hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Simon problems
In mathematics, the Simon problems (or Simon's problems) are a series of fifteen questions posed in the year 2000 by Barry Simon, an American mathematical physicist. Inspired by other collections of mathematical problems and open conjectures, such as the famous list by David Hilbert, the Simon problems concern quantum operators. Eight of the problems pertain to anomalous spectral behavior of Schrödinger operators, and five concern operators that incorporate the Coulomb potential.

In 2014, Artur Avila won a Fields Medal for work including the solution of three Simon problems. Among these was the problem of proving that the set of energy levels of one particular abstract quantum system was, in fact, the Cantor set, a challenge known as the "Ten Martini Problem" after the reward that Mark Kac offered for solving it.

The 2000 list was a refinement of a similar set of problems that Simon had posed in 1984.

Artur Avila
Artur Avila Cordeiro de Melo (Brazilian Portuguese: [aʁˈtuʁ ˈavilɐ koʁˈde(j)ɾu dʒi ˈmɛlu]; born 29 June 1979) is a Brazilian mathematician working primarily in the fields of dynamical systems and spectral theory. He is one of the winners of the 2014 Fields Medal, being the first Latin American and lusophone to win such award. He has been a researcher at both the IMPA and the CNRS (working a half-year in each one). He has been a professor at the University of Zurich since September 2018.
Area codes 609 and 640
Area codes 609 and 640 are telephone overlay area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the central and southern parts of the U.S. state of New Jersey. The numbering plan area includes the communities of Trenton, Princeton, Ewing, Hamilton, and southeastern parts of the state and the Jersey Shore, including Atlantic City and  Long Beach Island. In terms of geographic coverage, it is the largest numbering plan area in New Jersey. Area code 609 was created in a split of area code 201 in 1956.  Area code 640 is an additional area code for the area, created on September 17, 2018.

Ewing Township, New Jersey
Ewing Township is a township in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township falls within the Trenton-Princeton metropolitan statistical area (which includes all of Mercer County), which is part of the New York combined statistical area as defined by the United States Census Bureau. It borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is part of the Federal Communications Commission's Philadelphia Designated Market Area. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 37,264, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 1,474 (+4.1%) from the 35,790 recorded at the 2010 census, which in turn reflected an increase of 83 (+0.2%) from the 35,707 counted in the 2000 census.
Roger Shoals
Roger Richard Shoals (December 13, 1938 – June 30, 2025) was an American professional football player who was an offensive tackle for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins.

After retiring from the NFL, Shoals went to work for Gould Paper Corporation where he became vice president of sales. He was at the time of his death 1/3 owner of a Cadillac-Buick-GMC dealership in Fleetwood, Pennsylvania, known as Kutztown Auto Company.

Shoals died on June 30, 2025, at the age of 86.

GMC (automobile)
GMC (formerly the General Motors Truck Company [1911–1943], or the GMC Truck & Coach Division [1943–1998]) is a division of American automotive manufacturer General Motors (GM) for trucks and utility vehicles. GMC currently makes SUVs, pickup trucks, vans, and light-duty trucks. In the past, GMC also produced fire trucks, ambulances, heavy-duty trucks, military vehicles, motorhomes, transit buses, and medium duty trucks.

While many of their vehicles are mechanically similar, GMC is positioned as a premium offering to the mainstream Chevrolet brand, and includes the luxury trim Denali. In North America, GMC vehicles are almost always sold alongside Buick (another premium brand) vehicles at multi-brand dealerships.
Matakaoa Ward
Matakaoa Ward was the most northern and eastern ward in the Gisborne District, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. In 2012 it was decided to split the neighbouring Waiapu Ward for the 2013 election, with the northern part being combined with Matakaoa Ward to form Matakaoa-Waiapu Ward.
Matakaoa Ward contained the towns of Tikitiki, Te Araroa, and Hicks Bay. It also contained the East Cape Lighthouse, the most easterly place in mainland New Zealand.

Hicks Bay
Hicks Bay or Wharekahika   (officially Wharekahika / Hicks Bay) is a bay and coastal area in the Gisborne District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is situated 150 km east of Ōpōtiki and 186 km north of Gisborne city, along State Highway 35 between Potaka and Te Araroa.

The area is named after Zachary Hickes, second-in-command of James Cook's Endeavour, which sailed along the East Cape on 31 October 1769. On 10 June 2019, the name of the bay was officially changed to Wharekahika / Hicks Bay.
SCALPEL
SCALPEL (Small Contained-Area Laser Precision Energetic Load) is a laser-guided bomb produced by Lockheed Martin.  The weapon is being developed from the Enhanced Laser Guided Training Round (E-LGTR) which is the training version of the Paveway II series of bombs.  The rationale behind the system is to provide a light, low-collateral damage weapon which can utilise the infrastructure and platform integration already in place for the E-LGTR system. On 14 March 2010, the US Navy announced its intention to purchase Scalpel. The Navy completed some integration work in 2011 and the weapon was still self-funded as of 2016, but Scalpel could be ready for operations in "a year or two" depending if a launch customer commits extra funding and test range support. The Scalpel Plus version has a dual-mode SAL/GPS guidance system.

Collateral damage
"Collateral damage" is a term for any incidental and undesired death, injury or other damage inflicted, especially on civilians, as the result of an activity. Originally coined to describe military operations, it is now also used in non-military contexts to refer to negative unintended consequences of an action.

Critics of use of the term "collateral damage" see it as a euphemism that dehumanizes non-combatants killed or injured during combat, used to reduce the perceived culpability of military leadership in failing to prevent non-combatant casualties.

Collateral damage does not include civilian casualties caused by military operations that are intended to terrorize or kill enemy civilians (e.g., the Bombing of Dresden or Bombing of Hamburg in World War II and Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure openly described as "retaliatory" and intended to "make towns uninhabitable").
Croatian Coast Guard
The Croatian Coast Guard (Croatian: Obalna straža Republike Hrvatske) is a division of the Croatian Navy responsible for protecting the interests of the Republic of Croatia at sea. The Croatian Navy is composed of classical naval forces structured into a flotilla and the Coast Guard that solely consists of ships with peacetime duties, e.g. protection of ecology, fishing, control of tankers, ballast waters, combat against terrorism, trafficking of people, narcotics, and similar.

Tanker (ship)
A tanker (or tank ship or tankship) is a ship designed to transport or store liquids or gases in bulk.  Major types of tanker ship include the oil tanker (or petroleum tanker), the chemical tanker, cargo ships, and a gas carrier. Tankers also carry commodities such as vegetable oils, citrus juice, molasses, and wine.

In the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command, a tanker used to refuel other ships is called an oiler (or replenishment oiler if it can also supply dry stores) but many other navies use the terms tanker and replenishment tanker.

Tankers were first developed in the late 19th century as iron and steel hulls and pumping systems were developed. As of 2005, there were just over 4,000 tankers and supertankers 10,000 LT DWT or greater operating worldwide.
Mitchinamecus River
The Mitchinamecus River is a watercourse of the North Shore of St. Lawrence River, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. The current of this river crosses the territory of:

the city of La Tuque, in Mauricie;

the unorganized territories of Baie-Obaoca, in Matawinie Regional County Municipality, in Lanaudière administrative region;

the unorganized territories of Lac-Oscar, in Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality), in the administrative region of Laurentides.

Lanaudière
Lanaudière (French pronunciation: [lanodjɛʁ], locally [lanod͡zjaɛ̯ʁ]) is one of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec, Canada, situated immediately to the northeast of Montreal. It has a total population (2016 Census) of 494,796 inhabitants, an increase of 4.9% over the 2011 census.
Don't Worry, Be Healthy
Don't Worry, Be Healthy (Chinese: 家有一保, previously titled Happy Goh Family) is a Singaporean Chinese sitcom which was commissioned by the Ministry of Communications and Information, sponsored by Pioneer Generation Package,  and telecast on Singapore's free-to-air channel, Mediacorp Channel 8. It stars Chew Chor Meng, Eelyn Kok, Chen Tianwen, Carrie Wong and Youyi as the main casts of this series.

The sitcom began production on 15 October 2015 and made its debut on 16 February 2016 and ended on 5 April 2016. This sitcom consists of 8 episodes, and it was first screened on every Tuesday night at 8:00 pm.

Channel 8 (Singaporean TV channel)
Channel 8 (Chinese: 8頻道) is a Singaporean Mandarin-language free-to-air terrestrial television channel in Singapore, owned by state media conglomerate Mediacorp. The channel broadcasts general entertainment and news programming in the Mandarin language, including original and imported programming.

The channel began a series of experimental broadcasts on 31 August 1963, and officially launched on 22 November 1963. As with its sister Channel 5, the channel initially aired programming in all four of Singapore's official languages, with Channel 8 initially having a particular focus on the Chinese and Tamil communities. In 1973, this scope was formalised, with Channel 8 primarily broadcasting Chinese and Tamil-language programmes. In compliance with the government's Speak Mandarin Campaign, Chinese programming on the channel later broadcast solely in Mandarin Chinese. In 1995, Tamil programmes moved to Prime 12, with Channel 8 focusing exclusively on Mandarin programming.
Table tennis at the 2023 Parapan American Games
Table tennis competitions at the 2023 Parapan American Games in Santiago, Chile from 16 to 20 November. There were eleven singles events and four doubles events for men and five singles events and two doubles event for women, there were also four mixed doubles events.

The winners of the men's and women's singles events earned a qualification spot for the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

2023 Parapan American Games
The 2023 Parapan American Games, officially the VII Pan American Games and commonly known as the Santiago 2023 Parapan-Am Games, were an international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities. It celebrated the tradition of the Parapan American Games as governed by the Americas Paralympic Committee and was held from 17 to 26 November 2023 in Santiago, Chile.
Mad Conductor
Mad Conductor is an experimental hip hop band fronted by MC Devlin (Chris Devlin) and with production by MC Kinney (Dan McKinney).  Their sound mixes hip-hop with a wide array of styles, in a unique and often experimental way.

The band formed in 2005 after Devlin's former band, hardcore outfit No Cash, broke up.  Originally from Center Valley, Pennsylvania, the band relocated to New Orleans in 2008.

In 2012 the band successfully raised funds on Kickstarter to record a full-length album titled MC Rises.

Mad Conductor reformed in Pennsylvania, from 2016-'18, releasing an EP's worth of singles, performing their final show in August 2018 in Brooklyn.

Center Valley, Pennsylvania
Center Valley is an unincorporated community located one mile north of Coopersburg, at the intersection of Pennsylvania State Routes 309 and 378 in Upper Saucon Township in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Lehigh Valley, which had a population of 861,899 and was the 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of the 2020 census.
8th Electoral Unit of Republika Srpska (NSRS)
The eighth electoral unit of Republika Srpska is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the National Assembly of Republika Srpska since 2014.  It consists of the Municipalities of Sokolac, 
Han Pijesak,
Istočna Ilidža,
Istočni Stari Grad,
Istočno Novo Sarajevo,
Trnovo,
Pale and
Rogatica.

Istočno Novo Sarajevo
Istočno Novo Sarajevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Источно Ново Сарајево, lit. East New Sarajevo) is a municipality of the city of Istočno Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is suburban part of the Sarajevo, estimated that in 2022 it had a population of 12,552 inhabitants. The seat of the municipality is the neighborhood of Lukavica, where as well located many institutions of the city of Istočno Sarajevo.
Thomas D. Keizur
Thomas Dove Keizur (his name is incorrectly spelled Keizer, Keiser, Kaizur, Kaiser, Keysur, Keyser, Kizer, or Kisor in various documents) was one of the earliest American pioneers to settle in the Oregon Country. In 1843, he led his large family from Missouri to Oregon over the Oregon Trail. He homesteaded in Oregon's Willamette Valley in an area north of modern-day Salem, Oregon. Keizur was one of eight citizens elected to serve on Oregon's third pre-provisional legislative committee which helped lay the foundation for the establishment of the Oregon Territory. He was also the first captain of the Oregon Rangers, the first militia unit organized in Oregon. Today, the city of Keizer, Oregon, is named in his honor.

Oregon City, Oregon
Oregon City is a city in and the county seat of Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, located on the Willamette River near the southern limits of the Portland metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 37,572. Established in 1829 by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1844, it became the first U.S. city west of the Rocky Mountains to be incorporated.
Jellyfish as food
Some species of jellyfish are suitable for human consumption and are used as a source of food and as an ingredient in various dishes. Edible jellyfish is a seafood that is harvested and consumed in several East and Southeast Asian countries, and in some Asian countries it is considered to be a delicacy. Edible jellyfish is often processed into a dried product. Several types of foods and dishes may be prepared with edible jellyfish, including salads, sushi, noodles, and main courses. Various preparation methods exist.

Food drying
Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Asian and Middle Eastern regions. Water is traditionally removed through evaporation by using methods such as air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying, although today electric food dehydrators or freeze-drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results.
St. Columba's School, Delhi
St. Columba's School is a private boys' day school in New Delhi, India, established in 1941 by the Indian Province of the Congregation of Christian Brothers. The school is a constituent of a network of Christian Brother institutions founded by Edmund Ignatius Rice. Over 3,000 students are enrolled at St Columba's, spread between the junior, middle, and senior wings. The campus is located in the heart of Lutyens' Delhi and spans several acres. Alumni of St. Columba’s School include three Rhodes Scholars, a Pulitzer Prize winner, and a Forbes 30 Under 30 honoree, along with many others who have achieved distinction in fields such as politics, academia, business, and the arts. Students are referred to as Columbans.

Lemon Tree Hotels
Lemon Tree Hotels is an Indian hotel chain. It owns and operates 100 hotels with a total of 9700 rooms in 64 cities across India.

According to the Horwath Report, Lemon Tree Hotels is India's largest hotel chain in the mid-priced hotel sector as of 30 June 2017.
Okoro
Okoro // ⓘ is a very common Igbo surname that means “a man,” equivalent to Mann as used in English-speaking countries. It is a shortened form of òkorobị̀à and typical among Southern Igbos. Likewise, this is where the Igbo “day names” come from: Okeke/Okereke (a man born on Eke); Okoli/Okorie/Okoye (a man born on Olie/Orie/Oye); Okafor/Okorafor (a man born on Afọ); Okonkwo/Okoronkwo (a man born on Nkwọ). Like Okoro, these are no longer used as given names but have become highly common surnames. The Anioma subgroups use the variants Okoh and Umukoro.

Anioma people
The Anioma people (/æˈniːɒmɑː/ ah-NEE-o-ma, US: /əˈniːɒmɑː/ uh-NEE-o-mah; Ndí Ániọ̀mà Listenⓘ) of present day Delta State, Nigeria encompass and are native to the nine northeastern Local Government Areas of Delta State and the Ika communities of Edo State. Politically, the Anioma occupy the Delta North Senatorial District where they are the majority group.

Today, the population of the Anioma is estimated today to be at approximately 1.8 million. The largest Anioma settlement and urban area is the Delta State Capital Territory, which incorporates the city of Asaba along the Niger River, with Okpanam, Igbuzor and surrounding communities. The Anioma natively speak western dialects of the Igbo language, a Niger-Congo language, as well as several minority languages related to the cultures they lie contingent to.
JavaOS
JavaOS is a discontinued operating system based on a Java virtual machine. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems. Unlike Windows, macOS, Unix, or Unix-like systems which are primarily written in the C or C++ programming languages, JavaOS is primarily written in Java. It is now considered a legacy system.

Java virtual machine
A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages, other languages referred to as JVM languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode. The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required in a JVM implementation. Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit (JDK) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform.

The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot. The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle are based on the OpenJDK runtime. Eclipse OpenJ9 is another open source JVM for OpenJDK.
Sai Cinza Indigenous Territory
The Sai Cinza Indigenous Territory (Portuguese: Terra Indígena Sai Cinza) is an indigenous territory in the state of Pará, Brazil.
A proposed dam on the Tapajós river is on hold since it would flood part of the territory, and the constitution does not allow projects that would force relocation of indigenous people.

Munduruku
The Munduruku, also known as Mundurucu or Wuy Jugu, are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the Amazon River basin. Some Munduruku communities are part of the Coatá-Laranjal Indigenous Land. They had an estimated population in 2014 of 13,755.
SJ Tp
Tp was a diesel-hydraulic locomotive operated by Swedish State Railways (Swedish: Statens Järnvägar, SJ) for hauling freight trains on its 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) narrow gauge railways. 25 were built in total, 20 by Maschinenbau Kiel and five on licence by Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna (The Swedish Railway Workshops).

During the 1960s most of the narrow gauge railways were converted to standard gauge, and SJ chose to rebuild the locomotives to this gauge, and also change the axle system to D, giving them the designation T23. Of the remaining ten Tps, six were scrapped in the 1970s while the last four remained in service until the 1980s. The latter have all been preserved.

Track gauge conversion
Track gauge conversion is the changing of one railway track gauge (the distance between the running rails) to another. In general, requirements depend on whether the conversion is from a wider gauge to a narrower gauge or vice versa, on how the rail vehicles can be modified to accommodate a track gauge conversion, and on whether the gauge conversion is manual or automated.
Jim Reeder (American football tackle)
James William Reeder (September 5, 1919 – April 18, 1965) was an American football player. He played college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini football team from 1938 to 1939 and was selected by both the All-America Board and the Walter Camp Football Foundation as a first-team tackle on the 1939 College Football All-America Team. He was invited to play in the East–West Shrine Game, but he declined to participate so that he could focus on his studies. In December 1939, Reeder was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 1940 NFL draft (189th pick), but Reeder stated at the time that he did not intend to play professional football unless he received a reasonable offer.

Walter Camp Football Foundation
The Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF) is one of the organizations whose College Football All-America Team is recognized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The organization also presents various awards. It is named in honor of football pioneer Walter Camp.
Brave: The Search for Spirit Dancer
Brave: The Search for Spirit Dancer is a 2005 action-adventure platform game developed by VIS Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It was released in Europe by Sony Computer Entertainment and North America by Evolved Games. An enhanced port for the Xbox 360 and Wii developed by Collision Studios was released under the name Brave: A Warrior's Tale in 2009: a PlayStation Portable version was cancelled. The Xbox 360 version is not compatible with Xbox One.

VIS Entertainment
VIS Entertainment Limited (formerly known as VIS Interactive) was a British video game developer based in Edinburgh. Chris van der Kuyl and Peter Baillie established the company in 1996. In 2003, VIS Entertainment faced financial struggles and closed its studios in London and on the Isle of Wight, while downsizing its VIS iTV joint venture. After BAM! Entertainment acquired the studio in May 2004, VIS Entertainment was placed into administration in April 2005, subsequently being liquidated and dissolved.
Dudka
Dudka  (Дудка [ˈdutka])) is a Ukrainian, Russian and Polish surname derived from the Eastern Slavic word дудка for "fife", "pipe" that is also present in the Ukrainian, Polish and Russian diaspora.
Notable people with the name Dudka include:

Dariusz Dudka (born 1983), Polish football player

Mykyta Dudka (born 2000), Ukrainian football player

Stanley Dudka (1923–2008), Canadian fishery officer

Vyacheslav Dudka (born 1960), Russian politician.

Ukrainian diaspora
The Ukrainian diaspora comprises Ukrainians and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection  to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community. The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other post-Soviet states as well as in Canada and other countries such as Poland, the United States, the UK and Brazil.