hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vishnu nicolo seal
The Vishnu nicolo seal is a "finely engraved" oval agate seal (1.4 inches by 1.05 inch) from the Gandhara region, dated to the 4th century CE. Since 1892 it has been in the British Museum. Nicolo is an abbreviation of the Italian onicolo, meaning "little onyx", a type of stone, often made of different layers in various shades of blue, used for intagli.

The seal depicts a four-armed deity, probably Vishnu or Vāsudeva, being prayed by a royal devotee. The deity holds Vishnu's classical attributes: the gada club, the chakra discus, the wheel and the lotus.  There is a two-line inscription and a monogram by the worshipper's feet.

The British Museum describes the inscription as "Bactrian", transliterating it: "(1) saso reo iastoo (2) algo", translated as: "Sas-re(w) the leader of worship (?)".

It was found in what was then the North-West Frontier Province of British India, now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan.

Alexander Cunningham
Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham KCIE CSI (23 January 1814 – 28 November 1893) was a British Army engineer with the Bengal Sappers who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India. In 1861, he was appointed to the newly created position of archaeological surveyor to the government of India; and he founded and organised what later became the Archaeological Survey of India.

He wrote numerous books and monographs and made extensive collections of artefacts. Some of his collections were lost, but most of the gold and silver coins and a fine group of Buddhist sculptures and jewellery were bought by the British Museum in 1894. He was also the father of mathematician Allan Cunningham.
Early American molded glass
Early American molded glass refers to glass  functional and decorative objects, such as bottles and dishware, that were manufactured in the United States in the 19th century.  The objects were produced by blowing molten glass into a mold, thereby causing the glass to assume the shape and pattern design of the mold.  When a plunger rather than blowing is used, as became usual later, the glass is technically called pressed glass.
Common blown molded tableware items bearing designs include salt dishes, sugar bowls, creamers, celery stands, decanters, and drinking glasses.

Household items, other than dishware, made using the three-mold method include inkwells, oil lamps, birdcage fountains, hats, medicine and perfume bottles, and witch balls. Whiskey flasks bearing unique designs were made in two part molds.  Undecorated bottles used as containers for a variety of liquids were blown into square molds to give them corners so they could be packed into compartments of wooden cases.

Creamer (vessel)
A creamer is a small pitcher or jug designed for holding cream or milk to be served with tea or coffee in the Western tradition. Creamers can be earthenware or porcelain, but also made of silver or other metals; a creamer is an obligatory part of a coffee or tea set, whether in silver or ceramics.
Schouman
Schouman is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aert Schouman (1710–1792), Dutch painter

Derek Schouman (born 1985), American football tight end

Martinus Schouman (1770–1848), Dutch painter

Derek Schouman
Derek Schouman (born March 11, 1985) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL draft. He played college football for the Boise State Broncos.

He also played for the St. Louis Rams.
Yao Guang
Yao Guang (Chinese: 姚广; March 1921 – October 25, 2003) was a Chinese diplomat. He was born in Xiyang County, Shanxi. He was Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the Dominion of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) (1966–1969), Poland (1970–1971), Canada (1972–1973), Mexico (1973–1977), Egypt (1977–1980), Djibouti (1979–1982) and France (1980–1982). He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 7th National People's Congress (1988–1993).

Xiyang County
Xiyang County (simplified Chinese: 昔阳县; traditional Chinese: 昔陽縣; pinyin: Xīyáng Xiàn) is a county in the east of Shanxi province, China, bordering Hebei province to the east. It is the easternmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhong. Xiyang County is located at the western foot of Taihang Mountain, bordering Zanhuang County, Neiqiu County, Jingxing County, and Xingtai in Hebei province to the east, Heshun County to the south, and Pingding County in Yangquan to the north.
Descent direction
In optimization, a descent direction is a vector  that points towards a local minimum  of an objective function .

Computing  by an iterative method, such as line search defines a descent direction  at the th iterate to be any  such that , where  denotes the inner product. The motivation for such an approach is that small steps along  guarantee that  is reduced, by Taylor's theorem.

Using this definition, the negative of a non-zero gradient is always a
descent direction, as .

Numerous methods exist to compute descent directions, all with differing merits, such as gradient descent or the conjugate gradient method.

More generally, if  is a positive definite matrix, then
 is a descent direction at . This generality is used in preconditioned gradient descent methods.

Positive definiteness
In mathematics, positive definiteness is a property of any object to which a bilinear form or a sesquilinear form may be naturally associated, which is positive-definite. See, in particular:

Positive-definite bilinear form

Positive-definite function

Positive-definite function on a group

Positive-definite functional

Positive-definite kernel

Positive-definite matrix

Positive-definite operator

Positive-definite quadratic form
2013 European Road Championships – Women's junior road race
The Women's junior road race at the 2013 European Road Championships took place on 21 July. The Championships were hosted by the Czech Republic city of Olomouc. The course was 77 km long. 82 junior cyclists competed in this discipline.

Olomouc
Olomouc (Czech pronunciation: [ˈolomouts] ⓘ; German: Olmütz) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 103,000 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city in the country. It is the administrative centre of the Olomouc Region.

Located on the Morava River, the city is the ecclesiastical metropolis and was a historical co-capital city of Moravia, before having been occupied by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as urban monument reservation. The Holy Trinity Column was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 for its quintessential Baroque style and symbolic value.
Ytre Øydnavatnet
Ytre Øydnavatnet is a lake in the municipality of Lyngdal in Agder county, Norway.  The 3.22-square-kilometre (1.24 sq mi) lake is located along the river Audna, just south of the lake Øvre Øydnavatnet.  The lake sits at an elevation of 96 metres (315 ft) above sea level.  The 17.5-kilometre (10.9 mi) long lake lies about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) south of the village of Byremo and about 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) north of the village of Konsmo.

Lyngdal
Lyngdalⓘ is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Lister. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Alleen. Some of the main villages in Lyngdal include Austad, Byremo, Fleseland, Hæåk, Konsmo, Korshamn, Kvås, Skomrak, Svenevik, and Vivlemo.

The municipal economy centers around wood processing, agriculture, and commerce. Tourism is also central to the community, with the beaches along the Lyngdalsfjorden and Rosfjorden being popular resorts during the summer.

The 643-square-kilometre (248 sq mi) municipality is the 177th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Lyngdal is the 107th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 10,751. The municipality's population density is 17.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (46/sq mi) and its population has increased by 10.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Kevin Joseph (cricketer)
Kevin Claudius Joseph (born 20 December 1978) is a Trinidadian-born former British Virgin Islands cricketer. Joseph was a left-handed batsman.

In 2006, the British Virgin Islands were invited to take part in the 2006 Stanford 20/20, whose matches held official Twenty20 status. Joseph made a single appearance in the tournament against Saint Lucia in a preliminary round defeat, with him being run out for 19 runs opening the batting by the combination of Darren Sammy and Garey Mathurin. He later played for the team in its second appearance in the Stanford 20/20 in 2008, making a single appearance in a preliminary round defeat against Dominica, where he again opened the batting and was dismissed for 5 runs by Raymond Casimir.

Saint Lucia national cricket team
The Saint Lucia national cricket team represents the country of Saint Lucia in cricket. The team is a member of the Windward Islands Cricket Board of Control, which itself is a member association of the West Indies Cricket Board. Players from St Lucia generally represent the Windward Islands cricket team at domestic level and the West Indies at international level. St Lucia has however played as a separate entity in matches which held Twenty20 status (Stanford 20/20), but has not appeared in first-class or List A cricket. St Lucia competes with St Vincent & the Grenadines, Grenada and Dominica in domestic Windward Islands cricket competitions including the Windward Islands two-day and Twenty20 cricket championships. The team's captain, as of 2014, is Craig Emmanuel.
Willy Köstinger
Wilhelm "Willy" Köstinger (14 December 1940 in Innsbruck - 7 January 2014 in Seefeld in Tirol) was an Austrian Nordic combined skier who competed in the early 1960s. He is best known for his sixth place in the Nordic combined event at the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane. Köstinger also finished tenth in the Nordic combined event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck. Twelve years later, he took the Judge's Oath at the 1976 Winter Olympics, also held in Innsbruck.

Zakopane
Zakopane (Podhale Goral: Zokopane) is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has been part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship. As of 2017 its population was 27,266. Zakopane is a centre of Goral culture and is often referred to as "the winter capital of Poland". It is a popular tourist destination for many types of mountain activities such as skiing, trekking, mountaineering and various forms of climbing.

Zakopane lies near Poland's border with Slovakia, in a valley between the Tatra Mountains and Gubałówka Hill. It is connected by rail and road to the provincial capital, Kraków. Zakopane lies 800–1,100 metres (2,600–3,600 ft) above sea level and centres on the intersection of its Krupówki and Kościuszko Streets.
CLG Na Fianna
CLG Na Fianna (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Na Fianna) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Glasnevin, in the Northside of Dublin, Ireland. It operates as a sporting and social club to the neighbouring residential areas and is involved in the promotion of Gaelic games — Gaelic football, hurling, camogie, handball and rounders—and the traditional Irish pursuits of music and dance.

Northside, Dublin
The Northside (Irish: Taobh Ó Thuaidh) in an informal but commonly used term to describe the part of the city of Dublin that lies to the north of the River Liffey, and extending into part of North County Dublin. The part outside the city is within the county of Fingal, a local government area established in 1994. While it is sometimes regarded as less wealthy than the city's Southside, the Northside was originally the home of the city's upper classes and the more privileged of the two. Today, some of the wealthiest areas in Ireland, such as Malahide, Howth, Clontarf, and Castleknock, lie north of the river.
Aikoku Hirabayashi
Aikoku Hirabayashi (平林 愛国, Hirabayashi Aikoku, born 24 March 1909, date of death unknown) was a Japanese boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1932 Summer Olympics. In his first fight of the tournament, he lost to Erich Campe of Germany.

Boxing at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Welterweight
The men's welterweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1932 Summer Olympics. The weight class was the fourth-heaviest contested, and allowed boxers of up to 147 pounds (66.7 kilograms). The competition was held from Tuesday, August 9, 1932 to Saturday, August 13, 1932. Sixteen boxers from 16 nations competed.
Fisher Homestead (Cloverport, Kentucky)
The Fisher Homestead, located on U.S. Route 60 in Cloverport, Kentucky, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.  The listing included three contributing buildings.

The homestead house is Federal in style and was built in c.1801.  It is one-and-a-half-stories tall and has a one-story brick ell.  The brick is laid in common bond.

Ell (architecture)
In architecture, an ell is a wing of a building perpendicular (at a right angle) to the length of the main portion (main range).

It takes its name from the shape of the letter L.  Ells are often additions to a building.  Unless sub-wings or a non-rectangular outline floor plan exists such a wing makes the building L-shaped or T-shaped "in plan" (shape from above/below), though if not central nor at one end of the building the T-shape will be an offset T.  Where a building is aligned closely to cardinal compass points, such a wing may be more informatively described by its related side of the building (such as "south wing of the building").
Found Footage 3D
Found Footage 3D is a 2016 American found footage horror film. It is the debut feature film of writer/director Steven DeGennaro, and was produced by Texas Chainsaw Massacre co-creator Kim Henkel.  It is the first found footage horror movie shot natively in 3D.   Filming began on May 26, 2014 in Gonzales, Texas, starring Carter Roy, Alena von Stroheim, Chris O'Brien, Tom Saporito, Scott Allen Perry, Jessica Perrin, and Scott Weinberg, and wrapped mid-June 2014.

The film's trailer debuted on Entertainment Weekly August 10, 2016. The film premiered at Bruce Campbell's Horror Film Festival on August 20, 2016, where it won the festival's inaugural jury award. Its international premiere took place at FrightFest on August 29, 2016. It screened at 20 different festivals between August and November 2016, winning 15 awards.

FrightFest (film festival)
FrightFest, also known as Arrow Video FrightFest, is an annual film festival held in London and Glasgow. The festival holds three major events each year: a festival running five days over the UK late August Bank Holiday weekend, a Halloween event held in London in late October, and a festival in Glasgow held around February as part of the Glasgow Film Festival.

The first event was held in London in 2000 and the first Glasgow festival was held in 2006. As its name indicates, FrightFest's primary focus is on the horror film genre. However, the event regularly features documentaries, science fiction and thriller films.
Count of Lucena
Count of Lucena (Condado de Lucena) is a Spanish hereditary comital title conferred on General Leopoldo O'Donnell y Joris by Queen Isabella II of Spain, on 25 July 1847. It was granted to him after defeating carlist General Ramón Cabrera in Lucena del Cid in the province of Valencia, as a victory title.

As General O'Donnell was created in 1860 Duke of Tetuan, the title Count of Lucena has been held since then by several Dukes of Tetuan. The 3rd Duke ceded this title to his elder daughter Blanca, but as her elder brother, the 4th Duke, died shortly after her father, the two titles were joined again. The 7th Duke ceded the title to his fourth and youngest son in the expectation that the two titles will definitely be disjoined in the future.

Victory title
A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. The practice is first known in Ancient Rome and is still most commonly associated with the Romans, but it was also adopted as a practice by many later empires, especially the French, British and Russian Empires.
5E
5E or 5-E can refer to:

5°E, or 5th meridian east, a longitude coordinate

5e, a type of Category 5 cable

5E, a learning cycle developed by Biological Sciences Curriculum Study.

5E (album), a 2018 album by N.O.R.E.

Astra 5°E, a communications satellite

Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition, a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) released in 2014.

F-5E, a model of Northrop F-5 jet

Five Eyes, an espionage alliance between the US, UK, NZ, Canada, and Australia.

Tropical Depression Five-E (2008)

SGA Airlines (IATA airline code)

Category 5 cable
Category 5 cable (Cat 5) is a twisted pair cable for computer networks. Since 2001, the variant commonly in use is the Category 5e specification (Cat 5e). The cable standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and is suitable for most varieties of Ethernet over twisted pair up to 2.5GBASE-T but more commonly runs at 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet) speeds. Cat 5 is also used to carry other signals such as telephone and video.

This cable is commonly connected using punch-down blocks and modular connectors. Most Category 5 cables are unshielded, relying on the balanced line twisted pair design and differential signaling for noise suppression.
Racial capitalism
Racial capitalism is a concept that explains how capital accumulation within capitalism in certain societies is achieved through the extraction of social and economic value from people of marginalized racial identities, particularly BIPOC communities. Some view it as a reframing of the history of capitalism in the United States, especially in relation to black people and the legacy of chattel slavery.

Oliver Cox
Oliver Cromwell Cox (24 August 1901 – 4 September 1974) was a Trinidadian-American sociologist. He was born into a middle-class family in Port of Spain, Trinidad and emigrated to the United States in 1919.

Cox was often misrepresented as a Marxist due to his focus on class conflict and capitalism; however, he fundamentally disagreed with Marx's analysis of capitalism. One of Cox's points of contention with Marx was to argue that foreign trade, and not commodity production for the private accumulation of capital, was the primary driving force in capitalist development.

Cox was a founder of the world-systems perspective, which posits a socioeconomic system that encompasses part or all of the globe. Additionally, he was an important scholar of racism and its relationship to the development and spread of global capitalism, and a member of the Chicago School of Sociology.
Brighton Council (Tasmania)
Brighton Council is a local government body in Tasmania, situated in the south-east of the state, north of Hobart. The Brighton local government area is classified as urban and has a population of 18,995, it is based in the town of Brighton but also covers the far northern Hobart suburbs of Bridgewater, Gagebrook, Honeywood and Old Beach.

Brighton, Tasmania
Brighton is a suburb 27 km north of Hobart, in Tasmania, Australia. It is between Pontville and the outer Hobart suburb of Bridgewater on the Midland Highway. At the 2021 census, Brighton had a population of 4,983.
Sink (computing)
In computing, a sink,  or data sink generally refers to the destination of data flow.

The word sink has multiple uses in computing. In software engineering, an event sink is a class or function that receives events from another object or function, while a sink can also refer to a node of a directed acyclic graph with no additional nodes leading out from it, among other uses.

Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
Amar Suloev
Amar Suloev (January 7, 1976 – June 27, 2016) was an Armenian mixed martial artist. Following his mixed martial arts career, Suloev allegedly became involved in the world of organized crime and was arrested and accused of being a contract killer. He died of stomach cancer in June 2016. During his career, he fought for the UFC, PRIDE Fighting Championships, Cage Rage, and M-1 Global.

Suloev made the first recorded use of the submission hold that became known as the Suloev Stretch in a 2002 victory over Paul Cahoon. The hold, a kneebar variant applied from the back control position, was subsequently used effectively by MMA fighters including Kenny Robertson, Aljamain Sterling and Zabit Magomedsharipov. It has also been used by grappler Josh Cisneros.

Cage Rage Championships
Cage Rage Championships, also known as Cage Rage, was a United Kingdom-based, mixed martial arts promotion that premiered on 7 September 2002 in London. Cage Rage went into liquidation and is now no longer trading. Cage Rage had been owned and managed by Elite XC until that company ceased operating, and the British promoters behind Cage Rage formed a new organization and withdrew all the old Cage Rage titles.  Matchmaker and on-screen personality Dave O'Donnell was also a minority shareholder in the company. Fellow on-screen personality and co-promoter Andy Geer also owned a minority stake until he left the promotion in 2008. Cage Rage events were replayed on Nuts TV, along with their own weekday show on The Fight Network (UK & Ireland) until these channels closed down.  Every Cage Rage event and bout is now archived as part of the UFC Fight Pass library.
Frederick Beilby Watson
Sir Frederick Beilby Watson, KCH, FRS (1773–11 July 1852) was a British courtier.

Watson was the son of William Watson, who was Ranger of Books (i.e. librarian) at the Treasury, and Elizabeth, née Beilby. In 1805 he became Paymaster of the 1st The Royal Dragoons. On 1 July 1815, he was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to The Prince Regent. Prior to that appointment he had been Private Secretary to the Duke of Cumberland.

In 1819 Watson was appointed a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order. He was promoted to Knight Commander and appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1827 and became Master of the Household that year, an office he held during the reigns of George IV, William IV and the early days of Victoria. In 1843, he anonymously had published Religious and Moral Sentences Culled from the Works of Shakespeare, Compared with Sacred Passages Drawn from Holy Writ.

On 11 July 1852, Watson died at his home on New Place, St John's Wood, aged 80.  He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

St John's Wood
St John's Wood is a district in the City of Westminster, London, England, about 2.5 miles (4 km) northwest of Charing Cross. Historically the northern part of the ancient parish and Metropolitan Borough of Marylebone, it extends from Regent's Park and Primrose Hill in the east to Edgware Road in the west, with the Swiss Cottage area of Hampstead to the north and Lisson Grove to the south.

The area includes Lord's Cricket Ground, home of Marylebone Cricket Club and Middlesex CCC and a regular international test cricket venue. It also includes Abbey Road Studios, well known through its association with the Beatles.