hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cliodynamics
Cliodynamics (/ˌkliːoʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/) is a transdisciplinary area of research that integrates cultural evolution, economic history/cliometrics, macrosociology, the mathematical modeling of historical processes during the longue durée, and the construction and analysis of historical databases.

Cliodynamics treats history as science. Its practitioners develop theories that explain such dynamical processes as the rise and fall of empires, population booms and busts, and the spread and disappearance of religions. These theories are translated into mathematical models. Finally, model predictions are tested against data. Thus, building and analyzing massive databases of historical and archaeological information is one of the most important goals of cliodynamics.

Daria Khaltourina
Daria Andreyevna Khaltourina (Russian: Дáрья Андрéевна Халтýрина; born 4 January 1979 in Chelyabinsk) is a Russian sociologist, anthropologist, demographer, and a public figure. She is the head of the Group of the Monitoring of Global and Regional Risks of the Russian Academy of Sciences, co-chairperson of the Russian Coalition for Alcohol Control, as well as the Russian Coalition for Tobacco Control. She is a laureate of the Russian Science Support Foundation Award in "The Best Economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences" nomination (2006).
Nils Ahnlund
Nils Ahnlund (23 August 1889 – 11 January 1957) was a Swedish historian. He was professor of history at the then-Stockholm University College 1928–1955, and became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1941. He was the father of physician Hans Olof Ahnlund, literary scientist Knut Ahnlund and the grandfather of journalist and writer Nathan Shachar.

Swedish Academy
The Swedish Academy (Swedish: Svenska Akademien), founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Its 18 members, who are elected for life, comprise the highest Swedish language authority. Outside Scandinavia, it is best known as the body that chooses the laureates for the annual Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel.
Ska Daddyz
Ska Daddyz is an American ska band from Silver Strand Beach in Oxnard, California. They were founded in 1993. They are known for their cover version of Eagles', "Hotel California".

Ska Daddyz have played alongside bands such as Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, The Specials, No Doubt and Save Ferris across the west-coast. At the Ska-Summit 2003 in Las Vegas, the band joined acts with The Mighty Mighty Bosstones and Madness. The SkaDaddyZ describe their music as a blend of ska, funk, rasta, and punk - all this presented with extreme energy. The band has a self-produced album Rude Boyz with Übersee Records. Darren "Zorba" Cruz and Blake Cruz are both brothers of Brandon Cruz, the child actor of The Courtship of Eddie's Father fame, also lead singer of Nardcore original punks Dr. Know and Dead Kennedys.

Save Ferris
Save Ferris is an American ska punk band formed circa 1995 in Orange County, California, United States. Their name is a reference to the 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. In 1995, the band began to perform underground venues in Southern California. In 1996, the band won a Grammy showcase award for best unsigned band and a contract with Epic Records. Their album It Means Everything from 1997 was their first full-length album. By 1999, the band moved from ska-pop into pop-punk. After a hiatus, in 2017, Save Ferris released the Checkered Past EP.

The band is best remembered for their 1997 cover of "Come On Eileen", originally by the British new wave band Dexys Midnight Runners.
Carassea
Carassea is a fungal genus in the family Cladoniaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2002 by the Finnish lichenologist Soili Stenroos. A monotypic genus, Carassea contains the single species Carassea connexa, a fruticose lichen. This species, originally named Cladonia connexa, was first documented by Edvard August Vainio, who collected specimens from Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1885, and published a description of the species in the first of his three-volume Monographia Cladoniarum universalis. The Cladoniaceae genera most closely related to Carassea include Pycnothelia and Metus.

Fruticose lichen
A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts.  Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but are a form encountered in many classes.  Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow slowly and often occur in habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions.
S.S. Farwell House
The S.S. Farwell House is a historic building located in Monticello, Iowa, United States.  Farwell was an Ohio native who settled in Iowa in 1852, and spent of couple years in the late 1850s in Missouri before returning to the Monticello area.  He was engaged in farming before the American Civil War, during which he served as a captain in the 31st Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He saw action at Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, and Missionary Ridge.  He mustered out as a major.  After the war he served in the Iowa Senate and in various political appointments before becoming a banker.  The two-story, frame house was built in two parts.  The original Italianate section was completed in 1868, and the Colonial Revival addition with the front porch was added about 1909.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Iowa Senate
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 63,807 per constituency, as of the 2020 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Gallicano
Gallicano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lucca in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Florence and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Lucca.

The municipality is located in Serchio Valley, on the west bank of the Serchio river. It is served by Barga-Gallicano railway station located on the opposite side of the river, accessible by a bridge built in 1923.

Gallicano borders the following municipalities: Barga, Borgo a Mozzano, Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, Coreglia Antelminelli, Fabbriche di Vallico, Fosciandora, Molazzana, Fabbriche di Vergemoli.

Lucca
Lucca (/ˈluːkə/ LOO-kə, Italian: [ˈlukka] ⓘ) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain.

The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance-era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower, a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century  and the Cathedral of San Martino.

The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.
French ship Éole (1693)
Éole was a second rank two-decker ship of the line of the French Royal Navy. She was armed with 64 guns, comprising twenty-four 24-pounder guns on the lower deck and twenty-six 12-pounder guns on the upper deck, with eight 6-pounder guns on the quarterdeck and six 6-pounder guns on the forecastle.

Designed by Joseph Andrault, Marquis de Langeron, and built by Pierre Chaillé, she was begun at Le Havre in July 1692 as one of the replacements for the ships destroyed by an English attack at La Hougue in June 1692. She was launched in February 1693 and completed in May 1693.

Éole, along with her sister ship Saint Louis, took part in the Battle of Vélez-Málaga on 24 August 1704 and was subsequently scuttled at Toulon in July 1707, but was later raised. She was sold in 1710 to be taken to pieces.

Second-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a second-rate was a ship of the line which by the start of the 18th century mounted 90 to 98 guns on three gun decks; earlier 17th-century second rates had fewer guns and were originally two-deckers or had only partially armed third gun decks. A "second rate" was the second largest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.

They were essentially smaller and hence cheaper versions of the 100-gun first-rates. Like the first rates, they fought in the line of battle, but unlike the first rates, which were considered too valuable to risk in distant stations, the second rates often served also in major overseas stations as flagships. They had a reputation for poor handling and slow sailing. They were popular as flagships of admirals commanding the Windward and/or Leeward Islands station, which was usually a Rear-admiral of the red.
The Electors' Action Movement
The Electors' Action Movement (TEAM) was a centrist political party from 1968 to the mid-1980s at the municipal level in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It fielded candidates for the office of mayor as well as for positions on the City Council, School Board, and Park Board. It was most successful in the 1970s when it held the majority of council seats from 1972 to 1976.

Retrospective accounts of TEAM have painted it as distinctly shifting civic governance in Vancouver when it gained power. Rod Mickleburgh of The Globe and Mail wrote in 2013 that TEAM's Art Phillips' four years as mayor "were pivotal in changing the face of Canada's third largest city, just when it seemed to be headed for pell-mell, American-style development that was ruining so many cities south of the border". May Brown, one of the original TEAM members who represented the party on council for ten years, told Pat Johnson of the Vancouver Courier in 1999 that "TEAM radically altered the face of city government".

Kitsilano
Kitsilano (/kɪtsəˈlænoʊ/ kit-sə-LAN-oh) is a neighbourhood in the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Named after Squamish chief August Jack Khatsahlano, Kitsilano is located along the southern shore of English Bay between Fairview and West Point Grey, with Burrard Street as the neighbourhood's eastern boundary, Alma Street its western boundary, and 16th Avenue its southern boundary. The area is mostly residential with two main commercial areas, West 4th Avenue and West Broadway, known for their retail stores, restaurants and organic food markets.
Pikes Peak Ocean to Ocean Highway
Pikes Peak Ocean to Ocean Highway was an early coast-to-coast highway in the United States. The route crossed the nation from New York City to Los Angeles, and was in direct competition with the Lincoln Highway and the National Old Trails Road. Its route markers were marked PP-OO.

U.S. Route 36
U.S. Route 36 (US 36) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway that travels approximately 1,414 miles (2,276 km) from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Uhrichsville, Ohio. The highway's western terminus is at Deer Ridge Junction, an intersection in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, where it meets US 34. Its eastern terminus is at US 250 in Uhrichsville, Ohio.
Timeline of Nancy
The history of Nancy, France, the capital city of Lorraine, dates back to at least 800 BC with the earliest signs of human settlement in the area. Early settlers were likely attracted by easily mined iron ore and a ford in the Meurthe River. A small fortified town named Nanciacum (Nancy) was built by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine around 1050.

Meurthe (river)
The Meurthe (French pronunciation: [mœʁt]) is a river in north-eastern France, right tributary to the river Moselle. It is 161 km (100 mi) long. Its source is in the Vosges mountains, near the Col de la Schlucht in the Vosges département, from where it flows in an overall north-westerly direction. Its name gave rise to the naming of the present French département Meurthe-et-Moselle and the former (before the change in the Franco-German border after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870) département Meurthe.

Channelled during its route through Nancy, the river flows into the Moselle at Pompey on the northern edge of Nancy, a short distance down-stream from the Port of Frouard.

Towns along the river Meurthe include:

in Vosges: Fraize, Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, Raon-l'Étape

in Meurthe-et-Moselle: Baccarat, Lunéville and Nancy

Tributaries include:

Fave

Rabodeau

Plaine

Vezouze

Mortagne

Sânon
Simulcra
Simulcra is a 1990 computer game for the Amiga and Atari ST developed by Graftgold  published by MicroStyle. A 3D polygonal third-person shooter, the player controls an attack craft which can switch between ground-based and aerial attack modes, traversing a wireframe virtual environment.

1990 in video games
1990 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, Dr. Mario, Dragon Quest IV, Final Fantasy III, Phantasy Star II, and Super Mario World, along with new titles such as Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light and Magic Sword. The year's highest-grossing arcade video games were Final Fight in Japan and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in the United States. The year's best‑selling system was the Game Boy, while the year's best-selling home video game was Super Mario Bros. 3 for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
Putt's Law and the Successful Technocrat
Putt's Law and the Successful Technocrat is a book, credited to the pseudonym Archibald Putt, published in 1981. An updated edition, subtitled How to Win in the Information Age, was published by Wiley-IEEE Press in 2006.  The book is based upon a series of articles published in Research/Development Magazine in 1976 and 1977.

It proposes Putt's Law and Putt's Corollary which are principles of negative selection similar to the Dilbert principle proposed by Scott Adams in 1995. Putt's law is sometimes grouped together with the Peter principle, Parkinson's Law and Stephen Potter's Gamesmanship series as "P-literature".

Gamesmanship
Gamesmanship is the use of dubious (although not technically illegal) methods to win or gain a serious advantage in a game or sport. It has been described as "pushing the rules to the limit without getting caught, using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired end". It may be inferred that the term derives from the idea of playing for the game (i.e. to win at any cost) as opposed to sportsmanship, which derives from the idea of playing for sport. The term was popularized by Stephen Potter's humorous 1947 book, The Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship (or the Art of Winning Games without Actually Cheating). It had, however, been used before by Ian Coster in his autobiographic book Friends in Aspic, published in 1939, where it was attributed to Francis Meynell.
Loughborough MCC University
Loughborough MCC University (previously known as Loughborough University Centre of Cricketing Excellence) is a cricket coaching centre based at Loughborough University in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England, and the name under which the university's cricket team plays.

The former Loughborough University Centre of Cricketing Excellence played 27 first-class matches from 2001 to 2009. As Loughborough Marylebone Cricket Club University, the team has played fourteen first-class matches from 2010 to 2015.

Loughborough University
Loughborough University (abbreviated as Lough or Lboro for post-nominals) is a public research university in the market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. It has been a university since 1966, but it dates back to 1909, when Loughborough Technical Institute was founded. In March 2013, the university announced it had bought the former broadcast centre at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park as a second campus. The annual income of the institution for 2024–25 was £386.2 million, of which £57.0 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £379.5 million. In 2024, Loughborough ranked ninth nationally for undergraduate education.
Palatine, County Carlow
Palatine (Irish: Na Cnoic Arda) is a village in County Carlow, Ireland. It lies mostly within the townlands of Knockarda and Killyshane, close to the County Kildare border. Its unusual English name bears no relation to its original Irish name, Na Cnoic Arda, which roughly translates as 'high hills'.

"Palatinetown" is mentioned in A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland by Samuel Lewis, 1837:

PALATINETOWN, a hamlet, in the parish of URGLIN, barony and county of CARLOW, and province of LEINSTER, 23⁄4 miles (N. E.) from Carlow, on the road to Castledermot; containing 88 inhabitants. It is said to derive its name from a colony of German refugees, who were driven from their native country, and settled here, in the reign of Louis XIV. The Rt. Hon. B. Burton obtained a patent for four fairs, of which that on the 26th of March is the only one at present held. A constabulary police force is stationed in the village.

Samuel Lewis (publisher)
Samuel Lewis (c. 1782 – 28 February 1865) was a British editor and publisher of topographical dictionaries and maps of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The aim of the texts was to give in "a condensed form" a faithful and impartial description of each place. The firm of Samuel Lewis and Co. was based in London.
St Clair's Meadow
St Clair's Meadow is a  16-hectare (40-acre) nature reserve near Soberton in Hampshire. It is managed by the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust.

The River Meon flows through this grassland site, and it has diverse wildlife. There are water voles and kingfishers along the river, and insects include beautiful demoiselle damselflies, golden-ringed dragonflies and many species of butterfly.

Beautiful demoiselle
The beautiful demoiselle (Calopteryx virgo) is a species of damselfly belonging to the family Calopterygidae. The species has been found in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and are often found nearby fast-flowing waters.
Polski Świętów
Polski Świętów (Polish: [ˈpɔlskʲi ˈɕfjɛntuf], German: Polnisch Wette) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głuchołazy, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north of Głuchołazy, and 12 km (7 mi) south of Nysa.

22 Polish citizens were murdered by Nazi Germany in the village during World War II.

Gmina Głuchołazy
Gmina Głuchołazy is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the town of Głuchołazy, which lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) south of Nysa and 56 km (35 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole.

The gmina covers an area of 167.98 square kilometres (64.9 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 23,707.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Opawskie Mountains Landscape Park.
Bribie Island State High School
Bribie Island State High School is a public co-educational secondary school located in the suburb of Bongaree on Bribie Island, Queensland, Australia. It is administered by the Queensland Department of Education, with an enrolment of 1,176 students and a teaching staff of 98, as of 2023. The school serves students from Year 7 to Year 12.

Department of Education (Queensland)
The Department of Education is a ministerial department of the Queensland Government responsible for the administration and quality of education in Queensland, Australia. The department is composed of two separate portfolios, Education Queensland and Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC). The department also encompasses the Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority, a separate statutory authority responsible for creating syllabuses, curriculums, and assessment.
Luigi Preziosi
Count Sir Luigi Preziosi (29 July 1888 – 30 July 1965) was a Maltese politician and a doctor who specialized in ophthalmology. He was mostly known for devising an original operation for the treatment of glaucoma in 1924, which remained in use for many decades.

Maltese people
The Maltese (Maltese: Maltin) people are an ethnic group native to Malta who speak Maltese, a Semitic language descended from Siculo-Arabic with a substantial Romance superstratum, and share a common Maltese history and culture characterised by Latin Catholicism, which remains the state religion. Malta, an island country in the Mediterranean Sea, is an archipelago that also includes an island of the same name together with the islands of Gozo (Maltese: Għawdex) and Comino (Maltese: Kemmuna); people of Gozo, Gozitans (Maltese: Għawdxin) are considered a subgroup of the Maltese.
Yeong-gi
Yeong-gi, also spelled Yeong-ki, Young-gi, Young-ki, Young-kee, or Yong-gi, is a Korean given name. According to South Korean government data, it was the fourth-most popular name for baby boys born in 1940.

People with this name include:

Choi Yeong-gi (1925–2004), South Korean track and field athlete

An Yong-gi (born 1929), North Korean spy, one of South Korea's unconverted long-term prisoners

Kim Yeong-gi (basketball) (born 1936), South Korean basketball player

Young-Kee Kim (born 1962), South Korean-born American physicist

Verbal (rapper) (born Ryu Young-gi, 1975), Zainichi Korean rapper, member of hip-hop duo m-flo

Min Young-ki (born 1976), South Korean football defender (K-League Challenge)

Kim Yeong-gi (born 1985), Zainichi Korean footballer (J.League)

Son Young-ki (born 1985), South Korean foil fencer

Son Young-ki
Son Young-ki (Korean: 손영기, born 30 May 1985) is a South Korean foil fencer. He won several gold medals at the Asian Fencing Championships. During the 2019 World Fencing Championships he won a bronze medal.
The Beggar's Daughter
The Beggar's Daughter (Italian: La figlia del mendicante) is a 1950 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Carlo Campogalliani and starring Paola Barbara, Franca Maj and Steve Barclay. It is based on a novel of the same name by Carolina Invernizio.

Carolina Invernizio
Carolina Maria Margarita Invernizio (28 March 1851 – 27 November 1916), better known just as Carolina Invenizio, was an Italian novelist. She had a large popular success between late 1800s until her death.
CD Los Boliches
Club Deportivo Los Boliches was a Spanish football team based in Fuengirola, Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Founded in 1973, it was dissolved in 2001 after a merger with UD Fuengirola, thus becoming UD Fuengirola Los Boliches.

Province of Málaga
The Province of Málaga (Spanish: Provincia de Málaga [ˈmalaɣa]) is located in Andalusia, Spain. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and by the provinces of Cádiz to the west, Seville to the northwest, Córdoba to the north, and Granada to the east.

The province is subject to extreme water stress in the wake of the proliferation of avocado plantations in the Axarquía region, with the arid local climate being unsuitable to the plant's large water demands.