hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Formation (group theory)
In group theory, a branch of mathematics, a formation is a class of groups closed under taking images and such that if G/M and G/N are in the formation then so is G/M∩N.  Gaschütz (1962) introduced formations to unify the theory of Hall subgroups and Carter subgroups of finite solvable groups.

Some examples of formations are the formation of p-groups for a prime p, the formation of π-groups for a set of primes π, and the formation of nilpotent groups.

Finite group
In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite.  Finite groups often arise when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure-preserving transformations.  Important examples of finite groups include cyclic groups and permutation groups.

The study of finite groups has been an integral part of group theory since it arose in the 19th century.  One major area of study has been classification: the classification of finite simple groups (those with no nontrivial normal subgroup) was completed in 2004.
Alien Books
Alien Books is an American comic book publisher and distributor founded in 2024 and based in New York City. The company features works from authors in the genres of science fiction, fantasy, horror and action.

Action fiction
Action fiction is a genre in literature that focuses on stories involving high-stakes, high-energy, and fast-paced events. This genre includes a wide range of subgenres, such as spy novels, adventure stories, tales of terror, intrigue ("cloak and dagger"), and mysteries.  These kinds of stories utilize suspense, the tension that is built up when the reader wishes to know how the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist is going to be resolved or the solution to a mystery of a thriller.

The intricacies of human relationships or the nuances of philosophy and psychology are rarely explored in action fiction, typically being fast-paced mysteries that merely seek to provide the reader with an exhilarating experience.

Action fiction can also be a plot element of non-literary works such as graphic novels and film.
An Invitation to Lubberland
"An Invitation to Lubberland" was a broadside ballad first printed in 1685. Many believe  that it inspired the hobo ballad which formed the basis of the song "The Big Rock Candy Mountains" recorded in 1928 by Harry McClintock. Lubberland is the Swedish name for Cockaigne, land of plenty in medieval myth.

Broadside ballad
A broadside (also known as a broadsheet) is a single sheet of inexpensive paper printed on one side, often with a ballad, rhyme, news and sometimes with woodcut illustrations. They were one of the most common forms of printed material between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, particularly in Britain, Ireland and North America because they are easy to produce and are often associated with one of the most important forms of traditional music from these countries, the ballad. They were also common across Scandinavia and the rest of Europe.
Saint Pantaleon
Saint Pantaleon (Greek: Παντελεήμων, romanized: Panteleïmon, lit. 'All-compassionate'), counted in Western Christianity as among the Fourteen Holy Helpers of the Late Middle Ages, and in Eastern Christianity as one of the Holy Unmercenary Healers, was a martyr of Nicomedia in Bithynia during the Diocletianic Persecution of 305 AD.

Ravello
Ravello (Campanian: Raviello, Reviello) is a comune (municipality) situated above the Amalfi Coast (exactly 782 stairs above the town of Atrani), in the province of Salerno, Campania, with approximately 2,500 inhabitants. Its scenic location makes it a popular tourist destination, and earned it a listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
Kiswara
Kiswara (Aymara for Buddleja incana, hispanicized spelling Quisuara) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 4,400 metres (14,436 ft) high. It is situated in the Ayacucho Region, Cangallo Province, Totos District. Kiswara lies east of Huch'uy Puka Q'asa and Muqu Wasi, and southeast of Chawpi Urqu.

Department of Ayacucho
Ayacucho (Spanish pronunciation: [aʝaˈkutʃo] ⓘ; Quechua: Ayakuchu), known as Huamanga (Quechua: Wamanqa) from its creation in 1822 until 1825, is a department of Peru. It is located in the south-central Andes of the country. The region was one of the hardest hit in the 1980s during the guerrilla war waged by Shining Path. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Ayacucho.
Anne of Cyprus
Anne of Cyprus (also known as Anne de Lusignan) (24 September 1418 – 11 November 1462) was a Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Louis, Duke of Savoy. She was the daughter of King Janus of Cyprus, and Charlotte of Bourbon; and a member of the Poitiers-Lusignan crusader dynasty.

Anne was highly influential in the Duchy of Savoy and served as a political advisor and the de facto ruler at the behest of her husband.

Duchy of Savoy
The Duchy of Savoy was a territorial entity of the Savoyard state that existed from 1416 until 1847 and was a possession of the House of Savoy.
It was created when Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, raised the County of Savoy into a duchy for Amadeus VIII. The duchy was an Imperial fief, subject of the Holy Roman Empire, until 1792, with a vote in the Imperial Diet. From the 16th century, Savoy belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle.

Its territory included the current French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and the Alpes-Maritimes, the current Italian region of Aosta Valley, a large part of Piedmont and the County of Geneva in Switzerland, which was then lost to the Old Swiss Confederacy. The main Vulgar languages that were spoken within the Duchy of Savoy were Arpitan and Piedmontese.
Harford County Airport
Harford County Airport (FAA LID: 0W3) is a public airport located in the unincorporated community of Churchville, in Harford County, Maryland, United States.

Harford County Airport is a general aviation (GA) airport in northern Maryland that serves primarily recreational pilots. There used to be three runways at Harford, two turf/grass runways 01/19 and 14/32, as well as one paved/asphalt runway 10/28. As part of a major expansion project, in September of 2018, the turf runway 14/32 was permanently closed to make room for a paved parking area and new hangars. At the same time, runway 01/19 was closed to be paved and extended from 2000 feet to 2856 feet. In April of 2020, the new runway 01/19 opened to traffic.

The airport has a large sailplane/glider contingent and hosts some commercial flying activities, mainly sightseeing and flight training.

Pilot certification in the United States
In the United States, pilots must be certified to fly most aircraft. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), regulates certification to ensure safety and standardization. Pilots can earn certification under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Part 61 or, if attending an approved school, under 14 CFR Part 141. Those operating commercial drones must obtain certification under 14 CFR Part 107.

An FAA-issued pilot certificate grants official authorization to operate an aircraft. However, it is just one of several kinds of airman certificates issued by the FAA to aviation professionals. The FAA also certifies flight engineers, flight instructors, ground instructors, flight dispatchers, aircraft maintenance technicians, parachute riggers, air traffic controllers, flight navigators, and flight attendants.
South Africa at the Africa Cup of Nations
Although the football team for South Africa participated in the Africa Cup of Nations much later than many African countries (the country was scheduled to participate in inaugural 1957 Africa Cup of Nations but was excluded because of apartheid), as they participated for the first time as host of 1996 edition, South Africa has soon established itself as an emerging African power. The first edition South Africa participated was a complete success, with the team conquered their first, and only African trophy, on their debut. Since then, South Africa continues to participate and remains a reckoned force, though success has been elusive since the 2000s. Outside the 1996 edition, South Africa also hosted 2013 Africa Cup of Nations and managed to advance to the quarter-finals. They again reached the quarter-finals in the 2019 edition of the tournament, and finished third at the 2023 tournament.

1957 African Cup of Nations
The 1957 African Cup of Nations was the 1st edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the football championship of Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The competition took place between 10 and 16 February 1957. It was hosted by Sudan.

Organized by the African football continental association CAF, only three teams took part: Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. South Africa, which had originally entered, was disqualified due to its refusal to enter a multi-racial team, so only two games took place. Both games were played in the Municipal Stadium in the Sudanese capital Khartoum.

Egypt won the tournament and became the inaugural African football champions.
Tarong North Power Station
Tarong North Power Station is a 443-megawatt coal-fired power station on the same site as Tarong Power Station in the South Burnett. The Queensland Government commissioned the construction of the power station in November 1999.  Construction work began in 2000.  The power station was initially owned by a 50/50 joint venture between Tarong Energy and TM Energy. Full ownership of the power station by Tarong Energy was obtained in November 2009.

The plant was opened in 2003 and is based on an energy-efficient supercritical design.  The Steam Generator was supplied by IHI and the steam turbine was manufactured by Toshiba.
Particulate emissions at the power station are reduced by bag filter technology.

It is expected to close in 2036 or 2037 as part of Australia's coal phase out.

Boondooma Dam was purpose-built to provide water to both Tarong and Tarong North power stations.  Coal is supplied from the nearby Meandu Mine.

IHI Corporation
IHI Corporation (株式会社IHI, Kabushiki-gaisha IHI), formerly known as Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (石川島播磨重工業株式会社, Ishikawajima Harima Jūkōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese engineering corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan that produces and offers ships, space launch vehicles, aircraft engines, marine diesel engines, gas turbines, gas engines, railway systems, turbochargers for automobiles, plant engineering, industrial machinery, power station boilers and other facilities, suspension bridges and other structures.

IHI is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Section 1. Following the reporting of a company whistleblower in February 2024, on April 24, 2024, the company announced that investigation was underway by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of its subsidiary, IHI Power Systems Co., which had falsified its engine data since 2003, affecting over 4,000 engines worldwide.
Ali Abdi Aware
Ali Abdi Aware (Somali: Cali Cabdi Awaare, Arabic: علي عبدي أواري; born 15 May 1957 in Bayla, Bari, Somalia) is a Somali politician and a diplomat he is the Ambassador of Somalia to Egypt and Representative of Somalia for Arab league. A former state minister of the Puntland Presidency for International Relations and Social Affairs, he has also been a candidate for the Puntland presidential elections in 2009, 2014, and 2019.

President of Puntland
The president of Puntland is the head of government and state of Puntland. The Presidency was elected by the House of Representatives of Puntland behind establishing the Puntland State in Somalia on 1 August 1998.
Robert Stannard (bishop)
Robert William Stannard (20 October 1895 – 26 December 1986) was an eminent Anglican clergyman in the middle part of the 20th century.

He was born on 20 October 1895 and educated at Westminster School and, after wartime service in the Middlesex Regiment,  Christ Church, Oxford. Ordained in 1922 he began his career with curacies at Bermondsey and Putney and was then Vicar of St James, Barrow-in-Furness. In 1934 he was Rural Dean of Dalton and, in the same year went on to become Rector of Bishopwearmouth. He left Bishopwearmouth in 1941  He then became Archdeacon of Doncaster and Rector of High Melton.

In 1947, he was appointed to the episcopate as Bishop of Woolwich, a post he held until his appointment as Dean of Rochester. As Dean, he was the first Warden of Rochester Theological College in 1959, before the appointment of Stuart Blanch the following year. An Honorary Chaplain to the King, he retired to Fleet, Hampshire in 1966 and died twenty years later on Boxing Day.

Bermondsey
Bermondsey (/ˈbɜːrməndzi/ BUR-mənd-zee) is a district in southeast London, part of the London Borough of Southwark, England, 2+1⁄2 miles (4 kilometres) southeast of Charing Cross. To the west of Bermondsey lies Southwark, to the east Rotherhithe and Deptford, to the south Walworth and Peckham, and to the north is Wapping across the River Thames.   It lies within the historic county boundaries of Surrey. During the Industrial Revolution Bermondsey became a centre for manufacturing, particularly in relation to tanning. More recently it has experienced regeneration including warehouse conversions to flats and the provision of new transport links.
Hatohobei
Tobi, or Hatohobei (Tobian), is the southernmost of Palau's sixteen states, consisting of Tobi Island and Helen Reef. The total land area is about 0.88 km². The population was 25 in 2015.  Tobian, English, and Sonsorolese are the official languages of Hatohobei State.

Not only is it Palau’s least populous state, but it is the least populous first-level administrative subdivision in the world as well as being the 13th smallest first level administrative subdivision .

Administrative division
Administrative divisions (also administrative units, administrative regions, subnational entities, or constituent states, as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which a particular independent sovereign state is divided. Such a unit usually has an administrative authority with the power to take administrative or policy decisions for its area. Administrative divisions are often used as polygons in geospatial analysis.
Axcil Jefferies
Axcil Ramar Jefferies (born 14 April 1994) is a Zimbabwean professional racing driver and senior race instructor at Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi. He currently holds the Nürburgring Nordschleife lap record in the GT3-class with a time of 7:50.370 which he set in a Konrad Motorsport Lamborghini Huracán GT3.

Transmission (mechanical device)
A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication or reduction, in a machine.

A transmission can have a single, or fixed, gear ratio or it can have variable ratios; a variable-ratio transmission can have multiple discrete gear ratios or be continuously variable. Variable-ratio transmissions are used in many kinds of machinery, especially vehicles.
Dias Kamelov
Dias Kamelov (Kazakh: Диас Кәмелов; born 29 May 1981) is a Kazakhstani football midfielder. He plays for the club FC Zhetysu and capped for Kazakhstan national football team 7 times, including two qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

FC Zhetysu
Jetisu Taldykorgan (Kazakh: Жетісу Талдықорған футбол клубы, Jetisu Taldyqorǵan Futbol Kluby) is a Kazakh professional football club based at the Zhetysu stadium in Taldykorgan. They are a founding member of the Kazakhstan Premier League, having missed five seasons because of relegations.
Mattock River
The Mattock River is a river in Ireland. It is a tributary of the River Boyne.

Its source is near Collon (53°46′30″N 6°29′42″W﻿ / ﻿53.775°N 6.495°W﻿ / 53.775; -6.495), from where it flows through County Louth towards the southeast until a place west of Drummond Tower in Coolfore where it begins to form the boundary between Counties Meath and Louth. Here it turns towards the southwest until Monknewtown where it takes a southeastern direction again before turning roughly east at Dowth. It joins the River Boyne at Oldbridge in the parish of Drogheda (53°43′15″N 6°25′39″W﻿ / ﻿53.7207°N 6.4276°W﻿ / 53.7207; -6.4276). The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 10 metres.

Oldbridge
Oldbridge (Irish: An Seandroichead) is a townland near Drogheda in County Meath, Ireland. The area is home to the Boyne Navigation, the Battle of the Boyne Interpretive Centre and the southern half of the Mary McAleese Boyne Valley Bridge (which carries the M1 motorway).
1910 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1910 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1910. Democratic nominee Simeon E. Baldwin defeated Republican nominee Charles A. Goodwin with 46.48% of the vote. This was the first such election in which a candidate won with only a plurality of the vote, as the state constitution no longer required a subsequent vote by the Connecticut General Assembly in the absence of a majority.

Governor George L. Lilley, who was elected in 1908, died in office after three months in office. Frank B. Weeks, who ascended to the office following Lilley's death, did not run for reelection.

Connecticut General Assembly
The Connecticut General Assembly (CGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is a bicameral body composed of the 151-member House of Representatives and the 36-member Senate.  It meets in the state capital, Hartford. There are no term limits for members of either chamber.

During even-numbered years, the General Assembly is in session from February to May.  In odd-numbered years, when the state budget is completed, session lasts from January to June. The governor has the right to call for a special session after the end of the regular session, while the General Assembly can call for a "veto session" after the close in order to override gubernatorial vetoes.
2012–13 Bavarian Cup
The 2012–13 Bavarian Cup (German: Bayerischer Toto-Pokal 2012–13) was the sixteenth edition of this competition, first held in 1998 and organised by the Bavarian Football Association (BFV). The winner, TSV 1860 Rosenheim of the Regionalliga Bayern, was qualified for the first round of the 2014–15 DFB-Pokal, the German Cup where it lost to 2. Bundesliga club VfR Aalen in the first round.

The competition was open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the 3. Liga.

Bavarian Cup
The Bavarian Cup (German: Bayerischer Toto-Pokal), was created in 1998 and functions as a qualifying competition to the German Cup. It is one of the 21 regional cups in Germany. It is one of three regional associations who are permitted to send two amateur teams to the DFB Cup, the three associations doing so being the largest.

An earlier incarnation of the Bavarian Cup existed from 1947 to 1954.
USS LST-761
USS Esmeraldo County (LST-761) was an LST-542-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named after an erroneous spelling of Esmeralda County, Nevada, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

LST-761 was laid down on 18 June 1944 at Ambridge, Pennsylvania by the American Bridge Company; launched on 7 August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. H. A. Brainerd; and commissioned on 2 September 1944.

Ambridge, Pennsylvania
Ambridge is a borough in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated in 1905 as a company town by the American Bridge Company, Ambridge is located 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Pittsburgh along the Ohio River. The population was 6,972 at the 2020 census.
Liga Armada Galega
The Galician Armed League (Liga Armada Galega in Galician language) was an armed organization formed by former members of the GRAPO. They injured two policemen in 1978, and claimed to have killed a Guardia Civil the same year in Santiago de Compostela, though the GRAPO also claimed the murder. The group was completed disbanded in 1980.

The punk band Siniestro Total mentions this organization in one of their most emblematic songs: "Miña Terra Galega".

Siniestro Total
Siniestro Total (meaning literally 'total write-off' as in the insurance term for a vehicle that is beyond repair following a motor accident) is a Galician punk rock group from Vigo, Spain. It was founded in 1981 during the cultural movement called Movida viguesa by Julián Hernández, Alberto Torrado and Miguel Costas. After many changes in personnel, current members are Julián Hernández, Javier Soto, Óscar G. Avendaño, Ángel González and Jorge Beltrán.
Comp (command)
In computing, comp is a command used on DEC OS/8, DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows and related computer operating systems such as ReactOS. It is used to perform comparisons of multiple computer files to show the differences between them.

Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
Arrondissement of Bordeaux
The arrondissement of Bordeaux is an arrondissement of France in the Gironde department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It has 82 communes. Its population is 1,013,121 (2021), and its area is 1,521.8 km2 (587.6 sq mi).

Arrondissements of France
An arrondissement (English: /əˈrɒndɪsmənt/, French: [aʁɔ̃dismɑ̃] ⓘ) is the third level of administrative division in France generally corresponding to the territory overseen by a subprefect. As of 2023, the 101 French departments are divided into 333 arrondissements (including 13 overseas).

The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. When an arrondissement contains the prefecture (capital) of the department, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The term arrondissement can be roughly translated into English as district.

Some municipalities in Quebec are divided into arrondissements, reflecting the province’s historical link to New France.
Krajina
Krajina (Serbo-Croatian: [krâjina]) is a Slavic toponym, meaning 'country' or 'march'. The term is related to kraj or krai, originally meanings land, country or edge and today denoting a region or province, usually remote from urban centers.

Imotski
Imotski (pronounced [ǐmɔtskiː]) is a small town on the northeastern side of the Biokovo massif in the Dalmatian Hinterland of southern Croatia, near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town has a generally mild Mediterranean climate which makes it a popular tourist destination.
Doug Ringholt
Douglas Stuart Ringholt (8 September 1942 – April 2025) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and Claremont in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). Ringholt died in April 2025, at the age of 82.

Claremont Football Club
The Claremont Football Club, nicknamed Tigers, is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont, Western Australia, that currently plays in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW). Its official colours are navy blue and gold. Formed as the "Cottesloe Beach Football Club" in 1906, the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the "Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club"', changing its name to the present in 1935. Claremont have won 12 senior men's premierships since entering the competition, including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships.