hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1827 Land Lottery
The 1827 Land Lottery was the fifth lottery of the Georgia Land Lotteries, a lottery system used by the U.S. state of Georgia between the years 1805 and 1833 to redistribute conquered Cherokee and Muscogee land to American settlers. The 1827 lottery was authorized by the Georgia General Assembly by an act of June 9, 1825. The lottery redistributed confiscated Muscogee land in Carroll, Coweta, Lee, Muscogee, and Troup counties.

The lots were 202.5 acres in size. Registration for the lottery occurred in the two months after the Act's publication on December 7, 1824, with drawings occurring in 1827. Fortunate drawers from the previous Georgia land lotteries were excluded, as well as draft resisters who refused to fight in the War of 1812 or the Indian Wars, people who deserted from military service, imprisoned convicts, tax defaulters, and absconders for debt.

Muscogee County, Georgia
Muscogee County is a county located on the central western border of the U.S. state of Georgia named after the Muscogee that originally inhabited the land with its western border with the state of Alabama that is formed by the Chattahoochee River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 206,922. Its county seat and only city is Columbus, with which it has been a consolidated city-county since the beginning of 1971.

Muscogee County is part of the Columbus, GA–AL, metropolitan statistical area. The only other city in the county was Bibb City, a company town that disincorporated in December 2000, two years after its mill closed permanently. Fort Benning, a large Army installation, takes up nearly one quarter of the county and extends southeast into neighboring Chattahoochee County; it generates considerable economic power in the region.
Ernst Greven
Ernestus "Ernst" Johannes Christiaan Greven (September 8, 1885 – March 8, 1924) was a Dutch athlete, who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. Born in The Hague, he died at age 38 in Zoppot near Danzig in Poland.

In the 100 metres, Greven placed fifth (last) in his first round heat to be eliminated from competition.  He also placed last in his preliminary heat of the 200 metres, taking third in the three-man heat.

Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres
The men's 100 metres was the shortest of the sprint races at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. The competition was held over the course of three days. The first round was held on 20 July, the semifinals on 21 July, and the final on 22 July. NOCs could enter up to 12 athletes, The event was won by Reggie Walker of South Africa, the first time the gold medal went to a nation other than the United States. The Americans did stay on the podium with James Rector's silver medal. Canada won its first medal in the event, a bronze by Robert Kerr.
Logie Awards of 2006
The 48th Annual TV Week Logie Awards was held on Sunday 7 May 2006 at the Crown Palladium in Melbourne, and broadcast on the Nine Network. The ceremony was hosted by Bert Newton, Ray Martin, Daryl Somers, Lisa McCune and Georgie Parker. The nominations were announced at the 50 Years of Television Exhibition at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney on 3 April 2006. In an historic first, the public then voted for their choice of the eight nominees (instead of five) for the Gold Logie via SMS or a 1900 number, right up until the awards night. Special guests included Chris Noth, George Eads and Joan Rivers.

Georgie Parker
Georgina Parker (born 16 December 1964) is an Australian television soap actress and has also appeared in film and theatre. She is a double Gold Logie winner, best known for her acting roles in Australian soap operas; as Lucy Gardiner (later Tyler) in A Country Practice; as Theresa 'Terri' Sullivan in All Saints; and as Roo Stewart in Home and Away, as well as being a presenter on the children's program Play School.
Central Colorado volcanic field
The central Colorado volcanic field (CCVF) is a volcanic field in Park County, Colorado. It is located in the southern Rocky Mountains and covered a roughly triangular area centered on the Thirtynine Mile volcanic area and extending from the Sawatch Range southeast to the northern Sangre de Cristo Range and the Wet Mountains and northeast to the southern Front Range south of Denver. The area covered by the volcanic products of the eruptions included some 22,000 square kilometers (8,500 sq mi) produced by at least ten volcanic centers or calderas. The field overlaps the San Juan volcanic field to the west. The volcanic products date from the late Eocene to the early Oligocene (38 to 29 million years ago).

Park County, Colorado
Park County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,390. The county seat and largest incorporated town is Fairplay, while the unincorporated community of Bailey is the largest settlement overall. The county was named after the large geographic region known as South Park, which was named by early fur traders and trappers in the area. Park County is included in the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. A majority of the county lies within the boundaries of the South Park National Heritage Area.
Connecticut's 9th State Senate district
Connecticut's 9th State Senate district elects one member of the Connecticut State Senate. It consists of the towns of Cromwell, Newington, Rocky Hill, and parts of Middletown and Wethersfield. The district is currently represented by Democrat Matt Lesser, who has served since 2019.

Newington, Connecticut
Newington is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. Located 8 miles (13 km) south of downtown Hartford, Newington is an older, mainly residential suburb located in Greater Hartford. As of 2023, the population is 30,527. The Connecticut Department of Transportation has its headquarters in Newington.

Newington is home to Mill Pond Falls, near the center of town.  It is celebrated each fall during the Waterfall Festival.

The American Radio Relay League is headquartered in Newington, with a call sign of W1AW.
Jan Mašek
Jan Mašek (born 6 July 1978) is a Czech slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 1995.

Mašek won ten medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold (C1 team: 2002), two silvers (C1 team: 2006, 2014) and seven bronzes (Mixed C2: 2017, 2018, 2019, C1 team: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010). He also won 6 medals in the C1 team event at the European Championships (2 golds, 2 silvers and 2 bronzes).

His partner in the mixed C2 boat is Veronika Vojtová.

2002 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 2002 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Bourg St.-Maurice, France under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the record-tying third time. It was the 27th edition. Bourg St.-Maurice hosted the championships previously in 1969 and 1987, and matches the times hosted by Spittal, Austria (1963, 1965, 1977) and Meran, Italy (1953, 1971, 1983). Beginning at these championships, this event would be held on an annual basis in non-Summer Olympic years. The 2001 championships were scheduled to take place in Ducktown, Tennessee (East of Chattanooga) in September that year on the canoe slalom course used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in neighboring Atlanta, but were cancelled in the wake of the September 11 attacks.
Erika Henningsen
Erika Leigh Henningsen (born August 13, 1992) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her work on Broadway and for originating the role of Cady Heron in the 2018 Tony-nominated musical Mean Girls, for which she received an Outer Critics Circle Award nomination. Since 2024, she has voiced Charlie Morningstar in the adult animated series Hazbin Hotel.

Diner (1982 film)
Diner is a 1982 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Barry Levinson. It is Levinson's screen-directing debut and the first of his "Baltimore Films" tetralogy, set in his hometown during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s; the other three films are Tin Men (1987), Avalon (1990), and Liberty Heights (1999). It stars Steve Guttenberg, Daniel Stern, Mickey Rourke, Paul Reiser, Kevin Bacon, Timothy Daly and Ellen Barkin and was released on March 5, 1982. The movie follows a close-knit circle of friends who reunite at a Baltimore diner when one of them prepares to get married.
Vandenberg Village Community Services District
The Vandenberg Village Community Services District is a special district in Vandenberg Village, California. Vandenberg Village is an unincorporated community in Santa Barbara County north of Lompoc, near Vandenberg Space Force Base. When Vandenberg Village was built in the 1960s and 1970s, most of the residents worked on the base. Today, their employers can be found throughout the central coast.

Santa Barbara County, California
Santa Barbara County, officially the County of Santa Barbara (Spanish: Condado de Santa Bárbara), is a county located in Southern California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 448,229. The county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria.

Santa Barbara County comprises the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the county is part of the California Central Coast. Mainstays of the county's economy include engineering, resource extraction (particularly petroleum extraction and diatomaceous earth mining), winemaking, agriculture, and education. The software development and tourism industries are important employers in the southern part of the county.
Charles Malamuth
Charles Malamuth (November 9, 1899 – July 14, 1965) was an American journalist, writer, translator from Russian and anticommunist. He is best known over the years as translator of Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence by Leon Trotsky (1941) for which Soviet communists attacked him as a Trotskyite in the 1940s and Trotskyists attacked him as an anticommunist in the 2010s.

Victor Kravchenko (defector)
Viktor Andriyovych Kravchenko (Ukrainian: Ві́ктор Андрі́йович Кра́вченко; 11 October 1905 – 25 February 1966) was a Ukrainian-born Soviet defector, known for writing the best-selling book I Chose Freedom, published in 1946, about the realities of life in the Soviet Union.

Kravchenko defected to the United States during World War II, and began writing about his experiences as an official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Andrew Snowdon
Andrew Snowdon (born 26 September 1965) is an English cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and right-arm medium-pace bowler who played for Cornwall. He was born in Plymouth.

Having represented the team in the Minor Counties Championship between 1983 and 1986, Snowdon made a single List A appearance for the side, in his final year at the club, against Derbyshire. From the middle order, he scored 9 runs. He bowled 12 overs during the match, taking figures of 0-97.

His brother, Michael Snowdon, made a single List A appearance for Cornwall during the 1975 season.

Cornwall County Cricket Club
Cornwall County Cricket Club  is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Cornwall. The team has played in the Minor Counties Championship since 1904 and became champions in 2012. They also play in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Cornwall played List A matches occasionally from 1970 until 2004 but is not classified as a List A team per se.

The club play home matches at various venues including Roskear in Camborne, Trescobeas in Falmouth, Boscawen Park in Truro and  Wheal Eliza ground in St Austell.
Hannah Betfort
Hannah Claire Betfort (born January 4, 1999) is an American professional soccer player plays as a forward for the North Carolina Courage of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She played college soccer for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons and was drafted by Portland Thorns FC in the 2021 NWSL Draft.

Houston Dash
The Houston Dash are an American professional soccer team based in Houston, Texas, that competes in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). The Dash began play in the 2014 season. The team plays its home games at Shell Energy Stadium.
Ullathai Killathe
Ullathai Killathe (transl. Don't pinch the heart) is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language drama film, written and directed by Vejey Kannan. The film stars Suresh, Karan and Khushbu, while Janagaraj and Senthil portray supporting roles. Music for the film was composed by Deva and the film was released on 6 March 1999.

Janagaraj
Janagaraj is an Indian actor who has appeared in over 240 films predominantly in Tamil cinema as a comedian or in supporting roles. He has also starred in a few Malayalam, Telugu and Hindi films. He was one of the top comedians in the Tamil industry during 1980s and 90s.
Geçitaltı, Kozluk
Geçitaltı (also known as Goh) is a village in the Kozluk District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Arabs and had a population of 807 in 2021.

The hamlets of Çubuk, Gelşe, İkipınar, Mezarlık, Saraycık, Sugesiye and Topak are attached to the village.

Batman Province
Batman Province (Turkish: Batman ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Êlihê, transl. "Province of Êlih"; Armenian: Բատմանի զավառ, transl. "Province of Batman") is a province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It was created in May 1990 with Law No. 3647, incorporating districts from the eastern Siirt Province and the southern Mardin Province. The province has an area of 4,477 km2 (1,729 sq mi) and a population of 634,491 (2022). Its current governor is Ekrem Canalp.

The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. It is an important center for Turkey's oil industry, which has driven rapid urbanization since the mid-20th century.
Barbaros Akkaş
Barbaros Akkaş (born November 26, 1976, in Istanbul) is the former Turkish Basketball Federation National Teams Director of Sport. Barbaros Akkaş, who is married to Dilara Akkaş, has been managing Turkish National Basketball Teams since 1997. He announced his resignation in October 2016.

Turkish Basketball Federation
The Turkish Basketball Federation (Turkish: Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu, TBF) is the national federation for basketball in Turkey. It is headquartered in Istanbul.

They organize the Basketball Super League, Women's Basketball Super League the Turkish Basketball Cup and the Turkish Basketball Presidential Cup. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the men's, women's and youth national basketball teams.

In October 2016, Hidayet Türkoğlu was elected as its president.

The Federation moved its headquarters with all its offices from Sinan Erdem Dome, where it had been using from January 2022 on, to the newly-built Basketbol Gelişim Merkezi (English: Basketball Development Center) on 9 September 2024.
Kola Abdulai
Lawal Kowawole “Kola” Abdulai (22 July 1947 – 30 July 2009) was a Nigerian sprinter. He competed in the 100 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics. Abdulai won a bronze medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games.

Athletics at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
At the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, the athletics events were held at the Queen Elizabeth II Park in Christchurch, New Zealand between 25 January and 2 February. Athletes competed in 37 events — 23 for men and 14 for women.
Virginia Lacy Jones
Virginia Lacy Jones (June 25, 1912 – December 3, 1984) was an American librarian who throughout her 50-year career in the field pushed for the integration of public and academic libraries. She was one of the first African Americans to earn a PhD in Library Science and became dean of Atlanta University's School of Library Sciences.

Library and information science
Library and information science (LIS) are two academic disciplines that study all aspects of the creation, organization, documentation, management, communication, and use of recorded information. It underlies a variety of professional activities such as information management, librarianship, and archiving and records management, educating professionals for work in those areas, and carrying out research to improve practice.

Library science and information science are two original disciplines; however, they are within the same field of study. Library science is applied information science, as well as a subfield of information science. Due to the strong connection, sometimes the two terms are used synonymously.
Kaspa's
Kaspa's (also known as Kaspa's Desserts) are a British chain of ice cream parlours, which offer other hot and cold desserts. They started in 2012 in Croydon, South London. The business is based on franchising the model and branding to other companies who run Kaspa's dessert houses.

Their products "are no GM, suitable for vegetarians, handmade and imported from the heart of Italy, with no artificial preservatives." They have also been described as "an American dessert chain".

As of June 2021, according to the Kaspa's website, they have 104 locations, mostly in the United Kingdom. Kaspa's opened their first overseas location in Islamabad, Pakistan.

Preservative
A preservative is a substance or a chemical that is added to products such as food products, beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, biological samples, cosmetics, wood, and many other products to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. In general, preservation is implemented in two modes, chemical and physical. Chemical preservation entails adding chemical compounds to the product. Physical preservation entails processes such as refrigeration or drying. Preservative food additives reduce the risk of foodborne infections, decrease microbial spoilage, and preserve fresh attributes and nutritional quality.  Some physical techniques for food preservation include dehydration, UV-C radiation, freeze-drying, and refrigeration. Chemical preservation and physical preservation techniques are sometimes combined.
653 Berenike
653 Berenike is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 27 November 1907 by Joel Hastings Metcalf at Taunton, Massachusetts. It is named after Berenice II of Egypt, after whom the constellation Coma Berenices is also named. The name may have been inspired by the asteroid's provisional designation 1907 BK.

Berenike is a member of the dynamic Eos family of asteroids that most likely formed as the result of a collisional breakup of a parent body.

Joel Hastings Metcalf
Joel Hastings Metcalf (January 4, 1866 – February 23, 1925) was an American astronomer, humanitarian and minister.

Reverend Metcalf graduated from Harvard Divinity School in 1892. He served as a Unitarian minister in Burlington, Vermont and in Taunton, Massachusetts, Winchester, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine.

He discovered or co-discovered several comets, including 23P/Brorsen-Metcalf and 97P/Metcalf-Brewington, and also 41 asteroids during 1905–1914, as credited by the Minor Planet Center.

Two of his discoveries, the main-belt asteroids 726 Joëlla and 792 Metcalfia, were named in his honor.
Marina Garay Cabada
Marina Garay Cabada (born 6 December 1953) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). 
In the 2012 general election she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies to represent Veracruz's 19th district during the 62nd session of Congress. She previously served as a local deputy in the Congress of Veracruz from 2004 to 2007 and as the municipal president of San Andrés Tuxtla from 2008 to 2010.

San Andrés Tuxtla
San Andrés Tuxtla is a city and municipality in the south of the Mexican state of Veracruz. The city is the largest in the Los Tuxtlas region. It was founded after an eruption of the San Martín Volcano pushed people into this valley during the early colonial period. Since the 19th century, the area has been the center of Mexico's production of fine tobacco, mostly used in the making of cigars.
Swedish Board of Mines
The Swedish Board of Mines (Swedish: Bergskollegium) was a Swedish government agency existing between 1637 and 1857 with the task of overseeing the mining industry and metal processing in Sweden. The Board was an expression of the bergregal principle, the royal ownership of mineral resources, and oversaw activities in the Swedish mountain districts. The Board issued charters for blast furnaces, trip hammers and various forms of manufacturing.

Nordisk familjebok
Nordisk familjebok (Swedish: [ˈnǔːɖɪsk faˈmɪ̂lːjɛˌbuːk], 'Nordic Family Book') is a Swedish encyclopedia that was published in print from between 1876 and 1993, and that is now fully available in digital form via Project Runeberg at Linköping University. The public domain editions of the encyclopedia remain important reference works in Finland, especially on Finnish Wikipedia.
Eucalyptus Health
Eucalyptus Health is an Australian digital health company founded in 2019 that operates telehealth services including Pilot (men's health), Juniper (weight management), Software (dermatology), and Kin (reproductive health). The company is headquartered in Sydney and has expanded to the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.

Venture round
A venture round is a type of funding round used for venture capital financing, by which startup companies obtain investment, generally from venture capitalists and other institutional investors. The availability of venture funding is among the primary stimuli for the development of new companies and technologies.
Linking number
In mathematics, the linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space.  Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other.  In Euclidean space, the linking number is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientation of the two curves (this is not true for curves in most 3-manifolds, where linking numbers can also be fractions or just not exist at all).

The linking number was introduced by Gauss in the form of the linking integral.  It is an important object of study in knot theory, algebraic topology, and differential geometry, and has numerous applications in mathematics and science, including quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and the study of DNA supercoiling.

European Mathematical Society
The European Mathematical Society (EMS) is a European organization dedicated to the development of mathematics in Europe. Its members are different mathematical societies in Europe, academic institutions and individual mathematicians. The current president is Jan Philip Solovej, professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Copenhagen.
Costa's minimal surface
In mathematics, Costa's surface is an embedded minimal surface discovered in 1982 by the Brazilian mathematician Celso José da Costa. It is also a surface of finite topology, which means that it can be formed by puncturing a compact surface. Topologically, it is a thrice-punctured torus.

Until its discovery, the plane, helicoid and the catenoid were believed to be the only embedded minimal surfaces that could be formed by puncturing a compact surface. The Costa surface evolves from a torus, which is deformed until the planar end becomes catenoidal. Defining these surfaces on rectangular tori of arbitrary dimensions yields the Costa surface. Its discovery triggered research and discovery into several new surfaces and open conjectures in topology.

The Costa surface can be described using the Weierstrass zeta function and the Weierstrass elliptic function.

Weierstrass elliptic function
In mathematics, the Weierstrass elliptic functions are elliptic functions that take a particularly simple form. They are named for Karl Weierstrass. This class of functions is also referred to as ℘-functions and they are usually denoted by the symbol ℘, a uniquely fancy script p. They play an important role in the theory of elliptic functions, i.e., meromorphic functions that are doubly periodic. A ℘-function together with its derivative can be used to parameterize elliptic curves and they generate the field of elliptic functions with respect to a given period lattice.