hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Valentí Almirall i Llozer
Valentí Almirall i Llozer (Catalan pronunciation: [bələnˈti əlmiˈɾaʎ]; Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 8 March 1841 – 1904) was a Catalan politician, considered one of the fathers of modern Catalan nationalism, and more specifically, of the left-wing variety.

Left-wing nationalism
Left-wing nationalism or leftist nationalism (in certain contexts also called popular nationalism by those who do not adhere to the left-right plane, or in contrast to conservative nationalism) is a form of nationalism  which is based upon national self-determination, popular sovereignty, and left-wing political positions such as social equality. Left-wing nationalism can also include anti-imperialism and national liberation movements. Left-wing nationalism often stands in contrast to right-wing politics and right-wing nationalism.
Newcomen Street Corporation Baths
Newcomen Street Corporation Baths were public baths in Newcastle, Australia. Opened in 1888, ongoing financial and hygiene problems resulted in the closure of the baths in 1906. The baths provided a place for the public to bathe in sea water while enjoying the health benefits in a safe manner. The building was converted into an arcade in 1934, and parts of the original façade are still visible today.

Public bathing
Public baths originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they have often been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other criteria.

In addition to their hygienic function, public baths have also been social meeting places. They have included hot-air bathing facilities such as hammams, Victorian Turkish baths, and saunas. Some have also provided complementary services such as shampooing, massages, and other relaxation therapies, often also found in contemporary day spas.

As the percentage of dwellings containing private bathrooms has increased in some societies, the need for public baths has diminished, and they are now almost exclusively used recreationally.
Something More (1999 film)
Something More is a 1999 Canadian comedy film directed by Rob W. King. It stars Michael A. Goorjian, Chandra West, David Lovgren and Jennifer Beals. The film was written by Peter Bryant, and produced by Minds Eye Pictures.

Minds Eye Entertainment
Minds Eye Entertainment is a Canadian film and television production and distribution company headquartered in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The company produces television and film projects in Canada and the United States as well as internationally. Minds Eye Entertainment was founded by Kevin DeWalt and Ken Krawczyk in 1986. The company has produced more than sixty films and television series and has received over fifty national and international film awards.
Tambulig
Tambulig, officially the Municipality of Tambulig (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Tambulig; Subanen: Benwa Tambulig; Chavacano: Municipalidad de Tambulig; Tagalog: Bayan ng Tambulig), is a municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 37,480 people.

Zamboanga del Sur
Zamboanga del Sur (Cebuano: Habagatang Zamboanga; Subanen: S'helatan Sembwangan/Sembwangan dapit Shelatan; Maguindanaon: Salatan Sambuangan, Jawi: سلاتن سامبواڠن; Filipino: Katimugang Zamboanga), officially the Province of Zamboanga del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao. Its capital is the city of Pagadian.

Statistically grouped with Zamboanga del Sur is the highly urbanized City of Zamboanga, which is geographically separated and a chartered city and governed independently from the province and also its largest city.

The province borders Zamboanga del Norte to the north, Zamboanga Sibugay to the west, Misamis Occidental to the northeast, and Lanao del Norte to the east. To the south is the Moro Gulf.
From the Sea to the Land Beyond
From The Sea to the Land Beyond: Britain's Coast on Film is a documentary feature film directed by Penny Woolcock, with an original soundtrack by British indie-rock band Sea Power. The project was produced by Heather Croall and Mark Atkin of Crossover to premiere at the Sheffield Doc/Fest as part of The Space project from the BBC and the Arts Council England. The film was edited by Alex Fry.

The world premiere was at the Crucible Theatre at Sheffield Doc/Fest in June 2012, with Sea Power playing the soundtrack live. It has since been performed at the BFI Southbank, Latitude Festival, Sundance London, at Doc/Fest 2013, and under the hull of the Cutty Sark. The film with recorded soundtrack was shown on BBC Four's Storyville on 18 November 2012, and released on DVD on 21 January 2013. The soundtrack album was released on 2 December 2013.

Crucible Theatre
The Crucible Theatre, or simply The Crucible, is a theatre in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, which opened in 1971. Its name refers to crucible steel, which was developed in Sheffield in 1740 and drove the industrialisation of the city.

In addition to regular theatrical performances, the theatre also serves as a sports venue, having hosted the World Snooker Championship annually since 1977. The Guardian newspaper has called the Crucible the "spiritual home of snooker". The World Women's Snooker Championship and the World Seniors Championship have also been staged at the venue.

In May 2022, proposed plans were unveiled to build a new 3,000-seat venue nearby with a bridge connecting the two buildings.
Ulu Tiram
Ulu Tiram (Jawi: اولو تيرم; Chinese: 乌鲁地南; Tamil: உலு தீராம்) is a suburb in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. The town lies along the Tebrau Highway, a section of Malaysia Federal Route 3, a major trunk road on Peninsular Malaysia's east coast that connects Ulu Tiram with major towns and cities such as Mersing, Kuantan and Kota Bharu.

Ulu Tiram is located approximately 18 km north of Johor Bahru and 20 km south of Kota Tinggi. Ulu Tiram is accessible through the Tebrau Highway, Jalan Kota Tinggi trunk road, and the Senai–Desaru Expressway.

Kuantan
Kuantan (Pahang Malay: Kontaeng; Terengganu Malay: Kuatang/Kuantang) is a city and the state capital of Pahang, Malaysia. It is located near the mouth of the Kuantan River. Kuantan is the 12th largest city in Malaysia based on a 2020 population of 548,014 and the largest city on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

The administrative centre of the state of Pahang was officially relocated to Kuantan on 27 August 1955 from Kuala Lipis, and was officiated by HRH Sultan Abu Bakar Ri'ayatuddin Al Muadzam Shah, the Sultan of Pahang.
Weierstrass ring
In mathematics, a Weierstrass ring, named by Nagata after Karl Weierstrass, is a commutative local ring that is Henselian, pseudo-geometric, and such that  any quotient ring by a prime ideal is a finite extension of a regular local ring.

Local ring
In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple, and serve to describe what is called "local behaviour", in the sense of functions defined on algebraic varieties or manifolds, or of algebraic number fields examined at a particular place, or prime. Local algebra is the branch of commutative algebra that studies commutative local rings and their modules.

In practice, a commutative local ring often arises as the result of the localization of a ring at a prime ideal.

The concept of local rings was introduced by Wolfgang Krull in 1938 under the name Stellenringe.  The English term local ring is due to Zariski.
Casnate con Bernate
Casnate con Bernate (Brianzöö: Casnaa Bernaa [kaˈznaː berˈnaː]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Milan and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Como. As of 1 January 2010, it had a population of 4,908 and an area of 5.3 square kilometres (2.0 sq mi).
It comprises the fractions of Casnate and Bernate, which once were distinct municipalities until they were merged in July 1937.

Casnate con Bernate borders the following municipalities: Como, Cucciago, Fino Mornasco, Grandate, Luisago, Senna Comasco.

Brianzöö dialect
Brianzöö (modern orthography) or Brianzoeu (historical orthography) is a group of variants (Prealpine and Western Lombard – macromilanese) of the Western variety of the Lombard language, spoken in the region of Brianza.
Dictyonema subobscuratum
Dictyonema subobscuratum is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands, where it mostly grows as an epiphyte over bryophytes on branches and trunks in humid zones. It was formally described as a new species in 2017 by Manuela Dal-Forno, Frank Bungartz, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected on Floreana Island along the rim trail to Cerro Pajas at an altitude of 442 m (1,450 ft); it has also been recorded from Santa Cruz Island. The lichen forms dark bluish-green filamentous, irregular mats that grow in patches up to 5 cm (2.0 in) across. The specific epithet subobscuratum refers to its similarity with Dictyonema obscuratum, found in Brazil.

Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)
Santa Cruz Island (Spanish: Isla Santa Cruz), also known as Indefatigable Island and by other names, is the most populous and second-largest island in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Situated in the middle of the group, Santa Cruz is a shield volcano with an area of 986 km2 (381 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 864 m (2,835 ft). The seat of Santa Cruz Canton is Puerto Ayora on Santa Cruz. The island's total population is around 18,000 with those living in smaller villages chiefly working in agriculture and cattle raising.
Las Delicias, Baja California
Las Delicias is a suburb in the city of Tijuana in the Mexican state of Baja California. The suburb had a population of 15,486 as of 2010.

Las Delicias observes Daylight Saving Time (DST) with time zone PDT (GMT -07:00)

Administrative divisions of Mexico
Mexico is a federal republic composed of 32 federative entities (Spanish: entidades federativas): 31 states and Mexico City. According to the Constitution of Mexico, the states of the federation are free and sovereign in all matters concerning their internal affairs. Since 2016, Mexico City has been a fully autonomous entity on par with the states. Each state federative entity has its own congress and constitution.
François Cellier
François Arsène Cellier (14 December 1849 – 5 January 1914), often called Frank, was an English conductor and composer. He is known for his tenure as musical director and conductor of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company during the original runs and early revivals of the Savoy operas.

Succeeding his elder brother Alfred as the company's chief conductor in 1878, Cellier devoted almost all the rest of his life to comic opera. He was musical director for the original runs of nine Gilbert and Sullivan operas and fourteen full-length pieces by other writers at the Savoy Theatre between 1881 and 1902. He composed songs and also some short curtain raisers that were well received but have rarely been revived.

Comic opera
Comic opera, sometimes known as light opera, is a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature, usually with a happy ending and often including spoken dialogue.

Forms of comic opera first developed in late 17th-century Italy. By the 1730s, a new operatic genre, opera buffa, emerged as an alternative to opera seria. It quickly made its way to France, where it became opéra comique, and eventually, in the following century, French operetta, with Jacques Offenbach as its most accomplished practitioner.

The influence of Italian and French forms spread to other parts of Europe. Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera, incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions. Examples include German singspiel, Viennese operetta, Spanish zarzuela, Russian comic opera, English ballad and Savoy opera, North American operetta and musical comedy.
Cordon sanitaire (medicine)
A cordon sanitaire (French pronunciation: [kɔʁdɔ̃ sanitɛʁ], French for "sanitary cordon") is the restriction of movement of people into or out of a defined geographic area, such as a community, region, or country. The term originally denoted a barrier used to stop the spread of infectious diseases. The term is also often used metaphorically, in English, to refer to attempts to prevent the spread of an ideology deemed unwanted or dangerous, such as the containment policy adopted by George F. Kennan against the Soviet Union (see cordon sanitaire in politics).

Ideology
An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.

The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher, who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In political science, the term is used in a descriptive sense to refer to political belief systems.
Pottankad
Pottankad is a village located in the Idukki district of Kerala, India. It is about 3020 ft. above sea level. A tourist destination, Munnar, is within 20 km of Pottankad. Most of the people depend on agriculture, and the main cultivations are cardamom and black pepper.

This place is included in the Bison Valley Panchayat in Devikulam taluk.

Nobody really knows how the name, Pottenkad, originated.

Cardamom
Cardamom (/ˈkɑːrdəməm/), sometimes cardamon or cardamum, is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae. Both genera are native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia. They are recognized by their small seed pods: triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin, papery outer shell and small, black seeds; Elettaria pods are light green and smaller, while Amomum pods are dark brown and larger.

Species used for cardamom are native throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. The first references to cardamom are found in Sumer, and in Ayurveda. In the 21st century, it is cultivated mainly in India, Indonesia, and Guatemala.
Tinsley Tavern
Tinsley Tavern, also known as Tinsleyville Tavern, is a historic inn and tavern located near Columbia in Goochland County, Virginia. It was built about 1802, and is a two-story, vernacular Federal period building.  It has a center passage plan, and features wood-frame construction with weatherboard cladding.  A 1+1⁄2-story, rear addition dates to about 1920.  The building was used as a drover's tavern until 1836, after which it was occupied as a single family home.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Inn
Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway. Before the advent of motorized transportation, they also provided accommodation for horses.

An innkeeper is the person who runs an inn.
1972 United States Senate special election in Vermont
The 1972 United States Senate special election in Vermont took place on January 7, 1972. Incumbent Republican Robert Stafford, appointed in September 1971 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Winston L. Prouty, successfully ran for election to the remainder of Prouty's term in the United States Senate. Stafford defeated Democratic candidate Randolph T. Major. Liberty Union candidate Bernie Sanders received 2% of the vote and was later elected to this seat in 2006 as an independent.

Robert Stafford
Robert Theodore Stafford (August 8, 1913 – December 23, 2006) was an American politician from Vermont. In his lengthy political career, he served as the 71st governor of Vermont, a United States representative, and a U.S. senator. A Republican, Stafford was generally considered a liberal, or "Rockefeller Republican".

Stafford is best remembered for his staunch environmentalism, his work on higher education, and his support, as an elder statesman, for the 2000 Vermont law legalizing civil unions for gay couples.
Walmer Lifeboat Station
Walmer Lifeboat Station is located on The Strand, the promenade at Walmer, a town approximately 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Dover, in the county of Kent.

Following an appeal, a lifeboat station was established here by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1856.

The station currently operates two Inshore lifeboats, the B-class (Atlantic 85) Hounslow Branch (B-950), placed on station in 2025, and the smaller D-class (IB1) Duggie Rodbard II (D-794), on station since 2016.

Lifeboat (rescue)
A rescue lifeboat is a boat rescue craft which is used to attend a vessel in distress, or its survivors, to rescue crew and passengers. It can be hand pulled, sail powered or powered by an engine. Lifeboats may be rigid, inflatable or rigid-inflatable combination-hulled vessels.
Leslie M. Kay
Leslie M. Kay is an American neuroscientist and a Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Chicago. Her research studies the neurophysiology of the olfactory bulb and how behavioral context affects sensory processing.

Kay received her undergraduate education at St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) and obtained a PhD in biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley. She completed a postdoctoral research project at the California Institute of Technology under Gilles Laurent after graduating from her PhD program in 1995. She was appointed in 2000 as an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Chicago. From 2008 to 2014 she served as the director of the Institute for Mind and Biology at the University of Chicago.

Olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (Latin: bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure in the forebrain of vertebrates that is involved in olfaction, or the sense of smell. It transmits olfactory information to the other brain regions including the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and hippocampus where it contributes to emotion, memory and learning.

The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb. The main olfactory bulb connects to the amygdala via the piriform cortex of the primary olfactory cortex and directly projects from the main olfactory bulb to specific amygdala areas. The accessory olfactory bulb resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb and forms a parallel pathway.

Destruction of the olfactory bulb results in ipsilateral anosmia, while irritative lesions of the uncus can result in olfactory and gustatory hallucinations.
Filipp Braylyan
Filipp Vasilyevich Braylyan (Russian: Филипп Васильевич Брайлян; 3 July 1901 – 30 July 1973) was a Soviet Army major general who held divisional commands during World War II.

Conscripted into the Red Army in the early 1920s, Braylyan rose through a series of command and staff positions to regimental command before Germany invaded the Soviet Union.  He commanded a regiment in the retreat through Ukraine in 1941 and after breaking out of encirclement was appointed commander of the 349th Rifle Division, which he led in the Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive of January 1942. Seriously concussed a few months later, Braylyan was posted to command the 34th Guards Rifle Division in March 1943 after recovering. He led the division in the fighting on the Mius-Front and the advance through the Donbass and Ukraine during 1943 and 1944. After falling ill in May 1944, Braylyan commanded officer training courses until his retirement in the late 1950s.

Southern Front (Soviet Union)
The Southern Front was a front, a formation about the size of an army group of the Soviet Army during the Second World War. The Southern Front directed military operations during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1940 and then was formed twice after the June 1941 invasion by Germany, codenamed Operation Barbarossa.

During the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1940, the Soviets deployed three armies (12th, 5th and 9th). Altogether the Soviet Southern Front opposing Bessarabia and Bukovina consisted of 32 (or 31) rifle divisions, 2 (or 3) motorised rifle divisions, 6 cavalry divisions, 11 tank brigades, 3 airborne brigades (one in reserve), 14 corps artillery regiments, 16 artillery regiments of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and 4 heavy artillery divisions. These force totalled around 460,000 men, ca. 12,000 guns and mortars, ca. 3,000 tanks and 2,160 aircraft.
Convention and Statute on the International Régime of Maritime Ports
The Convention and Statute on the International Régime of Maritime Ports is a 1923 League of Nations multilateral treaty whereby port states agree to treat ships equally, regardless of the nationality of the ship.

The Convention was concluded in Geneva on 9 December 1923 and entered into force on 26 July 1926. The states that ratify the Convention agree to allow all ships the freedom to access maritime ports and to not discriminate against ships based on the maritime flag the ship flies. The Convention remains in force and forms of the basis of the expectation at international law of equal treatment in maritime ports.

The Convention was most recently ratified in 2001, by Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Thailand ratified the Convention in 1925 but denounced it in 1973.

Multilateral treaty
A multilateral treaty or multilateral agreement is a treaty to which two or more sovereign states are parties. Each party owes the same obligations to all other parties, except to the extent that they have stated reservations. Examples of multilateral treaties include the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Geneva Conventions, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
Hideo Nagata
Hideo Nagata (長田 秀雄, Nagata Hideo) (13 May 1885 – 5 May 1949) was a poet and playwright in Shōwa period Japan. He also was a scriptwriter.

Born in Tokyo, Nagata was the son of a Shinto priest at the Kikuchi Jinja. Interested in literature and poetry from an early age, he developed his own style of modern poetry and was ranked alongside Kitahara Hakushu and Kinoshita Mokutaro by the literary magazine Myōjō ("Bright Star"). He later turned his creative talents to the modern theater, and then to the relatively new medium of cinema.

He died in 1949, and his grave is at the Somei Cemetery in Sugamo, Tokyo.

Literary magazine
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish a mix of fiction and non-fiction. Short stories and poetry are common literary forms published, but some magazines may publish serial literature—a novel which is revealed in sections over multiple issues. Non-fiction writing may be from staff of the literary magazine to make commentary about their magazine or about culture related to literature. Non-fiction from contributors may take the form of essays, literary criticism, book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews, and letters. Literary magazines are often called literary journals (or little magazines) to contrast them with larger, commercial magazines.