hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grand Valley, Michigan
Grand Valley is an unincorporated community in Tallmadge Charter Township in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is on M-45 just east of the Grand River at 42°58′28″N 85°52′11″W﻿ / ﻿42.97444°N 85.86972°W﻿ / 42.97444; -85.86972. The valley is about a mile (1.4 km) wide here and somewhat wider just to the south, with steep bluffs on the western and southern side of the river.

The main campus of Grand Valley State University is situated on the west side of the river in Allendale Charter Township.

The Grand Valley Metropolitan Council, (http://www.gvmc.org) is a partnership of local governments dedicated to intergovernmental cooperation and collaboration in the Grand Valley region.

M-45 (Michigan highway)
M-45 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that is also called Lake Michigan Drive. The highway runs from Agnew near Lake Michigan to the west side of Grand Rapids in the western Lower Peninsula. Lake Michigan Drive continues in each direction from M-45's termini, extending west of US Highway 31 (US 31) and east of Interstate 196 (I-196). In between, the road runs through rural and suburban areas of Ottawa and Kent counties, including the main campus of Grand Valley State University in Allendale. Lake Michigan Drive was originally part of M-50 until the mid-1960s. Previously in the 1920s and 1930s, the M-45 number was designated along a highway in the Upper Peninsula (UP).
Ester pyrolysis
Ester pyrolysis in organic chemistry is a vacuum pyrolysis reaction converting esters containing a β-hydrogen atom into the corresponding carboxylic acid and the alkene. The reaction is an Ei elimination and operates in a syn fashion.

Examples include the synthesis of acrylic acid from ethyl acrylate at 590 °C, the synthesis of 1,4-pentadiene from 1,5-pentanediol diacetate at 575 °C  or the construction of a cyclobutene framework at 700 °C

Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl acrylate is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHCO2CH2CH3.  It is the ethyl ester of acrylic acid.  It is a colourless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor.  It is mainly produced for paints, textiles, and non-woven fibers.  It is also a reagent in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical intermediates.
Élie Bois
Élie Joseph Bois (1878–1941) was a French journalist who was editor of the newspaper Le Petit Parisien for 25 years.

Bois's speciality was international relations and he attended the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva each September. He supported the policy of Aristide Briand to maintain peace and was among the earliest to recognise the danger of Nazi Germany. His opposition to German propaganda caused conflict with his directors, who favoured collaboration. During the Battle of France in 1940, Bois was asked by Le Petit Parisien's management to publish a statement proclaiming that as editor he had followed a personal policy, which he refused. He subsequently ceased to be the paper's editor.

During the French collapse in June 1940, Bois sought refuge in Britain, where he worked for the Free France movement. He authored Truth on the Tragedy of France, which analysed France's defeat.

Organisation of the League of Nations
The League of Nations was established with three main constitutional organs: the Assembly; the Council; the Permanent Secretariat. The two essential wings of the League were the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organization.

The relations between the Assembly and the council were not explicitly defined, and their competencies—with a few exceptions—were much the same. Each organ would deal with any matter within the sphere of competence of the League or affecting the peace in the world. Particular questions or tasks might be referred either to the council or the Assembly. Reference might be passed on from one body to another.
Tim Jackson (sprinter)
Timothy David Jackson (born 4 July 1969) is an Australian sprinter who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

His PB for the 100m Sprint was 10.24

Tim was Australian Junior Champion in the 200 metres in 1988. And 100 metres junior champion in 1989.

Tim attended Turramurra High School on Sydney’s Upper North Shore. The school has four House names of which one is Jackson.

North Shore (Sydney)
The North Shore is a region within Northern Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia, generally referring to suburbs located on the northern side of Sydney Harbour up to Hornsby, and suburbs between Middle Harbour and the Lane Cove River. The term "North Shore", used to describe this region of Sydney is customary, not legal or administrative, and is often subjective.

Due to the area's greenery and manicured lawns, it has earned the nickname the 'Leafy North Shore'.
Mythepolis
Mythepolis (Ancient Greek: Μυθήπολις) or Mythopolis (Μυθόπολις) was a town in ancient Bithynia probably situated on the northwest side of the Lacus Ascania. It is said that during the winter all the artificial wells of the place were completely drained of water, but that in summer they became filled again to the brim. Pliny the Elder and Stephanus of Byzantium mention a town Pythopolis in Mysia which may be the same.

If Mythepolis is not the same as Pythopolis, its site is unlocated.

Mysia
Mysia (UK /ˈmɪsiə/, US /ˈmɪʒə/ or /ˈmiːʒə/; Greek: Μυσία; Latin: Mysia; Turkish: Misya) was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor (Anatolia, Asian part of modern Turkey). It was located on the south coast of the Sea of Marmara. It was bounded by Bithynia on the east, Phrygia on the southeast, Lydia on the south, Aeolis on the southwest, Troad on the west, and the Propontis on the north. In ancient times it was inhabited by the Mysians, Phrygians, Aeolian Greeks and other groups.
Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz
Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz is a Mataco-Guaicuru language of Argentina and Bolivia. Speakers are concentrated in northern parts of Chaco, Formosa, Salta, Jujuy Provinces, as well as west of Toba, the upper Bermejo River valley, and Pilcomayo River. The language is also called Mataco Vejoz and Vejos.

The Wichí languages are predominantly suffixing and polysynthetic; verbal words have between 2 and 15 morphemes. Alienable and inalienable possession is distinguished. The phonological inventory is large, with simple, glottalized  and aspirated stops and sonorants. The number of vowels varies with the language (five or six).

Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is a strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most North American languages, South Asian languages  and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.
Ontario Highway 59
King's Highway 59, commonly referred to as Highway 59, was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It connected Long Point Provincial Park in Norfolk County to the town of Shakespeare in Perth County, passing through the city of Woodstock in Oxford County en route. Several smaller towns also lined the highway, notably Courtland, Delhi, Norwich and Tavistock. Highway 59 featured junctions with Highway 3, Highway 2, Norfolk County Highway 24 and the concurrent routes of Highway 7 and Highway 8. Highway 59 also had an interchange with Highway 401.

Highway 59 was established in 1937 between Highway 3 and Highway 2. In 1961, several highways were renumbered, establishing the final alignment of the route and tripling its length. As part of the mass highway transfers performed during the late 1990s, Highway 59 was decommissioned entirely in 1998.

Courtland, Ontario
Courtland is a village located in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada on Highway 3 between Delhi and Tillsonburg.

Sidewalks only exist on the main streets. Otherwise, the walk through Courtland is simple provided that pedestrians pay extra caution to the traffic on the street. Flat terrain exists throughout the entire village; and the village spans approximately 5 kilometres. Recommended activities are hiking, running, and walking. The usage of ATVs, motorcycles, and bicycles are not recommended due to safety concerns. Unlike most communities in Norfolk County, Courtland is entirely accessible for wheelchair users.
Mudie
Mudie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Edward Mudie (1818–1890), English publisher

George Mudie (politician) (born 1945), British politician

George Mudie (cricketer) (1915–2002), West Indian cricketer

George Mudie (social reformer) (born 1788), Scottish advocate of co-operativism, journalist, and publisher

Harold Bolingbroke Mudie (1880–1916), British esperantist

Harry Mudie (born circa 1940), Jamaican record producer

Ian Mudie (1911–1976), Australian poet

Jackie Mudie (1930–1992), Scottish international footballer

James Mudie (1779–1852), Scottish-born free settler of Australia

Jenny Mudie, Scottish cricketer

Francis Mudie (1890–1976), British administrator in British India

Leonard Mudie (1883–1965), British-born character actor

Robert Mudie (1777–1842) Scottish author

Thomas Molleson Mudie (1809–1876), British composer

William Henry Mudie (1830–1903), Australian priest and educator

Francis Mudie
Sir Robert Francis Mudie KCSI, KCIE, OBE (24 August 1890 – 15 September 1976) was a British civil servant and a member of the British Indian Civil Service during the British Raj. He was the last British and colonial Governor of Sind and after the partition of British India in August 1947, he served as the first Governor of West Punjab in the Dominion of Pakistan.
Doi Lan (Phi Pan Nam Range)
Doi Lan (Thai: ดอยลาน) is a mountain in Thailand, part of the Phi Pan Nam Range, in the center of Chiang Rai Province, south of Chiang Rai Town.
With a height of 559 metres (1,834 ft) Doi Lan gives its name to the Doi Lan Subdistrict of Mueang Chiang Rai District.

This mountain is a small karstic mountain that rises north of the Buddhist temple named Phrathat Doi Lan after it.

Chiang Rai province
Chiang Rai (Thai: เชียงราย, pronounced [tɕʰīaŋ rāːj]; Northern Thai: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ, pronounced [tɕīaŋ hāːj])  is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces that lies in upper northern Thailand and is Thailand's northernmost province. It is bordered by the Shan State of Myanmar to the north, Bokeo province of Laos to the east, Phayao to the south, Lampang to the southwest, and Chiang Mai to the west. The province is linked to Houayxay, Laos by the Fourth Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge that spans the Mekong.
Ornithoglossum undulatum
Ornithoglossum undulatum, also known as the Karoo Slangkop, is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae. It is found in Southern Namibia and South Africa. In South Africa its range extends as far east as Somerset East in Eastern Cape Province. O. undulatum is a poisonous plant, and consumption of the leaves can kill livestock.

It is also known as the poison onion, cockatoo snakelily, or wave-leaved bird's tongue. The Afrikaans moniker of slangkop means "snake's head," referring to the resemblance of their flowers to a snake's head.

While not rated under the IUCN Red List, the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Red List rates this species as "least concern" as of 2005.

South African National Biodiversity Institute
The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is an organisation tasked with research and dissemination of information on biodiversity, and legally mandated to contribute to the management of the country's biodiversity resources.

It was established in 2004 in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, under the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (later named Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment).
Mandaram Nuwara
Mandaram Nuwara (Sinhala: මන්දාරම්නුවර), also known as Mandaramnuwara, is a small village situated at the foot of Pidurutalagala (Mount Pedro) in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. The village is also known colloquially as the 'Misty City' as it is shadowed by the adjoining mountain ranges and is shrouded in mist for the majority of the day.

There are a number of waterfalls located near Mandaram Nuwara, including:

Elamulla Ella

Kabara-gala Ella

Digala Hinna Ella

Kalu Palam Ella

Kolapathana Ella

Central Province, Sri Lanka
The Central Province (Sinhala: මධ්‍යම පළාත Madhyama Paḷāta, Tamil: மத்திய மாகாணம் Maddiya Mākāṇam) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. The province has an area of 567,400 ha (1,402,000 acres) and a population of 2,421,148, making it the second most populated province. The city of Kandy has been its capital since 1469.

The Central Province is located primarily in the central mountainous terrain of Sri Lanka. It is bordered by the North Central Province to the north, the Uva Province to the east, the North Western Province to the west and the Sabaragamuwa Province to the south and west.

The province is famous for its production of Ceylon tea, the cultivation of which was initiated by the British in the 1860s after a devastating disease killed all coffee plantations in the province. The province attracts many tourists, with hill station towns such as Gampola, Hatton and Nuwara Eliya. The province is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Arne Lie (politician)
Arne Gunnar Stein Lie (16 January 1927 – 25 September 1996) was a Norwegian civil servant and politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Oslo. He finished his secondary education in 1945 and took Oslo Commerce School in 1946. After working in Det Norske Luftfartselskap from 1946 to 1947 and as a secretary in the Ministry of Trade, he graduated with the cand.oecon. degree from the University of Oslo in 1951.

He served as secretary at the Norwegian embassy to the OEEC (OECD) from 1956. From 1959 to 1960 he was an assistant secretary in the Ministry of Trade. He then served as office manager in the Bank of Norway from 1960, head of department in OECD from 1968. From 1971 to 1972 he served in Bratteli's First Cabinet as a State Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister.

He returned to the same post in Bratteli's Second Cabinet from 1973 to 1976.

He died in September 1996 and was buried at Nordre gravlund.

Office of the Prime Minister (Norway)
The Norwegian Office of the Prime Minister (Norwegian: Statsministerens kontor, abbreviated SMK) is a cabinet department that assists the Cabinet of Norway and the Prime Minister of Norway in the leadership of the Cabinet and Government. It has since 2021 been led by Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre (Labour Party). The State Secretary in charge of the office is Kristine Joy Nordenson Kallset. The office has about 55 employees.
Viva Colonia
"Viva Colonia" (German pronunciation: [ˈviːvaː koˈloːni̯a], "Live Cologne") is a 2003 song and album by the German band De Höhner. The song is sung in a language which resembles the local Ripuarian dialect of Cologne, the Kölsch, but differs in that the lyrics and refrain do not have many particularly Kölsch words; the last two lines of the catchy refrain are written in Standard German. Thus the text is relatively easily understood by all German-language speakers.

The song's Latin title refers to the city of Cologne, whose old Latin name is Colonia. The song is especially popular at carnival time, but can be heard throughout the country the year, not solely in Cologne. For example in Munich, (Bavaria), during carnival and Oktoberfest the song is heard with "Viva Bavaria!" as substitution for "Viva Colonia!".

The football team 1. FC Köln and ice hockey team Kölner Haie, both from Cologne, play the song frequently during their games.

Oktoberfest
Oktoberfest (German pronunciation: [ɔkˈtoːbɐˌfɛst] ⓘ; Bavarian: Oktobafest/d'Wiesn) is the world's largest Volksfest. It combines a beer festival with a fun fair and is held annually in Munich on the Theresienwiese from mid-September to the first Sunday in October.

The event draws around seven million visitors each year. In 2023, attendance reached a record 7.2 million. Visitors consumed approximately 7.4 million litres of beer. The festival features amusement rides, games, food stalls, and traditional Bavarian dishes.

The first Oktoberfest was held on 12 October 1810 to celebrate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghausen. Since then, the festival has been cancelled on multiple occasions, most recently in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.
Judah HeHasid
People who used the name Judah HeHasid (Hebrew: יהודה החסיד, Yehudah HeHasid, "Judah the Pious") include:

Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg (12th-13th centuries), the initiator of the Chassidei Ashkenaz movement

Judah HeHasid (Jerusalem) (around 1650–1700), a charismatic preacher who led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to the Land of Israel before modern Zionism.

Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg (1150 – 22 February 1217), also called Yehuda HeHasid or Judah the Pious in Hebrew, was a leader of the Ashkenazi Hasidim a movement of Jewish mysticism in Germany (not to be confused with the 18th-century Hasidic Judaism founded by the Baal Shem Tov).

Judah was born in 1150 in the small town of Speyer, now in the Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, but later settled in Regensburg, now in Bavaria, in 1195. He wrote much of Sefer Hasidim ("Book of the Pious"), as well as a work about Gematria and Sefer Hakavod (Book of Glory); the latter has been lost and is only known by quotations that other authors have made from it. His most prominent students were Elazar Rokeach, Isaac ben Moses of Vienna author of Or Zarua and perhaps also Moses ben Jacob of Coucy according to Chaim Yosef David Azulai.
Thomas Højrup
Thomas Højrup (born 1953) is a Danish ethnologist. Højrup is Professor of Ethnology at the University of Copenhagen. His primary focus is the development of new concepts of life-mode analysis, with conceptual history and politics also prominently figured in his work. He has directed a large scale research project on the formation of life modes and welfare states. Other research interests include epistemological questions in the social sciences, and everyday life of distinct life-modes in modern Europe and in the fishing industry.

Conceptual history
Conceptual history (also the history of concepts or, from German, Begriffsgeschichte) is a branch of historical and cultural studies that deals with the historical semantics of terms. It sees the etymology and the change in meaning of terms as forming a crucial basis for contemporary cultural, conceptual and linguistic understanding. Conceptual history deals with the evolution of paradigmatic ideas and value systems over time, such as "liberty" or "reform". It argues that social history – indeed all historical reflection – must begin with an understanding of historically contingent cultural values and practices in their particular contexts over time, not merely as unchanging ideologies or processes.
USS Tinosa (SSN-606)
USS Tinosa (SSN-606), a Permit-class submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tinosa, a poisonous, black, tropical fish.

The contract to build her was awarded to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine on 17 December 1958 and her keel was laid down on 24 November 1959.  She was launched on 9 December 1961 sponsored by Mrs. Samuel S. Stratton, the wife of Congressman Samuel S. Stratton of New York, and commissioned on 17 October 1964.

Samuel S. Stratton
Samuel Studdiford Stratton (September 27, 1916 – September 13, 1990) was an American politician who was a member of the Democratic Party.  He is notable for his service as mayor of Schenectady, and his 30-year career as a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. He also served in the United States Navy during both World War II and the Korean War.

Stratton abandoned his last reelection campaign in 1988 because of health issues, and retired to his home in Maryland.  He died in Maryland in 1990, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Natanael Cano: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 59
"Natanael Cano: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 59" (also titled "Endiamantado") is a song by Argentine DJ Bizarrap and Mexican singer Natanael Cano. It was released on 3 April 2023 through Dale Play, as part of the former's "Bzrp Music Sessions" series. The session was released along with another song titled "Entre las de 20".

Natanael Cano
Natanael Rubén Cano Monge (born 27 March 2001) is a Mexican rapper, musician and singer. Natanael is known for his fusion of trap music and regional Mexican corridos, known as corridos tumbados. The idea to fuse the two genres was proposed by Dan Sanchez who wrote Natanael's first corrido tumbado, "Soy el Diablo".
Wellow, Nottinghamshire
Wellow is a village in Nottinghamshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 444, increasing to 470 at the 2011 census, but falling slightly to 463 at the 2021 census.

It has a village green and a maypole, which is still in use. The parish church of St Swithin is 12th century, which was restored, with a new chancel, in 1878–9. On the east and south sides of the village are the remains of a defensive ditch, which originally encircled the village. To the south is the deserted medieval village of Grimston, which now forms part of the Manor of Wellow. To the north east is Jordan Castle, a Norman ringwork consisting of a circular earthwork surrounded by a bank and ditch.

Wellow also has, in Wellow Park, the largest remaining example of ash-wych elm woodland in Nottinghamshire.

Elm
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, ranging southward in Western Asia to Iran, in Africa to Libya, and in Southeast Asia into Indonesia.

Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests. Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, many species and cultivars were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in Europe, North America, and parts of the Southern Hemisphere, notably Australasia. Some individual elms reached great size and age. However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from Dutch elm disease, caused by a microfungus dispersed by bark beetles. In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and landscaping.
Lepidodactylus pollostos
Lepidodactylus pollostos is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Salawati Island, one of the Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia. Its true range might extend into the Vogelkop Peninsula in the adjacent mainland New Guinea.

It is a very small species of Lepidodactylus, with an adult size of about 35 mm (1.4 in) in snout–vent length. The only known specimen, a male, was collected in lowland rainforest from a tree at 75 m (246 ft) above sea level.

Bird's Head Peninsula
The Bird's Head Peninsula (Indonesian: Kepala Burung, Dutch: Vogelkop, meaning Bird's Head in Indonesian and Dutch) or Doberai Peninsula (Indonesian: Semenanjung Doberai) is a large peninsula that makes up the northwest portion of the island of New Guinea, comprising the Indonesian provinces of Southwest Papua and West Papua.  It is often referred to as The Vogelkop, and is so named because its shape looks like a bird's head on the island of New Guinea. The peninsula at the opposite end of the island (in Papua New Guinea) is called the Bird's Tail Peninsula. The peninsula just to the south is called the Bomberai Peninsula.