hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Manila (1946)
The Treaty of Manila of 1946, formally the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol, is a treaty of general relations signed on July 4, 1946, in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It relinquished U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines and recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines. The treaty was signed by High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt as representative of the United States and President Manuel Roxas as representative of the Philippines.

It was signed by US President Harry Truman on August 14, 1946, after the U.S. Senate gave its advice and consent on July 31, 1946, by ratification of the treaty. It was ratified by the Philippines on September 30, 1946. The treaty entered into force on October 22, 1946, when ratifications were exchanged. The treaty was accompanied by a "provisional agreement concerning friendly relations and diplomatic and consular representation" (60 Stat. 1800, TIAS 1539, 6 UNTS 335) until the treaty was ratified.

Philippine Legislature
The Philippine Legislature was the legislature of the Philippines from 1907 to 1935, during the American colonial period, and predecessor of the current Congress of the Philippines. It was bicameral and the legislative branch of the Insular Government.

From 1907 to 1916, under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the legislature's lower house was the elected Philippine Assembly and its upper house was the appointed Philippine Commission, headed by the American governor general (who also served as the executive of the Insular Government).

In 1916, the Jones Law abolished the Philippine Commission and reorganized the Philippine Legislature as a fully elected, bicameral legislature composed of the Senate and House of Representatives, precursors to current Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the Philippines.

In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established and the National Assembly of the Philippines replaced the Philippine Legislature.
Allocative efficiency
Allocative efficiency is a state of the economy in which production is aligned with the preferences of consumers and producers; in particular, the set of outputs is chosen so as to maximize the social welfare of society. This is achieved if every produced good or service has a marginal benefit equal to or greater than the marginal cost of production.

Economic surplus
In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), is either of two related quantities:

Consumer surplus, or consumers' surplus, is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay.

Producer surplus, or producers' surplus, is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for; this is roughly equal to profit (since producers are not normally willing to sell at a loss and are normally indifferent to selling at a break-even price).

The sum of consumer and producer surplus is sometimes known as social surplus or total surplus; a decrease in that total from inefficiencies is called deadweight loss.
Marlborough-Thomas
The Marlborough-Thomas (possibly a.k.a. Marlborough) was a British car manufactured in a garage at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey between 1923 and 1924. It was a joint venture between T.B. André and J. G. Parry-Thomas from Wales, but only a handful of cars were made.

Brooklands
Brooklands was a 2.767-mile (4.453 km) motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It opened in 1907 and was the world's first purpose-built 'banked' motor racing circuit as well as one of Britain's first airfields, which also became Britain's largest aircraft manufacturing centre by 1918, producing military aircraft such as the Wellington and civil airliners like the Viscount and VC10.

The circuit hosted its last race in August 1939 and today part of it forms the Brooklands Museum, a major aviation and motoring museum, as well as a venue for vintage car, motorcycle and other transport-related events.
Anna Lindberg
Anna Ulrika Lindberg (born 16 November 1981) is a Swedish former diver. She won the 1m and 3m Springboard events at the 2006 European Aquatics Championships and the 2012 European Aquatics Championships. She is the daughter of former Swedish divers Ulrika Knape and Mathz Lindberg.

Lindberg competed in five Olympic Summer Games, in 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. Her best result was a 5th place on the 3m springboard in 2000.

In 2022, she participated in the second season of Masked Singer Sweden, broadcast on TV4.

She gave birth to a son, Yelverton, on 30 May 2009. The father is the Swedish hockey player Calle Steen.

TV4 (Swedish TV channel)
TV4 (TV fyra) is a Swedish free-to-air television network owned by TV4 AB, a subsidiary of the TV4 Media AB. It started broadcasting by satellite in 1990 and, since 1992, on terrestrial television. In 1994, TV4 became the largest channel and remained so for a number of years. The two channels of Sveriges Television (SVT) lost more and more viewers for a couple of years. After making schedule changes in 2001, SVT1 had practically the same numbers of viewers as TV4. From 2004 to 2019, the TV4 Group was a fully active member of the European Broadcasting Union.
Bernard Breslin
Bernard Breslin (2 May 1874 – 10 November 1913) was a Scottish footballer who played as a right half for Hibernian and Scotland. Breslin was part of the Hibs teams that won the 1901–02 Scottish Cup and the Scottish league championship in 1903. He represented Scotland once, in 1897, and played four times for the Scottish League representative team between 1898 and 1900.

He died from tuberculosis in 1913.

1901–02 Scottish Cup
The 1901–02 Scottish Cup was the 29th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by Hibernian, who defeated Celtic 1–0 in the Final. This gave Hibs their second Scottish Cup, a tally they would not add to until 2016.  The Final was due to be played at Ibrox on 12 April, but the first Ibrox disaster happened a week earlier during the annual Scotland v England fixture. This meant that the Final was delayed by two weeks and moved to Celtic Park, even though Celtic were one of the finalists.
Merative
Merative L.P., formerly IBM Watson Health, is an American medical technology company that provides products and services that help clients facilitate medical research, clinical research, real world evidence, and healthcare services through the use of artificial intelligence, data analytics, cloud computing, and other advanced information technology. Merative is owned by Francisco Partners, an American private equity firm headquartered in San Francisco, California. In 2022, IBM divested and spun-off their Watson Health division into Merative. As of 2023, it remains a standalone company headquartered in Ann Arbor with innovation centers in Ireland, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Chennai.

Clinical research
Clinical research is a branch of medical research that involves people and aims to determine the effectiveness (efficacy) and safety of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for improving human health. These research procedures are designed for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis or understanding of disease symptoms.

Clinical research is different from clinical practice: in clinical practice, established treatments are used to improve the condition of a person, while in clinical research, evidence is collected under rigorous study conditions on groups of people to determine the efficacy and safety of a treatment.
State University of New York North
The State University of New York North Country Consortium are a group of university colleges in northern New York and Fort Drum since 1985.

State University of New York at Canton

Empire State College

State University of New York Institute of Technology

Jefferson Community College (New York)

State University of New York at Potsdam

State University of New York at Oswego

State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Jefferson Community College (New York)
Jefferson Community College (SUNY Jefferson) is a public community college in Watertown, New York.  Established on November 7, 1961, Jefferson Community College was the area's first institution of higher education and remains the only college with a campus in a 50 miles (80 km) radius. It was initially accredited in 1969, and is the only college in the State University of New York (SUNY) System with a zoo technology degree program.
Deportes Rengo
Club de Deportes Rengo is a Chilean professional football club based in the city of Rengo, O'Higgins Region. It was founded on March 18, 1984, and currently plays in the Segunda División Profesional de Chile.

It plays its home games at the Guillermo Guzmán Díaz Municipal Stadium, a venue inaugurated in the 1960s with a capacity for 3,000 spectators.

Segunda División Profesional de Chile
Segunda División Profesional del Fútbol Profesional Chileno (English: Second Professional Division of Chilean Professional Football) is the third level of Chilean football league system, since the season 2012, is organized by the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional.

The Chilean Segunda División Profesional was established in 2012.
Salamiyah District
Salamiyah (Arabic: سلمية Salamīya) is a district (mantiqah) administratively belonging to Hama Governorate, Syria. At the 2004 Census it had a population of 187,123. Its administrative district is the city of Salamiyah.

Mintaqah
Minṭaqah (Arabic: مِنْطَقَة [ˈmintˤaqah]; plural مَنَاطِق manāṭiq [maˈnaːtˤiq]) is a term used for a first-level administrative division in Saudi Arabia and Chad and for a second-level administrative division in several other Arab countries. It is often translated as region or district, but the literal meaning is "region", "area", or even simply "place".
Mishcherovo
Mishcherovo (Russian: Мищерово; Bashkir: Мишәр, Mişär) is a rural locality (a village) in Toshkurovsky Selsoviet, Baltachevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 164 as of 2010. There are 5  streets.

Baltachevsky District
Baltachevsky District (Russian: Балта́чевский райо́н; Bashkir: Балтаc районы, Baltas rayonı; Tatar: Балтач районы, Baltaç rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic and borders with Tatyshlinsky District in the north, Askinsky and Karaidelsky Districts in the east, Mishkinsky District in the south, and with Burayevsky District in the west. The area of the district is 1,598 square kilometers (617 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Starobaltachevo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 21,623, with the population of Starobaltachevo accounting for 25.9% of that number.
Anedjib
Anedjib, more correctly Adjib and also known as Hor-Anedjib, Hor-Adjib, Anezib and Azib, is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who ruled during the 1st Dynasty.

The Egyptian historian Manetho named him "Miebîdós" and credited him with a reign of 26 years, whilst the Royal Canon of Turin credited him with an implausible reign of 74 years. Egyptologists and historians now consider both records to be exaggerations and generally credit Adjib with a reign of 8–10 years.

First Dynasty of Egypt
The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, by Menes, or Narmer, and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, when power was centered at Thinis.

The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology. It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and the 30th centuries BC. In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates, the accession of Hor-Aha, the second king of the First Dynasty, was placed between 3111 and 3045 BC with 68% confidence, and between 3218 and 3035 with 95% confidence. The same study placed the accession of Den, the sixth king of the dynasty, between 2928 and 2911 BC with 68% confidence, although a 2023 radiocarbon analysis placed Den's accession potentially earlier, between 3011 and 2921, within a broader window of 3104 to 2913.
Pacific Highlands Ranch, San Diego
Pacific Highlands Ranch (often referred to as and considered a part of Carmel Valley, a community to its west) is a primarily residential community of approximately 2,652 acres (1,073 ha) in northern San Diego, California. As part of San Diego City Council District 1, it is represented by Joe LaCava, elected in 2020, and as part of District 3 of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors, it is represented by Terra Lawson-Remer, also elected in 2020. Both had not been elected to those positions before.

Joe LaCava
Joseph LaCava is an American politician and engineer serving as the president of the San Diego City Council since 2024.  A member of the Democratic Party, he served as president pro tempore of the city council from 2023 to 2024 under council president Sean Elo-Rivera and has served as a member of the city council since 2020, representing District 1.
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, in short MIMS, is an autonomous government medical college of Government of Karnataka. Located on the National Highway 275 of Bengaluru - Mysuru at a distance of 90 kilometers from Bengaluru and 46 kilometers from Mysuru.

Government of Karnataka
The Government of Karnataka, abbreviated as GoK or GoKA, formerly known as  Government of Mysore (1956–1974), is a democratically elected state body with the governor as the ceremonial head to govern the Southwest Indian state of Karnataka. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and on the advice of the chief minister appoints their council of ministers. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and their council of ministers in whom a great amount of legislative powers are vested.
Pampanga Provincial Capitol
The Pampanga Capitol is the seat of government of the province of Pampanga in the Philippines. The original building was constructed shortly after the provincial capital of Pampanga was transferred from Bacolor to San Fernando in 1904. Annexes were added before the war. It was the site of a major battle between the Philippine Commonwealth troops and local guerrilla forces and the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II.

The Pampanga Provincial Capitol is one of the most beautiful civil architectural landmarks in the province.

Seat of government
A seat of government is a "building, complex of buildings or the city from which a government exercises its authority". When referring to a city, the seat of government is generally the capital of the state or administrative entity in question, although there are exceptions. Particular terms for the seat of certain territorial subdivisions are administrative centre, county seat (common in the United States), county town (United Kingdom and Ireland), or barrio-pueblo (Puerto Rico), among others; buildings that may function as seats of government include official residences, supreme court buildings, city or town halls, administrative or executive buildings, shire or county halls, legislative buildings, and barangay halls.
Michael Angus (racing driver)
Michael Angus (born September 17, 1954) is an American former racing driver from Hinsdale, Illinois.

Angus won the 1985 Formula Atlantic East championship capturing wins at Brainerd International Raceway and Gateway International Raceway (then just a road course known as St. Louis International Raceway). Angus was one of only two drivers to compete in all six races of the championship, easing his path to victory. Angus also won the SCCA Runoffs in Formula Atlantic in 1984 and 1985. After 1986 Angus returned to amateur racing. He competed in a few semi-professional races in the Formula Enterprises National Championship in 2006 and 2007.

Angus also made one IMSA Camel GT start in 1983 in a GTP class Chevron-Buick.

Sports Car Club of America
The Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) is a non-profit American automobile club and sanctioning body supporting Autocross, Rallycross, HPDE, Time Trial, Road Racing, RoadRally, and Hill Climbs in the United States. Formed in 1944, it runs many programs for both amateur and professional racers.
Dale Caterson
Dale Caterson (born 19 July 1961) is an Australian former national champion, World Champion, Olympian and Commonwealth Games gold medal-winning rowing coxswain. He is Australia's first World Champion coxswain, having steered the 1986 World Championship men's eight to victory.

Coxswain (rowing)
In a rowing crew, the coxswain (/ˈkɒksən/ KOK-sən or /ˈkɒksweɪn/ KOK-swayn; colloquially known as the cox or coxie) is a crewmember who does not row but directs the boat. The coxswain sits facing the bow, unlike the rowers, and is responsible for steering the boat and coordinating the power and rhythm of the rowers. The coxswain's role while on the water is similar to that of an assistant coach or team captain, and they are sometimes also called upon to implement the training regimen or race plan.

In most racing, coxswains may be of either sex regardless of the sex of the rowers. Often they are women, since women are more likely to be near the ideal weight of a cox, which is 110 lbs or 120 lbs for USRowing and 55 kg for World Rowing (see Sex, and Weight, below).
STH (gene)
Saitohin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STH gene. This intronless gene encodes for 128 amino acids in an open reading frame. It is located in the human tau gene, in the intron between exons 9 and 10. Also, a single polymorphism of a nucleotide is seen through a change of glutamine residue 7(Q7R) to arginine. It is found to be susceptible to multiple degenerative diseases, however, the exact function of the gene is still unknown.

Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons constitutes the exome.
Margaret McLarty
Margaret Chalmers McLarty, known as Margaret McLarty, (1908–1996) was a medical illustrator for the anaesthetic department in Oxford University. In 1960 she published Illustrating Medicine and Surgery a seminal volume on medical illustration and a core text for medical illustrators. She provided illustrations for the first two editions of Anatomy for Anaesthetists written with Harold Ellis in 1963.

She was trained by Audrey Arnott with whom she founded the Medical Artists Association of Great Britain on 2 April 1949.

Harold Ellis (surgeon)
Harold Ellis, CBE, Mch, FRCS (born 13 January 1926) is an English retired surgeon. He was emeritus professor of surgery at the University of London and professor in the Department of Anatomy and Human Sciences at the King's College London School of Medicine.

He held positions as a vice-president of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and of the Royal Society of Medicine and was president of the British Association of Surgical Oncology.
Humane Society of Harford County
The Humane Society of Harford County, Inc. (HSHC) is a nonprofit open admission animal shelter located in Fallston, Maryland, contracted with the Harford County Government to provide sheltering services for all animals brought to HSHC by Animal Control (which is operated under the Harford County Sheriff's Office) as stray, or subjects of animal cruelty or neglect cases.

HSHC is also obligated to accept animals from Harford County residents wishing to relinquish their pets, or stray animals which are found in Harford County by private citizens. The shelter takes in approximately 3,000 animals per year, and since 2016 has maintained a live release rate of 90% or higher.

Harford County Sheriff's Office
The Harford County Sheriff's Office (HCSO) is the largest sheriff's office in Maryland and is the primary law enforcement agency servicing a population of 241,402 people within 440.35 square miles (1,140.5 km2) within Harford County, Maryland.
Ken Gormley (academic)
Kenneth Gerald Gormley (born March 19, 1955) is an American legal academic who is the 13th president of Duquesne University. He is a former dean and a professor of constitutional law at Duquesne University School of Law.  He is also a legal counsel for the Appellate Practice Group at the law firm Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP. His scholarly work focuses particularly on the Watergate scandal and special prosecutors.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's Unified Judicial System. It began in 1684 as the Provincial Court, and casual references to it as the "Supreme Court" of Pennsylvania were made official in 1722 upon its reorganization as an entity separate from the control of the colonial governor. It is the oldest appellate court in the United States, a claim that is disputed by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania maintains a discretionary docket, meaning that the Court may choose which cases it accepts, with the exception of mandatory death penalty appeals, and certain appeals from the original jurisdiction of the Commonwealth Court. This discretion allows the Court to wield powerful influence on the formation and interpretation of Pennsylvania law.
The Life of Lord Nelson
The Life of Nelson is an 1809 two-volume biography written by James Stanier Clarke and John McArthur. Published in London by Cadell and Davies, it charts the life of the British Admiral Horatio Nelson from birth to his death during his greatest victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Nelson had become a national hero Trafalgar, ending the threat of an invasion by France, been given a state burial at St. Paul's Cathedral.

At a time when Britain was still fighting the Napoleonic Wars, the authors looked to promote Nelson's role as a patriotic hero to inspire the British public. It glossed over Nelson's private life, which included a long-standing affair with Lady Hamilton.

To illustrate the book with scenes from Nelson's life McArthur commissioned paintings from the artist Richard Westall including Nelson and the Bear. These were turned into engravings by John Landseer. The images were romantic in nature.

Cadell & Davies
Cadell and Davies was a publishing company established in London in 1793.  The business was formed when bookseller and publisher Thomas Cadell the elder (1742–1802) bequeathed his business to his son Thomas Cadell the younger (1773–1836) and the elder Cadell's apprentice William Davies. Cadell & Davies shut down after Davies death in 1819. Cadell continued in business until his own death in 1836.

Cadell & Davies published the 4th to 8th editions of James Boswell's Life of Johnson.