hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)
The Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP), is a Sarawak-based political party in Malaysia. Founded in 2002, the party was formed in the aftermath of an initial deregistration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP). The party is a founding and principal component of the Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) which governs the state of Sarawak.

Government of Sarawak
The Sarawak Government is an authority governing Sarawak, one of the Borneo states of Malaysia, and is based in Kuching, the state capital. The state government adheres to and is created by both the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of Malaysia, and the Constitution of the State of Sarawak, the supreme law of the State.

The state government has only two branches: executive and legislative. Sarawak has no judiciary branch due to the federalisation of the court system in Malaysia. Although Sarawak has jurisdictions over Sharia and Native Courts (and their respective laws), both courts are still considered parts of the state executive branch.
Seigi Choujin vs. Ancient Choujin
Kinnikuman: Justice Choujin vs. Ancient Choujin (キン肉マン 正義超人vs古代超人, Kinnikuman: Seigi Choujin tai Kodai Choujin) is the third theatrical film based on the anime series Kinnikuman. It was released in Japan on March 16, 1985, alongside Gu-Gu Ganmo, Dengeki Sentai Changeman, and Tongari Boushi no Memoru. It is set after the Golden Mask Arc.

This film is the first to feature anime original character Kinkotsu-Obaba. Although this film is set after the Golden Mask Arc, the character Geronimo does not appear as an active fighter until the next film. He does, however, appear in flashbacks to the Golden Mask conclusion. This is also the second time voice actor Ichirō Nagai appears in a Kinnikuman work playing the main villain. He had previously appeared in the TV Special. It also features the return of voice actors Kōzō Shioya and Yasuo Tanaka, who had previously appeared in the first film Stolen Championship Belt.

Villain
A villain (masculine), or villainess (feminine), also bad guy, baddy or baddie (sometimes known as a "black hat"), is a stock character, whether based on a historical narrative or one of literary fiction. Random House Unabridged Dictionary defines such a character as "a cruelly malicious person who is involved in or devoted to wickedness or crime; scoundrel; or a character in a play, novel, or the like, who constitutes an important evil agency in the plot". The antonym of a villain is a hero.

The villain's structural purpose is to serve as the opposite to the hero character, and their motives or evil actions drive a plot along. In contrast to the hero, who is defined by feats of ingenuity and bravery and the pursuit of justice and the greater good, a villain is often defined by their acts of selfishness, evilness, arrogance, cruelty, and cunning, displaying immoral behavior that can oppose or pervert justice.
Pittsfield Mets
The Pittsfield Mets were a minor league baseball based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts and played their home games Wahconah Park. The team previously played as the Little Falls Mets from Little Falls, New York before an investment group organized by Michael T. Casey relocated the team to Pittsfield. The team played in the New York–Penn League, and were affiliated with the New York Mets from 1989 to 2000. In 2001 the team became the Pittsfield Astros when they began their affiliation with the Houston Astros. After the 2001 season, the club was relocated to Troy, New York and became the Tri-City ValleyCats.

Mike Tannenbaum, former General Manager for the New York Jets, was an intern for the Mets during the 1991 season.

Little Falls, New York
Little Falls is a city in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 4,605 at the time of the 2020 census, which is the second-smallest city population in the state, ahead of only the city of Sherrill. The city is built on both sides of the Mohawk River, at a point at which rapids had impeded travel upriver. Transportation through the valley was improved by construction of the Erie Canal, completed in 1825 and connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River.

The city is located at the northeastern corner of the town of Little Falls and is east of Utica.

Little Falls has a picturesque location on the slope of a narrow and rocky defile, through which the Mohawk River falls 45 feet (14 m) in less than a mile (1.6 km), forming a number of cascades.
Stylidium sect. Biloba
Stylidium section Biloba is a taxonomic rank under Stylidium subgenus Andersonia. All the species in this section occur in northern Australia. In 2000, A.R. Bean published a taxonomic revision of subgenus Andersonia and established this section to separate these three species based on morphological and cladistic analysis. Species in this section form a basal rosette or cauline leaves and cymose inflorescences. The column is glabrous and dilated at the distal end.

Column (botany)
The column, or technically the gynostemium, is a reproductive structure that can be found in several plant families: Aristolochiaceae, Orchidaceae, and Stylidiaceae.

It is derived from the fusion of both male and female parts (stamens and pistil) into a single organ. The top part of the column is formed by the anther, which is covered by an anther cap. This means that the style and stigma of the pistil, with the filaments  and one or more anthers, are all united.
Sniper! (board game)
Sniper!, subtitled "House-to-House Fighting in World War II", is a two-player board wargame about man-to-man combat in urban environments during WWII, 
originally released in 1973 by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI). After TSR purchased SPI in 1982, TSR released an expanded edition of Sniper! in 1986, and followed up that up with releases of various "companion games" and a videogame.

Simulations Publications, Inc.
Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) was an American publisher of board wargames and related magazines, particularly its flagship Strategy & Tactics, in the 1970s and early 1980s. It produced an enormous number of games and introduced innovative practices, changing the course of the wargaming hobby in its bid to take control of the hobby away from then-dominant Avalon Hill. SPI ran out of cash in early 1982 when TSR called in a loan secured by SPI's assets. TSR began selling SPI's inventory in 1982, but later acquired the company's trademarks and copyrights in 1983 and continued a form of the operation until 1987.
Majuba Day
Majuba Day (Afrikaans: Majubadag) was a major annual national celebration on 27 February in the South African Republic in the period between the First and Second Boer Wars. The day was named after the Battle of Majuba Hill (near Volksrust, South Africa) where on 27 February 1881 the main battle of the First Boer War took place.

During the Second Boer War, the surrender of Piet Cronjé to the British after the equally resounding Battle of Paardeberg took place on 27 February 1900, leading Paul Kruger to declare, "The English have taken our Majuba Day away from us".

After the Second Boer War, with the Transvaal Colony (1902–1910) under British rule, Majuba Day was replaced by Victoria Day (24 May).

The day is still, however, celebrated by some Afrikaners; such as those in the town of Orania.

Transvaal Colony
25°S 30°E﻿ / ﻿25°S 30°E﻿ / -25; 30

The Transvaal Colony (Afrikaans pronunciation: [transˈfɑːl]) was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Second Boer War in 1902, when the South African Republic was dissolved, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The borders of the Transvaal Colony were larger than the defeated South African Republic (which had existed from 1856 to 1902). In 1910 the entire territory became the Transvaal Province of the Union of South Africa.
The Queen's Necklace (1929 film)
The Queen's Necklace (French: Le collier de la reine) is a 1929 synchronized sound French historical drama film directed by Tony Lekain and Gaston Ravel and starring Marcelle Chantal, Georges Lannes and Diana Karenne. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects.  The film is an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's novel The Queen's Necklace  which portrays the Affair of the Diamond Necklace which occurred before the French Revolution. The film's art direction was by Lucien Carré. The film was made and distributed by Gaumont. In Germany it was released by the major studio UFA.

Like many films from the early sound era, the film was shot as a silent film and then was synchronized with a musical score and sound effect soundtrack.

Gaumont
Gaumont SA (French: [ɡomɔ̃]) is a French film and television production and distribution company headquartered in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Founded by the engineer-turned-inventor Léon Gaumont (1864–1946) in 1895, it is the oldest extant film company in the world, established before other studios such as Pathé (founded in 1896), Titanus (1904), Nordisk Film (1906), Universal, Paramount, and Nikkatsu (all founded in 1912).

Gaumont predominantly produces, co-produces, and distributes films, and in 2011, 95% of Gaumont's consolidated revenues came from the film division. The company is also a producer of TV series through Gaumont Télévision and animation through Gaumont Animation as well as its existing French production features. Gaumont is run by Nicolas Seydoux (chairman) and Sidonie Dumas (CEO).
Sherbakulsky District
Sherbakulsky District (Russian: Шербаку́льский райо́н; Kazakh: Шарбақкөл ауданы, Sharbaqkól aýdany) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast on the border with Kazakhstan. The area of the district is 2,300 square kilometers (890 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Sherbakul. Population: 21,342 (2010 Census);  25,486 (2002 Census); 29,906 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Sherbakul accounts for 32.7% of the district's total population.

Omsk Oblast
Omsk Oblast (Russian: О́мская о́бласть, romanized: Omskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southwestern Siberia. The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers (53,900 sq mi). Its population is 1,977,665 (2010 Census) with the majority, 1.12 million, living in Omsk, the administrative center.

The oblast borders Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south.
Galerías Guadalajara
Galerías Guadalajara is a fashion mall in Zapopan, located in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara in the Mexican State of Jalisco, opened to the public in November 2003. The project was designed by Grupo Link, and was built on the abandoned construction site of a shopping center that could never be completed and that was going to be called Plaza Hemisferia. This fashion mall has an area of 160,000 m2 which contains 220 commercial premises divided into three floors, whose anchor stores are Liverpool, Sears, Sanborns and Cinépolis, and subanchors such as H&M, C&A, Zara, Pull&Bear and Bershka in addition to including Walmart, SAM'S CLUB, Suburbia and Vips as additional stores, since these have mutual connection with the Galerías Guadalajara shopping center through two parking lots.

Bershka
Bershka (Spanish: [ˈbeɾʃka, ˈbeɾska]) is a Spanish clothing retailer founded in 1998 in Spain. It is part of the Spanish Inditex group (which also owns brands such as Zara, Massimo Dutti, Pull&Bear, Oysho, Uterqüe, Stradivarius and Zara Home).

The company was created in April 1998 as a new store and 'fast-fashion' concept, aimed at a young target market. As of January 2022, Bershka has over 852 stores in 74 countries. The sales made from Bershka represent 10% of the Inditex.

In August 2022, Bershka, along with Pull&Bear and Stradivarius, closed their TMall stores and physical retail locations in China.
Deborah Sengl
Deborah Sengl (born 2 January 1974) is an Austrian painter and artist. She attended the University of Applied Arts Vienna and received a diploma in 1997. Sengl is the daughter of the painter Peter Sengl and the artist Susanne Lacombe.

Diploma
A diploma is a document awarded by an educational institution (such as a college or university) testifying the recipient has graduated by successfully completing their courses of studies. Historically, it has also referred to a charter or official document of diplomacy.

The diploma (as a document certifying a qualification) may also be called a testamur, Latin for "we testify" or "certify" (testari), so called from the word with which the certificate begins; this is commonly used in Australia to refer to the document certifying the award of a degree. Alternatively, this document can simply be referred to as a degree certificate or graduation certificate, or as a parchment. The certificate that a Nobel laureate receives is also called a diploma.

The term diploma is also used in some historical contexts, to refer to documents signed by a monarch affirming a grant or tenure of specified land and its conditions (see Anglo-Saxon charters and diplomatics).
2018–19 Biathlon World Cup – Pursuit Men
The 2018–19 Biathlon World Cup – Pursuit Men started on Sunday 9 December 2018 in Pokljuka and finished on Saturday 23 March 2019 in Oslo Holmenkollen. The defending titlist was Martin Fourcade of France.

The small crystal globe winner for the category was Johannes Thingnes Bø of Norway.

Johannes Thingnes Bø
Johannes Thingnes Bø (born 16 May 1993) is a Norwegian former biathlete who has achieved significant success in the sport. Thingnes Bø has won the Biathlon World Cup five times, in the 2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21, 2022/23, and 2023/24 seasons. He is the male biathlete with the second most individual World Cup victories in history, totaling 91, including victories at the Winter Olympic Games.
Ixtlán de los Hervores
Ixtlán de los Hervores, also known as Ixtlán, is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is located 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Jiquilpan by state highway 16 and 26 kilometres (16 mi) to the northeast of the city of Zamora by way of highway 35. It is about 80 miles (130 km) southeast of Guadalajara.

Ixtlán de los Hervores is known for its thermal water springs. In Ixtlán de los Hervores one will find three geysers that surges up from the depths of the earth with tremendous pressure. The jet rises more than 30 metres (98 ft) in height and reaches temperatures of 96 °C (205 °F). There are two new geysers, one near the soccer field. A rustic spa has been built near the geyser with services for people who are seeking the healing powers of sulphurous waters found here.

Sulfur water
Sulfur water (or sulphur water) is a condition where water is exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas, giving it a distinct "rotten egg" smell. This condition has different purposes in culture varying from health to implications for plumbing.
Jennie Hart Sibley
Jennie Hart Sibley (1846–1917) was a prominent figure in the state of Georgia, holding leadership roles within various organizations, particularly in the American temperance movement. She served as the second president of the Georgia State Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.), succeeding her sister-in-law, Jane E. Sibley. She was also Greene County's president of the Daughters of the Confederacy as well as the inaugural president of the Union Point Garden Club, sometimes referred to as "The Mother of Georgia garden clubs". Sibley is also remembered for her advocacy in the suffrage movement.

Temperance movement in the United States
The temperance movement in the United States, which sought to curb the consumption of alcohol, had a large influence on American politics and American society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, culminating in the prohibition of alcohol, through the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, from 1920 to 1933. Today, there are organizations that continue to promote the cause of temperance.
Janet Alexander
Janet Alexander (16 July 1878 in Ewell, Surrey, England, UK – 28 June 1961 in Kensington, London, England, UK) was a British actress.

Born as Kate Janet Alexander, she was the daughter of schoolmaster Charles Dallas Alexander and Helen Kate née Shuldham. She was married to the actor Lauderdale Maitland from 1907 to his death in 1929. Secondly, she was briefly married to the writer and editor Sir John Alexander Hammerton from February 1949 to his death in May of the same year.

In 1901 she appeared at the Imperial Theatre in London as Kate Meredith in Boyle Lawrence's military drama A Man of His Word opposite H. B. Irving.

John Alexander Hammerton
Sir John Alexander Hammerton (27 February 1871, in Alexandria, Scotland – 12 May 1949, in London) is described by the Dictionary of National Biography as "the most successful creator of large-scale works of reference that Britain has known".
Pickens Railway
Pickens Railway (reporting marks PICK, PKHP) is a shortline railroad that has operated on two separate divisions in the Upstate Region of South Carolina:

Easley to Pickens: 9.9 miles (15.9 km) - abandoned and lifted in 2013.

Anderson, through Belton to Honea Path: 28.5 miles (45.9 km)

Connections are made with the Norfolk Southern at Easley and Anderson, and with the Greenville and Western Railway at Belton. Rail was 85-100 pounds on the Easley-Pickens segment and 85 pounds on the Anderson-Honea Path segment.

Traffic included transportation equipment on the original Pickens line (in the form of locomotive remanufacture CLCX, Inc. located in Pickens until 2013), while the Anderson-Belton handles kaolin, limestone, synthetic rubber, rubber processing oil, plastics, silica, scrap metal, paper, scrap paper, bird feed ingredients, farm supplies, and electrical equipment.

Easley, South Carolina
Easley is a city in Pickens County (with parts extending into Anderson County) in the U.S. state of South Carolina. Most of the city lies in Pickens County, with a small portion of the city in Anderson County. As of the 2020 census, Easley had a population of 22,921.

In 2001, Easley hosted the Big League World Series for the first time, and continued to host the tournament annually until it was disbanded in 2016. In 2017, the Senior League World Series moved to Easley as the host for the annual tournament. The Upper South Carolina State Fair is located in Easley and is held annually in early September.
Locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator
The locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator (Ler) is a regulatory protein that controls bacterial pathogenicity of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). More specifically, Ler regulates the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island genes, which are responsible for creating intestinal attachment and effacing lesions and subsequent diarrhea: LEE1, LEE2, and LEE3. LEE1, 2, and 3 carry the information necessary for a type III secretion system. The transcript encoding the Ler protein is the open reading frame 1 on the LEE1 operon.

The mechanism of Ler regulation involves competition with histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), a negative regulator of the LEE pathogenicity island. Ler is regulated by many factors such as plasmid encoded regulator (Per), integration host factor, Fis, BipA, a positive regulatory loop involving GrlA, and quorum sensing mediated by luxS.

Type III secretion system
The type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS) is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into host cells to promote virulence and colonisation. While the type III secretion system has been widely regarded as equivalent to the injectisome, many argue that the injectisome is only part of the type III secretion system, which also include structures like the flagellar export apparatus. The T3SS is a needle-like protein complex found in several species of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria.
Flying Turns (Knoebels)
Flying Turns  is a wooden bobsled roller coaster at Knoebels Amusement Resort in Elysburg, Pennsylvania. It is modeled after a similar ride designed by John Norman Bartlett and John Miller in the 1920s. The ride concept is similar to a modern steel bobsled roller coaster; however Flying Turns is made of wood, like the original rides. The layout of the ride is most similar to the original located at Riverview Park in Chicago, Illinois.

American Coaster Enthusiasts
American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) is a non-profit organization focusing on the enjoyment, knowledge, and preservation of roller coasters as well as recognition of some as architectural and engineering landmarks. Dues-paying members receive the quarterly magazine RollerCoaster! and bi-monthly newsletter ACE News. Amusement parks have also invited members to exclusive ride events at amusement parks as well as sneak peek events at new roller coasters under construction.

The organization maintains an online database of roller coasters including ride specifications and archives of published news articles. The club also recognizes historically significant roller coasters with the Coaster Classic and ACE Coaster Landmark statuses.
Turing's Wager
Turing's Wager is a philosophical argument that claims it is impossible to infer or deduce a detailed mathematical model of the human brain within a reasonable timescale, and thus impossible in any practical sense. The argument was first given in 1950 by the computational theorist Alan Turing in his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, published in Mind (Turing 1950, p. 453). The argument asserts that determining any mathematical model of a computer (its source code or any isomorphic equivalent such as a Turing machine or virtual simulation) is not possible in a reasonable timeframe. As a consequence, determining a mathematical model of the human brain (which is, by its nature, more complicated) must also be impossible within that timeframe.

Mind (journal)
Mind (stylized as MIND) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Mind Association. Having previously published exclusively philosophy in the analytic tradition, it now "aims to take quality to be the sole criterion of publication, with no area of philosophy, no style of philosophy, and no school of philosophy excluded." Its institutional home is shared between the University of Oxford and University College London. It is considered an important resource for studying philosophy.
Cristescu
Cristescu is a Romanian surname. Notable people with it include:

Constantin Cristescu, Romanian General

Daniel Cristescu, Romanian football defender

Eugen Cristescu, Romanian secret police head

Gheorghe Cristescu, Romanian socialist

Marian Cristescu, Romanian football midfielder

Melania Cristescu, Romanian–Canadian biologist and ecologist

Silvian Cristescu, Romanian former professional footballer

Vintilǎ Cristescu, Romanian long-distance runner

Gheorghe Cristescu
Gheorghe Cristescu (October 10, 1882, in Copaciu, Giurgiu County – November 29, 1973, in Timișoara) was a Romanian socialist and, for a part of his life, communist militant. Nicknamed "Plăpumarul" ("The Blanket Maker"), he is also occasionally referred to as "Omul cu lavaliera roșie" ("The man with the red four-in-hand necktie"), after the most notable of his accessories.