hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Muhammad Sharif Gulkhani
Muhammad Sharif Gulkhani (1770s–1827), better simply known as Gulkhani (also one of his pen names), was a poet and satirist from Kokand. He was bilingual in Persian and Chagatai.

Not much is known about Gulkhani's life. He hailed from a farmer's family; his father's roots reportedly lay in what is present-day central Tajikistan. Gulkhani eventually became part of the retinue of Kokand's ruler Muhammad Umar Khan and his wife, who sponsored arts and culture within the Khanate of Kokand and were poets themselves.

Chagatai language
Chagatai (چغتای, Čaġatāy), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (Čaġatāy türkīsi), is a Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia. It remained the shared literary language in the region until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including western or Russian Turkestan (i.e. parts of modern-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Eastern Turkestan (where a dialect, known as Kaşğar tılı, developed), Crimea, the Volga region (such as Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), etc. Chagatai is the direct ancestor of the Uzbek and Uyghur languages. Kazakh and Turkmen, which are not within the Karluk branch but are in the Kipchak and Oghuz branches of the Turkic languages respectively, were nonetheless heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries.

Ali-Shir Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature.
Hennadiy Medvedyev
Hennadiy Medvedyev (born 7 February 1975) is a Ukrainian former professional football midfielder. He moved to Vorskla Poltava from Adoms (in Kremenchuk Ukrainian Second League) in January 2001 when Adoms was on the verge to be relegated out of professional ranks.

2000–01 Ukrainian Second League
The 2000–01 Ukrainian Second League was the tenth season of 3rd level professional football in Ukraine.

The competitions were divided into three groups according to geographical location in the country – A is western Ukraine, B is southern Ukraine and Crimea, and C is eastern Ukraine.

The groups were won respectively by FC Polissya Zhytomyr, FC Obolon Kyiv and FC Naftovyk Okhtyrka.
2019 Hobart International
42°52′24″S 147°19′47″E﻿ / ﻿42.87333°S 147.32972°E﻿ / -42.87333; 147.32972

The 2019 Hobart International was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 26th edition of the Hobart International and was part of the WTA International tournaments of the 2019 WTA Tour. It took place at the Hobart International Tennis Centre in Hobart, Australia from 7 to 12 January 2019.

The singles was won by unseeded American Sofia Kenin who took home her first WTA title after defeating Anna Karolína Schmiedlová from Slovakia in straight sets. In the doubles it was Taiwanese pair in Chan Hao-ching and Latisha Chan who won in three sets over their opponents in Kirsten Flipkens and Johanna Larsson.

Kateryna Baindl
Kateryna Baindl (Ukrainian: Катерина Ігорівна Байндль, née Kozlova Ukrainian: Козлова; born 20 February 1994) is a Ukrainian inactive tennis player. On 19 February 2018, she achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 62. On 22 October 2012, she peaked at No. 139 in the doubles rankings. She has won one singles title on the WTA Challenger Tour as well as five singles and 13 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

In 2021, she married Michael Baindl and changed from Kozlova to Kateryna Baindl as her competing name.
Ludwig's double-collared sunbird
Ludwig's double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris ludovicensis) or the montane double-collared sunbird, is a small passerine bird which breeds in forested mountains above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in western Angola as well as the Nyika Plateau of northern Malawi and northeastern Zambia. This bird is sometimes considered to be con-specific with the greater double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris afer). It is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia.

Nyika Plateau
The Nyika Plateau lies in northern Malawi, with a small portion in north eastern Zambia. Most of it lies at elevations of between 2,100 and 2,200 m (6,900 and 7,200 ft), the highest point being 2,605 m (8,547 ft) at Nganda Peak. It is roughly a diamond in shape, with a long north–south axis of about 90 km (56 mi), and an east–west axis of about 50 km (31 mi). It towers above Lake Malawi (elevation 475 m (1,600 ft)), and the towns of Livingstonia and Chilumba. Its well-defined north-west escarpment rises about 700 m (2,300 ft) above the north-eastern extremity of the Luangwa Valley, and its similarly prominent south-east escarpment rises about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above the South Rukuru River valley. It is very different in scenery from other parts of Malawi, consisting of rolling hills with little streams in broad valleys, and rough grassland with clumps of pine trees.
Birendra Multiple Campus
Birendra Multiple Campus (Nepali: वीरेन्द्र बहुमुखी क्याम्पस) is one of the constituent campuses of Tribhuvan University in Bharatpur, Chitwan district in Nepal. The campus was established in 1st Biashakh 2022 BS by Late King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev. The campus is named after King Birendra.

It offers courses in science, management, humanities and social sciences for Bachelor's and Masters's degree. All programs are filled with medium number of students. Campus has conducted 24 Bachelor's program and 8 Master's program. They recently added Microbiology and Geology course in Bachelors. A number of students are coming to study it. M.A. Sociology Anthropology and M.Sc. Chemistry are new programs in Masters. Campus Chief said "B.Ed. ICT  will be also launch in nearly future." Campus is producing broachers to give information about its program.

Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (ISO: Vikrama Saṁvata; abbreviated VS), also known as the Vikrami or Bikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent and still also used in several Indian states and Nepal. It is a lunisolar calendar, using twelve lunar months each solar sidereal year. The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, except during January to March/April, when it is ahead by 56 years.

Vikram Samvat is an official calendar of Nepal where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. Unlike India where it is used only for religious dates (with first month starting with Chaitra), the solar version of Vikram Samvat is a civil calendar for general usage.
Plimpton Sieve Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I
The Plimpton Sieve Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I is an oil painting by English painter George Gower dated 1579, and now in the collection of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. It is one of three near-identical portraits of Elizabeth I by Gower that represent the queen holding a symbolic sieve. It was acquired by George Arthur Plimpton in 1930, hence the name. His son, Francis T. P. Plimpton, willed it to the Folger.

Francis T. P. Plimpton
Francis Taylor Pearsons Plimpton (December 7, 1900 – July 30, 1983) was an American diplomat, New York City lawyer, partner at the law firm Debevoise & Plimpton and a president of the New York City Bar Association.
Worlds Adrift
Worlds Adrift was a massively multiplayer sandbox video game, set in a massive world that is permanently changed by players' actions. Developed and published by Bossa Studios, the game entered early access on PC through Steam in mid-July 2017. Following the conclusion of the "End of the world" in-game event, Worlds Adrift was discontinued on July 26, 2019, by Bossa Studios, who cited the game being no longer commercially viable as the reason for its shutdown.

Massively multiplayer online game
A massively multiplayer online (MMO) game, sometimes referred to as an MMOG, is an online video game with a large number of players to interact in the same online game world. MMOs usually feature a huge, persistent open world, although there are games that differ. These games can be found for most network-capable platforms, including the personal computer, video game console, or smartphones and other mobile devices.

MMOs can enable players to cooperate and compete with each other on a large scale, and sometimes to interact meaningfully with people around the world. They include a variety of gameplay types, representing many video game genres.
2012 Oddset Hockey Games
The 2012 Oddset Hockey Games was played between 9 and 12 February 2012. The Czech Republic, Finland, Sweden and Russia played a round-robin for a total of three games per team and six games in total. Five of the matches were played in the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden, and one match in the Helsinki Olympic Stadium in Helsinki, Finland. Sweden won the tournament for the second year in a row, after defeating Finland 3–1 on the last game day. The tournament was part of 2011–12 Euro Hockey Tour.

Prior to this year, Sweden Hockey Games was named LG Hockey Games because the tournament was sponsored by LG Electronics. However, after LG decided to drop out their sponsoring, Oddset, a gambling game by Svenska Spel, took over and effectively renamed the tournament to Oddset Hockey Games.

Svenska Spel
Svenska Spel (lit. 'Swedish games') is a state-owned company operating in the regulated gambling market in Sweden. For many years, the company was the only one permitted to offer online gambling to people in Sweden, whether it be casino games, sports betting, or other types of games.

All profits from the company's activities are paid directly to the State Treasury of Sweden. Svenska Spel organizes sports and number lotteries.

The Swedish gambling reforms attempt to strike a balance between giving players the freedom to choose and protecting them from bad actors.

It conducts sales through approximately 6,700 agents, 2,000 restaurants, pubs, and bingo halls as well as via the Internet. The surplus from the company’s operations is paid directly to the Public Treasury.
Bromhead baronets
The Bromhead Baronetcy, of Thurlby Hall in the County of Lincoln, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.  It was created on 19 February 1806 for the soldier Lieutenant-General Gonville Bromhead. His eldest son, the second Baronet, was a mathematician.  He died unmarried and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baronet.  He was a Major in the Army and fought at the Battle of Waterloo.  His eldest son, the fourth Baronet, was a Colonel in the Indian Staff Corps. He was succeeded by his grandson, the fifth Baronet.  He was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Indian Army.  As of 2007 the title is held by his son, the sixth Baronet, who succeeded in 1981.  However he does not use his title.

The Victoria Cross recipient Gonville Bromhead was the youngest son of the third Baronet. The family surname is pronounced "Brumhead".

Gonville Bromhead
Major Gonville Bromhead VC (29 August 1845 – 9 February 1891) was a British Army officer who received the Victoria Cross (the highest award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British armed forces) for his part in the defence of Rorke's Drift in January 1879, in which a small British garrison of 139 soldiers successfully repulsed an assault by some 4,000 Zulu warriors.

Born into a notable military family, Bromhead was brought up in Thurlby, Lincolnshire. He entered the 24th Regiment of Foot as an ensign in 1867 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1871. Bromhead's battalion was deployed to southern Africa in 1878 and subsequently served in the Ninth Cape Frontier War and the Anglo-Zulu War. He spent most of the remainder of his career in south Asia, where he was promoted to major in 1883 and saw service in the Third Anglo-Burmese War. He died in 1891 in Allahabad, India, aged 45.
Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine received widespread international condemnation, leading to new sanctions being imposed on Russia, which triggered a Russian financial crisis. Reactions among governments have most often been negative, with criticism and condemnation, particularly in Europe, the Americas, and Southeast Asia.

International organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have also voiced significant criticism of the invasion, over its not having justifiable precedent. From the early phases of the invasion, the United Nations General Assembly voted to condemn Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.

Economic consequences of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
The economic consequences of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) began in late February 2022, in the days after Russia recognized two breakaway Ukrainian republics and launched an invasion of Ukraine. The subsequent economic sanctions have targeted large parts of the Russian economy, Russian oligarchs, and members of the Russian government. Russia responded in kind. A wave of protests and strikes occurred across Europe against the rising cost of living.

The war in Ukraine has also resulted in significant loss of human capital, destruction of agricultural trading infrastructure, huge damage to production capacity, including through the loss of electricity, and a reduction in private consumption of more than a third relative to pre-war levels.
Soitec
Soitec is a French multinational corporation that manufactures substrates used in the manufacturing of semiconductors.

Soitec's semiconductor materials are used to manufacture chips which are used in smartphones, tablets, computers, IT servers, and data centres. Soitec's products are also found in electronic components used in cars, connected objects (Internet of Things), as well as industrial and medical equipment.

Soitec's flagship product is silicon on insulator (SOI). Materials produced by Soitec come in the form of substrates (also called "wafers"). These are produced as ultra-thin disks that are 200 to 300 mm in diameter and are less than 1 mm thick. These wafers are then etched and cut to be used for microchips in electronics.

Substrate (materials science)
Substrate is a term used in materials science and engineering to describe the base material on which processing is conducted. Surfaces have different uses, including producing new film or layers of material and being a base to which another substance is bonded.
Periploca repanda
Periploca repanda is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by Ronald W. Hodges in 1978. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas, Arizona and California.

The wingspan is about 13 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in September.

Cosmopterigidae
The Cosmopterigidae  are a family of insects (cosmet moths) in the order Lepidoptera. These are small moths with narrow wings whose tiny larvae feed internally on the leaves, seeds and stems of their host plants. About 1500 species have been described. The taxonomic family is most diverse in the Australian and Pacific region with about 780 species.

Several genera formerly included here have been moved to the Agonoxeninae.
Gualdo Tadino Cathedral
Gualdo Tadino Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Gualdo Tadino; Basilica Cattedrale di San Benedetto) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Gualdo Tadino in Umbria, Italy, dedicated to Saint Benedict of Nursia. Formerly a Benedictine abbey church, it became a cathedral in 1915, and is now a co-cathedral in the diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino.

In January 1980 Pope John Paul II granted it the honour of the status of a minor basilica.

Gualdo Tadino
Gualdo Tadino (Latin: Tadinum) is a town in the province of Perugia in northeastern Umbria, on the lower flanks of Monte Penna, a mountain of the Apennines. It is 47 kilometres (29 mi) northeast of Perugia.
Talitha Washington
Talitha Washington (born 1974) is an American mathematician and academic who specializes in applied mathematics and STEM education policy. She was recognized by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree. Washington became the 26th president of the Association for Women in Mathematics in 2023.

Journal of Difference Equations and Applications
Journal of Difference Equations and Applications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Taylor & Francis. Established in 1995, it covers research on theory and applications of difference equations and discrete dynamical systems. Its current editor-in-chief is Saber Elaydi (Trinity University).
William J. Borucki
William J. (Bill) Borucki (born 1939) is a space scientist who worked at the NASA Ames Research Center. Upon joining NASA in 1962, Borucki joined the group conducting research on the heat shield for Apollo program spacecraft. He later turned his attention to the optical efficiency of lightning strikes in the atmospheres of planets, investigating the propensity that these lightning strikes could create molecules that would later become the precursors for life. Subsequently, Borucki's attention turned to extrasolar planets and their detection, particularly through the transit method. In light of this work, Borucki was named the principal investigator for NASA's Kepler space telescope mission, launched on March 7, 2009 and dedicated to a transit-based search for habitable planets. In 2013, Borucki was awarded the United States National Academy of Sciences's Henry Draper Medal for his work with Kepler. In 2015 he received the Shaw Prize in Astronomy.

Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods of detecting exoplanets usually rely on indirect strategies – that is, they do not directly image the planet but deduce its existence from another signal. Any planet is an extremely faint light source compared to its parent star. For example, a star like the Sun is about a billion times as bright as the reflected light from any of the planets orbiting it. In addition to the intrinsic difficulty of detecting such a faint light source, the glare from the parent star washes it out. For those reasons, very few of the exoplanets reported as of June 2025 have been detected directly, with even fewer being resolved from their host star.
National Catholic Educational Association
The National Catholic Educational Association (NCEA) is a private, professional educational membership organization in the United States. It provides professional support and development for educators working in Catholic schools, universities, and religious education programs. According to the organization, NCEA includes more than 150,000 members involved in Catholic education across the country.

National Catholic Welfare Council
The National Catholic Welfare Council (NCWC) was the annual meeting of the American Catholic episcopacy and its standing secretariat; it was established in 1919 as the successor to an emergency wartime organization, the National Catholic War Council. It consisted of a staff of clergy as well as committees of bishops who discussed and sometimes issued statements on matters of national policy such as education, welfare, and health care.  Its successor is the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Kediri
Kediri can refer to:

Kediri (historical kingdom), a medieval kingdom occupying territory in present-day Indonesia

Kediri (city), a modern-day city in East Java, Indonesia
The Kediri meteorite of c. 1940, which fell in East Java, Indonesia (see meteorite falls)

Kediri Regency, a kabupaten in East Java, Indonesia

Kediri, Bali, a district (kecamatan) of Bali, Indonesia

Persedikab Kediri, an association football club based in Kediri Regency

Persik Kediri, an association football club based in Kediri, East Java

Kediri kingdom
Kediri Kingdom or Kadiri, also known as Panjalu, was a Hindu-Buddhist Javanese kingdom based in East Java from 1042 until 1222 (1292–1293 under Jayakatwang). This kingdom is centered in the ancient city Dahanapura, despite the lack of archaeological remains, the age of Kediri saw much development in classical literature. Mpu Sedah's Kakawin Bharatayuddha, Mpu Panuluh's  Gatotkacasraya, and Mpu Dharmaja's Smaradhana blossomed in this era. The kingdom's capital is believed to have been established in the western part of the Brantas River valley, somewhere near modern Kediri city and surrounding Kediri Regency.
Loco Motive (album)
Loco Motive is an album by American country rapper Cowboy Troy. Released in 2005 as his first album for Warner Bros. Records, it features the single "I Play Chicken with the Train", which rose to 48 on the Hot Country Songs chart in 2005. The other singles "If You Don't Wanna Love Me" and "My Last Yee Haw" were also released, although neither charted.

Sarah Buxton
Sarah Jane Buxton (born July 3, 1980) is an American country music singer formerly signed to the independent Lyric Street Records. Between 2006 and 2008, she issued three singles from an extended play titled Almost My Record, in addition to co-writing her song "Stupid Boy", which was later recorded by Keith Urban.  She released her self-titled debut album in early 2010, led off by the Top 25 single "Outside My Window," shortly before Lyric Street Records closed.
The Origin of Fire
The Origin of Fire (in Finnish: Tulen synty), Op. 32, is a single-movement, patriotic cantata for baritone, male choir, and orchestra written in 1902 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The piece, which is a setting of Runo XLVII (lines 41–110) of the Kalevala, Finland's national epic, is chronologically the fourth of Sibelius's nine orchestral cantatas.

It premiered on 9 April 1902 at the opening of the Finnish National Theatre, conducted by the composer. It was later revised in 1910. Some of the sketches for the piece can be related back to 1893 to 1894.

Patriotism
Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to one's country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to nationalism, mostly civic nationalism and sometimes cultural nationalism.
Bogatyr Neznay
Bogatyr Neznay (Russian: Богатырь Незнай) is a folktale collected from a Bashkir source by ethnographer Aleksandr G. Bassonov. It deals with a friendship between a merchant's son and a magic horse that are forced to flee for their lives due to the boy's own mother, and reach another kingdom, where the boy adopts another identity by only uttering the words "Ne znayu" ("I don't know").

Tales where the hero is instructed by his horse to always utter "I don't know" (or a variation thereof) are reported particularly in Russia, in Finland, in the Baltic Countries and in Hungary. In the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, it has been subsumed under new type ATU 314, "Goldener", with an alternate introductory episode: evil stepmother or mother persecutes hero and his horse.

Oral literature
Oral literature, orature, or folk literature is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is written, though much oral literature has been transcribed. There is no standard definition, as anthropologists have used varying descriptions for oral literature or folk literature. A broad conceptualization refers to it as literature characterized by oral transmission and the absence of any fixed form. It includes the stories, legends, and history passed through generations in a spoken form.