hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hamilton (automobile company)
The Hamilton Motors Company was founded in 1917 by Guy Hamilton, after his Grand Haven, Michigan Alter Motor Car Company went bankrupt. The company produced only one car, the Model A-14, which was a four-cylinder, 28 hp touring car with a 112-inch (2,800 mm) wheelbase. He promised to make a six-cylinder car, but never did.

In 1918, the H. A. Oswald Engineering Company tried to resurrect the Hamilton as the Oswald, but it failed. However, Hamilton's Alter truck was produced until 1921.

Grand Haven, Michigan
Grand Haven is a city within the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Ottawa County. Grand Haven is located on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River, for which it is named. As of the 2020 census, Grand Haven had a population of 11,011. The city is home to the Grand Haven Memorial Airpark (3GM) and is located just north of Grand Haven Charter Township. Grand Haven's ZIP code also serves most of Grand Haven and Robinson townships.
The Certificate (novel)
The Certificate is a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer, published in English in 1992 (published in Yiddish in 1967). David Bendinger, a poor, young Yiddish writer wishes to emigrate to Palestine from Poland, and because married couples are given preference, he tries to arrange for a marriage certificate to be purchased for him by a wealthy woman whose fiancee lives in Palestine. The narrative deals with the abject poverty of David, as well as his Jewish heritage, and details the rise of both Communism and Zionism.

Marriage certificate
A marriage certificate (colloquially marriage lines) is an official statement that two people are married. In most jurisdictions, a marriage certificate is issued by a government official only after the civil registration of the marriage.

In some jurisdictions, especially in the United States, a marriage certificate is the official record that two people have undertaken a marriage ceremony. This includes jurisdictions where marriage licenses do not exist. In other jurisdictions, a marriage license serves a dual purpose of granting permission for a marriage to take place and then endorsing the same document to record the fact that the marriage has been performed.

A marriage certificate may be required for a number of reasons. It may be required as evidence of change of a party's name, on issues of legitimacy of a child, during divorce proceedings, or as part of a genealogical history, besides other purposes.
Clive Gee
Clive Gee (birth unknown) is an Irish rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s. He played at representative level for Ireland, and at club level in the Irish Elite League for the Portlaoise Panthers (in Portlaoise).

Laois Panthers
Laois Panthers was a rugby league team from Laois, Ireland. The side played in the Irish Elite League, Ireland's top-tier rugby league competition.

The club was established in 2005 and originally known as Portlaoise Panthers. In October 2009, Tim Bergin became the first Laois Panthers player to be selected for the Ireland national rugby league team.

The Panthers played their home games at Togher Park, Portlaoise until 2010 when they were no longer able to use the ground. In 2011, their home ground was recorded as Lea Road, Portarlington, which later became the home of Portarlington Wolverines, who were established in 2012.
Millu (Moquegua-Puno)
Millu (Aymara for a kind of salpeter, Quechua for salty, Hispanicized spelling Millo) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,225 metres (17,142 ft) high. It is located on the border of the Moquegua Region, General Sánchez Cerro Province, Ichuña District, and the Puno Region, Puno Province, San Antonio District. It lies southwest of the mountain Chuqipata.

General Sánchez Cerro province
General Sánchez Cerro, known as Puquina until 1936, is the smallest of three provinces in the Moquegua Region of Peru. The capital of the province is Omate. The province was named after the former Peruvian army officer and president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro.
Manas Mukul Pal
Manas Mukul Pal (born 25 August 1987) is an Indian film director, actor, and screenwriter who predominantly works in Bengali cinema. He came to the limelight after directing his first feature film Colours of Innocence (2016) which was a critical and commercial success. He is working on his second feature film which is going to be a biopic of the freedom fighter Dinesh Gupta.

Dinesh Gupta
Dinesh Chandra Gupta (Bengali: দীনেশচন্দ্র গুপ্ত Dinesh Chôndro Gupto) or Dinesh Gupta (6 December 1911 – 7 July 1931) was an Indian revolutionary against British rule in India, who is noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building - the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie square in Calcutta, along with Badal Gupta and Benoy Basu.

Rabindrasangeet exponent and trainer Maya Sen (maiden name Gupta) was his niece. Even he suggested his sister-in-law Ashalata Gupta to let Maya learn Rabindrasangeet. His nephew and Maya's brother, Tapan Gupta, was a doctor and established 'the Tagoreans' in London. Mr. Gupta's daughter is an MBE, Tanika Gupta, a playwright and regularly works for BBC and the stage in England.
AN/SPS-49
The AN/SPS-49 is a United States Navy two-dimensional, long range air search radar built by Raytheon that can provide contact bearing and range. It is a primary air-search radar for numerous ships in the U.S. fleet and in Spain, Poland, Taiwan aboard Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates, Canada on its Halifax-class frigate (prior to FELEX mid-life upgrade) and New Zealand on its Anzac-class frigates. It formerly served in a complementary role aboard Aegis cruisers with the AN/SPY-1 but the systems are currently being removed during routine upgrade with no replacement.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/SPS-49" designation represents the 49th design of an Army-Navy electronic device for surface ship search radar system. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense electronic systems.

Royal New Zealand Navy
The Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN; Māori: Te Taua Moana o Aotearoa, lit. 'the Sea War Party of New Zealand') is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. The fleet currently consists of eight ships. The Navy had its origins in the Naval Defence Act 1913, and the subsequent acquisition of the cruiser HMS Philomel, which by 1921 had been moored in Auckland as a training ship. A slow buildup occurred during the interwar period, and then in December 1939 HMS Achilles fought alongside two other Royal Navy cruisers at the Battle of the River Plate against the German ship, Graf Spee.
Arnold of Gascony
Arnold (also Arnaut or Arnaud) (died 864) was the Count of Fézensac and briefly Duke of Gascony in 864. He was the son of Emenon, Count of Périgord, and Sancha, daughter of Sancho Sánchez of Gascony. He made his claim on Gascony on his uncle's death.

In 863, King Charles the Bald nominated him Count of Angoulême and Bordeaux. The next year he became duke defending the Gascon frontier, but he died fighting the Norsemen within months.

Norsemen
The Norsemen (or Northmen) were a Germanic cultural group in the Early Middle Ages, originating among speakers of Old Norse in Scandinavia. During the late eighth century, Scandinavians embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age. In English-language scholarship since the 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings.

Historians of Anglo-Saxon England often use the term "Norse" in a different sense, distinguishing between Norse Vikings (Norsemen) from Norway, who mainly invaded and occupied the islands north and north-west of Britain as well as Ireland and western Britain, and Danish Vikings, who principally invaded and occupied eastern Britain.
Rubing
Rubing (simplified Chinese: 乳饼; traditional Chinese: 乳餅; pinyin: rǔbǐng) is a firm, acid-set, non-melting, fresh goat milk farmer cheese made in the Yunnan Province of China by people of the Bai and Sani (recognized as a branch of the Yi in China) minorities. Its Bai name is youdbap, meaning "goat's milk".

Yi people
The Yi or Nuosu people (Nuosu: ꆈꌠ, [nɔ̄sū]; Chinese: 彝族; pinyin: Yízú; see also § Names and subgroups) are an ethnic group in southern China. Numbering nine million people, they are the sixth largest of the 55 ethnic minority groups recognized by the Chinese government. They live primarily in rural areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi, usually in mountainous regions. The Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is home to the largest population of Yi people within China, with two million Yi people in the region. In neighbouring Vietnam, as of 2019, there are 4,827 Lô Lô people (a subgroup of the Yi) living in the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, and Lào Cai provinces, in the country's north.

The Yi speak various Loloish languages, closely related to Burmese. The prestige variety is Nuosu, which is written in the Yi script.
Seán Moylan (hurler)
Seán Moylan is an Irish former hurler who played as a left wing-back for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Moylan first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1971-72 National League and immediately became a regular member of the team. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level Moylan is a two-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1973 championship.

Moylan's brothers Pat and Barney also had lengthy career playing for Offaly, Moylan's son Thomas also had a short spell with Offaly.

Offaly GAA
The Offaly County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Bord Contae Uíbh Fhailí de Chumann Lúthchleas Gael) or Offaly GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Offaly. Separate county boards are also responsible for the Offaly county teams.

The county hurling team won All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) titles during the 1980s and 1990s. The county football team won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) titles during the 1970s and 1980s.
Sunfish-class destroyer
The Sunfish-class destroyers, also referred to as Opossum-class destroyers, was a group of three torpedo boat destroyers which served with the Royal Navy from the 1890s to the 1920s. They were all built by the Hebburn-on-Tyne shipyard of Hawthorn Leslie.

R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company
R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company, Limited, usually referred to as Hawthorn Leslie, was a shipbuilder and locomotive manufacturer. The company was founded on Tyneside in 1886 and ceased building ships in 1982.
MacGuffin (cipher)
In cryptography, MacGuffin is a block cipher created in 1994 by Bruce Schneier and Matt Blaze at a Fast Software Encryption workshop. It was intended as a catalyst for analysis of a new cipher structure, known as Generalized Unbalanced Feistel Networks (GUFNs). The cryptanalysis proceeded very quickly, so quickly that the cipher was broken at the same workshop by Vincent Rijmen and Bart Preneel.

Block cipher
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary building blocks of many cryptographic protocols. They are ubiquitous in the storage and exchange of data, where such data is secured and authenticated via encryption.

A block cipher uses blocks as an unvarying transformation. Even a secure block cipher is suitable for the encryption of only a single block of data at a time, using a fixed key. A multitude of modes of operation have been designed to allow their repeated use in a secure way to achieve the other security goals of confidentiality and authenticity. However, block ciphers may also feature as building blocks in other cryptographic protocols, such as universal hash functions and pseudorandom number generators.
Michelle Dench
Michelle Dench is an Australian sportswoman who played women's Australian rules football and basketball in the Women's National Basketball League.

Dench played for the Melbourne University Mugars in the Victorian Women's Football League. She was a member of the Australia women's international rules football team that played against Ireland in the 2006 Ladies' International Rules Series.

She has been an All-Australian and the AFL Women's National Championships in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 & 2007.

She is the daughter of North Melbourne Football Club great David Dench.

She retired at the end of the 2009 season.

Ireland women's national international rules football team
The Ireland women's international rules football team was organised by the Ladies' Gaelic Football Association and represented Ireland in the 2006 Ladies' International Rules Series against Australia. As of 2019, this is the only series the team has  played. Ireland won the series, prevailing in the first test at Breffni Park by 134–15 and the second test at Parnell Park by 39–18.
Kenya sparrow
The Kenya sparrow (Passer rufocinctus), also known as the Kenya rufous sparrow, is a sparrow found in Kenya and Tanzania. It tends to be found in dry wooded savannah and agricultural areas. Some authorities have lumped the great sparrow (P. motitensis), the Kenya sparrow, and the Socotra sparrow (P. insularis) into P. motitensis following Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993). Some authorities also lump Shelley's sparrow and the Kordofan sparrow with this species, or all three with the great sparrow.

Old World sparrow
Old World sparrows are groups of small passerine birds forming the family Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, a name which is also used for a particular genus of the family Passer. They are distinct from both the New World sparrows of the family Passerellidae and from a few other birds such as the Java sparrow of the family Estrildidae sharing their name. Many species nest on buildings and the house and Eurasian tree sparrows, in particular, inhabit cities in large numbers. They are primarily seed-eaters, though they also consume small insects. Some species scavenge for food around cities and  like pigeons or gulls, will eat small quantities of a diversity of items.
Bob Rogers (SAAF officer)
Robert Harry Doherty Rogers   MMM DSO  (7 November 1921 – 3 June 2000) was a Chief of the South African Air Force. He joined the South African Air Force (SAAF) in 1940, and served in the Second World War and the Korean War. He subsequently rose through the ranks to become Chief of the SAAF. After his military career he entered politics and served as a Member of Parliament.

Southern Cross Medal (1952)
The Southern Cross Medal of 1952, post-nominal letters SM, is a South African military decoration which was instituted by the Union of South Africa in 1952. It was awarded for outstanding devotion to duty and was originally available to all ranks, but from 1967 until July 1975, when it was discontinued, it was reserved for officers.
Go Seul-ki
Go Seul-ki (Korean: 고슬기; born 21 April 1986) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder. His previous clubs were Buriram United, El Jaish, Ulsan Hyundai, Gwangju Sangmu, Pohang Steelers and Police Tero.

Pohang Steelers
The Pohang Steelers (Hangul: 포항 스틸러스) are a South Korean professional football club based in Pohang, North Gyeongsang Province that compete in the K League 1, the top flight of South Korean football. The club was founded on 1 April 1973 as Pohang Iron & Steel Company FC, named after the steel company POSCO, which still owns the club today. They are one of South Korea's most successful teams, having won the K League five times and the AFC Champions League three times.
1958 Malagasy constitutional referendum
A referendum on the new constitution of France was held in Madagascar on 28 September 1958 as part of a wider referendum held across the French Union. The new constitution would see the country become part of the new French Community if accepted, or result in independence if rejected. It was approved by 77.64% of voters. The country subsequently became independent on 26 June 1960.

Constitution of France
The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (French: la Constitution de la Cinquième République), and it replaced the Constitution of the Fourth Republic of 1946, keeping it's preamble. The current Constitution regards the separation of church and state, democracy, social welfare, and indivisibility as core principles of the French state.

Charles de Gaulle was the main driving force in introducing the new constitution and inaugurating the Fifth Republic, while the text was drafted by Michel Debré. Since then, the constitution has been amended twenty-five times, notably in 2008 and most recently in 2024.
İskilip
İskilip is a district of Çorum Province, Turkey, on the left bank of the River Kızılırmak, located at 56 km from the city of Çorum, 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Ankara and 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Kastamonu. It is the seat of İskilip District. Its population is 17,612 (2022). The mayor is Ali Sülük.

Kastamonu
Kastamonu, formerly Kastamone/Castamone (Greek: Κασταμονή) and Kastamon/Castamon (Greek: Κασταμών), is a city in northern Turkey. It is the seat of Kastamonu Province and Kastamonu District. Its population is 125,622 (2021). The city lies at an elevation of 904 m (2,966 ft). It is located in the southern part of the province.
2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League
The 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League is the 14th edition of the annual women's international water polo tournament. It was played between November 2016 and June 2017 and open to all women's water polo national teams. After participating in a preliminary round, eight teams qualify to play in a final tournament, called the Super Final from 06 to 11 June 2017.

In the world league, there are specific rules that do not allow matches to end in a draw. If teams are level at the end of the 4th quarter of any world league match, the match will be decided by a penalty shootout. Teams earn points in the standings in group matches as follows:

Match won in normal time - 3 points

Match won in shootout - 2 points

Match lost in shootout - 1 point

Match lost in normal time - 0 points

Makenzie Fischer
Makenzie Fischer (born March 29, 1997) is an American water polo player. She was part of the gold medal-winning American team at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, where she played in the centre back position. She was also part of the gold medal-winning American team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Salvatore Farina (essayist)
Salvatore Farina (Italian: [salva'tore fa'rina]; 12 December 1959) is an Italian essayist, cultural researcher, teacher, and photographer.

He teaches philosophy and history at the Liceo Classico "Ruggero Settimo" in Caltanissetta dealing in parallel with cultural research and photography.
Today he is known above all as the author of essays and articles on Sicilian pastry making of international importance, in particular Sweet sensations of Sicily.

Ruggero Settimo
Ruggero Settimo (19 May 1778 – 2 May 1863) was an Italian politician, diplomat, and patriotic activist from Sicily. He was a counter-admiral of the Sicilian Fleet. He fought alongside the British fleet in the Mediterranean Sea against the French under Napoleon Bonaparte. He reconquered the island of Malta, and defended the city of Gaeta near Naples.

In 1811 he had to retire from the military due to health problems. He was a member of the Sicilian government of Prince Castelnovo in 1812 as Minister of the merchant navy. He was a member of the revolutionary junta of 1820–1821. In 1848 as president of the Sicilian Senate, he was appointed as chief of the government of the Kingdom of Sicily; he led the Sicilian government until 1849. After unification in 1861, Settimo was elected as President of the Senate of the newly created Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy.
Albert Louppe
Jules Albert Louppe (6 June 1856 – 5 July 1927) was a French explosives engineer who became a politician.    The Plougastel Bridge, or Albert-Louppe Bridge, near Brest in north-western France, is named after him.

Departmental council (France)
The departmental councils (French: conseils départementaux [kɔ̃sɛj depaʁtəmɑ̃to]; singular, conseil départemental [kɔ̃sɛj depaʁtəmɑ̃tal]) of France are representative assemblies elected by universal suffrage in 98 of the country's 101 departments. Prior to the 2015 French departmental elections they were known as general councils (conseils généraux; singular, conseil général).
Robarts ministry
The Robarts Ministry was the combined cabinet (formally the Executive Council of Ontario) that governed Ontario from November 8, 1961, to March 1, 1971. It was led by the 17th Premier of Ontario, John Robarts. The ministry was made up of members of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, which commanded a majority of the seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario throughout its duration.

The ministry replaced the Frost ministry following the resignation of Premier Leslie Frost and the 1961 PC leadership convention. The Robarts ministry governed through the second half of the 26th Parliament of Ontario, the entirety of the 27th Parliament of Ontario, and most of the 28th Parliament of Ontario.

Robarts resigned in 1971 and was succeeded as Premier of Ontario by Bill Davis.

27th Parliament of Ontario
The 27th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from September 25, 1963, until September 5, 1967, just prior to the 1967 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party led by John Robarts.

Donald Hugo Morrow served as speaker for the assembly.
Sung-Yoon Lee bibliography
Sung-Yoon Lee is a scholar, policy advisor, and author specialized on North Korea and East Asia. His written opus has focussed on exposing the wrongdoings of the North Korean regime and advancing policies to curb it. He has contributed to media outlets, published academic papers and a book, and written statements as part of his expert witness advice to the U.S. Congress. His writing style has been described as exuberant, vivid, and sharp, with a meticulous and insightful analysis.

The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of international relations established in 1975. It is managed by students at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University). It is also an online foreign policy forum with additional articles and interviews.
I Feel Lucky
"I Feel Lucky" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Mary Chapin Carpenter.  It was released in May 1992 as the first single from the album Come On Come On.  The song reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The Chipettes recorded a cover of this song for the 1992 album Chipmunks in Low Places.  It was written by Carpenter and Don Schlitz.

Chipmunks in Low Places
Chipmunks in Low Places is a country album written by John Boylan and Andrew Gold and performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks. It features cover songs as well as original material. Released on September 29, 1992, the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA, becoming the group's first platinum record and making it the Chipmunks' best-selling album. The album reached number 21 on the Billboard 200, becoming their first album to chart in ten years. The album also managed to peak at No. 6 on Billboard's Top Country Albums, making it the highest peaking album for the group on the chart. In Canada, the album peaked at number 9, and was number 49 in the Top 50 Country albums of 1993.