hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Basics of blue flower colouration
Blue flowers are rare in nature, and despite many attempts, blue roses, carnations and chrysanthemums in particular cannot not be produced by conventional breeding techniques. Blue colour in flower petals is caused by delphinidin, a type of anthocyanin, which are a class of flavonoids.

The presence of delphinidin is not enough to produce blue color on its own; it must be in a alkaline environment, form a complex with flavones and metal ions, or some other mechanism.

Blue color has also been produced through breeding with the anthocynanin rosacyanin.

Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (/ˈælkəlaɪ/ ⓘ; from the Arabic word al-qāly, القالِي) is a basic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.
Bruce Tiffney
Bruce Haynes Tiffney is an American paleobotanist, professor, and the former dean of the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara.  He graduated from Boston University with a degree in geology in 1971, and after earning his PhD at Harvard University in 1977, he became a professor of biology at Yale University, where he taught for nine years, and where he also worked as a curator of the D. C. Eaton Herbarium and paleontological collections at the Peabody Museum of Natural History. His research focuses on the evolution of flowering plants (angiosperms) in the fossil record. He identified the first Cretaceous flower in the 1970s in sediment from Martha's Vineyard in the USA, but was seen as an exceptional discovery.

Tiffney is a fellow of the Geological Society of America, and appeared on the documentary series The Future Is Wild.

He is known for his wizard's hat.

Pointed hat
Pointed hats have been a form of headgear of a wide range of cultures throughout history. Although often suggesting an ancient Indo-European tradition, they were also traditionally worn by women of Lapland, the Japanese, the Mi'kmaq people of Atlantic Canada, and the Huastecs of Veracruz and Aztec (e.g., as illustrated in the Codex Mendoza). The Kabiri of New Guinea have the diba, a pointed hat glued together.
Chusovoy
Chusovoy (Russian: Чусово́й; Komi Permyak: Чусва, Čusva) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Usva and Vilva Rivers with the Chusovaya River, 140 kilometers (87 mi) east of Perm, the administrative center of the krai. Population:  46,735 (2010 Census); 51,615 (2002 Census); 57,874 (1989 Soviet census).

Krai
A krai or kray is one of the types of federal subjects of modern Russia, and was a type of geographical administrative division in the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR.

Etymologically, the word is related to the verb кроить (kroítǐ [krɐˈitʲ]), meaning 'to cut'. Historically, krais were vast territories located along the periphery of the Russian state, since the word krai also means 'border' or 'edge', i.e., 'a place of the cut-off'. In English the term is often translated as 'territory'. As of 2015, the administrative usage of the term is mostly traditional, as some oblasts also fit this description and there is no difference in constitutional legal status in Russia between the krais and the oblasts.
Jaap van Lagen
Jaap van Lagen (born 22 December 1976 in Ede) is a Dutch racing driver who currently competes in Porsche Supercup for Proton Huber Competition and in the Porsche Carrera Cup Benelux for Team RaceArt. He is a former competitor in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series and a former Eurocup Megane Trophy champion. He has also raced in the World Touring Car Championship.

World Series Formula V8 3.5
The World Series Formula V8 3.5, formerly the World Series by Nissan from 1998 to 2004, the Formula Renault 3.5 Series from 2005 to 2015 and the Formula V8 3.5 in 2016 and 2017, was a motor racing series promoted by RPM Racing (1998–2004) and Renault Sport (2005–2015).
Anton M. Miller
Anton M. Miller (May 1, 1876 – September 19, 1954) was an American farmer and politician.

Born in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, Miller was a farmer and a member of the local and county American Society of Equity. He ran unsuccessfully for the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Social Democrat in 1910 and 1912, later was elected as a Republican (being thrice re-elected), and then served in the Wisconsin State Senate from 1929 to 1933. Later affiliated with the Wisconsin Progressive Party, Miller was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1936, the Assembly in 1938 and for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin in 1940. Miller also served on the board of regents of the University of Wisconsin for one six-year term. He lived in the town of Kaukauna.

Outagamie County, Wisconsin
Outagamie County (/ˌaʊtəˈɡeɪmi/ OW-tə-GAY-mee) is a county in the Fox Cities region of the U.S. state of Wisconsin, in the northeast of the state. As of the 2020 census, the population was 190,705. Its county seat is Appleton.

Outagamie County is part of the Appleton Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is itself part of the Appleton-Neenah-Oshkosh Combined Statistical Area. It was named for the historic Meskwaki (Fox) people.
Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 78 kg
These are the results of the Women's 78 kg (also known as half-heavyweight) competition in judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.  A total of 23 women qualified for this event, limited to jūdōka whose body weight was less than, or equal to, 78 kilograms.  Competition took place in the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre on 21 September.

Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre
The Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre was a convention, exhibition and entertainment complex in Darling Harbour, Sydney. The Exhibition Centre was designed by architect Philip Cox and the Convention Centre by John Andrews. The complex opened on 5 May 1988 as part of an urban renewal and redevelopment of the Darling Harbour area during the period. The complex was eventually demolished in 2013 to make way for the International Convention Centre.
Marietta Hannon Rousseau
Marietta Hannon Rousseau, also known as Mariette Rousseau (1850–1926), was a Belgian mycologist and taxonomist specializing in cryptogamic plants and fungi. She published several works on fungi from 1879 to 1905 with Elisa Caroline Bommer, focusing primarily on Belgium.

Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Yeasts are among the most heavily utilized members of the fungus kingdom, particularly in food manufacturing.

Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
Peoples Bus Service
Peoples Bus Service, formally known as the Sindh Intra-District Peoples Bus Service Project is a public bus service by the Government of Sindh operating in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Mirpurkhas, and Nawabshah.

Sukkur
Sukkur is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh along the western bank of the Indus River, directly across from the historic city of Rohri. Sukkur is the third largest city in Sindh after Karachi and Hyderabad, and 17th largest city of Pakistan by population. The city was originally founded by the Rai dynasty of Sindh. The modern city was built in the 1840s. New Sukkur was established during the British era alongside the village of Sukkur. Sukkur's hill, along with the hill on the river island of Bukkur, form what is sometimes considered the "Gate of Sindh".
Rough Habit Plate
The Rough Habit Plate is a Brisbane Racing Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for horses three years old with set weights, over a distance of 2,000 metres held at Doomben Racecourse in Brisbane, Australia during the Queensland Winter Racing Carnival. Total prize money is A$250,000.

Eagle Farm Racecourse
Eagle Farm Racecourse is a heritage-listed horse racing venue in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is located at the northern end of Racecourse Road in the suburb of Ascot, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the Brisbane central business district.

The turf track is 28 metres (92 ft) wide, with a circumference of 2,027 metres (6,650 ft) and a home straight of 434 metres (1,424 ft). Races are run in a clockwise direction.

Doomben Racecourse is located nearby in the same suburb.
Benjamin Franklin Johnson II Homestead District
The Benjamin Franklin Johnson II Homestead District encompasses a late 19th to early 20th century farmstead at 3150 West Pear Lane in Fayetteville, Arkansas.  The district's principal built features are the 1925 Craftsman style house of Benjamin Franklin Johnson II, and the 1933 Johnson Barn built by his son, which is separately listed on the National Register.  Additional features of the district include foundational remains of farm outbuildings, a stone wall and dam, and the remains of the family orchard.  The complex is a comparatively well-preserved example of a period farm complex.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.

Fayetteville, Arkansas
Fayetteville (/ˈfeɪətvɪl/ FAY-ət-vil) is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States, and its county seat. The population was 93,949 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 103,134 in 2024, making it the second-most populous city in Arkansas and the most populous city in Northwest Arkansas. Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains, within the Ozarks. It is included in the three-county Northwest Arkansas metropolitan area, with 546,725 residents in 2020.

Fayetteville was named after Fayetteville, Tennessee, from which many settlers had come, and was incorporated on November 3, 1836. It is home to the University of Arkansas, the state's flagship university.  When classes are in session, thousands of students on campus change up the pace of the city. Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football, basketball, and baseball games.
Ephraim Relief Society Granary
The Ephraim Relief Society Granary is a two-story stone granary located at 86 N. Main St. Ephraim, Utah which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.

It is a Relief Society building which was built in the 1870s.

It is a two-story stone building, about 30 by 50 feet (9.1 m × 15.2 m) in plan.  It faces west onto Main St. in Ephraim.
It was rehabilitated in 1991.

It is home of "Granary Arts", an art gallery and community education space.

Ephraim, Utah
Ephraim is a city in Sanpete County, Utah, United States. The population was 5,611 at the 2020 census, making it the largest city in Sanpete County. It is the location of Snow College and is located along U.S. Route 89.
Things That U Do
"Things That U Do" is the second single from rapper Jay-Z's 1999 album Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter. It features guest vocals by Mariah Carey and a beat produced by Swizz Beatz. AllMusic's John Bush describes it as an "overblown production," while Steve Juon of RapReviews.com considers it a "commercially aimed song" that "still sounds fresh and original." It was neither heavily promoted nor released as a CD single, causing it to chart lowly.

Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter
Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter is the fourth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was released on December 28, 1999, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. According to USA Today critic Steve Jones, the record marked a return to the street-oriented sound of Jay-Z's 1996 debut album, Reasonable Doubt. Vol. 3... featured production from Swizz Beatz, Timbaland, K-Rob, DJ Clue, Rockwilder, DJ Premier, and Irv Gotti, among others.

The album was well received by critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 462,000 copies in its first week. It has since sold over three million copies and been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Neepawa Airport
Neepawa Airport (TC LID: CJV5) is located 1.7 nautical miles (3.1 km; 2.0 mi) west of Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada, immediately north of the Yellowhead Highway.

The airport is operated by the town of Neepawa. It is used by owners of light and ultralight aircraft, chiefly for pleasure flying and crop dusting. The airport has also been employed for hanglider training. The property supports several light industrial enterprises.

Light aircraft
A light aircraft is an aircraft that has a maximum gross takeoff weight of 12,500 lb (5,670 kg) or less.

Light aircraft are used as utility aircraft commercially for small-scale passenger and freight transport; for sightseeing, photography, cropdusting, and other so-called aerial work roles of civil aviation; for the personal-use aspect of general aviation; and in certain aspects of military aviation.

Examples of aircraft that are at the maximum gross takeoff weight for this category include the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Beechcraft B200 Super King Air.
Woo Pak-foo
Dr Woo Pak Foo, OBE, JP was the medical participator and member of the Urban Council in Hong Kong between 1956 and 1969. He graduated from the University of Edinburgh with bachelor's degree of Medicine and Surgery and a Licentiate in Midwifery. He got the qualification in 1939 and was entitled to practise on 10 May 1940. In 1956, he represented the Civic Association to run for the Urban Council election. He kept being re-elected until 1969. He received the Order of the British Empire in 1965 for his public service in Hong Kong.

Licentiate
A licentiate (abbreviated Lic.) is an academic degree awarded in many countries, by a variety of types of educational (usually tertiary) institutions, after a variety of courses of study.  It can represent completion of study at different educational levels, in Europe it is commonly for postgraduate studies program.

The ecclesiastical licentiate is also a postgraduate degree preparatory to a ecclesiastical doctoral degree when issued by pontifical universities and certain other universities in Europe. The ecclesiastical licentiate in the civil system is considered similar to the coursework and exams of a Doctor of Philosophy program.

The term is also used for a person who holds this degree.
Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
A source-code-hosting facility (also known as forge software) is a file archive and web hosting facility for source code of software, documentation, web pages, and other works, accessible either publicly or privately. They are often used by open-source software projects and other multi-developer projects to maintain revision and version history, or version control. Many repositories provide a bug tracking system, and offer release management, mailing lists, and wiki-based project documentation. Software authors generally retain their copyright when software is posted to a code hosting facilities.

Bug tracking system
Tracking system or defect tracking system is a software application that keeps track of reported software bugs in software development projects. It may be regarded as a type of issue tracking system.

Many bug tracking systems, such as those used by most open-source software projects, allow end-users to enter bug reports directly. Other systems are used only internally in a company or organization doing software development. Typically bug tracking systems are integrated with other project management software.

A bug tracking system is usually a necessary component of a professional software development infrastructure, and consistent use of a bug or issue tracking system is considered one of the "hallmarks of a good software team".
Wisconsin Highway 161
State Trunk Highway 161 (often called Highway 161, STH-161 or WIS 161) is a 22.42-mile (36.08 km) state highway in Portage and Waupaca counties in the central part of the US state of Wisconsin. It runs in east–west from US Highway 10 (US 10) northwest of Amherst Junction via Iola to WIS 22/WIS 110 just west of Symco.

Portage County, Wisconsin
Portage County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 70,377. Its county seat is Stevens Point.

Portage County comprises the Stevens Point, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Wausau-Stevens Point-Wisconsin Rapids, WI Combined Statistical Area.
Hydrastinine
Hydrastinine is a semisynthetic tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid made via the nitric acid induced hydrolysis of the alkaloid hydrastine hydrochloride, which is extracted from Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae).  The drug was patented by Bayer as a haemostatic drug during the 1910s.

The first known synthesis of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was actually an intermediate in the synthesis of the methylated analogue of hydrastinine, methylhydrastinine. It was only reviewed for its activity many years after its original synthesis.

Hydrastinine has also been found as a major unwanted side product in MDMA made by the reductive amination of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylpropan-2-one and methylamine.

Reductive amination
Reductive amination (also known as reductive alkylation) is a form of amination that converts a carbonyl group to an amine via an intermediate imine. The carbonyl group is most commonly a ketone or an aldehyde. It is a common method to make amines and is widely used in green chemistry since it can be done catalytically in one-pot under mild conditions. In biochemistry, dehydrogenase enzymes use reductive amination to produce the amino acid glutamate. Additionally, there is ongoing research on alternative synthesis mechanisms with various metal catalysts which allow the reaction to be less energy taxing, and require milder reaction conditions. Investigation into biocatalysts, such as imine reductases, have allowed for higher selectivity in the reduction of chiral amines which is an important factor in pharmaceutical synthesis.
Achit Lake
Achit Lake (/ˈætʃɪt/; Mongolian: Ачит нуур [átɕʰɪtʰ nʊ́ːr]) is a freshwater lake in Bayan-Ölgii Province and Uvs Province, Mongolia, in the west of the country. At an elevation of 1,435 m above sea level it covers an area of 290 km2. It is 28 km long, 16 km wide, and 10 m deep. The coast is covered with steppes, mostly hilly but swampy on the northwest and northeast. Several rivers flow into the lake.

Uvs Province
Uvs Province (/ˈʊfs/ UUFS) is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. It is located in the west of the country, 1,336 kilometres or 830 miles away from the national capital, Ulaanbaatar. Its capital is Ulaangom, which lies 936 metres or 3,070 feet above sea level.

The province is named after Mongolia's biggest lake, Uvs Lake.
Divinity Road
Divinity Road is a residential road in Oxford, England. It connects with the east end of Morrell Avenue to the northeast and with Cowley Road to the southwest. The road is on a hill sloping southwest.

The road includes detached, semi-detached, and terraced houses. 
Divinity Road Area Residents’ Association (DRARA) is a residents' association in the local area around Divinity Road.
The Beeches, student accommodation of Linacre College, Oxford, is located in Divinity Road.

Lily van den Broecke, a gold medalist in the mixed coxed fours event on Dorney Lake at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, was a resident of the road in 2012, so a post box in the road was painted gold in her honour.
Divinity Road features in the book The Rocktastic Corduroy Peach by Michael Amos.

Headington Hill
Headington Hill is a hill in the east of Oxford, England, in the suburb of Headington. The Headington Road goes up the hill leading out of the city. There are good views of the spires of Oxford from the hill, especially from the top of South Park.

Between 1644 and 1646, Headington Hill was used by the Parliamentarian forces while besieging Oxford during the First English Civil War. Headington Hill Hall, built in 1824 for the Morrell family (local brewers), stands on the hill, and is now the home of Oxford Brookes University's School of Law.
Sandra Švaljek
Sandra Švaljek (born 23 February 1970) is a Croatian economist, politician and a former independent member of the Zagreb Assembly. She currently is the first deputy governor of the Croatian central bank.

Zagreb Assembly
The City Assembly of the City of Zagreb (Croatian: Gradska skupština Grada Zagreba, short: GSGZ) is the lawmaking body of the Croatian capital of Zagreb. It consists of 47 members who were elected  by universal suffrage and secret ballot at 2025 elections for a term of four years. The assembly meets at the Old City Hall, close to the St. Mark's Square. This representative body passes acts within the self-governing scope of the City of Zagreb and performs other duties in accordance with the state laws and its own Statute. The assembly serves as a check against the mayor in a mayor-council government model. It has 24 permanent and occasional working bodies with oversight of various functions of the city government.
Sepetaprost
Sepetaprost is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.  It is an agonist of the prostaglandin EP3 and F receptors.

As of 2025 Sepetaprost is registered in Japan as Setaneo ophthalmic solution 0.002%, sold by Santen Pharmaceuticals.  It is indicated for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Investigational New Drug
The United States Food and Drug Administration's Investigational New Drug (IND) program is the means by which a pharmaceutical company obtains permission to start human clinical trials and to ship an experimental drug across state lines (usually to clinical investigators) before a marketing application for the drug has been approved. Regulations are primarily at 21 CFR 312. Similar procedures are followed in the European Union, Japan, and Canada due to regulatory harmonization efforts by the International Council for Harmonisation.
Rábanos
Rábanos is a municipality and town of northern Spain, Autonomous Community of Castile and León, province of Burgos, Shire of Montes de Oca, sub-shire of Tirón-Rioja Burgalesa.

According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 120 inhabitants (Alarcia town: 82, Rábanos town: 18 and Villamudria village: 20)

Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Burgos is the province of Spain that has borders with most provinces. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language.