hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Portrait of Tenochtitlan
Portrait of Tenochtitlan is a render of Tenochtitlan and the Valley of Mexico at the start of the 16th century by Dutch programmer Thomas Kole using 3D computer graphics. Drone photography by Mexican geomatic engineer Andrés Semo was used to compare the past with present-day Mexico City. The unbiased rendering won critical acclaim as a credible image of the Mexica capital.

Geomatics
Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the "discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information". Under another definition, it consists of products, services and tools involved in the collection, integration and management of geographic (geospatial) data. Surveying engineering was the common name used for geomatics engineering in the past. The term was placed by the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems under the branch of technical geography, which is geared towards interpreting and communicating spatial data. In Germany, "geodesy and geoinformatics" or "geodesy and geoinformation" is commonly used for describing this discipline. In addition, geospatial engineering is an alternative term to geomatic(s) engineering.
Civil penalty
A civil penalty or civil fine is a financial penalty imposed by a government agency as restitution for wrongdoing.  The wrongdoing is typically defined by a codification of legislation, regulations, and decrees. The civil fine is not considered to be a criminal punishment, because it is primarily sought in order to compensate the state for harm done to it, rather than to punish the wrongful conduct. As such, a civil penalty, in itself, will not carry a punishment of imprisonment or other legal penalties.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
North Foreland
North Foreland is a chalk headland on the Kent coast of southeast England, specifically in Broadstairs.

With the rest of Broadstairs and part of Ramsgate it is the eastern side of Kent's largest peninsula, the Isle of Thanet. It presents a bold cliff to the sea, 15 miles north of South Foreland, and commands views over the southern North Sea.

LB&SCR H2 class 4-4-2 no. 422 (later no. B422, 2422, and 32422) was named North Foreland after this landmark.

Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed under the sea by the accumulation and lithification of hard parts of organisms, mostly microscopic plankton, which had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum.
Molly (Cedric Gervais song)
"Molly" is a song by French-American DJ Cedric Gervais, first announced by Gervais through his YouTube channel on 9 April 2012. The song was released as a single in the United States and Canada on 3 July 2012 through Big Beat Records, and as an EP in the United Kingdom on 22 July, and then worldwide on 21 August 2012 through Spinnin' Records and 3 Beat Productions, including remixes. It was written and produced by Cedric Gervais and Carlos Cid. The song was used in the 2013 film Pain & Gain.

"Molly" was heavily sampled in American recording artist Tyga's 2013 song of the same name. It was released as a promotional single for his third studio album Hotel California.

Hotel California (Tyga album)
Hotel California is the third studio album by American rapper Tyga. It was released on April 9, 2013, by Cash Money Records, Republic Records and Young Money Entertainment. The album features guest appearances from Lil Wayne, 2 Chainz, The Game, Jadakiss, while the production on the album was handled by DJ Mustard, Detail, Cool & Dre, David D.A. Doman, Mars of 1500 or Nothin', The Olympicks, SAP and Ryan Hunt, among others.

Hotel California was supported by three singles: "Dope" featuring Rick Ross, "For the Road" featuring Chris Brown, and "Show You" featuring Future; while serving as the promotional single was "Molly" featuring Cedric Gervais, Wiz Khalifa and Mally Mall.

The album was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Commercially, it debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 54,000 copies in the United States. It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in March 2020.
Kay WalkingStick
Kay WalkingStick (born March 2, 1935) is a Native American landscape artist and a member of the Cherokee Nation. Her later landscape paintings, executed in oil paint on wood panels often include patterns based on Southwest American Indian rugs, pottery, and other artworks.

WalkingStick's works are in the collections of many universities and museums, like the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Israel Museum, the National Museum of Canada, and the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. She is an author and was a professor in the art department at Cornell University, where she taught painting and drawing. She has been accepted into many artist residency programs which gave her time away from teaching duties to paint. WalkingStick won many awards and in 1995 was included in H.W. Janson's History of Art, a standard textbook used by university art departments.

Ms. WalkingStick is an Honorary Vice President of the National Association of Women Artists, Inc. www.thenawa.org

Heard Museum
The Heard Museum is a private, not-for-profit museum in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, dedicated to the advancement of American Indian art. It presents the stories of American Indian people from a first-person perspective, as well as exhibitions of traditional and contemporary art by American Indian artists and artists influenced by American Indian art.

The main Phoenix location of the Heard Museum has been designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride.

The museum operated the Heard Museum West branch in Surprise which closed in 2009. The museum also operated the Heard Museum North Scottsdale branch in Scottsdale, Arizona, which closed in May 2014.
That's the Spirit (1933 film)
That's the Spirit is an American short musical film released in 1933. It features an African American cast starring Noble Sissle and was directed by Roy Mack. The Vitaphone film was distributed by Warner Brothers. The film survives.

That's the Spirit includes Noble Sissle Orchestra performing "Tiger Rag", Jack Carter singing "Saint Louis Blues" and Washboard Stompers performing "Stomp".

It has been described as "one of the greatest all-black jazz shorts ever made."

That's the Spirit includes various special effect gags repeated to ghostly apparitions. It is believed to be Mantan Moreland's first film.

That's the Spirit was included in a jazz program at Festival of the Arts at Wilmington College in 1968.

Tiger Rag
"Tiger Rag" is a jazz standard that was recorded and copyrighted by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917. It is one of the most recorded jazz compositions. In 2003, the 1918 recording of "Tiger Rag" was entered into the U.S. Library of Congress National Recording Registry.
Volleyball at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament
The men's tournament in volleyball at the 2022 Asian Games was the 19th edition of the event at an Asian Games, organised by the Asian volleyball governing body, the Asian Volleyball Confederation, in conjunction with the OCA. To avoid a clash of dates with the 2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Olympic Qualification Tournaments, the men's tournament was allocated to the first week of the Games and started 4 days before the Opening Ceremonies. It was held in Hangzhou, China from 19 to 26 September 2023.

Time in China
The time in China follows a single standard time offset of UTC+08:00, where Beijing is located, even though the country spans five geographical time zones. It is the largest sovereign nation in the world that officially observes only one time zone.

The nationwide standardized time is named Beijing Time (BJT; Chinese: 北京时间) domestically and China Standard Time (CST) internationally. Daylight saving time has not been observed since 1991.

China Standard Time (UTC+8) is consistent across Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. It is also equivalent with Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, most of Mongolia, Malaysia, Irkutsk Time of Russia, Western Australia, and Central Indonesia.
VIP style
VIP style (Japanese: ビップカー, lit. 'VIP car') is a car modification trend that translates from the Romanised Japanese term 'bippu.' It refers to the modification of Japanese luxury automobiles to make them lower and wider in stance, with more aggressive wheels, suspension, and body kits. VIP Style cars are typically large, rear-wheel drive luxury sedans, although automotive enthusiasts sometimes use other cars such as minivans or kei cars.

VIP cars were once associated with the Yakuza; however, VIP style modifications are now a subset of their own as automotive modifications. As a trend, it differentiates itself from the traditional origins of the term VIP otherwise associated with the concept of a "very important person".

The VIP style has become a loose appropriation of the term perpetuated amongst enthusiasts that goes beyond traditional VIP cars.

Very important person
A very important person (VIP or V.I.P.) or personage is a person who is accorded special privileges due to their high social rank, status, influence, or importance. The term was not common until sometime after World War II when it was popularised by Royal Air Force pilots.

Examples include celebrities, heads of state or government, other high-ranking politicians, or any other socially notable person who receives special treatment for any reason. The special treatment usually involves separation from common people, and a higher level of comfort or service.
William Morritt
William John Sawrey Morritt (c. 1813 – 13 April 1874) was a British Conservative Party politician from Rokeby, which was then in Yorkshire but is now in County Durham.

He was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for the North Riding of Yorkshire at a by-election in March 1862, following the death of the Liberal MP Edward Stillingfleet Cayley. He held the seat until the 1865 general election, when he was defeated by the Liberal Frederick Milbank.

North Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)
North Riding of Yorkshire was the constituency of the North Riding of Yorkshire.  It returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The constituency was created by the Reform Act 1832, when the four-seat Yorkshire constituency was divided in three for the 1832 general election.  It was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and replaced for the 1885 general election by the new single-member constituencies of Cleveland, Richmond, Thirsk & Malton and Whitby, most its remaining small boroughs seeing disenfranchisement in 1868 or in 1885.
Marie Charlotte of East Frisia
Marie Charlotte of East Frisia (April 10, 1689 in Berum – December 9, 1761) was a daughter of Prince Christian Everhard of East Frisia and the wife of Frederick Ulrich of East Frisia. As his wife, she was Countess of Kriechingen, as well as Lady of Püttlingen.

County of Kriechingen
The County of Kriechingen was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. It was originally a part of the Duchy of Lorraine and was raised to an imperial estate in 1617. It belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. In 1697, Kriechingen was inherited by the Principality of East Frisia, and later by the County of Wied-Runkel. In 1793 Kriechingen was occupied by France; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Treaty of Lunéville of 1801.

The county was named after its capital, Kriechingen, today Créhange. At the end of its existence, it had an area of approximately 100 km2 and a population of 4000. Between 1766, when Lorraine became a part of France, and 1793, Kriechingen formed two exclaves of the Holy Roman Empire surrounded by French territory.

49°03′N 6°34′E﻿ / ﻿49.05°N 6.57°E﻿ / 49.05; 6.57
Strangelet
A strangelet (pronounced /ˈstreɪndʒ.lɪt/) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of strange matter, small enough to be considered a particle. The size of an object composed of strange matter could, theoretically, range from a few femtometers across (with the mass of a light nucleus) to arbitrarily large. Once the size becomes macroscopic (on the order of metres across), such an object is usually called a strange star. The term "strangelet" originates with Edward Farhi and Robert Jaffe in 1984. It has been theorized that strangelets can convert matter to strange matter on contact. Strangelets have also been suggested as a dark matter candidate.

Edward Farhi
Edward Henry Farhi (born June 26, 1952) is an American physicist. He is currently a principal scientist at Google working on quantum computation. Until 2018, he was the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 2004 to 2016, he was the director of the Center for Theoretical Physics at MIT.  He worked on particle physics and general relativity before moving to quantum computing.
Klenovice
Klenovice is a municipality and village in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

Klenovice lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Tábor, 39 km (24 mi) north-east of České Budějovice, and 92 km (57 mi) south of Prague.

České Budějovice
České Budějovice (Czech: [ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈbuɟɛjovɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Budweis) is a city in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 97,000 inhabitants. The city is located in the valley of the Vltava River, at its confluence with the Malše.

České Budějovice is the largest city in the region and its political and commercial capital, the seat of the Diocese of České Budějovice and the University of South Bohemia. It is famous for the Budweiser Budvar Brewery. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Jacqui Malouf
Jacqui Malouf (born December 12, 1968, in Etobicoke, Ontario) is a Canadian television host, cook, and author.

Raised in Canada, she attended the University of Western Ontario, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta, before beginning her career as a stand-up comic.  Her first hosting job was on SportsFigures. Malouf then joined the Food Network as Bobby Flay's co-host on Hot Off the Grill with Bobby Flay. She remained in that role until her contract with the Food Network expired.

In December 2003 she released Booty Food: A Date by Date, Nibble by Nibble, Course by Course Guide to Cultivating Love and Passion through Food, published by Bloomsbury.

Malouf has gone on host Bravo's Things I Hate About You and WE's Full Frontal Fashion. She is a contributor to Best Week Ever on VH1 and continues to perform stand-up comedy in New York City.

She has two daughters, Kenna and Georgia, and is married to actor James McCauley.

Bobby Flay
Robert William Flay (born December 10, 1964) is an American celebrity chef, food writer, restaurateur, and television personality. Flay is the owner and executive chef of several restaurants and franchises, including Bobby's Burger Palace, Bobby's Burgers, and Amalfi. He has appeared on Food Network since 1995, which won him four Daytime Emmy Awards and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
John Wright (American football coach)
John K. Wright (born November 8, 1948) is an American former football coach. He served as the head football coach at Kentucky State University in 1986, Johnson C. Smith University, in 1991, and Elizabeth City State University from 2000 to 2002; he was also the interim head football coach at Albany State University for the final seven games of the 1981 season following the firing of Willie Williamson. Wright graduated from Virginia Union University in 1971. He coached high school football in Orange and Asbury Park, New Jersey before serving as the offensive coordinator at Norfolk State University in 1984 and 1985.

Albany State University
Albany State University is a public historically black university in Albany, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1903, it is part of the University System of Georgia and is the largest historically black institution in Georgia. Albany State University offers undergraduate and graduate programs across a range of disciplines, including education, business, and the sciences. The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
Schwarzwald family
The Schwarzwald (or von Schwarzwald) family was a wealthy, patrician, merchant family living in the Hanseatic city of Danzig from the 15th to the 18th century. The family, which had its origins in the Black Forest in south-west Germany, can be traced back to Georg von Schwarzwald, who settled in Danzig in the early 1400s.

National Museum, Gdańsk
The National Museum in Gdańsk (Polish: Muzeum Narodowe w Gdańsku), established in 1972 in Gdańsk (although the history goes back the third quarter of 19th century), is one of the main branches of Poland's national museum system.
Battle of Madab
The Battle of Madab was fought in June 1788 in Ethiopia between the forces of Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I, Ras Ali, and Haliu Eshte against the forces Ras Haliu Yosadiq, Wolde Gabriel, and Dejazmach Gebre Masqal. Wolde Gabriel was killed in the battle and the allied forces won.

Tekle Giyorgis I
Tekle Giyorgis I (Ge'ez: ተክለ ጊዮርጊስ; c. 1751 – 12 December 1817), throne name Feqr Sagad, was Emperor of Ethiopia intermittently between 20 July 1779 and June 1800, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the youngest son of Yohannes II and Woizoro Sancheviyer, and the brother of Tekle Haymanot II.

According to Sven Rubenson, who described Tekle Giyorgis as the last emperor to exercise authority on his own, "It is not without justification that he has in Ethiopian tradition received the nickname Fiṣame Mengist, 'the end of the Kingdom'". Tekle held multiple separated reigns due to quarrels against his rivals for the crown, he continually pursued to restore himself to the throne in his later life.
Horornis
Horornis is a genus of small insectivorous songbirds ("warblers") which make up the core of the newly recognized family Cettiidae. They were formerly placed in the Sylviidae, which at that time was a wastebin taxon for the warbler-like Sylvioidea. The range of this genus occurs from southeast Asia throughout the western Pacific. The most recently described species is the Bougainville bush warbler (Horornis haddeni) from Bougainville Island that was first formally described in 2006.

Wastebasket taxon
Wastebasket taxon (also called a waste-bin taxon, dustbin taxon or catch-all taxon) is a term used by some taxonomists to refer to a taxon that has the purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit anywhere else. They are typically defined by either their designated members' often superficial similarity to each other, or their lack of one or more distinct character states or by their not belonging to one or more other taxa. Wastebasket taxa are by definition either paraphyletic or polyphyletic, and are therefore not considered valid taxa under strict cladistic rules of taxonomy. The name of a wastebasket taxon may in some cases be retained as the designation of an evolutionary grade, however.
Minagawa
Minagawa (written: 皆川) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hiroe Minagawa (皆川 博恵, born 1987), Japanese sport wrestler

Hiroko Minagawa (皆川 博子, born 1930), Japanese writer

Hiroshi Minagawa (皆川 裕史, born 1970), Japanese video game artist, designer and director

Junko Minagawa (皆川 純子, born 1975), Japanese voice actress

Kaho Minagawa (皆川 夏帆, born 1997), Japanese rhythmic gymnast

Kentaro Minagawa (皆川 賢太郎, born 1977), Japanese alpine skier

Ryōji Minagawa (皆川 亮二, born 1964), Japanese manga artist

Yasuo Minagawa (皆川 康夫, born 1947), retired Japanese professional baseball pitcher

Yusuke Minagawa (皆川 佑介, born 1991), Japanese international football player

Kaho Minagawa
Kaho Minagawa (Japanese: 皆川夏穂; born 20 August 1997) is a retired Japanese individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2017 Asian Championships All-around silver medalist. She trained in Novogorsk in Moscow, Russia. She is the first Japanese individual rhythmic gymnast to win a medal at the World Cup series.
Ray C. Dougherty
Ray C. Dougherty (born 1940) is an American linguist and was a member of the Arts and Science faculty at New York University until 2014 (retired).  He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering from Dartmouth College in the early 1960s and his Ph.D. in linguistics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968.  At MIT, Dougherty was one of the first students of Noam Chomsky, working in the field of transformational grammar.  During the Linguistics Wars of the 1970s, Dougherty was a critic of the generative semantics movement.  Specializing in computational linguistics, Dougherty has published several books and articles on the subject.

In recent years, Dougherty has become interested in the study of biolinguistics, focusing on the role of the cochlea in the evolution of animal communication systems and naturalistic applications of information theory.

Dougherty has made numerous contributions to advancing the study of semiotics at New York University.

Transformational grammar
In linguistics, transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) was the earliest model of grammar proposed within the research tradition of generative grammar. Like current generative theories, it treated grammar as a system of formal rules that generate all and only grammatical sentences of a given language. What was distinctive about transformational grammar was that it posited transformation rules that mapped a sentence's deep structure to its pronounced form. For example, in many variants of transformational grammar, the English active voice sentence "Emma saw Daisy" and its passive counterpart "Daisy was seen by Emma" share a common deep structure generated by phrase structure rules, differing only in that the latter's structure is modified by a passivization transformation rule.