hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Middle English phonology
Middle English phonology is necessarily somewhat speculative since it is preserved only as a written language. Nevertheless, there is a very large text corpus of Middle English. The dialects of Middle English vary greatly over both time and place, and in contrast with Old English and Modern English, spelling was usually phonetic rather than conventional. Words were generally spelled according to how they sounded to the person writing a text, rather than according to a formalised system that might not accurately represent the way the writer's dialect was pronounced, as Modern English is today.

The Middle English speech of the city of London in the late 14th century (essentially, the speech of Geoffrey Chaucer) is used as the standard Middle English dialect in teaching and when specifying "the" grammar or phonology of Middle English.  It is this form that is described below, unless otherwise indicated.

In the rest of the article, abbreviations are used as follows:

Phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either:

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages.
Syed Masudal Hossain
Syed Masudal Hossain was an Indian politician and the member of the 11th Lok Sabha who represented Murshidabad parliamentary constituency of West Bengal State. He was born on 14 August 1939 in Beniagram area of Murshidabad district of West Bengal, and was associated with Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Syed was also re-elected as the member of parliament during the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th general elections (Lok Sabha) of the India.

Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency
Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency is a parliamentary constituency in Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. While six assembly segments of No. 11 Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency are in Murshidabad district, one assembly segment is in Nadia district.
Mygdonia A.C.
Mygdonia Badminton Athletic Club (A.C. Badminton Mygdonia) is a badminton club based in Drymos, Oraiokastro, Thessaloniki, Greece. It was started in February 2000 and officially founded on March 22, 2002. Its emblem is an olive wreath, and its colors are orange and black. Mygdonia A.C. has achieved success at both the national and international levels. Many of the club's athletes have received national commendations in various age categories. Some have won the Greek Championship while others have been requested by the national badminton team of Greece.

Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Thessaloniki (Greek: Μητροπολιτική ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης Mitropolitiki enotita Thessaloníkis, Metropolitan unit of Thessaloniki) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki.
Panzer Commander
Panzer Commander is a computer tank-driving simulator released in 1998. Developed by Ultimation Inc. and published by Strategic Simulations Inc. (SSI). The game is set in World War II as a tank simulator.

Vehicle simulation game
Vehicle simulation games are a genre of video games which attempt to provide the player with a realistic interpretation of operating various kinds of vehicles. This includes automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, military vehicles, and a variety of other vehicles. The main challenge is to master driving and steering the vehicle from the perspective of the pilot or driver, with most games adding another challenge such as racing or fighting rival vehicles. Games are often divided based on realism, with some games including more realistic physics and challenges such as fuel management.
Zante Ferries
Zante Ferries, also known as ANMEZ (Ανώνυμη Ναυτιλιακή Μεταφορική Εταιρεία Ζακύνθου) in Greek, was a Greek ferry company operating from the Greek mainland to the West Cyclades, Samothrace and Lemnos from the ports of Piraeus and Alexandroupolis. The company was founded on 25 January 1991 and ceased operations on 2024 after Fast Ferries acquired the last two ferries Dionisios Solomos and Adamantios Korais.

Cyclades
The Cyclades (/ˈsɪklədiːz/; Greek: Κυκλάδες, romanized: Kykládes, IPA: [ciˈkla.ðes]) are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name (Κυκλάδες νήσοι, Kykládes nísoi, 'encircling islands') refers to the archipelago forming a circle around the sacred island of Delos. The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos; the most populated, however, is Syros.
Joel Greenberg (historian)
Joel Greenberg (born 1946) is an educational technology consultant and historian on the role of Bletchley Park in World War II.

Greenberg gained a PhD degree in numerical mathematics from the University of Manchester (UMIST) in 1973. For over 33 years, he worked for the Open University and held a number of director-level management positions. He lectures and writes about Bletchley Park and its role in World War II. He also conducts tours of the site. He is author of biographies about Gordon Welchman, a key figure at Bletchley Park during WWII, and Alastair Denniston, the first operational head of GCHQ. In 2017, he contributed a chapter to The Turing Guide on the German WWII Enigma machine.

University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) was a university based in the centre of the city of Manchester in England. It specialised in technical and scientific subjects and was a major centre for research. On 1 October 2004, it amalgamated with the Victoria University of Manchester (commonly called the University of Manchester) to produce a new entity called the University of Manchester.

UMIST gained its royal charter in 1956 and became a fully autonomous university in 1994. Previously its degrees were awarded by the Victoria University of Manchester. The UMIST motto was Scientia et Labore (By Knowledge and Work).
El Arfji
El Arfji (also written El Arfsi) is a village in the commune of Reguiba, in Reguiba District, El Oued Province, Algeria. The village is located on a local road 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southwest of Reguibra.

El Oued Province
El Oued (Arabic: ولاية الوادي, Berber languages: ⴻⵍ oⵓⴻⴷ) is a Saharan province of Algeria (n° 39) dominated by Oued Souf. It was named after its eponymous capital. Notable towns include El Oued itself and Guemar.
Sarah Fitz-Gerald
Sarah Elizabeth Fitz-Gerald AM (born 1 December 1968) is an Australian former professional squash player who won five World Open titles – 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001 and 2002. She ranks alongside Janet Morgan, Nicol David, Susan Devoy, Michelle Martin and Heather McKay as the sport's greatest female players of all time.

World Squash Championships
The World Squash Championships are squash events, which since the early 1990s have been held annually for both men and women organised by the Professional Squash Association. The men's event was first held in 1976 in London, England and the women's was inaugurated in 1976 in Brisbane, Australia.
2025 Supercopa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino
The 2025 Supercopa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino (officially the Supercopa Feminina Betano 2025 for sponsorship reasons) was the fourth edition of the Supercopa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino football competition. It was held between 7 and 15 March 2025.

São Paulo defeated Corinthians 4–3 on penalties to win their first title after a 0–0 draw in the final.

Supercopa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino
The Supercopa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino is a Brazilian association football trophy organized by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF). The tournament was announced in 2021 and played for the first time in 2022.
Chea Soth
Chea Soth (Khmer: ជា សុទ្ធ; 3 March 1928 – 21 January 2012) was a Cambodian politician. He belonged to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Prey Veng Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003. He was Minister of Planning in the PRK government from 1982 to 1993.

Chea Soth died on 21 January 2012, at the age of 83.

National Assembly (Cambodia)
The National Assembly (Khmer: រដ្ឋសភា, UNGEGN: Roatsaphea [rɔət.sapʰiə]; lit. 'State Assembly') is one of the two houses (chambers) of the Parliament of Cambodia. It is referred to as the lower house, with the Senate being referred to as the upper house.

The National Assembly is an elected body consisting of 125 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected for five-year terms by party-list proportional representation, using capital/provinces as constituencies of 1 to 12 members, and the D'Hondt method of seat distribution. A political party must secure 63 seats to obtain and preserve a majority.

The National Assembly is headed by the President, currently Khuon Sodary. The seventh National Assembly held its inaugural session on 21 August 2023.
Thomas Gerow Murphy
Thomas Gerow Murphy, PC (October 29, 1883 – April 7, 1971) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Northumberland County, Ontario, he was a pharmacist before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada representing the Manitoba riding of Neepawa in the 1925 federal election. A Conservative, he was defeated in the 1926 election by Progressive Robert Milne. He defeated Milne in the 1930 federal election to return to Parliament and was appointed to the Cabinet of R.B. Bennett. He was defeated in the 1935 and 1940 elections. From 1930 to 1935, he was the Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs and Minister of the Interior.

Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations
In Canada, the minister of Crown–Indigenous relations (French: ministre des relations couronne-autochtones) is a minister of the Crown who is responsible for the Department of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs, along with the minister of northern and Arctic affairs. The department administers the Indian Act and other legislation dealing with "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians" under subsection 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867. The minister is also more broadly responsible for overall relations between the Government of Canada and First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.

Rebecca Alty has served as The minister of Crown–Indigenous relations since May 13, 2025. The minister is selected by the prime minister and appointed by the Crown. The position is one of two portfolios responsible for policies relating to Indigenous peoples in Canada, with the minister of Indigenous services overseeing service delivery.
Jim Camp
James Vernon Camp (August 8, 1924 – January 31, 2002) was an American football player and coach.  He served as the head football coach at George Washington University from 1961 to 1966, compiling a record of 23–34.  A native of Danville, Virginia, Camp played college football
at Randolph–Macon College in 1942 and at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1944 to 1947.  He played professionally for one season, in 1948, with the Brooklyn Dodgers of the All-America Football Conference  (AAFC).

Randolph–Macon College
Randolph–Macon College (RMC or, colloquially, Macon) is a private liberal arts college in Ashland, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1830, the college has an enrollment of more than 1,800 students. It is the second-oldest Methodist-run college in the country, and the oldest in continuous operation. The college primarily offers bachelor's degrees.
Zezinho (footballer, born June 1930)
Moyses Ferreira Alves (2 June 1930 – 14 August 1980), better known as Zezinho, was a Brazilian footballer who played as a forward. He played in three matches for the Brazil national team in 1956. He was also part of Brazil's squad for the 1956 South American Championship.

1956 South American Championship
South American Championship 1956 was a football tournament held in Uruguay, who won it. Chile were runners-up. Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador withdrew from the tournament. Enrique Hormazábal from Chile became top scorer of the tournament with 4 goals.
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Choanephora cucurbitarum is a fungal plant pathogen that causes fruit and blossom rot of various cucurbits.  It can also affect okra, snap bean, and southern pea, and may cause a stem and leaf rot of Withania somnifera. Recently Das et al. 2017 added few more patho-index on aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), teasle gourd (Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde, hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet), green pea (Pisum sativum) from India. Wet weather, high temperature and high humidity favor disease development from inoculum that is typically soil-borne. Signs of infection on fruits or leaves include water-soaked, necrotic lesions, which progress rapidly under ideal conditions. As the fungus begins to produce spores, affected tissues become dark grey-brown and hairy as a result of the superficial sporangia.

Momordica dioica
Momordica dioica, commonly known as spiny gourd or spine gourd or teasle gourd and also known as bristly balsam pear, is a species of flowering plant in the Cucurbitaceae/gourd family. It is propagated by underground tubers. It has small leaves, small yellow flowers, it has small, dark green, round or oval fruits. It is dioecious, which means that it has distinct male and female individual organisms, hence its name.
Live for Loving You
"Live for Loving You" is a song by Cuban–American singer-songwriter Gloria Estefan. It was released on September 30, 1991  by Epic Records worldwide as the fifth and final single from her second solo album, Into the Light (1991). The song was written by Estefan, her husband Emilio Estefan, Jr. and Diane Warren, and produced by Estefan, Jr., Jorge Casas and Clay Ostwald. Estefan dedicated the song to her husband, like she did with "Coming Out of the Dark", "How Can I Be Sure" and "Hoy". "Live for Loving You" peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was the first single from the album to appear on the dance music charts.

Into the Light (Gloria Estefan album)
Into the Light is the second studio solo album released by American singer Gloria Estefan, but is her 14th overall, released on January 29, 1991, by Epic Records. The album reached number five on the US Billboard 200, becoming her highest peaking album on the chart. Into the Light has sold over 2 million copies in United States.

The album includes the Billboard Hot 100 number one single "Coming Out of the Dark". Follow-up single "Can't Forget You" peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.
1973 Copa Libertadores
Copa Libertadores 1973 was won by defending champions Independiente of Argentina after defeating Colo Colo of Chile in a third decisive game. The third match which ended 2–1 in extra time was necessary after the previous two leg matches ended in draws. Their second consecutive title made Independiente the first team in the tournament's history to win four titles.

The Venezuelan club teams Deportivo Italia and Deportivo Galicia did not participate in the Copa Libertadores due to internal problems with the Venezuelan Football Federation.

Venezuelan Football Federation
The Venezuelan Football Federation (Spanish: Federación Venezolana de Fútbol or FVF) is the governing body of football in Venezuela. It was founded in 1925 and affiliated in 1937. It is a member of CONMEBOL as well as FIFA, and is in charge of the Venezuela national football team.
Batrović
Batrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Батровић) is a Serbo-Croatian surname, traditionally found in Brčeli in Crmnica, Montenegro. It is also found in Balabani in Podgorica (1926 source), Beli Manastir and Osijek in Croatia, and in Serbia. Bearers are Orthodox Christian, declaring as Serbs and Montenegrins.

Veljko Batrović (born 1994)

Zoran Batrović (born 1958) Montenegrin former footballer

Dejan Batrović (born 1971) Montenegrin former footballer

Veljko Batrović
Veljko Batrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Вељко Батровић, born 5 March 1994) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who most recently played as an attacking midfielder for Montenegrin First League club Mornar.
Dorina Emilia Carbune
Dorina Emilia Carbune (born February 22, 1985) is a Romanian female handballer, who plays for Kastamonu Bld. GSK and the Romanian national team.

She played in her country for CS Tomis Constanța (2005–2008) before she moved in 2009 to Turkey to join the Istanbul-based club Üsküdar Bld. SK in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League. In 2011, she transferred to Muratpaşa Bld. SK in Antalya. Since 2015, she is with Kastamonu Bld. GSK.

Muratpaşa Bld. SK (women's handball)
Muratpaşa Belediyesi SK (Turkish: Muratpaşa Belediyesi Spor Kulübü) is the women's handball team of the same named club sponsored by the Municipality of Muratpaşa in Antalya, Turkey. Club colors are orange, navy and white.
Mattia Cola
Mattia Cola (born in Sondalo on (1984-05-03)3 May 1984) is an Italian biathlete.

Cola competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics for Italy. His best performance was 12th, as part of the Italian relay team. His best individual performance was 55th, in the pursuit. He also finished 60th in the sprint.

As of February 2013, his best performance at the Biathlon World Championships, is 11th, as part of the 2008 Italian men's relay team. His best individual performance is 78th, in the 2008 individual.

As of February 2013, his best Biathlon World Cup finish is 5th, as part of the Italian men's relay team in two races during the 2007/08 season. His best individual finish is 26th, in the pursuit at Antholz in 2009/10. His best overall finish in the Biathlon World Cup is 90th, in 2007/08.

Biathlon World Championships
The first Biathlon World Championships (BWCH) was held in 1958, with individual and team contests for men. The original team event, Team (time), was held for the last time in 1965, to be replaced in 1966 by the team event, Relay (4 × 7.5 km). The number of events has grown significantly over the years. Beginning in 1984, women biathletes had their own World Championships, and finally, from 1989, both genders have been participating in joint Biathlon World Championships. In 1978 the development was enhanced by the change from the large army rifle calibre to a small bore rifle, while the range to the target was reduced from 150 to 50 meters.
Komatsu 960E-1
The Komatsu 960E-1 (960E) is an off-highway, ultra-class, rigid-frame, two-axle, diesel/AC electric powertrain haul truck designed and manufactured by Komatsu in Peoria, Illinois, United States. The 960E-1 has been Komatsu's largest, highest capacity haul truck, offering a payload capacity of up to 360 short tons (327 t). The 960-E1 is the first generation of the 960E series of haul trucks and is alternately referred to by Komatsu specifically as the 960E-1 or generally as the 960E.

The 960E-1 was supplanted by the 980E-4 as the Komatsu's highest capacity haul truck in September 2016, with a haul capacity of 400 short tons (363 t).

Komatsu Limited
Komatsu Ltd. (株式会社小松製作所, Kabushiki-gaisha Komatsu Seisakusho) or Komatsu (コマツ) is a Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures construction, mining, forestry and military heavy equipment, as well as diesel engines and industrial equipment like press machines, lasers and thermoelectric generators. Its headquarters are in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The corporation was named after the city of Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture, where the company was founded in 1921. The word ko-matsu itself means "small pine tree" (小松) in Japanese. Worldwide, the Komatsu Group consists of Komatsu Ltd. and 258 other companies (215 consolidated subsidiaries and 42 companies accounted for by the equity method).

Komatsu is the world's second largest manufacturer of construction equipment and mining equipment after Caterpillar. However, in some areas (Japan, China), Komatsu has a larger share than Caterpillar. It has manufacturing operations in Japan, Asia, Americas and Europe.
William C. Street
William Camp Street (August 7, 1816 – April 7, 1893) was a member of the Connecticut Senate representing the 12th District from 1867 to 1869 and a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives representing Norwalk from 1863 to 1865. He served as Warden of the Borough of Norwalk, Connecticut in 1860.

He was the son of William Jarvis Street and Sarah Camp. His father had owned a hardware business in Norwalk, and also served as Warden of the Borough of Norwalk. For some time, he was a business partner with William H. Smith, who also served as warden of Norwalk.

In 1849, he was one of the original incorporators of the Norwalk Savings Society.

In 1860, he was Warden of the Borough of Norwalk.

On October 26, 1876, he was elected to the board of directors of the Norwalk and Danbury Railroad.

In 1878, he was on the board of directors of the Norwalk Fire Insurance Company.

Connecticut State Senate
The Connecticut State Senate is the upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The state senate comprises 36 members, each representing a district with around 99,280 inhabitants. Senators are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The Connecticut State Senate is one of 14 state legislative upper houses whose members serve two-year terms; four-year terms are more common.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Senate is vested with special functions such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to the state's executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions and boards. Unlike a majority of U.S. state legislatures, both the Connecticut House of Representatives and the State Senate vote on the composition of the Connecticut Supreme Court.

The Senate meets within the State Capitol in Hartford.
Tharunam
Tharunam (transl. Moment) is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language romantic action thriller film written and directed by Arvindh Srinivasan and produced by Pugazh and Eden under Zhen Studios banner starring Kishen Das and Smruthi Venkat in the lead roles alongside Raj Ayyappa and Bala Saravanan in pivotal roles.

Tharunam is set to be released in theatres on 2025 14 January Pongal Release

Darbuka Siva
Darbuka Siva is an Indian musician, filmmaker and actor based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Starting out as a drummer/percussionist, he went on to acting, writing and directing films which have won awards in film festivals in Europe and London.
Gillman, South Australia
Gillman is a predominantly industrial north-western suburb of Adelaide, in the City of Port Adelaide Enfield.  It is located within the federal Division of Hindmarsh and the state electoral district of Port Adelaide.

City of Port Adelaide Enfield
The City of Port Adelaide Enfield (PAE), located across inner north and north-western suburbs of Adelaide, is one of the largest metropolitan councils within South Australia. It was established on 26 March 1996 by the amalgamation of the City of Port Adelaide and the City of Enfield.

Extending from the River Torrens to Outer Harbor, and covering an area of approximately 97 km2, Port Adelaide Enfield contains some of South Australia's finest historical buildings and landmarks. The Port Adelaide area is known as the History Precinct, as it is home to the Maritime Museum, the National Railway Museum and the Aviation Museum.

As of March 2024, the current mayor is Claire Boan, who was elected in 2018. There are 17 ward councillors who represent the residents and businesses of their wards at council meetings.