hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Elmar Holenstein
Elmar Holenstein (born 7 January 1937 in Gossau, Canton St. Gallen) is a Swiss philosopher with research interests in the fields of philosophical psychology, philosophy of language and cultural philosophy.

St. Gallen
St. Gallen is a Swiss city and the capital of the canton of St. Gallen. It evolved from the hermitage of Saint Gall, founded in the 7th century. Today, it is a large urban agglomeration (with around 167,000 inhabitants in 2019) and represents the center of eastern Switzerland. Its economy consists mainly of the service sector. The city is home to the University of St. Gallen, one of the best business schools in Europe.

The main tourist attraction is the Abbey of Saint Gall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Abbey's renowned library contains books from the 9th century. The official language of St. Gallen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of Alemannic Swiss German. The city has good transport links to the rest of the country and to neighbouring Germany and Austria. It also functions as the gate to the Appenzellerland.
Hot Decree to the Russian Regiments
Ukaz Goraczy Połkom Rossyiskim... (Belarusian: Указ гарачы палком Расійскім…; English: "Hot Decree to the Russian Regiments...") is a Belarusian satirical poem of an anti-Russian nature, written in the 1760s. It is found in the same manuscript as another poem by the same author, "Project for the Great-Terrible Russian Army..." (Праект вяліка-страшнаму войску Расійскаму…).

Belarusian literature
Belarusian literature (Belarusian: Беларуская лiтаратура, romanized: Biełaruskaja litaratura) is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by speakers (not necessarily native speakers) of the Belarusian language.
Ambulyx tobii
Ambulyx tobii is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1976. It is found from Japan and South Korea down through eastern China to Bhutan, Tibet, Yunnan, Vietnam and Taiwan.

The wingspan is 105–117 mm.

Hiroshi Inoue (entomologist)
Hiroshi Inoue (井上寛, Inoue Hiroshi; 8 July 1917 – 2 June 2008) was a Japanese lepidopterist. He studied a wide range of moths, in particular the families Zygaenidae, Geometridae, and Pyralidae.  During his career Inoue authored 1042 taxa.
Ion Geolgău
Ion Geolgău (born 20 February 1961) is a former Romanian football midfielder and manager. Playing 24 times for the Romanian national team, he spent the majority of his club career in CS Universitatea Craiova, where he later served as assistant manager. He also managed teams in the Faroe Islands and Iceland.

Adrian Păunescu
Adrian Păunescu (Romanian pronunciation: [adriˈan pə.uˈnesku]; 20 July 1943 – 5 November 2010) was a Romanian writer, publisher, cultural promoter, translator, and politician. A profoundly charismatic personality, a controversial and complex figure, the artist and the man are almost impossible to separate. On the one hand he stands accused of collaboration with the Communist regime, but on the other hand he was persecuted and ostracised by the regime when he started to confront its failures, and when his influence started to be considered dangerous.

Păunescu was called "Romania's most famous poet" in an Associated Press story, quoted by The New York Times.
Blaithin Bogue
Blaithin Bogue (born 26 July 2000) is an Irish′ Australian rules footballer who plays for North Melbourne in the AFL Women's (AFLW). Recruited to North Melbourne in 2023, she played her first match North Melbourne on 16 August 2025  in the 2025 AFL Women's season and was selected in the All-Australian team for that year. Bogue is a former Fermanagh GAA player, who was a member of the team that won the 2020 All-Ireland Junior Ladies' Football Championship.

Fermanagh GAA
The Fermanagh County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae Fear Manach) or Fermanagh GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for the administration of Gaelic games in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.

The county football team reached an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship semi-final replay in 2004, its best performance in the competition.
Emerge (magazine)
Emerge was a monthly news magazine that was published from 1989 to 2000. Its primary focus was on issues of interest to African Americans. In 2000, Time said Emerge was "the nation's best black newsmagazine for the past seven years" the St. Louis Post-Dispatch described it as "the premier source for intellectual discussion on issues affecting African-Americans", and the New York Amsterdam News wrote that "it had no rival for cutting edge news for and about the black community". The magazine was headquartered in Washington, D.C.

New York Amsterdam News
The Amsterdam News (also known as New York Amsterdam News) is a weekly Black-owned newspaper serving New York City. It is one of the oldest newspapers geared toward African Americans in the United States and has published columns by such figures as W. E. B. Du Bois, Roy Wilkins, and Adam Clayton Powell Jr., and was the first to recognize and publish Malcolm X. From 1916 to 1938, the paper operated from the New York Amsterdam News Building on Seventh Avenue in Harlem. The building is a National Landmark.
The Bounty Hunter (1989 film)
The Bounty Hunter is a 1989 American neo-Western action thriller film starring, co-written and directed by Robert Ginty, in his directorial debut. Bo Hopkins, Loeta Waterdown and Melvin Holt co-star. Ginty plays a bounty hunter who joins the struggle of Choctaw Indians against the cruel sheriff of their small town (Hopkins).

Bo Hopkins
William Mauldin "Bo" Hopkins (February 2, 1938 – May 28, 2022) was an American actor. He was known for playing supporting roles in several major studio films from 1969 to 1979, especially for his breakout role in the ensemble cast of George Lucas's American Graffiti. His credits span several films and TV appearances.
Hulberton, New York
Hulberton is a hamlet in the town of Murray in Orleans County, New York, United States. It is named after Isaac Henry Scott Hulbert, a native of Pittsfield in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Arriving first at Sandy Creek in 1824, Hulbert soon relocated the following year to the nearby hamlet of Scio. The location prospered along the Erie Canal where Hulbert engaged in the produce business. On March 6, 1830 he was selected at chairman of the building committee for the Methodist Episcopal Church and was a long-time Justice of the Peace.

When the community determined the need for a local post office, the nearest being located at the hamlet of Sandy Creek, Hulbert was appointed to the position of post master. This post office was established in 1835. The name of the hamlet was changed to Hulberton in honor of Isaac Hulbert in part because of Hulbert's role as post master, but also because the town of Scio in Allegany County, New York predated the location.

Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Pittsfield is the most populous city in and the county seat of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the principal city of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Berkshire County. Pittsfield’s population was 43,927 at the 2020 census. Although its population has declined in recent decades, Pittsfield remains the third-largest municipality in Western Massachusetts, behind only Springfield and Chicopee.

In 2017, the Arts Vibrancy Index compiled by the National Center for Arts Research ranked Pittsfield and Berkshire County as the number-one medium-sized community in the nation for the arts.
McMullan
McMullan is a Gaelic surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bob McMullan, Australian politician

Chelsea McMullan, Canadian documentary filmmaker

David McMullan (b. 1901), Irish footballer (Liverpool FC)

Hayes McMullan (1902–1986), American Delta blues singer, guitarist and songwriter

Jackie McMullan, Provisional Irish Republican Army member

James McMullan, Irish-Canadian illustrator

Jim McMullan, actor

Jimmy McMullan, Scottish soccer player

John McMullan (1933–1994), American footballer

John McMullan (cricketer) (1893–1967), New Zealand cricketer

Lyle McMullan, editor and newspaper founder

Kate McMullan (born 1947), American children's book author

Kevin McMullan, acoustic guitarist

Patrick McMullan, photographer

Paul McMullan (footballer, born 1984), Scottish footballer (Heart of Midlothian FC)

Paul McMullan (footballer, born 1996), Scottish footballer (Celtic FC)

Paul McMullan (journalist) (born 1963), British journalist

John McMullan
John McMullan (June 28, 1933 – April 1, 1994) was an American professional football guard who played two seasons with the New York Titans of the American Football League (AFL) He was selected in the 14th round of the 1956 NFL draft. He played college football at Notre Dame
Köpinge Sandstone
The Köpinge Sandstone is a highly calcareous and glauconitic sandstone geologic formation of the Vomb Trough in Skåne, southernmost Sweden. The formation dates to the latest early to middle late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous and has provided fossils of ammonites, belemnites, the shark Cretalamna borealis and the mosasaurid Hainosaurus. Ex situ occurrences in Pleistocene deposits have provided a dorsal vertebra of a possible elasmosaurid.

Campanian
The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.2) to 72.2 (± 0.2) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.

The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas. The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks.
Thea Prandi
Thea Prandi (born Enrichetta Thea Prandi; 25 November 1925 – 8 June 1961) was an Italian actress and singer who was active in the 1940s and 1950s. She is known for her roles in Una famiglia impossibile (1940) and L'allegro fantasma (1941), and as the narrator in Neapolitans in Milan (1953).

Prandi sang on EIAR radio broadcasts as a member of the "Trio Primavera" with Isa Bellini and Wilma Mangini. After retiring from showbusiness, she worked as an administrator of the Teatro San Ferdinando in Naples.

Teatro San Ferdinando
Teatro San Ferdinando is a theatre in Naples, Italy. It is named after King Ferdinand I of Naples. Located near Ponte Nuovo, it is to the southeast of the Teatro Totò in the western part of the neighborhood of Arenaccia. Built in the late eighteenth century, the seats are arranged in four box tiers, and the pit. It is most associated with Eduardo De Filippo and the productions of the 1950s under his direction. Closed in the 1980s and reopened in 2007, the San Fernando is managed by the Teatro Stabile of Naples.
Chuck Fenenbock
Charles Bernard Fenenbock (August 28, 1918 – July 27, 1998) was an American football player who starred in college at UCLA, and professionally in the Pacific Coast Professional Football League (PCPFL), the National Football League (NFL), the All America Football Conference (AAFC), and the Canadian Football League (CFL).  Notably he was a running back for the Detroit Lions in the NFL, and for the Los Angeles Dons in the AAFC where he led the league in numerous offensive categories.

Los Angeles Dons
The Los Angeles Dons were an American football team in the newly formed football league the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) from 1946 to 1949, and played their home games in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Dons were the first professional football team to play a regular season game in Los Angeles, California, two weeks before the first game of the rival Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League, who had moved from Cleveland.
Albert Fontenay
Albert Fontenay or Fontaine was a French servant of Mary, Queen of Scots and acted as her diplomat in Scotland in 1584. Fontenay wrote a frequently cited description of the young James VI of Scotland. Some of his correspondence with Mary, Queen of Scots, was decipherered and published by Sheila R. Richards in 1974.

Thomas Phelippes
Thomas Phelippes (1556–1625), also known as Thomas Phillips was a linguist, who was employed as a forger and intelligence gatherer. He served mainly under Sir Francis Walsingham, in the time of Elizabeth I, and most notably deciphered the coded letters of Babington Plot conspirators.
Peter of Saint-Omer
Peter of Saint-Omer (Latin: Petrus de Sancto Audomaro), sometimes called Petrus Danus ('Peter the Dane'), was an astronomer active in Paris around the period 1292–1303. Two works are attributed to him, one on the "new" quadrant recently devised by Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon and another, entitled Tractatus de semissis, on an equatorium he devised for determining longitudes. He has sometimes been equated with his contemporary, Petrus de Dacia, but they are probably distinct individuals.

Quadrant (instrument)
A quadrant is an instrument used to measure angles up to 90°. Different versions of this instrument could be used to calculate various readings, such as longitude, latitude, and time of day. It was first proposed by Ptolemy as a better kind of astrolabe. Several different variations of the instrument were later produced by medieval Muslim astronomers. Mural quadrants were important astronomical instruments in 18th-century European observatories, establishing a use for positional astronomy.
Word stem
In linguistics, a word stem is a word part responsible for a word's lexical meaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the morphology of the language in question. For instance, in Athabaskan linguistics, a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own and that carries the tone of the word.

Typically, a stem remains unmodified during inflection with few exceptions due to apophony (for example in Polish, miast-o ("city") and w mieść-e ("in the city"); in English, sing, sang, and sung, where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as sandhi).

Word stem comparisons across languages have helped reveal cognates that have allowed comparative linguists to determine language families and their history.

Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate.  It can also happen that words which appear similar, or identical, in different languages, are not cognate.

Cognates are distinguished from loanwords, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
From Afar (film)
From Afar (Spanish: Desde allá) is a 2015 Venezuelan-Mexican psychological drama film written and directed by Lorenzo Vigas in his directorial debut. It won the Golden Lion at the 72nd Venice International Film Festival. It was selected as the Venezuelan entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.

The film is about Armando, a wealthy middle-aged man who gets involved with Élder, a young man from a street gang.

Psychological drama
Psychological drama, or psychodrama, is a subgenre of drama and psychological fiction literatures that generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted by the drama. It is widely known as one of the main subgenres of psychological fiction; the subgenre is commonly used for films and television series.
A5 road (Zimbabwe)
The A5 Highway is a national road in Zimbabwe. It joins the cities of Harare and Bulawayo, and is hence known as the Harare-Bulawayo Highway. It is one of the two routes that form the R2 Route, which connects Harare with the Plumtree Border with Botswana.

It has a total length of approximately 439 kilometres (273 mi).

In Harare the Highways begins as an extension of Samora Machel Avenue (west). You can pick it from Harare Show Grounds roundabout. 17°49′46″S 31°01′59″E﻿ / ﻿17.829466°S 31.032936°E﻿ / -17.829466; 31.032936﻿ (A5 Highway Harare Show Ground) However the A5 begins at the right T-Junction with Mutley Bend (road) where Samora Machel Avenue ends. This is at the parkade popularly called China City.

In Bulawayo, A5 is called First Avenue at its intersection with Samuel Parirenyatwa Street. 20°08′49″S 28°35′31″E﻿ / ﻿20.146929°S 28.591940°E﻿ / -20.146929; 28.591940﻿ (A5 Highway_Bulawayo end)

Gweru
Gweru, historically known as Gwelo, is the capital city of Zimbabwe's Midlands Province. Founded in 1894 as a military outpost by Leander Starr Jameson. the settlement grew from an area originally called "The Steep Place" by the Ndebele people, a reference to the high banks of the Gweru River. It achieved municipal status in 1914 and was declared a city in 1971.

As of the 2022 Zimbabwe census, Gweru has a population of 121,712 in the Rural district and 161,292 in the Urban district. The city serves as a regional hub for agriculture, particularly beef cattle ranching, crop farming and commercial gardening for export. In addition to its economic role, Gweru is an educational centre home to institutions such as Midlands State University, Mkoba Teachers College and Gweru Polytechnic. The city is nicknamed City of Progress.
Coxsackie Light
Coxsackie Light was a lighthouse near the town of Coxsackie, New York, on the northerly end of the Low island northerly of Coxsackie island and on the westerly side of the main channel of the Hudson River.

The lighthouse was first established in 1830 and the last tower was first lit in 1868.  The lighthouse was deactivated in 1940.  The lighthouse was a red square tower with granite trimmings and a red dwelling on stone pier.  The lantern housing was black.  The light was 32 feet high fixed white light.  The original lens was a sixth order Fresnel lens.

The Archives Center at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History has a collection (#1055) of souvenir postcards of lighthouses and has digitized 272 of these and made them available online.  These include postcards of Coxsackie Light  with links to customized nautical charts provided by National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.

Coxsackie, New York
Coxsackie (/kʊkˈsæki/ kuuk-SAK-ee) is a town in Greene County, New York, United States. The population in the 2020 census was 8,382, a decrease from the 2010 census. It is the second-largest town in Greene County after Catskill. The name of the town is said to be derived from a Native American term, but it has various translations ("owl's hoot" is locally common).

Within the area governed as a town, there is also a village called Coxsackie. The town is in the northeastern part of the county.

The town of Coxsackie is notable for being the namesake of the Coxsackievirus (a type of enterovirus), which was first isolated in this town.
Keita Soraoka
Keita Soraoka (空岡 京太, Soraoka Keita) (born August 31, 1971) is a retired Japanese male backstroke swimmer. He represented Japan at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. His best Olympic result was the 20th place (2:03.10) in the Men's 200m Backstroke event.

Backstroke
Backstroke or back crawl is one of the four swimming styles used in competitive events regulated by FINA, and the only one of these styles swum on the back. This swimming style has the advantage of easy breathing, but the disadvantage of swimmers not being able to see where they are going. It also has a different start from the other three competition swimming styles. The swimming style is similar to an upside down front crawl or freestyle. Both backstroke and front crawl are long-axis strokes. In individual medley backstroke is the second style swum; in the medley relay it is the first style swum.
Inspiring Body of Christ Church
The Inspiring Body of Christ Church (IBOC) is a non-denominational megachurch in Dallas, Texas in the United States. A survey by Outreach Magazine in 2008 ranked the church 87th in the US based on weekly attendance of 7,500 and has since grown to 15,000 members. The church describes itself as a "high praising, high worship, Bible believing church."

The pastor is Rickie Rush,

Outreach (magazine)
Outreach is an evangelical magazine based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It focuses on activities of growing churches and is non-denominational. It is a periodical from the organization Outreach, Inc., founded in 1996 by Scott Evans and provides community outreach products.

Each October, Outreach lists the 100 largest and the 100 fastest growing churches in America.
Fra Diavolo
Fra Diavolo (lit. Brother Devil; 7 April 1771–11 November 1806), is the popular name given to Michele Pezza, a guerrilla leader who resisted the French occupation of Naples, proving an "inspirational practitioner of popular insurrection". Pezza figures prominently in folk lore and fiction. He appears in several works of Alexandre Dumas, including The Last Cavalier: Being the Adventures of Count Sainte-hermine in the Age of Napoleon, not published until 2007 and in Washington Irving's short story "The Inn at Terracina".

Gaeta
Gaeta (Italian: [ɡaˈeːta]; Latin: Cāiēta; Southern Laziale: Gaieta) is a seaside resort in the province of Latina in Lazio, Italy. Set on a promontory stretching towards the Gulf of Gaeta, it is 133 km (83 mi) south of Rome and 96.5 km (60 mi) north of Naples.

The city has played a conspicuous part in military history; its walls date to Roman times and were extended and strengthened in the 15th century, especially throughout the history of the Kingdom of Naples (later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies).

Present-day Gaeta is a fishing port and a seaside resort. NATO has a naval base here. In 2025, it received the blue and green flags from FEE for the twelfth consecutive year. It is one of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
North Borneo dispute
The North Borneo dispute, also known as the Sabah dispute, is the territorial dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah. Sabah was previously known as British North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation.

The Philippines, presenting itself as the successor state of the Sultanate of Sulu, retains a "dormant claim" on Eastern Sabah on the basis that the territory was only leased to the British North Borneo Company in 1878, and the sovereignty of the sultanate (and subsequently the republic) over the territory was never relinquished. However, Malaysia considers this dispute a "non-issue", as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession, and it deems that the residents of Sabah (including Eastern Sabah)  exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.

Eastern Sabah Security Zone
The Eastern Sabah Security Zone (ESSZONE) is a security zone in the Malaysian state of Sabah that was launched by Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak on 25 March 2013 following persistent attacks by pirates and militants from the southern Philippines that occurred in the eastern part of Sabah especially after the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff. It includes the districts of Kudat, Kota Marudu, Pitas, Beluran, Sandakan, Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna and Tawau (including Kalabakan), which is neighbouring to the Philippines.

The Eastern Sabah Security Command (ESSCOM) is the main enforcement authority for ESSZONE, chaired by Datuk Seri Musa Aman. The Malaysian Government has embarked on a programme to significantly upgrade the land, sea and air defence capabilities of the Malaysian Armed Forces in ESSZONE.