hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catherine Liu
Catherine Liu (born 1964) is an American cultural theorist and author whose areas of research include Sinophone cinema, French literature, critical theory, identity politics, and visual arts. She is known for her critique of the professional–managerial class.

University of Iowa Press
The University of Iowa Press is a university press that is part of the University of Iowa.

Established in 1969, the University of Iowa Press is an academic publisher of poetry, short fiction, and creative nonfiction. The UI Press is the only university press in Iowa, also dedicated to the preservation of literature, history, culture, wildlife, and natural areas of the Midwest.

Scholarly titles include reference and course books, and trade books published by the UI Press include the winners of the Iowa Short Fiction Award and the Iowa Poetry Prize, as well as other titles.

The press is currently a member of the Association of University Presses.
Zwagg Island
Zwagg Island, also known as Grand Island, is a non-populated island near Brookings in Curry County, Oregon,  United States. The island is approximately 5 acres (2.0 ha) in size and about 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) southwest of the intersection of Mill Beach Road and highway 101.

A 1988 report by the United States Geological Survey found no resources on the island.

Zwagg Island was named after Folker Von Der Zwaag, an 1889 Oregon pioneer born in the Netherlands. Von Der Zwaag lived a hermit life on the island with his dog, Sniff.

Brookings, Oregon
Brookings is a city in Curry County, Oregon, United States. It was named after John E. Brookings, president of the Brookings Lumber & Box Company, who founded the city in 1908. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,744.
Prodigy Education
Prodigy Education, Inc., formerly Prodigy Game, is a Canadian educational technology company focused on game-based learning. Its co-CEOs and founders are Alex Peters and Rohan Mahimker. It is the developer of the 2011 and 2022 Prodigy Math, a roleplaying game where players solve math (and later science) problems to participate in battles and cast spells, and Prodigy English, a sandbox game where players answer English questions to earn currency to gain items. Although each game is standalone, both are accessible through a single Prodigy account. The games are widely used in schools, though they have attracted criticism due to excessive in-game advertising for membership and their freemium aspects.

Educational technology
Educational technology (commonly abbreviated as edutech or edtech) refers to the use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning and teaching. When referred to with its abbreviation, "EdTech", it often refers to the industry of companies that create educational technology. Scholars such as Tanner Mirrlees and Shahid Alvi (2019) have described the edtech industry as consisting largely of privately owned companies involved in producing and distributing educational technologies for commercial purposes.

In addition to the practical educational experience, educational technology is based on theoretical knowledge from various disciplines such as communication, education, psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and mobile learning (m-learning).
Fairfield Sun Times
The Fairfield Times & Great Falls Leader, also known as the Times-Leader, is a weekly newspaper serving Fairfield, Montana and surrounding towns Choteau, Augusta, Vaughn, Power, Simms, Ft. Shaw and Sun River. Its circulation area encompasses parts of Teton County, Cascade County and Lewis and Clark County.

Cascade County, Montana
Cascade County (cascade means waterfall in French) is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 84,414, making it the fifth-most populous county in Montana. Its county seat is Great Falls.

Cascade County comprises the Great Falls, MT Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Château Doisy-Védrines
44°35′09″N 0°19′25″W﻿ / ﻿44.5859°N 0.3235°W﻿ / 44.5859; -0.3235

Château Doisy-Védrines is a sweet white wine ranked as Second Cru Classé (French, “Second Growth”) in the original Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855. Belonging to the Sauternes appellation in Gironde, in the region of Graves, the winery is located in the commune of Barsac.

Gironde
Gironde (/ʒɪˈrɒnd/ zhih-ROND, US usually /dʒɪˈ-/ jih-; French: [ʒiʁɔ̃d] ⓘ; Occitan: Gironda, pronounced [dʒiˈɾundɔ]) is the largest department in the southwestern French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2019, it had a population of 1,623,749. The famous Bordeaux wine region is in Gironde. It has six arrondissements, making it one of the departments with the most arrondissements (Nord also has six, while Pas-de-Calais has the most of any department, with seven).
Gallagher–Hollander degradation
In the Gallagher–Hollander degradation (1946) pyruvic acid is removed from a linear aliphatic carboxylic acid yielding a new acid with two carbon atoms fewer. The original publication concerns the conversion of bile acid in a series of reactions: acid chloride (2) formation with thionyl chloride, diazoketone formation (3) with diazomethane, chloromethyl ketone formation (4) with hydrochloric acid, organic reduction of chlorine to methylketone (5), ketone halogenation to 6, elimination reaction with pyridine to enone 7 and finally oxidation with chromium trioxide to bisnorcholanic acid 8.

Acyl chloride
In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound with the functional group −C(=O)Cl. Their formula is usually written R−COCl, where R is a side chain.  They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids (R−C(=O)OH).  A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride, CH3COCl. Acyl chlorides are the most important subset of acyl halides.
San Jose, Camarines Sur
San Jose, officially the Municipality of San Jose (Central Bikol: Banwaan kan San Jose; Tagalog: Bayan ng San Jose), is a municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 44,688 people.

Mayon
Mayon (Central Bikol: Bulkan Mayon; Tagalog: Bulkang Mayon, IPA: [mɐ'jɔn]), also known as Mount Mayon and Mayon Volcano, is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay in Bicol, Philippines. A popular tourist destination, it is renowned for its "perfect cone" owing to its symmetric conical shape, and is regarded as sacred in Philippine mythology.

The volcano with its surrounding landscape was declared a national park on July 20, 1938, the first in the nation. It was reclassified as a natural park and renamed the Mayon Volcano Natural Park in 2000. It is the centerpiece of the Albay Biosphere Reserve as declared by UNESCO in 2016, and is currently being nominated as a World Heritage Site.

Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines, and its activity is regularly monitored by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) from their provincial headquarters on Ligñon Hill, about 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the summit.
Rockwell 685
The Rockwell Commander 685 or Aero Commander 685 is a light-twin piston-engined aircraft with a pressurized cabin originally built by the Aero Commander company, a division of Rockwell International from 1965.

The predecessor model was the Aero Commander 690 and the next generation are Aero Commander JetProp series. The Aero Commander 685 had the ICAO aircraft code AC6L The introduction was in 1971 and the retired in 1976; in this time are built 66 aircraft.

Aircraft cabin
An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in which passengers travel. Most modern commercial aircraft are pressurized, as cruising altitudes are high enough such that the surrounding atmosphere is too thin for passengers and crew to breathe.

In commercial air travel, particularly in airliners, cabins may be divided into several parts. These can include travel class sections in medium and large aircraft, areas for flight attendants, the galley, and storage for in-flight service. Seats are mostly arranged in rows and aisles. The higher the travel class, the more space is provided. Cabins of the different travel classes are often divided by curtains, sometimes called class dividers. Passengers are not usually allowed to visit higher travel class cabins in commercial flights.

Some aircraft cabins contain passenger entertainment systems. Short and medium haul cabins tend to have no or shared screens whereas long and ultra-long haul flights often contain personal screens.
Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification
The Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification is a national certifying organization for professional rehabilitation counselors. Based in Schaumburg, IL, it is an independent, not-for-profit organization whose purpose is to establish, maintain, and monitor a national certification program for Certified Rehabilitation Counselors, including maintaining a register of all certified counselors and providing certification status for the public. The commission also maintains and updates a Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors under which all certified rehabilitation counselors must practice. The certification program is accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies, the accrediting organization of the Institute for Credentialing Excellence.

The commission has over 15,000 certified rehabilitation counselors. While the majority practice in the United States, some also practice in other countries worldwide.

Not-for-profit organization
A not-for-profit organisation (NFPO) is a legal entity that does not distribute surplus funds to its members and is formed to fulfill specific objectives.

While not-for-profit organizations and nonprofit organizations (NPO) are distinct legal entities, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. An NFPO must be differentiated from a NPO as they are not formed explicitly for the public good as an NPO must be, and NFPOs are considered "recreational organizations", meaning that they do not operate with the goal of generating revenue as opposed to NPOs.
Charles Howarth
Charles Howarth (9 February 1814 – 25 June 1868) was a British cotton-worker, co-operator, Owenite, and co-founder of the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers. Howarth also played a key role in the establishment of the North of England Co-operative Wholesale Society.

Owenism
Owenism is the utopian socialist philosophy of 19th-century social reformer Robert Owen and his followers and successors, who are known as Owenites. Owenism aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement. The Owenite movement undertook several experiments in the establishment of utopian communities organized according to communitarian and cooperative principles. One of the best known of these efforts, which was unsuccessful, was the project at New Harmony, Indiana, which started in 1825 and was abandoned by 1827. Owenism is also closely associated with the development of the British trade union movement, and with the spread of the Mechanics' Institute movement.
Perfume and Piss
Perfume and Piss is the eleventh studio album by British punk rock band GBH and their first record released via Hellcat Records. It was recorded from April to July 2009 and released in Europe on 5 April 2010 and in the United States on 6 April 2010. The album was produced by GBH longtime fan and friend Lars Frederiksen.

GBH (band)
GBH  (originally known as Charged GBH) are an English punk rock band which was formed in 1978 by vocalist Colin Abrahall, guitarist Colin "Jock" Blyth, bassist Sean McCarthy (replaced by Ross Lomas after two years) and drummer Andy "Wilf" Williams.
Thomas Herle
Thomas Herle (29 December 1622 – c. June 1681) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  between 1659 and 1679.

Herle was the son of Thomas Herle of Prideaux, Cornwall, and his wife Loveday Glyn, daughter of Nicholas Glyn of Glyn, Cornwall and brother of Edward Herle, M.P. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford and entered the Middle Temple in 1648.

In 1659, Herle was elected Member of Parliament for Grampound in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Grampound for the Convention Parliament in 1660 and was then elected MP for Tregony in the Cavalier Parliament of 1661, sitting until 1679.

Herle died unmarried in 1681 at the age of 58.

Third Protectorate Parliament
The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons. It was a bicameral Parliament, with an Upper House having a power of veto over the Commons.
Le Bouscat
Le Bouscat (Gascon: Lo Boscat) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a suburb of the city of Bordeaux and is adjacent to it on the north side.

Its sister city is Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA

Gironde
Gironde (/ʒɪˈrɒnd/ zhih-ROND, US usually /dʒɪˈ-/ jih-; French: [ʒiʁɔ̃d] ⓘ; Occitan: Gironda, pronounced [dʒiˈɾundɔ]) is the largest department in the southwestern French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2019, it had a population of 1,623,749. The famous Bordeaux wine region is in Gironde. It has six arrondissements, making it one of the departments with the most arrondissements (Nord also has six, while Pas-de-Calais has the most of any department, with seven).
Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Arts
The Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Arts (Spanish: Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Artes) commonly referred as FAUA is one of the eleven constituent faculties of the National University of Engineering (Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería) located in Lima, Peru. It was founded in 1910 as the Special Section of Builders Architects (Sección Especial de Arquitectos Constructores) making it the first school of architecture to be established in Peru. The faculty is traditionally known as one of the leading schools of architecture in Peru because it paved the way of architecture in the country. Also, it is an accredited school by the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Faculty (division)
A faculty or academic division is an academic and administrative unit within a university or college comprising one subject area or a group of related subject areas, possibly also delimited by level (e.g. undergraduate). In North America, academic divisions are sometimes titled colleges, schools, or departments, with universities occasionally using a mixture of terminology, e.g., Harvard University has a Faculty of Arts and Sciences and a Law School.
Fraxinus excelsior 'Hessei'
Fraxinus excelsior 'Hessei', also known as one-leaved ash  or simple-leaved ash, is a cultivar of the Fraxinus excelsior species native to Europe and Western Asia. It is known for being vigorous, seedless, and pest resistant. It is widely cultivated as a shade tree, having lustrous, dark-green foliage.

Shade tree
A shade tree is a large tree whose primary role is to provide shade in the surrounding environment due to its spreading canopy and crown, where it may give shelter from sunlight in the heat of the summer for people who seek recreational needs in urban parks and house yards, and thus, also protecting them from the sun's harmful UV rays.

Some of the most popular shade trees in temperate countries are oaks, plane trees, willows, birches, beeches, maples, ashes, lindens, and elms. In subtropical countries like Australia and India, figs are popular choices as shade trees. In tropical countries, trees such as some Erythrina and African tulip tree species are often planted as shade trees.
Clemency (commune)
Commune of Clemency was a former commune in Luxembourg. Its main city was Clemency with a population of 1832. The law creating the commune of Käerjeng was passed on 24 May 2011.

On 1 January 2012 the existing communes of Clemency and Bascharage with its main city the same named Bascharage were merged into one commune named Käerjeng. Bascharage was assigned as capital of the merged commune.

Käerjeng
Käerjeng (Luxembourgish pronunciation: [ˈkɛːɐ̯ʒeŋ] ⓘ) is a commune in southwestern Luxembourg, in the canton of Capellen. It lies on the border with Belgium. It has an area of 33.67 km2.

The commune of Käerjeng was formed on 1 January 2012 from the former communes of Bascharage and Clemency.  The law creating Käerjeng was passed on 24 May 2011.

With a population of approximately 11,000, Käerjeng is the 10th most-populous commune in Luxembourg.
Gunnar Harling
Gunnar Wilhelm Harling (7 June 1920, in Stockholm – 24 May 2010) was a Swedish botanist.

Harling earned his doctorate at the Stockholm University in 1951, was an assistant at the Bergius Botanic Garden from 1950 to 1952 and associate professor of botany at the Stockholm University 1951–1963. From 1964 he was professor of botany at the University of Gothenburg, and in 1974 became a member of the Academy of Sciences.

Bergianska trädgården
The Bergianska trädgården, the Bergian Garden or Hortus Bergianus, is a botanical garden located in the Frescati area on the outskirts of Stockholm, close to the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the main campus of Stockholm University. The director of the garden is known as Professor Bergianus.
2010 national electoral calendar
This national electoral calendar for 2010 lists the national/federal elections held in 2010 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.

Elections in Hungary
Elections in Hungary are held at two levels:

on the central level there are general elections to elect the members of the unicameral National Assembly every 4 years and European Parliament elections held every 5 years

on the so called self-governmental level elections to elect local authorities (municipal councils, mayors, county assemblies, capital city assembly) and minority self-governmental authorities (on different levels).

There are no other direct elections (the president, for example, is elected indirectly), but there referendums on both the local and national levels.
Menzel Heurr Airfield
Menzel Heurr Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Tunisia, located approximately 22 km north-northeast of Korba and 60 km east-southeast of Tunis. It was a temporary airfield built for fighter and light bomber use by the United States Army Air Force Ninth Air Force during the North African Campaign.

The airfield was used primarily by the 324th Fighter Group, which flew Curtiss P-40 Warhawks from the airfield in August 1943.   After the Americans moved out, the airfield was dismantled and abandoned.  Today, the remains of the main runway can be seen in aerial photography.

Korba, Tunisia
Korba  (Tunisian Arabic: قربة qorbāⓘ), ancient Curubis, is a town in Tunisia on the eastern shore of the Cap Bon. It was the place of exile of the Carthaginian bishop Cyprian in the year leading up to his martyrdom.  Modern Korba is in the Nabeul Governorate and had a population of 48,314 in 2014.
Peter Mokaba
Peter Mokaba, OLS (7 January 1959 – 9 June 2002) was a member of the South African parliament, deputy minister in the government of Nelson Mandela and president of the South African governing party's youth wing, the ANC Youth League. The Peter Mokaba Stadium, a Polokwane stadium used for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, was named after him.

He was a friend of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, the former wife of Mandela. At the time of his death, he had been appointed to head the ANC electoral campaign in 2004, and his funeral was attended by former President Nelson Mandela, President Thabo Mbeki and Deputy President Jacob Zuma. Julius Malema has described Mokaba as a personal hero.

Parliament of South Africa
The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is South Africa's legislature. It is located in Cape Town; the country's legislative capital.

Under the present Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a National Assembly and a National Council of Provinces. The current twenty-eighth Parliament was first convened on 14 June 2024.

From 1910 to 1994, members of Parliament were elected chiefly by the South African white minority.  The first elections with universal suffrage were held in 1994.

Both chambers held their meetings in the Houses of Parliament, Cape Town that were built 1875–1884. A fire broke out within the buildings in early January 2022, destroying the session room of the National Assembly. It was decided that, during construction work at Parliament, the National Assembly would temporarily meet at the Good Hope Chamber.
History of United States antitrust law
The history of United States antitrust law is generally taken to begin with the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890, although some form of policy to regulate competition in the market economy has existed throughout the common law's history. Although "trust" had a technical legal meaning, the word was commonly used to denote big business, especially a large, growing manufacturing conglomerate of the sort that suddenly emerged in great numbers in the 1880s and 1890s. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 began a shift towards federal rather than state regulation of big business. It was followed by the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936, and the Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just", but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul or long haul fare discrimination, a form of price discrimination against smaller markets, particularly farmers in Western or Southern Territory compared to the official Eastern states.   The Act created a federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which it charged with monitoring railroads to ensure that they complied with the new regulations.

With the passage of the Act, the railroad industry became the first industry subject to federal regulation by a regulatory body. It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce.
Boustedt
Boustedt is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bo Boustedt (1868–1939), Swedish Army lieutenant general

Christer Boustedt (1939–1986), Swedish musician and actor

Tommy Boustedt (born 1959), Swedish hockey coach

Swedish name
In Sweden, a person must have a surname and one or more given names. Two given names are common. Surnames are inherited from the parents in the order of "same as elder sibling, if any, specified by parents, or mother's last name," and given names must be chosen by the parents at birth. The calling name (Swedish: tilltalsnamn), by which the person is normally identified in conversation, is one of the given names but not necessarily the first. In contexts in which the full name is spelled out, the calling name is often indicated by an asterisk, capital letters, underlining or italics. For example, Märta Birgit* Nilsson is known as Birgit Nilsson, and Björn* Kristian Ulvaeus is known as Björn Ulvaeus.