hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leadmine Wildlife Management Area
Leadmine Wildlife Management Area is a 640-acre (260 ha) wildlife conservation area located in Holland and Sturbridge, Massachusetts. The conservation area abuts the Tantiusques reservation and its satellite Crowd Site, owned by The Trustees of Reservations. It is managed by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Hunting (in season), hiking, and other outdoor recreational pursuits are enjoyed on the property.

The conservation area is named after the nearby colonial-era graphite mining industry at Tantiusques.

Note that the Leadmine WMA pond depicted on this page may no longer exist in the same form (or even as a pond anymore) as in 2017 the dams were removed from the three adjacent ponds (Upper Pond, Middle Pond and Lower Pond) which were then linked in series by Hamant Brook.

Graphite
Graphite (/ˈɡræfaɪt/) is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions.  Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3 million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries including refractories (50%), lithium-ion batteries (18%), foundries (10%), and lubricants (5%), among others (17%). Graphite converts to diamond under extremely high pressure and temperature. Graphite's low cost, thermal and chemical inertness and characteristic conductivity of heat and electricity finds numerous applications in high energy and high temperature processes.
Ustye, Ust-Kubinsky District, Vologda Oblast
Ustye (Russian: У́стье), also known as Ustye-Kubenskoye (У́стье-Ку́бенское), is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Ust-Kubinsky District of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the banks of the Kubena River close to its confluence with Lake Kubenskoye. It also serves as the administrative center of Ustyansky Selsoviet, one of the ten selsoviets into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Ustyanskoye Rural Settlement. Until 2004, Ustye had urban-type settlement status. Population:  3,938 (2010 census); 4,148 (2002 census); 4,534 (1989 Soviet census).

Kamenny Monastery
Spas-Kamenny Monastery (Russian: Спасо-Каменный монастырь) was the name of a Russian Orthodox monastery situated on a small eponymous island in the very centre of the Kubensky Lake, in Ust-Kubinsky District of Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is distinguished as the first stone monastery of the Russian North.
Shorterville, Alabama
Shorterville is an unincorporated community in Henry County, Alabama, United States. Shorterville is located on Alabama State Route 10, 8.8 miles (14.2 km) east of Abbeville. Shorterville has a post office with ZIP code 36373.

Abbeville, Alabama
Abbeville /ˈæbɪvɪl/ is a city in and the county seat of Henry County, in the southeast part of Alabama, United States. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2020 census, the population was 2,358.
The Wicked Earl
The Wicked Earl is a 1927 comedy play by the British-American writer Walter Hackett. A British earl travels to New Mexico to find out more about his heritage.

It ran for 31 performances at His Majesty's Theatre in London's West End. The original cast included Cyril Maude, Alfred Drayton, Marion Lorne, Joyce Kennedy, Stella Arbenina, George Bellamy, O.B. Clarence and Sam Livesey.

O. B. Clarence
Oliver Burchett Clarence (25 March 1870, Hampstead, London – 2 October 1955, Hove, Sussex) was an English actor.

Following his education at Dover College and University College Hospital, he made his stage debut in 1890. His experience included Shakespearean and other repertory with Frank Benson and Ben Greet. He performed in more than eighty productions in London, originating roles in plays by W. S. Gilbert, Bernard Shaw and others. He toured the provinces, appeared several times on Broadway, and made many films between 1914 and 1948.
Quinto Vadi
Quinto Vadi (13 September 1921 – 17 March 2014) was an Italian gymnast who competed at the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. In 1948 his best individual finish was 13th in the men's pommel horse and his team was ranked 5th among 16 nations in the men's team all-around. In 1952 Italy was 10th among 22 nations in the team exercises and Vadi's best placing was joint 57th in the men's pommel horse. He later served as a teacher, athletics instructor, and trainer with P.G. Libertas. Vadi was born in Faenza and died in Prato, aged 92.

Pommel horse
The pommel horse, also known as vaulting horse, or "hobble horse" is an artistic gymnastics apparatus. Traditionally, it is used by only male gymnasts. Originally made of a metal frame with a wooden body and a leather cover, the modern pommel horse has a metal body covered with foam rubber and leather, with plastic pommels (handles). A similar apparatus designed for physical education lessons is called a vaulting buck.
Chatham (surname)
Chatham is the surname of:

C. J. Chatham (born 1994), American baseball player

Charles Chatham (1910–1994), English cricketer

Gerald Chatham (1906–1956), American lawyer, lead prosecutor in the Emmett Till case

John Chatham (Australian politician) (1866–1925)

John Purnell Chatham (1872–1914), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient

Ray Chatham (1924–1999), English footballer

Rhys Chatham (born 1952), American musician

Richard Thurmond Chatham (1896–1957), American politician

Russell Chatham (1939–2019), American landscape artist

William Chatham (1859–1941), Scottish-born engineer and government official of Hong Kong

Charles Chatham
Charles Henry Chatham (18 June 1910 – 24 February 1994) was an English cricketer: a right-handed batsman and right arm medium-pace bowler who played a single first-class match, for Worcestershire against Oxford University at The Parks in May 1934. He made 8 and 4, and took 1-49, his only first-class wicket being that of Edward Moss.

He was born in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, and died at the age of 83 in Cheltenham.
2023 in paleoichthyology
This list of fossil fish research presented in 2023 is a list of new fossil taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described during the year, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2023.

Pucapampella
Pucapampella is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish from the Middle Devonian of Bolivia and Peru. As currently defined it includes only the type species P. rodrigae, although it is possible several yet-unnamed species are represented under this name. Spine-like organs assigned to the genus Zamponiopteron may belong to Pucapampella, but the two are not known to be directly associated. Pucapampella is one of the earliest known cartilaginous fish, and is unique due to features of its skull and teeth.
Werner Stauffacher
Werner Stauffacher was supposedly the name of the representative of the canton of Schwyz, one of the three founding cantons at the legendary Rütlischwur of 1291, as told by Aegidius Tschudi.

Many members of the Stauffacher family held the office of Landammann of Schwyz during the 13th and 14th century, most notably among them a certain Werner Stauffacher, leader of the Confederate troops at the Battle of Morgarten. According to legend, his wife was Gertrud Stauffacher.

In Zürich, a tram stop (Stauffacher), a street, a bridge and a quai are named for Stauffacher. In December 2003, the city renamed a square from "Stauffacherplatz" to Ernst-Nobs-Platz, as it was confused with the tram stop. In other Swiss towns, there are "Stauffacherstrasse" (Arbon, Bätterkinden, Bern, Emmenbrücke, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen), "Via Stauffacher" (Lugano), "Im Stauffacher" (Bennau) or a "Stauffacherweg" (Lucerne, Solothurn, Zuchwil).

Emmen, Switzerland
Emmen (German pronunciation: [ˈɛmən]) is a village and municipality in the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The municipality Emmen consists of the village Emmen, the town Emmenbrücke, and several hamlets.
Sallertaine
Sallertaine (French pronunciation: [salɛʁtɛn]) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.

Apart from the two historical churches, the village is well known as an arts and crafts community due to the number of independent craftsmen and women who occupy various outlets, often in former homes, during the summer months. These range from potters and painters to jewellers and purveyors of fine, local foods. There is also a bread making museum that uses multi-lingual audio-commentary to illustrate how French artisan bakers make their famous products. It is possible for visitors to try their hand at bread making. On several evenings during the summer the village has live entertainment attracting French and foreign visitors. The village is also a centre for canoe hire from where the local salt marshes can be explored, including guided tours.

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (French pronunciation: [pe.i d(ə) la lwaʁ]) is one of the eighteen administrative regions of France, located on the country's Atlantic coast. It was created in the 1950s to serve as a zone of influence for its capital and most populated city, Nantes, one of a handful of French "balancing metropolises" (métropoles d'équilibre). In 2020, Pays de la Loire had a population of 3,832,120.
Cilansetron
Cilansetron is an experimental drug that is a 5-HT3 antagonist under development by Solvay Pharmaceuticals.

5-HT3 receptors are responsible for causing many things from nausea to excess bowel movements. In conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the receptors have become faulty or oversensitive. 5-HT3 antagonists work by blocking the nervous and chemical signals from reaching these receptors.

Studies have shown that the drug can improve quality of life in men and women with diarrhea-predominant IBS. Cilansetron is the first 5-HT antagonist specifically designed for IBS that is effective in men as well as women.

In 2005, Solvay received response from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that cilansertron is not approvable without additional clinical trials; further development has been discontinued.

Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug. The entire process—from concept through preclinical testing in the laboratory to clinical trial development, including Phase I–III trials—to approved vaccine or drug typically takes more than a decade.
Timeline of the 2008 Canadian federal election
The 2008 Canadian federal election (more formally, the 40th Canadian General Election) was held on Tuesday, October 14, 2008 to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 40th Canadian Parliament after the previous parliament had been dissolved by the Governor General on September 7, 2008. The election yielded a minority government under the Conservative Party of Canada, led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

The election call resulted in the cancellation of four federal by-elections that had been scheduled to occur in September.

Guelph (federal electoral district)
Guelph (formerly Guelph—Wellington) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. This riding has had a Liberal MP since 1993.

From 2008 until his decision not to run in 2015, the riding's parliamentary seat was held by Liberal MP Frank Valeriote. Valeriote had announced his intention to retire on November 15, 2014.
The Liberal candidate in the 2015 federal election in the riding was Lloyd Longfield, who previously served as president of the Guelph Chamber of Commerce. Longfield was first elected on October 19, 2015 and reelected on October 21, 2019.
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses) is a national park in Maranhão state in northeastern Brazil, just east of the Baía de São José. Protected on June 2, 1981, the 155,000 ha (380,000-acre) park includes 70 km (43 mi) of coastline, and an interior composed of rolling sand dunes. During the rainy season, the valleys among the dunes fill with freshwater lagoons, prevented from draining by the impermeable rock beneath. The park is home to a range of species, including four listed as endangered, and has become a popular destination for ecotourists.

In July 2024, the site was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its exceptional beauty and the fact that it is a unique natural aspect in the world.

Baía de São José
The Baía de São José (Portuguese pronunciation: [baˈi.ɐ d(ʒi) sɐ̃w ʒuˈzɛ]) is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean in the state of Maranhão in northeastern Brazil.

The bay is an estuary which receives several rivers, including the Itapecuru and Munim.

São Luís Island, also known as Maranhão Island or Upaon-açu Island, separates the Baía de São José from the Baía de São Marcos just to the west. São Luís Island is home to São Luís, Maranhão's capital.
California Historical Landmarks in Mono County
This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Mono County, California. Click the "Map of all coordinates" link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.

Mono County, California
Mono County (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) is a county located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 13,195, making it the fourth-least populous county in California. The county seat is Bridgeport. The county is located east of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Nevada. The only incorporated town in the county is Mammoth Lakes, which is located at the foot of Mammoth Mountain.  Other locations, such as June Lake, are also famous as skiing and fishing resorts. Located in the middle of the county is Mono Lake, a vital habitat for millions of migratory and nesting birds. The lake is located in a wild natural setting, with pinnacles of tufa arising out of the salty and alkaline lake. Also located in Mono County is Bodie, the official state gold rush ghost town, which is now a California State Historic Park.
R409 (South Africa)
The R409 is a Regional Route in South Africa. Its northern terminus is the R61 between Cofimvaba and Ngcobo. It heads south-east to Tsomo where it meets with the eastern terminus of the R352. From Tsomo, it continues south-east, through Nqamakwe to the N2 at Ndabakazi. It is cosigned with the N2 for 12 km east to Butterworth. From Butterworth, it heads south-east again to Kentani, where it reaches its southern terminus at the R349.

Ngcobo
Ngcobo, alternatively rendered Engcobo, is a town in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

Ngcobo is the main town of the Engcobo Local Municipality, which falls within the Chris Hani District Municipality of the Eastern Cape. It is situated in the western part of the former bantustan of Transkei. Ngcobo is along R61 surrounded by the towns of Cofimvaba, Dutywa, Mthatha, Elliot and Cala.Mbashe River separates Ngcobo from Mthatha. Durbame used gor peasants
Bruce Major
Bruce Alan Major (born January 3, 1967) is a Canadian-born American businessman and former ice hockey player. He played 4 games in the National Hockey League for the Quebec Nordiques during the 1990–91 season.

Quebec Nordiques
The Quebec Nordiques (French: Nordiques de Québec, pronounced [nɔʁdzɪk] in Quebec French, /nɔːrˈdiːks/ nor-DEEKS in Canadian English; translated "Northmen" or "Northerners") were a professional ice hockey team based in Quebec City. The Nordiques played in the World Hockey Association (1972–1979) and the National Hockey League (1979–1995). The franchise was relocated to Denver in May 1995 and renamed the Colorado Avalanche. They played their home games at the Colisée de Québec from 1972 to 1995.

The Nordiques were the only major professional sports team based in Quebec City in the modern era, and one of two ever; the other, the Quebec Bulldogs, played in the National Hockey Association (NHA) from 1910 to 1917 and one season in the NHL in 1919–20.
Philippe Bender
Philippe Bender (born 25 February 1942 in Besançon, France) is a French flautist and conductor.

In 1976, he was appointed artistic director and permanent chef of the Orchestre national de Cannes He is also titular conductor and artistic director of the Orchestre symphonique des Baléares in Palma de Mallorca.

In 2013, he retired and was succeeded by Wolfgang Doerner as head of the Orchestre national de Cannes.

Palma de Mallorca
Palma, also known as Palma de Mallorca (officially between 1983–1988, 2006–2008, and 2012–2016), is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. It is situated on the south coast of Mallorca on the Bay of Palma. With a population of 438,234 as of 2024, it is the 8th-largest city in Spain.

The Cabrera Archipelago, though widely separated from Palma proper, is part of the municipality.
Astragalus lentiformis
Astragalus lentiformis is a species of milkvetch known by the common name lens-pod milkvetch. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada in eastern Plumas County, California, where it grows in chaparral scrub and coniferous forests.

Plumas County, California
Plumas County (/ˈpluːməs/ ⓘ) is a county located in the Sierra Nevada of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 19,790. The county seat is Quincy, and the only incorporated city is Portola. The largest community in the county is East Quincy. The county was named for the Spanish Río de las Plumas (the Feather River), which flows through it. It is also the namesake of a native moth species, Hadena plumasata.
1960 La Flèche Wallonne
The 1960 La Flèche Wallonne was the 24th edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 9 May 1960. The race started in Liège and finished in Charleroi. The race was won by Pino Cerami of the Peugeot team.

Peugeot (cycling team)
Peugeot team was a French professional cycling team that promoted and rode Peugeot racing bikes.

It is listed as the most successful cycling team of all time on cyclingranking.com, with a large margin on the second placed team, Alcyon.
Carcosa
Carcosa (/kɑːrˈkoʊsə/) is a fictional city in Ambrose Bierce's short story "An Inhabitant of Carcosa" (1886). The ancient and mysterious city is barely described and is viewed only in hindsight (after its destruction) by a character who once lived there.

American writer Robert W. Chambers borrowed the name "Carcosa" for several of his short stories featured in the 1895 book The King in Yellow, inspiring generations of authors to similarly use Carcosa in their own works.

Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were.

After an event has occurred, people often believe that they could have predicted or perhaps even known with a high degree of certainty what the outcome of the event would be before it occurred. Hindsight bias may cause distortions of memories of what was known or believed before an event occurred and is a significant source of overconfidence in one’s ability to predict the outcomes of future events. Examples of hindsight bias can be seen in the writings of historians describing the outcomes of battles, in physicians’ recall of clinical trials, and in criminal or civil trials as people tend to assign responsibility on the basis of the supposed predictability of accidents.
Amasa Sprague Jr.
Amasa Sprague (December 19, 1828 – August 2, 1902) was an American businessman and politician from Rhode Island. Born into an influential family, Sprague was a multi-millionaire textile industrialist until the Panic of 1873. He held various political offices in Rhode Island and was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Rhode Island in the 1886 election.

Governor of Rhode Island
The governor of Rhode Island is the head of government of the U.S. state of Rhode Island and serves as commander-in-chief and Captain-General of the state's Army National Guard and Air National Guard. The current governor is Dan McKee, a member of the Democratic Party. In their capacity as commander of the national guard, the governor of Rhode Island also has the title of captain general. Rhode Island is one of the few states that currently does not have a governor's mansion or other official residence.
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Atomic Energy
The Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Atomic Energy (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасының Атом энергиясы жөніндегі агенттігі; Russian: Агентство Республики Казахстан по атомной энергии) is a state body responsible for subsoil use, use of nuclear energy, ensuring radiation safety of the population and the operation of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Safety Zone in the field of uranium mining. The agency is directly subordinate to and accountable to the president of Kazakhstan.

Almasadam Sätqaliev
Almasadam Maidanūly Sätqaliev (Kazakh: Алмасадам Майданұлы Сәтқалиев, Russian: Алмасадам Майданович Саткалиев; born 31 October 1970) is a Kazakh politician, who serving as the Minister of Energy of Kazakhstan since April 2023. Previously, he served as the chairman of the Samruk-Kazyna from 2021 to 2023.
Barbara Rose
Barbara Ellen Rose (June 11, 1936 – December 25, 2020) was an American art historian, art critic, curator, and college professor. Rose's criticism focused on 20th-century American art, particularly minimalism and abstract expressionism, as well as Spanish art. "ABC Art", her influential 1965 essay, defined and outlined the historical basis of minimalist art. She also wrote a widely used textbook, American Art Since 1900: A Critical History.

Art in America
Art in America (A.i.A.) is an illustrated quarterly, international magazine concentrating on the contemporary art world in the United States, including profiles of artists and genres, updates about art movements, show reviews and event schedules. It is designed for collectors, artists, art dealers, art professionals and other readers interested in the art world.

Previously a monthly publication, the magazine scaled back to quarterly issues in the 2020s after ownership changes and a merger with the publication ARTnews. Articles from Art in America are published online on the ARTnews website.
Samoan Assemblies of God in New Zealand
The New Zealand Samoan Assemblies of God (SA/G) or (SAOG), officially The General Council of the Samoan Assemblies of God in New Zealand Inc. are a group of Pentecostal congregations predominantly made up of Samoan people (the Tokelauan Assemblies of God also come under the Samoan jurisdiction). They are affiliated with the Samoan Assemblies of God church.

Second Coming
The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is the Christian and Islamic belief that Jesus Christ will return to Earth after his ascension to Heaven (the Ascension is said to have occurred about two thousand years ago). The idea is based on messianic prophecies and is part of most Christian eschatologies.

In Islamic eschatology, Jesus (ʿĪsā ibn Maryam) is also believed to return in the end times. According to Islamic belief, he will descend from Heaven to defeat the false messiah (al-Masih ad-Dajjal), restore justice, and reaffirm monotheism. His return is regarded as one of the major signs of the Day of Judgment, and he is viewed as a revered prophet, not divine, in Islamic theology.

Other faiths have various interpretations of it.