hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crop milk
Crop milk is a secretion from the lining of the crop of parent birds in some species that is regurgitated to young birds. It is found among all pigeons and doves, where it is also referred to as pigeon milk. Crop milk is also secreted from the crop of flamingos and male emperor penguins, suggesting independent evolution of this trait. Unlike in mammals where typically only females produce milk, crop milk is produced by both males and females in pigeons and flamingos; and in penguins, only by the male.

Lactation in birds is controlled by prolactin, which is the same hormone that causes lactation in mammals. Crop milk is a holocrine secretion non-sex specific in response to brooding unlike in mammals where milk is an apocrine secretion. Crop milk contains both fat and protein, as with mammalian milk, but unlike mammalian milk, it contains no carbohydrates.

Apocrine
Apocrine (/ˈæpəkrɪn/)  is a term used to classify the mode of secretion of exocrine glands. In apocrine secretion, secretory cells accumulate material at their apical ends, often forming blebs or "snouts", and this material then buds off from the cells, forming extracellular vesicles. The secretory cells therefore lose part of their cytoplasm in the process of secretion.

An example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands, responsible for secreting breast milk. Apocrine glands are also found in the anogenital region and axillae.

Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion (which destroys a cell) but more damaging than merocrine secretion (exocytosis).

Apocrine secretion

Apocrine gland

Histology of apocrine cells, H&E stain.
ESPRIT (university)
The Private Higher School of Engineering and Technology (French: École supérieure privée d'ingénierie et de technologie), or ESPRIT, is a private engineering university in Tunisia based in Ariana and accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (approval N°2003-03).

Since 2020, it has belonged to the Honoris United Universities group.

In 2021, Entreprises Magazine ranked ESPRIT as the best private engineering University in Tunisia.

Ariana (Tunisia)
Ariana (Arabic: أريانة Arianaⓘ) is a coastal city in north-eastern Tunisia, part of the agglomeration of Tunis, also called Grand Tunis. It is located at the north of Tunis city center, around 36°51′45″N 10°11′44″E﻿ / ﻿36.86250°N 10.19556°E﻿ / 36.86250; 10.19556. It is ~2.6 kilometeres away from Tunis. It is the capital of Ariana Governorate and the country's eighth largest city.
St Nicholas' Church, Fulbeck
St Nicholas' Church is a Grade I listed Church of England parish church dedicated to Saint Nicholas, in Fulbeck, Lincolnshire, England. The church is 9 miles (14 km) north from Grantham, and at the southern edge of the Lincoln Cliff in South Kesteven.

St Nicholas' is noted in particular for its association with and memorials to the Fane family of Fulbeck Hall, and its Norman-Transitional period font.

The church is within the Fulbeck conservation area. It is in the ecclesiastical parish of Fulbeck, and is part of the Caythorpe Group of churches in the Deanery of Loveden and the Diocese of Lincoln. Other churches in the same group are St Vincent's at Caythorpe, and St Nicholas' at Carlton Scroop with Normanton.

Lincoln Cliff
The Lincoln Cliff or Lincoln Edge is a portion of a major escarpment that runs north–south through the historic divisions of Lindsey and Kesteven in central Lincolnshire and is a prominent landscape feature in a generally flat portion of the county.  Towards its northern end, near Scunthorpe, it is sometimes referred to as the Trent Cliff. The name preserves an obsolete sense of the word "cliff", which could historically refer to a hillside as well as a precipitous rock face.. The villeges which line up along the cliff are known as “The Lincolnshire Cliff Villeges”.
Tyhume River
The Tyhume River is a river in Amathole District Municipality in the central part of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.
It springs in the forested mountains of Hogsback, part of the Amatola Mountains, and runs down the Tyhume River Valley and through the eastern verge of the small town of Alice, Eastern Cape, bordering most of the Fort Hare University grounds.

Almost in the centre of the valley, it is being dammed by the Binfield Park Dam at 32°41′13″S 26°54′16″E﻿ / ﻿32.68694°S 26.90444°E﻿ / -32.68694; 26.90444, a major water storage reservoir for the rural settlements and farms in the area, as well as Middledrift town lower down, all in the Nkonkobe Local Municipality area. After the dam, the river flows down south, then east and south-east to later join the Keiskamma River on its way to the Indian Ocean near Hamburg.

Nkonkobe Local Municipality
Nkonkobe Local Municipality was an administrative area in the Amatole District of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The municipality is named after the Winterberg mountain range, Nkonkobe in isiXhosa. The seat, as well as most offices, of the Municipality are in Fort Beaufort, but the Council's chambers in Alice are generally used for council meetings, being better equipped. Other towns served by the municipality are Seymour, Balfour, Hogsback and Middledrift. After municipal elections on 3 August 2016 it was merged into the larger Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality.
Crack of Doom (game)
Crack of Doom is an open-ended, mixed-moderated, play-by-mail game. It was designed and first published as Crack of Doom (or Crack of Doom I) by Duane Wilcoxson and Debbie Leonard of Advanced Gaming Enterprises in 1986. They published Crack of Doom II in 1997 which ran alongside the first version. By 1997, Crack of Doom II was running under license in the United Kingdom, first under Phildee Enterprises and later under Harlequin Games. These were fantasy role-playing games, comparable in gameplay to Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. The games were reviewed in various gaming magazines in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, receiving generally positive reviews.

Harlequin Games
Harlequin Games is a business which designs and moderates PBM games by email of which their Legends (PBM) engine is the most recognized.  From their "About Us Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine" page - "We fuse wild imagination with good game-play in everything we produce and do so with professionalism and love for the hobby.  Established in 1994, Harlequin has quickly grown into one of the largest postal/email gaming firms in the world, and we look forward to maintaining a long and happy relationship with our players."

Harlequin Games was winner of the Gamers' Choice Origins Award in 2004 for the play by email game Legends (PBM).
Amazing-Man (DC Comics)
Amazing-Man is the name used by four fictional characters published by DC Comics. The first three are African-American superheroes and are members of the same family. The first Amazing-Man debuted in All-Star Squadron #23 (July 1983), and was created by Roy Thomas and Jerry Ordway. The second Amazing-Man debuted in Justice League America #86 (March 1994), and was created by Dan Vado and Marc Campos. The third Amazing-Man debuted in Justice Society of America vol. 3 #12 (March 2008), and was created by Geoff Johns and Dale Eaglesham. The fourth Amazing Man debuted in OMAC vol. 3 #2 (December 2011), and was created by Dan DiDio and Keith Giffen.

Jerry Ordway
Jeremiah Joseph Ordway (born November 28, 1957) is an American writer, penciller, inker and painter of comic books.

He is known for his inking work on a wide variety of DC Comics titles, including the continuity-redefining Crisis on Infinite Earths (1985–1986), his long run working on the Superman titles from 1986 to 1993, and for writing and painting the Captain Marvel original graphic novel The Power of Shazam! (1994), and writing the ongoing monthly series from 1995 to 1999. He has provided inks for artists such as Curt Swan, Jack Kirby, Gil Kane, John Buscema, Steve Ditko, John Byrne, George Perez and others.
Sentetsu Purei-class locomotives
The Purei-class (プレイ) locomotives were a group of steam tank locomotives with 2-6-2 wheel arrangement used by the Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu) in Korea. The "Pure" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 2-6-2 wheel arrangement were called "Prairie".

In all, Sentetsu owned 227 locomotives of all Pure classes, whilst privately owned railways owned another 52; of these 279 locomotives, 169 went to the Korean National Railroad in South Korea and 110 to the Korean State Railway in North Korea.

Chōsen Government Railway
The Chōsen Government Railway (朝鮮總督府鐵道, Chōsen sōtokufu tetsudō) (Korean: 조선총독부 철도; RR: Joseon Chongdokbu Cheoldo) was a state-owned railway company in Korea during Japanese rule. It was also colloquially known by the abbreviated name Sentetsu (鮮鐵). It was the operational division of the Railway Bureau of the Government-General of Chōsen (朝鮮總督府鐵道局, Chōsen sōtokufu tetsudōkyoku; Korean: 철도국; RR: Cheoldoguk), which managed and operated railways in Chōsen, as well as supervised privately owned railway companies.
Bhawandesar
Bhawandesar (also known as Bhavandesar or Bhavan Desar) is a village and Gram Panchayat in Churu district, Rajasthan, India, located between the municipalities of Ratangarh and Rajaldesar on a road opposite to National Highway 11. It falls under Ratangarh (Rajasthan) assembly constituency of Churu Lok sabha.

Ratangarh, Churu
Ratangarh is a town and Tehsil of the Churu district in Rajasthan, India. Ratangarh was previously called Kolasar. It is famous for grand havelis (mansions) with frescoes, which is an architectural specialty of the Shekhawati region. Ratangarh is also famous for its handicraft work.
1999 European Youth Summer Olympic Days
The 1999 European Youth Summer Olympic Days was the fifth edition of multi-sport event for European youths between the ages of 12 and 18. It was held in Esbjerg, Denmark from 10 to 16 July. A total of eleven sports were contested.

European Youth Olympic Festival
The European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF) is a biennial multi-sport event for youth (14 to 18 years old) athletes from the 50 member countries of the association of European Olympic Committees. The festival has a summer edition, held for the first time in Brussels in 1991, and a winter edition, which began two years later in Aosta. It was known as the European Youth Olympic Days from 1991 to 1999.
Pathé Bangoura
Pathé Bangoura (born January 22, 1984) is a Guinean former professional footballer who played as a forward. Bangoura played in France, for Saint-Étienne and Valence, as well as Azerbaijan where he played for Gänclärbirliyi Sumqayit, FK Baku, Olimpik Baku, and Muğan FK. He made one appearance for the Guinea national team in 2004.

Mughan FK
Mughan FK (Azerbaijani: Muğan Futbol Klubu) was an Azerbaijani football club, based in Salyan. The club reached the Azerbaijan Premier League for the first time in 2008–2009. The club was first promoted after FK Masallı withdrew for the 2008/09 season. On 31 October 2008, FK NBC Salyan changed its name to FK Mughan.
2019 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship
The 2019 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship was the 31st edition of the Women's European basketball championship for national under-16 teams. It was held from 22 to 30 August in Skopje, North Macedonia. The top five teams qualified for the 2020 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup in Romania besides Romania who automatically qualified as host.

2020 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup
The 2020 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup (Romanian: Cupa mondială de baschet feminin FIBA sub-17 ani 2020) would have been an international basketball competition to be held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. It would have been the sixth edition of the FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup. Sixteen national teams were scheduled to compete in the tournament. It was originally scheduled to take place from 15 to 23 August 2020, but on 12 June, FIBA postponed the tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic and options were examined to play in 2021, but the tournament was eventually cancelled.
Lieutenant, Were You Once a Hussar?
Lieutenant, Were You Once a Hussar? (German: Leutnant warst Du einst bei den Husaren) is a 1930 German comedy film directed by Manfred Noa and starring Mady Christians, Gustav Diessl and Georg Alexander. It was made as a MLV with a separate French version My Heart Incognito being released the following year.

Manfred Noa
Manfred Noa (22 March 1893 – 5 December 1930) was a German film director. Noa was described by Vilma Bánky, who he directed twice, as her "favourite director". Noa's 1924 film Helena has been called his "masterpiece" although it was so expensive that it seriously damaged the finances of its production company Bavaria Film.

A film and art director later specialised in historical films, Noa is perhaps best known today for his 1922 film Nathan the Wise, an adaptation of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's 1779 play of the same title, which made a plea for religious tolerance. He was the third husband of the actress Eva May, who was the daughter of his fellow director Joe May and actress Mia May. Noa died 5 December 1930 in Berlin of peritonitis.
Futral Family Farm
Futral Family Farm is a historic farm complex and national historic district located in Richlands, Onslow County, North Carolina. The main house was built about 1885, and is a one-story saddle-notched log hall-parlor plan dwelling.  It was enlarged about 1906, with the addition of a frame garret, side room, rear shed rooms, and a semi-detached kitchen and dining room to form a coastal plain cottage with an engaged front porch.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Richlands, North Carolina
Richlands is a town in Onslow County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Richlands had a population of 2,287. It is included in the Jacksonville, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.  Incorporated on March 29, 1880, it was the first town in Onslow County to have its own library and museum (home of the Onslow County Museum). Richlands was also the first town in Onslow County to have a female mayor, Annette Hargett.

Richlands is located 12 miles northwest of Jacksonville.
Świętego Jana Street, Kraków
Świętego Jana Street (Polish: ulica Świętego Jana, lit. St. John's Street) - a historic street in Kraków, Poland.

The street begins in the south by the Main Square northwards to where it is closed off by the Church of the Transfiguration by Pijarska Street. The name of the street derives from the Church St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, first being recorded in the fourteenth century as platea S. Joannie Baptistae.

The street features several magnate palaces of the Czartoryski, Lubomirski, Popiel and Wodzicki szlachta families. The street is known for holding several funeral processions, inter alia of Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and Mikołaj Zyblikiewicz in 1887, and Stanisław Wyspiański in 1907.

Czartoryski
The House of Czartoryski (feminine form: Czartoryska, plural: Czartoryscy; Lithuanian: Čartoriskiai) is a Polish princely family of Lithuanian-Ruthenian origin, also known as the Familia. The family, which derived their kin from the Gediminids dynasty, by the mid-17th century had split into two branches, based in the Klevan Castle and the Korets Castle, respectively. They used the Czartoryski coat of arms and were a noble family of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century.

The Czartoryski and the Potocki were the two most influential aristocratic families of the last decades of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795).
Teman Mono-Fly
The Teman Mono-Fly is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by structural engineer Bob Teman and produced by Teman Aircraft Inc. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction and later as a factory-completed aircraft.

Rotax 503
The Rotax 503 is a 37 kW (50 hp), inline 2-cylinder, two-stroke aircraft engine, built by BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co. KG of Austria for use in ultralight aircraft.

For decades the engine was one of the most popular and reputedly reliable aircraft engines in its class (two-stroke, under 60 horsepower), and it remains widely used and supported.

As of 2011 the Rotax 503 is no longer in production. However, a Russian manufacturer has developed an approximate reproduction, the RMZ 500.  Rotax subsequently offered only one other two-stroke engine for aircraft, the partially water-cooled Rotax 582.
Cantech Letter
The Cantech Letter, formerly known as the Dollarton Cantech Letter, is a monthly online magazine about Canadian technology stocks, established in 2010 by Nick Waddell. Cantech Letter publishes articles, interviews and analyses of the companies in the Toronto Stock Exchange Technology, Cleantech and Life Sciences Indices.

Toronto Stock Exchange
The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX; French: Bourse de Toronto) is a stock exchange located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the 10th largest exchange in the world and the third largest in North America by market capitalization. Based in the EY Tower in Toronto's Financial District, the TSX is a wholly owned subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities.
2019 ESPY Awards
The 2019 ESPY Awards were presented at the 27th annual ESPY Awards show, held on July 10, 2019, at 5 pm Pacific at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles and broadcast on television nationwide in the United States on ABC at 8 pm Eastern/7 pm Central. Tracy Morgan served as the host.

Peacock Theater
The Peacock Theater, formerly Nokia Theatre and Microsoft Theater, is a music and theater venue at L.A. Live in the downtown core of Los Angeles, California, United States. The theater auditorium seats 7,100 and holds one of the largest indoor stages in the United States, it is best known for hosting various award shows and other special events.
Sumpafallen
Sumpafallen is a nature reserve in Sweden, located along Högvadsån, a tributary to river Ätran. The reserve has an area of 56 hectares and is situated in Falkenberg Municipality. It is classified as being of national interest with regards to conservation.

Apart from the river with its rapids, the reserve consist of mainly broadleaf forest and pasture. Alternate-leaved golden saxifrage, anemone hepatica and paris quadrifolia are among the species found in the reserve. Freshwater pearl mussel, salmon and brown trout are found in the river.

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions, and include temperate rainforests.

These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America, with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Himalayas, Western and Central Europe, the southern coast of the Black Sea, Australasia, Southwestern South America and the Russian Far East.
Zelenyi Hai, Lviv Oblast
Zelenyi Hai (Ukrainian: Зелений Гай) is a village in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Horodok urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Zelenyi Hai belonged to Horodok Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Horodok Raion was merged into Lviv Raion.

Lviv Raion
Lviv Raion (Ukrainian: Львівський район) is a raion (district) of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It was created on 18 July 2020 as part of Ukraine's administrative reform. The center of the region is the city of Lviv. The raion was formed by merging four abolished raions, Horodok, Peremyshliany, Pustomyty, and Zhovkva Raions, as well as Lviv Municipality and parts of Kamianka-Buzka and Zolochiv Raions. Population: 1,141,119 (2022 estimate).
Shibalapur
Shibalapur is a village in Sangamner taluka of the Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra, India. The village is known for its temples, particularly Bhairavnath  Temple and Shahashibali Baba Temple. The village is 35 km from Shirdi, a town known as the home of Shri Sai Baba.

Shirdi
Shirdi (pronunciationⓘ; also known as Sainagar) is a town and pilgrimage site in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Shirdi is located in the Rahata taluka of Ahmednagar district. It is most well known for being the home of the 19th-century Indian saint Sai Baba.
Freshwater Bay
Freshwater Bay can refer to:

Freshwater Bay (Western Australia)

Freshwater Bay, Barbados

Freshwater Bay, Newfoundland, bay near Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight, cove on the south coast of the Isle of Wight, England

Freshwater Bay, Portland, bay on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England

Freshwater Bay (Alaska), US

Freshwater Bay (Washington), US

Freshwater Bay, Barbados
Freshwater Bay is located between Paynes Bay and Carlisle Bay in Bridgetown, in the southwest of Barbados. Its name comes from the large number of streams that deposit fresh water into the ocean at the location.
Integrated Aqua-Vegeculture System
The Integrated Aqua-Vegeculture System (iAVs), often mistakenly referred to as Sandponics, is a food production method that combines aquaculture and horticulture (olericulture). It was developed in the 1980s by Mark McMurtry and colleagues at North Carolina State University including Doug Sanders, Paul V. Nelson and Merle Jensen.

In an iAVs, fish are raised in tanks, and their nutrient-rich water irrigates and fertilizes sand-based grow beds that support plant growth, act as biofilters, and deliver nutrients. As plants and micro-flora absorb these nutrients, they purify the water, which is recirculated back to the fish tanks.

The system often includes an aeration device, such as an aerating cascade, to oxygenate the water before it returns to the fish tanks. This multi-functional use of sand beds contributes to the relative simplicity of the iAVs design compared to other aquaponic systems.

Aeration
Aeration (also called aerification or aeriation) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or other substances that act as a fluid (such as soil). Aeration processes create additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or suspension reactions.
Maraty
Maraty (Russian: Мараты) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Maratovskoye Rural Settlement, Kochyovsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 504 as of 2010. There are 15 streets.

Kochyovsky District
Kochyovsky District (Russian: Кочёвский райо́н; Komi-Permyak: Кӧчладор район, Köćlador rajon) is an administrative district (raion) of Komi-Permyak Okrug of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Kochyovsky Municipal District. It is located in the northwest of the krai. The area of the district is 2,700 square kilometers (1,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kochyovo. Population:  11,167 (2010 Census); 12,856 (2002 Census); 14,188 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kochyovo accounts for 31.4% of the district's total population.