hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
DISCERN
DISCERN is an instrument designed to provide users with a reliable way to measure the quality of written health information. It was originally developed by Deborah Charnock, Sasha Shepperd, Gill Needham, and Robert Gann, who reported on its development and validation in a February 1999 paper.

DISCERN is designed for use by individual consumers, health information providers, and health professionals. The instrument contains 15 questions that may be rated on a scale of 1–5. Questions are intended to draw user attention to issues of potential bias, content currency, relevance, clarity, evidence, and balance.

The DISCERN website was launched in May 1999. Despite originally being developed using printed materials, the tool has been shown to be effective at evaluating the quality of health information on the internet, as well as for printed information.

Consumer
A consumer is a person or a group who intends to order, or use purchased goods, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, household and similar needs, who is not directly related to entrepreneurial or business activities.  The term most commonly refers to a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.
Jean-Élie Gingras
Jean-Élie Gingras (June 5, 1804 – April 13, 1891) was a navigator, ship-builder, and politician in Quebec, Canada.

Born in 1804 in Quebec City, Gingras became a navigator, and then eventually moved into ship-building.  He became a member of Trinity House, Quebec.

Gingras served two terms on the municipal council of Quebec, in 1850 and 1851.  In 1864 he was elected to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada, for the division of Stadacona.  He held that seat until Confederation in 1867, when he was appointed to the Legislative Council of Quebec for the division of the Laurentides, as a supporter of the Conservative Party of Quebec.  He held the seat until 1887, when he resigned.

Gingras was married three times:  to Reine Labbé in 1826; Caroline Lacroix in 1856; and to Marie-Rébecca Godbout in 1887.  He died in 1891 at Quebec.

Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)
The Conservative Party of Quebec (French: Parti conservateur du Québec) was a political party in Quebec, Canada, from 1867 until 1936, when it merged with members of the Action libérale nationale to form the Union Nationale.
Abner Reid McClelan
Abner Reid McClelan (January 4, 1831 – January 30, 1917) was a Canadian senator and the tenth Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.

Born in Riverside-Albert, New Brunswick, the son of Peter McClelan and Lucy (Robinson) McLelan, he was educated at Mount Allison Wesleyan Academy in Sackville, (now Mount Allison University). He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in 1854 and served until confederation in 1867 when he was called to the Senate of Canada for the senatorial division of New Brunswick. A Liberal, he resigned in 1896 when he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick. He served until 1902. McClelan died in Moncton, New Brunswick, in 1917.

Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
The Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (French: Assemblée législative du Nouveau-Brunswick) is the deliberative assembly of the New Brunswick Legislature, in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The assembly's seat is located in Fredericton. It was established in Saint John de jure when the colony was created in 1784 but came into session only in 1786, following the first elections in late 1785. The legislative assembly was originally the lower house in a bicameral legislature. Its upper house counterpart, the Legislative Council of New Brunswick, was abolished in 1891.  Its members are called "Members of the Legislative Assembly", commonly referred to as "MLAs".
Disenchanted (Michael Martin Murphey song)
"Disenchanted" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Michael Martin Murphey. It was released in April 1984 as the third single from the album The Heart Never Lies. The song peaked at number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles and at number 11 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. It was written by Murphey, Jim Ed Norman and Chick Rains.

Jim Ed Norman
Jim Ed Norman (born October 16, 1948) is an American musician, record producer, arranger and label-head. As an arranger and producer, he was one of the principal architects of the distinctive sound of West Coast 1970s pop and country rock. He was President of Warner Bros. Nashville from 1984 to 2004.
José Trinidad Padilla
José Trinidad Padilla López (born 22 December 1957) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). 
In the 2009 mid-terms he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent Jalisco's 8th district during the 61st session of Congress.

2009 Mexican legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Mexico on 5 July 2009. Voters elected 500 new deputies (300 by their respective constituencies and 200 by proportional representation) to sit in the Chamber of Deputies for the 61st Congress.
Rhyl Sands
Rhyl Sands is an 1854 landscape painting by the British artist David Cox. It depicts a view of the beach at Rhyl in North Wales.

A member of the Birmingham School, Cox was best known for his watercolours and took up oil painting in later years. His style was influenced by the success of J.M.W. Turner and has also been considered a forerunner of Impressionism. He has been visiting the area since 1841. The work as produced towards the end of his career, at the age of seventy one. Today the painting is in the collection of Tate Britain in Pimlico, having been acquired in 1985.  Another view of Rhyl from roughly the same period is now in the Manchester Art Gallery.

Manchester Art Gallery
Manchester Art Gallery, formerly Manchester City Art Gallery, is a publicly owned art museum on Mosley Street in Manchester city centre, England. The main gallery premises were built for a learned society in 1823 and today its collection occupies three connected buildings, two of which were designed by Sir Charles Barry. Both of Barry's buildings are listed. The building that links them was designed by Hopkins Architects following an architectural design competition managed by RIBA Competitions. It opened in 2002 following a major renovation and expansion project undertaken by the art gallery.

Manchester Art Gallery is free to enter and open six days a week, closed Mondays. It houses many works of local and international significance and has a collection of more than 25,000 objects. More than half a million people visited the museum in the period of a year, according to figures released in April 2014.
Wadding
Wadding is a disc of material used in guns to seal gas behind a projectile (a bullet or ball), or to separate the propellant from loosely packed shots.
Wadding can be crucial to a gun's efficiency, since any gas that leaks past a projectile as it is being fired is wasted. A harder or more carefully designed item which serves this purpose is often called a sabot. Wadding for muzzleloaders is typically a small piece of cloth, or paper wrapping from the cartridge.

Cartridge paper
Cartridge paper is a type of high-quality heavy paper used for illustration and drawing.  The term "cartridge" refers to the history of the paper originally being used for making paper cartridges for early muzzleloading firearms.
Natura contro
Natura contro (English: Against Nature), also known in English as The Green Inferno and Cannibal Holocaust II, is a 1988 Italian cannibal adventure film directed by Antonio Climati. Climati had no intention of making a sequel to Cannibal Holocaust, and the title was used by distributors of the film to cash in on the success and notoriety of the earlier film.

It is best known among cult fans as the film that effectively ended the cannibal genre, which, by then, had virtually fallen extinct. In 2002, British distributor VIPCO released Natura Contro on VHS and DVD as Cannibal Holocaust II, the film's most well known name.

This was the last film directed by Climati, who had gained notoriety as a major player in the mondo film genre. Although fictional, this film deals with many common tropes of mondo films, including exotic customs and locales, and cruel violence.

Trope (cinema)
In cinema, a trope is a type of stereotypical situation or mannerism of a character that is commonly used in its setting or genre.

A common thematic trope is the rise and fall of a mobster in a classic gangster film; this trope often features the sartorial trope of a rising gangster buying new clothes.
Regina Sheck
Regina Sheck (born 9 November 1969) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. She played for the Black Ferns and was a member of the 1998 and 2002 Women's Rugby World Cup squad. In 2012, she was a member of the re-established Waikato women's rugby team that was absent for six years.
She is a Police Officer of Samoan descent.

Sheck played in the two test series against England in 2001.

England women's national rugby union team
The England women's national rugby union team, commonly known as the Red Roses, represents England in women's international rugby union. They compete in the annual Women's Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. England have won the championship on a total of 21 out of 30 occasions  – winning the Grand Slam 19 times and the Triple Crown 25 times – making them the most successful side in the tournament's history. They have won the Women's Rugby World Cup on three occasions (1994, 2014, and 2025), and have been runners-up on six other occasions. Their current permanent head coach, as of October 2023, is John Mitchell. They currently hold the longest ever winning streak in rugby, of 33 consecutive games as of the 2025 World Cup final.
Let's Go Brandon (song)
"Let's Go Brandon" is a protest song written, produced, and performed by American rapper Loza Alexander, released as a single on October 21, 2021. It criticizes Joe Biden, the 46th and then-current president of the United States, and the mainstream media. Its title, which is repeated in the chorus, is based on "Let's Go Brandon", a political slogan used as a minced oath or euphemism for "Fuck Joe Biden".

"Let's Go Brandon" peaked at number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 98 on the Global 200, and number ten on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart.

Mainstream media
Mainstream media (MSM) is a term used to refer collectively to the various large mass news media that influence many people and both reflect and shape prevailing currents of thought. The term is used to contrast with alternative media.

The term is often used for large news conglomerates, including newspapers and broadcast media, that underwent successive mergers in many countries. The concentration of media ownership has raised concerns of a homogenization of viewpoints presented to news consumers. Consequently, the term mainstream media has been used in conversation and the blogosphere, sometimes in oppositional, pejorative or dismissive senses, in discussion of the mass media and media bias.
Jason Chan (figure skater)
Jason Chan (born 12 August 1996) is a Canadian-Australian ice dancer who currently represents Australia. With partner Holly Harris, he is a two-time Australian national champion (2019, 2025), the 2025 CS Trialeti Trophy silver medalist, and represented Australia at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

With former partner Valérie Taillefer he was the 2014 Canadian novice dance champion.

Santa Claus Cup
The Santa Claus Cup is an annual international figure skating competition which is generally held in late November or early December in Budapest, Hungary. It is organized by the Hungarian National Skating Federation. Medals may be awarded in men's singles, women’s singles, and ice dance at the senior, junior, and novice levels.
Senate (Egypt)
The Senate is the upper house of Egypt's bicameral parliament,  with the House of Representatives serving as the lower house. Together, the Senate and the House of Representatives have the legislative authority under the Article 101 in Chapter Five of the Egyptian Constitution.

Since 1866, over a period that represents the history of parliamentary life in modern Egypt, the country has witnessed seven parliamentary systems, each with different legislative and oversight powers, ultimately reflecting the history of the Egyptian people’s struggle and their pursuit of establishing a democratic and free society.

It succeeded the Shura Council after the passage of the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum, with the subsequent 2020 Egyptian Senate election marking its first election. The current president of the Senate is Essam El-Din Farid.

Lower house
A lower house is the lower chamber of a bicameral legislature, where the other chamber is the upper house. Although styled as "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide, the lower house has come to wield more power or otherwise exert significant political influence.
Quand on n'a que l'amour
Quand on n'a que l'amour (English: When love is all you have) is the second studio album by Jacques Brel. Also known as Jacques Brel 2, the original album was released in April 1957 by Philips (N76.085R). The album was reissued on 23 September 2003 under the title Quand on n'a que l'amour as part of the 16-CD box set Boîte à bonbons by Barclay (980 816-4). The title song "Quand on n'a que l'amour" has been covered by Dalida, Céline Dion, Lara Fabian, Patricia Kaas, and Latifa, among others.

Philips Records
Philips Records was a record label founded by Dutch electronics company Philips and in 1999 was absorbed into Dutch-American music corporation Universal Music Group. It was founded as Philips Phonographische Industrie in 1950. In 1946, Philips acquired the company which pressed records for British Decca's Dutch outlet in Amsterdam.
Suresh Singh Gariya
Suresh Singh Gariya (born 1986) is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand. He became an MLA from Kapkot Assembly constituency in Bageshwar district, winning the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.

2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Uttarakhand on 14 February 2022 to elect 70 members of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 10 March 2022. It was the first time an incumbent government got re-elected after the creation of Uttarakhand.

The Bharatiya Janata Party formed the government for a second consecutive term with 47 seats, despite losing 10 seats. The Indian National Congress won 19 seats and served as the official opposition.
2025–26 Ethiopian Marburg virus disease outbreak
On 12 November 2025, the Ethiopian Ministry of Health and the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) announced a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), later confirmed as Marburg virus disease originated from Jinka town in southern Ethiopia.

On 26 January 2026, the Ethiopian government announced the end of the virus outbreak following enhanced control measures and found no suspected case within 42 days.

Viral hemorrhagic fever
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of infectious diseases. "Viral" refers to a virus being the etiologic factor (as opposed to, for instance, a parasite or a bacterium), "hemorrhagic" as in "bleeding-associated," and "fever" meaning an unusually high body temperature. Indeed, bleeding and fever are typically the most prevalent and severe symptoms of VHFs.

There are five known families of (RNA) viruses known to cause hemorrhagic fever: Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Some VHFs are considered mild, such as nephropathia epidemica (caused by a hantavirus), while others tend to be debilitating or even lethal, such as ebola fever (caused by a filovirus). All VHFs have the potential to result in hypotension, high fever, and death.

Both humans and non-human animals can be infected. VHFs are often zoonoses, meaning they can be transmitted from wild animals to human populations; for instance, the Lassa arenavirus is spread by mice.
Grove Street station (NJ Transit)
40°45′29.5″N 74°12′8.1″W﻿ / ﻿40.758194°N 74.202250°W﻿ / 40.758194; -74.202250

Grove Street was a NJ Transit station in East Orange, Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, along the Morris & Essex Lines. The station was first built in 1901 by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (DL&W), and opened to the public in 1903. A second story was added to the eastbound station house after the DL&W elevated the tracks through East Orange in 1922. NJ Transit discontinued rail service to Grove Street on April 7, 1991. The entire station was demolished in 1995.

NJ Transit
New Jersey Transit Corporation, branded as NJ Transit or NJTransit and often shortened to NJT, is a state-owned public transportation system that serves the U.S. state of New Jersey and portions of the states of New York and Pennsylvania. It operates buses, light rail, and commuter rail services throughout the state, connecting to major commercial and employment centers both within the state and in its two adjacent major cities, New York City and Philadelphia. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 225,620,400.

Covering a service area of 5,325 square miles (13,790 km2), NJT is the largest statewide public transit system and the third-largest provider of bus, rail, and light rail transit by ridership in the United States.

NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in the state; in particular, buses to serve routes not served by the transit agency.
Betaal
Betaal, Betāl or Betāla (transl. "Demon") is an Indian zombie horror television series based in a remote village that serves as the battleground between East India Company Army officer Lt. Col John Lynedoch, his battalion of zombie redcoats from the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and the fictional CIPD force. The series is written and directed by Patrick Graham and co-directed by National Award winner, Nikhil Mahajan. Produced by Blumhouse Productions and Red Chillies Entertainment, the series stars Vineet Kumar Singh and Aahana Kumra in significant roles.  The series received generally negative reviews, with praise for its performances and the use of mythology and zombie, but criticism for its lack of thrill and editing.

Presidency armies
The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of the East India Company's rule in India,  later the forces of the British Crown in India, composed primarily of Indian sepoys. The presidency armies were named after the presidencies: the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army. Initially, only Europeans served as commissioned or non-commissioned officers. In time, Indian Army units were garrisoned from Peshawar in the north, to Sind in the west, and to Rangoon in the east. The army was engaged in the wars to extend British control in India (the Mysore, Maratha and Sikh wars) and beyond (the Burma, Afghan, First and Second Opium Wars, and the Expedition to Abyssinia).

The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the Company until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, when the Crown took over the Company and its three armies. In 1895, the three presidency armies were merged into a united Indian Army.
Ray Christensen
Raymond P. "Ray" Christensen (May 6, 1924 – February 5, 2017) was an American sportscaster who was the play-by-play announcer for the Minnesota Golden Gophers sports teams from 1951 until 2001, working for WCCO in Minneapolis starting in 1963.

Christensen was born in 1924 in Minneapolis and attended Roosevelt High School. A 1949 graduate of the University of Minnesota, he also served with the United States Army in World War II. In 2002, he was inducted into the Minnesota Broadcasting Hall of Fame. Christensen also worked games for the Minnesota Twins, Minnesota Vikings, and Minneapolis Lakers. In addition to his sports coverage, Christensen hosted a daily music appreciation segment on WCCO-AM titled "Musing on Music." Christensen would play a brief excerpt of a classical music piece and then report on its history and other musicology. He died on February 5, 2017, at the age of 92 from an upper respiratory infection in Rosemount, Minnesota, where he lived.

Upper respiratory tract infection
An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an illness caused by an acute infection, which involves the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx or trachea. This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold.: 28  Most infections are viral in nature, and in other instances, the cause is bacterial. URTIs can also be fungal or helminthic in origin, but these are less common.: 443–445
Amphiliinae
Amphiliinae is one of three subfamilies of the loach catfish family Amphiliidae, it consists of two genera, Amphilius and Paramphilius and is endemic to the Afrotropics. There are currently 29 species classified as members of the Amphiliinae, some of which are traded as part of the aquarium trade. They are small catfish measuring between 95mm and 195mm.

Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapy, also known as hypnotic medicine, is the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. Hypnosis is a state of deep focus and openness to suggestion that usually begins with relaxation and guided instructions. Some people respond more strongly than others, and researchers explain that hypnosis is not a magical trance but a form of concentrated attention and expectation (Heap & Naish, 2012). Hypnotherapy is generally not considered to be based on scientific evidence, and is rarely recommended in clinical practice guidelines. However, several psychological reviews and meta-analyses suggest that hypnotherapy can be effective as an adjunctive treatment for a number of disorders, including chronic and acute pain, irritable bowel syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias, and some eating disorders.

Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis is a method of synthesis of quantitative data from multiple independent studies addressing a common research question. An important part of this method involves computing a combined effect size across all of the studies. As such, this statistical approach involves extracting effect sizes and variance measures from various studies. By combining these effect sizes the statistical power is improved and can resolve uncertainties or discrepancies found in individual studies. Meta-analyses are integral in supporting research grant proposals, shaping treatment guidelines, and influencing health policies. They are also pivotal in summarizing existing research to guide future studies, thereby cementing their role as a fundamental methodology in metascience. Meta-analyses are often, but not always, important components of a systematic review.