hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zivildienst
Zivildienst is the German denomination for the alternative civilian service for conscripted persons who are conscientious objectors to fulfill their national service, typically in the fields of social work (e.g. hospitals, retirement homes, emergency medical services) and, although rarely, environmental protection, agriculture, and public administration. As such, it is exempt from the general ban of forced labor by the European Convention on Human Rights.

The word itself is German, translated verbatim to "Civilian Service", although "compulsory community service" is more contextually equivalent. However,  the official translation in German is "alternative civilian service" as the civilian branch of the national service systems in Austria and Switzerland. The drafted person to "Zivildienst" is "Zivildiener" in Austria and "Zivildienstleistender" in Switzerland, commonly called "Zivi" in both countries.

Environmental protection
Environmental protection, or environment protection, refers to the taking of measures to protecting the natural environment, prevent pollution and maintain ecological balance. Action may be taken by individuals, advocacy groups and governments. Objectives include the conservation of the existing natural environment and natural resources and, when possible, repair of damage and reversal of harmful trends.

Due to the pressures of overconsumption, population growth and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the 1960s, environmental movements have created more awareness of the multiple environmental problems. There is disagreement on the extent of the environmental impact of human activity, so protection measures are occasionally debated.
Dotless J
ȷ is a modified letter of the Latin alphabet, obtained by writing the lowercase letter j without a dot.

Dotless j was formerly used in Karelian to mark palatalisation. It is also found in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet, in an Adyghe orthography from 1922, a transcription of Khakas by Vasily Radlov and in the Basque orthography of Sabino Arana.

Vasily Radlov
Vasily Vasilievich Radlov (Russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Ра́длов), born Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (17 January [O.S. 5 January] 1837 – 12 May 1918) was a German and Russian linguist, ethnographer, and archaeologist, often considered to be the founder of Turkology, the scientific study of Turkic peoples. He was the first to publish the Orhon inscriptions (though he did not succeed in deciphering them).
Miss Sincerity
Miss Sincerity is a studio album by American country artist, Billie Jo Spears. It was released in November 1969 via Capitol Records and contained ten tracks. The disc featured several covers of popular songs of the era, along with several songs about social issues. Among the latter was the track "Stepchild", which was the only single included. Miss Sincerity was Spears's second to make the American country albums chart and was reviewed favorably by critics.

Mr. Walker, It's All Over
"Mr. Walker, It's All Over" is a song written by Gene Crysler that was originally recorded by American country artist, Billie Jo Spears. It was released as a single via Capitol Records and reached the top ten of North American country charts in 1969. It also reached charting positions on the North American pop charts. The song described how a New York City secretary fought sexual harassment and discrimination in the work place. It became Spears's breakthrough commercial success and was followed by a corresponding album of the same name.
FL3 (flavagline)
FL3 is a synthetic flavagline that displays potent anticancer and cardioprotectant activities. This compound induces the death of cancer cells by an original mechanism that involves the apoptosis-inducing factor and caspase 12, suggesting that it may improve the efficacy of cancer chemotherapies. It was also shown that FL3 may enhance the efficacy of one of the most widely used anticancer agents, doxorubicin, and alleviate its main adverse effect, cardiac damage.

Caspase 12
Caspase 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CASP12 gene. The protein belongs to a family of enzymes called caspases which cleave their substrates at C-terminal aspartic acid residues.  It is closely related to caspase 1 and other members of the caspase family, known as inflammatory caspases, which process and activate inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 and interleukin 18.
2007–08 Essex Senior Football League
The 2007–08 season was the 37th in the history of Essex Senior Football League a football competition in England.

The league featured 15 clubs which competed in the league last season, along with two new clubs:

Enfield 1893, new club formed after Enfield folded

Mauritius Sports & Pennant, promoted from the Middlesex County League

Concord Rangers were champions, winning their third Essex Senior League title and were promoted to the Isthmian League for the first time in their history.

Essex Senior Football League
The Essex Senior Football League is an English men's football league. It contains clubs from the Essex FA, Hertfordshire FA, London FA, Middlesex FA and the Amateur Football Alliance. It is a feeder league to Division One North of the Isthmian League and has a single division which sits at Step 5 (or Level 9) of the National League System.
Kanak Mal Katara
Kanak Mal Katara is a former Member of Parliament from Banswara Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan. He is a former member of Rajya Sabha and former cabinet minister in Government of Rajasthan.
He held the portfolios of Woman and Child Development, Tribal Area Development, and GAD and was elected to Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Sagwara in Dungarpur district. He is a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party.

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (ISO: Rājāsthān Vidhān Sabhā), is the unicameral legislature of the state of Rajasthan. It is a vital part of the state government, responsible for making and implementing laws.

The assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan situated in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.
Arg of Karim Khan
The Arg of Karim Khan (Persian: ارگ کریم خان, Arg-e Karim Khān) or Karim Khan Citadel, is a citadel located in downtown Shiraz, Iran. It was built as part of a complex during the Zand era. It is named after Karim Khan Zand, and served as his living quarters. It is rectangular in shape and resembles a medieval fortress. In the past, the citadel was sometimes used as a prison. Today, it is a museum operated by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.

Citadel
A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city, meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.

In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system.
Cutral Có
Cutral Có is a city in the Confluencia Department of Neuquén Province in Argentina. It is part of the statistical area formed with neighboring Plaza Huincul.

The settlement is located in the desert, it was founded in 1933 after the discovery of oil. The majority of the economy is based on the petrochemical industry. Cutral-Có is home to several multinational corporations such as Repsol-YPF and Petrobras.

Following the 1992 privatization of YPF, thousands of people lost their jobs in the city's important industrial action.

There are plans to transport water from the Río Neuquén in order to introduce agriculture to the region.

The city used to have its own airport.

Petrobras
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., better known by and trading as the portmanteau Petrobras (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌpɛtɾoˈbɾas, pet-]), is a Brazilian majority state-owned multinational corporation in the petroleum industry, which is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation.

The company was ranked #71 in the 2023 Fortune Global 500 list. In the 2023 Forbes Global 2000, Petrobras was ranked as the 58th-largest public company in the world.
Mario Fernández Alcocer
Mario Alberto Fernández Alcocer (born May 23, 1979) is a Colombian politician and lawyer, formerly a member of the Liberal Party.

Fernández Alcocer has served as Congressman, serving as Senator of Colombia between July 20, 2014, to July 20, 2018.

Colombian Liberal Party
The Colombian Liberal Party (Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano; PLC) is a  centre-left political party in Colombia. It was founded as a classical liberal party but later developed a more social-democratic tradition, joining the Socialist International in 1999.

The Liberal Party along with the Colombian Conservative Party dominated the Colombian political scene from the end of the 19th century until 2002, in bipartisan political hegemony. The two parties were in direct military conflict between 1948 and 1958, during the civil war period known as La Violencia, after which they established the "National Front", agreeing to rotate power, intercalating for a period of four presidential terms. The election victory of independent candidate Álvaro Uribe in 2002 put an end to dominance of two party politics in Colombia.

Currently, the Liberal Party is the largest party in Congress and supported the left-wing presidency of Gustavo Petro until leaving Petro's coalition on 28 November 2023.
Pandora mine
The Pandora mine is a large open pit mine located in the north-eastern part of South Africa in Rustenburg, North West. Pandora represents one of the largest platinum reserves in South Africa having estimated reserves of 28.4 million oz of platinum. The mine produces around 39,000 oz of platinum/year.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Centre for Life
The Centre for Life is a science village in Newcastle upon Tyne where scientists, clinicians, educationalists and business people work to promote the advancement of the life sciences. The centre is a registered charity, governed by a board of trustees, which receives no public funding.

Clinician
A clinician is a health care professional typically employed at a skilled nursing facility or clinic. Clinicians work directly with patients rather than in a laboratory, community health setting or in research. A clinician may diagnose, treat and care for patients as a psychologist, clinical pharmacist, clinical scientist, nurse, occupational therapist, speech-language pathologist, physiotherapist, dentist, optometrist, physician assistant, clinical officer, physician, paramedic, or chaplain. Clinicians undergo and take comprehensive training and exams to be licensed and some complete graduate degrees (master's or doctorates) in their field of expertise.

The main function of a clinician is to manage a sick person in order to cure their illness, reduce pain and suffering, and extend life considering the impact of illness upon the patient and their family as well as other social factors.
Phthiotis Football Clubs Association
Phthiotis Football Clubs Association (Greek: Ένωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Φθιώτιδας) is a association football organization in Phthiotis that is part of Hellenic Football Federation. It was formed in 1951 as Phthiotis-Phocis Union (Ένωση Φθιωτιδοφωκίδας, Enossi Phthiotidophokidas) and included teams from Phthiotis and the neighbouring prefectures of Phocis and Evrytania. The Phocis FCA was formed in the 1985–86 season and later its organization in Evrytania was created in 1990. Its offices and headquarters is located at Othonos Street in the city of Lamia, in People's Square. The association currently has three divisions: the A1 division which features 18 clubs, the Premier and the second division.  The winner of the A1 Division enters the national Fourth Division, teams finished 15th–18th relegates to the Premier division.

1990–91 Alpha Ethniki
The 1990–91 Alpha Ethniki was the 55th season of the highest football league of Greece. The season began on 16 September 1990 and ended on 2 June 1991. Panathinaikos won their second consecutive and 16th Greek title.

The point system was: Win: 2 points - Draw: 1 point.
Lynching of Joe Winters
Joe Winters was a 20-year-old African-American man who was lynched in Conroe, Montgomery County, Texas by a mob on May 20, 1922. According to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary it was the 27th of 61 lynchings during 1922 in the United States.

Lynching
Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged or convicted transgressor or to intimidate others. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle (often in the form of a hanging) for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in all societies.

In the United States, where the word lynching likely originated, the practice became associated with vigilante justice on the frontier and mob attacks on African Americans accused of crimes. The latter became frequent in the South during the period after the Reconstruction era, especially during the nadir of American race relations. Black people are thought to be the primary victims of lynching in the U.S. (about 72% of the total).
Anders Jormin
Anders Bertil Michael Jormin (born 7 September 1957) is a Swedish bassist and composer.

Jormin established a musical partnership with Bobo Stenson in the mid-1980s which led to international recognition playing with Charles Lloyd, in the early 1990s. In the late 1990s he also performed regularly with Polish trumpeter Tomasz Stańko.

Jorman has played and toured internationally with many musicians including Elvin Jones, Don Cherry, Lee Konitz, Joe Henderson, Paul Motian, Rita Marcotulli, Norma Winstone, Mike Mainieri, Mats Gustafsson, Albert Mangelsdorff, Dino Saluzzi, Marilyn Crispell, and Kenny Wheeler.

Anders Jormin also teaches double bass and improvisation and holds a Professorial post at the Academy of Music and Drama at University of Gothenburg since 2002. In 1995 he undertook a visiting professorship at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki. The same appointed him Doctor honores causa (honorary doctorate) in 2003.

Joe Henderson
Joe Henderson (April 24, 1937 – June 30, 2001) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and very occasional flute player. In a career spanning more than four decades, Henderson played with many of the leading American players of his day and recorded for several prominent labels, including Blue Note, Milestone, Contemporary Records and Verve.
Larrakeyah
Larrakeyah is an inner suburb of Darwin, the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory. It is the traditional country and waterways of the Larrakia people. It was one of the first parts of the city to be developed, and borders the Darwin Central Business District.

At the 2016 Census, there were 3,729 people in Larrakeyah. 54.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.3%, Philippines 4.0% and New Zealand 2.7%. 66.0% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 31.8% and Catholic 23.5%. The suburb is located within the federal electorate of Solomon and the territory electorate of Port Darwin.

Division of Solomon
The Division of Solomon is an Australian Electoral Division in the Northern Territory. It is largely coextensive with the Darwin/Palmerston metropolitan area. The only other division in the territory, the Division of Lingiari, covers the remainder of the territory.
Ken Richards
Kenneth "Ken" Henry Llewellyn Richards (29 January 1934 – 8 January 1972) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales, and at club level for Bedwas RFC, Cardiff RFC and Bridgend RFC, as a fly-half, and club level rugby league (RL) for Salford. Noted for his drop-goals, Ken Richards would often take penalties and conversions using the drop goal method rather than placing the ball, during September 1961 he scored a drop goal penalty against Doncaster from 55 yards (50 metres).

Bedwas RFC
Bedwas RFC (Welsh: Clwb Rygbi Bedwas) is a rugby union club located in the Welsh town of Bedwas. Bedwas has two senior teams, their 1st XV competing in the Welsh Championship and their development side, the Bedwas Barbarians. The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for Dragons regional team.
Rebecca Harms
Rebecca Harms (born 7 December 1956) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. She is a member of the Alliance '90/The Greens, part of the European Green Party. From 2010 until 2016 she served as president of The Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European Parliament.

European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy
The Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) is a committee of the European Parliament. Its areas of responsibility relate to industry, especially technology-intensive manufacturing, information technology, and telecommunications. It also coordinates European space policy and therefore has ties with the European Space Agency. It has oversight duties in relation to the Joint Research Centre and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, as well as similar projects. In the past, the ITRE committee also dealt with transport matters. However this policy field has been transferred over to a dedicated Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism.

The committee's current chair is Borys Budka.
Ngawaka Taurua
Ngawaka Taurua (died 28 April 1888) was leader of Ngāti Hine, a sub-tribe (hapū) of Ngāti Ruanui, a New Zealand Māori tribe (iwi) in the area south of Mount Taranaki.

Taurua taught at Patea under the Wesleyan catechist William Hough in the 1840s. He would later petition the Wesleyan Church for a minister, and was ultimately responsible for the erection of three churches: Tūtahi, south of Whenuakura, in 1883; Te Takerei-o-Aotea, at Manutahi, in 1888; and Te Kapenga, at Hukatere, in 1889.

In the 1886 by-election in the Western Maori electorate, Taurua came last out of five candidates.

Taurua died 28 April 1888 and was buried at Hukatere.

Wesleyan Church
The Wesleyan Church, also known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church or Wesleyan Holiness Church depending on the region, is a United States-based Christian denomination headquartered in Fishers, Indiana, with congregations across North America, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Indonesia, and Australia. The church is aligned with the Holiness movement and has roots in the teachings of British preacher John Wesley. It adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian doctrine and is a member of the World Methodist Council. Wesleyan Life is the official publication; Global Partners the official nonprofit missions organization.

In 2017, there were 140,954 members in 1,607 congregations in North America, and an average worship attendance of 239,842. In 2020, the number of congregations in the United States was 1,463.
Himegamisha Shrine, Nara
The Himegamisha Shrine (Japanese: 比売神社, Himegamisha) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nara, in Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is built in 1981 by the people of this neighborhood on the tomb called Hime-zuka (princess' tomb) that is estimated to be a burial place of Princess Tōchi, an Empress-consort of Emperor Kōbun. It is a sessha (subsidiary shrine) of the Kagami Shrine.

Nara (city)
Nara (奈良市, Nara-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜ.ɾa, na.ɾaꜜ.ɕi] ⓘ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture, Japan. As of 2022, Nara has an estimated population of 367,353 according to World Population Review, making it the largest city in Nara Prefecture and sixth-largest in the Kansai region of Honshu. Nara is a core city located in the northern part of Nara Prefecture bordering the Kyoto Prefecture.

Nara was the capital of Japan during the Nara period from 710 to 784 as the seat of the Emperor before the capital was moved to Nagaoka-kyō, except for the years 740 to 745, when the capital was placed in Kuni-kyō, Naniwa-kyō and Shigaraki Palace. Nara is home to eight major historic temples, shrines, and heritage sites, specifically Tōdai-ji, Saidai-ji, Kōfuku-ji, Kasuga Shrine, Gangō-ji, Yakushi-ji, Tōshōdai-ji, and the Heijō Palace, together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest, collectively form the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Positive airway pressure
Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea. PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with respiratory failure, in newborn infants (neonates), and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths. In these patients, PAP ventilation can prevent the need for tracheal intubation, or allow earlier extubation. Sometimes patients with neuromuscular diseases use this variety of ventilation as well.

Variations include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bi-level positive airway pressure (BPAP). BPAP has two pressure settings: the prescribed pressure for inhalation (ipap), and a lower pressure for exhalation (epap); the dual settings allow the patient to get more air in and out of their lungs.

Neuromuscular disease
A neuromuscular disease is any disease affecting the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the neuromuscular junctions, or skeletal muscles, all of which are components of the motor unit. Damage to any of these structures can cause muscle atrophy and weakness. Issues with sensation can also occur.

Neuromuscular diseases can be acquired or genetic. Mutations of more than 650 genes have shown to be causes of neuromuscular diseases. Other causes include nerve or muscle degeneration, autoimmunity, toxins, medications, malnutrition, metabolic derangements, hormone imbalances, infection, nerve compression/entrapment, comprised blood supply, and trauma.
Brimhall Nizhoni, New Mexico
Brimhall Nizhoni (Navajo: Maʼii Tééh Yitłizhí) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 286 at the 2020 census, up from 199 in 2010. The Navajo Coyote Canyon Chapter House is located in Brimhall.

Chapter (Navajo Nation)
A chapter is the most local form of government on the Navajo Nation. The Nation is broken into five agencies. Each agency contains chapters; currently there are 110 local chapters, each with their own chapter house. Chapters are semi-self autonomous, being able to decide most matters which concern their own chapter. Typically, they meet in a Chapter house (Navajo: Áłah nidaʼadleeh dah bighan), where they can also express their opinions to their Navajo Nation Council Delegate, although those opinions are non-binding. As of January 2004, there were a total of 110 such meeting places in existence. Currently there are 24 delegates who represent the 110 chapters. The number of delegates was reduced from 88 in the 2010 election.