hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galician nationalism
Galician nationalism is a form of nationalism found mostly in Galicia, which asserts that Galicians are a nation and that promotes the cultural unity of Galicians. The political movement referred to as modern Galician nationalism was born at the beginning of the twentieth century from the idea of Galicianism.

Direct democracy
Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the electorate directly decides on policy initiatives, without elected representatives as proxies, as opposed to the representative democracy model which occurs in the majority of established democracies. The theory and practice of direct democracy and participation as its common characteristic constituted the core of the work of many theorists, philosophers, politicians, and social critics, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, and G.D.H. Cole.
The Pirate Tapes
The Pirate Tapes is a documentary filmed by Somali-Canadian Mohamed Ashareh in Somalia and edited and produced by Palmira PDC in Canada. The film follows Ashareh, as he infiltrates a Somali pirate operation, giving a first person view of how they recruit and organize. The documentary premiered at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in 2011. It was picked up for distribution by HBO Documentary Films.

HBO Documentary Films
HBO Documentary Films is an American production and distribution company and a division of the cable television network HBO that produces non-fiction feature films and miniseries.

The division releases between 10 and 15 documentaries per year for the network and provides limited theatrical distribution of certain films prior to their initial broadcast on HBO's linear television and streaming services.
R322 (South Africa)
The R322 is a Regional Route in South Africa. Its northern origin is a t-junction with the R324 between Suurbraak and Barrydale. The northern and western routes are signed the R324, with R322 signed as the easterly road. It heads east-south-east to reach Heidelberg, where it meets the N2. It becomes co-signed with the N2 south-west for 4 kilometres before diverging to head south-south-west. It ends at Port Beaufort (west of Witsand), where it rejoins the R324.

Witsand
Witsand, located in the Western Cape of South Africa, is a small coastal town at the mouth of the Breede River estuary. Often referred to as the Whale Nursery of South Africa, the town attracts a remarkable number of southern right whales between June and November each year.

As an authentic destination for water sports and outdoor enthusiasts, Witsand offers experiences such as kite-surfing, surfing, stand-up paddleboarding, and fishing. The town lies within the Hessequa region, also known as the Explorer's Garden Route.

The Breede River near Witsand is also known for yielding some of the largest bull sharks ever recorded—though notably, there have been no reported shark attacks. Each November, Witsand hosts the finish line of the annual Vlakte Marathon, a notable event in the region.

In recent years, Witsand has also gained attention as a hub for Bitcoin adoption in Africa, with many local merchants now accepting cryptocurrency payments.
Fatimid conquest of Cyrenaica
The Fatimid conquest of Cyrenaica was a military campaign led by the Fatimid general Hubasa ibn Yusuf al-Kutami. During this campaign, he confronted three Abbasid commanders dispatched by Takin al-Khazari, the governor of Egypt. Hubasa succeeded in seizing Sirte and Ajdabiya, defeated the Abbasid army in Barqa, and forced them to retreat to Fustat. Following these victories, Cyrenaica came under Fatimid control, paving the way for the invasion of Egypt.

Sirte Basin
The Sirte Basin is a late Mesozoic and Cenozoic triple junction continental rift (extensional basin) along northern Africa that was initiated during the late Jurassic Period. It borders a relatively stable Paleozoic craton and cratonic sag basins along its southern margins. The province extends offshore into the Mediterranean Sea, with the northern boundary drawn at the 2,000 meter (m) bathymetric contour. It borders in the north on the Gulf of Sidra and extends south into northern Chad.
Lawn Boy (Evison novel)
Lawn Boy is a semi-autobiographical coming-of-age novel written by Jonathan Evison and published in 2018 by Algonquin Books. It tells the story of Mike Muñoz, a young adult Mexican American who has faced hardship ever since his childhood and is now going through a phase of self-discovery.

Bildungsroman
In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (German pronunciation: [ˈbɪldʊŋs.ʁoˌmaːn] ⓘ) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth and change of the protagonist from childhood to adulthood (coming of age). The term comes from the German words Bildung ('formation' or 'education') and Roman ('novel').
William Tanner Young
William Tanner Young was the first British Consul in Jerusalem. He was appointed in 1838 and arrived in 1839. He held the title "vice-consul" until 1841, and "consul" from then until 1845.

Young was the son of an underwriter and a protégé of the Earl of Shaftesbury. Prior to his appointment Young had traveled in Syria and Palestine in 1835-36.

According to Andrew Bonar and Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Young was "actuated by a deep and enlightened attachment to the cause of God's ancient people", i.e. the Jews. John James Moscrop suggests that Young attempted to serve two masters: the London Jews Society and the Foreign Office. In mid-1839, he began to ask the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, for British protection for Jewish people.

In 1848, after his return to England, Young published a translation from French of The Truth in regard to England in 1817.

Robert Murray M'Cheyne
Robert Murray M'Cheyne (21 May 1813 – 25 March 1843) was a minister in the Church of Scotland from 1835 to 1843.  He was born at Edinburgh on 21 May 1813, was educated at the university and at the Divinity Hall of his native city, and was assistant at Larbert and Dunipace. A mission of inquiry among the Jews throughout Europe and in Palestine, and a religious revival at his church in Dundee, made him feel that he was being called to evangelistic rather than to pastoral work, but before he could carry out his plans he died, on 25 March 1843. McCheyne, though wielding remarkable influence in his lifetime, was still more powerful afterwards, through his Memoirs and Remains, edited by Andrew Bonar, which ran into far over a hundred English editions. Some of his hymns became well known and his Bible reading plan is still in common use.
Carne norte guisado
Carne norte guisado, also known as corned beef guisado, is a Filipino dish made from shredded canned corned beef (carne norte) sautéed with onion. It is a very simple dish and is popularly eaten for breakfast with white rice or pandesal. Finely diced potatoes, carrots, scallions, tomatoes, cabbage, bell pepper, and garlic may also be added. A notable variant of the dish is sinabawang corned beef, which just adds beef stock or water to the dish after sautéing, making it soupier.

Carrot
The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, typically orange in colour, though heirloom variants including purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist, all of which are domesticated forms of the wild carrot, Daucus carota, native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Iran and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds.

The carrot is a biennial plant in the umbellifer family, Apiaceae. World production of carrots (combined with turnips) for 2022 was 42 million tonnes, led by China producing 44% of the total.

The characteristic orange colour is from beta-carotene, making carrots a rich source of  vitamin A. A myth that carrots help people to see in the dark was spread as propaganda in the Second World War, to account for the reason of British pilots' ability to fight in the dark; the real explanation was the introduction of radar.
The Helix (magazine)
The Helix was a bi-monthly teen science magazine published by CSIRO Publishing, as the young-adult bi-monthly magazine of the Double Helix Science Club. The magazine was established in 1986 as the newsletter for the science club. Soon afterwards, it grew into a magazine in its own right. In 1999, a spin-off science magazine for younger readers, called Scientriffic, was created.

The magazine was usually 40 pages long and trimmed to quarto paper size. It typically contained articles about science and mathematics of interest to teens.

The magazine was relaunched in July 2015 as Double Helix, combining both Scientriffic and The Helix into one magazine, starting from Issue 1, with 8 issues per year.

In 2025, it was announced that Double Helix would no longer be published effective June 2025.

Quarto
Quarto (abbreviated Qto, 4to or 4º) is the format of a book or pamphlet produced from full sheets printed with eight pages of text, four to a side, then folded twice to produce four leaves. The leaves are then trimmed along the folds to produce eight book pages. Each printed page presents as one-fourth size of the full sheet.

The earliest known European printed book is a quarto, the Sibyllenbuch, believed to have been printed by Johannes Gutenberg in 1452–53, before the Gutenberg Bible, surviving only as a fragment. Quarto is also used as a general description of size of books that are about 12 inches (30 cm) tall, and as such does not necessarily indicate the actual printing format of the books, which may even be unknown, as is the case for many modern books. These terms are discussed in greater detail in book sizes.
Hot Springs High School (Montana)
Hot Springs High School is a public secondary school in Hot Springs, Montana.  Hot Springs High School is self-administered.

The school, which serves students in grades 9-12, had an enrollment of 74 students as of 2003–2004, according to CCD data and an 11.6 student to teacher ratio.  The school's student body for that year was 58% Caucasian, 34% Native American, 5% Asian, and 3% African American.

The school is outside a CBSA and thus classified rural by the United States Census Bureau.

Core-based statistical area
A core-based statistical area (CBSA) is a U.S. geographic area defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). It contains a large population nucleus, or urban area, and adjacent communities that have a high degree of integration with that nucleus.

On July 15, 2015, the OMB released new standards based on the 2010 census. These standards are used to replace the definitions of metropolitan areas from the 2010 United States census data.
Product sample
A product sample is a sample of a consumer product that is given to the consumer, often free of charge, so that they may try a product before committing to a purchase. When it comes to marketing non-durable commodities, such as food items, sampling is crucial. It gives room to highlight new items on the market as well as to bring back classic product categories with fresh tastes, inventive ingredients, and other changes.

Test drive
A test drive is the driving of a motor vehicle to assess its drivability or roadworthiness, and general operating state. A person who tests vehicles for a living, either for an automobile company, automotive media for review purposes, or a motorsports team, is called a test driver.

The first test drives of a new production vehicle are made by mainstream automobile magazines and other third parties (not customers) for initial evaluation. Once vehicles are for sale, test drives are also usually allowed by vehicle traders (dealerships) or manufacturers to enable prospective customers to determine the suitability of the vehicle to their driving style. Test drives can also be taken before vehicle repairs to assist in diagnosis or after repair works to ensure that the vehicle has been fully restored.

One of the disadvantages of buying a vehicle over the internet is that you may not be able to test drive it prior to purchase.
Velaikkaran (1987 film)
Velaikkaran (pronounced [ʋeːlaɪkkaːɾan] transl. Servant) is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language masala film directed by S. P. Muthuraman, starring Rajinikanth, Sarath Babu, Amala and Pallavi. It is a remake of the 1982 Hindi film Namak Halaal. The film was released on 7 March 1987 and became a box office success.

Masala film
Masala films of Indian cinema are those that blend multiple genres into one work. Masala films emerged in the 1970s and are still being created as of the 2020s. Typically these films freely blend action, comedy, romance, and drama, or melodrama. They also tend to be musicals, often including songs filmed in picturesque locations.

The genre is named after the masala, a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine. According to The Hindu, masala is the most popular genre of Indian cinema. Masala films have origins in the 1970s and are common in every major film industry in India. Production of these films is still active in the mid-2020s.
KRET-TV
KRET-TV (channel 23) was a non-commercial educational television station in Richardson, Texas, United States, which broadcast from 1960 to 1970. Owned by the Richardson Independent School District, it was the first broadcast TV station in the nation to be wholly owned by a school district. The call letters "RET" stood for "Richardson Educational Television".

Non-commercial educational station
A non-commercial educational station (NCE station) is a radio station or television station that does not accept on-air advertisements (TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and was originally intended to offer educational programming as part, or whole, of its programming. NCE stations do not pay broadcast license fees for their non-profit uses of the radio spectrum. Stations which are almost always operated as NCE include public broadcasting, community radio, and college radio, as well as many religious broadcasting stations.
Nearly all non-commercial radio stations derive their support from listener support, grants and endowments, such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) that distributes supporting funds provided by Congress to support public radio.
Mount Callaghan
Mount Callaghan is a mountain east of the headwaters of the Squamish River, just northeast of the Powder Mountain Icefield and just south of the Pemberton Icefield in the Sea to Sky Country of southwestern British Columbia, Canada, about 20 km directly west of the Resort Municipality of Whistler. A crack was observed across Callaghan's summit in the spring of 1999. In 2000, a section of the summit collapsed. Callaghan Lake lies below the south face of the mountain.

Whistler, British Columbia
Whistler is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately 125 kilometres (78 mi) north of Vancouver and 36 km (22 mi) south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approximately 13,982 (2021), and 3,241 seasonal residents (estimated).

Over two million people visit Whistler annually, primarily for alpine skiing and snowboarding and, in the summer, mountain biking at Whistler Blackcomb. Its pedestrian village has won numerous design awards, and Whistler has been voted among the top destinations in North America by major ski magazines since the mid-1990s. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Whistler hosted most of the alpine, Nordic, luge, skeleton, and bobsled events.
Buff (nickname)
Buff is a nickname of:

E. U. Curtis Bohlen (born 1927), former president of the World Wildlife Fund and former United States Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

Aldo Donelli (1907–1994), American football player and college and National Football League head coach, soccer player and college athletics administrator

Buff Hardie, a member of the Scotland the What? comedy review act

Geoff Hoon (born 1953), British politician

Charles Kirkland (born 1950), American retired basketball player

Buff Lord (1892–1985), English rugby league footballer

Bob McCready (1940–2007), Canadian box lacrosse goaltender

Buff Milner (1946–1996), New Zealand rugby union player

Buff Wagner (1897–1962), American football player

Buff Wagner
Almore Charles "Buff" Wagner (May 31, 1897 – February 12, 1962) was a professional football player for the Green Bay Packers in 1920 and 1921. He played college football at Carroll University.

Wagner played for the Packers in 1920 before they entered a professional league. He signed with the Packers in August 1921 before the 1921 season. Wagner participated in the Packers' first game in the American Professional Football Association, which would later become the National Football League (NFL). The Packers were down 6–0 late in the game to the Minneapolis Mariners before Curly Lambeau completed a pass to Wagner for 37 yards to put the Packers close to the end zone. A few plays later, Art Schmaehl scored a touchdown and Lambeau kicked the extra point to secure the Packers first league victory. A rumor persisted that the Packers needed to win this game, or at the very least be competitive, in order to remain in the league.
Walter C. Owen
Walter Cecil Owen (September 26, 1868 – April 15, 1934) was an American jurist and Republican politician.  He served the last 16 years of his life on the Wisconsin Supreme Court (1918–1934) and was the 21st Attorney General of Wisconsin (1913–1918).  Earlier, he served six years in the Wisconsin State Senate, representing Pierce and St. Croix counties.

Pierce County, Wisconsin
Pierce County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,212. Its county seat is Ellsworth. Pierce County is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington, MN–WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Matteo Baiocco
Matteo Baiocco (born 23 April 1984) is an Italian motorcycle racer. He was the CIV Superbike champion in 2011, 2012 and 2016. In 2017, he will compete in the CIV Superbike Championship aboard an Aprilia RSV4.

Motorcycle racing
The motorcycle sport of racing (also called moto racing and motorbike racing) includes motorcycle road racing and off-road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
1819 French legislative election
Partial legislative elections were held in France on 11 September 1819, during the Second Restoration, to choose delegates to the French Chamber of Deputies. It was the third of three elections (the others coming in 1817 and 1818) under a new law that called for legislative elections to be held annually in one-fifth of the nation's departments.

For the third straight election, the Liberals made a strong showing, winning 37 seats. The election of Henri Grégoire caused a scandal, as he was a famous member of the convention, which forced the government of Decazes to cancel this election. Nevertheless, the liberal group represented nearly one-third of the Lower House after this partial election, whereas the Ultras were reduced to 30 MPs.

Élie, duc Decazes
Élie, 1st Duke of Decazes and Glücksbierg (born Élie Louis Decazes; 28 September 1780 – 24 October 1860) was a French statesman, leader of the liberal Doctrinaires party during the Bourbon Restoration.
Fear and Trembling (Fargo)
"Fear and Trembling" is the fourth episode of the second season of the FX anthology series Fargo, and the fourteenth episode of the series overall. It was written by  Steve Blackman and directed by Michael Uppendahl.

The episode first aired on November 2, 2015, and was seen by     1.28 million viewers.

Steve Blackman (writer)
Steve Blackman is a Canadian television screenwriter, and executive producer. He served as the showrunner for The Umbrella Academy, a Netflix series based on the comic series of the same name by Gerard Way and Gabriel Bá. In 2016, Blackman won a Writers Guild of America Award for the second season of Fargo along with his fellow writers. In 2017, he was nominated for an Emmy for his work on Fargo along with other producers.
Heinz Kiwitz
Heinz Kiwitz (September 4, 1910 – 1938) was a German artist. His woodcuts were in the German Expressionist style. An anti-fascist, he was arrested following the Nazis' seizure of power. He survived imprisonment in Kemna and Börgermoor concentration camps and was released in 1934. He went into exile in 1937, first living in Denmark, then in France, where he again began to fight Nazism. In 1938, he went to Spain to fight in the Spanish Civil War, where he apparently perished.

Tilman Riemenschneider
Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460 – 7 July 1531) was a German woodcarver and sculptor active in Würzburg from 1483. A master in limewood and stone, he was one of the most prolific and versatile sculptors of the transition period between the Late Gothic, to which he essentially belonged, and Northern Renaissance art. He was also a local politician in the council of Würzburg.

Most of his subjects are religious, including several very large and spectacular carved wood altarpieces, as well as tombs in stone, and statues.  He was largely forgotten soon after his death, but rediscovered by art historians in the 19th century.
Vasile Oană
Ion Vasile Oană (born 23 July 1972 in Târgu Lăpuş) is a Romanian retired football player, who played as a striker. Playing for Gloria Bistriţa, he was the top goalscorer of 1997–98 Divizia A alongside Constantin Barbu with 21 goals each. He scored 32 goals in over 100 matches in Liga I. Oană also played abroad in Turkey at Ankaragücü and Maccabi Kiryat Gat in Israel. He coached Liga IV team Someşul Ulmeni, and now he coaches one of the FC Baia Mare junior teams.

CS Minaur Baia Mare (football)
Minaur Baia Mare, known also as Minerul Baia Mare, is a Romanian football club, based in Baia Mare, Maramureș County, northern Romania, founded in 1947. It currently plays in Romania's third division, Liga III. It played for seven seasons in Romania's first league, Liga I, last in 1995.
Laurent Tobel
Laurent Tobel (born 24 June 1975) is a French former competitive figure skater. He is the 1998 Nepela Memorial champion, 1995 Czech Skate bronze medalist, and 1999 French national champion. In the same season, Tobel achieved his career-best ISU Championship results – fifth at the 1999 Europeans in Prague and eighth at the 1999 Worlds in Helsinki.

Tobel's coaches included Gilles Beyer, Annick Gailhaguet, and Pierre Trente. After retiring from competition, he became involved in shows.

Annick Dumont
Annick Dumont (born 14 February 1962, in Montreuil) is a French figure skating coach. She coaches in Champigny, alongside Pierre Trente. Among her current and former students are two time European Figure Skating Championships bronze medalist Stanick Jeannette, Gabriel Monnier, Jérémy Prévoteaux, Vincent Restencourt, two time French champion Laëtitia Hubert, four time French silver medalist Frédéric Dambier, Alban Préaubert and Florent Amodio.

She was married to Didier Gailhaguet and was referred to as Annick Gailhaguet.

Dumont is a skating consultant for French television alongside the sports journalist Nelson Monfort.
Claude Duval (painting)
Claude Duval is an oil on canvas history painting by the British artist William Powell Frith, from 1860. It depicts the French highwaymen Claude Duval who operated in Restoration England. He is shown holding up a coach on a heath.

Coach (carriage)
Coaches are horse-drawn carriages which are large, enclosed, four-wheeled, pulled by two or more horses, and controlled by a coachman or postilion (riders). If driven by a coachman, there is a raised seat in front for a coachman called a box, box seat, or coach box. A coach body typically has a door on each side, a forward facing seat, and frequently another seat facing it. Coaches were built for specific purposes which included transporting mail or travelers, privately owned coaches, and elaborate coaches for state occasions.