hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Foundations of Arithmetic
The Foundations of Arithmetic (German: Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik) is a book by Gottlob Frege, published in 1884, which investigates the philosophical foundations of arithmetic. Frege refutes other idealist and materialist theories of number and develops his own platonist theory of numbers.  The Grundlagen also helped to motivate Frege's later works in logicism.

The book was also seminal in the philosophy of language. Michael Dummett traces the linguistic turn to Frege's Grundlagen and his context principle.

The book was not well received and was not read widely when it was published. It did, however, draw the attentions of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein, who were both heavily influenced by Frege's philosophy. An English translation was published (Oxford, 1950) by J. L. Austin, with a second edition in 1960.

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
Nicklas Söderblom
Nicklas Söderblom is a personal trainer, actor, and author currently residing in Los Angeles, United States. Söderblom is a personal trainer to many Hollywood stars (Pierce Brosnan, Olivia Newton-John, Rick Springfield, Linda Hamilton, and Backstreet Boys star AJ McLean and many more.) In 2007 he released the book Desperate Houseman writing about his relationship with actress Nicollette Sheridan, to whom he was engaged for a time.

In 2018, he was a contestant on Robinson: Fiji, and again in 2019 he was a contestant on Robinson 2019 which is broadcast on TV4.

Robinson: Fiji
Robinson: Fiji is the seventeenth season of Expedition Robinson in Sweden, known as Survivor in some countries, and the first to air since 2015. This season started off with sixteen contestants divided into two tribes of eight who were vying for the grand prize of 500,000 SEK and was the first season to be hosted by Swedish reality host Anders Öfvergård.

The season premiered on 18 March and concluded on 27 May 2018 where Daniel "DK" Westlund won in a 7–2 vote against Henrik Norgren to be crowned the winner of Robinson.
Aurelia Finance
Aurelia Finance SA was a private bank and fund-management company in Geneva, Switzerland that was set up as a feeder fund to Bernie Madoff's illegal Ponzi scheme.

Aurelia managed 1.7 billion Swiss francs of clients' money, and advised clients to invest in the Hermes World Fund, a Madoff feeder fund which was listed in Dublin in January 2004, as part of a "conservative" portfolio.

Feeder fund
A feeder fund is an investment fund which does almost all of its investments through a master fund via a master-feeder relationship.

It is a situation similar to a fund of funds, except that the master fund performs all the investments.
2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Anambra State
The 2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Anambra State will be held on 25 February 2023, to elect the 3 federal Senators from Anambra State, one from each of the state's three senatorial districts. The elections will coincide with the 2023 presidential election, as well as other elections to the Senate and elections to the House of Representatives; with state elections being held two weeks later. Primaries were held between 4 April and 9 June 2022.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
Ben Thackwray
Ben Thackwray (born 13 May 1980) is a record breaking British adventurer, explorer, endurance athlete, ocean rower, mountaineer, cross-country skier, ultra distance runner, and former semi-pro footballer.

Ocean rowing
Ocean rowing is the sport of rowing across oceans. Some ocean rowing boats can hold as many as fourteen rowers; however, the most common ocean rowboats are designed for singles, doubles, and fours.

The history of ocean rowing is divided into two eras by the Ocean Rowing Society International, the official adjudicator of ocean rowing records for Guinness World Records. The first fourteen ocean rows, up to and including 1981, are considered historic ocean rows as they were completed with very limited, if any, modern technology. All subsequent rows are described as modern-day rows.
Ob constituency
The Ob constituency (No.182) is a Russian legislative constituency in Tomsk Oblast. The constituency covers southern half of Tomsk and sparsely populated western and central Tomsk Oblast, including oil-mining towns Kedrovy and Strezhevoy. After 2025 redistricting Tomsk Oblast is slated to lose one of its two constituencies, so Ob constituency is going to be dissolved and merged with Tomsk constituency.

The constituency has been represented since 2016 by United Russia deputy Tatyana Solomatina, Member of Legislative Duma of Tomsk Oblast and dermatologist.

Alexandrovsky District, Tomsk Oblast
Alexandrovsky District  (Russian: Александровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the sixteen in Tomsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast and borders with the territory of Strezhevoy Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction, with Kargasoksky District, and with Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The area of the district is 30,160 square kilometers (11,640 sq mi).} Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Alexandrovskoye. Population: 8,686 (2010 Census); 10,136 (2002 census); 11,356 (1989 Soviet census)—the second least populated in Tomsk Oblast (after Teguldetsky District). The population of Alexandrovskoye accounts for 83.0% of the district's total population.
Kavu Iloilo
Adi Salaseini Kavunono Uluivuda Iloilo (1952 – 20 July 2020), popularly known as Adi Kavu, was the First Lady of Fiji. She was the fourth wife of the Josefa Iloilo, who was Fiji's President from 2000 to 2009.

President of Fiji
The president of Fiji is the head of state of the Republic of Fiji. The president is appointed by the Parliament for a three-year term under the terms of the 2013 Constitution. Although not entirely a figurehead, the role of president in the government is largely ceremonial, but there are important reserve powers that may be exercised in the event of a crisis. In addition, the president is the commander-in-chief of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces.
Malvella
Malvella is a small genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. There are four species, one native to the Mediterranean, and three native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. The plants were formerly classified in genus Sida.

Malvaceae
Malvaceae (/mælˈveɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include cacao, cola, cotton, okra, roselle and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species).
Strasbourg (song)
"Strasbourg" is a song by English indie rock band the Rakes, from their 2005 debut album, Capture/Release. Released on 27 September 2004, it was the second single taken from the album. It charted on the UK Singles Chart at No. 57. The song was featured in the video game FIFA 06.

The Rakes
The Rakes were an English post-punk band formed in London in 2003. Their first album Capture/Release released in 2005, received a nine out of ten review in the NME and was rated 13th best album of the year in the same paper. The band cited in their influences the Specials, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Pulp.

The band disbanded in October 2009, after six years.
Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Women's road time trial H4–5
The women's road time trial H4–5 road cycling event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place on 31 August 2021, at Fuji Speedway, Tokyo. 12 riders competed in the event.

The event covers the following two classifications, that both use hand-operated bicycles:

H4: paraplegics with impairment from T11 down, and amputees unable to kneel.

H5: athletes who can kneel on a handcycle, a category that includes paraplegics and amputees.

Para-cycling classification
Para-cycling classification is the process of classifying participants in para-cycling covering four functional disability types.  The classification system includes classes for handcycles for people who have lower limb mobility issues. The sport is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).
Surface of general type
In algebraic geometry, a surface of general type is an algebraic surface with Kodaira dimension 2. Because of Chow's theorem any compact complex manifold of dimension 2 and with Kodaira dimension 2 will actually be an algebraic surface, and in some sense most surfaces are in this class.

Complex manifold
In differential geometry and complex geometry, a complex manifold or a complex analytic manifold is a manifold with a complex structure, that is an atlas of charts to the open unit disc in the complex coordinate space , such that the transition maps are holomorphic.

The term "complex manifold" is variously used to mean a complex manifold in the sense above (which can be specified as an integrable complex manifold) or an almost complex manifold.
Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education
The Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education was a school in Fairhope, Alabama, United States, founded by Marietta Johnson.

The School of Organic Education facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

The listing included three contributing buildings: the Bell Building built and expanded in 1904 and 1910;  Dahlgren Hall, built in 1912; and the Art Barn, built in 1924.

The school was profiled by educator John Dewey in his 1913 book Schools of Tomorrow.

The campus was sold to Faulkner State College sometime during or before 1987.

Coastal Alabama Community College
Coastal Alabama Community College (also known as Coastal Alabama Community College – South) is a public community college with campuses in southern Alabama. Coastal Alabama was formed through the consolidation of Alabama Southern Community College, Faulkner State Community College, and Jefferson Davis Community College.
Eduard Feuer
Eduard Feuer (born 1936) is a German-American mechanical engineer and Imagineer.  His most notable works as project engineer are the American Adventure and World of Motion pavilions for Walt Disney's EPCOT Center (now known as Epcot), the Disneyland Mark V and Walt Disney World Mark IV monorails, as well as the Great Bronze Doors of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California.

Feuer co-founded Ride & Show Engineering, Inc. in 1984 with Bill Watkins the Chief Mechanical Engineer at WED Enterprises (renamed Walt Disney Imagineering in 1986).

Disneyland Monorail
The Disneyland Monorail (originally named the Disneyland Alweg Monorail System) is an attraction and transportation line at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, United States. It was the first daily operating monorail in the country.
Stipe Cotton Gin
The Stipe Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin at Florida and Cypress Streets in Beebe, Arkansas.  It is a two-story steel-framed structure, clad in corrugated metal, that houses the steam compressor and other equipment for processing and baling cotton.  The complex also includes a seed storage building, and a circular structure of uncertain function.  Built about 1930, it is one of only five to survive in White County from that period, when cotton production was locally at its peak.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

White County, Arkansas
White County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,822. The county seat is Searcy. White County is Arkansas's 31st county, formed on October 23, 1835, from portions of Independence, Jackson, and Pulaski counties and named for Hugh Lawson White, a Whig candidate for President of the United States. It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county, though a few private establishments (such as the Searcy Country Club, and Veterans of Foreign Wars posts in Searcy and Beebe) can serve alcohol. White County comprises the Searcy, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR Combined Statistical Area.
HMS Churchill
The name HMS Churchill has been borne by two Royal Navy ships: a destroyer and a submarine.

HMS Churchill (I45) was a Town-class destroyer during World War II. It was named for towns of that name common to Britain and the United States.

HMS Churchill (S46) was the first of three Churchill-class nuclear-powered fleet submarines. Named for Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II), she was launched in 1968 and decommissioned in 1991.

Churchill-class submarine
The three  Churchill class, sometimes known as the Repeat Valiant-class submarines were nuclear-powered fleet submarines which served with the Royal Navy from the 1970s until the early 1990s.  The Churchill class was based on the older Valiant class, but featured many internal improvements.

The lead vessel was named after the former Prime Minister and First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill. HMS Conqueror was the most famous of the class, sinking the Argentinian cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the 1982 Falklands War. As of 2024, this is the only instance of a nuclear-powered submarine of any nation sinking an enemy ship by torpedo.
Leoparda
Leoparda (4th century, Byzantium) was a purported gynecologist who served in the court of Gratian (359–383).

Information about Leoparda is said to come from a book by Emperor Gratian’s physician Theodorus Priscianus that he wrote for the purpose of educating women doctors. He allegedly notes that Leoparda was a respected gynecologist, but that her remedies were no more scientific than those of the Greek Dioscorides. The book is stated to contain quotations from Soranus, Cleopatra, and Aspasia. He is said to have dedicated the book to Leoparda and two other women physicians, Salvina and Victoria.

However, there is no reference to Leoparda or any of the other cited women in Theodorus Priscianus's sole surviving work, the Euporiston. Book III, which details gynaecology in ten chapters, only mentions Victoria, and it seems this is most likely a reference to the Roman goddess of victory.

Victoria (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion Victoria was the deified personification of victory. She first appeared during the first Punic War, seemingly as a Romanised re-naming of Nike, the goddess of victory associated with Rome's Greek allies in the Greek mainland and in Magna Graecia. Thereafter she comes to symbolise Rome's eventual hegemony and right to rule. She is a deified abstraction, entitled to a cult. But unlike Nike, she has virtually no mythology of her own.
Genseiryū Karate-do International Federation
The Genseiryū Karate-do International Federation (GKIF) (国際玄制流空手道連盟), Butokukai Branch (武徳会支部) was established in 1959 by Kunihiko Tosa and junior co-worker Yohimitsu Furuya who both were part of the first dojo ever established by Seiken Shukumine at the Tachikawa Self Defense Forces.

Asaka, Saitama
Asaka (朝霞市, Asaka-shi) is a city located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2021, the city had an estimated population of 143,195 and a population density of 7800 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 18.34 square kilometres (7.08 sq mi).
Mwene Muji
Mwene Muji was a polity proposed by John Thornton, located around Lake Mai-Ndombe in the Congo Basin, likely stretching south to Idiofa. It bordered the Tio Kingdom among others to its southwest.: 63  Mwene Muji dominated the region of the Lower Kasai. It was ruled by the BaNunu, holding the titles of Ntote.: 39  Its unity crumbled in the early-17th century, with the Boma Kingdom, Yaka Kingdom, and Bozanga breaking away. Mwene Muji entered a further severe decline in the 19th century and was surpassed by the Boma Kingdom, on the eve of Belgian conquest in the early-20th century. Its 'empire' status is pending on further archaeological research.

The first written record of Mwene Muji came in 1591 by Italian humanist Filippo Pigafetta. The name Monemugi was erroneously applied to Unyamwezi in modern-day Tanzania near Lake Malawi.

Lake Mai-Ndombe
Lake Mai-Ndombe (French: Lac Mai-Ndombe, Dutch: Mai-Ndombemeer) is a large freshwater lake in Mai-Ndombe province in western Democratic Republic of the Congo. 
The lake is within the Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe area, the largest Wetland of International Importance recognized by the Ramsar Convention in the world.
Rožmitál pod Třemšínem Castle
Rožmitál pod Třemšínem Castle (Czech: zámek Rožmitál, German: Burg Rosental) is a castle in Rožmitál pod Třemšínem in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It was originally built in the Gothic style the 13th century and rebuilt in the Renaissance style in 16th-century on behalf of Florián Gryspek. Since 1958, it has been protected as a cultural monument. The castle is privately owned. Since 2018 it's been managed by a group of volunteers.

Cultural monument (Czech Republic)
The cultural monuments of the Czech Republic (Czech: kulturní památka) are protected properties (both real and movable properties) designated by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. Cultural monuments that constitute the most important part of the Czech cultural heritage may be declared national cultural monuments (Czech: národní kulturní památka) by a regulation of the Government of the Czech Republic. The government may also proclaim a territory, whose character and environment are determined by a group of immovable cultural monuments or archaeological finds, as a whole, as a monument reservation. The Ministry of Culture may proclaim a territory of a settlement with a smaller number of cultural monuments, a historical environment or part of a landscape area that displays significant cultural values as a monument zone.

As of 2019, there are 14 Czech cultural monuments on the World Heritage List.
Rupewali
Rupewali is a village in Shahkot in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Shahkot, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Nakodar, 43 kilometres (27 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 174 kilometres (108 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Jalandhar district
Jalandhar district is a district in Doaba region of the state of Punjab, India. The district headquarters is the city of Jalandhar.

Before the Partition of India, Jalandhar was also the headquarters of the Jalandhar Division, with constituent districts Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ferozepur and Kangra. The entire Jalandhar Division was awarded to India when Punjab was partitioned.
Rome: Total War: Alexander
Rome: Total War: Alexander is the second expansion pack for Rome: Total War.  It is set in an earlier time period, putting the player in the role of Alexander the Great. It begins with Alexander's ascension to the Macedonian throne in 336 BC and lasts for 100 turns. The game is much the same as the original Rome: Total War, but with fewer factions, different units, and a different map. The expansion was released in 2006 for Microsoft Windows. The macOS version of Rome: Total War: Alexander was released on 27 February 2014 by Feral Interactive. A standalone version of the expansion, also by Feral, was released for the iPad on 27 July 2017.  An iPhone and Android version of the game was released on 24 October 2019.

Feral Interactive
Feral Interactive Limited is a British video games developer and publisher for macOS, Linux, iOS, Android,  Nintendo Switch, Meta Quest and Microsoft Windows platforms. It was founded in 1996 to bring games to Mac and specialises in porting games to different platforms.

Feral have partnered with publishers like Square Enix Europe, 2K Games, Sega Europe, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and Codemasters to port and publish their games for platforms that the publishers themselves are not supporting. It has offered its games on digital download services like Direct2Drive since 2011.
Ailchara Union
Ailchara Union (Bengali: আইলচারা ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad situated at Kushtia Sadar Upazila,  in Kushtia District, Khulna Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 55.61 square kilometres (21.47 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 16,817. There are 10 villages and 2 mouzas in the union.

Khulna Division
Khulna Division (Bengali: খুলনা বিভাগ) is the second largest of the eight divisions of Bangladesh. It has an area of 22,285 km2 (8,604 sq mi) and a population of 17,416,645 at the 2022 Bangladesh census (preliminary returns). Its headquarters and largest city is Khulna city in Khulna District.
Euphorbia frankii
Euphorbia frankii is a species of flowering plant in the Euphorbiaceae family. It is a succulent spurge native to northern Yemen.

Euphorbia frankii was initially considered a dwarf highland form of Euphorbia fruticosa, but was described as a new species in 2005.

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae (/juːˈfɔːrbiˌeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as Euphorbia paralias, are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees, such as Hevea brasiliensis. Some, such as Euphorbia canariensis,: 206  are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution. This family has a cosmopolitan global distribution. The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics; however, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except Antarctica.
Bibibop Asian Grill
Bibibop Asian Grill, also known as Bibibop, is an American fast casual restaurant chain specializing in customizable Korean rice bowls. As of 2025, it has 74 locations. Its name derives from bibimbap, a Korean rice dish made with seasoned vegetables, chili pepper paste, and sometimes egg and meat.

Bibibop has been described as "an Asian take on Chipotle." It was founded in 2013 in Columbus, Ohio by Korean American entrepreneur Charley Shin, the founder of Charleys Cheesesteaks.

Bibimbap
Bibimbap (/ˈbiːbɪmbæp/ ⓘ BEE-bim-bap; Korean: 비빔밥; lit. 'mixed rice'), sometimes romanised as bi bim bap or bi bim bop, is a Korean rice dish. It is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with namul (sautéed or blanched seasoned vegetables) and gochujang (chili pepper paste). Egg and sliced meat (usually beef) are common additions, stirred together thoroughly just before eating. The term bibim means "mixing" and bap is cooked rice.

South Korean cities such as Jeonju, Jinju, and Tongyeong are known for their versions of bibimbap. In 2017, the dish was voted the 40th-most delicious food in a Facebook poll by CNN Travel.