hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stebbins–Whitford effect
The Stebbins–Whitford effect refers to the excess reddening of the spectra of elliptical galaxies as shown by measurements published by Joel Stebbins and Albert Whitford In 1948. The spectra were shifted much more to the red than the Hubble redshift could account for. Furthermore, this excess reddening increased with the distance of the galaxies.

The effect was only found for elliptical and not for spiral galaxies. One possible explanation was that younger galaxies contain more red giants than older galaxies. This kind of evolution could not exist according to the steady-state theory. Later analysis of the same data showed that the data was inadequate to establish the claimed effect. After further measurements and analysis Whitford withdrew the claim in 1956.

Joel Stebbins
Joel Stebbins (July 30, 1878 – March 16, 1966) was an American astronomer who pioneered photoelectric photometry in astronomy. He was director of the University of Illinois Observatory from 1903 to 1922 where he performed innovative work with the selenium cell. In 1922 he became director of the Washburn Observatory at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he remained until 1948. After 1948, Stebbins continued his research at Lick Observatory until his final retirement in 1958.

Stebbins brought photoelectric photometry from its infancy in the early 1900s to a mature technique by the 1950s, when it succeeded photography as the primary method of photometry. He used the new technique to investigate eclipsing binaries, the reddening of starlight by interstellar dust, colors of galaxies, and variable stars.
Captain Triumph
Captain Triumph is a superhero from the Golden Age of Comics who first appeared in Crack Comics #27, published in January 1943 by Quality Comics. He continued to appear until the end of the series with issue #62 (Sept 1949).

The character was later obtained by DC Comics, though by that time he had already lapsed into the public domain. Some of his Golden Age adventures were reprinted by AC Comics in the Men of Mystery anthology. He is not to be confused with another DC Comics property named Triumph.

A version of Captain Triumph appears in the second season of the DC Universe series Peacemaker, portrayed by David Denman.

Golden Age of Comic Books
The Golden Age of Comic Books describes an era in the history of American comic books from 1938 to 1956. During this time, modern comic books were first published and rapidly increased in popularity. The superhero archetype was created and many well-known characters were introduced, including Superman, Batman, Robin, Captain Marvel, Captain America, and Wonder Woman.
Kae Alexander
Kae Yukawa (born 31 August 1985), known professionally as Kae Alexander, is a Japanese actress. She gained prominence through her role as Jing Hua in Bad Education and its spinoff film. She played Leaf in the sixth season of Game of Thrones, Linh Xuan Huy in the BBC Two drama Collateral, and Min Farshaw in the Amazon Prime series The Wheel of Time.

She appeared on the Evening Standard's 2017 list of Rising Stars. In 2019, she was selected for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts's Initiative program.

Amazon Prime
Amazon Prime (styled as prime) is a paid subscription service of Amazon which is available in many countries and gives users access to additional services otherwise unavailable or available at a premium to other Amazon customers. Founded on February 2, 2005, services include logistics through same, one- or two-day delivery of goods, healthcare through the optional perk of One Medical primary care services, entertainment through streaming music, video, e-books, gaming, and grocery shopping services. In April 2021, Amazon reported that Prime had 200 million subscribers worldwide.
Lateral communication
Lateral communication is the exchange, imparting or sharing of information, ideas or feelings between people within a community, peer groups, departments or units of an organization who are at or about the same hierarchical level as each other for the purpose of coordinating activities, efforts or fulfilling a common purpose or goal

Natural pacemaker
The natural pacemaker is the heart's natural rhythm generator. It employs pacemaker cells that produce electrical impulses, known as cardiac action potentials, which control the rate of contraction of the cardiac muscle, that is, the heart rate. In most humans, these cells are concentrated in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the primary pacemaker, which regulates the heart’s sinus rhythm.

Sometimes a secondary pacemaker sets the pace, if the SA node is damaged or if the electrical conduction system of the heart has problems. Cardiac arrhythmias can cause heart block, in which the contractions lose their rhythm. In humans, and sometimes in other animals, a mechanical device called an artificial pacemaker (or simply "pacemaker") may be used after damage to the body's intrinsic conduction system to produce these impulses synthetically.
Lou Mathews
Lou Mathews is an American writer, novelist, journalist, playwright and short story writer based in Los Angeles. He was born in Glendale, California, earned his B.A. degree from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1973, and his M.F.A. from Vermont College in 1987.  His novel, L.A. Breakdown (1999), was noted by the Los Angeles Times as a "Best Book" of 1999. L.A. Breakdown is a novel describing the street racing scene in Los Angeles circa 1967. His novel Shaky Town was published in 2021. His novel Hollywoodski was published in 2025.

Street racing
Street racing is an illegal form of motor racing that occurs on a public road. Racing in the streets is considered an ancient hazard, as horse racing occurred on streets for centuries, and street racing in automobiles is likely as old as the automobile itself. Street racing is popular and hazardous, with deaths of bystanders, passengers, and drivers occurring yearly.

Street racing can either be spontaneous or well-planned and coordinated. Well-coordinated races are planned and often have people communicating via two-way radios or citizens' band radio, and using police scanners and GPS units to mark locations where local police are more prevalent. Opponents of street racing claim street races have a lack of safety relative to sanctioned racing events, as well as safety risks arising from traffic collisions resulting in injuries and deaths, legal repercussions and harm to bystanders. Street racing is distinct from the legal and governed sport of drag racing.
Microcybe multiflora
Microcybe multiflora is a small shrub in the family Rutaceae.  The species is endemic to Australia. It usually grows to between 0.2 and 1 metre high and produces cream to yellow flowers.

The species was first formally described by the botanist Nicolai Stepanovitch Turczaninow in Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou in 1852.

Two subspecies are recognised:

M.multiflora subsp. baccharoides (F.Muell.) Paul G. Wilson — Scale-leaf Microcybe

M. multiflora Turcz. subsp. multiflora — Red Microcybe

The species occurs in southern Western Australia, southern South Australia, and western Victoria.

Nikolai Turczaninow
Nikolai Stepanovich Turchaninov, traditionally spelled Turczaninow (Russian: Николай Степанович Турчанинов; 1796 – 7 January 1864 [O.S. 26 December 1863]) was a Russian botanist and plant collector who first identified several genera and many species of plants.
Chinese Literature and History Press
The Chinese Literature and History Press is the publishing house of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. It is based in Beijing and managed by the General Office of the CPPCC National Committee.

National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is the national-level organization that represents the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the political advisory body in the People's Republic of China.

The CPPCC National Committee is composed of a chairman, several vice chairpersons, a secretary-general and regular members. The National Committee of the CPPCC typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC). The CPPCC National Committee and NPC plenary sessions are collectively called the Two Sessions. When the CPPCC National Committee is not in session, the Standing Committee of the National Committee exercises most of its powers on its behalf.
Afania
Afania (Greek: Αφάνεια; Turkish: Gaziköy or Afanya) is a village in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, located 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Vatili. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.

The village was recorded as early as the early 13th century in papal documents.

Before the 1974 Turkish invasion, Afania was inhabited both by Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. In 1973, it had an estimated population of 907, 588 of whom were Greek- and 319 Turkish-Cypriot. All Greek Cypriots fled to the south in 1974 and displaced Turkish Cypriots from the south moved in the village. In 1976–77, a few families from Turkey were settled in Afania. As of 2011, it had a population of 713.

Famagusta District
35°20′N 33°52′E﻿ / ﻿35.333°N 33.867°E﻿ / 35.333; 33.867

Famagusta District, or simply Famagusta, is one of the six districts of Cyprus. While the entire district covers an area of 1,985.3 km2 (766.5 sq mi), only about 244 km2 (94 sq mi) is under the actual control of the Republic of Cyprus. Most of the district including the capital and largest city of Famagusta is under the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since the 1974 invasion. The region under Cypriot control is isolated from the other districts, and a district administration in exile exists on the Cyprus-controlled part of the island with the seat at Paralimni. The Northern Cyprus has a separate district of Iskele which includes the Karpass Peninsula, and is not recognized by the Republic of Cyprus.
Tile Ridge
Tile Ridge (Rid Tile /ˈrid ˈti.le/) is a partly ice-free ridge of elevation 240 m in Dryanovo Heights, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

The ridge is named after the ancient Tile (Tylis), capital town of the Celtic Kingdom in Thrace, 279–213 BC, and ancestor of the present Bulgarian settlement of Tulovo near Stara Zagora City.

Greenwich Island
Greenwich Island (variant historical names Sartorius Island, Berezina Island) is an island 24 km (15 mi) long and from 0.80 to 9.66 km (0.5 to 6 mi) (average 5.23 km or 3.25 mi) wide, lying between Robert Island and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The island's surface area is 142.7 square kilometres (55.1 sq mi).  The name Greenwich Island dates back to at least 1821 and is now established in international usage.

The Chilean base Arturo Prat and the Ecuadorian base Pedro Vicente Maldonado are situated on the northeast and north coast of the island, respectively.

Chilean scientists have claimed that Amerinds visited the area, due to stone artifacts recovered from bottom-sampling operations off the island; however, the artefacts — two arrowheads  — were later found to have been planted.
Stanisław Ryniak
Stanisław Ryniak (21 November 1915 – 13 February 2004) was a Polish political prisoner of Auschwitz concentration camp during the Second World War.  He was the first Polish prisoner in Auschwitz (that is, the one with the lowest number – 31).

In May 1940, when he was 24, Ryniak was arrested by the Germans in his hometown of Sanok and was accused of being a member of the Polish resistance. He was transported to Tarnów prison on 7 May, together with 18 Poles from Jarosław, and arrived at Auschwitz on 14 June 1940, in the first mass transport of prisoners to the camp.

Numbers were tattooed on prisoners' arms in the order of their arrival. The first 30 numbers were given to German criminal prisoners who would serve as camp guards. Ryniak's number was 31.

He is buried in Wrocław, Poland.

Jarosław
Jarosław (Polish: [jaˈrɔswaf] ⓘ; Ukrainian: Ярослав, romanized: Yaroslav, IPA: [jɐroˈslɑu̯]; Yiddish: יאַרעסלאָוו, romanized: Yareslov; German: Jaroslau) is a town in southeastern Poland, situated on the San River. The town had 35,475 inhabitants in 2023. It is the capital of Jarosław County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.
Bloom (Machine Gun Kelly album)
Bloom is the third studio album by American musician Machine Gun Kelly. It was released on May 12, 2017, by Bad Boy, Interscope Records, and EST 19XX. The album was preceded by the hit single, "Bad Things", a collaboration with Camila Cabello, which reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, The album features guest appearances from Quavo, Hailee Steinfeld, Ty Dolla Sign, James Arthur, and Camila Cabello.

Quavo
Quavious Keyate Marshall (born April 2, 1991), better known by his stage name Quavo (/ˈkweɪvoʊ/ KWAY-voh), is an American rapper and record producer. He is best known as the frontman of the now-defunct hip-hop group Migos. Formed with his nephew Takeoff and their mutual friend Offset in 2008, the group released four commercially successful studio albums before disbanding in 2023.

As a solo act, Marshall has guest performed on six Billboard Hot 100 top ten singles: Post Malone's diamond-certified "Congratulations", Justin Bieber's "Intentions", Liam Payne's "Strip That Down", Drake's "Portland", and DJ Khaled's "No Brainer" and "I'm the One", the latter of which peaked atop the chart. His debut studio album, Quavo Huncho (2018), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and spawned the platinum-certified single "Workin Me". His second album, Rocket Power (2023), peaked at number 18 and was released in memory of Takeoff, who was fatally shot the year prior.
2010 EU65
2010 EU65 is a centaur, approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter, orbiting the Sun in the outer Solar System. The object is also a promising Uranus horseshoe librator candidate. It was first observed on 13 March 2010, by American astronomers David Rabinowitz and Suzanne Tourtellotte, observing from Cerro Tololo and La Silla Observatory in Chile. As of 2026, it has neither been numbered nor named.

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
The Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) is an astronomical observatory located on the summit of Mt. Cerro Tololo in the Coquimbo Region of northern Chile, with additional facilities located on Mt. Cerro Pachón about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the southeast. It is approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of La Serena, where support facilities are located. 
The principal telescopes at CTIO are the 4 m Víctor M. Blanco Telescope, named after Puerto Rican astronomer Víctor Manuel Blanco, and the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope, which is situated on Cerro Pachón. Other telescopes on Cerro Tololo include the 1.5 m, 1.3 m, 1.0 m, and 0.9 m telescopes operated by the SMARTS consortium. CTIO also hosts other research projects, such as PROMPT, WHAM, and LCOGTN, providing a platform for access to the southern hemisphere for U.S. and worldwide scientific research.
Morwood
Morwood is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

James Morwood (1943–2017), English classicist and author

Mike Morwood (1950–2013), Australian archeologist

Paul Morwood (born 1959), Australian rules footballer

Peter Morwood (1956–2025), Irish fantasy novelist and screenwriter

Phil Morwood (born 1982), Australian rugby league player

Shane Morwood (born 1961), Australian rules footballer

Tony Morwood (born 1960), Australian rules footballer

Tony Morwood
Anthony Morwood (born 17 May 1960) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

He was usually seen in the half forward flank and it was in that position that he was named in the Swans' 'Team of the Century'.

In 1990, Morwood joined the Hobart Football Club (then captain/coached by former Swan Mark Browning) in the Tasmanian Football League in mid-season as a fly-in player and played in the Tigers 1990 premiership team before retiring days after the grand final. He played for Frankston in the Victorian Football Association in 1993.

Morwood twice topped the goalkicking charts for his club.
Penumbra (medical company)
Penumbra, Inc. is an American medical device company headquartered in Alameda, California. The company was founded by Arani Bose and Adam Elsesser in 2004. It manufactures devices for interventional therapies to treat vascular conditions such as stroke and aneurysm.

In January 2026, Boston Scientific announced it would acquire Penumbra in a $15 billion cash and stock deal. The deal was expected to close by yearend.

Aneurysm
An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon, caused by a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease. Aneurysms can also be a nidus (starting point) for clot formation (thrombosis) and embolization. As an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture increases, which could lead to uncontrolled bleeding. Although they may occur in any blood vessel, particularly lethal examples include aneurysms of the circle of Willis in the brain, aortic aneurysms affecting the thoracic aorta, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Aneurysms can arise in the heart itself following a heart attack, including both ventricular and atrial septal aneurysms. There are congenital atrial septal aneurysms, a rare heart defect.
Eberts Villaby
Eberts Villaby (literally "Ebert's Villa Town") is an enclave of late 19th-century detached houses situated just off Amagerbrogade in the otherwise more dense Sundby district on Amager in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Amagerbrogade
Amagerbrogade is the main shopping street and thoroughfare of the part of Copenhagen, Denmark that is located on the island of Amager. It begins at the end of the causeway which connects Amager to Christianshavn and the city centre on the other side of the harbour, and runs south until it reaches the municipal border with Tårnby where it continues as Amager Landevej. The street marks the border between Amager Vest and Amager Øst, two of the ten official districts of Copenhagen.

Amagerbrogade arose when the country road leading in and out of Copenhagen's Amager Gate was urbanized towards the end of the 18th century after the city's old fortifications had been decommissioned and the no-built zone outside them released. It is one of four such -bro streets.
David Bellavia
David Gregory Bellavia (born November 10, 1975) is a former United States Army soldier who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fallujah. Bellavia has also received the Bronze Star Medal, two Army Commendation Medals, two Army Achievement Medals, and the New York State Conspicuous Service Cross. In 2005, Bellavia was inducted into the New York Veterans' Hall of Fame. He has subsequently been involved with politics in Western New York State.

Achievement Medal
The Achievement Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. The Achievement Medal was first proposed as a means to recognize outstanding achievement or meritorious service of military personnel who were not eligible to receive the higher Commendation Medal or the Meritorious Service Medal.

Each military service issues its own version of the Achievement Medal, with a fifth version authorized by the U.S. Department of Defense for joint military activity. The Achievement Medal is awarded for outstanding achievement or meritorious service not of a nature that would otherwise warrant awarding the Commendation Medal. Award authority rests with local commanders, granting a broad discretion of when and for what action the Achievement Medal may be awarded.
Elizabeth Dwomoh
Elizabeth Akosua Tiwaah Dwomoh is a Belgian beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned as Miss Earth Belgium 2015 and Belgium's representative in Miss Earth 2015. She was crowned by Miss Exclusive 2014, Emily Vanhoutte.

Belgians
Belgians (Dutch: Belgen [ˈbɛlɣə(n)] ⓘ; French: Belges [bɛlʒ] ⓘ; German: Belgier [ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ] ⓘ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
Chumani Matiwane
Chumani Matiwane is a South African politician and a member of Parliament (MP) for the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). He was elected to the National Assembly of South Africa in the 2024 South African general election.

Parliament of South Africa
The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is South Africa's legislature. It is located in Cape Town; the country's legislative capital.

Under the present Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a National Assembly and a National Council of Provinces. The current twenty-eighth Parliament was first convened on 14 June 2024.

From 1910 to 1994, members of Parliament were elected chiefly by the South African white minority.  The first elections with universal suffrage were held in 1994.

Both chambers held their meetings in the Houses of Parliament, Cape Town that were built 1875–1884. A fire broke out within the buildings in early January 2022, destroying the session room of the National Assembly. It was decided that, during construction work at Parliament, the National Assembly would temporarily meet at the Good Hope Chamber.
William Montgomerie Bell
William Montgomerie Bell (29 January 1813 – 16 September 1867) was a merchant and politician in colonial Victoria, Australia. He was Mayor of Melbourne (when it was part of the Colony of New South Wales) in 1848 and 1849 and represented the district of Evelyn in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from January to March 1860.

Colony of New South Wales
The Colony of New South Wales was a colony of the British Empire from 1788 to 1901, when it became a State of the Commonwealth of Australia. At its greatest extent, the colony of New South Wales included the present-day Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, and South Australia, the Northern Territory as well as New Zealand.

The first responsible self-government of New South Wales was formed on 6 June 1856 with Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson appointed by Governor Sir William Denison as its first Colonial Secretary.
Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics – Men's combined
The Men's combined competition of the Calgary 1988 Olympics was held at Nakiska.

The defending world champion was Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg, while Switzerland's Pirmin Zurbriggen was the defending World Cup combined champion, and Austria's Hubert Strolz led the 1988 World Cup.

Alpine skiing combined
Combined is an event in alpine ski racing. The event format has changed within the last 30 years.  A traditional combined competition is a two-day event consisting of one run of downhill and two runs of slalom; each discipline takes place on a separate day. The winner is the skier with the fastest aggregate time. Until the 1990s, a complicated point system was used to determine placings in the combined event. Since then, a modified version, called either an "alpine combined" (with a downhill as the speed event) or a "super combined" (with a super-G as the speed event), has been run as an aggregate time event consisting of two runs: first, a one-run speed event and then only one run of slalom, with both portions held on the same day.