hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Illinois long-term selection experiment
The Illinois long-term selection experiment is an ongoing long-term artificial selection experiment that has been conducted on the kernel of maize (Zea mays) in Illinois since 1896, making it the longest-running directional selection project conducted on plants and one of the longest-running experiments in all of biology. The experiment was initiated by Cyril G. Hopkins, originally with the goal of altering the levels of oil and protein in the kernel. It has proven successful at increasing levels of oil and protein, as well as other related quantitative traits, over more than 100 generations. A 2007 paper about the experiment noted that "progress from selection was much greater than could have been predicted". The paper also highlighted that limits to selection were observed for low, but not high, oil and protein levels.

Richard Dawkins discusses the study in The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution as an example of the power of selection.

Complex traits
Complex traits, also known as polygenic or multigenic traits, are phenotypes determined by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. A central goal of contemporary genetics research is to understand the molecular mechanisms by which genetic variation influences complex traits. Examples of complex traits in humans include height; intelligence and cognitive function; body-mass index; blood pressure; and risk for complex diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.

The genetic architecture of complex traits has been explored using statistical approaches such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.
1988 October Revolution Parade
The 1988 October Revolution Parade was a parade that took place in Red Square in Moscow on November 7, 1988, to commemorate the 71st anniversary of the 1917 October Revolution. Mikhail Gorbachev the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikolai Ryzhkov the Premier of the Soviet Union, along with other senior officials within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union viewed the parade from the grandstand Lenin's Mausoleum.

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1924 until the country's dissolution in 1991, the officeholder was the recognized leader of the Soviet Union. Prior to Joseph Stalin's accession, the position was not viewed as an important role in Vladimir Lenin's government and previous occupants had been responsible for technical rather than political decisions.

Officially, the General Secretary solely controlled the Communist Party directly. However, since the party had a monopoly on political power, the General Secretary de facto had executive control of the Soviet government. Because of the office's ability to direct both the foreign and domestic policies of the state and preeminence over the Soviet Communist Party, it was the de facto highest office of the Soviet Union.
Schenck Peak
Schenck Peak (69°40′S 72°18′W﻿ / ﻿69.667°S 72.300°W﻿ / -69.667; -72.300) is a peak (about 500 m) in Desko Mountains, located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) southwest of Morrill Peak in southeast Rothschild Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Commander James N. Schenck, USCG, Executive Officer of USCGC Staten Island during U.S. Navy Operation Deepfreeze, 1971.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Schenck Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Executive officer
An executive officer is a person who is principally responsible for leading all or part of an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization.

In many militaries and police forces, an executive officer (XO) is the second-in-command, reporting to the commanding officer (CO). The XO is typically responsible for the management of day-to-day activities, freeing the commander to concentrate on strategy and planning the unit's next move.
Guihua Park station
Guihua Park station (Chinese: 桂花公园站; pinyin: Guìhuā Gōngyuán Zhàn) is a subway station in Tianxin District, Changsha, Hunan, China, operated by the Changsha subway operator Changsha Metro. It entered revenue service on 28 June 2020.

Tianxin, Changsha
Tianxin District (simplified Chinese: 天心区; traditional Chinese: 天心區; pinyin: Tiānxīn Qū) is one of six urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. The district is bordered by Yuetang District of Xiangtan to the south, Yuhua District to the east, Furong and Kaifu districts  to the north, Yuelu District across the Xiang river to the west. Located in the southern central Changsha, Tianxin covers 141.05 km2 (54.46 sq mi) with population of 604,600 (as of 2016). The district has 14 subdistricts under its jurisdiction, with its administrative centre at Qingyuan Subdistrict.
2009 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II – Pool A
Group A of the 2009 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of two pools in Group II of the Americas zone of the 2009 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to Group I for 2010.

2009 Fed Cup
The 2009 Fed Cup was the 46th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women's tennis.

The final took place at the Circolo del Tennis in Reggio Calabria, Italy, on 7–8 November. The home team, Italy, defeated the United States, 4–0, giving Italy their second title.
2019–20 Ranji Trophy Group A
The 2019–20 Ranji Trophy was the 86th season of the Ranji Trophy, the first-class cricket tournament that took place in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into four groups, with nine teams in Group A. The group stage ran from 9 December 2019 to 15 February 2020. The top five teams across Group A and Group B progressed to the quarter-finals of the competition.

Ahead of the final round of group stage matches, Gujarat and Andhra had qualified for the quarter-finals from Group A. Bengal were the third and final team from Group A to progress, after beating Punjab by 48 runs in their final match. Kerala and Hyderabad finished in the last two places across groups A and B and were relegated for the next season.

Gujarat cricket team
The Gujarat cricket team is one of the three first-class cricket teams based in the Indian state of Gujarat (the other two being the Baroda cricket team and the Saurashtra cricket team).

Led by Parthiv Patel, Gujarat won their maiden Ranji Trophy title in the 2016–17 season, beating Mumbai in the final at Indore. In that match they made the highest successful run-chase in the final of the Ranji Trophy.

It is in the Elite Group of the Ranji Trophy although it has had very little success. There have, however, been many cricketers that have passed through its ranks and gone on to play for the Indian cricket team. It falls under the West Zone in the Duleep Trophy.
Righteous Army Command
The Righteous Army Command (Korean: 의군부) was a monarchist independence movement group organized in Manchuria in 1919. Their military foundation was based on the former Righteous Army fighters who escaped to Manchuria after failing to retake Seoul from the Japanese Empire. They were known for fighting alongside militant independence groups at several major battles against the Japanese. When they joined the Korean Unification Government, they came into conflict with them due to ideological differences between monarchism and republicanism which led to several bloody conflicts. Eventually they withdrew from the government to establish themselves as an autonomous organization, but due to the rise in democracy and socialism their power waned and they disbanded to joined the other autonomous organizations.

Righteous Government
The Righteous Government (Korean: 정의부) was an anti-Japanese armed independence movement organization and military government organized in West Jiandao in 1924 through the unification movement of Korean independence groups in Manchuria and as an autonomous organization for Koreans. Yang Gi-tak, Kim Dong-sam, and Ji Cheong-cheon founded its base in the Bongcheon and Jilin provinces. In the mid-1920s, leaders of the Korean independence movement in Manchuria hoped for a grand unification of the independence groups for a more effective anti-Japanese armed struggle. Accordingly, the leaders held several meetings since 1923 and promoted the integration of various organizations. The Righteous Government was established around the same time the General Staff Headquarters, and the Korean People's Association in Manchuria. It is referred to as the third prefecture along with others, and was an organization that led the independence movement in Manchuria in the mid to late 1920s.
Kinetic Honda
Kinetic Honda was a joint venture between Kinetic Engineering Limited, India and Honda Motor Company, Japan. Kinetic was the first company to have a joint venture with HMSI. The partnership operated from 1984 to 1998, manufacturing two-stroke scooters in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which Kinetic Engineering continued to sell the models under the brand name Kinetic until 2008 when the interests were sold to Mahindra. Mahindra later wound up their two-wheeler business, owing to poor sales.

The brand Kinetic Honda is remembered for its legacy two-stroke scooters which were in fact based on the Honda NH series, with continuously variable transmission and electric start, first in India when it was launched (in 1984), and the only in India until the late 1990s.

Mahindra & Mahindra
Mahindra and Mahindra is an Indian automobile manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai. It was established in 1945 as Mahindra & Mohammed and later renamed Mahindra & Mahindra. Part of the Mahindra Group, M&M is one of the largest SUV manufacturers by production in India and the Mahindra Tractors subsidiary is the largest manufacturer of tractors in the world by volume. It was ranked 17th on a list of top companies in India by Fortune India 500 in 2018. Its major competitors in the Indian vehicular market include Maruti Suzuki and Tata Motors. Anish Shah is the current CEO and Managing Director of Mahindra & Mahindra.
Salt (cryptography)
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend against attacks that use precomputed tables (e.g. rainbow tables), by vastly growing the size of table needed for a successful attack. It also helps protect passwords that occur multiple times in a database, as a new salt is used for each password instance. Additionally, salting does not place any burden on users.

Typically, a unique salt is randomly generated for each password. The salt and the password (or its version after key stretching) are concatenated and fed to a cryptographic hash function, and the output hash value is then stored with the salt in a database. The salt does not need to be encrypted, because knowing the salt would not help the attacker.

Salting is broadly used in cybersecurity, from Unix system credentials to Internet security.

Salts are related to cryptographic nonces.

Concatenation
In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining character strings end-to-end. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball". In certain formalizations of concatenation theory, also called string theory, string concatenation is a primitive notion.
George Grimshaw
George Henry Grimshaw (26 January 1839 – 21 January 1898) was an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Lancashire. He was born in Audenshaw and died in Grafton, Herefordshire.

Grimshaw played club cricket with Ashton-under-Lyne from 1863 onwards. He made his first and only first-class appearance in 1868 against Marylebone Cricket Club. He scored a duck in the first innings as a lower-order batsman. Opening the batting in the second innings, he scored 11 runs.

Grafton, Herefordshire
Grafton is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. The population of the civil parish was 258 at the 2011 census.  The parish includes the villages of Grafton and Bullinghope, and is immediately to the south of Hereford city.

The origin of the place name comes from the Old English words graf and tun meaning 'a farmstead in or by a grove;' the place name appears as Crafton in 1303.
Pediese
Pediese, alt. Petiese, Peteese or Padiiset, was the name of a number of high ancient Egyptian officials and noblemen during the first millennium BCE, usually of Libyan descent.

Pediese (prince in Athribis), around 720s BCE

Pediese, chief of the Ma and High Priest of Ptah

Petiese, author of the "Petition of Petiese"

Pediese, son of Apy, known from a statue usurped by him

Petiese
Petiese (alt. Peteese, Pediese) was the name of a number of high ancient Egyptian officials who served the pharaohs during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. Their family history is known from a petition (pRylands 9), which the priest Petiese (referred to below as Petiese III) wrote during the reign of Darius I of Persia, although some have claimed that, rather than a real petition, this is a work of literature or at best a draft for a petition.
Portelli
Portelli is an Italian and Maltese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alessandro Portelli (born 1942), Italian scholar of American literature and culture

Angelo Portelli, born Francis Saviour Portelli (1852−1927), Maltese auxiliary Bishop of Malta

Carlo Portelli (died 1574), Italian painter of the Renaissance period

Frank Portelli (disambiguation), multiple people

Freddie Portelli (born 1944), Maltese singer and songwriter

Guy Portelli (born 1957), British sculptor

Ġużepp Portelli (1880–1949), Maltese Roman Catholic prelate

Hugues Portelli (born 1947), member of the Senate of France

John Peter Portelli (born 1954), Maltese educationist and philosopher

Leo Portelli (born 1946), Maltese archer, competitor at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Nikolai Portelli (born 1981), Maltese athlete

Hugues Portelli
Hugues Portelli (born 22 December 1947) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Val-d'Oise department. He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.

Portelli is also the mayor of Ermont, a city located in the North of Paris (Val-d'Oise department) as well as a Professor of Political science and Constitutional Law at the prestigious Panthéon-Assas University.
Bladimir Antuna
José Bladimir Antuna Vázquez García (c. 1970 – 2 November 2009), sometimes referred to only as Bladimir Antuna, was a Mexican crime journalist for El Tiempo de Durango, a newspaper based in Durango, Durango, Mexico. While there was a resolution in the case of Antuna's collaborator Eliseo Barrón Hernández, the murder case of Antuna is still unresolved and reflects the impunity that is widespread among murdered Mexican journalists.

Durango
Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the states which make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650, the 8th lowest of Mexico's states, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
Test of Economic Literacy
The Test of Economic Literacy or TEL is a standardized test of economics nationally norm-referenced in the United States for use in upper-grade levels of high schools. The first edition was released in 1977 and the fourth edition was released in 2013. It is one of four grade-level specific standardized economics tests (i.e., Basic Economics Test (BET), Test of Economic Knowledge (TEK) and Test of Understanding in College Economics (TUCE)) sponsored and published by the National Council on Economic Education (NCEE). The TEL has two parallel forms, each composed of forty-five 4-option multiple-choice items with content validity based on the Voluntary National Content Standards in Economics.

Multiple choice
Multiple choice, multiple choice question, or objective response is a form of an objective assessment in which respondents are asked to select only the correct answer from the choices offered as a list. The multiple choice format is most frequently used in educational testing, in market research, and in elections, when a person chooses between multiple candidates, parties, or policies.

Although E. L. Thorndike developed an early scientific approach to testing students, it was his assistant Benjamin D. Wood who developed the multiple-choice test. Multiple-choice testing increased in popularity in the mid-20th century when scanners and data-processing machines were developed to check the result. Christopher P. Sole created the first multiple-choice examinations for computers on a Sharp Mz 80 computer in 1982.
Kalbeeba
Kalbeeba is a locality east of Gawler in South Australia. It is named for a former railway station on the Barossa Valley railway line. The northern boundary of Kalbeeba is now the Barossa Valley Way, and its southwestern boundary is the South Para River.

The Concordia brigade of the Country Fire Service is based in the northeastern corner of Kalbeeba. The western end of the Barossa Trail, a shared walking and cycling track, is adjacent to the railway line in Kalbeeba.

South Para River
The South Para River is a river located in the Mount Lofty Ranges northeast of Adelaide in the Australian state of South Australia.

The river's name is based directly on the Kaurna word pari which means river. The "south" descriptor distinguishes it from the North Para River with which it merges.
Billy Walker (rugby union)
Billy Walker (born 1996) is a rugby union tighthead prop, currently playing for Cambridge RFC. He has previously played for premiership team Saracens, and has U18 and U20 English international honours.

Cambridge R.U.F.C.
Cambridge Rugby Union Football Club or CRUFC ('The Blood & Sand') is an English rugby union club representing the city of Cambridge. Formed in 1923, the club competes in the second tier of the English rugby union system, Champ Rugby, following promotion from National League 1 in 2022–23. The club plays its home matches at the 2.200 capacity Grantchester Road ground, in the suburb of Newnham, approximately two kilometres south-west of the city centre. The club runs three senior squads: the national league squad, a development squad, and a social squad. At junior level the club runs one of the oldest mini and youth rugby sections in the country, starting back in the early 1970s, with a colts team for under-18s.
HMS Diomede (1781)
HMS Diomede was a 44-gun fifth-rate warship of the Royal Navy designed by the shipwright James Martin Hillhouse and launched at Bristol on 18 October 1781. She belonged to the Roebuck class of vessels specially built during the American Revolutionary War for service in the shallow American coastal waters. As a two-decker, she had two complete batteries of guns, one on the upper deck and the other on the lower deck.

Diomede participated in two major actions. The first occurred in 1782 when she captured South Carolina of the South Carolina Navy. The second, the Battle of Île Ronde, took place in 1794 in the Indian Ocean. Although the action in the Indian Ocean was inconclusive and the French broke off contact after suffering much heavier casualties than the British, the French did succeed in breaking the blockade of Île de France and saved it from starvation.

Diomede was wrecked in 1795 off Trincomalee during the British invasion of Ceylon.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Yagdyg, Republic of Dagestan
Yagdyg (Russian: Ягдыг; Tabassaran: Ягъдыгъ) is a rural locality (a selo) in Khuchninsky Selsoviet, Tabasaransky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population:  989 (2010 Census); 1,099 (2002 Census); 810 (1989 Soviet census). There are 2 streets.

Tabasaransky District
Tabasaransky District (Russian: Табасаранский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. The area of the district is 801 square kilometers (309 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Khuchni. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 52,886, with the population of Khuchni accounting for 6.1% of that number.
Crustospathula amazonica
Crustospathula amazonica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Found in South America, it was formally described as a new species in 2014 by lichenologists André Aptroot, Marcela Cáceres, and Einar Timdal. The type specimen was collected by the first two authors from the Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho (Rondônia, Brazil), where it was found growing on the smooth bark of a tree in a primary rainforest. It also occurs in French Guiana and Peru, and tends to grow in association with lichens of the genus Porina and with thelotremoid members of the family Graphidaceae. The lichen has a film-like, green thallus consisting of fine, aggregated granules; no prothallus is present. Soredia (measuring 15–20 μm in diameter) are whitish, roughly spherical, and occur at the tips of cartilaginous stalks up to 3 mm tall.

André Aptroot
André Aptroot (Heemskerk, 1961) is a Dutch mycologist and lichenologist. His primary research focus is on biodiversity, particularly tropical lichens, encompassing systematics, floristic surveys, and taxonomic reviews. A prolific researcher, he has published more than 500 scientific papers and described hundreds of new fungal and lichen species.
Viru Valge
Viru Valge is a high-quality grain-based Estonian vodka produced by Liviko since 1962, making it the oldest vodka brand in the country. It is produced from Estonian grain and groundwater prepared by coal filtration. The hornblower has been the symbol of Viru Valge since its creation. The Viru Valge bottles are produced in the Järvakandi glass factory, which is located 85 km from Liviko.

Järvakandi
Järvakandi (German: Jerwakant) is a borough (Estonian: alev) in central Estonia. Administratively it constituted Järvakandi Parish (Järvakandi vald) until 2017 — a rural municipality within Rapla County. After the 2017 reforms of municipalities, it is now located in Kehtna Parish. The municipality had a population of 1,375 as of January 2012 and an area of 4.83 km2.

The rock music festival Rabarock was held in Järvakandi from 2005 to 2012.
Aikwood Tower
Aikwood Tower (formerly known as Oakwood Tower) is a 16th-century tower house in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, 4 miles (6 kilometres) southwest of the town of Selkirk, on the Ettrick Water. The tower is a Category A listed building.

Selkirk, Scottish Borders
Selkirk (Scottish Gaelic: Salcraig) is a town and historic royal burgh in the Scottish Borders council district of southeastern Scotland. It lies on the Ettrick Water, a tributary of the River Tweed. The people of the town are known as Souters, which means cobblers (shoe makers and menders). At the time of the 2011 census, Selkirk's population was 5,784.