hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic trigonometry
In mathematics, hyperbolic trigonometry can mean:

The study of  hyperbolic triangles in hyperbolic geometry (traditional trigonometry is the study of triangles in plane geometry)

The use of the hyperbolic functions

The use of gyrotrigonometry in hyperbolic geometry

Gyrovector space
A gyrovector space is a mathematical concept proposed by Abraham A. Ungar for studying hyperbolic geometry in analogy to the way vector spaces are used in Euclidean geometry.  Ungar introduced the concept of  gyrovectors that have addition based on gyrogroups instead of vectors which have  addition based on groups.  Ungar developed his concept as a tool for the formulation of special relativity as an alternative to  the use of Lorentz transformations to represent compositions of velocities (also called boosts – "boosts" are aspects of relative velocities, and should not be conflated with "translations"). This is achieved by introducing "gyro operators"; two 3d velocity vectors are used to construct an operator, which acts on another 3d velocity.
Charter Stones
Charter Stones are large stone monuments that date back to ancient times when such stones were granted to individuals or communities in lieu of written charters to signify the granting of land by the crown, feudal overlords or other individuals. They were used to record ownership of land before written documents came into general use.

Prestwick
Prestwick (Scottish Gaelic: Preastabhaig) is a town in South Ayrshire on the west coast of Ayrshire in Scotland about 30 miles (50 kilometres) southwest of Glasgow. It adjoins the larger town of Ayr to the south on the Firth of Clyde coast, the centre of which is about two miles (three kilometres) south, and the small village of Monkton to the north. It had a population of 14,901 at the 2011 census.

Glasgow Prestwick Airport is on the town's outskirts, providing passenger flights to European and historically, transatlantic destinations, as well as international cargo flights.

The town was the first home of the Open Golf Championship, which was played on the Prestwick Old Course from 1860 to 1872.
Ravoyi Chandamama
Raavoyi Chandamama (transl. Come On, Oh Moon) is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language romance film directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee. It stars Nagarjuna, Jagapathi Babu, Anjala Zhaveri, Keerthi Reddy, and the music was composed by Mani Sharma. The film was produced by C. Aswani Dutt under the Vyjayanthi Movies banner. The film's title is based on a song from Missamma (1955). Raavoyi Chandamama was not commercially successful.

The film is loosely based on the 1957 American film An Affair to Remember, which in turn was a remake of 1939 film Love Affair. The American film was also remade in Hindi as Mann which also released in 1999. Raavoyi Chandamama was dubbed and released in Hindi as Sanam Tere Hain Hum and in Tamil as Shankar.

Vyjayanthi Movies
Vyjayanthi Movies is an Indian film production company founded in 1972 by C. Aswini Dutt. One of the leading production houses in Telugu cinema, it is known for its large-scale productions featuring high production values and top-tier actors. The company has produced several acclaimed and commercially successful films over the decades. Its 2024 production, Kalki 2898 AD, is the most expensive Indian film ever made and ranks among the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.

Vyjayanthi Movies' subsidiaries, Swapna Cinema and Three Angels Studio, are managed by Aswani Dutt's daughters, Swapna Dutt and Priyanka Dutt.
Atheris katangensis
Atheris katangensis, also known as the Katanga Mountain bush viper and other common names, is a species of venomous viper found in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Zambia. No subspecies are currently recognized.

Viperinae
Viperinae, or viperines, are a subfamily of vipers endemic to Europe, Asia and Africa. They are distinguished by their lack of the heat-sensing pit organs that characterize their sister group, the subfamily Crotalinae. Currently, 13 genera are recognized. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, Vipera berus, even occurs within the Arctic Circle. Like all vipers, they are venomous.

The common names "pitless vipers", "true vipers", "Old World vipers", and "true adders" all refer to this group.
Eudactylina corrugata
Eudactylina corrugata is a species of parasitic copepod found on the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) and the thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) that is only known from St. Andrews, New Brunswick and Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Eudactylina corrugata is only known from females. They are approximately 1.7 millimetres (0.067 in) long, and attach themselves to the secondary lamellae of the gills of their hosts using their chelate (clawed) maxillipeds. The species was described in 1930 by Ruby Bere.

Thorny skate
The thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) is a species of fish in the family Rajidae. This bottom-living skate lives in the North and south-eastern Atlantic Ocean in depths ranging from 20 to 1,000 m (66–3,281 ft) and water temperatures from −1 to 14 °C (30–57 °F).
Factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
In the course of the history of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP between 1898 and 1918), several political factions developed, as well as the major split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.

State Duma (Russian Empire)
The State Duma, also known as the Imperial Duma, was the lower house of the legislature in the Russian Empire, while the upper house was the State Council. It held its meetings in the Tauride Palace in Saint Petersburg. It convened four times between 27 April 1906 and the collapse of the empire in February 1917. The first and the second dumas were more democratic and represented a greater number of nationalities and groups than their successors. The third duma was dominated by gentry, landowners, and businessmen. The fourth duma held five sessions; it existed until 2 March 1917, and was formally dissolved on 6 October 1917.
Proton-PM
OJSC Proton-PM (Russian: АО «Протон-ПМ») is a Russian engine and heavy machinery manufacturing plant. It is located in the city of Perm, in the Perm Krai, on the bank of the Kama River. It started in 1958 as the specialized branch of Plant No. 19 named after I. V. Stalin for the manufacturing of the RD-214 rocket engine. In 1964 it was given made a separate entity then known as Second Production. In the later years, it has branched intro producing gas turbine power plants.

Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, romanized: Permskiy kray, IPA: [ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj]; Komi-Permyak: Перем ладор, romanized: Perem lador) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Census).

The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.

The final period of the Paleozoic era, the Permian, is named after the Perm region.
Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Kamensk-Shakhtinsky)
The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Russian: Церковь Троицы Живоначальной or Свято-Троицкая церковь) is a Russian Orthodox church in Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It belongs to Kamenskoe deanery of Shakhty and Millerovo diocese.

Kamensk-Shakhtinsky
Kamensk-Shakhtinsky (Russian: Ка́менск-Ша́хтинский, IPA: [ˈkamʲɪnsk ˈʂaxtʲɪnskʲɪj]) is a town in Rostov Oblast, located on the Seversky Donets River, around 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of the border with Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast. Population:  95,296 (2010 Census); 75,632 (2002 Census); 72,379 (1989 Soviet census).
Battle of Lauron
The Battle of Lauron (also known as the Battle of Lauro, not to be confused for the Battle of Lauro of 45 BC) was fought in 76 BC by a rebel force under the command of the renegade Roman general Quintus Sertorius and an army of Roman Republic under the command of the Roman general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (better known as Pompey). The battle was part of the Sertorian War and ended in victory for Sertorius and his rebels. The battle was recorded in detail by Frontinus in his Stratagems and by Plutarch in his Lives of Sertorius and Pompey.

Parallel Lives
The Parallel Lives (Ancient Greek: Βίοι Παράλληλοι, Bíoi Parállēloi; Latin: Vītae Parallēlae) is a series of 48 biographies of famous men written in Greek by the Greco-Roman philosopher, historian, and Apollonian priest Plutarch, probably at the beginning of the second century. The lives are arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings.

The surviving Parallel Lives comprises 23 pairs of biographies, each pair consisting of one Greek and one Roman of similar destiny, such as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, or Demosthenes and Cicero. There are also four singular Lives, recounting the stories of Artaxerxes, Aratus, Galba, and Otho. Traces of other biographies point to an additional twelve single Lives that are now missing.

It is a work of considerable importance, not only as a source of information about the individuals described, but also about the times in which they lived.
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as Governor of North-West Frontier Province) is the appointed head of state of the provincial government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province, or NWFP), Pakistan. Although the governor is the head of the province on paper, it is largely a ceremonial position; and the main powers lie with the elected Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Chief Secretary Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the senior-most bureaucrat in the province.

However, throughout the history of Pakistan, the powers of the provincial governors were vastly increased, when the provincial assemblies were dissolved and the administrative role came under direct control of the governors, as in the cases of martial laws of 1958–1972 and 1977–1985, and governor rules of 1999–2002. In the case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there were two direct governor rules, in 1975 and 1994, when the provincial chief ministers of those times were removed and assemblies dissolved.

Chief Secretary of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The chief secretary Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Urdu: مُعْتَمَدِ اعلٰی خیبر پختونخوا), also referred to as CS KP, is the bureaucratic chief and highest-ranking official of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The appointment of the chief secretary is made directly by the prime minister of Pakistan. The position of chief secretary is equivalent to the rank of federal secretary and the position holder usually belongs to the Pakistan Administrative Service.

The chief secretary is the province's administrative boss as all administrative secretaries report to him. The CS in turn reports to the chief minister, however the chief secretary is not under the charge of the chief minister as only the prime minister can appoint or remove the CS from his position. The chief secretary also serves as the chief advisor to the chief minister and as secretary to the provincial Cabinet.
Lists of members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Lists of members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union include:

Aug.–Oct. 1917

Oct.–Dec. 1917

6th (1917–18)

7th (1918–19)

8th (1919–20)

9th (1920–21)

10th (1921–22)

11th Politburo (1922–1923)

12th Politburo (1923–1924)

13th Politburo (1924–1925)

14th Politburo (1926–1927)

15th Politburo (1927–1930)

16th Politburo (1930–1934)

17th Politburo (1934–1939)

18th Politburo (1939–1952)

19th Politburo (1952–1956)

20th and 21st Politburo (1956–1961)

22nd Politburo (1961–1966)

23rd Politburo (1966–1971)

24th Politburo (1971–1976)

25th Politburo (1976–1981)

26th Politburo (1981–1986)

27th Politburo (1986–1990)

28th Politburo (1990–1991)

Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the 8th Congress.
Muztar Abbasi
Muztar Abbasi (1931 – 26 February 2004) was a Punjabi Muslim scholar and Vice Principal of Fazaia Inter College, Lower Topa, who belonged to the Dhund Abbasi tribe of Murree Hills in the Murree District. He was a pioneer of the Esperanto language in Pakistan and patron in chief of the Pakistan Esperanto Association (PakEsA). He translated the Quran into Esperanto and wrote a biography of Islamic prophet Muhammad and several other books in Esperanto and Urdu.

Murree District
Murree, (Punjabi/Urdu: ضِلع مری) is a district of the Rawalpindi Division in the northernmost part of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It was created out of Rawalpindi District in 2022 and consists of two tehsils, Kotli Sattian and Murree.
Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games – Men's welterweight
The men's welterweight competition of the boxing events at the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin, Turkey, was held between June 22 and 26 at the Tarsus Arena.

Like all Mediterranean Games boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss.

2013 Mediterranean Games
The 2013 Mediterranean Games (Turkish: 2013 Akdeniz Oyunları), officially known as the XVII Mediterranean Games (Turkish: XVII Akdeniz Oyunları) and commonly known as Mersin 2013, was an international multi-sport event held from 20 to 30 June 2013 in Mersin, Turkey. Mersin was announced as the host city at the General Assembly of the International Committee of Mediterranean Games (CIJM) on 23 February 2011. Mersin is the second city in Turkey after İzmir to host the Mediterranean Games. All 24 member National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the ICMG participated in the Games. The official programme for the Games is featuring events in 27 different sports.
John P. Carlin
John Philip Carlin (born 1973) is an American attorney who served as acting deputy attorney general in the United States Department of Justice from January to April 2021. From April 2021 to September 2022, Carlin was principal associate deputy attorney general under Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco.  He previously served as United States assistant attorney general for the National Security Division from April 2014 to October 15, 2016, and as chief of staff to Robert Mueller during his time as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a United States federal law enforcement agency, and is responsible for its day-to-day operations. The FBI director is appointed for a single 10-year term by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. The FBI is an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ), and thus the director reports to the attorney general of the United States.

The director briefed the president on any issues that arose from within the FBI until the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was enacted following the September 11 attacks. Since then, the director reports in an additional capacity to the director of national intelligence, as the FBI is also part of the United States Intelligence Community.

The incumbent FBI director is Kash Patel, who was sworn in on February 21, 2025.
Cleaver
A cleaver is a large knife that varies in its shape but usually resembles a rectangular-bladed tomahawk. It is largely used as a kitchen or butcher knife and is mostly intended for splitting up large pieces of soft bones and slashing through thick pieces of meat. The knife's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation (such as garlic) and can also be used to scoop up chopped items.

Tools described as cleavers have been in use since the Acheulean period. "Cleaver" was commonly spelled clever in the late 17th century.

Cleaver (Stone Age tool)
In archaeology, a cleaver is a type of biface stone tool of the Lower Palaeolithic.

Cleavers resemble hand axes in that they are large and oblong or U-shaped tools meant to be held in the hand. But, unlike hand axes, they have a wide, straight cutting edge running at right angles to the axis of the tool.

Acheulean cleavers resemble handaxes but with the pointed end truncated away. Flake cleavers have a cutting edge created by a tranchet flake being struck from the primary surface.
Kothagudem Municipal Corporation
The Kothagudem Municipal Corporation is the local governing body, administering the city of Kothagudem, Bhadradri Kothagudem district in the Indian state of Telangana.

The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a mayor and administers the city's governance, infrastructure and administration.
This city is selected under central government scheme of AMRUT.

Kothagudem
Kothagudem is a city in the Indian state of Telangana. It serves as the headquarters of Telangana's Bhadradri Kothagudem district. It was a part of the large Zamindari estate known as Husanabad Shankaragiri or Palvancha Zamindari in the Nizam's Dominion. The estate's name was given by Captain Glasfurd. The Zamindar of Bhadrachalam was also Zamindar of Palvancha.
Chaetostoma trimaculineum
Chaetostoma trimaculineum is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the drainage basins of the Santiago River and the Marañón River in Ecuador and Peru. The species reaches 16 cm (6.3 inches) SL.

This species was described in 2015 by Nathan K. Lujan of the American Museum of Natural History, Vanessa Meza-Vargas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Viviana Astudillo-Clavijo, Ramiro Barriga of the Central University of Venezuela, and Hernán López-Fernández of the University of Michigan.

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul
The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS) is a private non-profit Catholic university. With campuses in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre and Viamão, it is the largest private university of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the first university founded by the Catholic religious institute of the Marist Brothers. PUCRS is considered the best private university of Brazil's Southern Region by the Ministry of Education (MEC), and one of the best private universities in the country, with FGV, PUC-Rio and the PUC-SP.
Jakubice
Jakubice [jakuˈbit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Warta, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south of Warta, 11 km (7 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and 60 km (37 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Sieradz County
Sieradz County (Polish: powiat sieradzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Sieradz, which lies 54 kilometres (34 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź. The county contains three other towns: Złoczew, lying 23 km (14 mi) south-west of Sieradz, Warta, lying 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and Błaszki, 23 km (14 mi) west of Sieradz.

The county covers an area of 1,491.04 square kilometres (575.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 121,013, out of which the population of Sieradz is 44,045, that of Złoczew is 3,403, that of Warta is 3,388, that of Błaszki is 2,179, and the rural population is 67,998.
Stephen Davenport
Stephen C. Davenport (June 27, 1924 – August 17, 2011) was an American lawyer, accountant, and politician who was a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1965 to 1969 and the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1961 to 1965. He was a candidate for Mayor of Boston in 1967. Prior to serving in the Massachusetts General Court, Davenport served as Assistant Corporation Counsel for the City of Boston from 1950 to 1961.

He was born in Roslindale, Massachusetts, and represented Jamaica Plain for most of his career. He served as a Navy jet fighter in World War II and the Korean War. He was married to Margaret "Margie" (Kane) Davenport and had one daughter and two sons. He died in August 2011.

Massachusetts Senate
The Massachusetts Senate is the upper house of the Massachusetts General Court, the bicameral state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Senate comprises 40 elected members from 40 single-member senatorial districts in the state. All but one of the districts are named for the counties in which they are located (the "Cape and Islands" district covers Dukes, Nantucket, and parts of Barnstable counties). Senators serve two-year terms, without term limits. The Senate convenes in the Massachusetts State House in Boston, the state capital.
Charles d'Aspremont Lynden
Charles Albert Ferdinand Gobert, comte d'Aspremont Lynden (31 October 1888 – 21 June 1967) was a Belgian landowner, politician and cabinet minister. He was also a member of the right wing of the Catholic Party. He was the father of Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden, another politician and cabinet minister.

Born in Brussels, he became a doctor of law. He was elected a senator (1936-1939 and 1946-1961) and a representative (1939-1946) for the 
arrondissement of Dinant-Philippeville. He served as Minister for Agriculture (1939-1940) and Minister Without Portfolio (1940-1944), both in the Belgian Government in Exile. He died in Natoye.

Arrondissement of Philippeville
The Arrondissement of Philippeville (French: Arrondissement de Philippeville; Dutch: Arrondissement Philippeville) is one of the three administrative arrondissements in the Walloon province of Namur, Wallonia, Belgium.

The Administrative Arrondissement of Philippeville consists of the following municipalities:

Cerfontaine

Couvin

Doische

Florennes

Philippeville

Viroinval

Walcourt
Pulheimer SC
Pulheimer SC is a German sports club from Pulheim. It has sections for association football, handball, baseball (Pulheim Gophers), hockey, basketball, inline hockey, volleyball, badminton, tennis, table tennis, budo, fencing, track and field, cycling, swimming, dancing, and chess.

In June 1924, SC Sparta Pulheim was founded as a football club. Numerous other sports were added over the years. On 9 September 1966 it merged with VfL Pulheim (founded 1957), creating the modern club.

Successful club members in individual sports include Gerald Ciolek (road cycling) and Helga Arendt (400 metres).

Gerald Ciolek
Gerald Michael Ciolek (born 19 September 1986) is a German former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2005 and 2016. He currently works as a directeur sportif for UCI Continental team Dauner–Akkon.
Fridah Mukoma
Fridah Mukoma (born 13 October 2006) is a Zambian footballer who plays a forward for Chinese Women's Super League club Beijing, on loan from National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) side Kansas City Current and the Zambia national team.

Beijing W.F.C.
Beijing Jingtan Football Club (Chinese: 北京京坛足球俱乐部), commonly referred to as Beijing Women Football Club (Chinese: 北京女子足球队) or Beijing W.F.C. (Chinese: 北京女足), is a Chinese professional women's football club located in Beijing. They compete in the Chinese Women's Super League, and their home stadium is Xiannongtan Stadium.