hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Thoburn (politician)
William Thoburn (April 14, 1847 – January 23, 1928) was a Canadian woollen manufacturer and politician in the province of Ontario.

Born in Portsmouth, England, Thoburn came to British North America in 1857 and was educated at Pakenham School in Pakenham, Ontario. He moved to Almonte, Ontario in 1867 and eventually became a woollen manufacturer. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Lanark North in the 1908 federal election. A Conservative, he was re-elected in the 1911 election. He served for several years as a school trustee and councillor, and was for seven years Mayor of Almonte.

1911 Canadian federal election
The 1911 Canadian federal election was held on September 21, 1911, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 12th Parliament of Canada.

The central issue was Liberal support for a proposed agreement with the United States president William Howard Taft to lower tariffs. The Conservative Party denounced it with claims it would weaken ties with Britain, hurt the Canadian economy and Canadian identity, and lead to American annexation of Canada. The idea of a Canadian Navy was also an issue.

The Conservatives won, and Robert Borden became the eighth prime minister. The election ended 15 years of government by the Liberal Party of Wilfrid Laurier.
Michael Kendall
Michael Philip Kendall (born 10 November 1949) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Kendall was born at Canterbury in November 1949. He later studied at Jesus College at the University of Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 1971 and 1972, making twelve appearances. Playing as a left-arm medium pace bowler in the Cambridge side, he took 23 wickets at an average of 37.04. He took one five wicket haul, with figures of 6 for 43 against Oxford University at Lord's in The University Match of 1972. As a tailend batsman, he scored 60 runs with a highest score of 13. He also played four List A one-day matches for Cambridge in the 1972 Benson & Hedges Cup, taking 2 wickets across these matches.

Seam bowling
Seam bowling is a bowling technique in cricket, in which the ball is deliberately bowled to hit the ground on its seam, to cause a random deviation when it bounces. A bowler who uses this technique is called a seam bowler or seamer.

Seam bowling is a form of fast bowling, although seam can also be a factor in medium-pace bowling. Although there are specialist seamers that make deliberate use of off cutter and leg cutter at the expense of bowling slower than regular fast bowlers, most bowlers employ the seam to some effect and so the terms "seamer" and "fast bowler" are largely synonymous. This was far less the case in the past, even the recent past. Bowlers such as Tom Cartwright and Derek Shackleton bowled seamers at a pace in the low 70mphs and were very successful due to their mastery of control and variation.
GoGuardian
GoGuardian is an educational software company founded in 2015 and based in Los Angeles, California. The company's services monitor student activity online, filter content, and alert school officials to possible suicidal or self-harm ideation. It also offers a network-level filtering solution marketed for bring your own device environments, GoGuardian DNS. Concerns have been raised over these functions, claiming the software is spyware.

Electronic Frontier Foundation
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an American international non-profit digital rights group based in San Francisco, California. It was founded in 1990 to promote Internet civil liberties.

It provides funds for legal defense in court, presents amicus curiae briefs, defends individuals and new technologies from what it considers abusive legal threats, works to expose government malfeasance, provides guidance to the government and courts, organizes political action and mass mailings, supports some new technologies which it believes preserve personal freedoms and online civil liberties, maintains a database and web sites of related news and information, monitors and challenges potential legislation that it believes would infringe on personal liberties and fair use, and solicits a list of what it considers are abusive patents with intentions to defeat those that it considers are without merit.
Centrolepis inconspicua
Centrolepis inconspicua is a species of plant in the Restionaceae family and is found in Western Australia.

The minute annual herb has a tufted habit and typically grows to a height of approximately 0.5 to 2 centimetres (0.20 to 0.79 in). It blooms between August and October.

It is found in beds of moss, in swamps, on the margins of salt lakes and along the margins of watercourses along the west coast in the Wheatbelt, Mid West and Peel regions of Western Australia.

Mid West (Western Australia)
The Mid West region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia.  It is a sparsely populated region extending from the west coast of Western Australia, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north and south of its administrative centre of Geraldton and inland to 450 kilometres (280 mi) east of Wiluna in the Gibson Desert.

It has a total area of 285,497 square kilometres (110,231 sq mi), and a permanent population of about 54,000 people, more than half of those in Geraldton.
Coachwhips
Coachwhips was a garage rock band from San Francisco, California, formed in 2001. The band consisted of John Dwyer (vocals, guitar), John Harlow (drums) and Mary Ann McNamara (keyboards, backing vocals, tambourine). In their second incarnation, Val-Tronic played keyboard/tambourine, and Matt Hartman (former guitarist for Cat Power and multi-instrumentalist for Sic Alps) played drums.

Coachwhips are known for their stripped-down, unpolished garage rock and completely unintelligible lyrics, a sound that is similar to the Oblivians and the Gories.

The Gories
The Gories are an American garage punk trio that formed in Detroit, Michigan, United States, in 1986. They were among the first 1980s garage rock bands to incorporate overt blues influences. The band features Mick Collins (of The Dirtbombs), Dan Kroha (later of the now defunct The Demolition Doll Rods) on guitar and vocals, and Peggy O'Neill on drums.

The band originally broke up in 1992 after a European tour, reforming in July 2009 for a reunion tour across Europe, along with co-headliners The Oblivians. The band reconvened for a second reunion tour in 2010, this time across North America.
Fukushima's Theorem
In physics, Fukushima's Theorem holds that for all points beneath the ionosphere the magnetic fields from field-aligned currents and their corresponding Pedersen currents exactly cancel. By superposition the total magnetic field at the ground is then equal to the magnetic field from just the ionospheric Hall currents.

Fukushima's Theorem holds in any planar or spherical geometry, provided that the field-aligned currents are perpendicular to the ground, and that the ionospheric conductance is spatially constant. Neither of these conditions holds strongly in the auroral region of the Earth's ionosphere.

Hall effect
electrons

flat conductor, which serves as a Hall element (Hall effect sensor)

magnet

magnetic field

power source

The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference, across an electrical conductor, that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current. Such potential difference is known as the Hall voltage. It was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879 through a study of the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell, becoming a critical confirmation of that theory.

The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made, since its value depends on the type, number, and properties of the charge carriers that constitute the current.
Malden Island
Malden Island, sometimes called Independence Island in the 19th century, is a low, arid, uninhabited atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, about 39 km2 (15 sq mi) in area. It is one of the Line Islands belonging to the Republic of Kiribati. The lagoon is entirely enclosed by land, though it is connected to the sea by underground channels, and is quite salty.

The island is chiefly notable for its ancient stone architecture, its once-extensive deposits of phosphatic guano (exploited by Australian interests from c. 1860–1927), its former use as the site of the first British H-bomb tests (Operation Grapple, 1957), and its current importance as a protected area for breeding seabirds.

The island is designated as the Malden Island Wildlife Sanctuary. In 2014 the Kiribati government established a 12-nautical-mile (14 mi; 22 km) fishing exclusion zone around each of the southern Line Islands (Caroline (commonly called Millennium), Flint, Vostok, Malden, and Starbuck).

Sooty tern
The sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus) is a tern in the family Laridae. It is a seabird of the tropical oceans and can fly for years at a time, skimming the sea surface for food, and returning to land only to breed, on islands throughout the equatorial zone.
Mike Conaway
Kenneth Michael Conaway (born June 11, 1948) is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for Texas's 11th congressional district from 2005 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. The district Conaway represented is located in West Texas and includes Midland, Odessa, San Angelo, Brownwood, and Granbury. Conaway led the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (with assistance from Trey Gowdy and Tom Rooney) after the Intelligence Committee chair, Devin Nunes, recused himself. Aside from serving as the chair of the House Ethics Committee, he served as the chair of the House Agriculture Committee, and later its ranking member. Conaway indicated in July 2019 that he would not be seeking reelection. Conaway was succeeded by fellow Republican August Pfluger.

San Angelo, Texas
San Angelo (/sæn ˈændʒəloʊ/ SAN AN-jə-loh) is a city in and the county seat of Tom Green County, Texas, United States. It is in the Concho Valley, a region of West Texas between the Permian Basin to the northwest, Chihuahuan Desert to the southwest, Osage Plains to the northeast, and Central Texas to the southeast. According to the 2020 United States Census, San Angelo had a population of 99,893. It is the principal city and center of the San Angelo metropolitan area, which had a population of 100,159.

San Angelo is home to Angelo State University, historic Fort Concho, and Goodfellow Air Force Base. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Angelo.
Maria Nielsen
Maria Nielsen (1882–1931) was a Danish historian and headmistress. In 1919, she became one of the first women in Denmark to head a public high school when she was appointed rector of Rysensteen Gymnasium in Copenhagen. She was particularly attentive to pupils from needy homes and strove to provide better living conditions for her female students. Nielsen also published well-sourced history textbooks in an attempt to move away from rote learning. In 1926, she was behind the establishment of Denmark's History Teachers' Union (Historielærerforening) which she chaired until her death. She was also active in the educational activities of the League of Nations, participating in sessions held in Geneva.

Rote learning
Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. The method rests on the premise that the  recall of repeated material becomes faster the more one repeats it. Some of the alternatives to rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning, spaced repetition and active learning.
Hendrik Speuy
Hendrik (or Henderick) Joosten (or Joostzoon) Speuy (c.1575 – 1 October 1625) was a Dutch renaissance organist and composer, and a contemporary of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck.

Speuy was born at Brielle.  From 1595 he was organist of the Grote Kerk and Augustijnen Kerk in Dordrecht. In 1610 he composed De Psalmen Davids, a book of bicinia for the Genevan Psalter which he dedicated to the British monarch James I, and the first published work in the Netherlands for a keyboard instrument. He died in Dordrecht.

Genevan Psalter
The Genevan Psalter, also known as the Huguenot Psalter, is a 1539 metrical psalter in French created under the supervision of John Calvin for liturgical use by the Reformed churches of the city of Geneva in the sixteenth century.
Ablabius (historian)
Ablabius (floruit 3rd-5th-century CE) is thought to be either a historian, a geographer or ethnographer, who had written about the Goths, and whose work is cited by the influential 6th century historian of the Goths, Jordanes. Since Jordanes himself states that he based his own work on recollections of reading a work on Gothic history, now lost, composed by Cassiodorus, Ablabius has traditionally been thought of as a source also for the latter work, though this view has met with considerable scepticism.

Jordanes
Jordanes (/dʒɔːrˈdeɪniːz/; Greek: Ιορδάνης), also written as Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat, of Gothic descent, who became a historian later in life.

He wrote two works, one on Roman history (Romana) and the other on the Goths (Getica). The latter, along with Isidore of Seville's Historia Gothorum, is one of only two extant ancient works dealing with the early history of the Goths. Other writers, such as Procopius, wrote works on the later history of the Goths. Getica has been the object of much critical review. Jordanes wrote in Late Latin rather than the classical Ciceronian Latin. According to his own introduction, he had only three days to review what Cassiodorus had written and so he must also have relied on his own knowledge.
Nepean (surname)
Nepean is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Augustus Nepean (1849–1933), Middlesex county cricketer

Charles Nepean (1851–1903), Middlesex county cricketer and Oxford University footballer

Evan Nepean (1751–1822), British politician and colonial administrator

Evan Nepean (cricketer) (1865–1906), Middlesex county cricketer

Mary Edith Nepean (1876–1960), Welsh writer

Mary Edith Nepean
Mary Edith Nepean née Bellis (1876–1960) was a Welsh writer who wrote in English. Her 35 romantic novels mainly have Welsh settings or characters. Nepean was trained as a painter by Robert Fowler, and her paintings were demonstrated in exhibitions. She was a commandant of the Red Cross.
886th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron
The 886th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron is a provisional unit consisting of Security Forces personnel from around the world like the 72d Security Force Squadron, Tinker Air Force Base Oklahoma and the 47th Security Forces Squadron, Laughlin Air Force Base Texas. The 886th Squadron ran the Detainee Visitation Operations for Camp Bucca's theater internment facility, located in the vicinity of Umm Qasr, Iraq.

On 3 May 2008, the 886th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron was inactivated and was replaced by a detachment of the 586th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron which continued to perform the visitation mission.

Umm Qasr
Umm Qasr (Arabic: أم قصر, also transliterated as Um-qasir, Um-qasser, or Um Qasr.) is a port city in southern Iraq. It stands on the canalised Khawr az-Zubayr, part of the Khawr Abd Allah estuary which leads to the Persian Gulf. It is separated from the border of Kuwait by a small inlet. A bridge across the waterway linked the port with Kuwait prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
True Game
True Game is the only album by American hip hop duo Mad CJ Mac. It was released on May 23, 1995 via Rap-A-Lot Records and Noo Trybe Records. Recording sessions took place at the Crack House and at Master Sounds Studios in Richmond, Virginia, at One Up Studio, at Echo Sound in Los Angeles, and at Digital Services in Houston. Production was handled by members Mad and CJ Mac, with J. Prince serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Poppa LQ, SexC, Tré Unique and J. Prince. The album peaked at number 41 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

Along with singles, music videos were released for the songs "Come and Take a Ride" and "Powda Puff".

Noo Trybe Records
Noo Trybe Records is an American hip hop record label established in 1994 and operated as a sublabel of Virgin Records America. It worked with several independent hip hop labels including Rap-A-Lot Records and AWOL.
SonarQube
SonarQube is an open-source platform developed by Sonar to integrate into software development workflows, ensuring continuous code quality and code security. It provides continuous inspection of code quality to perform automatic reviews with static analysis of code to detect bugs, vulnerabilities, security hotspots, and code smells on over 35 programming languages as well as frameworks and infrastructure technologies, with over 6,500 rules, including industry-leading taint analysis for security. SonarQube offers reports on duplicated code, coding standards, unit tests, code coverage, technical debt, code complexity, comments, bugs, software bill of materials (SBOMs), and security recommendations.

Unit testing
Unit testing, a.k.a. component or module testing, is a form of software testing by which isolated source code is tested to validate expected behavior.

Unit testing describes tests that are run at the unit-level to contrast testing at the integration or system level.
Sante Ranucci
Sante Ranucci (31 October 1933 – 20 May 2023) was an Italian cyclist who won the amateur road race at the 1955 UCI Road World Championships. After that, he competed as a professional until 1964. In 1958, he finished second in the Giro del Lazio.

Ranucci died in Scandicci on 20 May 2023, at the age of 89.

Scandicci
Scandicci (Italian pronunciation: [skanˈdittʃi]) is a comune (municipality) of c. 50,000 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 6 kilometres (4 miles) southwest of Florence.

Scandicci borders the following municipalities: Campi Bisenzio, Florence, Impruneta, Lastra a Signa, Montespertoli, San Casciano in Val di Pesa, Signa.

The settlement of Scandicci appeared in 1774 as Torri, and was later enlarged to incorporate several neighbouring communities.
Battle of Soledar
The Battle of Soledar was a series of military engagements in and around the urban-type settlement of Soledar during the Battle of Donbas in the Russo-Ukrainian war.

Russian forces began an offensive on 3 August 2022, shelling Soledar, Bakhmut, and surrounding villages to the south and east. Repeated local Russian assaults on or near Soledar continued into October, with many repelled by the Ukrainian army. By late December, much of the fighting in the region centered around Bakhmut, with Soledar seen as a satellite stronghold protecting the city's northeastern flank and supply lines. By this time, much of Soledar had been reduced to ruins.

Direct Russian assaults on Soledar resumed in late December 2022 and early January 2023, and on 16 January Russian forces captured the last sector of its industrial zone and secured control of the town, allowing the Russians to further threaten Bakhmut's northern and northeastern outskirts.

Institute for the Study of War
The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is an American nonprofit research group and advocacy think tank founded in 2007 by military historian Kimberly Kagan and headquartered in Washington, D.C. ISW provides research and analysis of modern armed conflicts and foreign affairs. It has produced reports on the Syrian civil war, the war in Afghanistan, and the war in Iraq, "focusing on military operations, enemy threats, and political trends in diverse conflict zones". ISW currently publishes daily updates on the Russo-Ukrainian war and the Gaza war. ISW also published daily updates on Mahsa Amini protests in Iran. ISW was founded in response to the stagnation of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and core funding to the group is provided by U.S. military contractors.
Alicia Eler
Alicia Eler (born 1984) is a visual art critic and reporter at the Star Tribune in Minneapolis. Eler's cultural criticism and reporting are published in The Guardian, Glamour, New York magazine, CNN, LA Weekly, Chicago Tribune, Chicago Sun-Times, New Inquiry, Hyperallergic, Aperture, Maxim, Art21, and Artforum.

Her first book was The Selfie Generation: How Our Self Images Are Changing Our Notions of Privacy, Property, Sex, Consent, and Culture.

Art21
Art21 is a US-based nonprofit organization founded in 1997 that produces documentary films about contemporary artists from across the globe. It produces three film series: "Art in the Twenty-First Century" on PBS, "New York Close Up", and "Extended Play". The main office is located in New York City. All Art21 films are available to stream for free online.

As stated in the company's website, the mission of Art21 is "to educate and expand access to contemporary art through the production of documentary films, resources, and public programs."
2014 Tashkent Challenger – Doubles
Mikhail Elgin and Teymuraz Gabashvili were the defending champions, but Gabashvili chose not to compete this year. Elgin played alongside Alexander Kudryavtsev and lost in the first round to Frank Moser and Alexander Satschko.

Lukáš Lacko and Ante Pavić won the title, defeating Frank Moser and Alexander Satschko 6–3, 3–6, [13–11] in the final.

Ante Pavić
Ante Pavić (Croatian pronunciation: [ǎːnte pǎːʋitɕ]; born 7 March 1989) is an inactive Croatian professional tennis player. His highest singles ranking is No. 132 achieved on 13 October 2014. He qualified for the main draw in the 2014 French Open after saving a match point in the final round of qualifying against Thanasi Kokkinakis.
Meziadin Junction
Meziadin Junction (/mɪˈziːədɪn/) is a work camp in northwest British Columbia, Canada, near the border with Alaska, United States. It is about 14 kilometres (9 mi) north of the Nass River crossing and 156 kilometres (97 mi) north of Kitwanga on Highway 37. The highway splits in its journey north from Terrace to Dease Lake, with one branch (Highway 37A) heading west over Bear Pass to Stewart and terminating at Hyder, Alaska. Meziadin Lake and its provincial park are nearby. The name "Meziadin" derives from the now-extinct Tsetsaut First Nations language.

Terrace, British Columbia
Terrace is a city in the Skeena region of west central British Columbia, Canada. This regional hub lies east of the confluence of the Kitsumkalum River into the Skeena River. On BC Highway 16, junctions branch northward for the Nisga'a Highway (BC Highway 113) to the west and southward for the Stewart–Cassiar Highway (BC Highway 37) to the east. The locality is by road about 204 km (127 mi) southwest of Smithers and 144 km (89 mi) east of Prince Rupert. Transportation links are the Northwest Regional Airport Terrace-Kitimat, a passenger train, and bus services.
Lawrence Demmy
Lawrence Demmy (1931 – 9 December 2016) was an English ice dancer. With partner Jean Westwood, he was the World Champion for four consecutive years, 1952 to 1955 (plus the unofficial trial event in 1951), and European Champion in its first two editions in 1954 and 1955.

They were inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1977.

1955 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1955 European Figure Skating Championships were held at the City Park Ice Rink in Budapest, Hungary from January 27 to 30. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.