hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital
Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] UKHL 1 is an important House of Lords case in English tort law, specifically medical negligence, concerning the duty of a surgeon to inform a patient of the risks before undergoing an operation.

It has largely been overturned by Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board, which determined that there is a duty on doctors to take reasonable care to ensure that a patient is aware of material risks inherent in treatment.

English tort law
English tort law concerns the compensation for harm to people's rights to health and safety, a clean environment, property, their economic interests, or their reputations. A "tort" is a wrong in civil law, rather than criminal law, that usually requires a payment of money to make up for damage that is caused. Alongside contracts and unjust enrichment, tort law is usually seen as forming one of the three main pillars of the law of obligations.

In English law, torts like other civil cases are generally tried in front a judge without a jury.
Alex Waghorn
Alexander Charles Waghorn (born 9 January 1995) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Waghorn was born at Wandsworth in January 1995. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford before going up to Pembroke College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he made two appearances in first-class cricket in 2016, playing one match apiece for Cambridge MCCU against Essex at Fenner's and for Cambridge University against Oxford University in The University Match at Oxford. Playing as a right-arm medium-fast, he took 5 wickets in his two matches with best figures of 3 for 79.

Essex County Cricket Club
Essex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Essex.

Founded in 1876, the club had minor county status until 1894 when it was promoted to first-class status pending its entry into the County Championship in 1895. Since then, the team has played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England.

Essex currently play all their home games at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. The club has formerly used other venues throughout the county including Lower Castle Park in Colchester, Valentines Park in Ilford, Leyton Cricket Ground, the Gidea Park Sports Ground in Romford, and Garon Park and Southchurch Park, both in Southend.

The limited overs team has previously been known as the Essex Eagles but now play simply as Essex.
Abu Bakr Siddique Khan
Abu Bakar Siddique Khan (Bengali: আবু বকর সিদ্দিক খাঁন) is a two-star officer  and the incumbent Master General of the Ordnance of Bangladesh Army. He is the former director general of Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies. Khan is also the pioneer colonel commandant of the Air Defence Corps.

Bangladesh Army
The Bangladesh Army (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনী, romanized: Bāṅlādēś shēnābāhinī) is the principal land warfare branch of the Bangladesh Armed Forces responsible for defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bangladesh. Operating under the Ministry of Defence, the army is tasked with national defense, disaster response, and supporting civil authorities during emergencies. Established officially after the 1971 Liberation War, the Bangladesh Army has since evolved into a professional, modern force engaged in peacekeeping missions under the United Nations as well as national security operations.

The Bangladesh Army is also constitutionally obligated to assist the government, during times of domestic or national emergencies. This additional role is commonly referred to as "aid to civil administration" or, using the Latin form, "Protectio, Transparentia, Reintegratio".
Masked Singer Sverige season 5
The fifth season of the Swedish version of Masked Singer ran from 28 March 2025 to 23 May 2025 on TV4. The new panel members for this season were Carina Berg and Behrouz Badreh, who joined presenter David Hellenius and the other two panel members Måns Zelmerlöw and Pernilla Wahlgren.

In Week 7, Zelmerlöw was replaced as panel member by comedian Måns Möller due to Zelmerlöw's participation in Melodifestivalen 2025.

TV4 (Swedish TV channel)
TV4 (TV fyra) is a Swedish free-to-air television network owned by TV4 AB, a subsidiary of the TV4 Media AB. It started broadcasting by satellite in 1990 and, since 1992, on terrestrial television. In 1994, TV4 became the largest channel and remained so for a number of years. The two channels of Sveriges Television (SVT) lost more and more viewers for a couple of years. After making schedule changes in 2001, SVT1 had practically the same numbers of viewers as TV4. From 2004 to 2019, the TV4 Group was a fully active member of the European Broadcasting Union.
Hatin Lake
Hatin Lake is a small low-lying lake on the Nahlin Plateau in Cassiar Land District of the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is an expansion of the Koshin River, which flows north from nearby Level Mountain into the Nahlin River. The Callison Ranch lies on the eastern side of Hatin Lake.

Hatin Lake is one of three lakes most commonly used to gain access to the Level Mountain shield volcano by float plane, the other two being Granite Lake and Ketchum Lake.

Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a shield lying on the ground. It is formed by the eruption of highly fluid (low viscosity) lava, which travels farther and forms thinner flows than the more viscous lava erupted from a stratovolcano. Repeated eruptions result in the steady accumulation of broad sheets of lava, building up the shield volcano's distinctive form.

Shield volcanoes are found wherever fluid, low-silica lava reaches the surface of a rocky planet. However, they are most characteristic of ocean island volcanism associated with hot spots or with continental rift volcanism. They include the largest active volcanoes on Earth, such as Mauna Loa. Giant shield volcanoes are found on other planets of the Solar System, including Olympus Mons on Mars and Sapas Mons on Venus.
Expert wizard amendment
The expert wizard amendment was a proposed amendment by New Mexico state senator Duncan Scott, which would require psychologists and psychiatrists to dress up as wizards when they were in court proceedings providing expert testimony regarding a defendant's competency. The amendment, proposed in 1995, passed New Mexico's Senate unanimously. Scott revealed the amendment was satirical prior to a vote in New Mexico House of Representatives following which it was removed and thus never signed into law.

Scott said that he crafted the amendment because he felt that there were an excessive number of mental health practitioners acting as expert witnesses.

Expert witness
An expert witness, particularly in common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert. The judge may consider the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about evidence or about facts before the court within the expert's area of expertise, to be referred to as an "expert opinion". Expert witnesses may also deliver "expert evidence" within the area of their expertise. Their testimony may be rebutted by testimony from other experts or by other evidence or facts.
2023 Thai League Cup final
The 2023 Thai League Cup final was the final match of the 2022–23 Thai League Cup, the 13th season in the second era of a Thailand's football tournament organized by Football Association of Thailand. It was played at the Thunderdome Stadium in Nonthaburi, Thailand on 20 May 2023, between Buriram United a big team from Buriram that located in the Northeastern part and BG Pathum United a big team from Pathum Thani that located in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region of Thailand.

BG Pathum United F.C.
BG Pathum United Football Club (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลบีจี ปทุม ยูไนเต็ด) is a Thai professional football club based in Pathum Thani province and is managed by BG Sports Company Limited which is a subsidiary of Bangkok Glass Public Company Limited. BG Pathum United participates in the Thai League 1.

The nickname of BGPU, "The Rabbits", derives from the chinese zodiac of the first club president, Pavin Bhirombhakdi who was born in The Year of the Rabbit.

The club has won 1 Thai League 1 title, 1 Thai League 2 title, 1 Thai FA Cup, 1 Thai League Cup and 2 Thailand Champions Cup.
Henriette Mikkelsen
Henriette Rønde Mikkelsen (born 21 September 1980) is a Danish former team handball player and Olympic champion, and former politician. She won a gold medal with the Danish national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

She won the Champions League three times with Viborg HK: in 2006, in 2009 and in 2010.

Mikkelsen retired in 2011, but made several comebacks afterwards, the latest in 2014. She still plays handball at amateur-level.

At the 2009 Danish local elections she was elected to the Viborg Municipality council for the Social Democrats. She decided to end her term prematurely in 2012, due to wanting to spend more time with her family.

EHF Women's Champions League
The EHF Women's Champions League is the competition for the top women's handball clubs in Europe, organised annually by the European Handball Federation (EHF). It is the most prestigious tournament for clubs, with the champions of Europe's top national leagues participating.
Contreras Gang
Contreras Gang is a 1991 Philippine action film directed and edited by Pepe Marcos. The film stars Edu Manzano as the gang leader, along with Rez Cortez, Kevin Delgado, Dindo Arroyo, Willie Revillame and Eric Francisco as the gang members.

Produced and distributed by Moviestars Productions, the film was theatrically released on December 25, 1991, as one of the entries in the 17th Metro Manila Film Festival.

1991 Metro Manila Film Festival
The 17th Metro Manila Film Festival was held in 1991.

Once again, MRN Film International's Ang Totoong Buhay ni Pacita M. romped away with eight awards in the 1991 Metro Manila Film Festival including the Best Picture, Best Actress for the seventh-time awardee Nora Aunor and Best Director for Elwood Perez among others. Meanwhile, FLT Film International's Juan Tamad at Mister Shooli sa Mongolian Barbeque (The Movie) received seven awards including the Best Actor for Eric Quizon, Best Supporting Actor for Leo Martinez as well as the festival’s Second Best Picture and the recipient of Gatpuno Antonio J. Villegas Cultural Awards.

Viva Films' Darna had four awards including the festival's Third Best Picture. The Best Child Performer went to Aiza Seguerra for Regal Films' Okay Ka, Fairy Ko!: The Movie.
Marina Sheshenina
Marina Igorevna Sheshenina (Russian: Марина Игоревна Шешенина) (born 26 June 1985 in Sverdlovsk) is a volleyball player from Russia, who plays as a setter. She was a member of the Women's National Team that won the gold medal at the 2006 FIVB Women's World Championship. She also competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, claiming the silver medal.

Russia women's national volleyball team
The Russia women's national volleyball team is governed by the Russian Volleyball Federation and participated in international volleyball competitions. They played from 1949 to 1991 as the Soviet Union and as the CIS in 1992.

In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Volleyball Federation suspended all Russian national teams, clubs, and officials, as well as beach and snow volleyball athletes, from all events. The European Volleyball Confederation (CEV) also banned all Russian national teams, clubs, and officials from participating in European competition, and suspended all members of Russia from their respective functions in CEV organs.
Lakshya (2004 film)
Lakshya (transl. Aim) is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age war drama film directed by Farhan Akhtar, written by his father Javed Akhtar and produced by Ritesh Sidhwani under the banner of Excel Entertainment. The film stars Hrithik Roshan, Preity Zinta, and Amitabh Bachchan in lead roles. Based on a story written by Javed in response to discussions with several 1999 Kargil War veterans and army officers, the film follows Karan Shergill, a lazy young man and the son of a wealthy businessman from Delhi, who joins the Indian Army and matures into a battlefield hero just as war breaks out.

At the 50th Filmfare Awards, Lakshya received 4 nominations, including Best Director (Farhan) and Best Actor (Roshan), and won 2 awards – Best Choreography (Prabhu Deva for "Main Aisa Kyun Hoon...") and Best Cinematography. Though the film was a box office failure, it gained a cult following later. The film was also instrumental in motivating youths across India to join the Indian Army.

Filmfare Award for Best Actor
The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually at the Filmfare Awards to an actor via a jury; it is given by Filmfare for Hindi (Bollywood) films. The award was first given in 1954. The most recent winner, as of 2025, are Kartik Aaryan and Abhishek Bachchan.
Richard Huna
Richard Huna (born 9 March 1985) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player who currently playing for HK Levice of the Slovak 1. Liga.

He previously played for HC Slovan Bratislava, MsHK Žilina and HC Košice. He also played for Yertis Pavlodar of the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship. He is the twin brother of Robert Huna and the two have often been teammates together. His older brother Rudolf Huna is also an ice hockey player.

Vlci Žilina
Vlci Žilina is a professional Slovak ice hockey club based in Žilina. They currently play in the Slovak Extraliga. The club has won the Slovak league championship in 2006. The team is nicknamed Vlci, it means Wolves in English.
Cuscuta europaea
Cuscuta europaea, the greater dodder or European dodder, is a parasitic plant native to Europe, which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae, but was formerly classified in the family Cuscutaceae. It grows on Asteraceae, Cannabaceae, Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae, Urticaceae and other herbaceous plants, including garden plants such as Coleus and Impatiens, and more occasionally on Humulus. It is a notable parasite of lucerne (Medicago sativa). In many regions, including the Nepal Eastern Himalayas, this species are used as traditional medicine to treat hepatic diseases.

Cannabaceae
Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including Cannabis (hemp), Humulus (hops) and Celtis (hackberries). Celtis is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species.

Cannabaceae is a member of the Rosales. Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp (Cannabis) and hop (Humulus) are the most economically important species.

Other than a shared evolutionary origin, members of the family have few common characteristics; some are trees (e.g. Celtis), others are herbaceous plants (e.g. Cannabis).
Ice Chips (ice show)
Ice Chips is The Skating Club of Boston's annual ice show held in Boston, Massachusetts. Originating in 1912, Ice Chips is the longest running club-produced show in the world. The show is a two-day event which takes place each spring, showcasing national, international and Olympic champions from around the world. More recently, the show has been held at the Tenley E. Albright Performance Center at the club's facilities in Norwood.

Shen Xue
Shen Xue (Chinese: 申雪; pinyin: Shēn Xuě; born 13 November 1978) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With her husband Zhao Hongbo, Shen is the 2010 Olympic champion, the 2002 & 2006 Olympic bronze medalist, a three-time World champion (2002, 2003 and 2007), a three-time Four Continents Champion (1999, 2003 & 2007), and a six-time Grand Prix Final champion (1998, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2006 & 2009).

Shen and Zhao were the first Chinese pair team to win a medal at an International Skating Union event and at the World Figure Skating Championships. In 2002, they became the first Chinese pair skating team to win a World Championship. They are also the first Chinese pair skaters to win a medal at the Winter Olympic Games. In 2010, they became the first Chinese skaters to win the gold medal at a Winter Olympic Games in any figure skating category, ending almost half a century of Russian and Soviet pair skating dominance.
Alejandro Eder
Álvaro Alejandro Eder Garcés (born 1 December 1975) is a Colombian politician and specialist in international security policies. He was elected Mayor of Cali in October 2023 and assumed office on 1 January 2024.  From 2010 to 2014 he served as Senior Presidential Advisor for Reintegration.

He is part of the fifth generation of the Eder family in Colombia as a descendant of James Martin Eder as well as Henry James Eder, a former Mayor of Cali.

In the 2023 mayoral election, his candidacy was backed by the Conservador, Cambio Radical, Colombia Justa Libres, Nuevo Liberalismo and Colombia Renaciente parties. Many Dignidad y Compromiso voters and Centro Democrático leaders also supported him. He is a strong critic of President Gustavo Petro.

Cali
Santiago de Cali (Spanish pronunciation: [sanˈtjaɣo ðe ˈkali]), or Cali, is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department, and the most populous city in southwest Colombia, with an estimated 2,280,522 residents in 2023. The city spans 560.3 km2 (216.3 sq mi) with 120.9 km2 (46.7 sq mi) of urban area, making Cali the second-largest city in the country by area and the third most populous. Cali is the main urban and economic center in the south of the country, and has one of Colombia's fastest-growing economies. The city was founded on 25 July 1536 by the Spanish explorer Sebastián de Belalcázar.

As a sporting center for Colombia, it was the host city for the 1971 Pan American Games. Cali also hosted the 1992 World Wrestling Championships, the 2013 edition of the World Games, the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2014, the World Youth Championships in Athletics in 2015 as well as the inaugural Junior Pan American Games in 2021 and the 2022 World Athletics U20 Championships.
Minnitaki Kames Provincial Park
Minnitaki Kames Provincial Park is a 4,422-hectare (10,930-acre) nature reserve in Ontario, Canada, designated to protect several distinguishing features, including east–west kame ridges and numerous terraces. It abuts the shores of Minnitaki Lake, with the nearest settlement at Sioux Lookout, about 20 km to the north.

Each of the five large kames, the largest in northwestern Ontario, "is completely covered by an extensive jack pine dominated closed coniferous forest". The largest covers over 12 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi), rising about 30 m (98 ft) above the gently sloping bedrock, which attains elevations between 358 m and 437 m.

These glacial features are related to Lake Agassiz, and were deposited about 9,500 to 10,000 years ago during the Timiskaming Interstadial.

Lake Agassiz
Lake Agassiz (/ˈæɡəsi/ AG-ə-see) was a large proglacial lake that existed in central North America during the late Pleistocene, fed by meltwater from the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet at the end of the last glacial period. At its peak, the lake's area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined. It eventually drained into what is now Hudson Bay, leaving behind Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, Lake Manitoba, and Lake of the Woods.

First postulated in 1823 by William H. Keating, it was named by Warren Upham in 1879 after Louis Agassiz, the then recently deceased (1873) founder of glaciology, when Upham recognized that the lake was formed by glacial action.
Frank Portelli (artist)
Frank Portelli (1922–2004) was a mural artist and fine art painter from Malta whose work was exhibited at the Venice Biennale in 1958. Within a few months after his death, one of his murals was also acquired by Heritage Malta for the country's national art collection.

Heritage Malta
Heritage Malta (Maltese: Patrimonju Malta) is the Maltese national agency for museums, conservation practice and cultural heritage. Created by the Cultural Heritage Act, enacted in 2002, the national agency (along with the Superintendence for Cultural Heritage) replaced the former Museums Department.

Originally Heritage Malta was entrusted with the management of museums, sites and their collections but in 2005, the agency was also charged with the take over of the former Malta Centre for Restoration to become the national agency responsible for conservation.

As the national agency responsible for museums, cultural heritage and conservation, Heritage Malta is governed by a board of directors appointed by the minister. The board is headed by a chairman and is usually appointed for successive three-year terms.
Vitali Kravtsov
Vitali Yuryevich Kravtsov (Russian: Виталий Юрьевич Кравцов, IPA: [vʲɪˈtalʲɪj ˈjʉrʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ˈkraftsəf]; born 23 December 1999) is a Russian professional ice hockey winger for Traktor Chelyabinsk in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was drafted ninth overall by the New York Rangers in the 2018 NHL entry draft.

Hartford Wolf Pack
The Hartford Wolf Pack are a professional ice hockey team based in Hartford, Connecticut. A member of the American Hockey League (AHL), they play their home games at the PeoplesBank Arena. The team was established in 1926 as the Providence Reds. After a series of relocations, the team moved to Hartford in 1997 as the Hartford Wolf Pack. It is one of the oldest professional hockey franchises in existence, and the oldest continuously operating minor league hockey franchise in North America.

The franchise was renamed the Connecticut Whale in October 2010, in honor of the former Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League (NHL), but reverted to their current name after the 2012–13 AHL season. The Wolf Pack is the top affiliate of the NHL's  New York Rangers and is one of the three professional hockey teams in Connecticut.
Ekrem Lagumdžija
Ekrem Lagumdžija (Serbian Cyrillic: Екрем Лагумџија; born 10 March 1965) is a Bosniak former professional volleyball player who plays as an outside hitter for the Yugoslavia national team.

He has a volleyball academy named SMEČ which is connected to VakıfBank Volleyball Academy in Sarajevo.

VakıfBank S.K.
VakıfBank Sports Club (Turkish: VakıfBank Spor Kulübü) is a Turkish professional volleyball club based in Istanbul, Turkey. Founded in 1986, VakıfBank SK is currently one of the best women's volleyball teams in the world, having won the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship a record four times and the European Champions League six times to date.

From 23 October 2012 to 22 January 2014, the team held a 73-game winning streak in all official domestic and international competitions, which was acknowledged as a world record by Guinness World Records. The club won all 52 official games played during the 2012–13 season and all 51 official games played in 2013. VakıfBank collected all five championship trophies unbeaten in the 2012–13 season, being the only club in volleyball history to have achieved this unparalleled feat.