hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vladimir Muravyov (translator)
Vladimir Sergeyevich Muravyov (Russian: Влади́мир Серге́евич Муравьёв; February 12, 1939, in Vitebsk – June 10, 2001, in Moscow) was a Russian translator and literary critic. He was awarded the Inolit Prize for Best Translation in 1987 (The Great Pursuit by Tom Sharpe).

In 1976 Muravyov published a pioneering Russian article in the Soviet Union titled "Tolkien and Critics". Together with Andrey Kistyakovsky, he made the first official, though partial, Russian translation of The Lord of the Rings, published in 1982 with an introductory foreword. Muravyov continued the work after Kistyakovsky's death.

Tom Sharpe
Thomas Ridley Sharpe (30 March 1928 – 6 June 2013) was an English satirical novelist, best known for his Wilt series, as well as Porterhouse Blue and Blott on the Landscape, all three of which were adapted for television.
Additur
An additur (Latin: "it is added to") is a legal term referring to the practice of a trial judge adding damages additional to the original amount awarded by the jury. It is not allowed in U.S. federal courts, as held by Dimick vs. Schiedt, 293 U.S. 474 (1935). However, Dimick was decided before Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), which given the rarity of additur makes it unclear whether federal courts are bound by this rule when applying state law in diversity cases.

Some American states, on the other hand, allow the practice, including California and New Jersey. It is the opposite of remittitur, which is allowed in federal law. Although this is a rarely used procedure, it is usually granted for punitive damages when it is used in state courts.

Erie doctrine
The Erie doctrine is a fundamental legal doctrine of civil procedure in the United States which mandates that a federal court called upon to resolve a dispute not directly implicating a federal question (most commonly when sitting in diversity jurisdiction, but also when applying supplemental jurisdiction to claims factually related to a federal question or in an adversary proceeding in bankruptcy) must apply state substantive law.

The doctrine follows from the Supreme Court landmark decision in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938). The case overturned Swift v. Tyson, which allowed federal judges sitting in a state to ignore the common law local decisions of state courts in the same state in diversity actions.
Cassius Ionescu-Tulcea
Cassius Tocqueville Ionescu Tulcea (Romanian: Casius Ionescu-Tulcea; October 14, 1923 – March 6, 2021) was a Romanian-American mathematician, specializing in probability theory, statistics and mathematical analysis.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).
1953 Campeonato Paulista
The 1953 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão, organized by the Federação Paulista de Futebol, was the 52nd season of São Paulo's top professional football league. São Paulo won the title for the 7th time. Nacional and Portuguesa Santista were relegated. Palmeiras's Humberto Tozzi was the highest scorer with 23 goals.

Associação Atlética Portuguesa (Santos)
Associação Atlética Portuguesa, commonly referred to as Portuguesa Santista, is a professional football club based in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. The team competes in Campeonato Paulista Série A3, the third tier of the São Paulo state football league.

Founded in 1917 by the Portuguese descendants of the city, they play in predominantly red and green colors, being the use of those colors inspired on the main colors displayed by the Portuguese flag. The club's nickname, Briosa, was given between 1918 and 1920, when the club competed in several amateur football festivals. Briosa means courageous, graceful, in Portuguese.
Pedro Chirino
Pedro Chirino, SJ (born 1557 in Osuna, Andalusia – died 16 September 1635 in Manila, Philippines) was a Spanish priest and historian who served as a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines. He is most remembered for his work, Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604), one of the earliest works about the Philippines and its people that was written.

Osuna
Osuna (Spanish pronunciation: [oˈsuna]) is a town and municipality in the province of Seville, southern Spain, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. As of 2009, it has a population of c. 17,800. It is the location of the Andalusian Social Economy School.

Osuna is built on a hill, overlooking the fertile plain watered by the Salado, a sub-tributary of the Guadalquivir.
Life saving at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Life saving was on the Summer Olympic Games programme in 1900. These events have generally not been classified as official, although the IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not.

Lifesaving
Lifesaving is the act involving rescue, resuscitation and first aid.  It often refers to water safety and aquatic rescue; however, it could include ice rescue, flood and river rescue, swimming pool rescue and other emergency medical services. Lifesaving also refers to sport where lifesavers compete based on skills, technique, speed and teamwork. Lifesaving activities specialized in oceanic environment is called surf lifesaving or coastal lifesaving.

Those who participate in lifesaving activities as a volunteer are called lifesavers, and those who are employed to professionally perform lifesaving activities are called lifeguards. Surf lifesaving is a particularly common application. Lifesaving can also be developed as an aquatic sport.
Robert Fitzhubert
Robert Fitzhubert (fl. 1139–1140) was a mercenary.

He is first mentioned in 1139. His origin is not known, but he is spoken of as a kinsman of William of Ypres, and as one of those Flemish mercenaries who had flocked to England at King Stephen's call. These mercenaries were often perceived in a negative light. Gervase of Canterbury, writing in the 1190s, called the Flemish mercenaries 'hungry wolves' for their behaviour in England during Stephen's reign.

Robert fought for the Earl of Gloucester against the king.

William of Ypres
William of Ypres (Dutch: Willem van Yper; c. 1090 – 24 January 1165) was a Flemish nobleman and one of the first mercenary captains of the Middle Ages. Following two unsuccessful bids for the County of Flanders, William became King Stephen of England's chief lieutenant during the civil war of 1139–54 known as the Anarchy. He held Kent, though not the title of earl, until the early years of King Henry II's reign, when he returned to Flanders.
Brad Bigler
Brad Bigler is an American college basketball coach, currently the head coach of the Southwest Minnesota State Mustangs.

After his playing days were done, Bigler began his coaching career as the head women's basketball coach at Lakeview High School in Cottonwood, Minnesota. He coached there for one year.

In 2009, Bigler was hired as the head coach of Southwest Minnesota State. In his first season, the Mustangs went 17-12 (10-10 conference) and finished 6th in the conference. In 2012, they won the NSIC tournament for the first time in school history. In 2017, the Mustangs won their second ever NSIC Tournament championship.

Under Bigler’s leadership, Southwest Minnesota State has maintained a consistent presence in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference and experienced some of the most successful seasons in the program’s history.

Southwest Minnesota State Mustangs
The Southwest Minnesota State Mustangs (also SMSU Mustangs and formerly Southwest State Mustangs) are the athletic teams that represent Southwest Minnesota State University, located in Marshall, Minnesota, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Mustangs compete as members of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference for all 14 varsity sports. SMSU has been competing since 1969, but has been a part of the conference since before the merger of the Northern Intercollegiate Conference and the Northern Sun Conference that formed the NSIC. SMSU moved with the NSIC from the NAIA to NCAA Division II affiliation in 1992.
Wymysłów, Gmina Przedbórz
Wymysłów [vɨˈmɨswuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przedbórz, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south of Przedbórz, 32 km (20 mi) east of Radomsko, and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Radomsko
Radomsko (pronounced [raˈdɔmskɔ] ⓘ) is a city in south-central Poland with 44,700 inhabitants (2021). It is situated on the Radomka river in the Łódź Voivodeship. It is the county seat of Radomsko County.

Founded in the 11th century, Radomsko is a former royal city located within the Sieradz Land, which prospered as a trade center due to its location at the intersection of important trade routes. In the 14th century, it was the site of congresses at which Princess Jadwiga of Poland was chosen as Queen of Poland as the country's first female monarch. Due to particularly strong partisan resistance against German occupiers during World War II, it was dubbed Banditenstadt ("City of Bandits") by the Germans.

It is located on the main railway line connecting Warsaw and Katowice, the country's two largest metropolitan areas, and on the main highway connecting Gdańsk and Łódź with Katowice, part of the European route E75.
Ralph Hosking
Ralph Edward Hosking (August 8, 1927 – September 18, 1980) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 217 games for the Springfield Indians and Syracuse Warriors in the American Hockey League. He died in Banff, Alberta on September 18, 1980, at the age of 53.

Banff, Alberta
Banff is a resort town in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, 126 km (78 mi) west of Calgary, 58 km (36 mi) east of Lake Louise, and 1,400 to 1,630 m (4,590 to 5,350 ft) above sea level.

Banff was the first municipality to incorporate within a Canadian national park. The town is a member of the Calgary Regional Partnership.

Banff is one of Canada's most popular tourist destinations. Known for its mountainous surroundings and hot springs, it is a destination for outdoor sports and hiking, biking, scrambling and skiing. Sunshine Village, Ski Norquay and Lake Louise Ski Resort are nearby ski resorts within the national park.
Cape Paterson
Cape Paterson (/ˈpætərsən/) is town located near the town of Wonthaggi, 132 kilometres (82 mi) south-east of Melbourne via the South Gippsland and Bass Highways, in the Bass Coast Shire of Gippsland, Victoria, Australia.  Known originally for the discovery of coal by William Hovell in 1826, it is now extremely popular for its beaches and rockpool and at the 2011 census, it had a population of 718.

Cape Paterson has six beaches.

Cape Paterson was named by Lieut. James Grant in 1801 to honour explorer Lieut. Col. William Paterson, second in command of the Botany Bay (Sydney) battalion.

James Grant (navigator)
James Grant (1772 – 11 November 1833) was a Scottish born British Royal Navy officer and navigator in the early nineteenth century. He served in Australia in 1800–1801 and was the first to map the Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania.
Lee Guttero
Lee A. "Rubberlegs" Guttero (July 1, 1913 – August 29, 2004) was an American basketball player who was the University of Southern California's first two-time NCAA All-American.

Guttero, a 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) center from California, played for the Trojans from 1932–33 to 1934–35 and led the team in scoring every season. He guided them to three consecutive Pacific Coast Conference championships, and during his tenure USC compiled an overall record of 54–19. Guttero was named an All-American in 1934, then a consensus All-American in 1935. He also earned three all-conference selections, and in his senior season of 1934–35 he set a still-standing school record by scoring 34.6% of his team's points. USC enshrined him into their Athletics Hall of Fame in 2002.

He died on August 29, 2004, due to kidney failure.

1935 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The consensus 1935 College Basketball All-American team, as determined by aggregating the results of two major All-American teams.  To earn "consensus" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the Helms Athletic Foundation and Converse.
Geufer
Geufer Rafael Hallmann known as Geufer born on 6 December 1980 in Estância Velha, Brazil is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Portuguese team Camacha as a striker in the Portuguese Second Division Serie A. His previous clubs include Juventude, São Bento, União Leiria, União Madeira, Fortaleza, Nacional and Villa Nova.

Fortaleza Esporte Clube
Fortaleza Esporte Clube (Brazilian Portuguese: [foʁtaˈlezɐ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi]) is a Brazilian multi-sport club based in Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará. Founded in 18 October 1918, primarily a football club, is active in other sports such as futsal, handball and basketball. The club's colors are red, blue and white.

Fortaleza is one of the most successful football clubs in the Brazilian Northeast, having won 46 state league titles and 3 Copa do Nordeste titles. It is placed by surveys as the second biggest fan base in the Northeast, behind only EC Bahia. Its biggest rival is Ceará SC, and clashes between them are called Clássico-Rei (Classic of Kings).
Tell ej-Judeideh
Tell ej-Judeideh (Arabic: تل الجديدة / خربة الجديدة) is a tell in modern Israel, lying at an elevation of 398 metres (1,306 ft) above sea-level. The Arabic name is thought to mean, "Mound of the dykes." In Modern Hebrew, the ruin is known by the name Tell Goded (תל גודד‎).

The tell, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of Beit Guvrin and 9.7 kilometres southeast of Tell es-Safi, was first surveyed by Frederick Jones Bliss in June 1897, and partially excavated by Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister in March 1900. It has tentatively been identified with the biblical Moresheth-Gath, while others think that it might be Ashan of Joshua 15:42, based on the name's textual proximity to Libnah (thought by Albright to possibly be Tel Burna) and to Ether, a site now recognized as Khirbet el-Ater (grid position 138/113 PAL).

Members of the Palestine Exploration Fund visited the site in the late 19th-century and described seeing there "foundations, heaps of stones, and a cistern."

William F. Albright
William Foxwell Albright (May 24, 1891 – September 19, 1971) was an American archaeologist, biblical scholar, philologist, and expert on ceramics. He is considered "one of the twentieth century's most influential American biblical scholars," having become known to the public in 1948 for his role in the authentication of the Dead Sea Scrolls. He was a leading theorist and practitioner of biblical archaeology, and is regarded as the founder of the biblical archaeology movement. Albright served as the W. W. Spence Professor of Semitic Languages at Johns Hopkins University from 1930 to 1958 and was the Director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem for several terms between 1922 and 1936.
Nick Robinson (English actor)
Nicholas Robinson (born January 1, 1986) is an English actor who has appeared regularly on British television, most notably as William Beech in Goodnight Mister Tom (1998), starring John Thaw. He also played the lead in the television series Harry and the Wrinklies (1999–2002) based upon the book of the same name by Alan Temperley, produced by Scottish Television.

Harry and the Wrinklies
Children's literature portal

Harry and the Wrinklies is a children's novel written by British author Alan Temperley. The book was published in paperback in February 1998 by Scholastic. It was Temperley's second published novel, after Murdo's War in 1988. A sequel, Harry and the Treasure of Eddie Carver, was released in hardback in March 2004.
John Williams Calkin
John Williams Calkin (11 October 1909, New Rochelle, New York – 5 August 1964, Westhampton, New York) was an American mathematician, specializing in functional analysis. The Calkin algebra is named after him.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 8.9. PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018. In the past, PNAS has been described by US local newspapers as "prestigious", "renowned" and "high impact".

PNAS is a delayed open-access journal, with an embargo period of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee (hybrid open access). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, PNAS has been online-only, although print issues are available on demand.
Shingle Cabin Brook
Shingle Cabin Brook (also known as Shingle Cabin Branch) is a tributary of Kitchen Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km) long and flows through Fairmount Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of 0.47 square miles (1.2 km2). It is in Ricketts Glen State Park. The stream has one waterfall, which is known as Shingle Cabin Falls. The surficial geology in the area features Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.

Fairmount Township, Pennsylvania
Fairmount Township is a township in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,207 at the 2020 census. Fairmount Township is home to Ricketts Glen State Park. The park receives tens of thousands of visitors each year.
Christian Pond
Christian Pond is a small freshwater lake in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The pond is known for its diversity of waterfowl including the trumpeter swans which nest here. The pond is named after the original homesteader of the property, Charlie Christian. The shallowness of the pond results in summer water temperatures that are typically warmer than most lakes in Grand Teton National Park. Turbidity is low and pH levels are typically in the range of 9.6 (slightly alkaline). The pond is partially covered by water lilies and has a 3.2 mile circumferential trail.

Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (/ˈælkəlaɪ/ ⓘ; from the Arabic word al-qāly, القالِي) is a basic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.
Ardey Hills
The Ardey Hills (German: Ardeygebirge or Ardey) are a range of wooded hills, up to 273.8 m above sea level (NN), in the territory of the city of Dortmund and the districts of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis and Unna in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The hills form part of the eastern Rhenish Massif and, to a lesser extent, to the Berg-Mark Hills (Bergisch-Märkisches Hügelland).

Rhenish Massif
The Rhenish Massif, Rhine Massif or Rhenish Uplands (German: Rheinisches Schiefergebirge [ˈʁaɪnɪʃəs ˈʃiːfɐɡəˌbɪʁɡə] ⓘ: 'Rhenish Slate Uplands'; French: massif schisteux rhénan [masif ʃistø ʁenɑ̃]: 'Rhenish Schistose Massif') is a geologic massif in western Germany, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg and northeastern France.  It is drained centrally, south to north by the river Rhine and a few of its tributaries.

West of the indent of the Cologne Bight it has the Eifel and the Belgian and French Ardennes; east is its greatest German component, the Süder Uplands. The Hunsrück hills form its southwest. The Westerwald is an eastern strip. The Lahn-Dill area is a small central zone and the Taunus Mountains form the rest, the south-east.

The massif hosts the Middle Rhine Valley (Rhine Gorge), a UNESCO World Heritage site linked to the lowest parts of the Moselle (German: Mosel, Luxembourgish: Musel).
Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide
Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Micardis HCT among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat high blood pressure. It is a combination of telmisartan an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with hydrochlorothiazide a diuretic. It may be used if telmisartan by itself is not sufficient. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include dizziness, upper respiratory tract infections, nausea, diarrhea, and tiredness. Severe side effects may include kidney problems, electrolyte problems, and allergic reactions. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. Telmisartan works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II while hydrochlorothiazide works by decreasing the kidneys' ability to retain water.

The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2000, and in the European Union in April 2002. The combination is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Oral administration
Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications.

Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as injection.  However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the digestive system, or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients able to swallow.
Uwe Mèffert
Uwe Mèffert (28 November 1939 – 30 April 2022) was a German puzzle designer and inventor. He manufactured and sold mechanical puzzles in the style of Rubik's Cube since the Cube craze of the 1980s. His first design was the Pyraminx – which he had developed before the original Rubik's Cube was invented. He created his own puzzle company and helped bring to market the Megaminx, Skewb, Skewb Diamond and many other puzzles.

Puzzle
A puzzle is a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together (or take them apart) in a logical way, in order to find the solution of the puzzle. There are different genres of puzzles, such as crossword puzzles, word-search puzzles, number puzzles, relational puzzles, and logic puzzles. The academic study of puzzles is called enigmatology.

Puzzles are often created to be a form of entertainment but they can also arise from serious mathematical or logical problems. In such cases, their solution may be a significant contribution to mathematical research.