hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Severinghaus electrode
The Severinghaus electrode is an electrode that measures carbon dioxide (CO2). It was developed by Dr. John W. Severinghaus and his technician A. Freeman Bradley in 1958.

It utilizes a CO2-sensitive glass electrode in a surrounding film of bicarbonate solution covered by a thin plastic carbon dioxide permeable membrane, but impermeable to water and electrolytic solutes. The carbon dioxide pressure of a sample gas or liquid equilibrates through the membrane and the glass electrode measures the resulting pH of the bicarbonate solution.

Clark, galvanic, and paramagnetic electrodes measure oxygen.  Severinghaus electrode measures CO2.  Sanz electrode measures pH.

Semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable membrane is a type of synthetic or biologic, polymeric membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials which are rather thick are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of an egg.

Biological membranes are selectively permeable, with the passage of molecules controlled by facilitated diffusion, passive transport or active transport regulated by proteins embedded in the membrane.
Ptolemaida-Florina coal mine
The Ptolemaida-Florina Coal Mine is a coal mine in northern Greece. The mine is located in Ptolemaida and Florina in West Macedonia. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 1.82 billion tonnes of lignite, one of the largest lignite reserves in Europe and production is centered on 49 million tonnes per year.

Ptolemaida
Ptolemaida (Greek: Πτολεμαΐδα, romanized: Ptolemaïda, Katharevousa: Πτολεμαΐς, Ptolemaïs) is a town and a former municipality in the Kozani regional unit of Western Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality of Eordaia, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It is known for its coal (lignite) mines and its power stations.
Cut and Paste (film)
Cut and Paste (Arabic: قص ولصق) is a 2006 Egyptian film written and directed by Hala Khalil. After turning thirty, Gmilla's dreams of emigrating abroad have collapsed. She meets Youssef who is also thinking of traveling and they make a pact that they will help each other to emigrate more easily. The plan goes in an unexpected direction.

Hala Khalil
Hala Khalil (born July 23, 1967) is an Egyptian film director, producer, and screenwriter. Her work includes short films, documentaries, TV series, and feature films. Her films The Kite (1997) and The Best of Times (2004), have received awards from the Arab Film Festival, Rotterdam Arab Camera Festival, and the Rabat Film Festival.

Khalil belongs to the new generation of Egyptian female commercial and independent filmmakers that emerged in the first decade of the 21st century. The films of this period focus on the everyday lives of Egyptian women and their identity separation from men, functioning as an important part of feminism in Egypt.
Rana Muhammad Ishaq
Rana Muhammad Ishaq Khan (Urdu: رانا محمد اسحاق خان; born 5 October 1957) is a Pakistani politician. Originating from Kasur, Khan was the mayor of his city in 1997, and had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since 2008 for three consecutive terms. He has served as the Parliamentary Secretary for Finance and Revenue.

Kasur
Kasur (Punjabi / Urdu: قصور; Punjabi pronunciation: [ˈkɐsuːɾᵊ]; Urdu pronunciation: [ˈqəsuːɾ] also romanized as Qasūr; from pluralized Arabic word Qasr meaning "palaces" or "forts") is a city to the south of Lahore, in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The city serves as the headquarters of Kasur District. Kasur is the 16th largest city in Punjab and 24th largest in Pakistan, by population. It is also known for being the burial place of the 17th-century Sufi-poet Bulleh Shah. It is farther west of the border with neighboring India, and bordered to Lahore, Sheikhupura and Okara Districts of Punjab. The city is an aggregation of 26 fortified hamlets overlooking the alluvial valleys of the Beas and Sutlej rivers.
Amparo Acker-Palmer
Amparo Acker-Palmer (born 10 September 1968) is a German-based Spanish cell biologist and neuroscientist. Her research focuses on the similarities of the mechanism of nerve and blood vessel development. She has worked alongside her husband, Till Acker, who is a neurobiologist, in researching tumor therapies. In her career, she has won several awards, including the Paul Ehrlich & Ludwig Darmstaeder Prize for Young Researchers in 2010. In 2012, Amparo Acker-Palmer was elected as member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (German: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina – Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften), in short Leopoldina, is the national academy of Germany, and is located in Halle (Saale). Founded on 1 January 1652, based on academic models in Italy, it was originally named the Academia Naturae Curiosorum until 1687 when Emperor Leopold I raised it to an academy and named it after himself. It was since known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared to be Germany's National Academy of Sciences.
AZD-3783
AZD-3783 is a serotonin 5-HT1B receptor antagonist which was under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. It was being developed by AstraZeneca. The drug reached phase 1 clinical trials prior to the discontinuation of its development. It was discontinued following unexpected neurotoxicity findings in animals.

Phases of clinical research
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to many study participants (potentially tens of thousands) to determine if the treatment is effective. Clinical research is conducted on drug candidates, vaccine candidates, new medical devices, and new diagnostic assays.
Faiyen
Faiyen (Thai: ไฟเย็น) is a Thai political hybrid band of pop and modern luk thung, republican and human-rights activist group, and podcaster. The group emerged as a band that produced satirical songs of Thai monarchy in 2011, after red shirts' protests were suppressed by the Thai army, allegedly supported by the monarchy. The group fled to Laos, sought to evade the lèse majesté law, amid 2014 Thai coup d'état. In 2019, fearing of a death threat from Thai authority, current members, Khunthong, Chom, Yammy, Tito, and former member Wat Wanlayangkoon have been in exile in France, podcasting about politics in Thailand daily from there. Port is currently living in Bangkok, he was charged and briefly imprisoned on the lèse majesté law in 2021.

Vientiane
Vientiane{{efn|/viˌɛntiˈɑːn/ vee-EN-tee-AHN; Lao: ວຽງຈັນ, Viangchan, pronounced [wíaŋ tɕàn] is the capital of Laos. Comprising the 5 urban districts of Vientiane Prefecture, the city is located on the banks of the Mekong, close to the border with Thailand. Vientiane was the administrative capital during French rule. The city had a population of 840,000 as of the 2023 census.

Vientiane is the home of Pha That Luang, an icon of Buddhism in Laos. Other Buddhist temples can be found there, such as Haw Phra Kaew, which formerly housed the Emerald Buddha.

The city is rated as 'suffiency' by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
Queens Royals men's basketball
The Queens Royals men's basketball team represents the Queens University of Charlotte in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. The Royals joined the NCAA Division I ASUN Conference on July 1, 2022, after nine seasons in the Division II South Atlantic Conference. Queens has never appeared in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.

The team, currently led by fourth-year head coach Grant Leonard, plays its home games at Curry Arena.

Queens University of Charlotte
The Queens University of Charlotte is a private university in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It has approximately 1,900 undergraduate and graduate students. Established in 1857, the university offers 50 undergraduate majors, 58 minors, and 35 graduate programs. Students are guaranteed at least one internship before graduating. The university is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA).

In 2025, Queens University and Elon University announced they would be merging. The merger is expected to be complete by August 2026.
Konstantin Markov
Konstantin Konstantinovich Markov (Russian: Константин Константинович Марков; 20 May 1905, Vyborg – 18 September 1980, Moscow) was a Soviet geomorphologist and Quaternary geologist. As a geomorphologist Markov theorized on planation surfaces. His geographical research of arid areas outside the Soviet Union led to publications on Morocco, Lake Chad and the Dead Sea. Markov was professor at the Moscow State University.

Markov created the concept of geomorphological levels. In this idealization geomorphic processes on Earth are distributed vertically in the form of concentric spheres, this if there is no tectonic disturbances. The in each sphere a specific kind of process dominates. At sea level abrasion and accretion will dominate landscape, surfaces above this level would be dominated by erosion and peneplanation. Further up mountain tops would form their level.

Cape Markov in Antarctica is named after him.

Peneplain
In geomorphology and geology, a peneplain is a low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion. This is the definition in the broadest of terms, albeit with frequency the usage of peneplain is meant to imply the representation of a near-final (or penultimate) stage of fluvial erosion during times of extended tectonic stability. Peneplains are sometimes associated with the cycle of erosion theory of William Morris Davis, but Davis and other researchers have also used the term in a purely descriptive manner without any theory or particular genesis attached.
Emausaurus
Emausaurus is a genus of thyreophoran or armored dinosaur from the Early Jurassic (Early Toarcian). Its fossils have been found in the Lehmhagen Member, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, northern Germany. Emausaurus is the only known Toarcian thyreophoran, as well as the only dinosaur from the zone of the same age with a formal name.

Sorthat Formation
The Sorthat Formation is a geologic formation on Bornholm, Denmark, and the Rønne Graben, Baltic Sea, from the Latest Pliensbachian to Late Toarcian. It holds plant fossils and invertebrate traces, overlain by fluvial and lacustrine deposits of the Aalenian-Bathonian Bagå Formation. Initially classified as part of the Bagå Formation until 2003, it spans the Latest Pliensbachian to Early Aalenian. It reflects a deltaic to marine setting with eastern river systems forming in the Toarcian. Early Pliensbachian volcanism from southern Sweden extended across the North Sea. The Central Skåne Volcanic Province and Egersund Basin contributed volcanic material, affecting tectonics. Early Jurassic porphyritic nephelinite lavas in the Egersund Basin, akin to those in the formation's clay pits, suggest fluvial sediment transport to the Grimmen Formation and Ciechocinek Formation. The Grimmen Formation is its sister unit.
Harald Kleinschmidt
Harald Kleinschmidt (born 1 June 1949) is a German historian and scholar of international relations. He completed his doctorate in philosophy at the University of Göttingen.

Kleinschmidt is currently a professor of history at the University of Tsukuba.

University of Tsukuba
The University of Tsukuba (筑波大学, Tsukuba daigaku) is a national research university located in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

The university has 28 college clusters and schools with around 16,500 students (as of 2014). The main Tsukuba campus covers an area of 258 hectares (636 acres), making it the second largest single campus in Japan.

The university has a branch campus in Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, offering graduate programs for working adults in the capital and managing K-12 schools in Tokyo that are attached to the university.

Three Nobel Prize laurates have taught at the university, Leo Esaki, Hideki Shirakawa and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga. Apart from them, Satoshi Ōmura studied as an audit student.
Dušići
Dušići (Cyrillic:  Душићи; Albanian: Dushiqi), formerly Dečići (Albanian: Deçiqi),  is a village in the municipality of Tuzi, Montenegro. It became well known during the Albanian Revolt of 1911 with the Battle of Dečić. Robert Elsie puts the location around 3 km southwest of Tuzi. Right across the border with Albania, there is Koplik, the largest town in the Albanian region of Malësia.

Koplik
Koplik (also known as Koplik i Poshtëm) is a town and former municipality in northwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision, and the seat of the municipality Malësi e Madhe. It was the seat of the former Malësi e Madhe District. The population at the 2011 census was 3,734. It is situated north of the city of Shkodër. As of June 2016, Koplik has been registered and administered as an international 'free economic trade zone' by the Albanian government.
Dison
Dison (French pronunciation: [dizɔ̃]; Walloon: Dizon) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Dison had a total population of 14,243. The total area is 14.01 km2 which gives a population density of 1,017 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Andrimont and  Dison.

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.
Sergei Dolgov
Sergei Dolgov, also transliterated as Sergey or Serhiy, (ca. 1964), was a Ukrainian journalist from Russia who served as editor for the Vestnik Pryazovya and Khochu v SSSR in Mariupol, Ukraine before he went missing. He was notorious for promoting neo-Sovietism and criticism of the state of Ukraine in contrast to what it was when it was part of the Soviet Union. Many press organizations suspect that his disappearance is in fact a murder.

Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia, formerly known as Aleksandrovsk or Oleksandrivsk until 1921, is a city in southeast Ukraine, situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. It is the administrative centre of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Zaporizhzhia has a population of 710,052 (2022 estimate).

Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island of Khortytsia, multiple power stations and for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in the region.
Xətai, Agstafa
Xətai (until 1992, Marksovka) is a village and municipality in the Agstafa Rayon of Azerbaijan.  It has a population of 5,738.  The municipality consists of the villages of Xətai, Qaçaq Kərəm, and Yenigün.

Aghstafa District
41°07′08″N 45°27′14″E﻿ / ﻿41.11889°N 45.45389°E﻿ / 41.11889; 45.45389

Aghstafa District (Azerbaijani: Ağstafa rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. Located in the northwest of the country, it belongs to the Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qazakh, Tovuz, as well as the Kakheti and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Aghstafa. As of 2020, the district had a population of 88,500.
Machacamarca, Aroma
Machacamarca is a small town in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Nueva Esperanza de Machacamarca Canton, one of the five cantons of the Colquencha Municipality which is the sixth municipal section of the Aroma Province. The town is situated at the railway that leads from La Paz to Oruro. At the time of census 2001 Machacamarca had a population of 1,400.

Machacamarca is the hispanicized spelling of Aymara: Machaqa Marka, machaqa = new, marka = village, town: So the name means "new village" or "new town".

The people in the Colquencha Municipality are mainly Aymara (94.6%) and most citizens speak Aymara followed by Spanish.

Aymara people
The Aymara or Aimara (Aymara: aymara, listenⓘ) people are an Indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America. Approximately 2.3 million Aymara live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

The Aymara have lived in the region for over 7,250 years. By the late 15th century or early 16th century, they became a subject people of the Inca Empire and later of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Following the Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1825), the Aymara became subjects to the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), Chile annexed territory inhabited by the Aymara population.
Nanpara
Nanpara is a town & municipal board in Bahraich district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is a region along the Nepal Border and includes tracts of dense forests. It is a city surrounded by many villages.

Township
A township is a form of human settlement or administrative subdivision. Its exact definition varies among countries.

Although the term is occasionally associated with an urban area, this tends to be an exception to the rule. In Australia, Canada, Scotland, and parts of the United States, the term refers to settlements too small or scattered to be considered urban.
Beast (Despised Icon album)
Beast is the fifth studio album by Despised Icon. The album was released on July 22, 2016. It is the band's first album in seven years, since 2009's Day of Mourning. It was produced by former guitarist Yannick St-Amand (known for his production work with Beneath the Massacre and Neuraxis) and mixed by Andy Sneap (known for his production work with Megadeth, Opeth, and Nevermore). The band were inspired to reform and write new music after seeing former bassist Max Lavelle perform with his current band The Black Dahlia Murder.

Despised Icon supported Beast with a European Tour ahead of the album's release, in April and May 2016.

Neuraxis (band)
Neuraxis was a Canadian technical death metal band formed in Montreal in 1994. They have released six studio albums: Imagery (1997), A Passage into Forlorn (2001), Truth Beyond... (2002), Trilateral Progression (2005), The Thin Line Between (2008), and Asylon (2011).

In 2007, the band participated in the Domination Tour alongside Rotting Christ, Incantation and Malevolent Creation. After touring, the band released a live album entitled Live Progression. Neuraxis participated in the Montreal Assault Tour with Despised Icon, Beneath the Massacre, Carnifex and Plasmarifle to promote their album The Thin Line Between.

The band released their sixth studio album, Asylon, on February 15, 2011.
Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg
The Church on Blood in Honour of All Saints Resplendent in the Russian Land is a Russian Orthodox church in Yekaterinburg. Being built on the site of the Ipatiev House where Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, and his family, along with members of the household, were murdered by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War, the church commemorates the Romanov sainthood.

Emperor of Russia
The emperor and autocrat of all Russia was the official title of the Russian monarch from 1721 to 1917.

The title originated in connection with Russia's victory in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) and appeared as an adaptation of the tsar's title under the accepted system of titling in Europe. The title was transformed from the previous title of tsar and grand prince of all Russia. The old title tsar (or tsaritsa) continued to be popularly used to refer to the emperor (or empress) until the monarchy was abolished in 1917.
Pierpaolo dalle Masegne
Pierpaolo dalle Masegne (fl. 1383 – 1403) was an Italian sculptor and architect, best remembered for his work on the Doge's Palace, the iconostasis of St Mark's Basilica, and the tomb of Margherita Malatesta, along with his frequent collaborations with his brother Jacobello dalle Masegne.

Doge's Palace
The Doge's Palace (Doge pronounced /doʊ(d)ʒ/; Italian: Palazzo Ducale; Venetian: Pałaso Dogal) is a palace built in Venetian Gothic style, and one of the main landmarks of the city of Venice in northern Italy. The palace included government offices, a jail, and the residence of the Doge of Venice, the elected authority of the former Republic of Venice. It was originally built in 810, rebuilt in 1340 and extended and modified in the following centuries. It became a museum in 1923 and is one of 11 museums run by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia.
Odor (surname)
Odor or Ódor or O'Dor, is a surname.

Notable people with the surname include:

Andrea Ódor (born 1975), Hungarian baseball player

Ferenc Ódor (born 1954), Hungarian veterinary physician and politician

Gabriel Odor (born 2000), Austrian speed skater

Kieth O'dor or Odor (1962–1995), British racing driver

Lajos Ódor (1960–2026), Hungarian rower

Ľudovít Ódor (born 1976), Slovak economist and politician

Rouglas Odor (born 1968), Venezuelan baseball player

Rougned Odor (born 1994), Venezuelan Major League Baseball player

Steven O'Dor (born 1987), Australian footballer

Kieth O'dor
Kieth O'dor (5 April 1962 – 11 September 1995) was a British racing driver, born in Salisbury, who competed primarily in touring cars. He scored Nissan's first win during the super touring era in both the British Touring Car Championship and the Super Tourenwagen Cup. He was killed during a race at the AVUS circuit in Berlin.
Fendt Caravan
Fendt-Caravan GmbH is a German manufacturer of travel trailers (caravans) and recreational vehicles; its headquarters is located in Mertingen. Bought out January 1., 1998 Fendt-Caravan since has been a 100% subsidiary of the Hobby-Wohnwagenwerk Ing. Harald Striewski GmbH.

The number of new Fendt caravan registrations in Europe in 2021 was 8,712, of which 3,948 were in the home market and strongest market of Germany. Together with the Hobby Group, the market share of new caravan registrations in Germany (2021/22) was 37.7%.

Mertingen
Mertingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.

The important Roman road, the Via Claudia Augusta was built in this area near the location of "Burghoefe" during the 1st century AD, linking Italy with the Danube river. It had its northern end around Mertingen, it then branched into a Roman military road following the Danube river from its origin in the West to Regensburg in the East.

The Zott dairy company has its headquarters and factory in the town.