hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Disease management (agriculture)
In agriculture, disease management is the practice of minimizing disease in crops to increase quantity or quality of harvest yield.

Organisms that cause infectious disease in crops include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Crops can also suffer from ectoparasites including insects, mites, snails, slugs, and vertebrate animals, but these are not considered diseases.

Controlling diseases can be achieved by resistance genes, fungicides, nematicides, quarantine, etc. Disease management can be a large part of farm operating costs.

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
The Jos Forum Inter-communal Dialogue Process
The Jos Forum Inter-communal Dialogue Process refers to a peace process undertaken by communities living in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Since 2001, Jos has been the site of riots and communal violence leading to significant death and displacement estimated well into the thousands.

The Jos Forum dialogue process spanned 16 months from August 2013 - December 2014, ultimately leading to a "Declaration of Commitment to Peace" signed by the participating communities (Afizere, Anaguta, Berom, Fulani, Hausa, Igbo, South-South and Yoruba, as well as women who were represented as their own distinct community).

Plateau State
Plateau is a Nigerian state located in the North Central geopolitical zone. Its capital city is Jos. Officially nicknamed the "Home of Peace and Tourism", the state has a population of around 4.7 million people.
Daniel Stensøe
Daniel Stensøe (born 10 September 1994) is a Norwegian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spjelkavik IL.

He started his career in SK Herd and joined the Tippeligaen side Aalesund after the 2012 season. He made his debut for Aalesund as a substitute against Brann in May 2013. Ahead of the 2014 season he went back to Herd.

SK Brann
Sportsklubben Brann is a Norwegian professional football club based in Bergen. Founded on 26 September 1908, Brann has played in  the first tier of Norwegian football for 67 out of 80 seasons, the second most of any club. They play their home matches at Brann Stadion where they had a record-breaking average attendance of 17,310 in the 2007 season, the season in which they won their first league title since 1963.
Pedro Gailhard
Pedro or Pierre Gailhard, full name Pierre Samson Gailhard, (1 August 1848 – 12 October 1918) was a French opera singer and theatre director.

Gifted with an exceptional singing bass voice, Pedro Gailhard made his debut at the Opéra-Comique in December 1867, then sang at the Opéra Garnier, as Mephisto in Faust by Charles Gounod in 1871, a role which he also sang at Covent Garden. His interprétation of Leporello in Don Giovanni by Mozart was considered remarkable, as was his portrayal of other roles, such as Osmin in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Kaspar in Weber's Der Freischütz, the King in Thomas' Hamlet, Pythéas in Gounod's Sapho, Saint-Bris and Nevers in Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots, and Faust in Boito's Mefistofele.

Pedro Gailhard was the first lyric artist to be named director of the Paris Opera, which he headed from 1884 to 1891 and from 1893 to 1907. He was mentioned as such in the novel The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux.

Gaston Leroux
Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux (French: [ɡastɔ̃ lwi alfʁɛd ləʁu]; 6 May 1868 – 15 April 1927) was a French journalist and author of detective fiction.

In the English-speaking world, he is best known for writing the novel The Phantom of the Opera (French: Le Fantôme de l'Opéra, 1910), which has been made into several film and stage productions of the same name, notably the 1925 film starring Lon Chaney and Andrew Lloyd Webber's  1986 musical.  His 1908 novel The Mystery of the Yellow Room is one of the most celebrated locked room mysteries.
Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India
The Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006, made provisions for the appointment of a Minister in charge of tribal welfare in the states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

The bill of The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 1 March 2006 as the Constitution (One hundred-fifth Amendment) Bill, 2006. It was introduced by Shivraj Patil, then Minister of Home Affairs.

The bill was considered by the Lok Sabha on 17 May 2006 and passed on 22 May 2006. It was then passed by the Rajya Sabha on 22 May 2006. The bill received assent from then President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam on 12 June 2006, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in The Gazette of India on 13 June 2006.

Shivraj Patil
Shivraj Vishwanath Patil (12 October 1935 – 12 December 2025) was an Indian politician. He was the Minister of Home Affairs of India, from 2004 to 2008 and 10th Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996. Patil was Governor of the state of Punjab and Administrator of the Union Territory of Chandigarh from 2010 to 2015. Previously, he served in the Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi cabinets as Minister of Defence during the 1980s.

Patil resigned from the post of Home Minister on 30 November 2008, following widespread criticism raised after 2008 Mumbai attacks, and took moral responsibility for the security lapse that led to the attacks.
Dera (organisation)
A dera is a type of socio-religious organisation in northern India. Jacob Copeman defines the deras as "monasteries or the extended residential sites of religious leaders; frequently just glossed as sect".

Several deras started out as non-orthodox Sikh sects, and many of them are now centres of distinct non-Sikh religious movements. Many deras have attracted a large number of Dalits (untouchables), who earlier converted to Sikhism to escape Hindu casteism, but felt socially excluded by the Jat Sikh dominated clerical establishment.

Damdami Taksal
The Damdamī Ṭaksāl, Jatha Bhindra(n), or Sampardai Bhindra(n) is an orthodox Khalsa Sikh cultural and educational organization, based in India. They are known for their teachings of vidya as well as gurbani santhiya. Its headquarters are located in the town of Mehta Chowk, approximately 40 km north of the city of Amritsar. It has been described as a seminary or “moving university” of the Sikh countryside.

The Damdami Taksal borrows many foundational aspects from the Giani Samparda (headed by the Giani family), the Girivari Samparda, the Damdami Samparda, the Namdhari Samparda and the Dera Naurangabad.
Gumnaam (1954 film)
Gumnaam (lit. 'Anonymous'), sometimes spelled Gumnam, is a 1954 Pakistani Urdu language crime blockbuster film directed and screenplay by Anwar Kamal Pasha, produced by Agha G. A. Gul and written by Hakim Ahmad Shuja.

Music composed by Inayat Hussain, it stars Sabiha Khanum, Sudhir, Himalyawala, Seema and Ragni in the lead. In 2018, Lok Virsa Museum displayed the film as part of special showcase of the feature films in the country. The film is primarily known for its music and lyrics, and is recognized as one of the music blockbuster films of the Pakistani cinema of the 1950s.

It talks about sexual desire and crime, involving a village girl and a boy who is intentionally trapped by a club owner in a case, leading his fiancée to wait for months to reply to the love letters she sends the boy.

Lust
Lust is an intense desire for something. Lust can take any form such as the lust for sexual activity (see libido), money, or power; but it can also take such mundane forms as the lust for food (see gluttony; as distinct from the need for food) or the lust for redolence (when one is lusting for a particular smell that brings back memories). Lust is similar to, but distinguished from, passion, in that properly ordered passion propels individuals to achieve benevolent goals whilst lust does not.
Havre Public Schools
Havre Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Havre, Montana.

The district, in Hill County, includes Havre, East End Colony, Havre North, Herron, Hilldale Colony, Saddle Butte, West Havre, and most of Beaver Creek.

East End Colony, Montana
East End Colony is a Hutterite community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hill County, Montana, United States. It is in the northeastern part of the county, 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Havre, the county seat.

East End Colony was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.
C3D Toolkit
C3D Toolkit is a proprietary cross-platform geometric modeling kit software developed by Russian C3D Labs (previously part of ASCON Group). It's written in C++ . It can be licensed by other companies for use in their 3D computer graphics software products. The most widely known software in which C3D Toolkit is typically used are computer aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems.

C3D Toolkit provides routines for 3D modeling, 3D constraint solving, polygonal mesh-to-B-rep conversion, 3D visualization, and 3D file conversions etc.

Cross-platform software
Within computing, cross-platform software (also called multi-platform software, platform-agnostic software, or platform-independent software) is computer software that is designed to work in several computing platforms. Some cross-platform software requires a separate build for each platform, but some can be directly run on any platform without special preparation, being written in an interpreted language or compiled to portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all supported platforms.

For example, a cross-platform application may run on Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows. Cross-platform software may run on many platforms, or as few as two. Some frameworks for cross-platform development are Codename One, ArkUI-X, Kivy, Qt, GTK, Flutter, NativeScript, Xamarin, Apache Cordova, Ionic, and React Native.
Sprotborough (SYR) railway station
Sprotborough (SYR) railway station was situated on the South Yorkshire Railway's line between Doncaster Cherry Tree Lane and Conisbrough. The station was intended to serve both Sprotbrough and Warmsworth, near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England.

The station was located where the Warmsworth to Sprotbrough road crosses the line over the deep limestone cutting and was approached by a covered flight of 66 steps to the Sheffield-bound platform. The station had two flanking platforms and a small wooden shelter which served as both ticket office and waiting room. Following the closure of the station on 1 January 1875, this structure served as a platelayers hut until the mid-1950s. See also Sprotborough (H&B) railway station.

Worthy of note, the station incorrectly spelled the name of the village with an extra 'o'; the village is spelled Sprotbrough.

Warmsworth
Warmsworth is a village and civil parish of Doncaster in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England. Its population was estimated at 3,908 in 2019. The village lies along the A1(M) Doncaster Bypass and the A630. The River Don is close to the village. Sprotbrough, Edlington, Conisbrough, Levitt Hagg and Balby surround Warmsworth. It lies 4 miles (6.5 km) from Doncaster.
Subaşı, Yalova
Subaşı is a town (belde) in the Altınova District, Yalova Province, Turkey. Its population is 8,281 (2022). It is close to Hersek Headland of Marmara Sea and has almost merged to Altınova to the east. The distance to Yalova is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi). The name of the village refers to subaşi, a title in the Ottoman bureaucracy and the residents of the town are mostly Turkish, Tatar and  Gagauz migrants who left Dobrudzha and Deliorman area in Romania today Bulgaria around 1935. The settlement was declared a seat of township in 1992. It suffered severely in the 7.6 magnitude 1999 İzmit earthquake.

Gagauz people
The Gagauz (/ɡəˈɡɔːz/; Gagauz: Gagauzlar) are an Oghuz Turkic ethnic group native to southern Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia District, Basarabeasca District) and southwestern Ukraine (Budjak). Gagauz are mostly Eastern Orthodox Christians. The term Gagauz is also often used as a collective naming of Turkic people living in the Balkans, speaking the Gagauz language, which is separate from Balkan Gagauz Turkish.
2022 Currie Cup First Division
The 2022 Currie Cup First Division was the 84th edition of the Currie Cup. As the second-tier of the competition, it ran alongside the 2022 Currie Cup Premier Division. It was sponsored by beer brand Carling Black Label and organised by the South African Rugby Union.

The tournament was played from April to June in a single round-robin format, following the realignment of the South African domestic rugby union calendar to dovetail with the northern hemisphere and the United Rugby Championship, which features four South African sides.

The competition again featured ten sides, the seven sides who competed in the 2021 Currie Cup First Division, and teams from Georgia, Kenya and Zimbabwe. The top South African side in the 2022 Currie Cup First Division was promoted to the Premier Division for 2023, forming an eight team competition. The 2022 Currie Cup Premier Division began in January and was completed in June.

Currie Cup
The Currie Cup (Afrikaans: Curriebeker) is South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition featuring teams representing either entire provinces or substantial regions within provinces. The Currie Cup dates back to 1891.
Prince Mohamed Bolkiah
Mohamed Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III (born 27 August 1947) is a member of the royal family of Brunei. He is the second son of Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the 28th Sultan of Brunei, and Raja Isteri (Queen) Pengiran Anak Damit. After Brunei's independence in 1984, he became the country's first foreign minister, serving from 1 January 1984 until 22 October 2015, alongside the second Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Lim Jock Seng.

Ministry of foreign affairs
In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support, including consular services, for a country's citizens who are abroad. The entity is usually headed by a foreign minister or minister of foreign affairs (the title may vary, such as a secretary of state who has the same functions). The foreign minister typically reports to the head of government (such as prime minister or president).
Alan Hatherly
Alan Hatherly (born 15 March 1996) is a South African professional mountain bike racer and road cyclist, who rides for UCI WorldTeam Team Jayco–AlUla. He won the bronze medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics finishing with a time of 1:26:33, the first African and non-European to win a medal in the men's event.

Mont-Sainte-Anne
Mont-Sainte-Anne is a ski resort in eastern Canada, located in the town of Beaupré, Quebec, about 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Quebec City. The mountain is part of the Laurentian mountain chain and has a summit elevation of 800 m (2,625 ft) above sea level with a vertical drop of 625 m (2,051 ft).

For day skiing, there are 71 available downhill ski trails covering 71 km (44 mi) the southern, northern and western sides of the mountain. For night skiing, there are 19 trails covering 15.2 km (9.4 mi) the southern part of the mountain only. It is the highest vertical for night skiing in Canada. The average natural snowfall at the summit is 475 cm (187 in).
Cyclone Felleng
Intense Tropical Cyclone Felleng was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused destruction across Seychelles, Madagascar, and Réunion. The seventh Tropical Disturbance, sixth named storm, and the third Intense Tropical Cyclone of the 2012–13 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Felleng originated from an area of atmospheric convection embedded in the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

In total, Felleng caused 18 fatalities and above US$10 million in damages.

2012–13 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
The 2012–13 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was a slightly above average event in tropical cyclone formation in the Southern hemisphere tropical cyclone year starting on July 1, 2012, and ending on June 30, 2013. Within this basin, tropical and subtropical disturbances are officially monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre on Réunion island, while the Mauritius and Madagascar weather services assign names to significant tropical and subtropical disturbances. The first tropical disturbance of the season developed on October 12 and rapidly developed into the earliest known intense tropical cyclone on record during October 14.
Niaqunnguut
Niaqunnguut (Inuktitut syllabics: ᓂᐊᖁᙴᑦ) formerly Cape Graham Moore, after Vice-Admiral Sir Graham Moore, is an uninhabited headland on Bylot Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located at the island's southeastern tip protruding into Lancaster Sound. The community of Pond Inlet is 70 km (43 mi) to the southwest.

Headland
A headland, also known as a head, is a coastal landform, a point of land usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends into a body of water. It is a type of promontory. A headland of considerable size often is called a cape. Headlands are characterised by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliff.

Headlands and bays are often found on the same coastline. A bay is flanked by land on three sides, whereas a headland is flanked by water on three sides. Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where bands of rock of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the coast. Bays form when weak (less resistant) rocks (such as sands and clays) are eroded, leaving bands of stronger (more resistant) rocks (such as chalk, limestone, and granite) forming a headland, or peninsula. Through the deposition of sediment within the bay and the erosion of the headlands, coastlines eventually straighten out, then start the same process all over again.
Sylvia Jones
Sylvia Jones E.C.O. MPP (born c. 1965) is a Canadian politician who has served as the deputy premier of Ontario and minister of health since June 24, 2022. Jones sits as the member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Dufferin—Caledon, representing the Progressive Conservative (PC) party, and has held her seat since she was first elected following the 2007 general election. She joined the provincial cabinet after the PCs formed government in 2018, and has been successively the minister of tourism, culture and sport, the minister of community safety and correctional services, and the solicitor general of Ontario.

Member of Provincial Parliament (Canada)
Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) is the title of an elected member of the Legislative Assembly of the Canadian province of Ontario. Elsewhere in Canada, the titular designation "Member of Provincial Parliament" has also been used to refer to members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1791 to 1838, and to members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1955 to 1968.
2025 Ride the 'Dente 200
The 2025 Ride the 'Dente 200 (alternatively known as the 2025 Chili's 200 for drivers under 21) was the first stock car race of the 2025 ARCA Menards Series season, and the 62nd running of the event. The race was held on Saturday, February 15, 2025, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida, a 2.5 mile (4 km) permanent tri-oval shaped asphalt superspeedway. The race took the scheduled 80 laps to complete. In a wild race that included numerous wrecks, Brenden Queen, driving for Pinnacle Racing Group, would survive the chaos that took place, and scored his first career ARCA Menards Series win. William Sawalich was awarded the pole and led a race-high 29 laps, finishing in 2nd. To fill out the podium, Jason Kitzmiller, driving for CR7 Motorsports, would finish in 3rd, respectively.

Jason Kitzmiller
Jason Andrew Kitzmiller (born July 25, 1973) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 97 Chevrolet SS for CR7 Motorsports, and part-time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, driving the No. 97 Chevrolet Silverado RST for the same team. He also competes part-time in the Grand National Super Series Presented By ECC, where he's captured multiple victories. He is the father of fellow racing driver Isaac Kitzmiller, who is the 2025 ARCA Menards Series East champion.
Noah Williams (economist)
Noah Williams is an American economist and professor of economics at the Miami Herbert Business School at the University of Miami. He previously was a professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Williams earned his Ph.D. and B.A. in economics from the University of Chicago. He is also an adjunct fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research.

Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
The Manhattan Institute for Policy Research (renamed in 1981 from the International Center for Economic Policy Studies) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit think tank focused on domestic policy and urban affairs. The institute's focus covers a wide variety of issues, including healthcare, higher education, public housing, prisoner reentry, and policing. It was established in Manhattan in 1978 by Antony Fisher and William J. Casey.

The institute produces materials including books, articles, interviews, speeches, op-eds, policy research, and the quarterly publication City Journal. Described as conservative, it is a key think tank and ranked in the Global Go To Think Tank Index (GGTTI) published by the University of Pennsylvania. Its current president is Reihan Salam, who has led the organization since being appointed in 2019.
Alabama State Route 281
State Route 281 in Alabama, also known as SR 281 and as Talladega Scenic Drive, extends from U.S. Route 78/State Route 9 (US 78/SR 9) west of Heflin to the intersection of two forest roads in the Talladega National Forest.  Running the crest of the Talladega Mountains, Alabama's highest range, SR 281 was originally an unpaved forest route known as Skyway Motorway prior to the reconstruction into a paved scenic highway. SR 281 connects traffic to Cheaha State Park, a state park built on top of the highest point in the state, elevation 2,405 feet (733 m).

SR 281 does cross both US 431 and I-20 via overpasses, but does not intersect either of them. US 431 can be reached however via Cleburne County Road 131 (CR 131), a former alignment of the Skyway Motorway and a short connector to SR 281.

Cheaha State Park
Cheaha State Park is a public recreation area located in Clay and Cleburne counties in Alabama, US. The park's 2,799 acres (1,133 ha) include Cheaha Mountain, the highest point in the state. The park adjoins Talladega National Forest and is managed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. It is Alabama's oldest continuously operating state park. Facilities include lodgings, a restaurant, campsites, and hiking trails.