hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fouling community
Fouling communities are communities of organisms found on artificial surfaces like the sides of docks, marinas, harbors, and boats. Settlement panels made from a variety of substances have been used to monitor settlement patterns and to examine several community processes (e.g., succession, recruitment, predation, competition, and invasion resistance). These communities are characterized by the presence of a variety of sessile organisms including ascidians, bryozoans, mussels, tube building polychaetes, sea anemones, sponges, barnacles, and more. Common predators on and around fouling communities include small crabs, starfish, fish, limpets, chitons, other gastropods, and a variety of worms.

Barnacle
Barnacles are arthropods of the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea. They are related to crabs and lobsters, with similar nauplius larvae. Barnacles are exclusively marine invertebrates; many species live in shallow and tidal waters. Some 2,100 species have been described.

Barnacle adults are sessile; most are suspension feeders with hard calcareous shells, but the Rhizocephala are specialized parasites of other crustaceans, with reduced bodies. Barnacles have existed since at least the mid-Carboniferous, some 325 million years ago.

In folklore, barnacle geese were once held to emerge fully formed from goose barnacles. Both goose barnacles and the Chilean giant barnacle are fished and eaten. Barnacles are economically significant as biofouling on ships, where they cause hydrodynamic drag, reducing efficiency. In culture, Barnacle Bill became a comic folktype of a seaman, appearing in several films and a drinking song.
1950 Masters Tournament
The 1950 Masters Tournament was the 14th Masters Tournament, held April 6–9 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Jimmy Demaret won at 283 (−5) and became the first three-time Masters champion, with previous wins in 1940 and 1947. He played the par-five 13th hole (Azalea) in six-under-par for the week, with two eagles and two birdies at the pivotal 480-yard (440 m) hole.

U.S. Amateur
The United States Amateur Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Amateur, is the leading annual golf tournament in the United States for amateur golfers. It is organized by the United States Golf Association and is currently held each August over a 7-day period.
2024 Birmingham Classic – Doubles
Hsieh Su-wei and Elise Mertens won the doubles title at the 2024 Birmingham Classic, defeating Miyu Kato and Zhang Shuai in the final, 6–1, 6–3.

Marta Kostyuk and Barbora Krejčíková were the reigning champions, but Kostyuk did not participate this year. Krejčíková partnered Diana Shnaider but lost in the first round to Anastasia Potapova and Yulia Putintseva.

Yulia Putintseva
Yulia Antonovna Putintseva (Russian: Ю́лия Анто́новна Пу́тинцева, pronounced [ˈjʉlʲɪjə ɐnˈtonəvnə pʊˈtʲintsɨvə]; born 7 January 1995) is a Russian-born Kazakhstani professional tennis player. She achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 20 on 27 January 2025, and a best doubles ranking of No. 76 on 17 March 2025.

Putintseva has won three singles titles on the WTA Tour and is a three-time major quarterfinalist (twice at the French Open and once at the US Open).
46th Delaware General Assembly
The 46th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday of October and terms began on the first Tuesday in January. It met in Dover, convening January 1, 1822, two weeks before the beginning of the year of the administration of Governor John Collins. He died April 16, 1822, and Governor Caleb Rodney took administration.

The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three senators and seven representatives for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates. Both chambers had a Federalist majority.

Dover, Delaware
Dover (/ˈdoʊvər/ DOH-vər) is the capital and the second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Delaware, after Wilmington. It is also the county seat of Kent County and the principal city of the Dover metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Kent County and is part of the Philadelphia–Wilmington–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD, combined statistical area. It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain. It was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England (for which Kent County is named). As of 2020, its population was 39,403.
Sinbaungwe Township
Sinbaungwe Township (Burmese: ဆင်ပေါင်ဝဲမြို့နယ်) or Tantabin Townshipis a township of Aunglan District in southeastern Magway Region of Myanmar. It is located to the west of the Pegu Range in the foothills and on the plain of the Irrawaddy.  Most of the township is east of the Irrawaddy, but about 20% of the township lies on the right (west) bank. The major town and administrative center is Sinbaungwe (also called Tantabin).

Magway Region
Magway Region (Burmese: မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced [məɡwé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Magway Division) is an administrative division in central Myanmar. It is the second largest of Myanmar's seven divisions, with an area of 44,820 km2 (17,306 square miles). Pa-de Dam (ပဒဲဆည်) is one of the dams in Aunglan Township, Magway Region. The capital and second largest city of the Magway Region is Magway. The largest city is Pakokku. The major cities of Magway Region are Magway, Pakokku, Aunglan, Yenangyaung, Taungdwingyi, Chauk, Minbu, Thayet and Gangaw.
Mike Raven
Austin Churton Fairman (15 November 1924 – 4 April 1997), who used the name Churton Fairman but was more widely known under the pseudonym Mike Raven in the 1960s and early 1970s, was a British radio disc jockey, actor, sculptor, sheep farmer, writer, TV presenter and producer, ballet dancer, flamenco guitarist and photographer.

Sheep farming
Sheep farming or sheep husbandry is the raising and breeding of domestic sheep. It is a branch of animal husbandry. Sheep are raised principally for their meat (lamb and mutton), milk (sheep's milk), and fiber (wool). They also yield sheepskin and parchment.

Sheep can be raised in a range of temperate climates, including arid zones near the equator and other torrid zones. Farmers build fences, housing, shearing sheds, and other facilities on their property, such as for water, feed, transport, and pest control. Most farms are managed so sheep can graze pastures, sometimes under the control of a shepherd or sheep dog.

Farmers can select from various breeds suitable for their region and market conditions. When the farmer sees that a ewe (female adult) is showing signs of heat or estrus, they can organise for mating with males. Newborn lambs are typically subjected to lamb marking, which involves tail docking, mulesing, earmarking, and males may be castrated.
Seweyna
Seweyna is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Located in the eastern part of the Bale Zone, Seweyna is bordered on the south by Raytu, on the southwest by Ginir, on the northwest by Gaserana Gololcha, on the north by Legehida, and on the east by the Somali Region. Towns in Seweyna include Hada.

Islam in Ethiopia
Islam is the second largest religion in Ethiopia behind Christianity. In 2024, 31.5% of the population was Muslim.

Islam in Ethiopia dates back to the time of Prophet Muhammad; in 615, when a group of Muslims were counseled by Muhammad to escape persecution in Mecca and migrate to the Kingdom of Aksum which was based in Ethiopia and which was ruled by Najashi, a pious Christian king. It is agreed by Islamic scholars that Najashi gave shelter to the Muslim refugees around 615–616 at Axum. Bilal ibn Ribah, the first Muezzin, the person chosen to call the faithful to prayer, and one of the foremost companions of Muhammad, was born in Mecca to an Abyssinian (Ethiopian) mother.
Gachedili
Gachedili (Georgian: გაჭედილი; Mingrelian: გოჭკადილი) is a village located in the Martvili Municipality of the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region in Georgia. Gachedili is situated on the right bank of the Abasha river. At an altitude of 240 meters, it is 8 kilometers to Martvili from Gachedili and 48 kilometers to Senaki. According to the data of 2014, 427 people live in the village. Gachedili is under Chkondidi Diocese.

Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti (Georgian: სამეგრელო-ზემო სვანეთი [s̪äme̞ɡɾe̞ɫo̞z̪e̞mo̞ s̪ʷän̪e̞t̪ʰi]; Megrelian: სამარგალო-ჟიმოლენი შონე [samaɾɡalo-ʒimolenɪ ʃone]; Svan: [zan-lam ʃuan]) is a region (Mkhare) in western Georgia with a population of 308,358 (2021) and a surface of 7,468 km2 (2,883 sq mi). Zugdidi is the region’s administrative center, and Giorgi Guguchia has been the governor of the region since June 2021. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti is compiled of the historical Georgian provinces of Samegrelo (Mingrelia) and Zemo Svaneti (i.e., Upper Svaneti).
Temnikovsky District
Temnikovsky District (Russian: Те́мниковский райо́н; Moksha: Темникавонь аймак, Temnikavoń ajmak; Erzya: Чополтбуе, Čopoltbuje) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-two in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic. The area of the district is 1,936.8 square kilometers (747.8 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Temnikov. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 17,261, with the population of Temnikov accounting for 42.0% of that number.

Moksha language
Moksha (мокшень кяль, mokšəń käĺ, pronounced ['mɔkʃənʲ kælʲ]) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas, with around 130,000 native speakers in 2010.
Moksha is the majority language in the western part of Mordovia.
Its closest relative is the Erzya language, with which it is not mutually intelligible. Moksha is also possibly closely related to the extinct Meshcherian and Muromian languages.
Adire (film)
Adire is a 2023 Nigerian film directed by Adeoluwa Owu starring Kehinde Bankole, Femi Branch and Layi Wasabi. The movie  has a runtime of two hours and three minutes and was released in cinemas across Nigeria on 3 November 2023. The movie was added to Netflix in January 2024, after a six-week run at the cinema which recorded a total gross of ₦31,061,100.

Nigerian naira
The naira (sign: ₦; code: NGN; Yoruba: náírà, Hausa: نَيْرَ, romanized: naira, Igbo: naịra, Tyap: nera) is the currency of Nigeria. One naira is divided into 100 kobo.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the designs, procurement, distribution and supply, processing, reissue and disposal or disintegration of bank notes and coins.

A major cash crunch occurred in February 2023 when the Nigerian government used a currency note changeover—delivering too few of the new notes into circulation—to attempt to force citizens to use a newly created government-sponsored central bank digital currency.  This led to extensive street protests.
Neurocutaneous melanosis
Neurocutaneous melanosis is a congenital disorder characterized by the presence of congenital melanocytic nevi on the skin and melanocytic tumors in the leptomeninges of the central nervous system. Although typically asymptomatic, malignancy occurs in the form of leptomeningeal melanoma in over half of patients. Regardless of the presence of malignancy, patients with symptomatic neurocutaneous melanosis generally have a poor prognosis with few treatment options. The pathogenesis of neurocutaneous melanosis is believed to be related to the abnormal postzygotic development of melanoblasts and mutations of the NRAS gene.

Melanoblast
A melanoblast is a precursor cell of a melanocyte. These cells migrate from the trunk neural crest cells (in terms of axial level from neck to posterior end) dorsolaterally between the ectoderm and dorsal surface of the somites.
Jonny Lomax
Jonathan Lomax (born 4 September 1990) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays for St Helens in the Super League, and England and Great Britain at international level. A versatile player, Lomax is primarily a stand-off but is equally comfortable at both scrum-half and fullback, and featured more regularly on the wing in the early stages of his professional career.

Catalans Dragons
The Catalans Dragons (French: Dragons Catalans, Catalan: Dracs Catalans) are a professional rugby league club from Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales department, France. Despite being based in France, the club competes in Super League, the top tier of the British rugby league.

Formed after the merger of XIII Catalan and AS Saint-Estève, they have won one French Championship and two Lord Derby Cups. In Britain they have never won the League Championship but have won the Challenge Cup once.

Catalans play home games at Stade Gilbert Brutus. Their traditional home colours are white red and gold.
Hard Luck (2006 film)
Hard Luck is a 2006 American thriller film written, produced and directed by Mario Van Peebles, who also co-stars in the film. The film stars Wesley Snipes, Jacquelyn Quinones, Cybill Shepherd, James Liao and Bill Cobbs. The film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on October 17, 2006.

Hard Luck features a collaboration between Wesley Snipes, Mario Van Peebles and Bill Cobbs. It reunited the trio for the first time since 1991's New Jack City. Wesley Snipes played Lucky, a down on his luck former criminal and drug dealer whose post prison trials and tribulations take him on a wild adventure.

James Hiroyuki Liao
James Hiroyuki Liao (born February 6, 1976) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles such as Roland Glenn in the Fox crime drama series Prison Break (2008), Jay Lee in the police procedural series Unforgettable (2013–2016), and Albert Nguyen in the HBO tragicomedy crime series Barry (2019–2022).

Liao also portrayed Kenji in the video game Ghost of Tsushima (2020) and General Stephen Mori in the DC Universe (DCU) superhero franchise.
Lindenwood Lions men's rugby
The Lindenwood Lions men's rugby team represents Lindenwood University in college rugby. Lindenwood plays in Division I-A in the Mid-South conference. The team is coached by Josh Macy. The Lindenwood men's rugby team won the 2012 USA Rugby Division II national championship in its inaugural season, and finished second in Division I-AA for the 2012–13 season. Following the 2012–13 season, Lindenwood moved up to Division I-A for the 2013–14 season. Lindenwood has also had success in Sevens. The Lions won the D1 7s National Championship in 2015 & the Red Bull University 7s Championship.

USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships
The USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships is an annual competition among the top men's college rugby teams in the country to decide a national champion in rugby sevens. USA Rugby organized the championship to capitalize on the surge in popularity of rugby sevens following the 2009 announcement of the addition of rugby to the Summer Olympics. USA Rugby recognized that rugby sevens is growing in popularity, participation and interest. At the time of the foundation of the tournament, rugby was one of the fastest growing sports across college campuses. This tournament is a major contributor to the selection process for USA Rugby Olympic athletes.
Karl Vorländer
Karl Vorländer (2 January 1860, Marburg – 6 December 1928, Münster) was a German neo-Kantian philosopher who taught in Solingen. He published various studies and editions of the works of Immanuel Kant, including studies of the relation between Kantian thought and socialist thought, and of the influence of Kant on the work of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. His 1924 biography of Kant became a classic of Kant scholarship for much of the twentieth century.

Neo-Kantianism
In late modern philosophy, neo-Kantianism (German: Neukantianismus) was a revival of the 18th-century philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The neo-Kantians sought to develop and clarify Kant's theories, particularly his concept of the thing-in-itself and his moral philosophy.
Mississippi SB 2179
Mississippi SB 2179 is a bill which passed the Mississippi State Senate in January 2010 regarding illegal immigration in Mississippi. Largely similar to Arizona SB 1070, this bill also makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Mississippi without carrying the required documents, bars state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of federal immigration laws, and cracks down on those sheltering, hiring and transporting illegal aliens. Like Arizona SB 1070, the paragraph on intent in the legislation says it embodies an "attrition through enforcement" doctrine. The difference between this law and Arizona's is that immigration status must be determined at any lawful stop, detention or arrest made by a law enforcement official or a law enforcement agency where reasonable suspicion exists that the person is an alien and is unlawfully present in the United States.

This act was passed through the Mississippi Senate, 34-15,  and passed in the House, 80-36.

Immigration law
Immigration law includes the national statutes, regulations, and legal precedents governing immigration into and deportation from a country. Strictly speaking, it is distinct from other matters such as naturalization and citizenship, although they are sometimes conflated.  Countries frequently maintain laws that regulate both the rights of entry and exit as well as internal rights, such as the duration of stay, freedom of movement, and the right to participate in commerce or government.
Boys Don't Cry (Rumer album)
Boys Don't Cry is the second album by Rumer, produced by Steve Brown. It was released on 28 May 2012. The album is a selection of songs by artist/writers from the 1970s period. Rumer covers  works by male artists such as Jimmy Webb, Todd Rundgren, Terry Reid, Tim Hardin, Richie Havens, Gilbert O'Sullivan and others.

Gilbert O'Sullivan
Raymond Edward O'Sullivan (born 1 December 1946), known professionally as Gilbert O'Sullivan, is an Irish singer-songwriter who achieved his most significant success during the early 1970s with hits including "Alone Again (Naturally)", "Clair" and "Get Down". His songs are often marked by his distinctive percussive piano playing style and observational lyrics using word play.

Born in Waterford, Ireland, O'Sullivan settled in Swindon, England, as a child. In 1967, he began pursuing a career in music. Worldwide, he has charted 16 top 40 records, including six No. 1 songs, the first of which was 1970's "Nothing Rhymed". Across his career, he has recorded 19 studio albums. The music magazine Record Mirror voted O'Sullivan the top UK male singer of 1972. He has received three Ivor Novello Awards, including "Songwriter of the Year" in 1973, and received praise from fellow musicians Nina Simone, Paul Weller, Gary Barlow, and Tim Burgess.
Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station
The Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station is a historic district at the junction of Old Comers Rd. and Orleans Rd. in Chatham, Massachusetts.  It and its companion transmitter station at Marion were used for WCC, the busiest ship to shore radio station for most of the 20th century.  The district includes eight red brick buildings constructed by Marconi in 1914 to house the station's operations; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, and is now home to the Chatham Marconi Maritime Center museum.

Marion, Massachusetts
Marion is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 5,347 at the 2020 census.

For geographic and demographic information on the village of Marion Center, please see the article Marion Center, Massachusetts.

Marion is a part of the South Coast region of Massachusetts which encompasses the communities that surround Buzzards Bay (excluding the Elizabeth Islands, Bourne and Falmouth), Mount Hope Bay and the Sakonnet River.
Victory (1976 film)
Victory is a 1976 Taiwanese war film directed by Liu Chia-chang, set in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The film won 5 awards at the 1976 Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards, including Best Feature Film.

Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards
The Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and Taipei Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 台北金馬影展; pinyin: Táiběi Jīnmǎ Yǐngzhǎn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak Kim-má iáⁿ-tián) are a film festival and associated awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The festival and ceremony were founded in 1962 by the Government Information Office of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and is now run as an independent organisation. The awards ceremony is usually held in November or December in Taipei, although the event has also been held in other locations in Taiwan in recent times.
Chickie
Chickie is a 1925 American silent drama film produced and released by First National Pictures. Based on the novel of the same name by Elenore Meherin, the film was directed by John Francis Dillon and starred Dorothy Mackaill. Chickie is now considered lost.

First National Pictures
First National Pictures was an American motion picture production and distribution company. It was founded in 1917 as First National Exhibitors' Circuit, Inc., an association of independent theatre owners in the United States, and became the country's largest theater chain. Expanding from exhibiting movies to distributing them, the company reincorporated in 1919 as Associated First National Theatres, Inc., and Associated First National Pictures, Inc. In 1924 it expanded to become a motion picture production company as First National Pictures, Inc., and became an important studio in the film industry. In September 1928, control of First National passed to Warner Bros., into which it was completely absorbed on November 4, 1929. A number of Warner Bros. films were thereafter branded First National Pictures until July 1936, when First National Pictures, Inc., was dissolved.
ISKCON and 8 Others v. United Kingdom
ISKCON and 8 Others v. United Kingdom was a legal case decided by the European Commission on Human Rights in 1994. The main points of law looked at use of property and planning permissions, regarding the use of an English manor by the Hare Krishna movement.

European Commission of Human Rights
The European Commission of Human Rights (ECmHR) was a special body of the Council of Europe.
From 1954 to the 1998 entry into force of Protocol 11 to the European Convention on Human Rights, individuals did not have direct access to the European Court of Human Rights; they had to apply to the commission, which if it found the case to be well-founded would launch a case in the Court on the individual's behalf. Protocol 11 which came into force in 1998 abolished the commission, enlarged the Court, and allowed individuals to take cases directly to it.
Faïza Mokdar
Faïza Mokdar (born 16 July 2001) is a French judoka. She is a three time junior European champion and a one time cadet European champion.

On 12 November 2022 Mokdar won a gold medal at the 2022 European Mixed Team Judo Championships as part of team France.

European Junior Judo Championships
The European Junior Judo Championships are annual judo competitions organized by the European Judo Union for European judoka aged 20until 2012/21since 2013 and younger.

The last contest took place in Bratislava, Slovakia.