hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of mathematics
This is a timeline of pure and applied mathematics history. It is divided here into three stages, corresponding to stages in the development of mathematical notation: a "rhetorical" stage in which calculations are described purely by words, a "syncopated" stage in which quantities and common algebraic operations are beginning to be represented by symbolic abbreviations, and finally a  "symbolic" stage, in which comprehensive notational systems for formulas are the norm.

The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is a Chinese mathematics book, composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE, its latest stage being from the 1st century CE. This book is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China, the others being the Suan shu shu (202 BCE – 186 BCE) and Zhoubi Suanjing (compiled throughout the Han until the late 2nd century CE). It lays out an approach to mathematics that centres on finding the most general methods of solving problems, which may be contrasted with the approach common to ancient Greek mathematicians, who tended to deduce propositions from an initial set of axioms.

Entries in the book usually take the form of a statement of a problem, followed by the statement of the solution and an explanation of the procedure that led to the solution. These were commented on by Liu Hui in the 3rd century.

The book was later included in the early Tang collection, the Ten Computational Canons.
D'Silva
D'Silva is an Indian surname with Portuguese roots, prominently found in costal regions such as Goa, Karnataka (Mangalore) and some regions of Kerala. Notable people with the surname include:

Carl D'Silva (died 2015), Indian wildlife artist and naturalist

Amancio D'Silva (1936–1996), Indian jazz guitarist and composer

Dale Martin D'Silva, Alberta Liberal Party candidate in 2008

Darrell D'Silva (born 1964), British film and theatre actor

John D'Silva, Indian Konkani actor and stage actor

Rensil D'Silva, Indian film director, screenplay writer, creative director

Robert D'Silva (1925–2015), Pakistani Roman Catholic priest

Selma D'Silva (born 1960), player for the Indian Women's Hockey Team

Shilton D'Silva (born 1992), Indian professional footballer

John D' Silva
João Francisco Silva (born 20 February 1964), known professionally as John D' Silva, is an Indian actor, comedian, playwright, and director known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. Referred to as the "Emperor of the Konkani stage", he is the first tiatrist (theatre performer) to enter the Limca Book of Records in 2010 for acting, writing, directing and producing 25 tiatrs having a double alphabet in their titles.

Silva is also the first tiatrist to have released his 25th tiatr nattok in London and Germany and thereafter to have staged it throughout the state of Goa. He has also acted in the Konkani movies Padri (2005), O Maria (2010), Nachom-ia Kumpasar (2015), Nirmon (2015) and O La La (2018). He is the first tiatrist to have received the inaugural Yuva Srujan Puraskar award for the year 2008 from the Government of Goa for his contributions to Konkani theatre.
Act! LLC
ACT! (previously known as Activity Control Technology, Automated Contact Tracking,  ACT! by Sage, and Sage ACT!) is a customer relationship management and marketing automation software platform designed for small and medium-sized businesses. It has over 2.8 million registered users as of December 2014.

Marketing automation
Marketing automation refers to software platforms and technologies designed for marketing departments and organizations to automate repetitive tasks and consolidate multi-channel (email, SMS, chatbot, and social media) interactions, tracking and web analytics, lead scoring, campaign management and reporting into one system. It often integrates with customer relationship management (CRM) and customer data platform (CDP) software.
Allan D'Arcangelo
Allan D'Arcangelo (June 16, 1930 – December 17, 1998) was an American artist and printmaker, best known for his paintings of highways and road signs that border on pop art and minimalism, precisionism and hard-edge painting, and also surrealism. His subject matter is distinctly American and evokes, at times, a cautious outlook on the future of this country.

Queens College, City University of New York
Queens College (QC) is a public college in the New York City borough of Queens. Part of the City University of New York system, Queens College occupies an 83-acre (34 ha) campus primarily located in Flushing.

Queens College was established in 1937 and offers undergraduate degrees in over 70 majors, graduate studies in over 100 degree programs and certificates, over 40 accelerated master's options, 20 doctoral degrees through the CUNY Graduate Center, and a number of advanced certificate programs. Alumni and faculty of the school, such as Arturo O'Farrill and Jerry Seinfeld, have received over 100 Grammy Award nominations.

The college is organized into seven schools. It competes in Division II of the NCAA and sponsors 15 men's and women's championship-eligible varsity teams.
Gödersheim Castle
Gödersheim Castle (German: Burg Gödersheim) is a ruined, Late Gothic, water castle a few kilometres from Wollersheim, a village in the borough of Nideggen, in the county of Düren in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located in the valley of the Neffelbach and has been protected as an historic monument since 22 October 1993. The owners of the castle ruins and surrounding land were the Rhineland Regional Association (Landschaftsverband Rheinland) but, in 2016, an immediate neighbour, Helmut Waldmann, owner of the Gödersheim Mill, bought the ruins and adjacent buildings. He intends to demolish the buildings and build flats in the gatehouse and the ruins.

Nideggen
Nideggen (German: [ˈniːdɛɡn̩] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the river Rur, in the Eifel hills, approx. 15 km south of Düren.

Nideggen is known for its ruined, but partly restored castle (Burg Nideggen) and the sandstone rocks along the Rur. It is twinned with Thatcham in Berkshire, England. The first mention in history was in 1184.

The town was created in 1972 by amalgamation of eight until then independent communities: Abenden (782 inhabitants), Berg-Thuir (709), Brück (301), Embken (734), Muldenau (161), Nideggen (2,983), Rath (757), Schmidt (2,974), Wollersheim (637) (December 2014). It is situated between 250 and 450 metres above sea level.
Spencer Lowell
Spencer Lowell (born 1983) is an American photographer based in Los Angeles.

Lowell first gained international attention with his photographs of the Mars rover in 2007. He has contributed photographs to cover stories of publications such as Time, Wired, Fortune, and Popular Science. His works have been described as pairing "scientific pragmatism with an unbridled creative energy."

Popular Science
Popular Science (also known as PopSci) is an American popular science website, covering science and technology topics geared toward general readers. Popular Science has won over 58 awards, including the American Society of Magazine Editors awards for its journalistic excellence in 2003 (for General Excellence), 2004 (for Best Magazine Section), and 2019 (for Single-Topic Issue). Its print magazine, which ran from 1872 to 2020, was translated into over 30 languages and distributed to at least 45 countries. In 2021, Popular Science switched to an all-digital format and abandoned the magazine format in 2023.
Helter Skelter (book)
Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders is a 1974 book by Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry. Bugliosi had served as the prosecutor in the 1970 trial of Charles Manson. The book presents his firsthand account of the cases of Manson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and other members of the self-described Manson Family. It is the best-selling true crime book in history.

Susan Atkins
Susan Denise Atkins (May 7, 1948 – September 24, 2009) was an American convicted murderer who was a member of Charles Manson's "Family". Manson's followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in California over a period of five weeks in the summer of 1969. Known within the Manson family as Sadie, Sadie Glutz, Sadie Mae Glutz or Sexy Sadie, Atkins was convicted for her participation in eight of these killings, including the most notorious, the Tate murders in 1969. She was sentenced to death, which was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment when the California Supreme Court invalidated all death sentences issued prior to 1972. Atkins was incarcerated until her death in 2009. At the time of her death, she was California's longest-serving female inmate, since surpassed by fellow Manson family members Leslie Van Houten and Patricia Krenwinkel.
2025 Challenger Città di Lugano – Doubles
Sander Arends and Sem Verbeek were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Cleeve Harper and David Stevenson won the title after defeating Jakub Paul and David Pel 4–6, 6–3, [10–8] in the final.

Jakub Paul
Jakub Paul (born 22 March 1999) is a Swiss tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 74 achieved on 10 November 2025 and a singles ranking of No. 288 achieved in 25 August 2025.
Kawasaki KDX125
Kawasaki made the KDX125 starting in 1990 with model A1 and ending in 1999 with model B6, The KDX125 was a road going version of the KX125 and was known as the enduro version of the KMX125. With a dry weight of 104 kg (229 lb) and power output of 24 bhp (18 kW) the KDX125's two-stroke engine managed a top speed of 64 mph (103 km/h).. The full power model or derestricted version was capable of 80-85 mph and power increase from 12 - 24 bhp.This model was the 'B' version for anyone with a full bike licence. The 'A' model could be derestricted by cutting the washer from the downpipe or buying an after market down pipe. Unlike its sister bike the KMX the washer was hidden, no longer at the entry point, it's placed in the exhaust, around 35 cm back from the entry, restricting gas outflow.... The kmx was more comfortable.. as quick ..cheaper, easier to derestrict,  and more common ...with its slightly lighter 99 kg dry weight ..

Enduro
Enduro is a form of motorcycle sport run on extended cross-country, off-road courses. Enduro consists of many different obstacles and challenges. The main type of enduro event, and the format to which the World Enduro Championship is run, is a time-card enduro, whereby a number of stages are raced in a time trial against the clock.
Nissan QR engine
The QR family of inline-four piston engines by Nissan were introduced in 1999 and range from 2.0 to 2.5 L (1,998 to 2,488 cc) in displacement. These motors are aluminum, dual overhead camshaft (DOHC), four-valve designs with variable valve timing and optional direct injection. The engine shares much of its architecture with the YD diesel engine.

Nissan Frontier
The Nissan Frontier is a nameplate used on three different pickup truck models by Nissan:

Nissan Frontier (international), an alternative nameplate for the NP300/Navara on some markets.

Nissan Frontier (North America), a rebadged NP300/Navara from 1997 to 2021, then became a separate model since 2021.

Nissan Frontier Pro, a rebadged Dongfeng Z9 that will be available from 2025.

Nissan Frontier (international)

Nissan Frontier (North America)

Nissan Frontier Pro
Upper Morava Valley
The Upper Morava Valley (Czech: Hornomoravský úval) is a lowland and a geomorphological mesoregion of the Czech Republic. It is located in the Olomouc and Zlín regions. Its name is derived from the Morava river that forms the axis of the territory.

Geomorphological division of the Czech Republic
In terms of geomorphological division, the Czech Republic is a very diverse territory, located in the territory of four geomorphological provinces within four geomorphological subsystems. The Bohemian Massif within the sub-system of Hercynian Forest forms three quarters of the country. The southeastern and eastern part of the Czech territory belongs to the Western Carpathians within the Carpathian Mountains. The remaining two provinces, Western Pannonian Plain within the Pannonian Basin and North European Plain within the European Plain, cover only a small part of the Czech territory in the southeast and northeast.

The provinces are further subdivided into subprovinces, macroregions, mesoregions, microregions and areas. The generally accepted division of the relief of the Czech Republic into subprovinces, macroregions and mesoregions is given below.
Porticus Argonautarum
The Porticus Argonautarum (Latin for the "Portico of the Argonauts"; Italian: Portico degli Argonauti), also known as the Portico of Agrippa (Latin: Porticus Agrippae or Agrippiana) was a portico in ancient Rome.

The building was located in the Saepta Julia, a large square in the Campus Martius used for public comitia (assemblies). The square, a large free space surrounded by porticoes, was finished by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral and friend  of emperor Augustus, in 27 BC. The portico of the Argonauts was added in 25 BC, to commemorate Agrippa's naval victories in 31 BC: it took its name from its decorations, which depicted the mythological expedition of Jason.

Studies of the Forma Urbis (an ancient detailed plan of Rome) have located the portico in what is now Via della Minerva, near the basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

A brickwork wall preserved along the eastern side of the Pantheon has been assigned to the Porticus Argonautarum.

Argonauts
The Argonauts (/ˈɑːrɡənɔːt/ AR-gə-nawt; Ancient Greek: Ἀργοναῦται, romanized: Argonaûtai, lit. 'Argo sailors') were a band of heroes in Greek mythology, who in the years before the Trojan War (around 1300 BC) accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their name comes from their ship, Argo, named after its builder, Argus. They were sometimes called Minyans, after a prehistoric tribe in the area.
James Montgomery (composer)
James Louis Montgomery (born 6 February 1943) is a Canadian  music composer, performer, and arts administrator. For about 20 years he was the artistic director of The Music Gallery. He is also a founding member of the Canadian Electronic Ensemble with whom he performs and records. As a composer he is known for incorporating electronic technology into his works.

Arts administration
Arts administration (alternatively arts management) is a field in the arts sector that facilitates programming within cultural organizations. Arts administrators are responsible for facilitating the day-to-day operations of the organization as well as the long term goals by and fulfilling its vision, mission and mandate. Arts management became present in the arts and culture sector in the 1960s. Organizations include professional non-profit (referred to as not-for-profit in Canada) entities. For examples, theaters, museums, symphony orchestras, concert bands, jazz organizations, opera houses, ballet companies and many smaller professional and non-professional for-profit arts-related organizations (e.g. auction houses, art galleries, music companies, etc.). The duties of an arts administrator can include staff management, marketing, budget management, public relations, fundraising, program development evaluation, community engagement, strategic planning, and board relations.
Rapi Films
PT Rapi Films is an Indonesian film production company of mostly exploitation films which was founded in 1968 and was internationally successful mostly in the 1980s. They produced many martial arts films and horror films involving black magic, inspired by old Indonesian legends. Directors who worked for them during this period include Ratno Timoer, H. Tjut Djalil and Sisworo Gautama Putra.

Today they produce mostly TV-series and some feature films.

Production company
A production company, production house, or production studio is a studio that creates works in the fields of performing arts, new media art, film, television, radio, comics, interactive arts, video games, websites, music, and video. These groups consist of technical staff and members to 
produce the media, and are often incorporated as a commercial publisher.

Generally the term refers to all individuals responsible for the technical aspects of creating a particular product, regardless of where in the process their expertise is required, or how long they are involved in the project.  For example, in a theatrical performance, the production team has not only the running crew, but also the theatrical producer, designers, and theatrical direction.
1995 NASCAR Busch Series
The 1995 NASCAR Busch Series was held February 18 and ended November 5. Johnny Benson of BACE Motorsports won the championship.

This was the first season to utilize V8 engines after having used V6 engines since the series began in 1982.

Mike McLaughlin (racing driver)
Michael McLaughlin (born October 6, 1956) is an American former professional stock car racing driver. Nicknamed "Magic Shoes", McLaughlin was a perennial fan favorite, winning the Most Popular Driver award in 1997. He also scored several wins and top-five points finishes in the points standings in the NASCAR Busch Series.
AJ Agazarm
AJ Agazarm (born July 26, 1989) is an American submission grappler and mixed martial artist.

A multiple-time champion in colored belts, Agazarm is a black belt world no-gi champion, Pan American no-gi champion, Brazilian national no-gi champion, European no-gi champion as well as an ADCC World Championship runner-up. In 2019, Agazarm started a professional MMA career by signing with Bellator.

Black belt
In East Asian martial arts, the black belt is associated with expertise, but may indicate only competence, depending on the martial art. The use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention dating from the 1880s.
Cat Mazza
Cat Mazza is an American textile artist. Her practice combines tactical media, activism, craft-based art making and animation in a form that has frequently been described as craftivism. She is the founder of the craftivist collective microRevolt. Mazza is an associate professor of art at the University of Massachusetts Boston.

University of Massachusetts Boston
The University of Massachusetts Boston (UMass Boston) is a public university in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

The university is a member of the Coalition of Urban Serving Universities and the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production". It is the only public research university in Boston and the third-largest campus in the five-campus University of Massachusetts system.
Martin Rýgl
Martin Rýgl (born 14 May 1986, in Jablonec nad Nisou) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays with HC Bílí Tygři Liberec in the Czech Extraliga.

Rýgl previously played for HC Dukla Jihlava, HC Berounští Medvědi, BK Mladá Boleslav, HC Znojemští Orli, HC Olomouc and HC Benátky nad Jizerou.

Jablonec nad Nisou
Jablonec nad Nisou ([ˈjablonɛts ˈnad ɲɪsou] ⓘ; German: Gablonz an der Neiße) is a city in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 46,000 inhabitants. It is the second-largest city in the region. It is a local centre for education, and is known for its glass and jewelry production, especially for bijou. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Darren Senter
Darren Senter (born 28 March 1972) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Balmain Tigers and Wests Tigers. Senter primarily played in the hooker position. He captained the Tigers from 1999 until 2004.

Balmain Tigers
The Balmain Tigers (also known as the Sydney Tigers from 1995 to 1996) are a rugby league club based in the inner-western Sydney suburb of Balmain. They were a founding member of the New South Wales Rugby League and one of the most successful in the history of the premiership, with eleven titles. In 1999 they formed a joint venture club with the Western Suburbs Magpies club to form the Wests Tigers for competition in the National Rugby League (NRL). They no longer field any senior teams in the lower divisions. At the time of the joint venture only South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St George Dragons had won more titles than the Tigers.

The club's home grounds are at present Leichhardt Oval, in Lilyfield, and T.G Milner Sportsground, in Marsfield.
BN Radio
BN Radio is a Bosnian commercial radio station, broadcasting from Bijeljina.

BN Radio began broadcasting in 1995 and was formatted as Variety radio station with Folk or Turbo-folk music, talk shows and news. RTV BN is the owner of the BN Radio, together with other 3 TV channels (Analog BN Televizija and Cable BN Televizija, BN Music) and BN Music record label.

Banja Luka
Banja Luka (Serbian Cyrillic: Бања Лука, pronounced [bǎɲa lǔːka] ⓘ) or Banjaluka (Serbian Cyrillic: Бањалука, pronounced [baɲalǔːka]) is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the most populous in Republika Srpska. It is Republika Srpska‘s main economic, political, and administrative center. Banja Luka is the traditional centre of the densely forested Bosanska Krajina region of northwestern Bosnia & Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, the city proper has a population of 138,963, while its administrative area comprises a total of 185,042 inhabitants.

The city is home to the University of Banja Luka and the University Clinical Center of the Republika Srpska, as well as numerous entities and state institutions for the Republika Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina, respectively. The city is located on the Vrbas river. Banja Luka was designated a European city of Sport in 2018.
Broletto
A broletto in medieval Italian communes was the place where the whole population met for democratic assemblies, and where the elected men lived and administered justice.

Broletto is an ancient Italian word, from Medieval Latin "broilum, brogilum", which probably derives from a Celtic word. Its first meaning is "little orchard or garden"; hence the meaning "field surrounded by a wall".

Ancient broletti are major buildings in Milan, Brescia, Pavia, Piacenza, Como, Monza, Reggio Emilia, Novara and others. Several places or buildings in northern Italy are called "broletto".

Guelphs and Ghibellines
The Guelphs and Ghibellines (/ˈɡwɛlfs ... ˈɡɪbɪlaɪnz/ GWELFS ... GHIB-il-ynze, US also /-liːnz, -lɪnz/ -⁠eenz, -⁠inz; Italian: guelfi e ghibellini [ˈɡwɛlfi e ɡibelˈliːni, -fj e -]) were factions supporting the pope (Guelphs) and the Holy Roman emperor (Ghibellines) in the Italian city-states of Central and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages. During the 12th and 13th centuries, rivalry between these two parties dominated political life across Italy. The struggle for power between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire arose with the Investiture Controversy, which began in 1075 and ended with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.