hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polynomial SOS
In mathematics, a form (i.e. a homogeneous polynomial) h(x) of degree 2m in the real n-dimensional vector x is sum of squares of forms (SOS) if and only if there exist forms  of degree m such that

Every form that is SOS is also a positive polynomial, although the converse is not always true in general. In the special cases of n = 2 and 2m = 2, or n = 3 and 2m = 4, Hilbert proved that a form is SOS if and only if it is positive. The same is also true for the analogous problem with positive symmetric forms.

Although not every form is SOS, there are efficiently testable sufficient conditions for a form to be SOS. Moreover, every real nonnegative form can be approximated as closely as desired (in the -norm of its coefficient vector) by a sequence of forms  that are SOS.

Converse (logic)
In logic and mathematics, the converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two constituent statements. For the implication P → Q, the converse is Q → P. For the categorical proposition All S are P, the converse is All P are S. Either way, the truth of the converse is generally independent from that of the original statement.
Ligue 1 (Senegal)
Ligue 1 is the top division of the Senegal Football Association, it was founded in 1960. The league also hosts a domestic cup, the Coupe de la Ligue. Football clubs from the Senegal Premier League also compete for the Senegal FA Cup. In the 2023-24 Ligue 1 season, a total of 182,915 paying visitors attended the clubs.

Coupe de la Ligue
The Coupe de la Ligue (French pronunciation: [kup də la liɡ]), known outside France as the French League Cup, was a knockout cup competition in French football organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. The tournament was established in 1993 and, unlike the Coupe de France, was only open to professional clubs in France which play in country's top three football divisions, though the third is not fully professional.

The most successful team in the competition was Paris Saint-Germain with nine wins, including the last edition in 2019–20. The LFP voted to suspend the competition indefinitely to "reduce the season schedule".
Gadolinium-doped ceria
Gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) (known alternatively as gadolinia-doped ceria, gadolinium-doped cerium oxide (GCO), cerium-gadolinium oxide (CGO), or cerium(IV) oxide, gadolinium-doped, formula Gd:CeO2) is a ceramic electrolyte used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). It has a cubic structure and a density of around 7.2 g/cm3 in its oxidised form. It is one of a class of ceria-doped electrolytes with higher ionic conductivity and lower operating temperatures (<700 °C) than those of yttria-stabilized zirconia, the material most commonly used in SOFCs. Because YSZ requires operating temperatures of 800–1000 °C to achieve maximal ionic conductivity, the associated energy and costs make GDC a more optimal (even "irreplaceable", according to researchers from the Fraunhofer Society) material for commercially viable SOFCs.

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (full name, in German: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V., lit. 'Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research'), commonly known in English as the Fraunhofer Society, is a German research organization with 75 institutes and research units spread throughout Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom, each focusing on different fields of applied research. With some 32,000 employees, mainly scientists and engineers, and an annual research budget of approximately €3.6 billion, it is one of the world's leading organizations for applied research. The organization, headquartered in Munich, is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer, who, as a scientist, engineer and entrepreneur, is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of Fraunhofer.

Since the 1990s the organization has also internationalized, establishing various centers and representative offices in Europe, the United States, Asia and South America.
Miyazakidai Station
Miyazakidai Station (宮崎台駅, Miyazakidai-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the southern part of Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Tokyu Corporation.

Tokyu Corporation
Tokyu Corporation (東急株式会社, Tōkyū kabushiki-gaisha), a contraction of and formerly Tōkyō Kyūkō Dentetsu kabushiki gaisha (東京急行電鉄株式会社; "Tokyo Express Electric Railway Stock Company") until 2 September 2019, is a Japanese keiretsu or conglomerate headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo. While a multinational corporation, its main operation is the Tokyu Railways Company, Ltd. (ja:東急電鉄株式会社, Tōkyū Dentetsu kabushiki gaisha), a wholly owned subsidiary operating railways in the Greater Tokyo Area.
Temnikovsky District
Temnikovsky District (Russian: Те́мниковский райо́н; Moksha: Темникавонь аймак, Temnikavoń ajmak; Erzya: Чополтбуе, Čopoltbuje) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-two in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic. The area of the district is 1,936.8 square kilometers (747.8 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Temnikov. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 17,261, with the population of Temnikov accounting for 42.0% of that number.

Erzya language
The Erzya language (эрзянь кель, eŕźań keĺ, pronounced [ˈerʲzʲanʲ ˈkʲelʲ]), also Erzian or historically Arisa, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia. A diaspora can also be found in Armenia and Estonia, as well as in Kazakhstan and other states of Central Asia. Erzya is currently written using Cyrillic with no modifications to the variant used by the Russian language. In Mordovia, Erzya is co-official with Moksha and Russian.

The language belongs to the Mordvinic branch of the Uralic languages. Erzya is a language that is closely related to Moksha but has distinct phonetics, morphology and vocabulary.
Vishnyavyets rural council
Vishnyavecki rural council (Belarusian: Вішнявецкі сельсаветRussian: Вишневецкий сельсовет) is a lower-level subdivision (selsoviet) of Stowbtsy district, Minsk region, Belarus. The center is the agrotown of Vishnyavyets.

The population from the 2009 Belarusian census and 2019 Belarusian census was 2,139 and 1,791 respectively.

2019 Belarus census
The Belarus Census of 2019 is the third census in Belarus after it became an independent state after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The census was carried out during October 4–30, 2019. It is the first census in the country that incorporated a website where residents could fill out an online form to participate.

Belarusians

Russians

Poles

Ukrainians
Bahira
Bahira (Arabic: بَحِيرَىٰ, Classical Syriac: ܒܚܝܪܐ) is the name in Islamic tradition of a Christian monk who is said to have foretold Muhammad's prophethood when they met while Muhammad was accompanying his uncle Abu Talib on a trading trip. There are several versions of the story, with elements that contradict each other. All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been deemed fictitious by modern historians as well as by some medieval Muslim scholars, such as al-Dhahabi.

Sidney H. Griffith
Sidney H. Griffith (born 1938) is a professor of Early Christian Studies at the Catholic University of America. His main areas of interest are Arabic Christianity, Syriac monasticism, medieval Christian-Muslim encounters and ecumenical and interfaith dialogue.
Anti-Social Limited
Anti-Social Limited is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Rosvita Dransfeld and released in 2014. A sequel to her 2009 film Broke, the film updates the story of ex-convict Chris Hoard as he endeavours to set up his own construction business despite having been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

The film was a nominee for the Donald Brittain Award at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards in 2016.

Donald Brittain Award
The Donald Brittain Award is a Canadian television award, presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to honour the year's best television documentary on a social or political topic. Formerly presented as part of the Gemini Awards, since 2013 it has been presented as part of the Canadian Screen Awards. The award may be presented to either a standalone broadcast of a documentary film, or to an individual full-length episode of a news or documentary series; documentary films which originally premiered theatrically, but were not already submitted for consideration in a CSA film category before being broadcast on television, are also considered television films for the purposes of the award.

The award is named in honour of Donald Brittain, a pioneering Canadian documentary filmmaker. On one occasion to date, the award has been won by a documentary film about Brittain and his importance to the history of Canadian documentary film.
Bianca Ryan (album)
Bianca Ryan is the debut album from America's Got Talent season 1 winner of the same name. Bianca Ryan was part of a five-record deal signed by Ryan and SYCOmusic in 2006, and features cover versions of "The Rose" and "I Believe I Can Fly" and original songs like "I Wish That" and "Pray for a Better Day".

The album debuted at no. 57 on the Billboard top 200 albums chart, selling over 200,000 copies worldwide. It produced two singles, "You Light Up My Life" and "Why Couldn't It Be Christmas Every Day?"

The Rose (song)
"The Rose" is a pop song written by Amanda McBroom. Bette Midler made the song famous when she recorded it for her 1979 film The Rose, in which it plays during the closing credits. It has been recorded multiple times, including by Conway Twitty and Westlife who had US Country & Western and UK number one hits with the song, respectively. Nana Mouskouri recorded a German version (Die Rose), also in 1980, as well as an English version.
Drunk on the Pope's Blood/The Agony Is the Ecstacy
Drunk on the Pope's Blood/The Agony Is the Ecstacy is a split compilation EP by the post-punk acts The Birthday Party and Lydia Lunch, released on February 18, 1982, through 4AD. It contains live material from a show performed on November 26, 1981, at The Venue in London. Three of the four Birthday Party tracks were included on their Live 1981-82 CD. Their version of the song "Loose" and the Lydia Lunch piece have never been officially reissued on CD. The Lydia Lunch side is a single track recorded up to the run-out groove, causing the song to play endlessly on manual turntables.

The Venue (Victoria Street, London)
The Venue was a live music club at 160–162 Victoria Street, London, England, owned by Virgin Records. It opened its doors on 1 November 1978 and operated until 1984. The first act to play there was Graham Parker and The Rumour, followed by the last live performances by Alex Harvey before his death.  Todd Rundgren played some dates there just before Christmas in 1978, as part of the tour to back up the Back to the Bars album; released for the Christmas market, at the time.  Two shows were sometimes played per night, and the ambience was akin to a nightclub, where audience members sat at tables and could have drinks and meals while listening to the acts. It was also popular for use by record companies showcasing new signings to the music media.
Keith Hefner
Keith Hefner  is the founder and executive director of Youth Communication, an influential nonprofit organization publishing magazines and books by and for youth. The magazines are YCteen (formerly known as New Youth Connections), written by New York City teens, and Represent (formerly known as Foster Care Youth United or FCYU), by and for foster youth. He is also a founder of Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor, a youth rights organization in Michigan.

Youth rights
The youth rights movement (also known as youth liberation) seeks to grant the rights to young people that are traditionally reserved for adults. This is closely akin to the notion of evolving capacities within the children's rights movement, but the youth rights movement differs from the children's rights movement in that the latter places emphasis on the welfare and protection of children through the actions and decisions of adults, while the youth rights movement seeks to grant youth the liberty to make their own decisions autonomously in the ways adults are permitted to, or to abolish the legal minimum ages at which such rights are acquired, such as the age of majority and the voting age.

Codified youth rights constitute one aspect of how youth are treated in society. Other aspects include social questions of how adults see and treat youth, and how open a society is to youth participation.
Jessica Bradley (curator)
Jessica Bradley (born 1948) has served as a curator for Contemporary art at the National Gallery of Canada (1979-1987) and the Art Gallery of Ontario (lead curator in the Department of Contemporary Art, 1995-2004), organizing many exhibitions in a broad range of Canadian and international art. She was known as a tastemaker in her institutional roles and later, as a gallerist.

Bradley is the editor of an anthology of writing on Canadian contemporary art, Sight Lines: Reading Contemporary Canadian Art, and has authored several monographs, one of which appeared in 2024, on Betty Goodwin, many catalogues and articles in Journals.

Doris Salcedo
Doris Salcedo (born 1958) is a Colombian visual artist and sculptor. Her work is influenced by her experiences of life in Colombia and is generally composed of commonplace items such as wooden furniture, clothing, concrete, grass, and rose petals. Salcedo's work gives form to pain, trauma, and loss, while creating space for individual and collective mourning. These themes stem from her own personal history. Members of her own family were among the many people who have disappeared in politically troubled Colombia. Much of her work deals with the fact that, while the death of a loved one can be mourned, their disappearance leaves an unbearable emptiness. Salcedo lives and works in Bogotá, Colombia.
Quiz! Hexagon II
Quiz! Hexagon II (クイズ！ヘキサゴンII, Kuizu! Hekisagon Tsū) was a Japanese quiz variety show on Fuji Television, airing Wednesdays from 19:00-19:57 Japan Standard Time. The show began airing on October 19, 2005, ending on September 28, 2011 with 247 episodes aired; its predecessor, Quiz! Hexagon - This Evening is a Quiz Parade!! (クイズ！ヘキサゴン 今夜はクイズパレード!!, Kuizu! Hekisagon Kon'ya wa Kuizu Parēdo!!) aired from June 5 through October 12, 2005.

Yoshio Kojima
Japan portal

Comedy portal

Biography portal

Yoshio Kojima (小島 よしお, Kojima Yoshio, real name: 小島 義雄, born November 16, 1980) is a Japanese comedian famous for appearing only in a small bathing suit, during both performances and interviews. Among his well-known catchphrases are Sonna no kankei nee (そんなの関係ねぇ or "that has nothing to do with it", usually as a reaction to an intentional mistake in his routine) and Oppapī (おっぱっぴー), an abbreviation of "Ocean Pacific Peace", (オーシャン・パシフィック・ピース).  All of his catchphrases are typically said followed by a signature dance, which has him hunched over, making a punching motion towards the ground while his hind leg is kneed upward simultaneously. A soundbite such as Oppapī, or something similarly random, is commonly used by Japanese comedians as an easy to remember and easy to repeat hook that can help popularise them and their comedy.

Kojima has also appeared on the Japanese obstacle course show Sasuke.
Arūnas Valinskas (born 1989)
Arūnas Valinskas (born 10 October 1989) is a Lithuanian politician of the Homeland Union. Since 2020, he has been a member of the Seimas. He was an assistant to Mykolas Majauskas from 2018 to 2020, and was elected to the Vilnius City Council in 2019. He is the son of television producer Arūnas Valinskas.

Homeland Union
The Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats (Lithuanian: Tėvynės sąjunga – Lietuvos krikščionys demokratai, TS–LKD), also colloquially known as the Conservatives (Lithuanian: Konservatoriai), is a centre-right political party in Lithuania. It has 18,000 members and 28 of 141 seats in the Seimas. Its current  leader is Laurynas Kasčiūnas following the resignation of Gabrielius Landsbergis in 2024 after the party's loss in the recent election. It is a member of the European People's Party (EPP).

Since 1996, the party has included the western house martin in its various logos over the years.
Bernardo Sousa (rally driver)
Tomas Bernardo Rodrigues Sousa (born May 16, 1987) is a Portuguese rally driver.

Born in Madeira, Portugal, and having previously competed in karting, Sousa began his rally career in 2006, competing in the Portuguese national championship. In 2008, he began competing in the Production World Rally Championship (P-WRC), a class of the World Rally Championship. He finished second in class on the 2008 Acropolis Rally, finishing the season ninth in the P-WRC standings. In 2009, he switched from a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX to an Abarth Grande Punto, finishing the season in tenth. In 2010, he moved to the new Super 2000 World Rally Championship (S-WRC) in a Ford Fiesta S2000, winning his class in his first rally in the S2000, the 2011 Jordan Rally.

Fiat Punto
The Fiat Punto is a supermini car (B-segment) produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat from 1993 to 2018, spanning over three generations. The third generation of the car was marketed between 2005 and 2009 as the Grande Punto, and between 2009 and 2012 as the Punto Evo, until the single-word Punto name was reintroduced. As of May 2013, nearly nine million units had been sold globally.

Production of the first generation Punto was 3.43 million units, second generation 2.96 million units, and third generation 2.67 million units.
Nenahnezad, New Mexico
Nenahnezad (Navajo: Niinahnízaad) is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 726 at the 2000 census. Nenahnezad is a chapter community just to the south of Fruitland, between the towns of Farmington and Shiprock. It is part of the Farmington Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Fruitland, New Mexico
Fruitland (Navajo: Bááh Díílid) is an unincorporated community and Census-designated place in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. The community is on the north side of the San Juan River. It is immediately west of central Kirtland and north across the river from the Navajo Nation and Upper Fruitland. Fruitland is east of Waterflow.

Fruitland shares its name with a geological formation, the Fruitland Formation.
NA-230 Karachi Malir-II
NA-230 Karachi Malir-II (این اے-230، کراچی ملیر-2) is a newly-created a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. It mainly comprises the Ibrahim Hyderi Subdivision, and some areas of Korangi Creek Cantonment. It was created in the 2018 delimitation from the bifurcation of the old NA-257.

Korangi Creek Cantonment
Korangi Creek Cantonment or Korangi Cantonment (Urdu: کورنگی کریک چھاؤنی) is a military cantonment in Korangi Town within Malir District of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan.

It serves as a military base and residential establishment. It was established by the British Colonial Army in the 19th-century British Raj and by Fort Wrigley. Currently, the former local seat of the British Wrigley-Pimley-McKerr family still stands.

The cantonment was transferred to Pakistan Army after independence in 1947. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water and electricity and is located outside the jurisdiction of the City District Government of Karachi.
Quhy Sowld Nocht Allane Honorit Be
"Quhy Sowld Nocht Allane Honorit Be" ("Why Should Not Allan Honoured Be?") is an anonymous allegorical poem of the fifteenth or sixteenth century written in Scots.

Literally the poem recounts the strange life and adventures of a man called "Allane" who grows from a youth to a powerful adult. Figuratively each of its stanzas also represents an aspect of the production or consumption of ale.

Obliquely it describes the cultivation of barley, malting, brewing and the various effects of drinking. "Allane" is a personification of ale.

Although some attention is paid to the undesirable consequences of drunkenness, the tone of the poem is mostly one of praise for the drink.

Ale
Ale is a style of beer, brewed using a warm fermentation method.  In medieval England, the term referred to a drink brewed without hops.

As with most beers, ale typically has a bittering agent to balance the malt and act as a preservative. Ale was originally bittered with gruit, a mixture of herbs or spices boiled in the wort before fermentation, before hops replaced gruit as the bittering agent. In England, however, it was also common to brew ale without adding herbs.
Micipsa
Micipsa (Numidian: Mikiwsan; Punic: 𐤌𐤊𐤅‬𐤎𐤍‬, MKWSN; died c. 118 BC) was the eldest legitimate son of Masinissa, the King of Numidia, a Berber kingdom in North Africa. Micipsa became the King of Numidia in 148 BC.

Numidian language
Numidian /n(j)uːˈmɪdiən/ was a language spoken in ancient Numidia. The script in which it was written, the Libyco-Berber alphabet (from which Tifinagh descended), has been almost fully deciphered and most characters (apart from a few exceptions restricted to specific areas) have known values. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are attested from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. As most surviving inscriptions are funerary steles with a simple format, only a few words have known meanings. The language can be confidently identified only as belonging to the Afroasiatic family, although it was likely part of the Berber languages, spoken at the start of the breakup of the Proto-Berber language, or possibly a sister branch to the modern Berber languages.
1,6-Dioxaspiro(4.4)nonane-2,7-dione
1,6-Dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,7-dione or spirodilactone is a spiro compound derived from the dicarboxylic acid 4,4-dihydroxypimelic acid, formed through double internal esterification into a symmetrical lactone. The short name spirodilactone is also occasionally used for the anellation Spiro[2-benzofuran-3,5'-oxolane]-1,2'-dione. The exceptionally straightforward synthesis of 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,7-dione from the platform chemical succinic acid offers promising prospects for future applications of this compound. The dilactone already serves as a starting material for heterocyclic pyrrolizidine, for the polyol 3-hydroxymethyl-1,3,6-hexanetriol, for esters of γ-ketopimelic acid, and as a dicarboxylic acid derivative for functional polymers such as polyethers and polyamides.

Polyamide
A polyamide is a polymer with repeating units linked by amide bonds.

Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons, aramids, and sodium polyaspartate. Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive industry, carpets, kitchen utensils and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. The transportation manufacturing industry is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption.
Antonio Zuccaro
Antonio Zuccaro (1815–1892) was an Italian painter.

He was born in San Vito al Tagliamento, but was educated at the Accademia di Belle Arti of Venice, under Giuseppe Borsato and Ludovico Lipparini. He mainly worked in the Friuli, in Dalmatia, and Trieste. His topics, young seductive women, mirrored those of Natale Schiavoni. He died in Trieste.

He painted a portrait of a girl (1885), now on display in the Museo Civico Mospurgo in Trieste.

San Vito al Tagliamento
San Vito al Tagliamento (Friulian: San Vît dal Tiliment) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone, in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Pordenone.