hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Uraga (Aanaa)
Uraga is one of the Aanaas in the Oromia of Ethiopia. Part of the Guji Zone, Uraga is bordered on the south by Odo Shakiso, on the west by the Borena Zone, on the north by the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, and on the east by Bore. The largest town in Uraga is Haro Wachu. 
Dama and Hambela Wamena woredas were separated from Uraga.

Districts of Ethiopia
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (Amharic: ወረዳ; Oromo: woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states.

These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia.
Musa ibn al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
Musa ibn al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi (died 1192) was the son of the Fatimid vizier al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi (executed 1128) who wrote a biography of his father. It survives only in fragments quoted by later authors, but is a key source for the history of early 12th-century Egypt, especially for unique details such as court ceremonies. When al-Ma'mun was raised to the vizierate in 1122, Musa and his three brothers received robes of honour from the caliph. Al-Ma'mun also tried to ensure his sons in the case of his own death, having Caliph al-Amir pledge to look after them should he die. Ibn al-Bata' survived his father's downfall and execution, and died in 1192.

The fragments were collected and published by A. F. Sayyid in Passages de la Chronique d’Egypte d’Ibn al-Maʾmūn, Cairo 1983.

Robe of honour
A robe of honour (Arabic: خلعة, romanized: khilʿa, plural khilaʿ, or Arabic: تشريف, romanized: tashrīf, pl. tashārif or tashrīfāt) were rich garments given by medieval and early modern Islamic rulers to subjects as tokens of honour, often as part of a ceremony of appointment to a public post, or as a token of confirmation or acceptance of vassalage of a subordinate ruler. They were usually produced in government factories and decorated with the inscribed bands known as ṭirāz. Were made of either (indigenous or foreign) high quality silks, gold-interwoven, figured, or plain silk cloth, circulation of the garments were in limited quantities.
Citizenship Aesthetics
Citizenship Aesthetics (Chinese: 公民美學; pinyin: Gōngmín Měixué) is a movement set forth in 2004 by Council for Cultural Affairs of the Republic of China that proposes an aesthetic style of practicing citizenship. Another translation of the term is civil aesthetics.

The anthropologist Chen Chi-nan became the minister of the Council for Cultural Affairs in 2004 to promote citizenship aesthetics. He said that the citizen aesthetics movement ought to be premise on "overall community construction" in which citizens experience creativity and beauty through bettering nearby business districts and streets. In a 2004 editorial, Min Sheng Bao said that while citizen aesthetics had a very clear goal, no one could put forth how to achieve it which explained why it was not prioritized by earlier leaders of the ministry. The editorial concluded, "We sincerely hope that Civic Aesthetics will become a policy program whose effectiveness can be reviewed within a few years."

Min Sheng Bao
Min Sheng Bao (Chinese: 民生報; pinyin: Mínshēng Bào; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bîn-seng-pò; lit. 'The People's Welfare Daily') was a tabloid newspaper based in Taiwan, and was a sister publication of United Daily News, then Taiwan's second most circulated newspaper.

It started publication in 1978, and became defunct and published its last print and online edition on December 1, 2006.
Elmsford, New York
Elmsford is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. Roughly one square mile, the village is fully contained within the borders of the town of Greenburgh. As of the 2010 census, the population of Elmsford was 4,664.

North County Trailway
The North County Trailway is a 22.1-mile (35.6 km) long paved rail trail stretching from Eastview to Baldwin Place in Westchester County, New York.  It is also part of the statewide Empire State Trail.

It connects to the South County Trailway in Eastview, also built along the former railroad.  It connects through the Eastview parking lot to the Tarrytown Lakes Extension and Tarrytown Lakes Trail to the Old Croton Aqueduct and Tarrytown.

While it is primarily a dedicated multi-use path, trail users are directed by signs to use the shoulders of New York State Route 100 for two sections between Briarcliff Manor and Millwood.
2001–02 NOFV-Oberliga
The 2001–02 season of the NOFV-Oberliga was the eighth season of the league at tier four (IV) of the German football league system.

The NOFV-Oberliga was split into two divisions, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and NOFV-Oberliga Süd. The champions of each, Hertha BSC (A) and Dynamo Dresden, entered into a play-off against each other for the right to play in the 2002–03 Regionalliga Nord. Dynamo Dresden won 1–0 over two legs and thus gained promotion.

NOFV-Oberliga Süd
The NOFV-Oberliga Süd is the fifth tier of the German football league system in the southern states of the former East Germany. It covers the German states of Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Saxony and southern Brandenburg. It is one of fourteen Oberligas in German football. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the fourth tier of the league system, and until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the third tier.
Karol Daniel Kadłubiec
Karol Daniel Kadłubiec (born 22 July 1937) is a Polish Czech ethnographer, folklorist and historian. He specializes also in ethnology, history of language and dialectology, and in a studies of culture, folklore and language of Cieszyn Silesia and Trans-Olza.

Ethnology
Ethnology (from the Ancient Greek: ἔθνος, ethnos meaning 'nation') is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).
Fulcrum (drumming)
Fulcrum is a drumming term. Traditionally, the fulcrum refers to the part of a percussionist's grip that is the main lever for the drum stick to rotate. This is usually created by the thumb and index finger, the thumb and middle finger, or a combination of the thumb, index, and middle fingers.

Drum stick
A drum stick (or drumstick) is a type of percussion mallet used particularly for playing snare drum, drum kit, and some other percussion instruments,(bass drum, marching toms, ect.) and particularly for playing unpitched percussion.

Specialized beaters used on some other percussion instruments, such as the metal beater used with a triangle or the mallets used with tuned percussion (such as xylophone and timpani), are not normally referred to as drumsticks. Drumsticks generally have all of the following characteristics:

They are normally supplied and used in pairs.

They may be used to play at least some sort of drum (as well as other instruments).

They are normally used only for unpitched percussion.
15 April 2013 Iraq attacks
A wave of bombings and shootings across Iraq killed at least 75 people and injured more than 356 others on 15 April. The attacks came just days before the provincial elections which was held on 20 April.

2013 Iraqi governorate elections
Governorate or provincial elections were held in Iraq on 20 April 2013, to replace the local councils in the governorates of Iraq that were elected in the Iraqi governorate elections of 2009. Elections took place in 12 of Iraq's 18 governorates. Elections didn't take place in the 3 governorates forming the Kurdistan Region or Kirkuk, Anbar, or Nineveh, meaning that a total of 378 provincial council seats were up for election.

The Iraqi government later decided on 19 March to delay the elections in the governorates of Anbar and Nineveh due to ongoing instability caused by the insurgency and the ongoing protests, prompting criticism from Muqtada al-Sadr and John Kerry. Elections for Anbar and Nineveh were held on 20 June.
Jonas Olsson
Jonas Olsson is the name of:

Jonas Olsson (footballer, born 1970), Swedish football manager and former player

Jonas Olsson (footballer, born 1983), Swedish footballer

Jonas Olsson (footballer, born 1990), Swedish footballer

Jonas Olsson (footballer, born 1994), Swedish footballer

Jonas Olsson (cyclist), Swedish cyclist; competed at the 2002 European Road Championships

Jonas Olsson (ice hockey), Swedish ice hockey player in 2011–12 GET-ligaen season

Jonas Olsson (music producer), Finnish music producer, sound engineer and songwriter

Jonas Olsson (music producer)
Jonas Olsson (born 10 June 1981) is a Finnish music producer, audio engineer and songwriter.  He has worked and collaborated with many international acts, producers, and songwriters such as Andreas Carlsson (SWE), Kristinia DeBarge (US), Radical Something (US), Rasmus Thude (DK), and The Ocean (GER).

He has also worked on many Finnish acts, including Robin, Jannika B, Poisonblack, Sami Saari, Absoluuttinen Nollapiste, Superscar, Annika Eklund, Deep Insight, Blind Channel and  Callisto.
Olsson is currently managed by Los Angeles–based management Perfection Shows and collaborates frequently with the production team Goodwill & MGI.
Tetramyxa parasitica
Tetramyxa parasitica is a species of parasitic cercozoan, member of the plasmodiophorids, that causes gall formation on multiple genera of aquatic plants. It was first discovered on roots of Ruppia and described by Karl von Goebel in 1884 in his work Flora, where it became the type species of the genus Tetramyxa.

Plasmodiophore
The plasmodiophores (also known as plasmophorids or plasmodiophorids) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order Plasmodiophorida, sister to the phagomyxids.
Kyenele language
Kyenele a.k.a. Miyak is a Yuat language of Papua New Guinea.

Versions of its name include Keñele, Keyele, Kenying, Bulang, Kenen Birang, Kyenying-Barang.

It is spoken in Giling (Girin) (4°36′10″S 143°50′40″E﻿ / ﻿4.602663°S 143.844495°E﻿ / -4.602663; 143.844495﻿ (Girin)), a village located on the banks of the Yuat River in Yuat Rural LLG, East Sepik Province.

Yuat River
The Yuat is the major tributary of the Sepik River in northern Papua New Guinea. The Yuat is on the right (southern) side and joins the Sepik about 20 linear km upstream from the Keram River, and just downstream from the Chambri Lakes. The eponymous (Middle) Yuat and Upper Yuat languages are spoken along the banks of the Yuat River.

Yuat Rural LLG in East Sepik Province derives its name from the river.
1980 SWAC men's basketball tournament
The 1980 SWAC men's basketball tournament was held February 28–March 2, 1980. The quarterfinal round was held at the home arena of the higher-seeded team, while the semifinal and championship rounds were held at the Mississippi Coliseum in Jackson, Mississippi. Alcorn State defeated Jackson State, 83–61 in the championship game. The Braves received the conference's automatic bid to the 1980 NCAA tournament as No. 8 seed in the Midwest Region.

Mississippi Coliseum
The Mississippi Coliseum is a 6,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Jackson, Mississippi, built in 1962 and located on the Mississippi State Fairgrounds complex. The arena has 6,812 seats available for basketball, and can be expanded to 10,000 for concerts. It sits 2900 feet (884 meters) atop the extinct Jackson Volcano.

In addition to the Coliseum, the Mississippi State Fairgrounds includes:  The Mississippi Trade Mart, the A & I agricultural complex and the Kirk Fordice Equine Center.

It was home to the Jackson Bandits minor league ice hockey team from 1999 to 2003.

The Fairgrounds hosts the Mississippi State Fair each October. Each February, the Mississippi Coliseum and surrounding complex host The Dixie National Rodeo, which is the largest rodeo east of the Mississippi River

Starting in the 2018–19 basketball season, Mississippi State Bulldogs men's basketball and Ole Miss Rebels men's basketball have played one game at the arena each season.
Arassen Ragaven
Arassen Ragaven (born 8 April 1987) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in France, he represented Mauritius internationally, earning a total of 14 caps for the national team.

Mauritius national football team
The Mauritius national football team (Morisyen: Lekip nasional foutborl Moris), nicknamed Club M and Les Dodos (The Dodos), is the national team of Mauritius. They are overseen by the Mauritius Football Association, which is a member of FIFA, the Confederation of African Football (CAF), and the Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA). The head coach is Guillaume Moullec.

Their most significant achievements are qualification for the 1974 African Cup of Nations, and winning the Indian Ocean Island Games football tournament in 1985 and 2003. They have also been a finalist in this competition in 1990, 2011 and 2019.
Muscle tone
In physiology, medicine, and anatomy, muscle tone (residual muscle tension or tonus) is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during resting state. It helps to maintain posture and declines during REM sleep. Muscle tone is regulated by the activity of the motor neurons and can be affected by various factors, including age, disease, and nerve damage.

Spinal posture
Spinal posture is the position of the spine in the human body. It is debated what the optimal spinal posture is, and whether poor spinal posture causes lower back pain. Good spinal posture may help develop balance, strength and flexibility.
English cricket team in South Africa in 1905–06
The England cricket team toured South Africa under the auspices of the Marylebone Cricket Club from December 1905 to March 1906. There were five Test matches, and seven first-class games against South African provincial teams. While the team won a number of their first-class matches, they also lost several, and South Africa won the Test series 4 to 1.

Gordon White (cricketer)
Gordon Charles White (5 February 1882 – 17 October 1918) was a South African cricketer who played in 17 Test matches from 1906 to 1912.  He served as an officer in the 1st Battalion, Cape Corps in the First World War, and died of wounds in Gaza, Palestine.
Hellen Kahunde
Hellen Kahunde, also Helen Kahunde (born 27 November 1982), is a Ugandan educator and politician who serves as the Member of Parliament representing the Kiryandongo District Women' Constituency in the 10th Parliament (2016 to 2021). In 2021 she was re elected into parliament. In the eleventh parliament, she serves on the Committee on East African Community Affairs.

Parliament of Uganda
The Parliament of Uganda is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Uganda. One of its primary functions is to pass laws that support effective governance in the country. Government ministers are required to answer to the people's representatives on the floor of the house and may be appointed from amongst its members.

Through the various parliamentary committees, parliament scrutinises government programmes, particularly as outlined in the State of the Nation address by the president. Fiscal matters, such as taxation and loans, require parliamentary approval after appropriate debate.Parliament also holds the authority to confirm certain presidential nominations and, through a motion of censure, may compel a Minister to resign.
Anthony Swete
Anthony Swete was an American soul and pop singer who for a long time was associated with Ed Chalpin and his PPX record label. Recording in the 1960s and throughout the 1970s, he had a multitude of singles issued on a plethora of record labels. He also had albums released on the Clan Celentano, RCA and Zafiro labels. During his career, he had chart hits. Two of them, "Judy in Disguise" and "Hold Me Tight" were top ten hits in Argentina during the late 1960s.

Zafiro Records
Zafiro Records was a major Spanish record label that issued records from the 1950s until the 1980s. In addition to issuing recordings by Spanish artists, the label issued many recordings by US and UK artists. Artists to have their recordings issued on the label include Juan Bau, Luisito Gasán, Malena Gracia, Buddy Guy, Los Brincos, Marisol, and Ornella Vanoni etc.
Inner source
InnerSource is the use of open source software development best practices and the establishment of an open source-like culture within organizations for the development of its non-open-source and/or proprietary software. The term was coined by Tim O'Reilly in 2000 in his column.

Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
Lismore Seminary
Lismore Seminary was situated in Kilcheran House on the island of Lismore in the Inner Hebrides part of Argyll, Scotland. It served as a seminary for the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland in the 19th century. At the time it was the only seminary in the west of Scotland and for the Vicariate Apostolic of the Highland District. The house still stands and has a lime kiln from the time of the seminary within the grounds. Both the house and the kiln are category B listed sites.

Lime kiln
A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate) to produce the form of lime called quicklime (calcium oxide). The chemical equation for this reaction is: CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2

This reaction can take place at anywhere above 840 °C (1,540 °F), but is generally considered to occur at 900 °C (1,650 °F) (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 1 atmosphere), but a temperature around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 3.8 atmospheres) is usually used to make the reaction proceed quickly. Excessive temperature is avoided because it produces unreactive, "dead-burned" lime.

Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) can be formed by mixing quicklime with water.
Mississippi County Courthouse (Blytheville, Arkansas)
The Mississippi County Courthouse for the Chickasawba District is located at 200 West Walnut Street in Blytheville, Arkansas, one of Mississippi County's two seats (the other is Osceola).  It is a 3+1⁄2-story brick-and-cut-sandstone structure, designed by the Pine Bluff firm of Selligman and Ellesvard, and built in 1919.  It is a fine local example of Colonial Revival styling, with a recessed center entrance and a projecting modillioned cornice.  The interior has had few alterations since its construction.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Pine Bluff is a city in Jefferson County, Arkansas, United States, and its county seat. The population was 41,253 at the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous city in Arkansas.

Pine Bluff is situated in the southeast section of the Arkansas Delta and straddles the Arkansas Timberlands region to its west. Its topography is flat with wide expanses of farmland, similar to other places in the Delta Lowlands. Pine Bluff has numerous creeks, streams, and bayous, including Bayou Bartholomew, the longest bayou in the world and the second most ecologically diverse stream in the United States. Large bodies of water include Lake Pine Bluff, Lake Langhofer (Slack Water Harbor), and the Arkansas River.
Jack D. Franks
Jack Darrow Franks (born October 2, 1963) is an Illinois attorney and politician who served as Chairman of the McHenry County Board from December 2016 to December 2020. Previously, Franks served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 63rd district from 1999 to 2017. His McHenry area district included all or parts of Harvard, Marengo, Woodstock, Bull Valley, Wonder Lake, Illinois, Greenwood, McHenry, Fox Lake, Spring Grove, Johnsburg and Lakemoor.

While in the Illinois House of Representatives, Franks served as chairman of the State Government Administration, beginning in 2003.

Bull Valley, Illinois
Bull Valley is a village in McHenry County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,128 at the 2020 census. Surrounded by the larger exurb towns of Crystal Lake, Woodstock, and McHenry, the village prides itself in its rural, low-density character. The village is in the outermost ring of the Chicago suburbs.
2007 U.S. Open (golf)
The 2007 United States Open Championship was the 107th U.S. Open, held June 14–17 at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, a suburb northeast of Pittsburgh.

Ángel Cabrera won his first major championship, one stroke ahead of runners-up Jim Furyk and Tiger Woods, who were unable to birdie the 72nd hole to force a Monday playoff. Cabrera's victory marked the first U.S. Open won by an Argentine or a South American. It was the first of his two major titles; he won the Masters in a playoff in 2009.

This was the eighth U.S. Open and eleventh professional major held at Oakmont.

Par (score)
In golf, par is the predetermined number of strokes that a proficient (scratch, or zero handicap) golfer should require to complete a hole, a round (the sum of the pars of the played holes), or a tournament (the sum of the pars of each round). For scoring purposes, a golfer's number of strokes is compared with the par score to determine how much the golfer was either "over par", "under par", or "even/level par".

Holes are generally assigned par values between three and five based on the distance from the teeing ground to the putting green, and occasionally other factors such as terrain and obstacles. A typical 18-hole golf course will have a total par around 72, and a 9-hole par-3 course (where all holes are rated as par 3) will have a total par of 27.
Air Nostrum
Air Nostrum (doing business as Iberia Regional) is a Spanish regional airline based in Valencia that merged with CityJet in 2023, forming the region's largest aviation holding company, Strategic Alliance of Regional Airlines (SARA).

An affiliate member of the Oneworld airline alliance, it operates 91 domestic and international routes to 51 destinations, and charter flights. Its main base is Valencia Airport, with hubs at Barcelona–El Prat Airport, Madrid–Barajas Airport and Palma de Mallorca airport.

Limited operations are also carried out on behalf of Brussels Airlines, replacing related wet-lease specialist airline CityJet, having begun in late 2018. Air Nostrum is also a part owner of Iryo, a Spanish high-speed rail service which began operating in November 2022.

Aircraft lease
Aircraft leases are leases used by airlines and other aircraft operators. Airlines lease aircraft from other airlines or leasing companies for two main reasons: to operate aircraft without the financial burden of buying them, as well as to provide temporary increase in capacity. The industry has two main leasing types: wet-leasing, which is normally used for short-term leasing, and dry-leasing which is more normal for longer-term leases. The industry also uses combinations of wet and dry. For example, when the aircraft is wet-leased to establish new services, then as the airline's flight or cabin crews become trained, they can be switched to a dry lease. In some markets, there may also be hybrid models, such as with crew provided by lessees.