line and the Gakunan Railway.

Yoshiwara-juku
Yoshiwara-juku (吉原宿, Yoshiwara-juku) was the fourteenth of the fifty-three stations of the Tōkaidō. It is located in the present-day city of Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

The Yoshiwara-juku Festival is held each year in October and November in Fuji, showing visitors the area's history.
Brestovo (Despotovac)
Brestovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Брестово) is a village situated in Despotovac municipality in Serbia.

In late 1803, Ćor-Milija, who lived in the village, joined the conspiration to overthrow the Dahije from the Sanjak of Smederevo. During the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13), he fought under the command of vojvoda Stevan Sinđelić, and was his advisor, and he was executed in Belgrade by Skopljak.

Sanjak of Smederevo
The Sanjak of Smederevo, also known in historiography as the Pashalik of Belgrade,[a] was an Ottoman administrative unit (sanjak) centered on Smederevo, that existed between the 15th and the outset of the 19th centuries. It was located in the territory of present-day Central Serbia.
Kumar Sankar Ray
Kumar Sankar Ray was born in 1882 and was a scion of the zamindar family of Teota (now in  Bangladesh). Although initially trained as a barrister he never took up law as his profession. Instead, he entered politics as part of the Swarajya Party, founded by Chittaranjan Das and was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly on a Congress ticket. He was a member of the Council of State until his death in 1944. He was an elder cousin to the nationalist leader Kiran Sankar Roy.

Manikganj District
Manikganj District (Bengali: মানিকগঞ্জ জেলা, romanized: Mānikgoñj Jela; Bengali pronunciation: [mɑnɪkˈɡondʒ]) is a district in central Bangladesh and part of the Dhaka Division. It was established in 1845 as a subdivision of Faridpur District, then in 1853, it was transferred to Dhaka District for administrative purposes. Finally in 1984, Manikganj was declared a full district.
Norra Härene Runestone
The Norra Härene Runestone, designated as Vg 59 by Rundata, is a Viking Age memorial runestone that is located on the grounds of Dagsnäs Castle, which is about seven kilometers south of Skara, Västra Götaland County, Sweden, in the historic province of Västergötland.

Scandinavian Runic-text Database
The Scandinavian Runic-text Database (Swedish: Samnordisk runtextdatabas) is a project involving the creation and maintenance of a database of transliterated runic inscriptions. The project's goal is to comprehensively catalog runestones in a machine-readable way for future research. The database is freely available via the Internet with a client program, called Rundata, for Microsoft Windows. For other operating systems, text files are provided or a web browser can be used to interact with the web application Runor.
Brodie Mountain
Brodie Mountain, 2,621 feet (799 m), is a prominent 5.5-mile (8.9 km) long ridgeline in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts, known for the former Brodie Mountain ski area, which closed in 2002. The ridge has eight well defined summits, three of which have names: Sheep's Heaven Mountain, 2,530 feet (770 m), the ridge's southern prominatory; Beoadic Mountain, the ridge high point, just north of Sheep's Heaven; and East Mountain, 2,613 feet (796 m) located at the top of the former ski area at the center of the ridge. A northern summit, 2,170 feet (660 m), is shown as "Brodie Mountain" on maps that predate the Brodie Mountain ski area.

Appalachian Mountain Club
The Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC) is the oldest outdoor group in the United States. Created in Boston in 1876 to explore and conserve New Hampshire's White Mountains, it has expanded throughout the Northeastern United States with 12 chapters stretching from Maine to the District of Colombia. While the AMC no longer publishes their membership numbers, in 2024 they reported 65,729 people connected to the outdoors through a mix of outdoor recreation, particularly hiking and backpacking, with a focus on environmental activism. Additional activities include cross-country skiing, whitewater and flatwater canoeing and kayaking, sea kayaking, sailing, rock climbing and bicycle riding.  The Club has about 2,700 volunteers, who lead roughly 7,000 trips and activities per year. The organization publishes a number of books, guides, and trail maps.
Barlow baronets
There have been four baronetcies created for persons with the surname Barlow, one in the Baronetage of England and three in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.

Barlow baronets of Slebetch (1677)

Barlow baronets of Fort William (1803)

Barlow baronets of Wimpole Street (1902)

Barlow baronets of Bradwall Hall (1907)

Barlow baronets of Bradwall Hall (1907)
The Barlow Baronetcy, of Bradwall Hall in Sandbach in the County of Chester, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 20 July 1907 for John Barlow. He was a successful businessman and also represented Frome in the House of Commons as a Liberal. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baronet. He sat as Member of Parliament for Eddisbury and Middleton and Prestwich. As of 2023 the title is held by his grandson, the fourth Baronet, who succeeded in that year. The third baronet was High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1979.
Edmund Harriss
Edmund Orme Harriss (born 1976 in Worcester, UK) is a British mathematician, writer and artist. Since 2010 he has been at the Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences at The University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas where he is an Assistant Professor of Arts & Sciences (ARSC) and Mathematical Sciences (MASC). He does research in the Geometry of Tilings and Patterns, a branch of Convex and Discrete Geometry. He is the discoverer of the spiral that bears his name.

Fayetteville, Arkansas
Fayetteville (/ˈfeɪətvɪl/ FAY-ət-vil) is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States, and its county seat. The population was 93,949 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 103,134 in 2024, making it the second-most populous city in Arkansas and the most populous city in Northwest Arkansas. Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains, within the Ozarks. It is included in the three-county Northwest Arkansas metropolitan area, with 546,725 residents in 2020.

Fayetteville was named after Fayetteville, Tennessee, from which many settlers had come, and was incorporated on November 3, 1836. It is home to the University of Arkansas, the state's flagship university.  When classes are in session, thousands of students on campus change up the pace of the city. Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football, basketball, and baseball games.