hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nesting (process)
In manufacturing industry, nesting is the process of laying out cutting patterns to minimize the raw material waste. Examples include manufacturing parts from flat raw material such as sheet metal, glass sheets, cloth rolls, cutting parts from steel bars, etc.

Such process can also be applied to additive manufacturing, such as 3D printing. Here the advantages sought can include minimizing tool movement that is not producing product, or maximizing how many pieces can be fabricated in one build session. One difference from nesting of cut pieces is that 3D parts often have a cross section that changes with height, which can cause interference between adjacent parts as they are built up.

Raw material
A raw material, also known as a feedstock, unprocessed material, or primary commodity, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished goods, energy, or intermediate materials/Intermediate goods that are feedstock for future finished products. As feedstock, the term connotes these materials are bottleneck assets and are required to produce other products.

The term raw material denotes materials in unprocessed or minimally processed states such as raw latex, crude oil, cotton, coal, raw biomass, iron ore, plastic, air, logs, and water. The term secondary raw material denotes waste material which has been recycled and injected back into use as productive material.
Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy
The Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy (BCGS) is a joint program of graduate studies between the universities of Bonn and Cologne. The program leads students with a bachelor's degree in physics (or related subject) to a master's degree. The most successful students then move on to doctoral studies, leading to a PhD. The M.Sc. and PhD programs are offered in both physics and astrophysics.

The BCGS provides mentoring and research internships, scholarships, travel funds, and a research environment. In 2007, it was selected for funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft as part of the excellence initiative.

German Research Foundation
The German Research Foundation (German: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈfɔʁʃʊŋsɡəˌmaɪnʃaft]; abbr. DFG [ˌdeːʔɛfˈɡeː]) is a German research funding organization, which functions as a self-governing institution for the promotion of science and research in the Federal Republic of Germany. In 2019, the DFG had a funding budget of €3.3 billion.
Vaanavil
Vaanavil (transl. Rainbow) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language film produced and directed by Manoj Kumar. The film stars Arjun, Abhirami (in her Tamil debut) and Prakash Raj. It was released on 26 October 2000, and won four Tamil Nadu State Film Awards.

District magistrate
The district magistrate, also known as the district collector or deputy commissioner, is a career civil servant who serves as the executive head of a district's administration in India. The specific name depends on the state or union territory. Each of these posts has distinct responsibilities, and an officer can assume all of these roles at once. The district magistrate is primarily responsible for maintaining law and order, while the district collector focuses on land revenue administration, and the deputy commissioner is in charge of overseeing developmental activities and coordinates government departments. Additionally, they also serve as election officers, registrar, marriage officer, licensing authority, and managing disaster responses, among other things. While the specific scope of duties may vary from state to state, they are generally similar. The district magistrate comes under the general supervision of divisional commissioner.
Pat Perry (artist)
Pat Perry (born 1991) is an American painter and street artist based in Detroit, Michigan. He is best known for a series of sketchbooks and 35mm photographs documenting years of itinerant traveling around the United States and painting realistic depictions of 21st century America. His practice also includes mural painting, photography, illustration, storytelling, and freight train tagging.

Street artist
A street artist is a person who makes art in public places. Street artists include portrait artists, caricaturists, graffiti artists, muralists and people making crafts. Street artists can also refer to street performers such as musicians, acrobats, jugglers, living statues, and street theatre performers. Street artists can be seen throughout the world.
Charles Okah
Charles Okah is a Nigerian convicted of terrorism currently serving a life jail term for his involvement in the 1 October 2010 Independence Day bombing near Eagle Square, Abuja, and an earlier bombing in Warri, Delta State on 15 March 2010.

October 2010 Abuja bombings
The October 2010 Abuja bombings, also referred to as the 2010 Nigeria Independence Day bombings, were two car bombings carried out against crowds celebrating the fiftieth anniversary (golden jubilee) of Nigeria's independence in the capital city Abuja on the morning of 1 October 2010. The attacks left 12 dead and 17 injured. According to multiple sources, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) issued a warning less than an hour before the first bomb stating the location, near Eagle Square (the venue of the celebration), and the time, around 10:30 a.m., of planned bombings.

The first blast occurred around 10:30 a.m., emergency services arrived at the scene and then the second blast occurred.
Vincent Confait
Vincent Confait (born 28 October 1959) is a Seychellois sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay and 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1980 Summer Olympics, and the 400 metres and 400 metres hurdles at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
These are the official results of the Men's 4 × 100 metre relay event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. There were a total number of 16 nations competing. The top three in each heat and next two fastest advanced to the final.
Japan House
Japan House is a learning facility founded in 1976 by Shozo Sato. It is part of the College of Fine and Applied Arts, at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
The facility includes three tea rooms, or Chashitsu, a tea garden (Roji) and Japanese rock garden. It currently conducts classes in Japanese tea ceremony, Japanese Aesthetics and Ikebana for university students and members of the community. An annual event at the house welcomes international students. In 2019 an expansion effort was under way.

Urasenke
Urasenke (裏千家) is one of the main schools of Japanese tea ceremony. Along with Omotesenke and Mushakōjisenke, it is one of the three lines of the Sen family descending from Sen no Rikyū, which together are known as the san-Senke or the "three Sen houses/families" (三千家).

The name "Urasenke", literally meaning "rear Sen house/family", came into existence due to the location of the homestead of this line of the Sen family in relation to what was originally the frontmost house (the omote) of the Sen estate. The other main schools of Japanese tea ceremony, Omotesenke and Mushakōjisenke, also follow this naming convention, with the former meaning "front Sen house/family", and the latter derived from the street name of the family's homestead, Mushakōji.
Live in Colorado
Live in Colorado is an album by Bobby Weir & Wolf Bros.  It was recorded at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado on June 8 and 9, 2021, and at the Gerald R. Ford Amphitheatre in Vail, Colorado on June 11 and 12, 2021.  It was released as a CD and as a two-disc LP on February 18, 2022.

Vail, Colorado
Vail is a home rule municipality in Eagle County, Colorado, United States. The population of the town was 4,835 in 2020. Home to Vail Ski Resort, the largest ski mountain in Colorado, the town is known for its hotels, dining, and for the numerous events the city hosts annually, such as the Vail Film Festival, Vail Resorts Snow Days, and Bravo! Vail.
Potassium channel RNA editing signal
The potassium channel RNA editing signal is an RNA element found in human Kv1.1 and its homologues which directs the efficient modification of an adenosine to inosine by an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR).  The ADAR modification causes an isoleucine/valine recoding event which lies in the ion-conducting pore of the potassium channel. It is thought that this editing event targets the process of fast inactivation and allows a more rapid recovery from inactivation at negative potentials.

Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. Valine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it; it must be obtained from dietary sources which are foods that contain proteins, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. It is encoded by all codons starting with GU (GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG).
Operación Alacrán
Operación Alacrán (English: Operation Scorpion), also known as CLAP affair or PSUV-CLAP faction, is the name given to a corruption plot which was denounced in 2019 by the members of the National Assembly of Venezuela. It would have sought to avoid the re-election of Juan Guaidó on 5 January 2020 as President of the Assembly, by obtaining the support of opposing legislators in exchange for millions of dollars. Legislators would have been asked to vote against Guaidó, or to not attend the election and thereby break the necessary quorum.

VPItv
VPItv  (Spanish: Venezolanos por la Información TV; Venezuelans for Information TV) is a US-based Venezuelan online television channel founded by Fabiola Colmenares and Leonardo Trechi. The channel is based in Caracas, Venezuela and Miami, Florida, United States.

In 2017, several of their journalists were subject of attacks, and since 2019 the website and its YouTube channel have been continuously censored in Venezuela by the Nicolás Maduro government.
Tuesday Night Cafe
Tuesday Night Cafe is an Asian American public arts and performance series in Los Angeles founded in 1999. The show features a curated program of visual and performing artists, which has included slam poet Beau Sia, comedian Anna Akana, and J-pop musician Kat McDowell.

Tuesday Night Cafe was created to bring together artists from the Asian-Pacific Islander in Los Angeles. Its predecessor, Art Attack, was held once a year in Historic Filipinotown and has since expanded to run on the first and third Tuesday of each month, April through October, in the Aratani Courtyard at Union Center for the Arts in Little Tokyo. Tuesday Night Cafe has been described as a "community fiercely devoted to creating venues where art and community connect".

Anna Akana
Anna Kay Napualani Akana (born August 18, 1989) is an American YouTuber, comedian, actress, filmmaker, and musician. She has appeared in TV series, web series, films, and music videos that include Ray William Johnson's Breaking Los Angeles (2011), 10 Second Traumas (2011), Awkward (2011), Katy Perry's "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" (2011), Ant-Man (2015), Hello, My Name Is Doris (2016), Dirty 30 (2016), Big City Greens (2018–present), Amphibia (2019–2022), Magical Girl Friendship Squad (2020), and Blade of the 47 Ronin (2022).

In 2015, she launched a clothing line called Ghost & Stars. She is the author of So Much I Want to Tell You: Letters to My Little Sister (2017), in which she describes her struggles and experiences from her sister's suicide to her celebrity status.
Geoffrey Palmer (New Zealand politician)
Sir Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer KCMG AC KC PC (born 21 April 1942) is a New Zealand lawyer and former politician who was a member of Parliament from 1979 to 1990. He served as the 33rd prime minister of New Zealand for a little over a year, from August 1989 until September 1990, leading the Fourth Labour Government. As minister of justice from 1984 to 1989, Palmer was responsible for considerable reforms of the country's legal and constitutional framework, such as the creation of the Constitution Act 1986, New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, Imperial Laws Application Act 1988, and the State Sector Act 1988. He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission, from 2005 to 2010.

State Sector Act 1988
Before its repeal, the State Sector Act 1988 defined what constituted the State sector organisations in New Zealand. It (along with accompanying marketisation reforms) substantially reshaped the shape of the public service and to some extent its culture. It granted ministers some role in the appointments of departmental chief executives.

The Public Service Association view is that, "By establishing the individual departmental chief executive as the employer, the Act set up one of the main mechanisms by which the old public service was broken up from the mid-1980s."
Leong Cheok Keng
Leong Cheok Keng (simplified Chinese: 梁卓经; traditional Chinese: 梁卓經; pinyin: Liáng Zhuōjīng; Jyutping: Loeng4 Coek3 Ging1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Niô͘ Tok-keng; Tâi-lô: Niôo Tok-king) is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the Perak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Malim Nawar from May 2013 to November 2022. He is a member of the Heritage Party (WARISAN). He was a member of Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) as well as the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions. He is also the older brother of Leong Cheok Lung, a candidate for the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kampar in the 2022 general election.

Perak State Legislative Assembly
The Perak State Legislative Assembly (Malay: Dewan Negeri Perak) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Perak. It is composed of 59 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held no more than five years apart, along with elections to the federal parliament and other state assemblies.

The Assembly convenes at the Bangunan Perak Darul Ridzuan in the state capital, Ipoh. At 59 seats, it is the largest state assembly among the 11 legislatures of the States of Malaya.
Fidélis (footballer, born 1944)
José Maria Fidélis dos Santos (13 March 1944 – 28 November 2012), known as just Fidélis, was a Brazilian football player and coach, who played as a defender.

Santos was born in São José dos Campos (SP). He played for the following clubs: Bangu, Vasco, América-RJ, Corinthians, ABC, Operário-MS and São José-SP. He earned 8 caps (1 non-official) for the Brazil national team, and was part of the team at the 1966 FIFA World Cup.

On 28 November 2012, he died in his hometown São José do Campos from stomach cancer.

America Football Club (Rio de Janeiro)
America Football Club, usually abbreviated to America-RJ or simply America, is a Brazilian football team based in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the northern neighborhood of Tijuca. The team competes in Campeonato Carioca Série A2, the second tier of the Rio de Janeiro state football league.

Founded on 18 September 1904, the club competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A several times, winning the state championship seven times. The club's home stadium is the Estádio Giulite Coutinho, which has a capacity of 16,000. They play in red shirts, white shorts and red socks.

The football anthem composer Lamartine Babo was a supporter of America. America's mascot is a devil. America also sponsors a beach American football team, the America Red Lions.
Conchiglie
Conchiglie (Italian: [koŋˈkiʎʎe]) are a type of pasta. They are usually sold in the plain durum wheat variety, and also in colored varieties which use natural pigments, such as tomato extract, squid ink or spinach extract. The shell shape of the pasta allows the sauce to adhere to it. 
There is a larger variation known as conchiglioni, and a miniature version called conchigliette.

Conchiglie are claimed to have been traced back to southern Italy, where they were traditionally made using durum wheat semolina.

Semolina
Semolina is a coarse flour traditionally made from durum wheat. Its high protein and gluten content make it especially suitable for pasta.

Semolina is distinguished from other refined wheat flours by its coarse texture: the Codex Alimentarius specifies that a durum wheat semolina must have grains large enough that no more than 79% pass through a 315-micron textile sieve.
Old Baldy (Lynch, Nebraska)
Old Baldy, also known as the Tower, is a hill located near the village of Lynch, in Boyd County, in the northern part of the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States.  It was visited by the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their way up the Missouri River in 1804; nearby, they discovered a colony of prairie dogs, an animal previously unknown to scientists.

For its connection with Lewis and Clark, and because it has little changed since their passage in 1804, the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Boyd County, Nebraska
Boyd County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,810. Its county seat is Butte. The county was formed in 1891 and named after James E. Boyd, the governor of Nebraska at the time.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Boyd County is represented by the prefix 63, as it had the 63rd-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922.

In the 2010 United States census, three incorporated villages had populations of fewer than 10 people: Anoka, population 6, Gross, population 2, and Monowi, population 1. Monowi was the only incorporated city in the United States with only one resident at the 2010 census.

All land north of the Keya Paha River (which includes most of Boyd County and a smaller portion of neighboring Keya Paha County) was not originally part of Nebraska at the time of statehood, but was transferred from Dakota Territory in 1882.
Brockholes
Brockholes is a small village in West Yorkshire, England, in the administrative area of Kirklees Metropolitan Council and Holme Valley Parish Council. The village of Honley borders to the immediate north of the village and Holmfirth lies to the south. Brockholes is within the Postal district of Holmfirth.

Kirklees
Kirklees is a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. The borough comprises the ten towns of Batley, Birstall, Cleckheaton, Dewsbury, Heckmondwike, Holmfirth, Huddersfield, Meltham, Mirfield and Slaithwaite. It is governed by Kirklees Council. Kirklees had a population of 422,500 in 2011; it is the third-largest metropolitan district in Yorkshire by area, behind Doncaster and Leeds.
Abdul Rahim Ishak
Abdul Rahim Ishak (25 July 1925 – 18 January 2001) was a Singaporean politician, diplomat and journalist. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), Abdul was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Siglap from 1963 to 1984. He was also a Minister of State for Education from 1965 to 1968 and the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs for 1969 to 1972.

He was the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary first to the United Arab Republic in 1967, Yugoslavia, Ethiopia, and Lebanon in 1969, and to Indonesia from 1974 to 1979. He became an envoy to New Zealand in July 1982. He was the youngest brother of Yusof bin Ishak, the first President of Singapore.

Siglap Single Member Constituency
Siglap Single Member Constituency was a constituency spanning Chinatown and Raffles Place in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1988 as Siglap Constituency and was renamed as Siglap Single Member Constituency (SMC) as part of Singapore's political reforms. The SMC was merged into Bedok Group Representation Constituency in 1991.
Pakistan Sugar Mills Association
Pakistan Sugar Mills Association is based is Islamabad, Pakistan.

PSMA was registered in November 1964, established as a representative organization of all sugar mills in Pakistan.  Pakistan Sugar Mills Association plays a pivotal role in promoting the development and attaining efficiency in the best interest of the sugar mills and sugar allied industries within the parameters of policy of the Government of Pakistan.

Sugarcane mill
A sugar cane mill is a factory that processes sugar cane to produce raw sugar or plantation white sugar. Some sugar mills are situated next to a back-end refinery, that turns raw sugar into (refined) white sugar.

The term is also used to refer to the equipment that crushes the sticks of sugar cane to extract the juice.
Sceale Bay, South Australia
Sceale Bay (formerly Yanera) (pronounced "Scale Bay") is a small town 32 km south of Streaky Bay on the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. With a permanent population of only 28, the town's numbers increase by threefold over the summer holiday period. The town is primarily an isolated holiday destination, with nothing in the way of commerce or industry occurring in its bounds.

The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Sceale Bay had a population of 42 people.

Summer vacation
The terms summer vacation, summer break and summer holiday refer to a school break in the summer between school years and the break in the school academic year, where students are off anywhere between two weeks to three and a half months. Depending on the country and district, staff might be partially or fully excluded.

In Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Lebanon, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, and Vietnam, summer vacation generally lasts for three months. In Australia, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, the Netherlands, Germany and Mexico, summer vacation generally lasts for two to six weeks, but may sometimes last for three months.
Fourth Hans Brunhart cabinet
The Fourth Hans Brunhart cabinet was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 5 June 1989 to 26 March 1993. It was appointed by Hans-Adam on behalf of Franz Joseph II and then continued upon Hans-Adam's succession later that year. It was chaired by Hans Brunhart.

Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein
Franz Joseph II (Franz Josef Maria Alois Alfred Karl Johannes Heinrich Michael Georg Ignaz Benediktus Gerhardus Majella; 16 August 1906 – 13 November 1989) was the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein from 25 July 1938 until his death in November 1989.

Franz Joseph was the son of Prince Alois of Liechtenstein and Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria. He succeeded his childless grand-uncle, Prince Franz I, after his father renounced his right of succession in his favour in 1923. He was an extremely popular sovereign in Liechtenstein. He was the first ruling prince to live full-time in the principality. He also oversaw the economic development of Liechtenstein from a poor agricultural backwater into one of the richest countries (per capita) in the world.
2012 Morocco Tennis Tour – Meknes – Doubles
Treat Conrad Huey and Simone Vagnozzi were the defending champions but Huey decided not to participate.
Vagnozzi played alongside Daniel Muñoz de la Nava.
Adrián Menéndez and Jaroslav Pospíšil won the title after defeating Gerard Granollers and Iván Navarro 6–3, 3–6, [10–8] in the final.

Daniel Muñoz de la Nava
Daniel Muñoz de la Nava (Spanish pronunciation: [daˈnjel muˈɲoθ ðe la ˈnaβa]; born 29 January 1982 in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish professional tennis player.

He reached the quarterfinals of Estoril in 2012 and Delray Beach in 2013, both as a qualifier.