hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stig (Serbia)
44°38′00″N 21°18′00″E﻿ / ﻿44.63333°N 21.30000°E﻿ / 44.63333; 21.30000

Stig is a plain in eastern Serbia, in the southern part of the Pannonian Plain, in the lower course of the Mlava River, from its inflow into the Danube (or rather its small arm, Dunavac) to Homolje Mountains. It includes the larger settlements of Požarevac and Petrovac na Mlavi.

Homolje Mountains
The Homolje Mountains (Serbian: Хомољске планине / Homoljske planine; Romanian: Munții Homolie or Munții Homoliei) is a mountain range in eastern Serbia. The region they are in is also known as Homolje and located between towns of Žagubica in the south and Kučevo in the north.

Their highest peaks are Štubej (940 m) and Vranj (884 m). Hidden in the mountains is the Orthodox monastery of Vitovnica.

The region of Homolje is sparsely populated, with ethnic Vlachs making a majority of residents in some areas thereof, and because of the small population its nature is unspoilt. One of its attractions is a vast forest called Trest.
Yamsay Mountain
Yamsay Mountain is a large shield volcano in the Cascade Range of south-central Oregon, located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Crater Lake on the border between Klamath County and Lake County.  It is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc but is located in a mountain range 30 to 50 miles (50 to 80 km) behind the main Cascade volcanic front.  The best known members of this enigmatic arc are the massive shields of Newberry Volcano, about 55 miles (89 km) farther north in Oregon, and Medicine Lake Volcano, about 80 miles (130 km) south in Northern California. Yamsay is the second highest volcano in the eastern arc, almost 300 feet (90 m) higher than Newberry and Medicine Lake.

A central part of Klamath mythology, the mountain offers activities such as hiking and horseback riding. Historically, the area around it has been inhabited by Native American tribes and settlers. Until the 1970s, a fire lookout tower sat on the summit of the mountain, and its foundation remains to this day.

Lake County, Oregon
Lake County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,160. Its county seat is Lakeview. The county is named after the many lakes found within its boundaries, including Lake Abert, Summer Lake, Hart Lake, and Goose Lake.

Lake County is in the high desert region known as the Oregon Outback, on the northwestern edge of the Great Basin. The county is generally divided between the communities around Lakeview and Paisley to the south and the communities around Christmas Valley, Fort Rock, and Silver Lake to the north.

Its economy consists largely of agriculture and natural resource management and extraction. It is home to many large cattle ranches, hay farms, and timber holdings (both public and private), as well as several frontier towns and early 20th-century homesteads. Although lumber was once a primary economic driver in Lake County, today only one mill remains, at Lakeview.
Pat Coughlan
Pat "Parson" Coughlan (born 23 August 1867) was an Irish hurler who played as a left wing-back for the Cork senior team.

Coughlan joined the team during the 1891 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1899 championship. During that time he won two All-Ireland medals and two Munster medals.

At club level Coughlan was an eight-time county club championship medalist with Blackrock.

1891 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1891 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the fifth staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 20 September 1891 and ended on 28 February 1892.

Cork were the defending champions, however, they were defeated in the provincial series. Kerry won the All-Ireland following a 2–3 to 1–5 defeat of Wexford in the final.
Zipper (film)
Zipper (also known as Reckless) is a 2015 American political thriller film written and directed by Mora Stephens and starring Patrick Wilson, Lena Headey, Dianna Agron, Richard Dreyfuss, Ray Winstone, and Penelope Mitchell. The film had its world premiere on January 27, 2015 at the Sundance Film Festival. The film was released on August 28, 2015, in a limited release in the United States and through video on demand by Alchemy. The film follows a federal prosecutor running for office who cannot stop himself from sleeping with high-class escorts, putting both his career and his personal life at risk.

Political thriller
A political thriller is a thriller that is set against the backdrop of a political power struggle; high stakes and suspense are the core of the story. The genre often forces the audiences to consider and understand the importance of politics. The stakes in these stories are immense, and the fate of a country is often in the hands of one individual. Political corruption, organized crime, terrorism, and warfare are common themes.

Political thrillers can be based on facts such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy or the Watergate Scandal. There is a strong overlap with the conspiracy thriller.
King Arthur Castle
King Arthur Castle is a 7,344-foot-elevation (2,238-meter) summit located in the Grand Canyon, in Coconino County of northern Arizona, US. It is situated one-half mile northwest of Guinevere Castle, one mile west of Excalibur, and two miles east-southeast of Holy Grail Temple, within the Shinumo Amphitheater. Topographic relief is significant as it rises over 5,100 feet (1,600 meters) above the Colorado River in 4.5 miles (7.2 km). According to the Köppen climate classification system, King Arthur Castle is located in a cold semi-arid climate zone, with precipitation runoff draining west to the Colorado River via Shinumo Creek.

Harvey Butchart
John Harvey Butchart (May 10, 1907 – May 29, 2002) was an American hiker and mathematician who was well known for his exploits in and around the Grand Canyon in Arizona, United States. Beginning in 1945, Butchart explored the Grand Canyon's backcountry on foot. He wrote extensively about his adventures and influenced generations of canyoneers.
Bandiat
The Bandiat (French pronunciation: [bɑ̃dja]) is a small river in western France, a left tributary of the Tardoire. It flows through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Charente departments. It is 91.4 km (56.8 mi) long.

Charente
Charente (French: [ʃaʁɑ̃t] ⓘ; Saintongese: Chérente; Occitan: Charanta [tʃaˈɾantɔ]) is a department in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France. It is named after the river Charente, the most important and longest river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited. In 2019, it had a population of 352,015.
Lutfor Rahman Khan Azad
Lutfor Rahman Khan Azad is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a former Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Tangail-3 constituency. He served as the state minister of 5 different ministries during 2001–2006 in the Third Khaleda Cabinet - Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Labour and Employment, Ministry of Jute, Ministry of NGO Affairs, and Ministry of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment.

Ministry of Science and Technology (Bangladesh)
The Ministry of Science and Technology (Bengali: বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি মন্ত্রণালয়; Bijñāna ō prajukti Montronaloya) (abbreviated as MOST)  is a ministry of the government of Bangladesh which coordinates science and technology activities in Bangladesh.
Mimoschinia
Mimoschinia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Mimoschinia rufofascialis, the rufous-banded pyralid moth or barberpole caterpillar, which is found in the Caribbean, from Alberta to British Columbia, south to Texas and California and in Mexico.

The wingspan is 14–18 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from January to October, with most records from June to September.

The larvae feed on various Malvaceae species, including Malvastrum, Abutilon, Wissadula, Sida, Alcea and Malvella species. They feed on the seeds of their host plant.

Malvaceae
Malvaceae (/mælˈveɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include cacao, cola, cotton, okra, roselle and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species).
Cherry River (Quebec)
The Cherry River or Rivière aux Cerises is a river in Magog, Quebec that is part of the Lake Memphremagog watershed. This river flows through the cities Orford, then Magog, in the Memphremagog Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Estrie, in Quebec, in Canada.

The river was flooded by the creation of dams in the late 19th century, creating a permanent wetland around it.

Mont Orford
Mount Orford (French: Mont Orford) is a mountain and ski resort located in the Mont-Orford National Park in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada. It is 10 km (6 mi) northwest of the centre of the city of Magog.
Philippines at the 2015 Summer Universiade
The Philippines participated at the 2015 Summer Universiade in Gwangju, South Korea.

For the first time in three appearances at the Universiade, the Philippines did not send a delegation for basketball. The Philippine Olympic Committee was criticized by PSL President Susan Papa for prohibiting players from its member national sports associations from participating at the tournament.

2015 Summer Universiade
The 2015 Summer Universiade (Korean: 2015년 하계 유니버시아드, romanized: Icheon sip-o nyeon Hagye Yunibeosiadeu), officially known as the XXVIII Summer Universiade (Korean: 제28회 하계 유니버시아드, romanized: Jeisippalhoe Hagye Yunibeosiadeu) and also known as Gwangju 2015 (Korean: 광주2015, romanized: Gwangju Icheon sip-o) was a multi-sport event for student and youth athletes sanctioned by the International University Sports Federation (FISU), held in the city of Gwangju, South Korea. It took place from July 3 to July 14, 2015.
East Division (CFL)
The East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League, its counterpart being the West Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the East Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues.

The four teams in the division are the Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Montreal Alouettes, and Ottawa Redblacks.  Several now-defunct teams have also played in the East Division including two teams from the United States and a large number of teams that have played in Hamilton, Montreal, and Ottawa prior to the current teams from those cities.  Additionally, current West Division team, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers have, in the past, spent a number of seasons in the East over three separate stints.

Ottawa Renegades
The Ottawa Renegades were a Canadian Football League franchise based in Ottawa, Ontario founded in 2002, six years after the storied Ottawa Rough Riders folded. After four seasons, the Renegades franchise was suspended indefinitely by the league due to financial instability, and its players were absorbed by the other teams in a dispersal draft.

After two years in limbo, the Renegades franchise was awarded to Jeff Hunt, best known as the owner of the Ottawa 67's, in March 2008. The new franchise was revived in 2014 and rebranded as the Ottawa Redblacks. For historical purposes, the CFL classifies the Redblacks, Renegades and Rough Riders as one discontinuous franchise.
The Newberry Consort
The Newberry Consort is an early music ensemble from Chicago, Illinois.  It was established in 1986 and is affiliated with the Newberry Library Center for Renaissance Studies. The Consort is also in residence at the University of Chicago and Northwestern University. Reviewer Alan Artner praised a 2014 performance of the Consort as "...spiritedly played and sung... early music at its committed best."

The group performs music from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque periods featuring a roster of local and international musicians. The Consort has recorded several albums for the Harmonia Mundi USA label.

Early music
Early music generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600–1750) or Ancient music (before 500 AD). Originating in Europe, early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western classical music.
Vladyslav Yavorskyy
Vladyslav Yavorskyy is a gemstone dealer and jeweler based in Bali, Indonesia, United States. He is best known as one of the world's largest dealers and authorities on spinel. He is also the author of at least six gemstone-related books, one of which was named as one of the Best Books for Gem Lovers by JCK magazine in 2016.

Yavorskyy is acknowledged by The New York Times as a worldwide expert on precious gemstones and emerging mines.

Vlad Yavorskyy owns and operates IVY New York, an online jewelry store based originally in the United States, as well as Yavorskyy, his namesake business where he trades gemstones. His work has appeared in publications such as Grazia, Vogue, Allure, InStyle, and Harper's Bazaar. His jewelry has also been featured with celebrities such as Jennifer Lopez, Taylor Swift, and Rihanna.

Grazia
Grazia (Italian: [ˈɡrattsja]; Italian for 'Grace'; stylized in all caps) is a weekly women's magazine that originated in Italy with international editions printed in Albania, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Colombia, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, India, Jordan, North Macedonia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Pakistan, Qatar, Serbia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, and the United Kingdom.
Euphorbia rockii
Euphorbia rockii (syn. Chamaesyce rockii) is a rare species of flowering plant in the euphorb family known by the common names Koolau Range sandmat and Rock's broomspurge. It is endemic to Oʻahu, Hawaii, where it is known only from the Koʻolau Mountains. There are 200 to 300 plants remaining. Like other Hawaiian euphorbs, this plant is known locally as ʻakoko.

The remaining plants exist in fewer than 10 subpopulations on the peaks of the Koʻolau Mountains, where they often grow in wet forests and shrublands. The plant is threatened by the destruction and degradation of its habitat. The main agents of damage to the habitat are feral pigs and non-native plant species such as strawberry guava (Psidium littorale) and Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta).

This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Feral pig
A feral pig is a domestic pig which has gone feral, meaning it lives in the wild. The term feral pig has also been applied to wild boars, which can interbreed with domestic pigs. They are found mostly in the Americas and Australia. Razorback and wild hog are sometimes used in the United States in reference to feral pigs or boar–pig hybrids.
Sir Hector Maclean, 5th Baronet
Sir Hector Maclean, 5th Baronet of Morvern (c. 1700–1750/1751) was the 21st Clan Chief of Clan Maclean from 1716 to 1750. He was raised to the Jacobite Peerage of Scotland as Lord Maclean on 17 December 1716, a title to pass on his male heirs.

Jacobite peerage
The Jacobite peerage includes those peerages created by James II and VII, and the subsequent Jacobite pretenders, after James's deposition from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland following the Glorious Revolution of 1688. These creations were not recognised in English, Scots or Irish law, but the titles were used in Jacobite circles in Continental Europe and recognised by France, Spain and the Papacy.

Jacobite peerages ceased to be created after 1760 except for a title created by the "Young Pretender", Prince Charles Edward Stuart, for his illegitimate daughter in or before 1783. The following tables list the peerages and baronetcies created by the Stuart claimants in exile.
Ahmad Afandi Abdulaev
Ahmad Afandi Abdulaev (Avar: АхӀмад ХӀажи ГӀабдулаев, Russian: Абдулаев, Ахмад Магомедович; born 15 September 1959, Upper Inkho, Gumbetovsky district) is the mufti of Dagestan, Russia. He serves as Chairman of the Muftiate of the Republic of Dagestan, Sheikh of Naqshbandi and Shadhili tariqas, one of the spiritual leaders of Dagestani Muslims.

Muftiate
A muftiate is an administrative territorial entity, mainly in the post-Soviet and Southeast European states, under the supervision of a mufti. In the post-Yugoslavia states, spiritual administrations similar to the muftiate are called riyasat.

A grand muftiate is more significant than a muftiate, and is presided over by a grand mufti.

A grand muftiate or muftiate is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the directorate, and oversees the local boards, clerics, mosques, and trusteeships. The structure of Russian- and south-eastern European muftiates were never prescribed by Islamic doctrine, but instead are based on the principle of an all-encompassing legal and administrative order in parallel fashion to Christian dioceses with the purpose of regulating the Islamic religion.
Silicon Glen
Silicon Glen is the nickname given to the high tech sector of Scotland, the name inspired by Silicon Valley in California. It is applied to the Central Belt triangle between Dundee, Inverclyde and Edinburgh, which includes Fife, Glasgow and Stirling; although electronics facilities outside this area may also be included in the term.  The term has been in use since the 1980s.  It does not technically represent a glen as it covers a much wider area than just one valley.

National Semiconductor
National Semiconductor Corporation was an American semiconductor manufacturer, which specialized in analog devices and subsystems, formerly headquartered in Santa Clara, California. The company produced power management integrated circuits, display drivers, audio and operational amplifiers, communication interface products and data conversion solutions. National's key markets included wireless handsets, displays and a variety of broad electronics markets, including medical, automotive, industrial and test and measurement applications.

On September 23, 2011, the company formally became part of Texas Instruments as the "Silicon Valley" division.
Hannibal Potter
Hannibal Potter (1592–1664) was an English clergyman and college head in Oxford during the First English Civil War. He was removed as President of Trinity College, Oxford in 1648 by the Parliamentary visitors, regaining the position in 1660.

Trinity College, Oxford
Trinity College (full name: The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity in the University of Oxford, of the foundation of Sir Thomas Pope (Knight)) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, on land previously occupied by Durham College, home to Benedictine monks from Durham Cathedral.

Despite its large physical size, the college is relatively small in terms of student numbers at approximately 400. It was founded as a men's college and has been coeducational since 1979. As of 2023, the total funds of Trinity amounted to more than £224 million, including a financial endowment of £191 million.

Trinity has produced three British prime ministers, placing it third after Christ Church and Balliol in terms of former students who have held that office.
Shadow library
Shadow libraries, also referred to as pirate libraries or black open access, are online repositories of freely available digital media that are normally paywalled, access-controlled, or otherwise not readily accessible. Shadow libraries usually contain textual works such as academic papers and ebooks, and may include other digital media like software, music, or films.

Anna's Archive, Library Genesis, Sci-Hub, UbuWeb and Z-Library are some of the most popular shadow libraries for books and academic literature.

UbuWeb
UbuWeb is a digital library of freely downloadable avant-garde art, film, music as well as visual, concrete and sound poetry. The site includes mp3 archives of early internet and sound art. The site was created by poet Kenneth Goldsmith in 1996 to provide web-based educational resources to "a substantial user base." In the book Duchamp is my Lawyer: The Polemics, Pragmatics, and Poetics of UbuWeb, Goldsmith notes that "it’s hard to say exactly who these users are since we don’t keep tabs on them."

In January 2024, UbuWeb announced it was no longer active, posting: "As of 2024, UbuWeb is no longer active. The archive is preserved for perpetuity, in its entirety". In February 2025 the site resumed its activities, citing the "political changes in America and elsewhere around the world" as a reason to be active again.
Highly accelerated stress test
The highly accelerated stress test (HAST) method was first proposed by Jeffrey E. Gunn, Sushil K. Malik, and Purabi M. Mazumdar of IBM.

The acceleration factor for elevated humidity is empirically derived to be

is a value which normally goes from 0.1 to 0.15

where RHs is the stressed humidity, RHo is the operating-environment humidity, and n is an empirically derived constant (usually 1 < n < 5).

The acceleration factor for elevated temperature is derived to be

where Ea is the activation energy for the temperature-induced failure (most often 0.7 eV for electronics), k is the Boltzmann constant, To is the operating temperature in kelvins, and Ts is the stressed temperature.

Therefore the total acceleration factor for unbiased HAST testing is

Operating temperature
An operating temperature is the allowable temperature range of the local ambient environment at which an electrical or mechanical device operates. The device will operate effectively within a specified temperature range which varies on the basis of the device's function and application context, and ranges from the minimum operating temperature to the maximum operating temperature (or peak operating temperature). Outside this range of safe operating temperatures the device may fail.

It is one component of reliability engineering.

Similarly, biological systems remain viable in a temperature range that equates to an operating temperature.
Hafjell
Hafjell is a village and a ski resort in Norway, in the Øyer Municipality in Innlandet county.

Hafjell hosted the alpine skiing events (giant slalom and slalom) at the 1994 Winter Olympics; the speed events were held at Kvitfjell, a regular stop on the World Cup tour for men's speed events in March.  Hafjell occasionally hosts World Cup slalom and giant slalom races, last in 2006 (women) and 1996 (men's and women's finals).

Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area–a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In North America, it is more common for ski areas to exist well away from towns, so ski resorts usually are destination resorts, often purpose-built and self-contained, where skiing is the main activity.