hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bhag Singh
Dr. Bhag Singh (1898–10 August 1966) was an Indian anti-imperialist revolutionary, freedom fighter, Kisan leader and Communist politician who was an active member of the Ghadar Party during the Indian independence movement and later became one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

Freedom fighter
A freedom fighter is a person engaged in a struggle to achieve political freedom, particularly against an established government. The term is typically reserved for those who are actively involved in armed or otherwise violent rebellion.
Hamiltonsbawn
Hamiltonsbawn or Hamilton's Bawn is a village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, five miles (8 km) east of Armagh. It lies within the civil parish of Mullabrack and the Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council area.  It had a population of 895 people (343 households) in the 2011 census.

Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council
Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council is a local authority that was established on 1 April 2015. It replaced Armagh City and District Council, Banbridge District Council and Craigavon Borough Council. The first elections to the authority were on 22 May 2014 and it acted as a shadow authority, before the Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon district was created on 1 April 2015.
Lecythidales
Lecythidales is a botanical name at the rank of order. The name was used by the Cronquist system for an order placed in subclass Dilleniidae. This order included only the family Lecythidaceae, which family now (in the APG II system) is placed in the order Ericales.

APG II system
The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based,  system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009 by a further revision, the APG III system.
Rhodesian African Rifles
The Rhodesian African Rifles (RAR) was a regiment of the Rhodesian Army. The ranks of the RAR were recruited from the black African population, although officers were generally from the white population. The regiment was formed in May 1940 in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia.

The RAR were officially declared the successor to the Rhodesia Native Regiment (RNR) which had existed in World War I from 1916 to 1918, and was granted the RNR's battle honours earned fighting in the East African Campaign. The RAR were the second-oldest regiment of the Rhodesian Army, after the Rhodesia Regiment which was raised in 1899.

The RAR used the "greens" uniform and wore slouch hats as headgear.

Zimbabwe African National Union
The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was a militant socialist organisation that fought against white-minority rule in Rhodesia, formed as a split from the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) in 1963. ZANU split in 1975 into wings loyal to Robert Mugabe and Ndabaningi Sithole, later respectively called ZANU–PF and ZANU–Ndonga. These two sub-divisions ran separately at the 1980 general election, where ZANU–PF has been in power ever since, and ZANU–Ndonga a minor opposition party.
Teddy (cigarette)
Teddy was a Norwegian brand of cigarettes, owned by the multinational company British American Tobacco. Cigarettes were manufactured by the Norwegian subsidiary of BAT (formerly "Dr. J. L. Tiedemanns Tobaksfabrik").

British American Tobacco
British American Tobacco p.l.c. (BAT) is a British multinational company that manufactures and sells cigarettes, tobacco and other nicotine products including electronic cigarettes. The company, established in 1902, is headquartered in London, England. As of 2025, it is the second-largest tobacco company in the world based on net sales.

BAT has operations in around 180 countries and its cigarette brands include Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike, Pall Mall and Rothmans. Its brands also include Vuse e-cigarettes, Glo heated tobacco, and Velo nicotine pouches.

BAT has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. BAT plc ordinary shares are also listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depositary Shares.
Arnsberg (Rhön)
The Arnsberg is a mountain in the Bavarian part of the Rhön Mountains, Germany. It is located on the watershed in between the rivers Sinn and Brend. It rises three kilometers west of Bischofsheim in der Rhön and four kilometers northeast of Wildflecken.

The Arnsberg is only partially wooded and therefore offers a clear view of the higher mountains in its surroundings: the Himmeldunkberg (888 m) in the north, the Heidelstein (926 m) in the northeast, the Kreuzberg (928 m) in the south and the Dammersfeldkuppe (928 m) in the west. The Arnsberg also offers views far to the east into the Grabfeld and to the southwest.

The north side of the Arnsberg is a winter sports area with two ski lifts. In summer, the steep slopes are used by paragliders and model airplanes as well as grazing sheep.

The shortest ascent to the Arnsberg begins at the junction of the NES 25 district road from the NES 10 district road and leads steeply from the south-east to the summit in around 30 minutes.

Brend
The river Brend (German pronunciation: [ˈbʁɛnt]) is a right-bank tributary of the Fränkische Saale (Franconian Saale), in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the district Rhön-Grabfeld.

Its source is in Oberweißenbrunn, which is part of the town Bischofsheim. It flows through Bischofsheim, Unterweißenbrunn, Wegfurt, Schönau an der Brend and Brendlorenzen before entering the Fränkische Saale after 30 kilometres in Bad Neustadt.
JAG season 10
The tenth and final season of JAG premiered on CBS on September 24, 2004, and concluded on April 29, 2005. The season, starring David James Elliott and Catherine Bell, was produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television.

Season 10 of JAG aired alongside the second season of NCIS.

Jordana Spiro
Jordana Spiro is an American actress, director, and writer. As an actress, she has starred in numerous films and television series including Netflix's Ozark and TBS comedy television program My Boys.

Her debut feature Night Comes On, which she directed and co-wrote (with Angelica Nwandu) premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2018. She developed the film at the Sundance Institute's Directors, Screenwriters, and Composers Labs, and through a Cinereach development grant. Her short Skin premiered at Sundance and won the Women In Film Productions award. Skin also won the Honorable Mention Award at SXSW, showed at Telluride, Palm Springs, and AFI among others. Spiro earned her MFA in Film from Columbia University in 2015 and received the Adrienne Shelly Foundation Fellowship. She studied drama at the Circle in the Square Theatre School in New York and was selected to join the Berlinale Talent Campus in Berlin.
Gorno Orizari, Bitola
Gorno Orizari (Macedonian: Горно Оризари) is a settlement within the Bitola Municipality of North Macedonia. Originally a village, it is now a suburb of the wider city. It is located to the north of the city, east of the exit road for Prilep and close to the proposed M5 motorway, a limited-access road that bypasses Bitola linking the city with Ohrid and Resen (west) and Prilep (north).

Limited-access road
A limited-access road, known by various terms worldwide, including limited-access highway,  partial controlled-access highway, and expressway, is a highway or arterial road for high-speed traffic which has many or most characteristics of a controlled-access highway (also known as a freeway or motorway), including limited or no access to adjacent property; some degree of separation of opposing traffic flow (often being dual carriageways); use of grade separated interchanges to some extent; prohibition of slow modes of transport, such as bicycles, horse-drawn vehicles or ridden horses, or self-propelled agricultural machines; and very few or no intersecting cross-streets or level crossings. The degree of isolation from local traffic allowed varies between countries and regions. The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction.
Pitzer Run
Pitzer Run is a Pennsylvania stream flowing southward between McPherson Ridge and Seminary and Warfield Ridges through the Gettysburg Battlefield to Willoughby Run at the site of Pitzer's School, which was Confederate General Longstreet's headquarters during the Battle of Gettysburg (the school burned in 1915).

Seminary Ridge
Seminary Ridge is a dendritic ridge that served as an area of military engagements during the Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War, which was fought between July 1 and July 3, 1863 in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Seminary Ridge also served as a military installation during World War II.
Jonatan Julien
Jonatan Julien MNA (born March 20, 1972) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Charlesbourg as a member of the Coalition Avenir Québec.

Prior to his election in the National Assembly, he was a city councillor in the municipal district of Neufchâtel-Lebourgneuf for the Quebec City Council from 2013 to 2018.

Charlesbourg (provincial electoral district)
Charlesbourg is a provincial electoral district in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It consists of part of the Charlesbourg borough of Quebec City.

It was created for the 1973 election from parts of Chauveau and Montmorency electoral districts.

In the change from the 2001 to the 2011 electoral map, it lost very small amounts of territory to Jean-Lesage and Montmorency electoral districts.

In the change from the 2011 to the 2018 electoral map, the riding will gain some territory (roughly the area between Rivère des Roches to Rue George-Muir) from Chauveau.
Doctor Scroggy's War
Doctor Scroggy's War is a 2014 play by Howard Brenton, commissioned by Shakespeare's Globe, where it premiered on 12 September 2014, marking the centenary of World War One. It is centred on the fictional soldier Jack Twigg and his involvement with Harold Gillies.

Harold Gillies
Sir Harold Delf Gillies CBE FRCS (17 June 1882 – 10 September 1960) was the father of modern plastic surgery for the techniques he devised to repair the faces of wounded soldiers returning from World War I. He initially trained as an Otolaryngologist and subsequently developed reconstructive techniques that culminated in the advent of plastic surgery.
Alan Baylock
Alan Michael Baylock is a composer, arranger, educator, bandleader, clinician, instrumentalist, and the former leader of the Alan Baylock Jazz Orchestra. He was also the Jazz Composer-in-Residence at Shenandoah Conservatory in Winchester, Virginia, from 2011 until 2016 and served as the Chief Arranger for The Airmen of Note jazz ensemble in Washington, D.C., for 20 years before moving to his current position as the Director of the One O'Clock Lab Band at the University of North Texas.

One O'Clock Lab Band
One O'Clock Lab Band is an ensemble of the Jazz Studies division at the University of North Texas College of Music in Denton, Texas. Since the 1970s, the band's albums have received seven Grammy Award nominations, including two for Lab 2009.

The One O'Clock Lab Band is the highest of seven lab bands at the college. The band is named for its hour of rehearsal and includes five saxophones, five trumpets, five trombones, violin, guitar, piano, bass, drum set, and voice. The One O'Clock band evolved from an extracurricular stage band founded in 1927 into a curricular laboratory dance band in 1947 when North Texas began its jazz degree program.
FarEast 28R
The Fareast 28R is a modern sailboat designed by Simonis-Voogd and built by Far East Boats in Jiangsu, China. It features a lifting keel with a lead bulb, a roller furling jib, a bowsprit for an asymmetrical spinnaker, and an open deck. It can be raced with a crew of up to 8.

The Fareast 28R has been recognized with the "2015 Boat of the Year Award" by Sailing World magazine.

Bowsprit
The bowsprit of a sailing vessel is a spar extending forward from the vessel's prow. The bowsprit is typically held down by a bobstay that counteracts the forces from the forestays. The bowsprit’s purpose is to create anchor points for the sails that extend beyond the vessel’s bow, increasing the size of sail that may be held taut.

The word bowsprit is thought to originate from the Middle Low German word bōchsprēt – bōch meaning "bow" and sprēt meaning "pole".

On some square-rigged ships a spritsail is flown below the bowsprit; these are sometimes accompanied by a sprit topmast, which serves to assist the spritsail while tacking. The bowsprit may also be used to hold up the figurehead.
84th Infantry Regiment (PA)
84th Infantry Regiment is a provisional military unit and formation of the Philippine Army organized during WW II to bolster the defense of Lanao Sector. It fought in Lanao during Japanese landing in Malabang and moved northward to Dansalan.

Guy Fort
Guy O. Fort (January 1, 1879 – November 11, 1942) was a brigadier general in the Philippine Army under the control of the United States Army Forces in the Far East. Fort led the 81st Division (Philippines) during the initial Battle of the Philippines and the Japanese invasion of Malabang. After fighting a last-ditch stand, Fort was ordered by his higher command to surrender and be taken prisoner by Japanese forces. His captors demanded Fort help persuade his former soldiers engaged in guerrilla warfare to stop resisting the occupation. Fort refused and was executed by firing squad. Fort is the only American-born general officer to be executed by enemy forces.
Sonny Strait
Sonny Strait is an American voice actor, ADR director, and writer, known for his work on a number of English versions of Japanese anime series and as an illustrator for the independently published comic book series Elfquest. Strait has provided the voices for the titular character from Lupin the Third as well as Krillin and Bardock in the Funimation English adaptations of Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, Dragon Ball GT, Dragon Ball Super, and other Dragon Ball media since 1999. He also voice acts as Usopp in the English adaptation of One Piece.

Elfquest
Elfquest (or ElfQuest) is a comic book property created by Wendy and Richard Pini in 1978, and still owned by them. It is a fantasy story about a community of elves and other fictional species who struggle to survive and coexist on a primitive Earth-like planet with two moons. Several published volumes of prose fiction also share the same setting. Elfquest was one of the first comic book series to have a planned conclusion. Over the years Elfquest has been self-published by the Pinis through their own company Warp Graphics, then Marvel Comics, then the Pinis again, more recently DC Comics, and, since 2013, Dark Horse Comics. All issues of Elfquest published prior to 2014 are available online for free.
SS Norlantic
SS Norlantic was an American cargo ship of the Norlasco Steamship Company of New York that was scuttled after being damaged by U-69 in May 1942 with the loss of seven lives. The ship was built as SS Lake Fandango, a design 1099 ship of the United States Shipping Board (USSB), in 1919 and had also sailed under the name SS Lexington.

United States Shipping Board
The United States Shipping Board (USSB) was a corporation established as an emergency agency by the 1916 Shipping Act (39 Stat. 729), on September 7, 1916. The United States Shipping Board's task was to increase the number of US ships supporting the World War I efforts. The program ended on March 2, 1934.
Jackley
Jackley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brock Jackley (born 1947), American politician in the state of Washington

Jessica Jackley (born 1977), American entrepreneur who co-founded Kiva and ProFounder

Marty Jackley (born 1970), American attorney and 30th Attorney General of South Dakota

Nat Jackley (1909–1988), English comic actor starring in variety, film and pantomime

Stephen Jackley, convicted British robber and author

Stephen Jackley
Stephen Jackley is a convicted British robber and author. He served time in American and British prisons from 2008 to 2015. He has Asperger syndrome, and his book, Just Sky, explores the impact of this condition on his life. Jackley has been followed by the press, both in the United States and the United Kingdom, because of the unusual nature of his crimes.
IBM TPNS
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) is an IBM licensed program, first released in 1976 as a test automation tool to simulate the end-user activity of network terminal(s) to a mainframe computer system, for functional testing, regression testing, system testing, capacity management, benchmarking and stress testing.: 19–22

In 2002, IBM re-packaged TPNS and released  
Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) as a successor product.

Regression testing
Regression testing (rarely, non-regression testing) is re-running functional and non-functional tests to ensure that previously developed and tested software still performs as expected after a change. If not, that would be called a regression.

Changes that may require regression testing include bug fixes, software enhancements, configuration changes, and even substitution of electronic components (hardware). As regression test suites tend to grow with each found defect, test automation is frequently involved. Sometimes a change impact analysis is performed to determine an appropriate subset of tests (non-regression analysis).
Gambling Hansel
"Gambling Hansel" (German: De Spielhansl; KHM 82) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and published in their first edition of Children's and Household Tales in 1812. The story contains elements of Aarne–Thompson type 330A: The Smith's Three Wishes.

Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index
The Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index (ATU Index) is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies. The ATU index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars: Originally published in German by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne (1910), the index was translated into English, revised, and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson (1928, 1961), and later further revised and expanded by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther (2004). The ATU index is an essential tool for folklorists, used along with the Thompson (1932) Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.
Studies in Language Testing
Studies in Language Testing (SiLT) is a series of academic books containing papers in the fields of education and applied linguistics related to language testing and assessment.

It has been published by Cambridge English Language Assessment and Cambridge University Press and Cambridge English Language Assessment since 1995. The series editors are Lynda Taylor and Nick Saville.

Although each volume has a variety of purposes, 10 broad themes characterize the series:

language testing terminology

language testing research methodology

test taker characteristics and language test performance

testing the four language skills

testing English for Academic Purposes: IELTS

test impact/washback

test comparability

test documenting

conference proceedings.

Applied linguistics
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication research, information science, natural language processing, anthropology, and sociology. Applied linguistics is a practical use of language.
Es Canar
Es Canar (Spanish: Es Caná) is a beach resort village on the Spanish island of Ibiza. The resort is in the municipality of Santa Eulària des Riu. The resort is reached along the street called Cami d'Escana from Santa Eulària des Riu. The resort is 12.4 miles (20.0 km) north east of Ibiza Town and 16.9 miles (27.2 km) of Ibiza Airport. The resort is 3.4 miles (5.5 km) along the coast, east of Santa Eulària des Riu. The journey time from the airport is approximately 40 minutes by taxi or tourist bus.

Formentera
Formentera (Balearic Catalan: [fuɾmənˈteɾə], Spanish: [foɾmenˈteɾa]) is a Spanish island located in the Mediterranean Sea, which belongs to the Balearic Islands autonomous community together with Mallorca, Menorca, and Ibiza.

Formentera is the smallest and most southerly island of the Pityusic Islands group (comprising Ibiza and Formentera itself, as well as various small islets). It covers an area of 83.24 square kilometres (32.14 sq mi), including offshore islets. At the 2011 Census, the population was 10,583; according to the Census of 1 January 2021, it counted 11,891 inhabitants, while the official estimate at 1 January 2023 was 11,389.
Polyclinic Medical Center
Polyclinic Medical Center, also known as Polyclinic Hospital, is a polyclinic in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and part of UPMC Pinnacle, a regional system of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) that serves South Central Pennsylvania.

Clinic
A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.
Margarita Höhenrieder
Margarita Höhenrieder (born 1956) is a German classical pianist and a professor at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München. She has performed internationally and recorded, with a focus on chamber music. She premiered compositions which Harald Genzmer dedicated to her.

Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn
The Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn (German: Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn, WKO) is a renowned German Chamber Orchestra, located in Heilbronn, Baden Württemberg, Germany.

The orchestra was founded in 1960 by Jörg Faerber and has performed with artists such as Martha Argerich, Alfred Brendel, Rudolf Buchbinder, Maurice André, James Galway, Augustin Hadelich, Hilary Hahn, Gidon Kremer, Sabine Meyer, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Thomas Quasthoff and Tabea Zimmermann. The WKO has recorded more than 500 classical works for the labels Deutsche Grammophon (DGG) and Teldec.

The orchestra is regularly heard at major festivals like Salzburg Festival, Vienna Music Summer, Lucerne Festival, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, Schwetzingen Festival and Ludwigsburg Festival.

Ruben Gazarian was artistic director of the orchestra from 2002 to 2018, when he was succeeded by Case Scaglione.