hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
On Denoting
"On Denoting" is an essay by Bertrand Russell. It was published in the philosophy journal Mind in 1905. In it, Russell introduces and advocates his theory of denoting phrases, according to which definite descriptions and other "denoting phrases ... never have any meaning in themselves, but every proposition in whose verbal expression they occur has a meaning." This theory later became the basis for Russell's descriptivism with regard to proper names, and his view that proper names are "disguised" or "abbreviated" definite descriptions.

In the 1920s, Frank P. Ramsey referred to the essay as "that paradigm of philosophy". In the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry Descriptions, Peter Ludlow singled the essay out as "the paradigm of philosophy", and called it a work of "tremendous insight"; provoking discussion and debate among philosophers of language and linguists for over a century.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) is a free online philosophy resource published and maintained by Stanford University, encompassing both an online encyclopedia of philosophy and peer-reviewed original publication. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide. Authors contributing to the encyclopedia give Stanford University the permission to publish the articles, but retain the copyright to those articles.
Lauren Barnikow
Lauren Barnikow (born May 21, 1982) is an American former professional tennis player.

Barnikow, a New Jersey native, was a student at Woodbridge High School.

In 2000 she reached the singles final of the Easter Bowl and was champion in the doubles. She was a junior doubles finalist at the 2000 Australian Open (with Erin Burdette).

A collegiate player for Stanford University, Barnikow was a member of the 2001, 2002, 2004 NCAA Division I championship teams, as well as a six-time All-American.

Barnikow attained best world rankings of 418 for singles and 200 for doubles, with five ITF title wins. She featured in a WTA Tour main draw for the only time in 2005, narrowly losing in the first round of the doubles in Quebec City.

NCAA Division I women's tennis championships
The NCAA Division I women's tennis championships are contested at an annual tournament hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the national champions of women's team, singles, and doubles collegiate tennis among its Division I members in the United States. It has been organized by the NCAA every year since 1982, except for 2020.

Stanford has been the most successful program across all three events (singles, doubles, and team).

The University of Georgia is the reigning team national champions, winning their third national title in 2025.

The Division I NCAA team tournament was expanded to 64 teams in 1999.
Lynching of John Tucker
John Tucker (born around 1800) was the victim of a racial terror lynching that took place on July 4, 1845, in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Tucker was a free Black man, a husband and a father, who was working as a farmer at the time of his death. Tucker was attacked and killed by three drunken white men in front of a crowd. Two of the men were arrested for Tucker's murder, but only one was convicted.

Lynching
Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged or convicted transgressor or to intimidate others. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle (often in the form of a hanging) for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in all societies.

In the United States, where the word lynching likely originated, the practice became associated with vigilante justice on the frontier and mob attacks on African Americans accused of crimes. The latter became frequent in the South during the period after the Reconstruction era, especially during the nadir of American race relations. Black people are thought to be the primary victims of lynching in the U.S. (about 72% of the total).
The Haunted Monastery
The Haunted Monastery is a gong'an detective novel written by Robert van Gulik and set in Imperial China (roughly speaking the Tang dynasty). It is a fiction based on the real character of Judge Dee (Di Renjie), a magistrate and statesman of the Tang court, who lived roughly 630–700.

The book contains eight illustrations by the author as well as a diagram of the Monastery where the action takes place.

Gong'an fiction
Gong'an or crime-case fiction (Chinese: 公案小说) is a subgenre of Chinese crime fiction involving government magistrates who solve criminal cases. Gong'an fiction first appeared in the colloquial stories of the Song dynasty. Gong'an fiction developed into one of the most popular genres of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Judge Dee and Judge Bao stories are the best known examples of the genre.
Dunham Massey
Dunham Massey is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. The parish includes the villages of Sinderland Green, Dunham Woodhouses and Dunham Town, along with Dunham Massey Hall and Park, formerly the home of the last Earl of Stamford and owned by the National Trust since 1976. Dunham Massey is in the historic county of Cheshire but, since 1974, it has been part of Trafford Metropolitan Borough; the nearest town is Altrincham. At the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 475.

Dunham Massey's history is reflected in its 45 listed buildings. It was a regionally important place during the medieval period and the seat of the Massey barons. The Georgian mansion, with the remains of a castle on its grounds, is a popular tourist attraction. There are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dunham Massey: Dunham Park, located south of Dunham Town, and Brookheys Covert.

Obelisk
An obelisk (/ˈɒbəlɪsk/; from Ancient Greek  ὀβελίσκος (obelískos), diminutive of ὀβελός (obelós) ' spit, nail, pointed pillar'), less often spelled obelisque, is a tall, slender, tapered monument with four sides and a pyramidal or pyramidion top. Originally constructed by Ancient Egyptians and called tekhenu, the Greeks used the Greek term obeliskos to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and ultimately English. Though William Thomas used the term correctly in his Historie of Italie of 1549, by the late sixteenth century (after reduced contact with Italy following the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth), Shakespeare failed to distinguish between pyramids and obelisks in his plays and sonnets. Ancient obelisks are monolithic and consist of a single stone; most modern obelisks are made of several stones.
John Penney
John Penney is an American film producer, screenwriter and director who has been working in the horror genre for over thirty years.
He has created material for, and been involved in, a range of subgenres, including zombie movies (Return of the Living Dead III), classic Creature Features (Amphibious), and supernatural thrillers (Hellgate).

Creature Features
Creature Features is a program of horror shows broadcast on local American television stations throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The movies broadcast on these shows were generally classic and cult horror movies of the 1930s to 1950s, the horror and science-fiction films of the 1950s, British horror films of the 1960s, and the Japanese kaiju "giant monster" movies of the 1950s to 1970s.
Mount Carmel Academy (Texas)
Mount Carmel Academy (MCA) is a secondary school located at 7155 Ashburn Street in the Garden Villas area of Houston, Texas, United States. Mount Carmel is a contract charter school of the Houston Independent School District.

Mount Carmel Academy was established in 2008 to serve students formerly attending Mount Carmel High School, a Catholic school of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.

Houston Independent School District
The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the largest public school system in Texas, and the eighth-largest in the United States. Houston ISD serves as a community school district for most of the city of Houston and several nearby and insular municipalities in addition to some unincorporated areas. Like most districts in Texas, it is independent of the city of Houston and all other municipal and county jurisdictions. The district has its headquarters in the Hattie Mae White Educational Support Center in Houston.

In 2016, the school district was rated "met standards" by the Texas Education Agency.
2020 Generali Open Kitzbühel – Singles
Miomir Kecmanović defeated Yannick Hanfmann in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2020 Austrian Open Kitbühel. It was his first ATP Tour title.

Dominic Thiem was the reigning champion, but did not compete as he was still competing at the 2020 US Open.

Miomir Kecmanović
Miomir Kecmanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Миомир Кецмановић, pronounced [mǐomir ketsmǎːnoʋitɕ]; born 31 August 1999) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Kecmanović reached his best singles ranking of world No. 27 on 16 January 2023 and he peaked at world No. 127 on 24 April 2023 in the doubles rankings. He has won two ATP titles both in singles and doubles. He is currently the No. 2 Serbian player.
M59 (Johannesburg)
The M59 is a short metropolitan route in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. The entire route is in the western part of the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, particularly in Kempton Park and Edenvale.

City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
The City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala weDolobhakazi laseKurhuleni; Afrikaans: Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit; Northern Sotho: Mmasepala wa Toropokgolo ya Ekurhuleni; Sotho: Masepala wa Toropohadi ya Ekurhuleni) is a metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of the East Rand region of Gauteng, a large suburban region east of Johannesburg. Ekurhuleni means "place of peace" in XiTsonga. Ekurhuleni is one of the five districts of Gauteng and one of the eight metropolitan municipalities of South Africa. The seat of Ekurhuleni is Germiston and the most spoken language is Zulu at 28.6%. The city is home to South Africa's busiest airport, OR Tambo International Airport, which is in the Kempton Park area of Ekurhuleni.
Hemiphlebiidae
Hemiphlebiidae is a family of damselflies. It contains only one extant species, the ancient greenling, native to Southern Australia and Tasmania. The fossil record of the group extends back to the Late Jurassic, making them the oldest known crown group damselflies.

Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.

In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act
The Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act (French: Loi sur la protection civile et la gestion des situations d'urgence) is an Act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario that grants the Premier of Ontario and the Executive Council of Ontario the authority to declare a state of emergency. It was previously named the Emergency Management Act.

The Act grants to the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario the authority to suspend for an explicitly specified duration a set of legal provisions enabling the Government of Ontario to expediently respond to public emergencies and assist victims.

Premier of Ontario
The premier of Ontario (French: premier ministre de l'Ontario) is the head of government of Ontario. Under the Westminster system, the premier governs with the confidence of a majority the elected Legislative Assembly; as such, the premier typically sits as a member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the premier selects ministers to form the Executive Council (provincial cabinet), and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Executive Council, which is collectively responsible to the legislature.

Doug Ford is the 26th and current premier of Ontario. He took office on June 29, 2018, following the 2018 Ontario election where his Progressive Conservative (PC) party won a majority of seats in the Ontario Legislature.
Shamshad Cockcroft
Shamshad Cockcroft is a British physiologist and a professor of cell physiology in the Neuro, Physiology and Pharmacology Division of Biosciences at the UCL.  She has been a member of The Physiological Society since 1989.

Cell physiology
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism. Animal cells, plant cells and microorganism cells show similarities in their functions even though they vary in structure.
DSB class F
The DSB Class F are a class of Danish 0-6-0T steam locomotives, of which 120 were built between 1898 and 1949 for the DSB (Danske Statsbaner (Danish State Railways)).

These locomotive supplemented and replaced the smaller Class Hs and was used for shunting at almost every station on the DSB network. Between 1930 and 1945, the Class F was supplemented by 15 Class Q 0-8-0T locomotives. The last 15 Class F locomotives were delivered by Frichs to DSB in 1949.

0-6-0
0-6-0 is the Whyte notation designation for steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels. Historically, this was the most common wheel arrangement used on both tender and tank locomotives in versions with both inside and outside cylinders.

In the United Kingdom, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod coupled driving wheels. Under the UIC classification, popular in Europe, this wheel arrangement is written as C if the wheels are coupled with rods or gears, or Co if they are independently driven, the latter usually being electric and diesel-electric locomotives.
2020–21 Morehead State Eagles men's basketball team
The 2020–21 Morehead State Eagles men's basketball team represented Morehead State University in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Eagles, led by fourth-year head coach Preston Spradlin, played their home games at Ellis Johnson Arena in Morehead, Kentucky as members of the Ohio Valley Conference. They finished the season 23–8, 17–3 in OVC play to finish in 2nd place. They defeated Southeast Missouri State, Eastern Kentucky, and Belmont to be champions of the OVC tournament. They received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament where they lost in the first round to West Virginia.

2020–21 Southeast Missouri State Redhawks men's basketball team
The 2020–21 Southeast Missouri State Redhawks men's basketball team represented Southeast Missouri State University in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Redhawks, led by first-year head coach Brad Korn, played their home games at the Show Me Center in Cape Girardeau, Missouri as members of the Ohio Valley Conference.
2025 Tyler Tennis Championships – Doubles
Hans Hach Verdugo and James Trotter were the defending champions but only Hach Verdugo chose to defend his title, partnering Joshua Sheehy. They lost in the quarterfinals to Àlex Martínez and Adrià Soriano Barrera.

Finn Reynolds and James Watt won the title after defeating Martínez and Soriano Barrera 6–3, 6–1 in the final.

Finn Reynolds
Finn Reynolds (born 4 January 2000) is a professional tennis player from New Zealand who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 944 achieved on 26 June 2023 and a doubles ranking of No. 85 achieved on 24 November 2025.

Reynolds first represented New Zealand at the Davis Cup in 2021, where he lost his debut match to World No. 83 Kwon Soon-woo.
Yirrkala kaupii
Yirrkala kaupii is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Pieter Bleeker in 1858, originally under the genus Sphagebranchus. It is a tropical, freshwater eel which is known from Indonesia and the Philippines. Males can reach a maximum total length of 35 centimetres (14 in).

Ophichthidae
Ophichthidae is a family of fish in the order Anguilliformes, commonly known as the snake eels. The term "Ophichthidae" comes from Greek ophis ("serpent") and ichthys ("fish"). Snake eels are also burrowing eels.  They are named for their physical appearance, as they have long, cylindrical, snake-like bodies. This family is found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from coastal shallows and even rivers, to depths below 800 m (2,600 ft). Most species are bottom dwellers, hiding in mud or sand to capture their prey of crustaceans and small fish, but some are pelagic.

These species range in total length from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) or more. Many species lack fins altogether, improving their ability to burrow into the substrate like worms. They are often spotted or striped in colour, mimicking the appearance of venomous sea snakes to deter predators. Often, they are washed ashore by large storms.
Laura Prieto
María Laura Prieto Villella (born November 21, 1985, in Montevideo, Uruguay) is an Uruguayan-born Chilean model, singer, actress, dancer and personality of the Chilean television. She currently lives in Santiago de Chile.

Television in Chile
Television is one of the major mass media of Chile. It was introduced in 1957.

There are 63 broadcast stations throughout the country (plus 121 repeaters) (1997). The broadcast television system used is NTSC.

The primary regulator of television content is the National Television Council (CNTV). The technical aspects are regulated by the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications, through the Undersecretariat of Telecommunications (Subtel).
Huasacocha
Huasacocha (possibly from Quechua wasa the human back or the back of an animal, qucha lake, "back lake") is a mountain at a small lake of the same name in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,400 metres (17,717 ft) high. It lies in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, Pitumarca District, and in the Quispicanchi Province, in the districts Cusipata and Ocongate. Huasacocha is situated south-west of the mountain Sorimani and north of the mountain Jatunrritioc. There are two small lakes south-east of the mountain named Quiullacocha ("gull lake") and Surini.

The lake Huasacocha lies south-west of the peak at 13°51′41″S 71°19′08″W﻿ / ﻿13.86139°S 71.31889°W﻿ / -13.86139; -71.31889. The river Pucamayo ("red river") originates at the lake. It flows to the west as a right tributary of the Vilcanota River.

Human back
The human back, also called the dorsum (pl.: dorsa), is the large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck. It is the surface of the body opposite from the chest and the abdomen. The vertebral column runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the shoulders at the top and the pelvis at the bottom.

Back pain is a common medical condition, generally benign in origin.
Burn Notice season 4
The fourth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 3, 2010 on the cable television channel USA Network.   Coby Bell joined the main cast as Jesse Porter, a counter-intelligence agent Michael unwittingly burns.

John Doman
John Doman is an American actor best known for playing Bill Rawls on HBO series The Wire (2002–2008), Colonel Edward Galson on Oz (2001), Dr. Deraad in ER (1999–2003), Rodrigo Borgia in the international television series Borgia (2011–2014), Don Carmine Falcone in Fox's show Gotham (2014–2017), and Bruce Buttler in The Affair (2014–2019).
Geha Interchange
The Geha Interchange is the confluence of Highway 4 and Road 481 in Israel. The interchange is named after the Geha Mental Health Center, which was once located near the Interchange. but was moved when it was decided to construct the Interchange. The interchange opened to traffic on March 30, 1981.

The Interchange allows continuous travel without the need of traffic lights or intersections for the passengers of Highway 4 who pass on a bridge over Road 481.

The Interchange forms the border between Petah Tikva to Bnei Brak and is used as one of the main entrances into those two cities. Prior to the construction of the Geha interchange, a junction existed in the site, due to this, many locals today still refer to the Interchange as the "Geha Junction".

Petah Tikva
32°05′20″N 34°53′11″E﻿ / ﻿32.08889°N 34.88639°E﻿ / 32.08889; 34.88639

Petah Tikva (Hebrew: פתח תקווה, pronounced [ˈpetaχ ˈtikva] ⓘ), also spelt Petah Tiqwa and known informally as Em HaMoshavot (lit. 'Mother of the Moshavot, or colonies'), is a city in the Central District of Israel, 10.6 km (6.6 mi) east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by Haredi Jews of the Old Yishuv, and became a permanent settlement in 1883 with the financial help of Edmond Rothschild.

In 2023, the city had a population of 267,196, thus being the fourth-largest city in Israel. Its population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre (16,260/sq mi). Its jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9 km2 or 15 sq mi). Petah Tikva is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area.
2008–09 First Women's Banca Intesa League
The 2008–09 First Women's Banca Intesa League is the 3rd season of the First Women's Basketball League of Serbia, the highest professional basketball league in Serbia. It is also 65th national championship played by Serbian clubs inclusive of nation's previous incarnations as Yugoslavia and Serbia & Montenegro.

The first part of the season consists of 12 teams and 132-game regular season began on 11 October 2008 and will end on 14 March 2009. The second part of the season is the Play Off.

ŽKK Vojvodina
Ženski košarkaški klub Vojvodina (Serbian Cyrillic: Женски кошаркашки клуб Војводина, Women's Basketball Club Vojvodina) was a women's basketball team from Novi Sad, Serbia. It was part of the multi-sports club Vojvodina.