hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The 11th Hour (newspaper)
The 11th Hour News Weekly was an arts and entertainment alternative weekly published in Macon, Statesboro and Valdosta, Georgia. Beginning in Statesboro in 2001 as a newsletter on bars and nightclubs, it developed into a full-scale A&E publication, featuring leisure events in the college town. In 2003, The 11th Hour opened a main office in Macon. With its growing popularity, the newsweekly expanded distribution of the Macon version to the surrounding Middle Georgia cities of Milledgeville and Warner Robins. Valdosta's version of The 11th Hour began in 2004; its readers are students at Valdosta State University and other supporters of the South Georgia art community

Valdosta, Georgia
Valdosta is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County in the U.S. state of Georgia. As the principal city of the Valdosta metropolitan statistical area, which in 2023 had a metropolitan population of 151,118, according to the US Census Bureau its metropolitan area includes Brooks County to the west. With a city population of 55,378 in 2020, Valdosta is the home of Valdosta State University, a regional university in the University System of Georgia with over 12,000 students as of 2021.
Hegesippus of Halicarnassus
Hegesippus of Halicarnassus (Ancient Greek: Ἡγίσιππος Ἁλικαρνασσεύς) was a naval commander in the service of Antigonus Monophthalmus.

He is first only mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (Library of History, XX.50) during Demetrius Poliorcetes' expedition to Cyprus in 306 BC. Along with Pleistias of Cos, he led the right wing of the Antigonid fleet in the great sea-fight off Salamis against Ptolemy of Egypt. Although the Antigonid right wing was defeated by the opposite left, led by Ptolemy himself, the Antigonid left also broke through and enveloped the Ptolemaic centre, securing a major victory for the Antigonid forces.

Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Ancient Greek: Διόδωρος, romanized: Diódōros; fl. 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian from Sicily. He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica, in forty books, fifteen of which survive intact, between 60 and 30 BC. 
The history is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy, arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Europe. The second covers the time from the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great. The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca, meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors.
William H. Helfand
William H. Helfand (May 21, 1926 – October 2, 2018) was an American collector, author, and authority on the history of medical ephemera and quackery. His many donations are held across numerous research institutions.

Quackery
Quackery, often synonymous with health fraud, is the promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices. A quack is a "fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill" or "a person who pretends, professionally or publicly, to have skill, knowledge, qualification or credentials they do not possess; a charlatan or snake oil salesman". The term quack is a clipped form of the archaic term quacksalver, derived from Dutch: kwakzalver a "hawker of salve" or rather somebody who boasted about their salves, more commonly known as ointments. In the Middle Ages the term quack meant "shouting". The quacksalvers sold their wares at markets by shouting to gain attention.

Common elements of general quackery include questionable diagnoses using questionable diagnostic tests, as well as untested or refuted treatments, especially for serious diseases such as cancer. Quackery is often described as "health fraud" with the salient characteristic of aggressive promotion.
Leptoxis ampla
Leptoxis ampla, common name the round rocksnail, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Pleuroceridae.

This species is endemic to the United States, specifically the state of Alabama. The snail has been listed as threatened on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species since 28 October 1998.

Leptoxis ampla is a vulnerable species according to the IUCN Red list.

Coosa River
The Coosa River is a tributary of the Alabama River in the U.S. states of Alabama and Georgia. The river is about 280 miles (450 km) long.

The Coosa River begins at the confluence of the Oostanaula and Etowah rivers in Rome, Georgia, and ends just northeast of the Alabama state capital, Montgomery, where it joins the Tallapoosa River to form the Alabama River just south of Wetumpka. Around 90% of the Coosa River's length is located in Alabama.  Coosa County, Alabama and Etowah County, Alabama are located on the Coosa River.

The Coosa is one of Alabama's most developed rivers. Most of the river has been impounded, with Alabama Power, a unit of the Southern Company, owning seven dams and powerhouses on the Coosa River. The dams produce hydroelectric power, but they are costly to some species endemic to the Coosa River.
Verkh-Apshuyakhta
Verkh-Apshuyakhta (Russian: Верх-Апшуяхта; Altay: Апшыйакты, romanized: Apşıyaqtı) is a rural locality (a selo) in Shebalinsky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 269 as of 2016. There are 3 streets.

Altai languages
Altai or Altay (Altay: Алтай тил, romanized: Altay til, IPA: [ɐɫtʰɐ́ɪ̯ tʰɪ̆l]) is a set of Turkic languages spoken officially in the Altai Republic, Russia. The standard vocabulary is based on the Southern Altai language, though it is also taught to and used by speakers of the Northern Altai language as well. Gorno–Altai refers to a subgroup of languages in the Altai Mountains. The languages were called Oyrot (ойрот) prior to 1948.

Altai is spoken primarily in the Altai Republic. A small community of speakers lives in the neighbouring Altai Krai as well.
Saint-Bernard-de-Michaudville
Saint-Bernard-de-Michaudville is a municipality in southwestern Quebec, Canada in the Regional County Municipality of Les Maskoutains. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 616. The community was officially renamed from the Parish of Saint-Bernard-Partie-Sud to the Municipality of Saint-Bernard-de-Michaudville on July 19, 1997.

Les Maskoutains Regional County Municipality
Les Maskoutains (French pronunciation: [le maskutɛ̃]) is a regional county municipality in the Montérégie region in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Its seat is in Saint-Hyacinthe.

The name comes from Algonquin word maskutew meaning "bear plain" in plular.
Hits Radio Pride
Hits Radio Pride is a national digital radio station owned and operated by Bauer as part of the Hits Radio network. It broadcasts across the United Kingdom. It was launched on 28 August 2020 as a pop up Pride station focusing on music for the LGBT community.

The station was sponsored by The Co-operative Bank for an initial run of 6 months. Additional content is produced by Reform Radio, as part of a grant awarded by the Audio Content Fund. Tough Talks’; is an 'intimate conversations between contributors from the LGBTQ+ community reflecting on the struggles that they face within society.'

Hits Radio Pride also works with LGBT+ helpline Switchboard to promote support services.

Digital radio
Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit or receive across the radio spectrum. Digital transmission by radio waves includes digital broadcasting, and especially digital audio radio services. Common examples include Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and HD Radio. This should not be confused with Internet radio which also is digital but not transmitted by radio waves in the radio spectrum. It is the newer counterpart to older, analog communications or broadcasting, which include the use of FM and AM.
Gheorghe Staicu
Gheorghe "Gigi" Staicu (18 December 1935 – 10 June 2021) was a Romanian professional football player and manager who played for Steaua București, having developed in the club's academy. After retirement, Staicu started his manager career and was the manager of many Divizia A clubs, among them: Olimpia Satu Mare, Bihor Oradea, Universitatea Cluj or UM Timișoara. Staicu was also the assistant coach of the Romania national team, in the spell of Ștefan Kovacs and was for years the manager of the Olympic team.

Romania Olympic football team
The Romania Olympic football team represents Romania in international football competitions in Olympic Games. The selection is limited to players under the age of 23, except for three overage players. The team is controlled by the Romanian Football Federation. Having qualified for four Olympic competitions since 1924, Romania ranked fifth in 1964 (its best result).
Master cylinder
In automotive engineering, the master cylinder is a control device that converts force (commonly from a driver's foot) into hydraulic pressure.  This device controls slave cylinders located at the other end of the hydraulic brake system and/or the hydraulic clutch system.

As piston(s) move along the bore of the master cylinder, this movement is transferred through the hydraulic fluid, to result in a movement of the slave cylinder(s). The hydraulic pressure created by moving a piston (inside the bore of the master cylinder) toward the slave cylinder(s) compresses the fluid evenly, but by varying the comparative surface area of the master cylinder and each slave cylinder, one can vary the amount of force and displacement applied to each slave cylinder, relative to the amount of force and displacement applied to the master cylinder.

Hydraulic fluid
A hydraulic fluid or hydraulic liquid is the medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery. Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water. Examples of equipment that might use hydraulic fluids are excavators and backhoes, hydraulic brakes, power steering systems, automatic transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control systems, lifts, and industrial machinery.

Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has zero compressibility.
Rolf Dahlgrün
Rolf Dahlgrün (19 May 1908 – 19 December 1969) was a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP). From 1962 to 1966, he was the Minister of Finance.

Dahlgrün studied law. He worked since 1936 for the Phönix Gummiwerke AG in Hamburg-Harburg.

Before 1945, Dahlgrün was a member of the Nazi Party. In 1949, he became a member of the FDP. From 1953 to 1957, he was a member of the Hamburgische Bürgerschaft. From 1957 to 1969, he was a member of the Bundestag. From 1962 to 1966, he was Minister of Finance.

Some weeks before he died, he was elected as chairman of the German chapter of World Wildlife Fund.

Hamburg Parliament
The Hamburg Parliament (German: Hamburgische Bürgerschaft; literally “Hamburgish Citizenry” or, more poetically, “Hamburgish Burgessry”) is the unicameral legislature of the German state of Hamburg according to the constitution of Hamburg. As of 2025 there are 121 sitting members, representing 17 electoral districts. The parliament is situated in the city hall Hamburg Rathaus and is part of the Government of Hamburg.

The parliament is among other things responsible for the law, the election of the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) for the election period and the control of the Senate (cabinet).

The President of the Hamburg Parliament is the highest official person of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.

Its members are elected in universal, direct, free, equal and secret elections every five years.
Nicolai Schejtli
Nicolai Schejtli (24 June 1753 – 4 April 1824) was a Norwegian mining official and politician.

Nicolai Schejtli was born is Christiania now Oslo. His father was Public procurator and later Magistrate in Øvre Romerike.
From 1802, Nicolai Schejtli served in Buskerud as commissioner of the Kongsberg Silver Mines (Kongsberg Sølvverk) and Blaafarveværket  mining company at Åmot in what is now Modum Municipality.

He represented Drammen at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll Manor in 1814. He was also a member of the Parliament of Norway where he represented Drammen during 1818.

Norwegian Constituent Assembly
The Norwegian Constituent Assembly (Norwegian: Grunnlovsforsamlingen or Riksforsamlingen) is the name given to the 1814 constitutional assembly that adopted the Norwegian Constitution and formalised the dissolution of the union with Denmark. The meetings took place at the Eidsvoll Manor in the village of Eidsvoll Verk in the Eidsvoll parish in Akershus county, Norway from 10 April to 20 May 1814. In Norway, it is often just referred to as Eidsvollsforsamlingen, which means The Assembly of Eidsvoll.
Leonardo Donato
Leonardo Donà, or Donato (Venice, 12 February 1536 – Venice, 16 July 1612) was the 90th Doge of Venice from his election on 10 January 1606 to his death in 1612. His reign is chiefly remembered for Venice's dispute with the papacy, which resulted in Pope Paul V placing a papal interdict on Venice 1606–1607.

Interdict
In Catholic canon law, an interdict (/ˈɪntərdɪkt/) is an ecclesiastical censure, or ban that prohibits certain persons or groups from participating in particular  rites, or that the rites and services of the church are prohibited in certain territories for a limited or extended time.
2010 AL30
2010 AL30 is a near-Earth asteroid that was discovered on 10 January 2010 at Grove Creek Observatory, Australia.

Italian scientists Ernesto Guido and Giovanni Sostero told RIA Novosti that it had an orbital period of almost exactly one year and might be a spent rocket booster.  However, it was determined that it is a near-Earth asteroid. On January 13, 2010 at 1246 UT it passed Earth at 0.0008624 AU (129,010 km; 80,170 mi), about 1/3 of the distance from the Earth to the Moon (or 0.33 LD).

Based an estimated diameter of 10–15 m (33–49 ft), if 2010 AL30 had entered the Earth's atmosphere, it would have created a meteor air burst equivalent to between 50 kT and 100 kT (kilotons of TNT). The Nagasaki "Fat Man" atom bomb had a yield between 13–18 kT.

It has an uncertainty parameter of 3 and has been observed by radar. Radar observations show the asteroid is elongated and is about 30 meters in diameter. It may be a contact binary.

RIA Novosti
55°44′15.38″N 37°35′24.92″E﻿ / ﻿55.7376056°N 37.5902556°E﻿ / 55.7376056; 37.5902556

RIA Novosti (Russian: РИА Новости), sometimes referred to as RIAN (РИАН) or RIA (РИА), is a Russian state-owned domestic news agency. On 9 December 2013, by a decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin, it was liquidated and its assets and workforce were transferred to the newly created Rossiya Segodnya agency. On 8 April 2014, RIA Novosti was registered as part of the new agency.

RIA Novosti is headquartered in Moscow. The chief editor is Anna Gavrilova.
Freedom Union – Democratic Union
The Freedom Union–Democratic Union (Czech: Unie Svobody–Demokratická unie, US–DEU) was a small pro-European liberal political party in the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2011.

The Freedom Union was founded in January 1998 by former members of the Civic Democratic Party who were unhappy with the leadership of Václav Klaus. After initially serving in a caretaker government, Freedom Union went into opposition after the 1998 election. In opposition, Freedom Union merged with the Democratic Union, and formed an alliance with the Christian Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU-ČSL).

From 2002 to 2006 Freedom Union was part of a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party and KDU-ČSL. However, in government the party lost support and at the 2006 election the party won less than 1% of the vote and failed to win any seats. The party disbanded on 1 January 2011.

Pro-Europeanism
Pro-Europeanism, sometimes called European Unionism, is a political position that favours European integration and membership of the European Union (EU). The opposite of Pro-Europeanism is Euroscepticism.
Elin Klinga
Elin Karin Klinga (born 13 August 1969) is a Swedish actress who took part in several of Ingmar Bergman's late stage productions. As a student Klinga attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm. One of Bergman's favourite actresses, she starred in productions including The Image Makers (1998), The Ghost Sonata (2000) and Ghosts (2003).

Daughter of Hans Klinga.

Adolf Fredrik's Music School
Adolf Fredrik's Music School (Swedish: Adolf Fredriks Musikklasser) is a general municipal junior high school (Swedish: grundskola) in Stockholm, Sweden with a focus on choral music, and highly competitive admission based on audition in singing and musical ability. The school has two campuses and three youth choirs of high international standard. Many professional musicians are alumni.

Adolf Fredrik's Youth Choir is part of the Adolf Fredrik Church and has only its name in common with the school. Adolf Fredriks Madrigalkör used to be associated with the church, but is now independent from both the church and the school.
Evelyn C. Leeper
Evelyn C. Leeper (a.k.a. Evelyn Chimelis; born 1950), is an American writer, critic, and active member of science fiction fandom.

She was a member and officer of the UMass Science Fiction Society from 1968 to 1972.  In 1978 she and her husband Mark R. Leeper founded the Science Fiction Club at Bell Labs.

She and Mark have been Fan Guests of Honor at Novacon (1973, Michigan); Covert Contraption (1989, Michigan); and Windycon XXIX (2002, Chicago).

She and Mark have co-edited/co-published their weekly fanzine (the MT VOID) since 1978.  As of October 15, 2021, it has had 2194 issues.

She was one of the judges of the Sidewise Award for Alternate History from 1995 to 2014 and a contributor to Uchronia: The Alternate History List.  She was a finalist for the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer twelve times (1990–2001), losing on each occasion to David Langford.

Science fiction fandom
Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community or fandom of people interested in science fiction in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although formal clubs such as the Futurians (1937–1945) and the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society (1934–present) are recognized examples of organized fandom).

Most often called simply "fandom" within the community, it can be viewed as a distinct subculture, with its own literature and jargon; marriages and other relationships among fans are common, as are multi-generational fan families.
Cream-vented bulbul
The cream-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus simplex) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found in south-eastern Asia from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Its breast might sometimes look a little yellow.

Bulbul
The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. There are 166 species in 32 genera. While different species are found in a wide range of habitats, the African species are predominantly found in rainforest, whereas Asian bulbuls are predominantly found in more open areas.
The Private Life of the Kingfisher
"The Private Life of the Kingfisher" is a 1966 television episode of the nature series Look, was the first BBC natural history film to be shown in colour.

Depicting a pair of common kingfishers at their underground nest on the River Test in Hampshire, England, it was filmed and directed by Ronald and Rosemary Eastman, (Ron doing the photography and Rosemary the sound), written and produced by Jeffery Boswall, and narrated by Peter Scott.

The Eastmans originally submitted footage as an amateur contribution, but were commissioned by the BBC Natural History Unit to re-film it on a professional basis. The film proved so popular, that it was repeated eight times. It won the silver medal at the 1967 Moscow Film Festival.

Boswall subsequently commissioned a full series of similar Private Life of... films. Rosemary Eastman wrote about making the film in her 1969 book, The Kingfisher.

In 2012, the Eastman's daughter, Liz Bayliss, was interviewed about the film, on the BBC's Countryfile.

River Test
The River Test is a chalk stream in Hampshire in the south of England. It rises at Ashe near Basingstoke and flows southwards for 40 miles (64 km) to Southampton Water. Settlements on the Test include the towns of Stockbridge and Romsey. The river's valley gives its name to the local government district of Test Valley. Below the village of Longparish, the river is broadly followed by the Test Way, a long-distance footpath.

Much of the Test is a 438-hectare (1,080-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is part of the Solent and Southampton Water Ramsar site and Special Protection Area. The river is used for fly fishing for trout from its source to its tidal limit.
Sungusungu
Sungusungu (sometimes Sungu Sungu or Busalaman) are Tanzanian justice organizations established originally by the Sukuma and Nyamwezi ethnic groups in 1981 to protect cattle from theft and other property. These organizations operate at the community level and enforce a variety of different rules. The group was deputized by the Tanzanian government in 1989. In some regions "they ended up being more influential than the Tanzanian Police Force." Human rights groups have criticized the organizations for being vigilantes who have murdered people without trials. In neighboring Kenya, the name Sungusungu describes a particular vigilante organization which has been banned since 2007.

Politics of Tanzania
The politics of Tanzania takes place in a framework of a unitary presidential democratic republic, whereby the President of Tanzania is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The party system is dominated by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party). The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Since 2014, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) has under the presidencies of John Magufuli and Samia Suluhu Hassan overseen democratic backsliding and the development of a single-party state, as the party has repressed the opposition and prevented free and fair elections from taking place. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Tanzania a "hybrid regime" in 2022.
French gun-vessel Eclair
The French gun-vessel Eclair was one of 20 chasse-marées built in 1785 in southern Brittany for use as service craft in harbour construction at Cherbourg. In 1793 Martin or Jacques Fabien converted ten of them into chaloupes-canonnières (gun-vessels). One of these received the name Eclair. Sir Richard Strachan's squadron captured her in 1795 in Cartaret Bay, and the Royal Navy took her into service as HMS Eclair. She then sailed to the West Indies where she was probably out of service by 1801. In 1802 she was hulked under the name HMS Safety. She then served as a prison ship at Jamaica around 1808 to 1810. She may have been sold at Tortola in 1817/18, but in 1841 or so was brought back into service there as a receiving hulk. She was broken up in 1879.

Sir Richard Strachan, 6th Baronet
Admiral Sir Richard John Strachan, 6th Baronet, GCB (27 October 1760 – 3 February 1828) was a Royal Navy officer who served in the American War of Independence and French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, eventually rising to the rank of admiral. "Sir Dicky", as his friends referred to him, was the last chief of Clan Strachan. His baronetcy became dormant in 1854 as he died without a male heir.