hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Miskawayh
Ibn Miskuyah (Persian: مُسْکُـوْيَه Muskūyah, 932–1030), (Arabic: مِسْكَوَيْه، أبو علي محمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب مسكويه الرازي) full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb Miskawayh al-Rāzī was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran. As a Neoplatonist, his influence on Islamic philosophy is primarily in the area of ethics. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics entitled the Refinement of Character (تهذيب الأخلاق Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and the refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm, and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature. Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.

Historiography of early Islam
The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, 
and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.

Muslims developed methodologies such as the "science of biography" and the "science of hadith" to evaluate the reliability of these narratives, while prominent figures like Ibn Khaldun introduced critical historiographical methods, emphasizing the importance of context and the systematic evaluation of historical data.
Yonekura Masanaga
Yonekura Masanaga (米倉 昌寿; February 21, 1793 – May 7, 1863) was the 7th daimyō of Mutsuura Domain in southern Musashi Province, Honshū, Japan (modern-day Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture) and 10th head of the Yonekura clan. His courtesy title was Tango-no-kami.

Musashi Province
Musashi Province (武蔵国, Musashi no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [mɯꜜ.sa.ɕi (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan, which today comprises Tokyo Metropolis, most of Saitama Prefecture and part of Kanagawa Prefecture. It was sometimes called Bushū (武州). The province encompassed Kawasaki and Yokohama. Musashi bordered on Kai, Kōzuke, Sagami, Shimōsa, and Shimotsuke Provinces.

Musashi was the largest province in the Kantō region.
Loppi (village)
Lopen kirkonkylä (lit. 'Loppi church village') is the administrative center of the Loppi municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland, and also its largest urban area with a population of more than 2,000. It is located on the northern shore of Loppijärvi, along the main road 54 between Forssa and Riihimäki. The distance to Riihimäki is 19 kilometres (12 mi). To the east is the regional road 132, which starts from the main road and runs south in the direction of Helsinki, along which the Läyliäinen village is located about 12 kilometers from the Kirkonkylä.

There are two churches in the area: the old wooden church of Saint Birgitta (Santa Pirjo), located one kilometer away from the Kirkonkylä on the shores of Loppijärvi, and the newer red brick church of Loppi, located near the center of Kirkonkylä. Other main services include a municipal health center, two grocery stores (K-market and S-market), a library founded in 1852, and a primary school founded in 1921, as well as a high school.

Kanta-Häme
Kanta-Häme (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkɑn̪t̪ɑˌhæme̞(ʔ)]; Swedish: Egentliga Tavastland), sometimes referred to as Tavastia Proper, is a region (Finnish: maakunta, Swedish: landskap) of Finland. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, Päijät-Häme, and Uusimaa. Before the official adoption of the name Kanta-Häme in 1998, the region was commonly known as Häme.

Hämeenlinna is the largest urban area in the region. There are two other municipalities that have township status: Riihimäki and Forssa.
Parch, Mazandaran
Parch (Persian: پارچ, also Romanized as Pārch) is a village in Ashrestaq Rural District, Yaneh Sar District, Behshahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 158, in 50 families. Down from 196 in 2006.

Parch is on the northern foothills of eastern Alborz mountains, and is surrounded by forests to its north and south. The nearest village is Samchul to its west. Parch is connected to Galugah-Damghan road through rural roads.

The spoken language by the people is Mazandarani. Parch's agricultural products include wheat, barley, millet and animal products.

Galugah
Galugah (Persian: گلوگاه) is a city in the Central District of Galugah County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Galugah is on the northern slopes of the Alborz mountain chain, and because it is close to the Caspian Sea from the other side, its atmosphere is mainly humid and damp.
48th NAACP Image Awards
The 48th NAACP Image Awards, presented by the NAACP, honored outstanding representations and achievements of people of color in motion pictures, television, music and literature during the 2016 calendar year. The 48th ceremony was hosted by Anthony Anderson and broadcast on TV One on February 12, 2017.

American 14th Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Lonnie Bunch was honored with the President's Award for his studies of American and African history, as well as his contribution as the founding director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture. Harvard Law School ProfessorCharles Ogletree was awarded with the Chairman's Award.

All nominees are listed below, and the winners are listed in bold.

Confirmation (film)
Confirmation is a 2016 American television political thriller film, directed by Rick Famuyiwa and written by Susannah Grant. It is about Clarence Thomas's Supreme Court nomination hearings, and the controversy that unfolded when Anita Hill alleged she was sexually harassed by Thomas. It stars Kerry Washington as Hill and Wendell Pierce as Clarence Thomas, with Erika Christensen, Jennifer Hudson, Greg Kinnear, Jeffrey Wright, Bill Irwin, and Eric Stonestreet in supporting roles. The film aired on HBO on April 16, 2016.
Ostap Markevych
Ostap Markevych (Ukrainian: Остап Миронович Маркевич; born 4 April 1978) is a Ukrainian football manager and former football and futsal player. He was most recently in charge of Polish II liga club Radunia Stężyca.

He is a son of a notable Ukrainian coach Myron Markevych.

II liga
II liga (Druga liga, Polish pronunciation: [ˈdruɡa ˈliɡa], lit. 'Second League'), currently named Betclic II liga due to its sponsorship by Betclic,  is a Polish football league that sits at the third tier of the Polish football league system. Until the end of the 2007–08 season, II Liga referred to a league at the 2nd tier, although this changed with the formation of the Ekstraklasa as the top level league in Poland. Currently, II liga is below I liga and above III liga.

Since the 2014–15 season, the league consists of a single division, unlike previous seasons when it was divided into two groups,  West and East. The league consists of 18 teams.

The top two finishers are rewarded with automatic promotion to the I liga, while the teams ranked third to sixth face each other in promotion play-offs. Teams who finish 13th and 14th compete in the promotion/relegation play-offs against III liga group winners, and the last four teams are automatically relegated to the fourth division.
Hans Weidemann
Hans Weidemann (1904–1975) was a German artist, photographer and film director.

Weidemann joined the Nazi party in 1927.

Weidemann directed Festliches Nürnberg (English: Festive Nuremberg), a short 1937 propaganda film chronicling the Nazi Party rallies in Nuremberg in 1936 and 1937.

Weidemann co-wrote and produced Attack on Baku (German: Anschlag auf Baku), a 1942 German thriller film directed by Fritz Kirchhoff.

Fritz Kirchhoff
Fritz Kirchhoff (1901–1953) was a German screenwriter, film producer and director. He was a noted director during the Nazi era, directing film such as the anti-British propaganda thriller Attack on Baku (1942). His 1942 film 5 June, showing the German defeat of France in 1940, was banned by Joseph Goebbels for unclear reasons, although it has been speculated it was to avoid offending the Vichy government. After the Second World War Kirchhoff set up his own production company in Hamburg.
Adjoint
In mathematics, the term adjoint applies in several situations. Several of these share a similar formalism: if A is adjoint to B, then there is typically some formula of the type

(Ax, y) = (x, By).

Specifically, adjoint or adjunction may mean:

Adjoint of a linear map, also called its transpose in case of matrices

Hermitian adjoint (adjoint of a linear operator) in functional analysis

Adjoint endomorphism of a Lie algebra

Adjoint representation of a Lie group

Adjoint functors in category theory

Adjunction (field theory)

Adjunction formula (algebraic geometry)

Adjunction space in topology

Conjugate transpose of a matrix in linear algebra

Adjugate matrix, related to its inverse

Adjoint equation

The upper and lower adjoints of a Galois connection in order theory

The adjoint of a differential operator with general polynomial coefficients

Kleisli adjunction

Monoidal adjunction

Quillen adjunction

Axiom of adjunction in set theory

Adjunction (rule of inference)

Adjunction formula
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, the adjunction formula relates the canonical bundle of a variety and a hypersurface inside that variety. It is often used to deduce facts about varieties embedded in well-behaved spaces such as projective space or to prove theorems by induction.
Staxton
Staxton is a village in North Yorkshire, England, part of the civil parish of Willerby, and situated approximately 8.2 miles from Scarborough town centre.

Until 1974 the village lay in the historic county boundaries of the East Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Ryedale, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Filey
Filey (/ˈfaɪli/) is a seaside town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is located between Scarborough and Bridlington on Filey Bay. Although previously a fishing village, it has a large sandy beach and became a popular tourist resort.
According to the 2011 UK census, Filey parish had a population of 6,981, in comparison to the 2001 UK census population figure of 6,819, and a population of 6,870 in 1991.

Filey was historically mainly within the East Riding of Yorkshire, although until 1888 a small part of the town, including its parish church, was in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1974 the town was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire.
Bonvesin da la Riva
Bonvesin da la Riva (Lombard pronunciation: [bũʋeˈzĩː da la ˈriːʋa]; sometimes Italianized in spelling Bonvesino or Buonvicino; c. 1240 – c. 1313) was an Italian Medieval writer and poet. Bonvesin was a notable Lombard poet and writer, giving one of the first known examples of the written Lombard language. He is often described as the "father" of the Lombard language.

Lombard language
The Lombard language (Lombard: lombard, lumbard, lumbart or lombart, depending on the orthography; pronunciation: [lumˈbaːrt, lomˈbart]) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages. It is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland.  These include most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden. The language is also spoken in Santa Catarina in Brazil by Lombard immigrants from the Province of Bergamo, in Italy.
Mount Outram
Mount Outram is a 3,245-metre (10,646-foot) mountain summit located in the Howse River Valley of Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Forbes, 4.37 km (2.72 mi) to the southwest. Glacier Lake is situated 4.0 km (2.5 mi) to the north, and the Sir James Glacier lies below the south aspect of the peak. Mount Outram can be seen from the Icefields Parkway southwest of Saskatchewan Crossing, with optimum photography conditions in morning light.

Alberta Highway 93
Highway 93 is a north–south highway in Alberta, Canada.  It is also known as the Banff-Windermere Parkway south of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) and the Icefields Parkway north of the Trans-Canada Highway.  It travels through Banff National Park and Jasper National Park and is maintained by Parks Canada for its entire length.  It runs from the British Columbia border at Vermilion Pass in the south, where it becomes British Columbia Highway 93, to its terminus at the junction with the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16) at Jasper.  The route takes its number from U.S. Route 93, which runs uninterrupted south to central Arizona, and was initially designated as '93' in 1959.
Censorship in Brazil
Censorship in Brazil, both cultural and political, occurred throughout the whole period following the colonization of the country. Even though most state censorship ended before the period of redemocratization that started in 1985, Brazil still experiences a certain amount of non-official censorship today. The current legislation restricts freedom of expression concerning racism (Paim Law) and the Constitution prohibits the anonymity of journalists.

O Estado de S. Paulo
O Estado de S. Paulo (Portuguese pronunciation: [u isˈtadu dʒi sɐ̃w ˈpawlu]; lit. 'The State of São Paulo'), also known as Estadão (Portuguese: [istaˈdɐ̃w]; lit. 'Big State'), is a daily newspaper published in São Paulo, Brazil. It is the third largest newspaper in Brazil, and its format changed from broadsheet to Berliner on October 17, 2021.

It has the second-largest circulation in the city of São Paulo, behind only Folha de S. Paulo. The journal was founded on 4 January 1875, and was first called A Província de São Paulo (lit. 'The Province of São Paulo'). O Estado de S. Paulo is described by observers as having a right-wing, conservative editorial stance. It is considered a newspaper of record for Brazil.
Mount Senjō (Akaishi)
Mount Senjō (仙丈ヶ岳, Senjō-ga-take) is a 3,032.6-metre-high (9,949.5 ft) mountain on the border of Minami-Alps, Yamanashi, and  Ina, Nagano, in Japan. This mountain is one of the major peaks of the Akaishi Mountains, and is one of the most popular peaks in the range. This mountain is also one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains.

Minami-Alps, Yamanashi
Minami-Alps (Japanese: 南アルプス市, Hepburn: Minami-Arupusu-shi) is a city located in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 June 2019,   the city has an estimated population of 71,618 in 27,956 households, and a population density of 270 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 264.14 square kilometres (101.99 sq mi). Minami-Alps is Yamanashi Prefecture's third largest city. The city's name was chosen in September 2002 from among entries submitted by the general public.
Acanthocephalus echigoensis
Acanthocephalus echigoensis is a species of parasitic worm in the phylum Acanthocephala. Found both in California and in Thailand, it has been known to parasitize the sockeye salmon, chum salmon, rainbow trout, and barramundi.

Barramundi
The barramundi (Lates calcarifer), Asian sea bass, or giant sea perch (also known as dangri, kalanji, apahap, siakap, or chonok) is a species of catadromous fish in the family Latidae of the order Carangiformes. The species is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, spanning the waters of the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania.
Kan Balam
Kan Balam (Spanish pronunciation:kan' balaːm, Tzotzil Maya pronunciation: 'kʱaŋ βalɒm) is a computer cluster located in Mexico City, on the main campus of the UNAM. With a rated capacity of 7.1 teraFLOPS, 3.02 TB of RAM and 160 TB of storage. It started working on January 16, 2007, and was ranked as the number one in Latin America until June 2008. The current best supercomputer in Latin America is run by Brazil.

Among the objectives of this super computer is to allow Mexican researchers to work with highly modern infrastructure without the necessity of leaving the country, thus helping to stop the brain drain that the country has had in the last years.

The principal subjects aided by this computer are astrophysics, particle physics, quantum physics, geology and is mainly devoted towards seismic engineering. It will also be used for weather measurements and it will be available for public and private companies.

Seismology
Seismology (/saɪzˈmɒlədʒi, saɪs-/; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós), meaning 'earthquake', and -λογία (-logía), meaning 'study of') is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies. It also includes studies of the environmental effects of earthquakes such as tsunamis; other seismic sources such as volcanoes, plate tectonics, glaciers, rivers, oceanic microseisms, and the atmosphere; and artificial processes such as explosions.

Paleoseismology is a related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes. A recording of Earth's motion as a function of time, created by a seismograph is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who works in basic or applied seismology.
Judensau
A Judensau (German for "Jews' sow") is a folk art image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female pig), which in Judaism is an unclean animal. These first appeared in the 13th century in Germany and some other European countries, and remained popular for over 600 years.

Heilsbronn
Heilsbronn (German pronunciation: [haɪlsˈbʁɔn] ⓘ) is a town in the Ansbach district of the Mittelfranken administrative region of Franconia, in the German state of Bavaria between Nuremberg and Ansbach, in the wooded valley of the Rangau. Its hallmark is the Katharinenturm, a medieval tower.

Heilsbronn should not be confused with the far larger city of Heilbronn, which lies 130 km further west.
History of Early Analytic Philosophy Society
The History of Early Analytic Philosophy Society (HEAPS) is a philosophical society founded to study early analytic philosophy. The society examines the work of Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Frank P. Ramsey, G. E. Moore, and other early contributors to the field. The Society sponsors conference sessions in conjunction with the American Philosophical Association.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Junior League World Series (Canada Region)
The Junior League World Series Canada Region is one of six International regions that currently sends teams to the World Series in Taylor, Michigan. The region's participation in the JLWS dates back to 1988.

2025 Junior League World Series
The 2025 Junior League World Series took place from August 3–10 in Taylor, Michigan. It is the fourth appearance of Taiwan's Taichung Municipal Chung-Shan Junior High School, who won the tournament in 2014, 2015, and 2022. They beat Macon, Georgia in the championship game.
Otunba Moyinolorun Ogunwumiju
Otunba Moyinolorun Taiwo Ogunwumiju, Born on 1st, December 1988 is a Nigerian politician and member, Ondo State House of Assembly representing Ondo West Constituency 1 He hails from Ondo City in the Ondo West Local Government Area of Ondo State.

Ondo West
Ondo West is a Local Government Area in Ondo State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ondo.

It has an area of 970 km2 and a population of 283,672 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 351.

There are four higher institutions in Ondo West: Adeyemi College of Education established in 1964 by the Federal Government of Nigeria and recently upgraded to a Federal University of Education;  National Institute for Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA) established in 1992 by the Federal Government; Wesley University established in 2008 by the Methodist Church, Nigeria; and the University of Medical Sciences, Ondo established by the Ondo State Government in 2015 to train medical and health professionals.
Polymastia aurantia
Polymastia aurantia is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is found in intertidal habitats including tide pools in the vicinity of Auckland, New Zealand.

This is a thickly encrusting sponge with a soft, fleshy texture, growing in patches up to 18 cm across. The outer layer is bright orange with a yellowish-brown interior. The surface is marked with widely spaced papillae: When the sponge is in a location affected by wave action, the papillae are located on distinct lamellae running in a single direction over the whole surface of the sponge.

Polymastiidae
Polymastiidae is a family of demosponges found in oceans throughout the world. It is the only family in the monotypic order Polymastiida. A useful diagnostic characteristic of members of this family is the presence of numerous surface papillae although this feature is shown by some other sponges.
Cooleemee
Cooleemee (/ˈkuːlɪmiː/), also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812 (Peter Hairston Rd.) on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina.  It is a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture.

Lexington, North Carolina
Lexington is a city in and the county seat of Davidson County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town had a population of 19,632. It is located in central North Carolina, 20 miles (32 km) south of Winston-Salem. Lexington is part of the Piedmont Triad region of the state.

Lexington has been noted as one of America's top four best cities for barbecue by U.S. News & World Report. The City calls itself the "Barbecue Capital of the World", and it hosts the annual Lexington Barbecue Festival.

Lexington, Thomasville, and the rural areas surrounding them are slowly developing as residential bedroom communities for nearby cities such as Winston-Salem, Greensboro, High Point and, to a lesser extent, Charlotte and its northeastern suburbs.
2021 Iași Open – Doubles
Rafael Matos and João Menezes were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Orlando Luz and Felipe Meligeni Alves won the title after defeating Hernán Casanova and Roberto Ortega Olmedo 6–3, 6–4 in the final.

Orlando Luz
Orlando Moraes Luz (born 8 February 1998) is a Brazilian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 43 achieved on 16 February 2026 and a best singles ranking of No. 272 reached on 16 August 2021.

Luz has won three ATP Tour titles in doubles, all of them with compatriot Rafael Matos.