hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Western Railroad
The following railroads have been known as Western Railroad or Western Railway:

Western Railroad Company, builders of a Heavener, Oklahoma to Waldron, Arkansas line now operated by the Arkansas Southern Railroad

Western Railroad (Texas) of New Braunfels

Western Railroad of Alabama

Western Railway of Alabama

Western Railway of Arizona

Western Railway of Florida

Western Railroad (Massachusetts), 1833-1867, predecessor of the Boston and Albany Railroad

Western Railroad of Minnesota

Western Railroad (North Carolina), 1852-1879, predecessor of the Southern Railway

Rutland Railway

Western Railway Zone (India)

West railway of Austria

Western Railways and Light Company (a holding company for street railways in the U.S. Midwest)

Arkansas Southern Railroad
The Arkansas Southern Railroad (reporting mark ARS) is a short-line railroad which started service in October 2005.  ARS operates two disconnected lines consisting of Heavener, Oklahoma to Waldron, Arkansas (32 miles), and Ashdown to Nashville, Arkansas (29 miles), plus a switch track at Ashdown, for a total of 63 miles. The lines are leased from Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS) to ARS's owner, the Watco Companies (Watco).
2017 St. Louis protests
Beginning on the afternoon of September 15, 2017, a series of protests took place in St. Louis, Missouri, following the acquittal of former St. Louis police officer Jason Stockley in the shooting of Anthony Lamar Smith, a black man. Over 160 people were arrested during the first three days of demonstrations, with largely peaceful protests.  There has been significant criticism around the police and governmental response to protests, resulting in lawsuits from the ACLU.

Lyda Krewson
Lyda Krewson (born November 14, 1953) is an American retired politician who was the 46th mayor of St. Louis, Missouri. She is a member of the Democratic Party and St. Louis's first female mayor, serving from 2017 to 2021. On November 18, 2020, Krewson announced that she would not seek a second term.

From 1997 to 2017, Krewson served as the alderman of St. Louis's 28th ward.
1180 Rita
1180 Rita, provisional designation 1931 GE, is a dark and spheroidal Hildian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 97 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 April 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Any reference of its later name, Rita, is unknown.

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory (German: Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl) is a historic astronomical observatory located near the summit of the Königstuhl hill in the city of Heidelberg in Germany. It is operated by the Center for Astronomy (ZAH) at the University of Heidelberg.

The predecessor of the current observatory was originally opened in 1774 in the nearby city of Mannheim but degradation of observational conditions there resulted in a relocation to the Königstuhl in 1898.

The Observatory facility have little value for current astronomical research of ZAH; research is done with the Gama Ray H.E.S.S in Namibia and ESO facilities in Chile.

Andreas Quirrenbach is the observatory's director since 2005.
St Rita's College, Clayfield
St Rita's College is an independent Roman Catholic single-sex secondary day school for girls, located in Clayfield, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

The school was founded in 1926 and follows in the tradition of the Presentation Sisters, founded by Nano Nagle, and , as at 2023, had 1203 students enrolled in Years 5–12.  St Rita's is a member of the Catholic Secondary Schoolgirls' Sports Association.

The school's motto is Latin, Virtute Non Verbis, which translates to English as Deeds Not Words.

Nano Nagle
Honora "Nano" Nagle (c. 1718 – 26 April 1784) was an Irish Catholic religious sister who served as a pioneer of Catholic education in Ireland despite legal prohibitions. She founded the Sisters of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, commonly known as the Presentation Sisters, now a worldwide Catholic institute of women religious. She was declared venerable in the Catholic Church on 31 October 2013 by Pope Francis.
North Scanian Infantry Regiment
North Scanian Infantry Regiment (Swedish: Norra skånska infanteriregementet), designation I 6, was a Swedish Army infantry regiment that operated from 1812 to 1963. The unit was based in the Kristianstad Garrison in Kristianstad. In 1963 the regiment was transferred to the Swedish Armoured Troops under the name of North Scanian Regiment (P 6).

Swedish Army
The Swedish Army (Swedish: Svenska Armén) is the land force of the Swedish Armed Forces of the Kingdom of Sweden. Beginning with its service in 1521, the Swedish Army has been active for more than 500 years.
Nadia Latif
Nadia Latif is a British-Sudanese theatre producer and director. Her directoral debut, The Man in My Basement, starring William Dafoe, was released in October 2025.

She is mostly known for her work in theatre production, having worked with a number of British companies including the Almeida, Royal Shakespeare Company, National, Bush, Theatre503 and Arcol. Latif was long-listed for BAFTA's outstanding debut by a British writer, director, or producer for her 2025 debut film.

Bush Theatre
The Bush Theatre is located in the Passmore Edwards Public Library, Shepherd's Bush, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It was established in 1972 as a showcase for the work of new writers.
Somalia–Spain relations
Somalia–Spain relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these two countries. Somalia has no embassy in Spain, nor Spain in Somalia, but the Spanish embassy in Nairobi is accredited to Somalia.

Abdirahman Beyle
Abdirahman Duale Beyle (Somali: Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle; Arabic: عبد الرحمن دعاله بايل), also known as Abdirahman D. Beileh, is a Somali economist, professor, politician, philanthropist, poet, and songwriter. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Somalia from January 2014 to January 2015. He is currently serving as Minister of Finance of Somalia.
Yuri Merzlyakov
Yuri Nikolayevich Merzlyakov (Russian: Юрий Николаевич Мерзляков; born 9 April 1949) is a Russian diplomat, who was one of the 3 co-chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group.

Yuri Merzlyakov graduated from MGIMO in 1971 and Diplomatic Academy of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1979, and worked at various positions in the central offices of the Soviet and Russian Ministries of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic missions abroad. In 1998-1999 he held the position of the special envoy at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the head of the Working Group on the Caspian Sea.

Yuri Merzlyakov has a rank of the 1st class Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, speaks English, French and Swahili. He is married and has a daughter.

Yuri Merzlyakov was appointed on 19 July 2010 by the Russian President Dimitri Medvedev as the new Russian ambassador to Estonia, replacing his colleague Nikolai Uspensky. He served until 18 August 2015, when he was succeeded by Aleksandr Petrov.

OSCE Minsk Group
The OSCE Minsk Group was created in 1992 by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), now Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), to encourage a peaceful, negotiated resolution to the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh.

The OSCE Minsk Group was formally closed on 1 September 2025 by unanimous decision of the OSCE Ministerial Council, following a joint appeal for its dissolution by Armenia and Azerbaijan.
Hedy Habra
Hedy Habra is a Lebanese-American poet, professor, fiction writer, literary critic and essayist. Born in Heliopolis, Egypt, she lived in both Egypt and Lebanon, as well as Athens, Greece, and Brussels, Belgium, before settling in Kalamazoo, Michigan, where she now resides.

Prior to moving to the United States, Habra completed a B.S. in Pharmacy at the Faculté Française de Médecine et de Pharmacie of Beirut, S.J. She holds an M.A. and an M.F.A. in English and an M.A. and PhD in Spanish Literature, which were all granted by Western Michigan University, where she currently teaches.

Habra is an avid student of languages, and is fluent in French, Arabic, English, Spanish and Italian. She studied Greek and Latin at WMU and Mandarin Chinese at the WMU Confucius Institute, along with Chinese Ink Painting and Tai Chi.

Dawn of America
Dawn of America (Spanish: Alba de América) is a 1951 Spanish historical adventure film directed by Juan de Orduña and starring António Vilar, María Martín and José Suárez. The film depicts the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in the late fifteenth century.
Vann McElroy
Vann William McElroy (born January 13, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarilty with the Los Angeles Raiders.  A 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), 193-pound (88 kg) safety, he played college football for the Baylor Bears, he was selected by the Raiders in the third round of the 1982 NFL draft.

McElroy played in consecutive Pro Bowls following the 1983 and 1984 seasons, and was a member of the Raiders' 1983 team that won Super Bowl XVIII in a rout of the favored Washington Redskins.

During the 1990 season, the Raiders traded McElroy to the Seahawks on October 16 in exchange for the Seahawks' eighth-round pick in the 1991 NFL draft.

McElroy is currently an agent representing professional players in contract negotiations and resides in Uvalde, Texas.

1991 NFL draft
The 1991 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 21–22, 1991, at the Marriott Marquis in New York City, New York. No teams elected to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year.

The first six selections of the draft were defensive players, the most in draft history. It began with the Dallas Cowboys using the first overall pick to select Russell Maryland. No previous draft had begun with more than three consecutive defensive picks.

The day of the draft, wide receiver and projected number one pick Raghib Ismail signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was nevertheless selected by the Los Angeles Raiders in the fourth round (100th overall), and began playing with the Raiders in 1993 after two CFL seasons.
W̓aw̓aƛ/Seymour Estuary Conservancy
The W̓aw̓aƛ/Seymour Estuary Conservancy, also known as Ẁaẁaƛ/Seymour Estuary Conservancy or W̓aw̓ley/Seymour Estuary Conservancy, is a conservancy in British Columbia, Canada. It preserves the estuary of the Seymour River at the head of the Seymour Inlet on the North Coast in the Regional District of Mount Waddington and borders the Wawwat’l 12 reserve.
Established in 2007, the conservancy covers 326 hectares of land.
It is located approximately 80 kilometers northeast of the town of Port Hardy or 75 kilometers north of the town of Port McNeill.
There is no road access and there are no settlements within the conservancy.

Port McNeill
Port McNeill is a town in the North Island region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada on Vancouver Island's northeast shore, on Queen Charlotte Strait. Originally a base camp for loggers, it became a settlement in 1936. It was named after Captain William Henry McNeill of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Joseph McNally (brother)
Brother Joseph McNally (10 August 1923 – 27 August 2002), was an Irish brother from the De La Salle Brothers. He was the founder of St Patrick's Arts Centre, now known as LASALLE College of the Arts, in Singapore.

Religious brother
A religious brother (abbreviated Br. or Bro. as a title) is a lay male member of a religious institute or religious order who commits himself to following Christ in consecrated life, usually by the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Equivalent to a religious sister, a religious brother typically lives in a religious community and works in a ministry appropriate to his capabilities.

A brother might practice any secular occupation. Some religious institutes are composed only of brothers; others are made up of brothers and clerics (priests or ministers, and seminarians).

In some Christian groups, members refer to each other as "brother" or "sister". For example, Shakers use the title for all adult male members.
Upcycling
Upcycling, also known as creative reuse, is the process of transforming by-products, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products perceived to be of greater quality, such as artistic value or environmental value.

Waste
Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product, by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.

Examples include municipal solid waste (household garbage), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.
Logluv TIFF
LogLuv TIFF is an encoding used for storing high-dynamic-range imaging data inside a TIFF image. It was originally developed by Greg Ward for storing HDR-output of his Radiance physically-based rendering system at a time when storage space was a crucial factor. Its implementation in TIFF also allowed the combination with image-compression algorithms without great programming effort. As such it has to be considered a smart compromise between the imposed limitations. It is slightly related to RGBE, the most successful HDRI storage format, an earlier invention of Greg Ward.

Physically based rendering
Physically based rendering (PBR) is a computer graphics approach that seeks to render images in a way that models the lights and surfaces with optics in the real world. It is often referred to as "Physically Based Lighting" or "Physically Based Shading". Many PBR pipelines aim to achieve photorealism. Feasible and quick approximations of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function and rendering equation are of mathematical importance in this field. Photogrammetry may be used to help discover and encode accurate optical properties of materials. PBR principles may be implemented in real-time applications using shaders or offline applications using ray tracing or path tracing.
Joseph Teran
Joseph M. Teran is an American professor of applied mathematics at the University of California, Davis. His research considers numerical methods for partial differential equations based on classical physics, including applications in virtual surgery and movie special effects.

He played a role in simulating snow and ice in the film Frozen, collaborating with Disney's animators.

Surgery simulator
A surgery simulator is computer technology developed to simulate surgical procedures for the purpose of training medical professionals, without the need of a patient, cadaver or animal. The concept goes back to the 1980s with video games, but only in the 1990s with three-dimensional graphics and the 2000s with the use of motion sensors for realistic movements (motion control) has the technology been able to simulate the real situation. The most common type of surgery taught through this method is laparoscopic surgery, although it has also been used to do a trial run before other kinds of procedures. Cataract surgery and other ophthalmic procedures are also widely taught using surgical simulators.
Jon Lindstrom
Jon Robert Lindstrom (born October 18, 1957) is an American actor, writer, director, producer, and musician. He is well known for his roles of Kevin Collins and Ryan Chamberlain on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital and its spin-off Port Charles. In 2024 his debut novel Hollywood Hustle, published February 6 by Crooked Lane Books, is an official USA Today Bestseller.

ABC Daytime
ABC Daytime (sometimes shortened to ABC-D or ABCD) is a division responsible for the daytime television programming block on the ABC Network and syndicated programming. The block has historically encompassed soap operas, game shows and talk shows.
Ahmed bin Salman Al-Musallam
Ahmed bin Salman Jabr Al-Musallam (Arabic: أحمد سلمان جبر المسلم; born 27 July 1961) is a Bahraini businessman, politician and former military officer who has served since December 2022 as the Speaker of the Council of Representatives of Bahrain (the lower house of the Bahraini national legislative body).

Lower house
A lower house is the lower chamber of a bicameral legislature, where the other chamber is the upper house. Although styled as "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide, the lower house has come to wield more power or otherwise exert significant political influence.
Lodovico Lazzarelli
Ludovico Lazzarelli (4 February 1447 – 23 June 1500) was an Italian poet, philosopher, courtier, hermeticist and (likely) magician and diviner of the early Renaissance.

Born at San Severino Marche, he had contact with many important thinkers of his time and above all with the preacher and hermeticist Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio. Himself a follower of hermetism, Lazzarelli also translated the Corpus Hermeticum, a translation which follows and enlarges the hermetic texts previously translated and collected by Marsilio Ficino.

Courtier
A courtier (/ˈkɔːrtiər/) is a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty. The earliest historical examples of courtiers were part of the retinues of rulers. Historically, the court was the centre of government as well as the official residence of the monarch, and the social and political life were often completely mixed together.
Toda Katsushige
Toda Katsushige (戸田 勝成, 1557 – October 21, 1600) or Toda Shigemasa was a daimyō in Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periods. 
At first, Shigemasa served Niwa Nagahide. 
In 1585, after Nagahide died, Shigemasa served Toyotomi Hideyoshi and was given 10,000 koku at Echizen Province.

He took part in the expedition to Kyūshū in 1586, the siege of Odawara in 1590, and the Battle of Bunroku in 1592.

In 1600, he took part in Ishida Mitsunari's force at the Battle of Sekigahara. He fought under the command of Ōtani Yoshitsugu. However, he died in the battle since Kobayakawa Hideaki, Wakisaka Yasuharu, and others betrayed him.

According to one estimate, including those taking part in Tokugawa Ieyasu's force, many people regretted Shigemasa's death because of his strength, and he had been respected by many daimyos.

Siege of Odawara (1590)
The third Siege of Odawara (小田原征伐, Odawara seibatsu) occurred in 1590, and was the primary action in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to eliminate the Hōjō clan as a threat to his power. The months leading up to it saw hasty but major improvements in the defense of the castle, as Hideyoshi's intentions became clear. Thus, despite the overwhelming force brought to bear by Hideyoshi, the siege saw little actual fighting.
Noble Quran (Hilali–Khan)
The Noble Qur'an is a translation of the Quran by Muhammad Muhsin Khan and Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali. It is available in many languages and is "widely and freely distributed to hajj pilgrims".  It is published and printed at the King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran, which is said to produce ten million copies of the Quran every year.

The Hilali–Khan, Noble Quran has been given a seal of approval from both the University of Medina and the Saudi Dar al-Ifta. It is also the most widely disseminated Quran in most Islamic bookstores and Sunni mosques throughout the English-speaking world. It is available in Airport musallahs. This translation is interspersed with commentaries from Tabari, Qurtubi, and Ibn Kathir.

Al-Qurtubi
Abū ʿAbdullāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr al-Anṣārī al-Qurṭubī (Arabic: أبو عبدالله القرطبي) (1214 – 29 April 1273) was an Andalusian Sunni Muslim polymath, Maliki jurisconsult, mufassir, muhaddith and an expert in the Arabic language. Prominent scholars of Córdoba, Spain, taught him, and he is well known for his classical commentary of the Quran named Tafsir al-Qurtubi.
Dium (Euboea)
38°51′03″N 22°52′23″E﻿ / ﻿38.8509°N 22.8731°E﻿ / 38.8509; 22.8731
Dium or Dion (Ancient Greek: Δῖον or Δίων or Δίον) was a town in the northwest of ancient Euboea near the promontory Cenaeum, from which Canae in Aeolis is said to have been a colony. Dium is mentioned by Homer, as under the leadership of Elephenor, in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad.

Dium is tentatively identified with the site of Likhas Kastri.

Euboea
Euboea (/juːˈbiːə/ yoo-BEE-ə; Ancient Greek: Εὔβοια, romanized: Eúboia, IPA: [ěu̯boi̯a]), also known as Evia (/ˈɛviə/ EV-ee-ə; Modern Greek: Εύβοια, IPA: [ˈevi.a]), is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete, and the sixth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only 40 m (130 ft) at its narrowest point), the North Euboean Gulf, and the South Euboean Gulf. In general outline it is a long and narrow island; it is about 180 km (110 mi) long, and varies in breadth from 50 km (31 mi) to 6 km (3.7 mi). Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboia in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.

It forms most of the regional unit of Euboea, which also includes Skyros and a small area of the Greek mainland.
Khoseda-Khardsky
Khoseda-Khardsky (Russian: Хоседа-Хардский), sometimes written as Khoseda-Khard, Hoseda-Hardsky, or Hoseda-Hard is a rural locality in Zapolyarny District, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. Its center is the village (selo) of Kharuta. Population:  538 (2010 census);

Zapolyarny District
Zapolyarny District (Russian: Заполя́рный райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), the only one in Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It encompasses all of the territory of the autonomous okrug, with the exception of the territory of the town of okrug significance of Naryan-Mar, the only other top-level administrative division of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is approximately 170,000 square kilometers (66,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Iskateley. Population: 20,432 (2010 Census). The population of Iskateley accounts for 33.7% of the district's total population.
Trinectes microphthalmus
Trinectes microphthalmus is a species of sole in the family Achiridae. It was described by Paul Chabanaud in 1928, originally under the genus Achirus. It is known from Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. It dwells in brackish lagoons at a depth range of 0 to 30 m (0 to 98 ft).

T. micropthalmus is rated as Least Concern on the IUCN redlist.

American sole
The American soles are a family (Achiridae) of flatfish occurring in both freshwater and marine environments of the Americas.  The family includes about 35 species in seven genera.  These are closely related to the soles (Soleidae), and have been classified as a subfamily of it, but achirids have a number of distinct characteristics.

Eyes are on the right side, and the eyed-side lower lip has a distinctive fleshy rim. The dorsal and anal fins are usually separate from the caudal fin.  The pectoral fins are small or nonexistent. They are fairly small; only Achirus achirus is known to surpass 30 cm (1 ft) in length.