hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure (Saskatchewan)
The Ministry of Highways is divided into the Operations, Policy and Programs, and Corporate Services Divisions and the Communications Branch. The ministry is the employer of over 1,476 employees diversified amongst 105 communities in Saskatchewan. The current Minister of Highways and Infrastructure is David Marit.

Dave Marit
Dave Marit is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in the 2016 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Wood River as a member of the Saskatchewan Party and has been Minister of Agriculture in the cabinet of Premier Scott Moe since 2018. He had previously been Minister of Highways and Infrastructure in the government of Brad Wall from 2016 to 2018.
Lodi (Rome Metro)
Lodi is an underground station of Line C of the Rome Metro.

It served as the western terminus of Line C since its opening, on June 29, 2015, until May 12, 2018, when the terminus moved to San Giovanni.

The station is not exactly located in Piazza Lodi, after which it is named, but further west in Via La Spezia, between Via Orvieto and Piazza Camerino. Works started in 2007 and were finished in January 2015. The station opened on 29 June 2015.

Camerino
Camerino is a  town in the province of Macerata, Marche, central-eastern Italy. It is located in the Apennines bordering Umbria, between the valleys of the rivers Potenza and Chienti, about 64 kilometres (40 mi) from Ancona.

Camerino is  home to the University of Camerino, founded in the Middle Ages.
Lüroth quartic
In mathematics, a Lüroth quartic is a nonsingular quartic plane curve containing the 10 vertices of a complete pentalateral. They were introduced by Jacob Lüroth (1869). Morley (1919) showed that the Lüroth quartics form an open subset of a degree 54 hypersurface, called the Lüroth hypersurface,  in the space P14 of all quartics. Böhning & von Bothmer (2011) proved that the moduli space of Lüroth quartics is rational.

Mathematische Annalen
Mathematische Annalen (abbreviated as Math. Ann. or, formerly, Math. Annal.) is a German mathematical research journal founded in 1868 by Alfred Clebsch and Carl Neumann. Subsequent managing editors were Felix Klein, David Hilbert, Otto Blumenthal, Erich Hecke, Heinrich Behnke, Hans Grauert, Heinz Bauer, Herbert Amann, Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, Wolfgang Lück, Nigel Hitchin, and Thomas Schick. Currently, the managing editor of Mathematische Annalen is Yoshikazu Giga (University of Tokyo).

Volumes 1–80 (1869–1919) were published by Teubner. Since 1920 (vol. 81), the journal has been published by Springer. In the late 1920s, under the editorship of Hilbert, the journal became embroiled in controversy over the participation of L. E. J. Brouwer on its editorial board, a spillover from the foundational Brouwer–Hilbert controversy. Between 1945 and 1947, the journal briefly ceased publication.
Betty (slave)
Betty (c. 1738 – 1795) was an enslaved woman owned by Martha Washington. She was owned by the Custis Estate and worked at Daniel Parke Custis' plantation, the White House, on the Pamunkey River in New Kent County, Virginia. Custis married Martha Dandridge (later Martha Washington) in 1750 and, when he died in 1757, Betty became one of Martha's dower slaves whom she brought to George Washington's plantation, Mount Vernon, after the Washington marriage in 1759. Betty worked at Mount Vernon until she died.

Betty was the mother of Ona Judge, who escaped from the Washingtons. Betty worked as a seamstress both at the White House and Mount Vernon plantations. Her story exemplifies the sexual vulnerability that enslaved women faced.

Daniel Parke Custis
Daniel Parke Custis (October 15, 1711 – July 8, 1757) was an American planter and politician who was the first husband of Martha Dandridge. After his death, his widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, married George Washington who later became the first president of the United States after it achieved independence.
Eleazar ben Eleazar Kallir
Eleazar ben Eleazar Kallir (Hebrew: אלעזר בן אלעזר קליר, romanized: Elʻazar ben Elʻazar Ḳalir; 1728–1805) was a Hungarian rabbi and author, who served as av beit din of Rechnitz and of Kolín. He was the grandson of Meir Eisenstadt, author of Panim Me'irot.

He wrote Or Ḥadash, in three parts: (a) commentary on the Pentateuch which forms a part of his grandfather's work Kotnot Or (Fürth, 1766); (b) novellæ on Pesaḥim; and (c) novellæ on Ḳiddushin (Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Vienna, 1766–1799). He also published Ḥavvot Ya'ir Ḥadash (Prague, 1792), a collection of sermons, and Ḥeḳer Halakhah (Vienna, 1838), responsa.

Hiddush
In Rabbinic literature, ḥiddush (Hebrew: חִדּוּשׁ; plural ḥiddushim, Hebrew: חִדּוּשׁים) refers to a novel interpretation or approach to previously-existing ideas or works. 
The term often describes a form of innovation that is made inside the system of Halakha, as distinguished from shinuy, an innovation outside tradition.
Philip Archibald Gibbs
Philip Archibald Gibbs (August 5, 1893 – March 4, 1960) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1952 to 1960  from the electoral district of Oak Bay, a member of the Liberal Party. He died in office on March 4, 1960, from cancer.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
Webster's salamander
The Webster's salamander (Plethodon websteri) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the southeast United States, in patchy and disjunct lowland subpopulations ranging from South Carolina to Louisiana. Its natural habitat is mixed mesophytic temperate forests, in association with rocky streams and outcrops.

Mesophyte
Mesophytes are terrestrial plants which are adapted to neither particularly dry nor particularly wet environments. An example of a mesophytic habitat would be a rural temperate meadow, which might contain goldenrod, clover, oxeye daisy, and Rosa multiflora. Mesophytes prefer soil and air of moderate humidity and avoid soil with standing water or containing a great abundance of salts. They make up the largest ecological group of terrestrial plants, and usually grow under moderate to hot and humid climatic regions.
1990–91 National Division 2
The 1990–91 National Division 2 (sponsored by Courage Brewery) was the fourth season of the second tier of the English rugby union league system, the Courage Clubs Championship, currently known as Champ Rugby. New sides to the division included Bedford who were relegated from the top flight after a gap of just one season, while London Scottish and Wakefield were promoted from tier 3. In 1990 the Gosforth club split into two clubs, one became Newcastle Gosforth and moved to Kingston Park, known then as the New Ground while Gosforth Rugby Club continued as an amateur side working in partnership with Northumbria University.

Rugby, the champions, were promoted to the 1991–92 National Division 1 along with the league runner–up, London Irish. Headingley finished last and were relegated to the 1991–92 National Division 3 as were Richmond who finished one place above them. It was a competitive season with both the promotion and relegation spots going all the way to the last game.

Wakefield RFC
Wakefield RFC was an English rugby union club, founded in 1901 and folded in 2004 as a result of poor finances, with a trading loss of £105,000 for the season and unsecured creditors' loans of approximately £640,000. The club's final season was in 2003–04 when they were relegated after losing to Coventry RFC in their final match. The club was based at College Grove in Wakefield, West Yorkshire.
North Swiftcurrent Glacier
North Swiftcurrent Glacier is a glacier in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. It is situated immediately to the east of the Continental Divide and north of Swiftcurrent Mountain at an elevation between 8,000 ft (2,400 m) and 7,000 ft (2,100 m) above sea level. North Swiftcurrent Glacier consists of several remnant glaciers and additional ice patches, none of which exceed 19 acres (0.077 km2) in surface area and do not meet the threshold of 25 acres (0.10 km2) often cited as being the minimum size to qualify as an active glacier. The glacier lost over 32 percent of its area between 1966 and 2005.

Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Western Divide or simply the Continental Divide; Spanish: Divisoria continental de América, Gran Divisoria) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas. The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan, and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and Hudson Bay.

Although there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Continental Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.
Van Royen
Van Royen or Van Roijen is a Dutch toponymic surname. "Rooij" or "Roij" was a local term for many towns ending with "rode" or "roij", like Nistelrode, Sint-Oedenrode, Stramproy and Wanroij. This suffix itself means "a clearing made by men". Notable people with the surname include:

Adriaan van Royen (1704–1779), Dutch physician and botanist

Heleen van Royen (born 1965), Dutch novelist and columnist

Herman van Roijen (1905–1991), Dutch diplomat and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1946

Marjon van Royen (born 1957), Dutch journalist and foreign news correspondent

Willem Hendrik Wilhelmus van Royen (1672–1742), Dutch game still life and animal genre painter

Willem Frederiksz van Royen (c.1645–1723), Dutch still life and flower painter

Snel van Royen

Rudolph Snel van Royen (1546–1613), Dutch linguist and mathematician

Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580–1626), Dutch astronomer and mathematician, son of Rudolph

Willem Hendrik Wilhelmus van Royen
Willem Hendrik Wilhelmus van Royen (1672 – 1742) was a Dutch Golden Age painter from the Dutch Republic.

Royen was born in Amsterdam, where it is unknown from whom he learned to paint, but based on stylistic analysis he has been determined to be a follower of Melchior d'Hondecoeter. His works have been confused in the past with those of Willem Frederiksz van Royen, a Dutch Golden Age painter active in Berlin.

Royen died in Amsterdam.
Robert M. Wolfe
Robert Milton Wolfe, Sr. (died 1940) was a Democratic mayor of South Norwalk, Connecticut from 1909 to 1910 and from 1912 to 1913. He was the last mayor of South Norwalk. The city consolidated with the city of Norwalk, in 1913. He was an original member of the board of incorporators of the city of Norwalk.

In 1925, he served as Norwalk's Acting Mayor.

In 1935, former South Norwalk mayor Albert Pohlman, broke from the local Democratic party, formed the People's Party and ran for mayor of Norwalk. Wolfe served as Pohlman's campaign manager, but Pohlman was defeated by Frank T. Stack in a four-way race.

Norwalk, Connecticut
Norwalk is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The city, part of the New York Metropolitan Area, is the sixth-most populous city in Connecticut as of the 2020 census, with a population of 91,184.

Norwalk is on the northern shore of Long Island Sound and was first settled in 1649.
Zavitsa
Zavitsa (Greek: Ζάβιτσα) is a mountain in the Peloponnese, known in antiquity as Timenion Oros, meaning Timenion mountain.

Its contemporary name comes from slavic language, either from the word "zaviča", which translates to "the village", or "zavičaj" which means "homeland". Russian-German linguist Max Vasmer writes that it comes from the word "Žabica", which means "a frog".

It lies on the northeastern edges of Arcadia, marking the natural boundaries with Argolis to the north. Its highest peak is Profitis Ilias rising at 974 meters above sea level. Its easternmost slopes reach the Arcadian coasts that form part of the wider Argolic Gulf area. Astros, Xiropigado, Kato Vervena, Kato Doliana and Prosilia are villages located around its slopes.

Astros, Greece
Astros (Greek: Άστρος) is a town near the Argolic Gulf in the northeast Peloponnese in eastern Arcadia. It is the seat of North Kynouria municipality (Greek: Βόρεια Κυνουρία) and is accessible by the road connecting Corinth and Argos to the south. Its port, Paralio Astros lies 4 km to the northeast of the inland town.
Asian Invasion
Asian Invasion is a three-part mini-series presented by Jonathan Ross which aired on BBC Four in January 2006. Focusing on East Asian cinema, the series looked at some of the most famous films, actors and directors in Japan, Korea and Hong Kong.
The series was directed by Rod Edge and written and produced by Jack Barth.

Cinema of East Asia
The Cinema of East Asia is cinema produced in East Asia or by people from this region. It is part of cinema of Asia, which in turn is part of world cinema.

The most significant film industries that are categorized as East Asian cinema are the industries of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The term is sometimes confused with Southeast Asian cinema, as the cinematic traditions between the two Asian sub-regions have their own uniquely distinct markers that are often conflated and incorrectly referred to as such, which include the likes of Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines.
The Sausage Factory
The Sausage Factory, also known in the United States as MTV's Now What? or Much Ado About Whatever, is a teen sitcom that followed the lives of four friends in their junior year at West Boulder High School.

The four friends were Zack (Adam Brody), trying to win over his unrequited crush Lisa; Ted, the stereotypical rich kid who tries to consummate with his girlfriend, Nancy (Kristen Renton); J.C. (Kenny Fisher), who finds himself constantly approached by middle-aged women; and Gilby (Johnny Lewis), the class clown, who regularly creates trouble.

Produced in 2000 and 2001, it ran for one season. The single-camera series was shot without an audience and included no laugh track.

Originally aired in Canada on The Comedy Network, reruns were later screened on CTV and YTV. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it airs on Trouble. Sky One previously aired it.

Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes make information processing easier by allowing the perceiver to rely on previously stored knowledge in place of incoming information. Stereotypes are often faulty, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they are not necessarily so; they may be positive, neutral, or negative. They can be broken down into two categories: explicit stereotypes, which are conscious, and implicit stereotypes, which are subconscious.
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway
The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (reporting mark GTP) was a historic Canadian transcontinental railway running from Fort William, Ontario (now Thunder Bay) to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, a Pacific coast port. East of Winnipeg the line continued as the National Transcontinental Railway (NTR), running across northern Ontario and Quebec, crossing the St. Lawrence River at Quebec City and ending at Moncton, New Brunswick. The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) managed and operated the entire line.

Largely constructed 1907–1914, the GTPR operated 1914–1919, prior to nationalization as the Canadian National Railway (CNR). Despite poor decision-making by the various levels of government and the railway management, the GTPR established local employment opportunities, a telegraph service, and freight, passenger and mail transportation.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Abutilon
Abutilon /əˈbjuːtɪlɒn/ is a large genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. General common names include Indian mallow and velvetleaf; ornamental varieties may be known as room maple, parlor maple, or flowering maple.
The genus name is an 18th-century Neo-Latin word that came from the Arabic ’abū-ṭīlūn (أبو طيلون),  the name given by Avicenna to this or a similar genus.

The type species is Abutilon theophrasti. Several species formerly placed in Abutilon, including the cultivated species and hybrids commonly known as "flowering maples", have recently (2012, 2014) been transferred to the new genus Callianthe.

Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner
Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner (1873-1959) was a Swiss botanist and plant taxonomist.

A native of Saint-Gall, he studied theology and natural sciences in Geneva. In 1896 he was an assistant to John Isaac Briquet at the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques at Geneva. In 1901 he made a scientific trip to Algeria, and in 1903–05 was associated with the botanic gardens (herbarium) at Buitenzorg in the Dutch East Indies. In 1906 he was named curator of the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, where in 1931 he was appointed director. In 1919 he became a professor of botany.

As a taxonomist, he circumscribed many botanical species. The genus Hochreutinera is named after him, as are taxa with specific epithet of hochreutineri. Among his numerous written works was a monograph on the plant family Malvaceae.
1945 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
The 1945 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship was the 14th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18. As a result of the Emergency this was the first championship to be staged since 1941.

Roscommon entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated in the Connacht Championship.

On 23 September 1945, Dublin won the championship following a 4-7 to 0-4 defeat of Leitrim in the All-Ireland final. This was their second All-Ireland title and their first in twelve championship seasons.

The Emergency (Ireland)
The Emergency (Irish: Ré na Práinne / An Éigeandáil) was a state of emergency in the independent state of Ireland in the Second World War, throughout which the state remained neutral. It was proclaimed by Dáil Éireann on 2 September 1939, allowing the passage of the Emergency Powers Act 1939 by the Oireachtas the following day. This gave sweeping powers to the government, including internment, censorship of the press and correspondence, and control of the economy. The Emergency Powers Act lapsed on 2 September 1946, although the Emergency was not formally ended until 1976.
Hubert Jones
Group Captain Hubert Wilson Godfrey Jones Penderel MC, AFC, FRGS (7 October 1890 – 14 May 1943) was a British World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. Between the wars he had a distinguished career as a Royal Air Force officer, air racer and explorer, and served as group commander in the early stages of World War II, before being killed while making a test flight of a Hurricane.

Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar
The Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar is an aircraft engine developed by Armstrong Siddeley. The Jaguar was a petrol-fuelled air-cooled 14-cylinder two-row radial engine design.  The Jaguar III was first used in 1923, followed in 1925 by the Jaguar IV and in 1927 by the Jaguar VI. In 1925 the Jaguar became the first production aero engine incorporating a geared supercharger.
Ptari-tepui
Ptari-tepui, also spelled Pu-tari and sometimes called Cerro Budare or Cerro del Budare, is a tepui in Bolívar state, Venezuela. Lying near the centre of the Sierra de Lema, it has a maximum elevation of around 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) above sea level. Its mostly bare summit plateau has an area of 1.25 km2 (0.48 sq mi). Though generally flat, distinctive erosional rock formations are found on the more dissected eastern edge of the summit.

Dissected plateau
A dissected plateau is a plateau area that has been severely eroded, and the relief is sharp. Such an area may be referred to as mountainous, but dissected plateaus are distinguishable from orogenic mountain belts by the lack of folding, metamorphism, extensive faulting, or magmatic activity accompanying orogeny.
Dalmatian city-states
Dalmatian city-states were formerly Roman municipalities in Dalmatia where the local Romance population survived the Barbarian invasions after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 400s CE. Eight little cities were created by the indigenous Illyro-Roman inhabitants of the region, who maintained political links with the Eastern Roman Empire, which in return defended these cities, enabling their commercial trade with Byzantium.

The original names of these city-states were Arba, Cattarum, Crespa, Jadera, Ragusium, Spalatum, Tragurium, and Vecla. The language and the laws were initially Latin, but after a few centuries, they developed their own vulgar Latin language, Dalmatian, which survived into the 19th century. The cities were maritime centers with important commerce links, mainly with the Italian Peninsula and with the rising Republic of Venice.

Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana) is located within the Italian geographical region; it extends from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
The peninsula is also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Italian Boot, or Mainland Italy.
Chinquapin Airport
Chinquapin Airport is a former airport located 2.5 miles west of Greenwood, South Carolina.  It was closed after World War II, with all flight operations being moved to the Greenwood County Airport north of the city.

Greenwood, South Carolina
Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Greenwood County, South Carolina. The population in the 2020 United States Census was 22,545 down from 23,222 at the 2010 census. The city is home to Lander University.