hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Loop entropy
Loop entropy is the entropy lost upon bringing together two residues of a polymer within a prescribed distance.  For a single loop, the entropy varies logarithmically with the number of residues  in the loop

where  is the Boltzmann constant and  is a coefficient that depends on the properties of the polymer.  This entropy formula corresponds to a power-law distribution  for the probability of the residues contacting.

The loop entropy may also vary with the position of the contacting residues.  Residues near the ends of the polymer are more likely to contact (quantitatively, have a lower ) than those in the middle (i.e., far from the ends), primarily due to excluded volume effects.

Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the molar gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, and is used in calculating thermal noise in resistors. The Boltzmann constant has dimensions of energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy and heat capacity. It is named after the Austrian scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.

As part of the 2019 revision of the SI, the Boltzmann constant is one of the seven "defining constants" that have been defined so as to have exact finite decimal values in SI units. They are used in various combinations to define the seven SI base units. The Boltzmann constant is defined to be exactly 1.380649×10−23 joules per kelvin, with the effect of defining the SI unit kelvin.
South Philly Jam
South Philly Jam was a professional wrestling live event produced by Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) on October 7, 1995. The event was held in the ECW Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States.

Excerpts from South Philly Jam aired on episodes #129, #130, and #131 of the syndicated television show ECW Hardcore TV in October 1995. The two-out-of-three-falls match between Psicosis and Rey Misterio Jr. - which received a 4¾ star rating from the Wrestling Observer Newsletter - was featured on the 2011 compilation DVD Rey Mysterio: The Life of a Masked Man.

Wrestling Observer Newsletter
The Wrestling Observer Newsletter (WON) is a newsletter that covers professional wrestling and mixed martial arts.

Founded in print in 1982 by Dave Meltzer, the Wrestling Observer website merged with Bryan Alvarez's Figure Four Weekly website in 2008, becoming Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. The newsletter is often considered the first "dirt sheet", which is a wrestling publication covering the art from a real-life perspective.
Kitcho
Kitcho (Kanji: 吉兆 Hiragana: きっちょう lit. "good omen") is a kaiseki (Japanese haute cuisine) restaurant chain group and one of the most famous ones in Japan. It was founded by Teiichi Yuki in 1930 in Osaka, and today runs restaurants in Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Fukuoka and Tokyo.

Today the Kitcho group consists of five companies, whose headquarters are located in Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and Tokyo respectively. Among the restaurants they run, the ones in Koraibashi (Osaka), Arashiyama (Kyoto) and Ginza (Tokyo) are especially well known.

Many politicians, businesspeople and artists are known as frequent customers. As a kaiseki restaurant, catering for the Japanese tea ceremony is one of its major services. A lunch in the Koraibashi restaurant costs over US$300, and dinner costs over US$400 per person.

Kōraibashi
Kōraibashi (高麗橋; lit. "Goryeo Bridge") is a bridge located in Chūō-ku in the city of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It crosses over the Higashi Yokobori River and shares its name with the surrounding area.
United Nations Command–Rear
United Nations Command–Rear (also known as UN Command–Rear or UNC–Rear) is a rump military command headquartered in Japan, and a subordinate element of United Nations Command. UN Command–Rear was established in 1957 as a result of the relocation of UN Command from Japan to South Korea following the Korean War. It is nominally in control of the rear elements of what the United States and South Korea contend are United Nations military forces in northeast Asia.

In practice, UN Command–Rear is a legal cover created to prevent the expiration of the 1954 Status of Forces Agreement between the United States (operating as the "Unified Command") and Japan, which provides for its self-termination upon the withdrawal of United Nations forces from Japan.

As of 2025, UN Command–Rear had a strength of five personnel.

Status of forces agreement
A status of forces agreement (SOFA) is an agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country. SOFAs are often included, along with other types of military agreements, as part of a comprehensive security arrangement. A SOFA does not constitute a security arrangement; it establishes the rights and privileges of foreign personnel present in a host country in support of the larger security arrangement. Under international law a status of forces agreement differs from military occupation.
Bossiaea pulchella
Bossiaea pulchella is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a slender, erect shrub with egg-shaped leaves, and orange-yellow, purplish brown and dark red flowers.

Papilionaceous flower
Papilionaceous flowers (from Latin: papilion, a butterfly) are flowers with the characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla found in many, though not all, plants of the species-rich Faboideae subfamily of legumes. Tournefort suggested that the term Flores papilionacei originated with Valerius Cordus, who applied it to the flowers of the bean.
R. S. Puram, Coimbatore
R. S.  Puram (or Rathina Sabapathi Puram) is a residential area in the city of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It is named after the late Dewan Bahadur C. S. Ratnasabhapathy Mudaliar, who is regarded as the founder of modern Coimbatore. The area of R. S. Puram includes multiple commercial and residential buildings.

Dewan Bahadur
Dewan Bahadur or Diwan Bahadur was a title of honour awarded during British rule in India. It was awarded to individuals who had performed faithful service or acts of public welfare to the nation. From 1911, the title was accompanied by a special Title Badge. Dewan literally means 'Prime Minister' in the Indian context and Bahadur means brave.

This title was above the Rao Bahadur title, and people with the Rao Bahadur title could be elevated to the status of Diwan Bahadur.

Further, the Prime Ministers of the Indian Princely States were known as Dewan/Diwan. They were also given or promoted directly to the title of Dewan Bahadur by the British authorities on being appointed Dewan, to suit their post.

The Dewan and other similar titles issued during the British Raj were disestablished in August 1947 upon the independence of India.
Stacey Williams (swimmer)
Stacey Williams (born November 2, 1981) is a Paralympic swimming competitor from Australia. She was born in Subiaco, Western Australia  and educated at La Salle College. She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the Women's 100 m Breaststroke SB7 event. She was born on 2 November 1981.

La Salle College, Perth
La Salle College is a Roman Catholic co-educational secondary school in Middle Swan, Western Australia, an eastern suburb of Perth. It caters for approximately 1400 Year 7–12 students, including about 40 Aboriginal boarding students from regional and remote Western Australia.
Montague Close
Montague Close is a street in London, England, close to London Bridge in London SE1, within the London Borough of Southwark.

The Worshipful Company of Glaziers is located here. To the south are Southwark Cathedral and Borough Market.

The close occupies the site of the monastic buildings of the Priory of St Mary Overie, which were granted to Anthony Browne in 1544-1545. Browne's son was created Viscount Montague.

London Borough of Southwark
The London Borough of Southwark (/ˈsʌðərk/ ⓘ SUDH-ərk) in South London forms part of Inner London and is connected by bridges across the River Thames to the City of London and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas were amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. All districts of the area are within the London postal district. It is governed by Southwark London Borough Council.

The part of the South Bank within the borough is home to London Bridge terminus station and the attractions of The Shard, Tate Modern, Shakespeare's Globe and Borough Market that are the largest of the venues in Southwark to draw domestic and international tourism. Dulwich is home to the Dulwich Picture Gallery and the Imperial War Museum is in Elephant and Castle. Major districts include Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, Peckham, Camberwell, and Dulwich.
Ahmed Santos (militant)
Ahmed Santos (born Hilarion del Rosario Santos III) is a Filipino who converted to Islam while working in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 1991. Santos was captured by Military officials for being involved in organizing and planning terrorist activities, including preparation of bombs. He is the founder of the Rajah Solaiman Movement.

Conversion to Islam
Conversion to Islam, also known within Islam as reversion, is adopting Islam as a religion or faith. Conversion requires a formal statement of the shahādah, the credo of Islam, whereby the prospective convert must state that "there is none worthy of worship in truth except Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah". Proselytism of the faith is referred to as "dawah", and missionary efforts have been promoted since the dawn of the religion in the 7th century.
A Gentleman of Leisure
A Gentleman of Leisure is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse. The basic plot first appeared in a novella, The Gem Collector, in the December 1909 issue of Ainslee's Magazine.

The novel was substantially revised and expanded for publication as a book under the title The Intrusion of Jimmy by W. J. Watt & Co., New York, on 11 May 1910. It was serialised as The Intrusions of Jimmy in the British weekly magazine Tit-Bits between 11 June and 10 September before being published as A Gentleman of Leisure by Alston Rivers Ltd, London, on 15 November 1910. There are minor textual differences between the American and British editions of the book. A Gentleman of Leisure was adapted for the stage in 1911 and has twice been filmed, in 1915 and 1923.

Tit-Bits
Tit-Bits from all the interesting Books and Newspapers of the World, more commonly known as Tit-Bits and later as Titbits, was a British weekly magazine founded by George Newnes, a founding figure in popular journalism, on 22 October 1881.
Alex Mooney
Alexander Xavier Mooney (born June 7, 1971) is an American lobbyist and former politician who served as the U.S. representative for West Virginia's 2nd congressional district from 2015 to 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he represented the 3rd district in the Maryland State Senate from 1999 to 2011 and is a former chair of the Maryland Republican Party. He is the first Hispanic person elected to Congress from West Virginia.

In November 2022, Mooney filed to run for U.S. Senate in 2024 for the West Virginia seat occupied by outgoing Democrat Joe Manchin. Mooney was defeated in a landslide in the Republican primary by Governor Jim Justice.

NumbersUSA
NumbersUSA is an anti-immigration advocacy group that seeks to reduce both legal and illegal immigration to the United States.

NumbersUSA was founded by Roy Beck in 1996, with assistance from the anti-immigration movement figure John Tanton. NumbersUSA, along with the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) and the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), two other groups that Tanton founded, formed "the bulk of the anti-immigration movement" in the United States as of 2018, according to The Detroit News.
Ayr United Football Academy
Ayr United Football Academy is incorporated as a not for profit Company Limited by guarantee. Its members are Ayr United Football Club, The Ayr United Community Initiative (The Honest Men Trust), NHS Ayrshire and Arran (Community Health Partnership), Ayrshire College and South Ayrshire Council, each of which is represented by a board director. In addition there are three independent directors and an independent chairperson.

Ayrshire College
Ayrshire College is a further education institution in Scotland. Formed in August 2013 from a merger between Ayr College, Kilmarnock College and the Largs and Kilwinning campuses of James Watt College, it serves Ayrshire and surrounding areas, with campuses in Ayr, Kilmarnock and Kilwinning.
2007–08 Duleep Trophy
The 2007–08 Duleep Trophy was the 47th season of the Duleep Trophy, a first-class cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: Central Zone, East Zone, North Zone, South Zone and West Zone. In addition to these five teams, a guest team (England Lions) also featured in the tournament.

North Zone won the title, defeating West Zone in the final.

South Zone cricket team
The South Zone cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents southern India in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from southern India competing in the Ranji Trophy: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Hyderabad, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. South Zone has the third strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 12 times and also shared the winner's trophy twice, with the best team, West Zone having won 18 times plus shared the trophy two times more.
History of Microsoft Exchange Server
The first release of Microsoft Exchange Server was version 4.0 in April 1996, when it was sold as an upgrade to Microsoft Mail 3.5. Before that, Microsoft Mail v2.0 (written by Microsoft) was replaced in 1991 by "Microsoft Mail for PC Networks v2.1", based on Network Courier from its acquisition of Consumers Software.

Voicemail
A voicemail system (also known as voice message or voice bank) is a computer-based system that allows callers to leave a recorded message when the recipient has been unable (or unwilling) to answer the phone. Calls may be directed to voicemail manually or automatically. The caller is prompted to leave a message that the recipient can retrieve at a later time.

Voicemail can be used for personal calls, but more complex systems exist for companies and services to handle the volume of customer requests. The term is also used more broadly to denote any system of conveying stored telecommunications voice messages, including using older technology like answering machines.
Marcos Leonel Posadas
Marcos Leonel Posadas Segura (born October 8, 1938, Tampico) is a Mexican politician. Leonel Posadas joined the Mexican Communist Party in April 1956. He became an electrician in the petroleum sector by profession. In 1964 he was included in the Central Committee of the party. The following year he became the general secretary of the Mexican Communist Youth, a position he occupied until 1970. Between 1973 and 1978 he was the director of the official Communist Party newspaper Oposición. In 1979 he became a member of the Executive Committee of the Communist Party.

Posadas became a co-founder of the United Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM). In PSUM he was responsible for Organization and International Affairs. He later became co-founder of the Mexican Socialist Party (PMS) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).

Unified Socialist Party of Mexico
The Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (Spanish: Partido Socialista Unificado de México, PSUM) was a socialist political party in Mexico. It later became the Mexican Socialist Party (Partido Mexicano Socialista) in 1988.
Robot Chicken: Star Wars
"Robot Chicken: Star Wars" (also known as "Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode I") is a 2007 episode of the television comedy series Robot Chicken, airing as a one-off special during Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block on June 17, 2007 (released after the original Star Wars film's 30th anniversary). It was released on DVD on July 22, 2008.

Jenna Bush Hager
Jenna Welch Bush Hager (née Bush; born November 25, 1981) is an American news personality, author, and journalist. She is the co-host of Today with Jenna & Sheinelle, the fourth hour of NBC's morning news program, Today. Hager and her fraternal twin sister, Barbara, are the daughters of the 43rd U.S. president George W. Bush and former first lady Laura Bush. Hager is also a granddaughter of the 41st U.S. president George H. W. Bush and former first lady Barbara Bush, great-granddaughter of former U.S. senator Prescott Bush, niece of former Florida governor Jeb Bush, and first cousin of former land commissioner of Texas George P. Bush.

After her father's presidency ended, Hager became an author, an editor-at-large for Southern Living magazine, and a television personality on NBC, being featured, most prominently, as a member of The Today Show as a correspondent, contributor and co-host.
Paullinia pinnata
Paullinia pinnata is a flowering plant species in the genus of Paullinia found in South America and Africa.

The long flexible stems of P. pinnata are used to poison fish in shallow pools, as described by the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates in his book The Naturalist on the River Amazons.

Henry Walter Bates
Henry Walter Bates (8 February 1825 – 16 February 1892) was an English naturalist and explorer who gave the first scientific account of mimicry in animals. He was most famous for his expedition to the rainforests of the Amazon with Alfred Russel Wallace, starting in 1848. Wallace returned in 1852, but lost his collection on the return voyage when his ship caught fire. When Bates arrived home in 1859 after a full eleven years, he had sent back over 14,712 species (mostly of insects) of which 8,000 were (according to Bates, but see Van Wyhe) new to science. Bates wrote up his findings in his best-known work, The Naturalist on the River Amazons (1863). Batesian mimicry is named in his honor.
Acroosteolysis
Acroosteolysis is resorption of the distal bony phalanges.  Acroosteolysis has two patterns of resorption in adults:  diffuse and bandlike.

The diffuse pattern of resorption has a widely diverse differential diagnosis which includes:  pyknodysostosis, collagen vascular disease and vasculitis, Raynaud's neuropathy, trauma, epidermolysis bullosa, psoriasis, frostbite, sarcoidosis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, acromegaly, and advanced leprosy.

The bandlike pattern of resorption may be seen with polyvinyl chloride exposure and Hadju-Cheney syndrome.

A mnemonic commonly used for acro-osteolysis is PINCHFO.
Pyknodysostosis, Psoriasis,
Injury (thermal burn, frostbite),
Neuropathy (diabetes),
Collagen vascular disease (scleroderma, Raynaud's),
Hyperparathyroidism,
Familial (Hadju-Cheney, progeria), 
Occupational (polyvinyl exposure),

Acroosteolysis may be associated with minimal skin changes or with ischemic skin lesions that may result in digital necrosis.: 665

Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride (alternatively: poly(vinyl chloride), colloquial: vinyl or polyvinyl; abbreviated: PVC) is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic polymer of plastic (after polyethylene and polypropylene). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year.

PVC comes in rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible forms. Rigid PVC is used in construction for pipes, doors and windows. It is also used in making plastic bottles, packaging, and bank or membership cards. Adding plasticizers makes PVC softer and more flexible. It is used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, flooring, signage, phonograph records, inflatable products, and in rubber substitutes. With cotton or linen, it is used in the production of canvas.

Polyvinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is soluble in ketones, chlorinated solvents, dimethylformamide, THF and DMAc.
Vietnam War body count controversy
The Vietnam War body count controversy centers on the counting of enemy dead by the United States Armed Forces during the Vietnam War (1955–1975). There are issues around killing and counting unarmed civilians (non-combatants) as enemy combatants, as well as inflating the number of actual enemy who were killed in action (KIA). For search and destroy operations, as the objective was not to hold territory or secure populations, victory was assessed by having a higher enemy body count.

Christian Appy
Christian Gerard Appy (born 5 April 1955) is a professor of history at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is widely known as a leading expert on the Vietnam War experience. The most recent of his three books on the subject is American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity. It explores the war's impact on American politics, culture, and foreign policy from the 1950s to the Obama presidency.
O du lieber Augustin
"O du lieber Augustin" ("Oh, you dear Augustin") is a popular Viennese song, first published about 1800. It is said to refer to the balladeer Marx Augustin and his brush with death in 1679. Augustin himself is sometimes named as the author, but the origin is unclear.

Wienerlied
The  Wienerlied (German, literally: Viennese song, pl. Wienerlieder) or Weanaliad (viennese, pl. Weanaliada) is a traditional song genre which has its roots in Austria's capital and largest city, Vienna. Wienerlieder often center on life in Vienna. They are almost exclusively sung in Viennese German, a local Austro-Bavarian dialect. The Wienerlied is a unique musical and socio-cultural phenomenon, a psychograph of the Viennese way of life; a mix between idealism, joie de vivre and desperation.

There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder, of which only a few hundred are still sung today.
Northeastern Space Radio Observatory
The Northeastern Space Radio Observatory (Portuguese: Rádio-Observatório Espacial do Nordeste - ROEN) is a 14.2 m (47 ft) radio dish antenna located in the municipality of Eusébio in the state of Ceará, Brazil, approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Fortaleza.  The facility is owned by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and managed by the Center of Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics at Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (CRAAM).  It was initially funded by several by Brazilian institutions and the United States National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).  It has been operating since 1993 and is used primarily for geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI).

Eusébio, Ceará
Eusébio is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Ceará, in the Northeast region of the country. Located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, 24 kilometers from the capital, it has 79 km2 of land area and an estimated population of 54,337 inhabitants, according to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics in 2020. The access route is CE-040.