hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abdul Jalil Shah IV of Johor
Paduka Sri Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil IV Ri’ayat Shah Zillu’llah fi al-’Alam bin Dato’ Bendahara Sri Maharaja Tun Habib Abdul Majid (or simply as Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV, born Tun Abdul Jalil) was the Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Johor and Pahang and their dependencies, who reigned from 1699 to 1718.

He was the eldest son of Bendahara Tun Habib Abdul Majid who initially succeeded his father as the Bendahara of Johor in 1697. Following the death of Mahmud Shah II without an heir in 1699, Abdul Jalil was proclaimed as the next sultan.

Kota Tinggi
Kota Tinggi is a town and the capital of Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia.

Kuala Sedili or Tanjung Sedili, a small fishing town located 37 km north-east of Kota Tinggi town, is the second largest fishing port in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
Hawke's Bay rugby league team
The Hawke's Bay rugby league team are a New Zealand rugby league team that represents the Hawke's Bay Rugby League in New Zealand Rugby League competitions. They are nicknamed the Unicorns. They competed in the Lion Red Cup between 1994 and 1996.

Lion Red Cup
The Lion Red Cup  was a New Zealand domestic rugby league competition that ran from 1994 to 1996 sponsored by brewers Lion Nathan. It was created due to the increase in public awareness of domestic rugby league due to the Auckland Warriors being accepted into the Winfield Cup. The competition was a huge success in its inaugural year, although it made a massive loss financially. Throughout its three-year history it continued to make a loss, eventually being scrapped by the New Zealand Rugby League.
ISO 3166-2:SL
ISO 3166-2:SL is the entry for Sierra Leone in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g. provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Sierra Leone, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for one area and four provinces. The Western Area contains the capital of the country Freetown and has special status equal to the provinces.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is SL, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Sierra Leone. The second part is one or two letters.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Rosa Lee Ingram
Rosa Lee Ingram (July 23, 1902 – August 5, 1980) was an African-American sharecropper and widowed mother of 12 children in Georgia, who was at the center of one of the most explosive capital punishment cases in U.S. history.  In the 1940s, she became an icon for the civil rights and social justice movement.

Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a legal arrangement in which a landowner allows a tenant (sharecropper) to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land. Sharecropping is different from tenant farming, which provides the tenant greater autonomy, and higher economic and social status.

Sharecropping may be a traditional arrangement of land governed by law. The French métayage, the Catalan masoveria, the Castilian mediero, the Polish połownictwo and Russian izdolshchina, the Italian mezzadria, and the Islamic system of muzara‘a (المزارعة), are examples of legal systems that have supported sharecropping.
Ovacık, Silifke
Ovacık is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Silifke, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 972 (2022). It is situated in the southern slopes of Toros Mountains and to the north of Silifke. It is 17 kilometres (11 mi) to Silifke and 97 kilometres (60 mi) to Mersin. Ovacık is situated in a region full of archaeological ruins.

Taurus Mountains
The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları or Toroslar; Kurdish: Çiyayên Torosê) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the east. It is a part of the Alpide belt in Eurasia.
Toulouse tramway
The Toulouse tramway (French: Tramway de Toulouse) is a two-line tram system in Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France, and operates from Toulouse to the suburb of Beauzelle, passing through Blagnac. The Line T1 tramway serves 24 stations, and runs over of a route that is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long. Including the three-station, 2.4-kilometre (1.5 mi) branch line of Line T2 which opened in April 2015, the entire Toulouse tramway serves 27 stations and is based on the Alstom Citadis 302 family of low-floor trains.

The system and its fare structure is incorporated into the Tisséo network of Toulouse, which also includes the Toulouse Metro.

Blagnac
Blagnac (French pronunciation: [blaɲak]; Occitan: Blanhac) is a commune of the greater Toulouse area in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. The city hosts the aviation museum Aeroscopia and the corporate headquarters and major manufacturing operations of Airbus.

It is the third-largest suburb of the city of Toulouse, although governed by a separate council, and is adjacent to it on the northwest side. It is a member of the Toulouse Métropole.
Bashu
Bashu can refer to:

Bashu, the Little Stranger

Bashu or Ba–Shu, a region associated with modern-day Chongqing and Sichuan, named due to the ancient Chinese state of Ba and the independent Kingdom of Shu coinciding with the Shang and Zhou dynasties
Ba–Shu Chinese, also known as Old Sichuanese, an extinct Sinitic (Chinese) language spoken in Sichuan
Ba–Shu culture

Bashu Secondary School, located in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China

Bashu, the Little Stranger
Bashu, the Little Stranger (Persian: باشو غریبه کوچک, romanized: Bashu, Gharibeye Koochak), is a 1986 Iranian drama film directed by Bahram Beizai. The film was produced in 1986, and was released in 1989. This multi-ethnic film was the first Iranian film to make use of Gilaki, a northern language of Iran, in a serious context rather than comic relief. Susan Taslimi playing the main character, Naii, is a Gilak herself. The cast included Farrokhlagha Houshmand (playing the sister in law).

The Institute for Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (IIDCYA) helped produce the film. Bashu, the Little Stranger was voted the "Best Iranian Film of all time" in November 1999 by a Persian movie magazine "Picture world" poll of 150 Iranian critics and professionals.
Sambrini Targone
Sambrini Targone is a deputy of the opposition party PDP (Democratic Pan-African Party in Togo's National Assembly. He was elected in the Dankpen prefecture (Northern Togo) as part of the rainbow coalition during the 2013 Togolese parliamentary election. Deputy Targone name came out of the shadow in Togo after his infamous June 2014 arrest for crime the Togolese government claims he committed 5 years earlier. Opposition parties consider the arrest as politically motivated and a way to silence a deputy who had taken a seat from the regime's stronghold and increasingly criticism the president in the region. “We fear for tomorrow, for the future of our country. We have been told the head of state is a man of peace, but his actions have nothing to do with peace” said Mr Paul Dodji Apevon, leader of CAR in reaction to Mr Targone arrest. As term of the deputy bail, a Lomé court banned him from traveling to his circonscription in Dankpen prefecture.

Lomé
Lomé (UK: /ˈloʊmeɪ/ LOH-may, US: /loʊˈmeɪ/ loh-MAY) is the capital and largest city of Togo. It has an urban population of 837,437 while there were 2,188,376 permanent residents in its metropolitan area as of the 2022 census. Located on the Gulf of Guinea at the southwest corner of the country, with its entire western border along the easternmost edge of Ghana's Volta Region, Lomé is the country's administrative and industrial center, which includes an oil refinery. It is also the country's chief port, from where it exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and oil palm kernels.

Its city limits extends to the border with Ghana, located a few hundred meters west of the city center, to the Ghanaian city of Aflao and the South Ketu district where the city is situated, had 160,756 inhabitants in 2010. The cross-border agglomeration of which Lomé is the centre has about 2 million inhabitants as of 2020.
Górne, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Górne [ˈɡurnɛ] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Pyrzyce, within Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) east of Pyrzyce and 42 km (26 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Pyrzyce County
Pyrzyce County (Polish: powiat pyrzycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pyrzyce, which lies 38 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Lipiany, lying 16 km (10 mi) south of Pyrzyce.

The county covers an area of 725.71 square kilometres (280.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 39,931, out of which the population of Pyrzyce is 12,642, that of Lipiany is 4,124, and the rural population is 23,165.
Brygada Częstochowa
Brygada Częstochowa was a football team from Częstochowa, Poland. The team was supported by Częstochowa's garrison of the Polish Army and in the 1930s, it played in regional soccer A-Class tournament of the Kielce region. Brygada unsuccessfully tried to get promoted to the Polish Soccer League. Its most famous player was goalkeeper Adolf Krzyk.

Polish Land Forces
The Land Forces (Polish: Wojska Lądowe) are the ground forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 110,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military history stretches back a millennium – since the 10th century (see List of Polish wars and History of the Polish Army). Poland's modern army was formed after Poland regained independence following World War I in 1918.
Salomėja Zaksaitė
Salomėja Zaksaitė (born 25 July 1985 in Kaunas) is a Lithuanian chess player with the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM), scholar of criminal law and criminologist. She was 2014, 2016 and 2025 Lithuanian Women's champion, 1999 and 2013 Lithuanian Women's vice-champion.

Mykolas Romeris University
Mykolas Romeris University (MRU) is the largest specialized university for social sciences and humanities in Lithuania located in Vilnius, Kaunas and Marijampolė. It is named after the patriarch of Lithuania‘s Constitutional Law Professor Mykolas Romeris (1880-1945).

MRU offers a wide range of social science study programs, making up 95% of its entire academic portfolio (according to the AIKOS database).

The university is one of the most international higher education institutions in Lithuania, welcoming students from over 40 countries and being an active participant in the Erasmus+ programme. MRU is also a member of the European Reform University Alliance (ERUA), collaborating with more than 200 international partners.

MRU’s strategy is based on three pillars: global citizenship education, value-driven research, and societal impact. The university actively contributes to scientific research, social innovation, and sustainable development.
Gagik Harutyunyan
Gagik Garushi Harutyunyan (Armenian: Գագիկ Գարուշի Հարությունյան; born 23 March 1948) is an Armenian politician and jurist who served as the president of the Constitutional Court of Armenia from 1996 to 2018. He served as Prime Minister of Armenia from 22 November 1991 to 30 July 1992.

Harutyunyan was elected as Vice President of Levon Ter-Petrossian and served from 11 November 1991 until February 1996, when the post was abolished by the new constitution. As replacement, the National Assembly elected him as the president of the center of constitutional law of Armenia.

Constitutional Court of Armenia
The Constitutional Court of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության սահմանադրական դատարան, romanized: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yan sahmanadrakan dataran) is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Armenia. It is responsible for supervising the constitutionality of laws and other legislative instruments. The law of the constitutional court is defined in the Armenian constitution and by statute. The court, established in 1995, is located in Yerevan.
Catharina Heybeek
Catharina Heybeek (6 March 1764 – 26 May 1810) was a politically active Dutch journalist, feminist and editor. She was born in Rotterdam.

Heybeek was arrested and sentenced to three years for Sedition in 1798. She belonged to the radical democrats who were active in the radical paper Nationaale Bataafsche Courant after the Batavian Revolution of 1795. From prison, she smuggled out letters urging the women to rebel against the regime. She died in Zaltbommel, aged 56.

Sedition
Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech or organization, that tends toward rebellion against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent toward, or insurrection against, established authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel. A seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interest of sedition.

Because sedition is overt, it is typically not considered a subversive act, and the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary by jurisdiction.
Bait and bleed
Bait and bleed is a military strategy described by international relations theorist John J. Mearsheimer in his book on offensive realism, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001). The aim is to induce rival states to engage in a protracted war of attrition against each other "so that they bleed each other white", while the baiter who encouraged the conflict remains on the sidelines and maintains its military strength.

Mearsheimer cites as an example Russia's efforts to provoke Austria and Prussia into war with France shortly after the French Revolution, evidenced by Catherine the Great's statement to her secretary in 1791: "I am racking my brains in order to push the courts of Vienna and Berlin into French affairs. ... There are reasons I cannot talk about; I want to get them involved in that business to have my hands free. I have much unfinished business, and it's necessary for them to be kept busy and out of my way."

Offensive realism
Offensive realism is a structural theory in international relations which belongs to the neorealist school of thought and was put forward by the political scholar John Mearsheimer in response to defensive realism. Offensive realism holds that the anarchic nature of the international system is responsible for the promotion of aggressive state behavior in international politics. The theory fundamentally differs from defensive realism by depicting great powers as power-maximizing revisionists privileging buck-passing and self-promotion over balancing strategies in their consistent aim to dominate the international system. The theory provides important alternative views and understanding as well as often-accurate prediction of behaviors of individual states, but it remains a subject of criticism.
Catherine Rodland
Catherine R. Rodland is an organist and church musician best known for her recitals throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe.  She also holds a teaching position at St. Olaf College.

Rodland graduated from St. Olaf College in 1987, and received M.M. and D.M.A. degrees from the Eastman School of Music, where she was a student of Russell Saunders.  She was a prizewinner in the 1994 and 1998 AGO Young Artists Competitions and the 1994 Calgary International Organ Competition. She was also awarded first prize in the 1989 International Organ Competition at the University of Michigan.

Currently, she is Artist in Residence at St. Olaf College. At St. Olaf, Rodland teaches a full studio of organ students as well as music theory and ear training classes.

American Guild of Organists
The American Guild of Organists (AGO) is "the national professional association serving the organ and choral music fields. The Guild serves approximately 250 chapters and 10,000 members throughout the United States and abroad. The mission of the American Guild of Organists is to foster a thriving community of musicians who share their knowledge and inspire passion for the organ." It is a non-profit corporation headquartered in New York and registered under section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. tax code since 1955.

Membership is not limited to professional organists, but is open to anybody with an interest in organs and organ music.  As of 2026, there are approximately 10,000 voting members in all categories of membership. The AGO's current president is Eileen Hunt, elected in 2022.

The guild seeks to set and maintain high musical standards and to promote understanding and appreciation of all aspects of organ and choral music.
Everett Ferguson
Everett Ferguson (born February 18, 1933) currently serves as Distinguished Scholar in Residence at Abilene Christian University in Abilene, Texas. He is author of numerous books on early Christian studies and served as co-editor of the Journal of Early Christian Studies.

Journal of Early Christian Studies
The Journal of Early Christian Studies is an academic journal founded in 1993 and is the official publication of the North American Patristics Society. It is devoted to the study of patristics, that is Christianity in the ancient period of roughly 100–700 C.E. The current editor is Ellen Muehlberger of The University of Michigan. The journal is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the Johns Hopkins University Press.

All articles submitted for review must be original work that makes a substantial scholarly contribution to the study of early Christianity 100-700 C.E. on the basis of wide engagement with the primary sources in the original languages and relevant scholarship on the topic in multiple languages.

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Current Contents/Arts & Humanities, MLA International Bibliography, and the Social Sciences Citation Index (partial coverage).
Mickey Free
Mickey Free (1848/1851 - 1914), Apache name Mig-gan-la-iae, birth name Felix Telles, was an Apache Indian scout and bounty hunter on the American frontier. Following his kidnapping by Apaches as a child (an event which led to the Bascom Affair), he was raised as one and became a warrior. Later he joined the U.S. Army's Apache Scouts, serving at Fort Verde between December 1874 and May 1878 and was given the nickname Mickey Free.

Fort Verde State Historic Park
Fort Verde State Historic Park in the town of Camp Verde, Arizona is a small park that attempts to preserve parts of the Apache Wars-era fort as it appeared in the 1880s. The park was established in 1970 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places a year later.
18th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment
The 18th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment (Malay: Batalion ke-18, Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja (Payung Terjun)), abbreviated 18 RAMD (Para) from its local name, is a battalion-sized airborne infantry unit of the Malaysian Army's Royal Malay Regiment. The 18 RAMD is the newest conventional infantry unit to be promoted to an airborne unit, and they have now officially been part of the Malaysian Army's elite 10 Parachute Brigade since 21 February 2018.

Royal Malay Regiment
The Royal Malay Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Askar Melayu DiRaja; Jawi: ريجيمن عسکر ملايو دراج‎) is the premier unit of the Malaysian Army's three infantry regiments. At its largest, the Malay Regiment comprised 27 battalions. At present, three battalions are parachute trained and form part of the Malaysian Army Rapid Deployment Force. Another three battalions have been converted into mechanised infantry battalions while the remaining battalions are standard light infantry. The 1st Battalion Royal Malay Regiment acts as the ceremonial foot guards battalion for the King of Malaysia, and is usually accompanied by the Central Band of the Royal Malay Regiment. As its name suggests, the regiment only recruits ethnic Malays.
Überetsch Railway
The Überetsch Railway (German: Überetscher Bahn; Italian: Transatesina) connected Bolzano with the Mendel Funicular. This line was part of a rail sightseeing tour around the Mendelpass. The tour was made up of five railway lines and was often used by tourists.

Mendel Pass
The Mendel Pass (German: Mendelpass or Mendel, Italian: Passo della Mendola, Passo Mendola or Mendola [ˈmendola]) is a 1,362 metre-high mountain pass in the Nonsberg Group of the Southern Rhaetian Alps between the provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol in Italy.
Les Chapple
Leslie Richard Chapple (9 November 1898 – 23 January 1982) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Chapple was already 27 when he began his Footscray career, having previously played for Eaglehawk in the Bendigo Football League, before moving to Melbourne for work reasons. He was one of three Footscray players to appear in all 18 games of the 1926 VFL season and was their joint leading goal-kicker with 42 goals, sharing the honours with Allan Hopkins. A representative of the Victoria "B" side on two occasions, Chapple was the leading goal-kicker outright in 1927, kicking 32 goals. He was cleared to Yarraville in 1928.

Yarraville Football Club
The Yarraville Football Club, nicknamed the Eagles, was an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Yarraville. It founded in 1903 and competed in Victorian Football Association (VFA) from 1928 until going into recess in 1984.

The club's home ground, Yarraville Oval, is now used by the Yarraville Seddon Eagles, but the modern-day club is not considered part of the Yarraville Football Club lineage.