hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Remington Vernam (land developer)
Remington Vernam (January 1843 – July 3, 1907) was an American lawyer and real-estate developer from New York, best known for founding and developing the community of Arverne, which became part of New York City in 1898, from land he had purchased in 1882.

The name of Arverne was derived by his wife, Florence, who noted that her husband signed his checks as "R. Vernam".

Vernam was born in Mechanicville, New York.

Mechanicville, New York
Mechanicville is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 5,163 at the 2020 census, a small decrease from 5,196 in 2010. It is the smallest city by area in the state. The name is derived from the occupations of early residents.

The city is located on the eastern border of Saratoga County and is north of Albany, the state capital. Mechanicville borders the towns of Stillwater (of which it was once a part) and Halfmoon in the county, and the town of Schaghticoke, Rensselaer County.
Jacob Christian Schäffer
Jacob Christian Schäffer, alternatively Jakob, (31 May 1718 – 5 January 1790) was a German dean, professor of theology, botanist, mycologist, entomologist, ornithologist, and inventor. He was a theologian and teacher at Ratisbon. His work in natural sciences includes writing comprehensive and illustrated volumes on plants, fungi, birds, and insects, proposing new classification systems, and maintaining a museum of curiosities. Schäffer also experimented with electricity, colours, optics, and manufactured prisms and lenses, and invented an early washing machine and other practical devices. In the paper industry, he conducted experiments and published findings on alternate sources for paper production. He made studies of minute organisms without access to advanced microscopes and wrote a book on Daphnia.

Novelty item
A novelty item is an object which is specifically designed to serve no practical purpose, and is sold for its uniqueness, humor, or simply as something new (hence "novelty", or newness). The term also applies to practical items with fanciful or nonfunctional additions, such as novelty aprons, slippers, or toilet paper. The term is normally applied to small objects, and is generally not used to describe larger items such as roadside attractions. Items may have an advertising or promotional purpose, or be a souvenir.
Overyata
Overyata (Russian: Оверята) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Krasnokamsk in Perm Krai, Russia, located 26 kilometers (16 mi) west of Perm. Population:  4,634 (2010 Census); 4,622 (2002 Census); 4,955 (1989 Soviet census).

Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, romanized: Permskiy kray, IPA: [ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj]; Komi-Permyak: Перем ладор, romanized: Perem lador) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Census).

The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.

The final period of the Paleozoic era, the Permian, is named after the Perm region.
Marianne Oswald
Marianne Oswald (January 9, 1901 – February 25, 1985) was the stage name of Sarah Alice Bloch, a French singer and actress born in Sarreguemines in Alsace-Lorraine. She took this stage name from a character she much admired, the unhappy Oswald in the Ibsen play Ghosts. She was noted for her hoarse voice, heavy half-Lorraine, half-German accent, and for singing about unrequited love, despair, sadness, and death. She sang the songs of Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht. She was friends with Jean Cocteau, Jacques Prévert, François Mauriac, and Albert Camus. In fact, the text for one of her album covers was written by Camus. She was an inspiration for the composers Francis Poulenc and Arthur Honegger.

François Mauriac
François Charles Mauriac (French: [fʁɑ̃swa ʃaʁl(ə) moʁjak]; Occitan: Francés Carles Mauriac; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the Académie française (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958.
Peddapuram Assembly constituency
Peddapuram Assembly constituency is a constituency in Kakinada district of Andhra Pradesh that elects representatives to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India. It is one of the seven assembly segments of Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency.

Nimmakayala Chinarajappa is the current MLA of the constituency, having won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Telugu Desam Party. As of 2024, there are a total of 201,863 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the Delimitation Orders (1951).

Telugu Desam Party
The Telugu Desam Party (abbr. TDP; transl. Party of the Telugu Land) is an Indian regional political party primarily active in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It was founded by Telugu matinée idol N. T. Rama Rao (NTR) on 29 March 1982 and has focused on supporting Telugu people. The party has won a five-time majority in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly and has emerged as the most successful political outfit in the state's history. It is currently the ruling party in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

From 1 September 1995, the TDP was led by N. T. Rama Rao's son-in-law, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu as the national president of the party. The headquarters of the party is called N. T. R. Bhavan, which is located at Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh.
Mount Allison Mounties women's ice hockey
The Mount Allison Mounties women's ice hockey program represents the Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick, in the Atlantic University Sport conference of U Sports. The Mounties play at Tantramar Veterans Memorial Civic Centre.

Sackville, New Brunswick
Sackville is a former town in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. It held town status prior to 2023 and is now part of the town of Tantramar.

Sackville is home to Mount Allison University, a primarily undergraduate liberal arts university. The university welcomes roughly 2200 students per academic year. Historically based on agriculture, shipbuilding, and manufacturing, the economy is now driven by the university and tourism. Initially part of the French colony of Acadia, the settlement became part of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1755 following the Expulsion of the Acadians.
James Farrer (British politician)
James Farrer (8 May 1812 – 13 June 1879) was a Conservative Party politician in England who was elected three times as Member of Parliament (MP) for South Durham.

He unsuccessfully contested the 1841 general election, but was elected unopposed in 1847 after John Bowes stepped down. He was re-elected unopposed in 1852, but in 1857 he lost his seat to the Liberal candidate, Henry Pease.

When the Liberal Lord Harry George Vane stepped down at the 1859 general election, Farrer was again elected unopposed. He retired from politics at the 1865 general election.

South Durham
South Durham, formally the Southern Division of Durham and often referred to as Durham Southern, was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system of election.
Cyprus at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Republic of Cyprus competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom  from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This was the nation's ninth consecutive appearance at the Olympics.

Cyprus Olympic Committee sent the nation's smallest team ever to the Games since 1988. A total of 13 athletes, 9 men and 4 women, competed in 7 sports. Skeet shooter Georgios Achilleos became the first Cypriot athlete to participate in four Olympic games. Professional tennis player and one-time Australian Open finalist Marcos Baghdatis, who did not compete in Beijing because of injury, was the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony.

Cyprus left London with its first ever Olympic medal by sailor Pavlos Kontides, who won silver in the men's Laser event.

Marcos Baghdatis
Marcos Baghdatis (Greek: Μάρκος Παγδατής; born 17 June 1985) is a Greek Cypriot former professional tennis player and coach. He was the runner-up at the 2006 Australian Open and a semifinalist at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships, and reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 8 in August 2006. In the latter part of his career, Baghdatis endured a series of injuries that impacted his play.
Elwyn E. Royce
Elwyn E. Royce (March 18, 1868 – August 2, 1960) was an American farmer and politician.

Born in Watertown, New York, Royce went to Union Academy in Belleville, New York and Plymouth High School in Plymouth, Wisconsin. He raised Holstein cattle on his farm in rural Marshfield, Wisconsin. Royce served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1923 and 1925 and was a Republican. Royce died in Marshfield, Wisconsin.

Watertown (town), New York
Watertown is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 5,913 at the 2020 census. The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south, east, and west. As the city has a population of 24,685, or four times the town's population, references to "Watertown, New York", usually apply to the city rather than the town.
Geography of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a landlocked mountainous country located on the Iranian Plateau, at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. The country is the 40th largest in the world in size. Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, located in the Kabul Province. With a location at the intersection of major trade routes, Afghanistan has attracted a succession of invaders since the sixth century BC.

Afghanistan contains most of the Hindu Kush. There are a number of major rivers in the country, including Amu Darya, Arghandab, Farah, Gambila, Hari, Helmand, Kabul, Kokcha, Kunar, Kunduz, and Panj. The country also possesses many smaller rivers as well as streams, canals, lakes, ponds, and springs. Most of its fresh water historically flowed into neighboring countries.

Panj (river)
The Panj, traditionally known as the Ochus River, is a river in Afghanistan and Tajikistan and  a tributary of the Amu Darya. The river is 921 km (572 mi) long and has a basin area of 114,000 km2 (44,000 mi2). It forms a considerable part of the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border.

The river is formed by the confluence of the Pamir River and the Wakhan River near the village of Qala-i-Panjah in the Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan. From there, it flows westwards and marks part of the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border. After passing the city of Khorog, capital of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan, it receives water from one of its main tributaries, the Bartang River. It then turns towards the southwest, before joining the Vakhsh River and forming the greatest river of Central Asia, the Amu Darya. The Panj played an important role during Soviet era, and was a strategic river during the Soviet military operations in Afghanistan in the 1980s.
Gallitzin State Forest
Gallitzin State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #6.  The main offices are located in Ebensburg in Cambria County, Pennsylvania in the United States.

The forest is located on 24,370 acres (9,860 ha) in two non-contiguous tracts. The largest tract is the Babcock Division in northern Somerset and northwestern Bedford Counties. The other, smaller tract is in northern Cambria and Indiana Counties. The state forest includes Charles F. Lewis Natural Area and Clear Shade Wild Area.

Gallitzin State Forest was named to honor Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin. Gallitzin was a Roman Catholic priest and is called The Apostle of the Alleghenies for his pioneering mission work in the area in the early 19th century.

Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Indiana County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in the west central part of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 83,246. Its county seat is Indiana. Indiana County comprises the Indiana, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-WV-OH Combined Statistical Area. The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.

Prior to the Revolutionary War, some settlers proposed this as part of a larger, separate colony to be known as Vandalia, but opposing interests and the war intervened. Afterward, claims to the territory by both the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania had to be reconciled. After this land was assigned to Pennsylvania by the federal government according to the placement of the Mason–Dixon line, Indiana County was created on March 30, 1803, from parts of Westmoreland and Clearfield counties and was formally organized in 1806.
Cougar Helicopters Flight 91
Cougar Helicopters Flight 91 was a scheduled flight of a Cougar Sikorsky S-92A (Registration C-GZCH) which ditched on 12 March 2009 en route to the SeaRose FPSO in the White Rose oil field and Hibernia Platform in the Hibernia oilfield off the coast of Newfoundland 55 kilometres (34 mi) east-southeast of St. John's, Newfoundland.  Of the 18 aboard, only one survived.

Water landing
In aviation, a water landing is, in the broadest sense, an aircraft landing on a body of water. Seaplanes, such as floatplanes and flying boats, land on water as a normal operation. Ditching is a controlled emergency landing on the water surface in an aircraft not designed for the purpose, and it is a very rare occurrence. Controlled flight into the surface and uncontrolled flight ending in a body of water (including a runway excursion into water) are generally not considered water landings or ditching, but are considered accidents. Most times, ditching results in aircraft structural failure.
Simon Fowler's Merrymouth
Simon Fowler's Merrymouth is the debut solo album by Simon Fowler (the singer/songwriter from Ocean Colour Scene) it contains six original Fowler compositions, one of those ("Over My Head") being an OCS re-working. Released on 26 March 2012, it features Fowler (vocals and acoustic guitar), Dan Sealey (vocals and guitars), Mike McNamara (double and electric fretless basses, piano, organ, percussion and guitar), John McCusker (violins, cittern and low whistle) and Andy Cutting (melodeon).

All songs are written by Simon Fowler, unless otherwise stated. The album contains a Bert Jansch song, "Courting Blues", and the lyrics of a W. B. Yeats poem "The Stolen Child", put to a melody written by Fowler and music by Merrymouth.

Produced by Dan Sealey and Mike McNamara.
Recorded at Gospel Oak Studio, Warwickshire, England by Barry 'Baz' Bayliss. Engineered by Bayliss and Alfie Manders

Ocean Colour Scene
Ocean Colour Scene (often abbreviated to OCS) is an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1989. They have had five top 10 albums, including a number one in 1997. They have also achieved seventeen top 40 singles and six top 10 singles to date.
Spanish bilingual education in California
Spanish bilingual education in California is the incorporation of the Spanish and English language to teach various subjects in primary education. Proposition 227 affected Spanish bilingual programs negatively by mandating that instruction be conducted "overwhelmingly in English." Although there was no direct statement in this proposition prohibiting the use of Spanish for instruction, many teachers and districts stopped teaching in the Spanish language because they were pressured to focus on English-only curriculum.  However, there continue to be dual language bilingual programs in the state.

Bilingual education
In bilingual education, students are taught in two (or more) languages. It is distinct from learning a second language as a subject because both languages are used for instruction in different content areas like math, science, and history. The time spent in each language depends on the model. For example, some models focus on providing education in both languages throughout a student's entire education while others gradually transition to education in only one language. The ultimate goal of bilingual education is fluency and literacy in both languages through a variety of strategies such as translanguaging and recasting.
1962–63 NBA season
The 1962–63 NBA season was the 17th season of the National Basketball Association.  The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning their 5th straight NBA Championship, beating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals.

Free throw
In basketball, free throws or foul shots are unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free-throw line (informally known as the foul line or the charity stripe), a line situated at the end of the restricted area. Free throws are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team, analogous to penalty shots in other team sports. Free throws are also awarded in other situations, including technical fouls, and when the fouling team has entered the bonus/penalty situation (after a team commits a requisite number of fouls, each subsequent foul results in free throws regardless of the type of foul committed). Also, depending on the situation, a player may be awarded between one and three free throws. Each successful free throw is worth one point.
Fulvalenes
A fulvalene is a hydrocarbon obtained by formally cross-conjugating two rings through a common exocyclic double bond. The name is derived from the similarly structured fulvenes which lack one ring. Pentafulvalene (2) is also called simply fulvalene, the parent structure of this class. Triapentafulvalene (3) is also known as calicene from the words calix or chalice because of its wine-glass appearance.

In general, the parent fulvalenes are very unstable; for instance, the parent triafulvalene (1) has never been synthesized. On the other hand, stable fulvalenes can be obtained by proper substitution or benzannulation. Several members should be stabilized taking into account a dipolar mesomeric form with for instance sesquifulvalene 4, which can be thought of as a tropylium cation joined to a cyclopentadienyl anion (both stable and aromatic). In this compound the dipolar structure is calculated to contribute 23% to the total structure.

Cross-conjugation
Cross-conjugation is a special type of conjugation in a molecule, when in a set of three pi bonds only two pi bonds interact with each other by conjugation, while the third one is excluded from interaction.

Whereas a normal conjugated system such as a polyene typically has alternating single and double bonds along consecutive atoms, a cross-conjugated system has an alkene unit bonded to one of the middle atoms of another conjugated chain through a single bond. In classical terms, one of the double-bonds branches off rather than continuing consecutively: the main chain is conjugated, and part of that same main chain is conjugated with the side group, but all parts are not conjugated together as strongly. Examples of cross-conjugation can be found in molecules such as benzophenone, divinylketones, p-quinones, dendralenes, radialenes, fullerene, and Indigo dye. The type of conjugation affects reactivity and molecular electronic transitions.
Enthesitis
Enthesitis is inflammation of the entheses (singular: enthesis), the sites where tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to bones.

It is a type of enthesopathy, meaning any pathologic condition of the entheses, with or without inflammation.  There are some cases of isolated, primary enthesitis which are very poorly studied and understood. It is known to be associated with other autoimmune diseases, like spondyloarthropathies and psoriasis (thought to often precede psoriatic arthritis). A common autoimmune enthesitis is at the heel, where the Achilles tendon attaches to the calcaneus.

It is associated with HLA B27 arthropathies, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis.

Joint capsule
In anatomy, a joint capsule or articular capsule is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. Each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane.
Nijel Amos
Nijel Carlos Amilfitano Amos (born 15 March 1994) is a Botswana middle-distance runner who competes in the 800 metres. He won the silver medal at the 2012 London Olympics, which was Botswana's first-ever Olympic medal. Amos claimed gold medals at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and 2015 All-Africa Games. At the African Championships in Athletics, he took golds in 2014, 2016 and 2018.

He won the gold medal in his specialist event at the 2012 World Under-20 Championships. Amos is the Botswana record holder for the 800m; his mark is also the world U20 record. He is a three-time Diamond League 800m winner.

On 12 July 2022, Amos was provisionally suspended from competition for testing positive for metabolite GW1516. On 3 May 2023, it was announced that he had received a backdated three-year doping ban, which would end on 11 July 2025.

Athletics at the 2015 African Games
The athletics competition at the 2015 African Games was held from 13 to 17 September 2015 at the New Kintele Stadium in Brazzaville, in the Republic of Congo.

The original winners of the long jump competitions, Chinaza Amadi and Samson Idiata of Nigeria, failed drugs tests at the competition and were disqualified.
Telephone numbers in Switzerland
Telephone numbers in Switzerland are defined and assigned according to the Swiss telephone numbering plan administered by the Swiss Federal Office of Communications. The plan has been changed several times and the most recent reorganization was implemented in March 2002.

Natel
Natel is a generic trademark used in Switzerland and in Liechtenstein for 'mobile phone'.

The word was coined in 1975, when the Swiss Postal Telegraph and Telephone introduced a mobile phone service for vehicles in Switzerland: Nationales Auto-TELefonnetz, or "National Car Telephone Network". When the PTT was dismantled in 1998, it split into two public service companies.

The telecom corporation, Swisscom, continued to develop the Swiss mobile network, and registered the word Natel as a trademark. It remains a brand of the company's mobile telephony services to this day.

In Switzerland, "Natel" is still used as a synonym for mobile (or cell) phone across the country. Like many words with origins in a specific culture, this word is unknown to French, German, and Italian speakers outside of Switzerland.
Bowman Farm
Bowman Farm is a historic home located near Boones Mill, Franklin County, Virginia.  The original dwelling was built about 1833, and is the two-story rear wing with a Georgian style interior.  Appended to the east gable-end of the original house is a two-story center-passage-plan frame section dating to about 1900. Both sections have metal-sheathed gable roofs.  The house was renovated in 1999.  Also on the property are a contributing log bank barn, frame barn, granary, and family cemetery.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Granary
A granary, also known as a grain house and historically as a granarium in Latin, is a post-harvest storage building primarily for grains or seeds. Granaries are typically built above the ground to prevent spoilage and protect the stored grains or seeds from rodents, pests, floods, and adverse weather conditions. They also assist in drying the grains to prevent mold growth. Modern granaries may incorporate advanced ventilation and temperature control systems to preserve the quality of the stored grains.