hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2019 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2019.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.
Mouriez
Mouriez (French pronunciation: [muʁje]) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France. in the south of the department, with a surface area of 1,572 hectares between the Canche and Authie valleys, in the southern foothills of the Artois hills. Mouriez is 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Montreuil-sur-Mer.

The village is located at the bottom of a dry valley with a depth varying from 40 to 60 meters and incising an interfluvial plateau.

In addition to the village, the village is composed of three hamlets, two of which are located on the surrounding plateau: Bamières (to the east), and Lambus (to the north) near the national road 39 (RN 39). The hamlet of Rachinette (to the southeast) is nestled in the bottom of the vaux Roux and the Goulaffre.

Authie (river)
The Authie (French pronunciation: [o.ti] ⓘ; Picard: Eutie; (West Flemish: Otie)) is a river in northern France whose 108-kilometre (67 mi) course crosses the departement of the Pas-de-Calais and the Somme. Its source is near the village of Coigneux. It flows through the towns of Doullens, Auxi-le-Château, Nempont-Saint-Firmin and Nampont, finally flowing out into the Channel near Berck.

Its steady flow has attracted mankind for many centuries, developing an agricultural environment that is still dominant today. The valley of the Authie, with many towns, villages, abbeys and chateaux, holds a rich architectural heritage alongside the banks of the river, while the river mouth forms a sizeable bay between Fort-Mahon-Plage and Berck, typical of  Picardy estuaries. The area is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna.
Harper's Magazine Press
Harper's Magazine Press was a hardcover book publisher for the trade market, a joint venture of Harper's Magazine and Harper & Row. It was founded in New York City in 1969 and published its last books in 1976. It published literary and commercial fiction and nonfiction, cultural analysis, poetry, and books of interest to a general audience.

Harper (publisher)
Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins, based in New York City. Founded in New York in 1817 by James Harper and his brother John, the company operated as J. & J. Harper until 1833, when it changed its name to Harper & Brothers, reflecting the inclusion of Joseph and Fletcher Harper. Harper began publishing Harper's Magazine, Harper's Weekly, and other periodicals beginning in the 1850s. From 1962 to 1990, the company was known as Harper & Row after its merger with Row, Peterson & Company. Harper & Row was purchased in 1987 by News Corporation and combined with William Collins, Sons, its United Kingdom counterpart, in 1990 to form HarperCollins, although the Harper name has been used in its place since 2007.
AN/APG-66
The AN/APG-66 radar is an X-band solid state medium range (up to 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi)) pulse-Doppler planar array radar originally designed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation (now Northrop Grumman) for use in early generations of the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Later F-16 variants use the AN/APG-68 or the AN/APG-83. This radar was employed in all domestic and export versions of the F-16A/B models throughout the production.  Subsequent upgrades have been installed in many varying aircraft types including the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's C-550 Cessna Citation, US Navy P-3 Orion, and Piper PA-42 Cheyenne II's.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/APG-66" designation represents the 66th design of an Army-Navy airborne electronic device for radar fire-control equipment. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense electronic systems.

Fire-control system
A fire-control system (FCS) is an integrated system of components that assists a gunner in executing tasks needed to achieve accurate firing by means of full or semi automation. It performs the same task as a human gunner firing a weapon, but attempts to do so faster and more accurately.
Canton of Saint-Martin-d'Hères
The canton of Saint-Martin-d'Hères is an administrative division of the Isère department, eastern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Saint-Martin-d'Hères.

It consists of the following communes:

Gières

Poisat

Saint-Martin-d'Hères

Venon

Gières
Gières (French pronunciation: [ʒjɛʁ] ⓘ; Arpitan: Giére) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It is part of the Grenoble urban unit (agglomeration). The archaeologist Joseph Chamonard (1866–1936) died in Gières. Grenoble-Universités-Gières station has rail connections to Grenoble, Chambéry and Valence.
Ninikowo
Ninikowo [niniˈkɔvɔ] (German: Ninikow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Karnice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north-west of Karnice, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Gryfice, and 77 km (48 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Gryfice County
Gryfice County (Polish: powiat gryficki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gryfice, which lies 69 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Trzebiatów, lying 17 km (11 mi) north of Gryfice, and Płoty, 13 km (8 mi) south of Gryfice.

The county covers an area of 1,018.19 square kilometres (393.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 60,773, out of which the population of Gryfice is 16,702, that of Trzebiatów is 10,113, that of Płoty is 4,142, and the rural population is 29,816.
Selby Avenue
Selby Avenue is a street in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, that runs east–west from Summit Avenue near downtown toward the Mississippi River. The street runs through the Summit-University and Union Park neighborhoods. The street, especially between Dale Street and Snelling Avenue, has been associated with Saint Paul's black community. The far eastern end of the street has historically been more densely developed and architecturally significant.

Union Park, Saint Paul
Union Park is a neighborhood in Saint Paul in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Created as a merger of several historic neighborhoods including Merriam Park, Snelling-Hamline, Parts of Midway, Desnoyer Park, and Lexington-Hamline, it is bordered by University Avenue on the north, Lexington Parkway on the east, Summit Avenue on the south, and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area on the west. Despite the merger, many of the historic neighborhoods hold onto their original identity, especially in Lexington-Hamline (Locally known as Lexham) and Merriam Park.
Ghosts of Goldfield
Ghosts of Goldfield is a 2007 American supernatural horror film directed by Ed Winfield. This film music composed by Steve Yeaman. The film stars Kellan Lutz, Marnette Patterson, Mandy Amano, Scott Whyte, Chuck Zito and Ashly Margaret Rae in the lead roles. The film was originally intended to be a fourth installment of the Urban Legend film series, serving as a standalone sequel to Urban Legends: Bloody Mary (2005), however the title was abandoned due to licensing issues.

Kellan Lutz
Kellan Christopher Lutz (born March 15, 1985) is an American actor, martial artist and model. He made his film debut in Stick It (2006), and is best known for playing Emmett Cullen in The Twilight Saga film series (2008–2012). He has since played Poseidon in the 2011 film Immortals, voiced the title character in the 2013 animated film Tarzan, also played John Smilee in The Expendables 3 (2014), and Hercules in The Legend of Hercules (2014). He co-starred in the CBS action thriller series FBI: Most Wanted (2020–2021).
VPB-18
VPB-18 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy, flying the PBM-3D Mariner. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 18 (VP-18) on 15 January 1944 and redesignated as VPB-18 on 1 October 1944. It was disestablished on 23 November 1945. The squadron had a distinguished combat history in the Pacific War.

Martin PBM Mariner
The Martin PBM Mariner is a twin-engine American patrol bomber flying boat of World War II and the early Cold War era. It was designed to complement the Consolidated PBY Catalina and PB2Y Coronado in service. A total of 1,366 PBMs were built, with the first example flying on 18 February 1939, and the type entering service in September 1940, with the last of the type being retired in 1964.

A Mariner, otherwise noted for its WW2 and post-War service, was the type that vanished searching for Flight 19. Flight 19 vanished in the Bermuda Triangle; it and the Mariner that searched for it were never found with its 14 crew, though it was thought to have suffered a mid-air explosion. Another noted crash was the 1946 Antarctica PBM Mariner crash in December 1946.
1810 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1810, in 13 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections.

Eight governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.

1810–11 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1810–11 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 24, 1810, and August 2, 1811. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 12th United States Congress convened on November 4, 1811. They occurred during President James Madison's first term. Elections were held for all 142 seats, representing 17 states.

One newly elected Representative, Henry Clay, also was elected Speaker.

With the repeal of the Embargo Act of 1807, the economy improved.  The opposition Federalists lost voter support and the Democratic-Republicans recovered a supermajority.
Odd Østbye
Odd Kjeld Østbye (1925–2009) was a Norwegian architect, professor at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (1988-1993), and rector of the same school from 1990 to 1993.

After graduating with his examen artium degree in 1944, Østbye studied construction at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry until 1948, in preparation for a getting his degree at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design. From 1949 to 1952, he worked for the Oslo city architect's office. In 1961, Østbye began his own architectural business. Østbye received the King's Medal of Merit in 2004.

Among the works he has carried out are Grorud fire station, Snarøya Church, Kirkelandet Church, Karasjok Church, Åssiden Church, Venabygd Chapel, and Sletta Church.

Examen artium
Examen artium was the name of the academic certification conferred in Denmark and Norway, qualifying the student for admission to university studies. Examen artium was originally introduced as the entrance exam of the University of Copenhagen in 1630. The University of Copenhagen was the only university of Denmark-Norway until The Royal Frederick University in Christiania was founded in 1811.

In Norway, examen artium was formally discontinued after the 1982 class (but the term is still sometimes used informally to denote the diploma from today's videregående skole).
San Filippo Neri, Camerino
San Filippo Neri is a Baroque style Roman Catholic church in Camerino, in the province of Macerata, region of Marche, Italy.

The church was commissioned by the Oratorians and erected in 1733 by the architects Pietro Loni and Domenico Cipriani. The oval interior layout has three chapels. The second chapel to the right of the main altar once housed a Madonna in Glory with St Phillip (circa 1740), by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, now move to Diocesan Museum. The church also houses a Crucifixion (1454) and Annunciation by Girolamo di Giovanni.

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (/tiˈɛpəloʊ/ tee-EP-ə-loh, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni batˈtista ˈtjɛːpolo, ˈtjeː-]; 5 March 1696 – 27 March 1770), also known as Giambattista (or Gianbattista) Tiepolo, was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice who painted in the Rococo style, considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school. He was prolific, and worked not only in Italy, but also in Germany and Spain.

Giovan Battista Tiepolo, together with Giambattista Pittoni, Canaletto, Giovan Battista Piazzetta, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, and Francesco Guardi are considered the traditional Old Masters of that period.

Successful from the beginning of his career, he has been described by Michael Levey as "the greatest decorative painter of eighteenth-century Europe, as well as its most able craftsman".
Max Frei
Max Frei (Russian: Макс Фрай) is the pen name of Svetlana Yuryevna Martynchik (Russian: Светла́на Ю́рьевна Марты́нчик; Ukrainian: Світлана Юріївна Мартинчик) (born 1965 in Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union), a fantasy writer from Odessa, Ukraine. She writes in Russian and mostly publishes in Russia while holding Ukrainian citizenship. She permanently resides in Vilnius, Lithuania. Martynchik has collaborated many years on her books with her spouse, artist Igor Styopin (1967–2018).

Permanent residency
Permanent residency is a person's legal resident status in a country or territory of which such person is not a citizen but where they have the right to reside on a permanent basis. This is usually for a permanent period; a person with such legal status is known as a permanent resident.

Permanent residency itself is distinct from right of abode, which waives immigration control for such persons. Persons having permanent residency still require immigration control if they do not have right of abode. However, a right of abode automatically grants people permanent residency. This status also gives work permit in most cases. In many Western countries, the status of permanent resident confers a right of abode upon the holder despite not being a citizen of the particular country.
J. P. Nissen Co
Nissen Markers, aka J. P. Nissen Co was officially named the  John P Nissen Jr Company is a privately held company which is still owned by the founding family based in Glenside, Pennsylvania. The company was founded in 1923 to manufacture markers for the textile industry and went on to receive numerous important patents on textile marking devices and methods. It is currently one of the largest manufacturers of industrial markers in the world.

Glenside, Pennsylvania
Glenside is a census-designated place (CDP) located in Cheltenham Township and Abington Township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It borders Northwest Philadelphia. The population was 7,737 at the 2020 census on a land area of  1.3 square miles.

Glenside is most notable for its entertainment, including Keswick Theatre, restaurants, recreational facilities, and parks. Glenside station is one of the busiest in the SEPTA system. Glenside is located approximately eleven miles from Center City Philadelphia.
Miss Paraguay
Miss Paraguay is a national beauty pageant in Paraguay established in 1915. It currently selects Paraguay's representatives for the Miss Intercontinental and Reinado Internacional del Café pageants.

The current Miss Paraguay is Celeste Cibils of Itapúa, who was crowned on December 6, 2025 at the Hotel Guaraní in Asunción.

Reinado Internacional del Café
Reinado Internacional del Café (in English: International Queen of Coffee) is a women's beauty pageant held annually since its first edition in 1957. From its beginning until 1971, the event was called Continental Coffee Queen, as it only included countries from the American continent. The purpose of the event is to celebrate, within the Feria de Manizales, the cultivation and production of coffee among the countries that send their beauty ambassadors. Manizales has become the industrial hub of Colombia’s coffee industry, located in the region now known as the Coffee Axis (Eje Cafetero). The current titleholder is the Venezuelan Lady Di Mosquera.
Airbreathing jet engine
An airbreathing jet engine (or ducted jet engine) is a jet engine in which the exhaust gas which supplies jet propulsion is atmospheric air, which is taken in, compressed, heated, and expanded back to atmospheric pressure through a propelling nozzle. Compression may be provided by a gas turbine, as in the original turbojet and newer turbofan, or arise solely from the ram pressure of the vehicle's velocity, as with the ramjet and pulsejet.

All practical airbreathing jet engines heat the air by burning fuel. Alternatively a heat exchanger may be used, as in a nuclear-powered jet engine. Most modern jet engines are turbofans, which are more fuel efficient than turbojets because the thrust supplied by the gas turbine is augmented by bypass air passing through a ducted fan.

Thrust
Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's third law. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction to be applied to that system.
The force applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular or normal to the surface is also called thrust. Force, and thus thrust, is measured using the International System of Units (SI) in newtons (symbol: N), and represents the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second per second. In mechanical engineering, force orthogonal to the main load (such as in parallel helical gears) is referred to as static thrust.
Cassie McQuater
Cassie McQuater (born in Detroit, Michigan) is an American visual artist and game designer. McQuater's work has been exhibited in digital arts festivals and museum institutions in the United States and abroad. She is the creator of WomaninaVideoGame (2015), Black Room (2018), HALO (2021), and Love Birds, Night Birds, Devil-Birds (2019) in collaboration with New York-based composer Kelli Moran, among others. She was awarded a Lumen Prize in 2019.

Kelly Moran (musician)
Kelly Moran (born February 17, 1988) is an American composer, producer, and multi-instrumentalist based in Brooklyn. Her music spans classical, electronic, minimalist, jazz, impressionist, and metal genres. In many of her compositions, Moran utilizes electronic musical techniques in combination with the John Cage-pioneered technique of the prepared piano. Moran signed with Warp Records in September 2018.
Chuixian San Chi
Chuíxián Sān Chǐ (Chinese: 垂涎三尺, "Mouth Watering"), is a compilation album by Japanese musician Ringo Sheena. A special release to commemorate her first concert in Taipei, Taiwan. It was released on June 24, 2015, exclusively in Taiwan. The album compiles songs released throughout Sheena's career, focusing on her earliest two albums Muzai Moratorium (1999) and Shōso Strip (2000).

Ringo Sheena
Yumiko Shiina (椎名 裕美子, Shiina Yumiko; born November 25, 1978), known by her stage name Ringo Sheena (椎名 林檎, Shiina Ringo), is a Japanese singer, songwriter and musician. She is also the founder and lead vocalist of the band Tokyo Jihen.

She describes herself as "Shinjuku-kei Jisaku-Jien-ya (新宿系自作自演屋, a Shinjuku-style writer-performer)". She was ranked number 36 in a list of Japan's top 100 musicians compiled by HMV in 2003.
Figaro (New Orleans)
Figaro was an American weekly magazine published from 1883 to 1884 in New Orleans, with a focus on theater and politics. C. Vann Woodward notes that the magazine was "hostile to the unions".

There have been two later iterations of a magazine of that name in New Orleans. From 1972 to 1981, there was an alternative magazine under that name published by the Mercury Press, which covered entertainment, politics, and did investigative journalism. It was compared to the later Gambit Weekly. That magazine was slated to return as a quarterly in 1988.

C. Vann Woodward
Comer Vann Woodward (November 13, 1908 – December 17, 1999) was an American historian who focused primarily on the American South and race relations.  He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A. Beard, stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics.

Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s. By  the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights. His book The Strange Career of Jim Crow makes the case that racial segregation was an invention of the late 19th century rather than an inevitable post-Civil-War development. After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s, he moved to the right politically. He won a Pulitzer Prize for History for his annotated edition of Mary Chestnut's Civil War diaries.
Yada
Yada (written: 矢田 or 谷田) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Akiko Yada (矢田 亜希子, born 1978), Japanese actress

Asahi Yada (矢田 旭, born 1991), Japanese footballer

Kimio Yada (矢田 喜美雄, 1913–1990), Japanese high jumper

Kōji Yada (矢田 耕司, 1933–2014), Japanese voice actor

Lena Yada (born 1978), Japanese-American model, actress, and surfer

Minoru Yada (矢田 稔, born 1931), Japanese voice actor

Shizuo Yada (矢田 静雄, born 1948), Japanese sport wrestler

Tatsuo Yada (矢田 立郎, born 1940), mayor of Kobe, Japan

Yusuke Yada (谷田 悠介, born 1983), Japanese footballer

Kimio Yada
Kimio Yada (矢田 喜美雄, Yada Kimio; 17 September 1913 – 4 December 1990) was a Japanese track and field athlete. He competed in the men's high jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He later became a reporter for the Asahi Shimbun newspaper, and was especially noted for his reporting on the Shimoyama incident.
Edward Parmelee Smith
Edward Parmelee Smith (1827–1876) was a Congregational minister in Massachusetts before becoming Field Secretary for the United States Christian Commission during the American Civil War.  In official positions with the American Missionary Association (AMA), he was a co-founder of Fisk University and other historically black colleges established in the South for the education of freedmen.  Beginning in 1873, he served as commissioner of Indian Affairs under President Ulysses S. Grant.  In 1875, he was selected president of Howard University, but died on a trip in Africa in 1876 before taking office.

Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was a U.S. government agency of early post American Civil War Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (i.e., former enslaved people) in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a federal agency after the War, from 1865 to November 1872, to direct provisions, clothing, and fuel for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children.