hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Todd Hickman
Todd Hickman (born 1963) is an American football coach and former player.  He was the head football coach for the University of Minnesota Morris Cougars football team, a position he held since the 2007 season.  Prior to coming to UMM, Hickman was the head football coach at Hibbing Community College in Hibbing, Minnesota.  While there he also had coaching duties in basketball and baseball.  Hickman finished his 18th year at UMM in 2014; while there he had been the offensive coordinator, defensive coordinator and coached nearly all positions, at times several at once.

He finished with a record 30-47 overall and 22-35 in UMAC play over eight seasons. During his stretch at UMM Hickman coached over 45 All-UMAC players, one All-Region player and one Co-SIDA All-American.

University of Minnesota Morris
The University of Minnesota Morris (UMN–Morris) is a public liberal arts college in Morris, Minnesota, United States. It is part of the University of Minnesota system and was founded in 1960 as a public, co-educational, residential liberal arts college offering Bachelor of Arts degrees.
Ilya Chizhevsky
Ilya Petrovich Chizhevsky (Russian: Илья Петрович Чижевский; born February 5, 1978) is a Russian businessman. He graduated from St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics in 2000. Between 2006 and 2012, he occupied several managerial positions at GE Capital. Later, he worked at Société Générale. He has been President of the Russian subsidiary of OTP Bank since 2015. In 2017, the Kommersant Newspaper mentioned him among "Top 1000 Russian managers".

GE Capital
GE Capital was the financial services division of General Electric. Its various units were sold between 2013 and 2021, including the notable spin-off of the North American consumer finance division as Synchrony Financial. Ultimately, only one division of the company remained, GE Energy Financial Services, which was transferred to GE Vernova when General Electric was broken up.
89th Delaware General Assembly
The 89th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1897, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Ebe W. Tunnell.

Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to three senators for each of the three counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to seven representatives for each of the three counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.

In the 89th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority. It was the last Constitution directed by the 1831 Delaware Constitution.

Ebe W. Tunnell
Ebe Walter Tunnell (December 31, 1844 – December 18, 1917) was an American merchant and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware.
Tabasayn
Tabasayn (lit. 'the two Tabas') was a district in Quhistan in the medieval period. The name, although referring to both cities, was often applied by geographers to either one in isolation. The cities were Tabas al-Tamr ('Tabas of the Dates'), also known as Tabas Gilaki after a famous governor of the city who had pacified the region, and Tabas al-Unnab ('Tabas of the Jujube') or Tabas Masinan. Alternatively, the term might refer to Tabas al-Tamr and the nearby village of Kuri or Kurin, which was fortified and is called "one of the two fortresses of Taban" by the 9th-century geographer al-Baladhuri.

The district was strategically important, being located immediately east of the Great Salt Desert; Tabas al-Tamr was called the 'Gate of Khurasan' by al-Baladhuri.

Jujube
Jujube (UK /ˈdʒuːdʒuːb/; US /ˈdʒudʒub/ or /ˈdʒudʒəbiː/), sometimes jujuba, scientific name Ziziphus jujuba, and also called red date, Chinese date, and Chinese jujube, is a species in the genus Ziziphus in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. It is often confused with the closely related Indian jujube, Z. mauritiana. The jujube tolerates a diverse range of climates, from temperate to tropical. Its origin is thought to be in eastern Asia, but it has been widely dispersed through cultivation, and is today cultivated in gardens as a shrub as well as in agriculture as a food crop. Its fruit is eaten freshly harvested as well as dried and candied.
Gündüz Alp
Gündüz Alp was the likely father of Ertuğrul (13th century) and grandfather of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty according to legend. According to some sources, the name of one of the sons of Ertuğrul was also Gündüz Alp, and thus the brother of Osman I. Ottoman histories, written around the 15th century, differ in details about Osman I's ancestry.

Aşıkpaşazade
Dervish Ahmed (Turkish: Derviş Ahmed; "Ahmed the Dervish; 1400–1484), better known by his pen name Âşıki or his family name Aşıkpaşazade, was an Ottoman historian and a prominent representative of the early Ottoman historiography. He was a descendant (the great-grandson) of mystic poet dervish Aşık Pasha (1272–1333). He was born in the region of Amasya and studied in various Anatolian towns before going to Hajj and stayed some time in Egypt. He later took part in various Ottoman campaigns, such as the Battle of Kosovo (1448), the Fall of Constantinople and witnessed the circumcision festivities of Mustafa and Bayezid II, the sons of Mehmed the Conqueror. Later in his life he started to write his famous history work Tevārīḫ-i Āl-i ʿOsmān.
HMS Edgar
There are eight ships of the British Royal Navy that have been named HMS Edgar.

HMS Edgar (1668), a 70-gun third rate launched in 1668, rebuilt in 1700, and destroyed in an accidental fire 1711.

HMS Edgar (1758), a 60-gun fourth rate launched in 1758 and sunk as a breakwater in 1774.

HMS Edgar (1779), a 74-gun third rate launched in 1779, converted to a prison hulk in 1813, renamed Retribution in 1814, and broken up 1835.

HMS Edgar (1858), a screw-propelled 91-gun second rate launched in 1858, on loan to the Customs Service as a hulk in 1870, and sold 1904.

The fifth Edgar, launched 1859, was renamed Hood in 1860.

HMS Edgar (1890), an Edgar-class cruiser launched in 1890 and sold 1921.

HMS Edgar (51), an aircraft carrier launched in March 1944, renamed Perseus in June, and broken up 1958.

The eighth Edgar was to have been a 9,000-ton cruiser; projected in 1945, the ship was cancelled in March 1946.

HMS Perseus (R51)
HMS Perseus was a Colossus-class light fleet aircraft carrier built for the Royal Navy during World War II. The ship was initially named HMS Edgar, but she was renamed in 1944 when the Admiralty decided to convert her into an aircraft maintenance carrier. She was completed in 1945, after the end of World War II, and she made a trip to Australia late in the year. Upon her return to the UK in early 1946, Perseus was placed in reserve. The ship was recommissioned in 1950 to serve as the trials ship for the steam catapult then under development. Over 1,600 test launches were conducted before the catapult was removed in 1952 and she was converted for use as a ferry carrier to transport aircraft, troops and equipment overseas. She was reduced to reserve again in 1954 and sold for scrap in 1958.
Paimal Sharif
Paimal Sharif is a town, that is one of twenty union councils in Battagram District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It was previously part of Thakot tribal area which was ruled by "Khans of Thakot". After the demise of Jan Muhammad Khan Arghushal (10th Khan of Thakot and Paimal), his son Yaqoob Khan Arghushal Swati became the "11th Khan of Paimal Sharif" while his elder son Aurangzeb Khan Arghushal Swati (Late) became "11th Khan of Thakot".

It has educational buildings, health facilities, Govt higher secondary school paimal, govt primary schools and a BASIC health unit paimal.

Battagram District
Battagram (Pashto: بټګرام ولسوالۍ, Urdu: ضلع بٹگرام) is a tribal district in Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. The headquarter is Battagram, which is about 75 km from Mansehra city. It was part of historic Yaghistan (Independent Territory) before 1955. Later in 1955, It was merged into Pakistan and made part of neighboring Mansehra District with the status of Tehsil. It was officially separated from Mansehra District in July 1993 and was given the status of district. Battagram District was ruled by many different Khans, all belonging to the Swati tribe.
Richard Nový
Richard Nový (born 3 April 1937) is a Czech rower who competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Prague.

In 1960 he was a crew member of the Czechoslovak boat which was eliminated in the semi-finals of the coxed four event.

Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Czechoslovak boat in the eights competition.

Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four
The men's coxed four competition at the 1960 Summer Olympics took place at Lake Albano, Italy. It was held from 31 August to 3 September. There were 21 boats (105 competitors) from 21 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the competition. The event was won by the United Team of Germany in its debut in the event (the rowers were from West Germany; Germany had previously won four times). Silver went to the French crew, the nation's first medal in the event since 1936. The defending champions Italy received bronze this time. In an event which saw constant turnover even from consistently strong nations, three members of the Italian team returned from the 1956 gold-medal crew to earn a second medal this Games: Romano Sgheiz, Ivo Stefanoni, and Franco Trincavelli were only the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th men to earn multiple medals in the coxed four.
Exchange matrix
In mathematics, especially linear algebra, the exchange matrices (also called the reversal matrix, backward identity, or standard involutory permutation) are special cases of permutation matrices, where the 1 elements reside on the antidiagonal and all other elements are zero. In other words, they are 'row-reversed' or 'column-reversed' versions of the identity matrix.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Ribbon
A ribbon or riband is a thin band of material, typically cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal, used primarily as decorative binding and tying. Cloth ribbons are made of natural materials such as silk, cotton, and jute and of synthetic materials, such as polyester, nylon, and polypropylene. Ribbon is used for useful, ornamental, and symbolic purposes. Cultures around the world use ribbon in their hair, around the body, and as ornament on non-human animals, buildings, and packaging. Some popular fabrics used to make ribbons are satin, organza, sheer, silk, velvet, and grosgrain.

Organza
Organza is a thin, plain weave, sheer fabric traditionally made from silk. Many modern organzas are woven with synthetic filament fibers such as polyester or nylon. Silk organza is woven by a number of mills along the Yangtze River and in the province of Zhejiang in China. A coarser silk organza is woven in the Bangalore area of India. Deluxe silk organzas are woven in France and Italy. Organza is distinguished by its crisp hand, stiffness relative to weight, and slippery surface texture.

The term may derive from French organsin, ultimately from the Central Asian city of Urgench, the midpoint of the Northern Silk Road.
AMP-69
The AMP-69 (Hungarian: Automata Módosított Puskagránátos [Gépkarabély] 1969; Automatic Modified Grenade Launcher [assault rifle] 1969) is a selective-fire gas-operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle that was manufactured by Fegyver- és Gépgyár.

Assault rifle
An assault rifle is a select fire rifle that uses an intermediate-rifle cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first put into mass production and accepted into widespread service during World War II. The first assault rifle to see major usage was the German StG 44, a development of the earlier Mkb 42. While immediately after World War II, NATO countries were equipped with battle rifles, the development of the M16 rifle during the Vietnam War prompted the adoption of assault rifles by the rest of NATO. By the end of the 20th century, assault rifles had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and submachine guns in most roles. The two most successful modern assault rifles are the AK-47 and the M16 designs and their derivatives.
1904 Cork City by-election
The 1904 Cork City by-election took place in Cork City (UK Parliament constituency) on 19 August 1904.

It followed the passage of the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903, fought for by Cork MP William O'Brien of the Irish Parliamentary Party. In this he was opposed by his colleagues in the party for having achieved Land Reform before Home Rule.  In disgust, O'Brien closed his newspaper the Irish People and resigned his seat on 1 January 1904. Eventually the writ was moved to fill the vacant seat and O'Brien was nominated.

William O'Brien was returned unopposed.

William O'Brien
William O'Brien (2 October 1852 – 25 February 1928) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, agrarian agitator, social revolutionary, politician, party leader, newspaper publisher, author and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was particularly associated with the campaigns for land reform in Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as his conciliatory approach to attaining Irish Home Rule.
David Khanjyan
David Hakobi Khanjyan (July 30, 1940 – February 1981) was a Soviet Armenian conductor and pianist.

Khanjian was born in the family of Hakob Khanjian and Tatevik Sazandaryan. He finished the piano department of Yerevan State Conservatory, then entered to conduction department of the same conservatory. Then he studied Hans Swarowsky in the Vienna Music Academy. From 1974 to 1981 he was the Artistic Director and Principal Conductor of Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra.

University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
The University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna (German: Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, abbreviated MDW) is an Austrian university established in 1817 located in Vienna. With a student body of over three thousand, it is the largest institution of its kind in Austria, and one of the largest in the world.

In 1817, it was established by the Society for the Friends of Music. It has had several names: Vienna Conservatory, Vienna Academy and in 1909 it was nationalized as the Imperial Academy of Music and the Performing Arts. In 1998, the University assumed its current name to reflect its university status, attained in a wide 1970 reform for Austrian Arts Academies.
2016 Tour of Oman
The 2016 Tour of Oman was a road cycling stage race that took place between 16 and 21 February 2016 in Oman. It was the seventh edition of the Tour of Oman and is rated as a 2.HC race as part of the 2016 UCI Asia Tour. The previous year's champion, Rafael Valls, was not present to defend his title.

Jebel Akhdar (Oman)
The Jebel Akhdar Mountains (Arabic: ٱلْجَبَل ٱلْأَخْضَر, romanized: Al-Jabal Al-Akhḍar, lit. 'The Green Mountain') is a mountain range approximately 80 km (50 mi) long and 32 km (20 mi) wide, that is part of the Hajar Mountains in Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate of Oman.

It rises to a height of 3,018 m (9,902 ft) and encompasses the Saiq Plateau at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level.

Jebel Akhdar Mountains is famous for its labyrinth of wadis (river valleys) and terraced orchards, where pomegranates, apricots, and roses grow in abundance due to its mild Mediterranean climate.

The highest peak in the Jebel Akhdar Mountains is Jebel Shams, which with its elevation of 3,018 m (9,902 ft) is also the highest peak in the Hajar range and in Oman.

Jebel Shams also has a second summit (the South Summit), which is publicly accessible for trekking via the W4 Trail. The elevation of the second south summit is 2,997 m (9,833 ft).
Temple Sinai (Houston)
Temple Sinai is a Reform Jewish synagogue located 13875 Brimhurst Drive, in Houston, Texas, in the United States. Jewish residents on the west side of Houston and its western suburbs, including Katy, Cinco Ranch and Sugar Land worship at the synagogue.

The congregation is composed of more than 200 families and is led by Rabbi David Lipper since 2022. The synagogue is a member of the Union for Reform Judaism and its youth group is associated with the North American Federation of Temple Youth.

NFTY
The North American Federation for Temple Youth or NFTY, formerly known as the National Federation for Temple Youth, is an organized youth movement of Reform Judaism in North America (also known as The Reform Jewish Youth Movement). Funded and supported by the Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), NFTY supplements Reform youth groups at the synagogue level.
Laryngospasm
Laryngospasm is an uncontrolled or involuntary muscular contraction (spasm) of the vocal folds. It may be triggered when the vocal cords or the area of the trachea below the vocal folds detects the entry of water, mucus, blood, or other substance.  It may be associated with stridor or retractions.

Spasm
A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, such as the bladder.

A spasmodic muscle contraction may be caused by many medical conditions, including dystonia. Most commonly, it is a muscle cramp which is accompanied by a sudden burst of pain. A muscle cramp is usually harmless and ceases after a few minutes. It is typically caused by ion imbalance or muscle fatigue.

There are other causes of involuntary muscle contractions, and some of these may cause a health problem.

A series of spasms, or permanent spasms, is referred to as a "spasmism".
Spruce Creek (Pennsylvania)
Spruce Creek is a 16.5-mile-long (26.6 km) tributary of the Little Juniata River in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania in the United States.

Spruce Creek passes by Indian Caverns several miles before joining the Little Juniata River at the village of Spruce Creek.

Located on Spruce Creek is the elite 100 member Spruce Creek Rod and Gun Club. Notable members include former president Jimmy Carter.

Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Huntingdon County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,092. Its county seat is Huntingdon. The county was created on September 20, 1787, mainly from the northern part of Bedford County, plus an addition of territory on the east (Big Valley, Tuscarora Valley) from Cumberland County. The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.

Huntingdon County comprises the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Outline of opera
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to opera:

Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work (called an opera), which combines a text (called a libretto) and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. While the scale of opera can be larger or smaller—there are many different genres of opera—performance typically involves different types of artist (singers, instrumentalists and often dancers and actors) and technical staff. Usually an orchestra led by a conductor accompanies the singers. In contrast to spoken theatre, the opera world is international. Italian, German, French, English, and Russian works are performed worldwide in their original languages, and artists travel from country to country performing.

The following is a list of articles on general opera topics:

Mad scene
A mad scene (French: Scène de folie; German: Wahnsinnsszene; Italian: Scena della pazzia) is an enactment of insanity in an opera, play, or the like. It may be well contained in a number, appear during or recur throughout a more through-composed work, be deployed in a finale, form the underlying basis of the work, or constitute the entire work. They are often very dramatic, representing virtuoso pieces for singers. Some were written for specific singer, usually of a soprano Fach.
James Barbour (architect)
James Barbour (1834—5 May 1912) was a Scottish architect responsible for over four hundred buildings in Dumfriesshire and Kirkcudbrightshire. His twin brother Robert set up the drapers shop in Dumfries which went on to become the business R Barbour & Sons.

James Barbour was born in Dunscore and began his training in Dumfries in c. 1848-1849 with Walter Newall. He set up his own practice in 1860.

He was a member of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. He excavated the Roman site at Birrens.

Dumfries
Dumfries (Scots: /dʌmˈfriːs/ ⓘ dum-FREESS; from Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Phris Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˌt̪un ˈfɾʲiʃ]) is a market town and former royal burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, near the mouth of the River Nith on the Solway Firth, 25 miles (40 km) from the Anglo-Scottish border. Dumfries is the county town of the historic county of Dumfriesshire.

Before becoming King of Scots, Robert the Bruce killed his rival John Comyn III of Badenoch at Greyfriars Kirk in the town in 1306. The Young Pretender had his headquarters here towards the end of 1745. In World War II, the Norwegian armed forces in exile in Britain largely consisted of a brigade in Dumfries.

Dumfries is nicknamed Queen of the South. This is also the name of the town's football club. People from Dumfries are known colloquially in Scots language as Doonhamers.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda)
The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN, Kinyarwanda: Minisiteri y'Imari n'Igenamigambi, French: Ministère des Finances et de la Planification économique) is a government ministry of the Republic of Rwanda that was established in 1997 through a merger of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economic Planning. The current Minister of Finance and Economic Planning is Yusuf Murangwa. There are currently two further ministerial positions: the Minister of State in charge of National Treasury and the Minister of State in charge of Public Investment and Resource Mobilization. Since its establishment the Ministry has been located in the Nyarugenge district of Kigali, close to the city centre.

Kinyarwanda
Kinyarwanda, officially known as Ikinyarwanda, is a Bantu language and the national language of Rwanda. It is a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language that is also spoken in Uganda, where the dialect is known as Ikinyakore, Rufumbira, or Urufumbira. Kinyarwanda is universal among the native population of Rwanda and is mutually intelligible with Kirundi, the national language of neighbouring Burundi.

In 2010, the Rwanda Academy of Language and Culture (RALC) was established to help promote and sustain Kinyarwanda. The organization attempted an orthographic reform in 2014, but it was met with pushback due to their perceived top-down and political nature, among other reasons.