hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lateral internal sphincterotomy
Lateral internal sphincterotomy is an operation performed on the internal anal sphincter muscle for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. The internal anal sphincter is one of two muscles that comprise the anal sphincter which controls the passage of feces. The procedure helps by lowering the resting pressure of the internal anal sphincter, which improves blood supply to the fissure and allows faster healing. The procedure has been shown to be very effective, with 96% of fissures healing at a median of 3 weeks in one trial.

Internal anal sphincter
The internal anal sphincter, IAS, or sphincter ani internus is a ring of smooth muscle that surrounds about 2.5–4.0 cm of the anal canal. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the smooth (involuntary) circular muscle fibers of the rectum.

The internal anal sphincter aids the sphincter ani externus to occlude the anal aperture and aids in the expulsion of the feces. Its action is entirely involuntary. It is normally in a state of continuous maximal contraction to prevent leakage of faeces or gases. Sympathetic stimulation stimulates and maintains the sphincter's contraction, and parasympathetic stimulation inhibits it. It becomes relaxed in response to distention of the rectal ampulla, requiring voluntary contraction of the puborectalis and external anal sphincter to maintain continence, and also contracts during the bulbospongiosus reflex.
Wound response in plants
Plants are constantly exposed to different stresses that result in wounding. Plants have adapted to defend themselves against wounding events, like herbivore attacks or environmental stresses. There are many defense mechanisms that plants rely on to help fight off pathogens and subsequent infections. Wounding responses can be local, like the deposition of callose, and others are systemic, which involve a variety of hormones like jasmonic acid and abscisic acid.

Cuticle
A cuticle (/ˈkjuːtɪkəl/), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition.
Norton Rural District (Yorkshire)
Norton was a rural district in the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1894 to 1974. It was based on the small town of Norton-on-Derwent, and was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 from that part of the Malton rural sanitary district which was in the East Riding (the rest forming Malton Rural District in the North Riding).

It was expanded in 1935 by a County Review Order made under the Local Government Act 1929 by taking in parts of the rural districts of Driffield, Pocklington and Sherburn.

In 1974 the district was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972, and since then has formed part of the Ryedale district in North Yorkshire.

Rural district
A rural district was a type of local government area – now superseded – established at the end of the 19th century in England, Wales, and Ireland for the administration of predominantly rural areas at a level lower than that of the administrative counties.
Barese dialect
Barese dialect (natively dialètte barése; Italian: dialetto barese) is an Italo-Romance dialect belonging to the "southern intermediate" group (or Neapolitan), spoken in the regions of Apulia and Basilicata. Influences include Messapian, Oscan, Greek, Spanish, Old French, Franco-Provençal and Arabic, creating one of the most distinct Italian dialects both phonetically and lexically.

Oscan language
Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian and South Picene.

Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including the Samnites, the Lucani, the Aurunci (Ausones), and the Sidicini. The latter two tribes were often grouped under the name "Osci". The Oscan group is part of the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic family, and includes the Oscan language and three variants (Hernican, Marrucinian and Paelignian) known only from inscriptions left by the Hernici, Marrucini and Paeligni, minor tribes of eastern central Italy. Adapted from the Etruscan alphabet, the Central Oscan alphabet was used to write Oscan in Campania and surrounding territories from the 5th century BCE until at least the 1st century CE.
Gary Waddock
Gary Patrick Waddock (born 17 March 1962) is a football manager and former player who is the manager of National League club Wealdstone.

A midfielder, he spent most of his career playing for Queens Park Rangers and Luton Town. He also had stints at Belgian club Charleroi and at Millwall, Swindon Town and Bristol Rovers. Born in England, he represented the Republic of Ireland internationally at youth and senior levels, making 21 appearances and scoring 3 goals for the senior team.

Having retired from playing in 1998, Waddock went into management, taking over former club Queens Park Rangers in 2006. He went on to manage Aldershot Town, Wycombe Wanderers and Oxford United. He has worked at Milton Keynes Dons as head of coaching and Portsmouth as assistant and caretaker manager.

National League Cup (football)
The National League Cup is an annual association football competition in England. The National League Cup is open to clubs playing in the National League and, since its revival in 2024, professional under-21 teams playing in the Premier League 2.
Han Kulker
Johannes Nicolaas Maria Kulker (born 15 August 1959) is a Dutch former middle distance runner who won a bronze medal at the 1986 European Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart over 1500 metres. The race was won by Steve Cram.

Two years later, Kulker finished sixth in the 1500 m final of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, where Peter Rono won gold. In 1987 Kulker won the bronze medal at the World Indoor Championships in Athletics over 1500 metres.

1986 European Athletics Championships
The 14th European Athletics Championships were held from 26 to 31 August 1986 at the Neckarstadion, now known as MHPArena, in Stuttgart, a city in West Germany.

Contemporaneous reports were given in the Glasgow Herald.
Nymphaeales
The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales. One of the traits is the absence of a vascular cambium, which is required to produce both xylem (wood) and phloem, which therefore are missing. Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

The Plant List, created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden recognizes about 70 species in 11 genera within the order, but a phylogenetic study of the genus Nymphaea implies that the number of species could be more than 90. The difference in species numbers is due almost entirely to the difficulty of delineating species in the genus Nymphaea.

Most of the species are rhizomatous aquatic herbs with a broad leaf base and large, showy flowers.

Phloem
Pith

Protoxylem

Metaxylem

Phloem

Sclerenchyma (bast fibre)

Cortex

Epidermis

Phloem (/ˈfloʊ.əm/, FLOH-əm) is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant. This transport process is called translocation. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, hence the name, derived from the Ancient Greek word φλοιός (phloiós), meaning "bark". The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858. Different types of phloem can be distinguished. The early phloem formed in the growth apices is called protophloem. Protophloem eventually becomes obliterated once it connects to the durable phloem in mature organs, the metaphloem. Further, secondary phloem is formed during the thickening of stem structures.
Sushil Kumar
Sushil Kumar (born 26 May 1983) is a former Indian freestyle wrestler. He is a two-time Olympic medallist who won a bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, India's first wrestling medal since K. D. Jadhav in 1952, and a silver at the 2012 London Olympics. He is the first and only Indian to win a gold medal at the World Wrestling Championships. Kumar participated in the Queen’s Baton Relay at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and was India’s flag bearer at the 2012 London Olympics. He was conferred the Arjuna Award in 2005, Khel Ratna in 2009 and the Padma Shri in 2011.

Anubhav Srivastava
Anubhav Srivastava is an Indian filmmaker, speaker, author and independent philosopher who first gained attention as the creator and director of Carve Your Destiny, a documentary film which researched the qualities that make people "successful". Working independently, he interviewed prominent Indian and foreign personalities for his project and his efforts received attention in the Indian and UK media.

He later went on to become a keynote speaker/consultant for various organizations and also published three books.

Unlearn: A Practical Guide to Business and Life, on contrarian business tactics.

How to Cope With a Brutal World, on contrarian philosophical strategies to cope with life.

Nothing/Everything: The Mindbending Philosophical Theory of Everything, a metaphysical book exploring the origin of existence.

He made all these books available for free access via Archive.Org.
The Fiancée of Life
The Fiancée of Life (French: La fiancée de la vie) is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Carole Laganière and released in 2001. Titled for a Malaysian proverb that death is the fiancée of life, the film profiles young children who are coming to terms with the deaths of parents or siblings.

The film won the Best Canadian Feature Documentary at the 2002 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival.

Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival
The Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival is the largest documentary festival in North America. The event takes place annually in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The 27th edition of the festival took place online throughout May and June 2020. In addition to the annual festival, Hot Docs owns and operates the Hot Docs Ted Rogers Cinema, administers multiple production funds, and runs year-round screening programs including Doc Soup and Hot Docs Showcase.
Wes Hampton
Wesley Adam Hampton (born December 8, 1977) is a Christian music singer. He is a tenor for The Gaither Vocal Band. Hampton sang first tenor for the group from 2005 to 2009, then when it went from a quartet to a quintet, he became the second tenor. He also performs solo concerts. His first solo album was titled "A Man Like Me." Wes also appears and performs in the Gaither Homecoming video concert series, television series and cruises. Hampton's twenty-year tenure ranks him the longest-serving member of the Gaither Vocal Band besides Bill Gaither himself.

Christian music
Christian music is a genre of music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith. Common themes of Christian music include praise, worship, penitence, and lament, and its forms vary widely around the world. Church music, hymnals, gospel, and worship music are a part of Christian media and also include contemporary Christian music which itself supports numerous Christian styles of music, including hip hop, rock, contemporary worship, and urban contemporary gospel.

Like other forms of music the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context. Christian music can serve various functions, such as ceremonial, educational, aesthetical, or for entertainment purposes.
The Quiet Shore
The Quiet Shore is 1958 war novel by the British writer Ernest Raymond. It returns to the subject of one of his best-known works Tell England, set during the Gallipoli campaign during the First World War. It addresses the theme of homosexuality which had been a subtext in the earlier novel.

Subtext
In any communication, in any medium or format, "subtext" is the underlying or implicit meaning that, while not explicitly stated, is understood by an audience.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "an underlying and often distinct theme in a conversation, piece of writing, etc.", while according to Merriam-Webster, subtext is "the implicit or metaphorical meaning (as of a literary text)".

These definitions highlight that subtext involves themes or messages that are not directly conveyed, but can be inferred.
The Legend of Tarzan (film)
The Legend of Tarzan is a 2016 action adventure film directed by David Yates. Based on the character Tarzan created by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the film features an ensemble cast including Alexander Skarsgård, Samuel L. Jackson, Margot Robbie, Djimon Hounsou, and Christoph Waltz. The story follows John Clayton (Tarzan), who, after moving to London, is convinced by George Washington Williams to return to his former home in the jungles of Africa, to investigate claims of slavery.

Principal photography began on June 21, 2014, at Leavesden Studios in the United Kingdom and wrapped four months later. The film premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on June 29, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 1, 2016, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It grossed $356.7 million worldwide against a budget of $180 million and received mixed reviews from critics.

Edgar Rice Burroughs
Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American writer, recognized for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction, and fantasy genres. Best known for creating the characters Tarzan (who appeared in a series of twenty-four books by him) and John Carter (who was a recurring character in a series of eleven books), he also wrote the Pellucidar series, the Amtor series, and the Caspak trilogy.

Tarzan was immediately popular, and Burroughs capitalized on it in every possible way, including a syndicated Tarzan comic strip, films, and merchandise. Tarzan remains one of the most successful fictional characters to this day and is a cultural icon. Burroughs's California ranch is now the center of the Tarzana neighborhood in Los Angeles, named after the character. Burroughs was an explicit supporter of eugenics and scientific racism in both his fiction and nonfiction; Tarzan was meant to reflect these concepts.
Night Bird Flying
"Night Bird Flying" is a rock song written by Jimi Hendrix.  It is a complex piece with multiple guitar parts and reflects a variety of styles.  Lyrically, Hendrix continues to explore an idealized feminine figure, as in his 1967 song "Little Wing".

Hendrix recorded the piece in the summer of 1970 at his new Electric Lady Studios with drummer Mitch Mitchell and bassist Billy Cox. He proposed the song for his fourth album and it is one of the few that are seen as largely complete. "Night Bird Flying" was initially released on the first Hendrix posthumous album, The Cry of Love (1971).  The song is included on several subsequent Hendrix compilations.

Billy Cox
William Cox (born October 18, 1941) is an American bassist, best known for performing with Jimi Hendrix. Cox is the only living musician to have regularly played with Hendrix: first when both were in the Army, then in 1969 with the interim group that backed Hendrix at Woodstock (informally referred to as "Gypsy Sun and Rainbows"), followed by the trio with drummer Buddy Miles that recorded the live Band of Gypsys album, and, lastly, The Cry of Love Tour trio with Mitch Mitchell back on drums. Cox continues to perform dates with the Band of Gypsys Experience and the Experience Hendrix Tour.

In addition to Hendrix, he has either been a member of the house or touring band or recorded sessions for Sam Cooke, Slim Harpo, Joe Simon, Charlie Daniels, John McLaughlin, Rufus Thomas, Carla Thomas, Lou Rawls, Etta James, Jackie Wilson and Little Richard.
Jesús Dueñas Llerenas
Jesús Dueñas Llerenas (born 26 October 1944) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party (PAN). He served as a federal deputy in the 58th Congress (2000–2003), representing 
Colima's first district. He also served as a senator for Colima during the 60th and 61st Congresses (2006–2012), and as the municipal president of Villa de Álvarez, Colima.

LVIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LVIII Legislature of the Congress of the Union of Mexico (58th Congress) met from 1 September 2000 to 31 August 2003. All 628 members of the two chambers of Congress were elected in the elections of July 2000.
The Marxism of Che Guevara
The Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary Warfare (French: La pensée de Che Guevara) is a 1970 book by Michael Löwy.  It is a short work addressing the political, ethical and economic components of Ernesto Guevara's thinking.

The English translation by Brian Pearce was published by Monthly Review Press in 1973.

Brian Pearce
Brian Leonard Pearce (8 May 1915 – 25 November 2008) was a British Marxist political activist, historian, and translator. Adept and prolific in Russian-to-English translation, Pearce was regarded at the time of his death as "one of the most acute scholars of Russian history and British communism never to have held an academic post."
Limnonectes namiyei
Limnonectes namiyei is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to Okinawa Island, Japan. It is named after Motoyoshi Namiye, a Japanese naturalist and herpetologist. Its common name is Okinawa wart frog or Namiye's frog; the latter name is also spelled Namie's frog.

Its natural habitats are upstream regions in primary broad-leaved evergreen forest. It used to be a common frog but has greatly declined because of habitat loss (deforestation, road and dam construction) and predation by invasive mongooses.

Dicroglossidae
The frog family Dicroglossidae occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, with most genera and species being found in Asia. The common name of the family is fork-tongued frogs.

The Dicroglossidae were previously considered to be a subfamily in the family Ranidae, but their position as a family is now well established.
Photocatalysis
In chemistry, photocatalysis is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a photocatalyst, the excited state of which "repeatedly interacts with the reaction partners forming reaction intermediates and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions." In many cases, the catalyst is a solid that upon irradiation with UV- or visible light generates electron–hole pairs that generate free radicals. Photocatalysts belong to three main groups; heterogeneous, homogeneous, and plasmonic antenna-reactor catalysts. The use of each catalysts depends on the preferred application and required catalysis reaction.

Carrier generation and recombination
In solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and carrier recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. They are also critical to a full analysis of p-n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistors and p-n junction diodes.

The electron–hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination in inorganic semiconductors, corresponding to an electron transitioning between the valence band and the conduction band where generation of an electron is a transition from the valence band to the conduction band and recombination leads to a reverse transition.  Slow recombination rates (or equivalently, long carrier lifetimes) are a favorable attribute of the semiconductors that comprise solar cells.
Józefa Hennelowa
Józefa Maria Hennelowa (1 April 1925 – 22 August 2020) was a Polish publicist, journalist, columnist, Catholic intellectual, and politician. As a journalist, she spent more than seven decades as a reporter and editor at Tygodnik Powszechny, a Catholic weekly newspaper headquartered in Kraków. Hennelowa also served in the Sejm, the lower house of the Parliament of Poland, from 1989 until 1993 during the country's transition from communism to democracy.

Juliusz Osterwa
Juliusz Osterwa, born Julian Andrzej Maluszek (23 June 1885 – 10 May 1947), was a renowned Polish actor, theatre director and art theoretician active in the interwar period. He was the founder of Theatre Reduta, the first experimental stage in Warsaw following Poland's return to independence at the end of World War One. Osterwa began his Warsaw career at the age of 33 by staging the works of Poland's revolutionary dramatists including Juliusz Słowacki, Stanisław Wyspiański, Stefan Żeromski, Jerzy Szaniawski, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, and Cyprian Norwid. This team was commonly known as the actor's commune, resembling an ascetic monastery devoted to spiritual practice.
Bence Bujaki
Bence Bujaki (born 25 September 1993) is a Hungarian male  BMX rider, representing his nation at international competitions. He competed in the time trial event at the 2015 UCI BMX World Championships. Le bogosse

BMX racing
BMX racing is a type of bicycle racing which features BMX riders sharing a short single-lap circuit or point-to-point course, with multiple banked corners, jumps and rollers. The format of BMX was derived from motocross racing, and sanctioned internationally by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), facilitated by a number of continental, national and local sanctioning bodies.
Arthur L. Flory
Arthur L. Flory (1914 – 1972) was an American artist. He was born in Lima, Ohio and attended the Philadelphia Museum School of Industrial Art and National Academy of Design. Flory wrote several children's books, created landscape paintings, and taught at the Tyler School of Art at Temple University. Flory was a member of the National Serigraph Society. He was married to the author and illustrator Jane Flory. The couple had three children.

He died in Melrose Park, Pennsylvania. His work is in the National Gallery of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art
The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art (PMSIA), also referred to as the School of Applied Art, was a museum and teaching institution which later split into the Philadelphia Museum of Art and University of the Arts. It was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on February 26, 1876, in response to the Centennial International Exhibition held in Philadelphia that year.
Lysistrata (opera)
Lysistrata, or The Nude Goddess is an opera in two acts by composer Mark Adamo. The work is based on Aristophanes's fifth century BCE play Lysistrata. The opera had its world premiere at the Houston Grand Opera on March 4, 2005. It was subsequently produced in March 2006 at the New York City Opera.

Houston Grand Opera
Houston Grand Opera (HGO) is an American opera company located in Houston, Texas. Founded in 1955 by German-born impresario Walter Herbert and three local Houstonians, the company is resident at the Wortham Theater Center.  This theatre is also home to the Houston Ballet. In its history, the company has received a Tony Award, three Grammy Awards, and three Emmy Awards, the only opera company in the world to win these three honours.  Houston Grand Opera is supported by an active auxiliary organization, the Houston Grand Opera Guild, established in October 1955.