hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cryosphere
The cryosphere is an umbrella term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, ice on lakes or rivers, snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). Thus, there is an overlap with the hydrosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system. It also has important feedbacks on the climate system. These feedbacks come from the cryosphere's influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, the water cycle, atmospheric and oceanic circulation.

Through these feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes. Approximately 10% of the Earth's surface is covered by ice, but this is rapidly decreasing. Current reductions in the cryosphere (caused by climate change) are measurable in ice sheet melt, glaciers decline, sea ice decline, permafrost thaw and snow cover decrease.

Latent heat
Latent heat (also known as latent energy or heat of transformation) is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process—usually a first-order phase transition, like melting or condensation.

Latent heat can be understood as hidden energy which is supplied or extracted to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature or pressure. This includes the latent heat of fusion (solid to liquid), the latent heat of vaporization (liquid to gas) and the latent heat of sublimation (solid to gas).

The term was introduced around 1762 by Scottish chemist Joseph Black. Black used the term in the context of calorimetry where a heat transfer caused a volume change in a body while its temperature was constant.

In contrast to latent heat, sensible heat is energy transferred as heat, with a resultant temperature change in a body.
Retznei
Retznei is a former municipality in the district of Leibnitz in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Ehrenhausen an der Weinstraße.

Styria municipal structural reform
The Styria municipal structural reform (German: Steiermärkische Gemeindestrukturreform) was a local government reform in the Austrian state of Styria, which was made effective January 1, 2015. The reform nearly halved the number of Styrian municipalities from 542 to 287. The reform was intended to reduce costs and ease election of new town officials. The terms of the reform is formalized in the Styrian Municipality Structural Reform Act. (StGsrG). The law was adopted on December 17, 2013 by the Landtag of Styria, and promulgated on April 2, 2014.
Bradford White
Bradford White Corporation, headquartered in Ambler, Pennsylvania, is an American-owned and employee owned, full-line manufacturer of residential and commercial and industrial products for water heating, space heating, combination heating and storage applications.  The corporation's manufacturing facilities are in Middleville, Michigan and Niles, MI, and Rochester, NH. The water heaters were patented by Gerald E. White from the years 1933–1938. The company is among the largest American manufacturers of water heaters, competing with companies such as Rheem and A. O. Smith.

Ambler, Pennsylvania
Ambler is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located approximately 16 miles (26 km) north of Center City Philadelphia.

As of the 2020 census, Ambler had a population of 6,807.
Raised on Radio Tour
The Raised on Radio Tour was a concert tour by the American rock band Journey. The tour was the last with lead singer Steve Perry. It was the only tour with Randy Jackson on bass, while Mike Baird played drums. The band's previous rhythm section, Ross Valory and Steve Smith, were fired during recording sessions for the preceding Raised on Radio album. Valory and Smith, however, received their percentage of the profits from the tour.

Ross Valory
Ross Lamont Valory (born February 2, 1949) is an American musician who is best known as a founding member of the rock band Journey. He was the bassist for the band from 1973 to 1985 and again from 1995 to 2020. Valory was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio as a member of Journey in 2017.
Hopetoun Park, Victoria
Hopetoun Park is a suburb of Bacchus Marsh, a peri-urban town in central Victoria, Australia. The locality consists of the area between the Bacchus Marsh urban area and Melton, north of the Werribee River (Melton Reservoir) and south of the Western Highway. It is in the Shire of Moorabool, 51 kilometres (32 mi) north west of the state capital, Melbourne.

At the 2021 census, Hopetoun Park had a population of 914.

Shire of Moorabool
The Shire of Moorabool is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 2,111 square kilometres (815 sq mi) and, in June 2018, had a population of 34,158. It includes the towns of Ballan, Bacchus Marsh, Balliang, Mount Wallace, Myrniong, Blackwood, Greendale, Gordon, Korweinguboora and Mount Egerton, Bungaree, Elaine and Wallace.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Moorabool Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Ballan, it also has service centres located in Bacchus Marsh and Darley. The Shire is named after the Moorabool River, a major geographical feature that meanders through the area, which is named after the Wathawurrung word moo-roo-bul referring to a Bunyip-like creature that lives in the river.
Special abelian subgroup
In mathematical group theory, a subgroup of a group is termed a special abelian subgroup or SA-subgroup if the centralizer of any nonidentity element in the subgroup is precisely the subgroup(Curtis & Reiner 1981, p.354). Equivalently, an SA subgroup is a centrally closed abelian subgroup.

Any SA subgroup is a maximal abelian subgroup, that is, it is not properly contained in another abelian subgroup.

For a CA group, the SA subgroups are precisely the maximal abelian subgroups.

SA subgroups are known for certain characters associated with them termed exceptional characters.

CA-group
In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be a CA-group or centralizer abelian group if the centralizer of any non-identity element is an abelian subgroup.  Finite CA-groups are of historical importance as an early example of the type of classifications that would be used in the Feit–Thompson theorem and the classification of finite simple groups.  Several important infinite groups are CA-groups, such as free groups, Tarski monsters, and some Burnside groups, and the locally finite CA-groups have been classified explicitly.  CA-groups are also called commutative-transitive groups (or CT-groups for short) because commutativity is a transitive relation amongst the non-identity elements of a group if and only if the group is a CA-group.
Navibank Sài Gòn FC
Navibank Sài Gòn Football Club (Vietnamese: Câu lạc bộ bóng đá Navibank Sài Gòn), formerly known as Quân Khu 4, was a Vietnamese professional football club based in Ho Chi Minh City, active from 1998 to 5 December 2012.

Their home stadium was Thống Nhất Stadium.

Thống Nhất Stadium
Thống Nhất Stadium (lit. Unification Stadium) (Vietnamese: Sân vận động Thống Nhất), formerly Cộng Hoà Stadium (Vietnamese: Sân vận động Cộng Hoà) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It is located at 138 Đào Duy Từ Street, Ward 6, District 10. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for Ho Chi Minh City FC of the V.League 1. The stadium has a capacity of 14,400.
Csokonai Theatre
The Csokonai Theatre is the oldest and largest theatre in Debrecen, Hungary. It was named after one of the first Hungarian Modern Age playwrights, Mihály Csokonai, who lived and created many of his works in Debrecen. The building was designed by Antal Szkalnitzky with Moorish styled ornamentations, the theatre opened on Kossuth Lajos utca in 1865, with Róza Laborfalvi as Gertrude in a performance of József Katona's 1819 play Bánk bán.

Inside, the theatre is richly decorated, and outside are sculptures of Sándor Petőfi, Ferenc Kazinczy, Mihály Vörösmarty, Károly Kisfaludy, Ferenc Kölcsey, and Mihály Csokonai Vitéz, after whom the theatre was named in 1916.

Among the important actors that have performed in the theatre are Lujza Blaha, Kornélia Prielle, Csortos Gyula, Kálmán Rózsahegyi, László Mensáros, István Dégi, László Márkus, Zoltán Latinovits, József Szendrő, and Géza Hofi.

Ferenc Kölcsey
Ferenc Kölcsey  (archaically English: Francis Kolcsey; 8 August 1790 in Sződemeter – 24 August 1838) was a Hungarian poet, literary critic, orator, and politician, noted for his support of the liberal current in Hungary regarding the politics involving the Austrian Empire. He wrote Himnusz, the national anthem of Hungary in 1823.
Angelika Jakubowska
Angelika Jakubowska (born 30 April 1989) is a Polish model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Polonia 2008. She was Poland's representative at Miss Universe 2009 and Miss International 2009. Were during 2008 in a short relationship with Swedish semi-professional football player Magnus ”Mankan” Andersson.   Jakubowska posed for Playboy Poland in September 2010.

Miss Polonia
Miss Polonia is a national beauty pageant in Poland to select the official ambassador of Poland at the Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Grand International, Miss Intercontinental, and Miss Charm pageants. This pageant is the oldest beauty pageant in Poland.
Gabonese cuisine
Gabonese cuisine comprises the cooking traditions, practices, foods and dishes associated with Gabon, a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa. French cuisine is prevalent as a notable influence, and in larger cities various French specialties are available. In rural areas, food staples, such as cassava, rice and yams, are commonly used.

Meats, when available, include chicken and fish, and bush meats such as antelope, wild boar and monkey. Sauces are often used, with hot red-pepper berbere paste being a common example.

Fruits include bananas, papayas, guavas, mangoes, pineapples, coconuts, avocado and peanuts. Plantains, tomatoes, corn, and eggplant are also used.

Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

The pineapple is indigenous to South America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. The fruit, particularly its juice, has diverse uses in cuisines and desserts.

Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a multiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from the offset produced at the top of the fruit or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year.
Minister of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology
The minister of posts, telecommunications and information technology of Bangladesh serves as the head of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology within the government of Bangladesh. He is also the minister of all departments and agencies under the Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology.

Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology
The Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology (Bengali: ডাক, টেলিযোগাযোগ ও তথ্য প্রযুক্তি বিষয়ক মন্ত্রণালয়, romanized: Ḍāk, Ṭēliyōyōgājōg ō Tôthyo Projukti Biṣôẏôk Montronaloy) is a ministry of the Government of Bangladesh responsible for postal services, telecommunications policy and regulation, and the development and governance of information technology in the country.
Helen Pickett
Helen Pickett is an American choreographer for stage and film, and has been described as “one of the few prominent women in ballet today”. She earned her Masters of Fine Arts in Dance from Hollins University in 2011.

Boston Ballet
The Boston Ballet is an American professional classical ballet company based in Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1963 by E. Virginia Williams and Sydney Leonard, and was the first professional repertory ballet company in New England. It has been led by Violette Verdy (1980–1984), Bruce Marks (1985–1997), and Anna-Marie Holmes (1997–2000). Mikko Nissinen has been artistic director of Boston Ballet since 2001. Nissinen leads the company in partnership with Executive Director Ming Min Hui.
Dennis Ribant
Dennis Joseph Ribant (September 20, 1941 – April 24, 2023) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Mets, Pittsburgh Pirates, Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, and Cincinnati Reds. He was traded by the Pirates to the Tigers for Dave Wickersham on November 28, 1967.

Ribant died in Newport Beach, California, on April 24, 2023, at the age of 81.

Newport Beach, California
Newport Beach is a city in southern Orange County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, Newport Beach had a population of 85,239. Located about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of downtown Los Angeles, Newport Beach is known for its sandy beaches. The city's harbor once supported maritime industries; today, it is used mostly for recreation. Balboa Island draws visitors with a waterfront path and easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants.
Purple Lilacs
Purple Lilacs (Hungarian: Lila akác) is a 1934 Hungarian musical comedy film directed by Steve Sekely and starring Irén Ágay, Irén Biller and György Nagy. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze. It is based on the 1919 novel of the same title by Ernö Szép which was later remade as a 1973 film.

Steve Sekely
Steve Sekely (February 25, 1899 – March 9, 1979) was a Hungarian Jewish film director. Born István Székely, he was known by several names, based on his changing professional and immigration status, including Stefan Szekely. He directed films in Hungarian, German, and English.
Nullawarre
Nullawarre is a locality in south west Victoria, Australia. The locality is in the Shire of Moyne and on the Great Ocean Road, 243 kilometres (151 mi) west of the state capital, Melbourne.

At the 2016 census, Nullawarre had a population of 267.

Great Ocean Road
The Great Ocean Road is an Australian National Heritage-listed 240-kilometre (150 mi) stretch of road along the south-eastern coast of Australia, between the Victorian towns of Torquay and Allansford. Built by returned soldiers between 1919 and 1932, and dedicated to soldiers killed during World War I, the road is the world's largest war memorial. Winding through varying terrain along the coast, and providing access to several prominent landmarks, including the Twelve Apostles limestone stack formations, the road is an important tourist attraction.

The city of Geelong, close to Torquay, experiences great benefit from Australian and international visitors to the road, with Geelong Otway Tourism affirming it as an invaluable asset. In 2008, the Royal Automobile Club of Victoria (RACV) listed the road as the state's top tourism experience in its Victoria 101 survey, based on places that members of the public would recommend to visitors.
Eastern Provincial Council
The Eastern Provincial Council (EPC Tamil: கிழக்கு மாகாண சபை Kiḻakku Mākāṇa Capai; Sinhala: නැගෙනහිර පළාත් සභාව “Nagenahira Palat Sabava”; EPC) is the provincial council for the Eastern Province in Sri Lanka. In accordance with the Sri Lankan constitution, EPC has legislative power over a variety of matters including agriculture, education, health, housing, local government, planning, road transport and social services. The constitution also gives it powers over police and land but successive central governments have refused to devolve these powers to the provinces. EPC has 37 members elected using the open list proportional representation system.

Provincial governments of Sri Lanka
Provincial governments of Sri Lanka are the devolved governments of the nine Provinces of Sri Lanka. In accordance with the Sri Lankan constitution, provinces have legislative power over a variety of matters including agriculture, education, health, housing, local government, planning, road transport and social services.
Lila Kumari Bhandari
Lila Kumari Bhandari (Nepali: लीला कुमारी भण्डारी) is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). In the 2008 Constituent Assembly election she was elected from the Kailali-6 constituency, winning 14826 votes.

Kailali District
Kailali District (Nepali: कैलाली जिल्लाListenⓘ), a part of Sudurpashchim Province in Terai plain, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Dhangadhi as its district headquarters, covers an area of 3,235 square kilometres (1,249 sq mi) and has a population of 911,155 (2021 census) and (775,709 in 2011 census), (616,697 in 2001 census).

Before the reunification of Nepal by Gorkha King Prithivi Narayan Shah, this district was part of the Doti Kingdom. Nepal lost it to the East India Company after the Anglo-Nepalese war (1814-1816) between the then Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company followed by territorial concessions under the Sugauli Treaty. Later on after the treaty of 1860, Nepal recovered this land along with Kanchanpur, Banke and Bardiya.
Extensive stage
Extensive stage, or by its full name, the predominantly extensive stage of accumulation, pertains to one of the periodizations of capitalism, as proposed by Aglietta (1976). It is the first stage of capitalism. It is also known as the early stage.

During the extensive stage, room exists for the growth of production and capitalist means of production, including wages and modes of labor. It is characterized by high rates of economic growth. When the extensive stage ends, it is followed by the intensive stage (intensive accumulation).

Karl Marx described this stage as exhibited in England as "The so-called primitive accumulation".

Wage
A wage is the price of labor. Examples of wage payments include compensatory payments such as minimum wage, prevailing wage, and yearly bonuses, and remunerative payments such as prizes and tip payouts. Wages are part of the expenses that are involved in running a business. It is an obligation to the employee regardless of the profitability of the company.

Payment by wage contrasts with salaried work, in which the employer pays an arranged amount at steady intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked, with commission which conditions pay on individual performance, and with compensation based on the performance of the company as a whole. Waged employees may also receive tips or gratuity paid directly by clients and employee benefits which are non-monetary forms of compensation. Since wage labour is the predominant form of work, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms (or all monetary forms) of employee compensation.
Valnoctamide
Valnoctamide (INN, USAN) has been used in France as a sedative-hypnotic since 1964. It is a structural isomer of valpromide, a valproic acid prodrug; unlike valpromide, however, valnoctamide is not transformed into its homologous acid, valnoctic acid, in vivo.

Sedative
A sedative or tranquilizer is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are central nervous system (CNS) depressants and interact with brain activity, causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Most sedatives produce relaxing effects by increasing GABA activity.

This group is related to hypnotics. The term sedative describes drugs that serve to calm or relieve anxiety, whereas the term hypnotic describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep. Because these two functions frequently overlap, and because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects (ranging from anxiolysis to loss of consciousness), they are often referred to collectively as sedative–hypnotic drugs.
Government of Georgia (country)
The Government of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს მთავრობა, romanized: sakartvelos mtavroba) is the supreme body of executive power in Georgia that implements the domestic and foreign policies of the country. It consists of the prime minister—the head of the government—and ministers and is accountable and responsible to the Parliament of Georgia. The current powers and responsibilities of the government are governed by the amendments of the Constitution of Georgia passed in 2017 and 2018. From 14 May 1991 to 9 November 1996, the executive government of Georgia was referred to as the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Georgia (საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის მინისტრთა კაბინეტი).

The incumbent government of Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze was sworn in on February 8, 2024.

Constitution of Georgia (country)
The Constitution of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს კონსტიტუცია, sakartvelos k'onst'it'utsia) is the supreme law of the nation of Georgia. It was approved by the Parliament of Georgia on 24 August 1995 and entered into force on 17 October 1995. The Constitution replaced the Decree on State Power of November 1992 which had functioned as an interim basic law following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Morland Graham
Morland Graham (8 August 1891 – 8 April 1949) was a British film actor.

Graham had a career on the stage spanning over 35 years. He was known as a character actor, but also wrote a one act comedy, C'est la Guerre, which was first performed in October 1926 and subsequently at the following year's Scottish Community Drama Festival.

Graham became best known for his film roles in Jamaica Inn (1939), Old Bill and Son (1941) and Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948), in which he starred after deputising for actor Will Fyffe. He appeared as the Biffer in Whisky Galore! which was released after his death.

Graham married Elsie Cole (née Press) in 1926. He died on 8 April 1949 after taking an overdose of aspirin while suffering from ill health and, according to his wife, "nervous depression". He had recently turned down an offer of stage work from Alistair Sim because he "did not feel up to it".

Jamaica Inn (film)
Jamaica Inn is a 1939 British adventure thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and adapted from Daphne du Maurier's 1936 novel of the same name. It is the first of three of du Maurier's works that Hitchcock adapted (the others were her novel Rebecca and short story "The Birds"). It stars Charles Laughton (who also produced the film through his Mayflower Pictures) and Maureen O'Hara in her first major screen role. It is the last film Hitchcock made in the United Kingdom before he moved to the United States.

The film is a period piece set in Cornwall in 1820, in the real Jamaica Inn (which still exists) on the edge of Bodmin Moor.