hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Swinford Toll Bridge
Swinford Toll Bridge is a privately owned toll bridge across the Thames in Oxfordshire, England. It crosses the river just above Eynsham Lock, between the village of Eynsham on the north-west bank and the hamlet of Swinford on the south-east bank (in Berkshire until 1974). It carries the B4044 between Oxford and Eynsham, which was the A40 road until the north Oxford bypass was completed in 1936.

It is a Grade II* listed building, and has been listed as a scheduled monument.

Oxfordshire County Council
Oxfordshire County Council is the county council (upper-tier local authority) for the non-metropolitan county of Oxfordshire in the South East of England. Established in 1889, it is an elected body responsible for most strategic local government services in the county.

Oxfordshire County Council provides a wide range of services, including education (schools, libraries and youth services), social services, public health, highway maintenance, waste disposal, emergency planning, consumer protection and town and country planning for matters to do with minerals, waste, highways and education. This makes it one of the largest employers in Oxfordshire, with a gross expenditure budget of £856.2 million in 2021–22.
Nancy Belle Craft Norton
Nancy Belle Craft Norton (August 4, 1872 – December 1, 1963) was employed by the U.S. Government to teach at Manila High School in the Philippines when war with Japan was declared in 1941. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, she aided internees and prisoners of war by supplying them with urgently needed medical supplies, food, clothing and other items. General Jonathan M. Wainwright personally awarded her the Medal of Freedom in 1947 for her efforts during the war.

Medal of Freedom (1945)
The Medal of Freedom was a decoration established by President Harry S. Truman to honor civilians whose actions aided in the war efforts of the United States and its allies during and beyond World War II. It was intended to be awarded by the secretary of state, the secretary of war, or the secretary of the Navy, but presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy also authorized awards. The first woman and American citizen to receive it was Anna M. Rosenberg by Robert P. Patterson on the recommendation of Eisenhower.
Under the Red Robe (1915 film)
Under the Red Robe is a 1915 British silent historical film directed by Wilfred Noy. It is an adventure story set in the era of Cardinal Richelieu, based on the novel of the same name by Stanley J. Weyman. The story was filmed again in 1923 (by Alan Crosland), and in the sound era in 1937 (by Victor Sjöström).

Victor Sjöström
Victor David Sjöström (Swedish: [ˈvɪ̌kːtɔr ˈɧø̂ːstrœm] ⓘ; 20 September 1879 – 3 January 1960), also known in the United States as Victor Seastrom, was a pioneering Swedish film director, screenwriter, and actor. He began his career in Sweden, before moving to Hollywood in 1924. Sjöström worked primarily in the silent era; his best known films include The Phantom Carriage (1921), He Who Gets Slapped (1924), and The Wind (1928). Sjöström was Sweden's most prominent director in the "Golden Age of Silent Film" in Europe. Later in life, he played the leading role in Ingmar Bergman's Wild Strawberries (1957).
Waradgery County
Waradgery County is one of the 141 cadastral divisions of New South Wales. It contains the town of Hay. It includes the area between the Lachlan River and the Murrumbidgee River where they meet. The Lachlan River is the northern boundary of the county, and the Murrumbidgee for a small section is the southern boundary, but the county also includes some of the land to the south of the Murrumbidgee near Hay.

The name Waradgery is believed to be derived from a local Aboriginal word (probably in relation to the Wiradjuri people.

Wiradjuri
The Wiradjuri people (Wiradjuri northern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjd̪uːraj]; Wiradjuri southern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjɟuːraj]) are a group of Aboriginal Australian people from central New South Wales, united by common descent through kinship and shared traditions. They survived as skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers, in family groups or clans, and many still use knowledge of hunting and gathering techniques as part of their customary life.

In the 21st century, major Wiradjuri groups live in Condobolin, Peak Hill, Narrandera and Griffith. There are significant populations at Wagga Wagga and Leeton and smaller groups at West Wyalong, Parkes, Dubbo, Forbes, Cootamundra, Darlington Point, Cowra and Young.
Jada (2019 film)
Jada is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language sports drama film directed by Kumaran. The film stars Kathir and Roshini Prakash, while Kishore and Yogi Babu play supporting roles. It was released on 6 December 2019.

Sports film
A sports film is a film genre in which any particular sport plays a prominent role in the film's plot or acts as its central theme. It is a production in which a sport or a sports-related topic is prominently featured or is a focus of the plot. Despite this, sport is ultimately rarely the central concern of such films and sport performs primarily an allegorical role. Furthermore, sports fans are not necessarily the target demographic in such movies, but sports fans tend to maintain a high following and esteem for such movies.
Modus tollens
In propositional logic, modus tollens (/ˈmoʊdəs ˈtɒlɛnz/) (MT), also known as modus tollendo tollens (Latin for "mode that by denying denies") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism that takes the form of "If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P." It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contrapositive. The form shows that inference from P implies Q to the negation of Q implies the negation of P is a valid argument.

The history of the inference rule modus tollens goes back to antiquity. The first to explicitly describe the argument form modus tollens was Theophrastus.

Modus tollens is closely related to modus ponens. There are two similar, but invalid, forms of argument: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent.  See also contraposition and proof by contrapositive.

Validity (logic)
In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. It is not required for a valid argument to have premises that are actually true, but to have premises that, if they were true, would guarantee the truth of the argument's conclusion. Valid arguments must be clearly expressed by means of sentences called well-formed formulas (also called wffs or simply formulas).

The validity of an argument can be tested, proved or disproved, and depends on its logical form.
Made in England (Elton John album)
Made in England is the twenty-fourth studio album by British musician Elton John, released in 1995. It was produced by Greg Penny and John, his first album since Leather Jackets without producer Chris Thomas. The album was dedicated to John's boyfriend and future husband David Furnish. It was also dedicated to the memory of Denis Gauthier and Peter Williams. It was the last album to feature regular Elton John Band percussionist Ray Cooper until 2016's Wonderful Crazy Night. With this album, Bob Birch became John's full-time recording and touring bass player until his death in 2012.

The song "Please" was covered by bluegrass singer Rhonda Vincent and country singer Dolly Parton for the 2018 tribute album Restoration: Reimagining the Songs of Elton John and Bernie Taupin.

Rhonda Vincent
Rhonda Lea Vincent (born July 13, 1962) is an American bluegrass singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist.

Vincent's music career began when she was a child in her family's band, the Sally Mountain Show, and it has spanned more than four decades. Vincent first achieved success in the bluegrass genre in the 1970s and 1980s, earning the respect of her mostly male peers for her mastery of the progressive chord structures and multirange, fast-paced vocals intrinsic to bluegrass music. In media, Vincent has been dubbed the "Queen of Bluegrass" by several sources. Vincent is an in-demand guest vocalist for other bluegrass and country music performers, appearing on recordings by Dolly Parton, Alan Jackson, Tanya Tucker, Joe Diffie, Faith Hill, and other notables.

Vincent is an eight-time Grammy nominee, winning the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album in 2017. In 2020, she was inducted as a member of the Grand Ole Opry.
Barbara Rossi (economist)
Barbara Rossi is an ICREA professor of economics at Universitat Pompeu Fabra, a Barcelona School of Economics Research Professor, a CREI affiliated professor and a CEPR Fellow. She is a founding fellow of the International Association of Applied Econometrics, a fellow of the Econometric Society and a director of the International Association of Applied Econometrics.

Pompeu Fabra University
Pompeu Fabra University (Catalan: Universitat Pompeu Fabra [uniβəɾsiˈtat pumˈpɛw ˈfaβɾə], UPF) is a public university located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Established in 1990 by the Government of Catalonia, the university is named after Catalan philologist Pompeu Fabra.

The university offers numerous English-taught programs, joint degrees, and partnerships with institutions such as Sciences Po, LSE, and UCLA.
Rakeshwar Pandey
Rakeshwar Pandey  (14 January 1960) is President, INTUC Jharkhand Indian National Trade Union Congress, INTUC and is related to Indian National Congress Party, politically.
Rakeshwar Pandey stays in Jamshedpur, where he is Union President of over a dozen companies which include various companies of Tata Group, Nuvoco Vistas corp. Ltd India, Indian cable Company, etc. Besides, Pandey is also President of Tisco Mazdoor Union.

Additionally, Rakeshwar Pandey is a Member of Governing Board, Open Forum, development organisation and an NGO based out of New Delhi, for promoting ICTs in the communities.

Forum (legal)
In a legal context, a forum is a place or type of legal institution where a legal action such as a trial can take place. In the constitutional law of the United States, a forum is also a property that is open to public expression and assembly.
Borove, Sarny Raion, Rivne Oblast
Borove (Ukrainian: Борове), formerly Budki Borovskiye (Russian: Будки Боровские; Polish: Borowskie Budki, Budki Borowskie) is a village in Rivne Oblast, Ukraine.

Between the world wars, the village was part of the Second Polish Republic. It was located in Gmina Kisorycze, Sarny County, in Wołyń Voivodeship;  until the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland.

During the wave of massacres of Poles in Volhynia between 1942 and 1945 the village was one of hundreds of sites of mass killings by the UPA death squads aided by the local Ukrainians. On December 6–7, 1943, the Polish inhabitants of Budki were slaughtered, numbering at around fifty. Those who survived, hidden in the forest, were later threatened with death by their Ukrainian neighbours and left the area. The war history of the village was written about by Kazimierz Garbowski (January 1928 in Budki Borowskie – 2000, Warsaw), author of a memoir collected between 1990-1998.

Rivne Oblast
Rivne Oblast (Ukrainian: Рівненська область, romanized: Rívnensʹka óblastʹ), also referred to as Rivnenshchyna (Ukrainian: Рівненщина, romanized: Rívnenščyna), is an oblast in northwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Rivne. The surface area of the region is 20,100 square kilometres (7,800 mi2). Its population is: 1,141,784 (2022 estimate).

Before its annexation by the Soviet Union during World War II, the region was part of the Second Polish Republic's Wołyń Voivodeship following the Polish–Soviet War. Previously it was part of the Volhynian Governorate.

The Rivne Nuclear Power Plant is located in the oblast, near the city of Varash.
Translating "law" to other European languages
The translation of "law" to other European languages faces several difficulties. In most European languages, as well as some others influenced by European languages, there are two different words that can be translated to English as "law". For the general comparison in this article the Latin terms ius and lex will be used. Etymologically, ius has some relation to right, just or straight.

Rights
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are an important concept in law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology.

The history of social conflicts has often involved attempts to define and redefine rights. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived".
Donald Jupurrula Graham
Donald Jupurrula Graham (c. 1920 - 13 January 1989) was a Warumungu man from the Northern Territory of Australia. He worked as a stockman is his early life before becoming an Elder and community leader within his community and a teacher of and collaborator with researchers regarding the Warumungu language and culture. He was also the first person to be recorded speaking the Warlmanpa language.

Warumungu
The Warumungu (or Warramunga) are a group of Aboriginal Australians of the Northern Territory. Today, Warumungu are mainly concentrated in the region of Tennant Creek and Alice Springs. Warumungu language calls Alice Springs Warm Springs, and this is its original name.
Alexander Anne
Alexander Anne or Aune (died 1439) was an English lawyer and politician.

Alexander Anne (also Aune, de Aune, or de Anne) was originally from Frickley in Yorkshire and served as a Justice of the Peace of that county as well as Middlesex.
A Citizen-Draper of London, he held numerous offices, including undersheriff for London in 1423 and escheator for Middlesex in 1432. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Middlesex in 1430/31, 1432, and 1436/37. Anne was also Recorder of London from 1435 to his death in 1439.

Escheat
Escheat /ɪsˈtʃiːt/ (from Latin  excidere 'fall away') is a common law doctrine that transfers the real property of a person who has died without heirs to the crown or state. It serves to ensure that property is not left in "limbo" without recognized ownership.  It originally applied to a number of situations where a legal interest in land was destroyed by operation of law, so that the ownership of the land reverted to the immediately superior feudal lord.
French submarine Watt
Watt (Q75) was one of 18 Pluviôse-class submarines built for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) in the first decade of the 20th century. Commissioned in 1910, she served during World War I and was stricken in 1919.

Bizerte
Bizerte (Arabic: بنزرت, romanized: Binzart, Tunisian Arabic pronunciation: [bɪnzɑrt] ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of Bizerte Governorate in northern Tunisia. It is the northernmost city in Africa, located 65 km (40 mi) north of the capital Tunis. It is also known as the last town to remain under French control after the rest of the country won its independence from France. The city had 162,053 inhabitants in 2014.
Sabyasachi Dutta
Sabyasachi Dutta is an Indian politician from West Bengal. He belongs to the Trinamool Congress and was MLA from Rajarhat New Town Vidhan Sabha Constituency. He has also served as the first Mayor of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation from 2015 to 2019. In 2019, he joined BJP.

West Bengal Legislative Assembly
The West Bengal Legislative Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in the B. B. D. Bagh area of Kolkata, the capital of the state. Members of the Legislative assembly are directly elected by the people. The legislative assembly comprises 294 Members of Legislative Assembly, all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is five years, unless sooner dissolved.
Pi1 Octantis
Pi1 Octantis (Pi1 Oct), Latinized π1 Octantis, is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude 5.64, and is estimated to be 387 light years away. However, it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 14 km/s.

Pi1 Oct has a stellar classification of G8/K0 III — intermediate between a G8 and K0 giant star. It has 2.74 times the mass of the Sun and an effective temperature of 5,002 k, giving a yellow hue. However, an enlarged radius of 11.62 R☉ yields a luminosity 76 times that of the Sun. Pi1 Oct has a metallicity around solar level and spins with a projected rotational velocity lower than 1 km/s.

Naked eye
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying, light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope, or eye protection.

In astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers, and the brightest asteroids, including 4 Vesta. Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye.
North Quay, London
North Quay is a mixed-use high-rise development under construction on the north side of Canary Wharf in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The development consists of four towers of 30 to 67 floors located on the northern quayside of the North Dock of West India Docks, immediately east of West India Quay DLR station. The developer is Canary Wharf Group and the masterplan was produced by Allies and Morrison. The development will create 355,000 square metres (3,820,000 sq ft) of floorspace intended for use as offices, life sciences laboratories, retail, leisure and residential units.

"North Quay" has also been used as the name for the entire quayside, the length of North Dock, which also includes London Museum Docklands and Billingsgate Fish Market.

West India Quay DLR station
West India Quay is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in Canary Wharf’s West India Quay. It is located at the point where the line from Lewisham splits into branches to Tower Gateway/Bank and Stratford. The next stations on each line are Canary Wharf DLR station (to Lewisham), Westferry (to Tower Gateway/Bank) and Poplar DLR station (to Stratford). The station is in London fare zone 2.
Lynwood Village
45°19′08″N 75°49′19″W﻿ / ﻿45.319°N 75.822°W﻿ / 45.319; -75.822
Lynwood Village is a neighbourhood in Bells Corners, west of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The neighbourhood is also known as Bells Corners East. The homes were built in between 1958 and 1966. It is one of the first examples of tract housing in Ottawa. The neighbourhood is bounded to the north Robertson Road, east is presumably Highway 416, south by Hunt Club Road, and the west is Moodie Drive.

Tract housing
Tract housing, sometimes informally known as cookie cutter housing, is a type of housing development in which multiple similar houses are built on a tract (area) of land that is subdivided into smaller lots. Tract housing developments are found in suburb developments that were modeled on the "Levittown" concept and sometimes encompass large areas of dozens of square miles.
Issa Batran
Issa Abdul-Hadi Al-Batran (died 2010) was a leader of Al-Qassam Brigades, the armed wing of Hamas. He was killed by Israeli airstrike on July 30, 2010, at the Nuseirat refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip. The Israeli army claimed that the targets were 'terror infrastructure' in Gaza. Batran's second wife reported that he went knowingly to his death, since he was incapable of overcoming his mourning for the loss of his first wife, Manal Sha’rawi, and their five children, Bilal, Izz Ad-Din, Ihsan, Islam and Eyman. They had been killed on 26 January 2009 by an Israeli shell strike on their balcony in Al-Bureij refugee camp, in an attempt to assassinate him.

Nuseirat refugee camp
Nuseirat Camp (Arabic: مخيّم النصيرات) is a Palestinian refugee camp located in the middle of the Gaza Strip, five kilometers north-east of Deir al-Balah. The refugee camp is in the Deir al-Balah Governorate, Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the refugee camp had a population of 31,747 and the surrounding Nuseirat municipality had a population of 54,851 in 2017. The camp was established after the 1948 Palestinian expulsion during the 1948 Palestine war.
Tarvastu
Tarvastu (German: Tarwast) is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. It's located about a kilometer east of Mustla. Tarvastu has a population of 99 (as of 2006). The village is passed by the Tarvastu River and the Viljandi–Rõngu road (no. 52). Estonian second largest lake Võrtsjärv also shares a small border with the village's territory.

Tarvastu is the birthplace of the Estonian wrestler Martin Klein (1884–1947), who won a silver medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Rõngu
Rõngu (German: Ringen) is a small borough (alevik) in Elva Parish, Tartu County, southern Estonia. Prior to the administrative reform of Estonian local governments in 2017, it was the administrative centre of Rõngu Parish.
Cleveland Circle and Reservoir
Cleveland Circle and Reservoir collectively refers to adjacent stops on different branches of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Green Line, located at Beacon Street and Chestnut Hill Avenue at Cleveland Circle, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston:

Cleveland Circle, a surface station on the Green Line C branch.

Reservoir, a surface station on the Green Line D branch.

Cleveland Circle station
Cleveland Circle station is a Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Green Line light rail station located in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, at Cleveland Circle. It is the western terminal of the C branch of the Green Line. Cleveland Circle station is accessible, with raised platforms to accommodate low-floor light rail vehicles.
Typhlodromus
Typhlodromus is a genus of predatory mites belonging to the family Phytoseiidae. Members of this genus feed largely on other mites, such as red spider mites, and several species that are popular as biological control agents to control these pests.

Mite
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods) of two large orders, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari. However, most recent genetic analyses do not recover the two as each other's closest relative within Arachnida, rendering the group invalid as a clade. Most mites are tiny, less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. The small size of most species makes them easily overlooked; some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating galls, while others are predators or parasites. This last type includes the commercially destructive Varroa parasite of honey bees, as well as scabies mites of humans. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases.

The scientific discipline devoted to the study of mites is called acarology.