hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthrodesis
Arthrodesis, also known as joint fusion, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed by pain medication, splints, or other normally indicated treatments. The typical causes of such pain are fractures which disrupt the joint, severe sprains, and arthritis. It is most commonly performed on joints in the spine, hand, ankle, and foot. Historically, knee and hip arthrodeses were also performed as pain-relieving procedures, but with the great successes achieved in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthrodesis of these large joints has fallen out of favour as a primary procedure, and now is only used as a procedure of last resort in some failed arthroplasties.

Knee
In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the human body. The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis.

It is often termed a compound joint having tibiofemoral and patellofemoral components. (The fibular collateral ligament is often considered with tibiofemoral components.)
The Vampire Lestat
The Vampire Lestat (1985) is a vampire novel by American writer Anne Rice, the second in her Vampire Chronicles, following Interview with the Vampire (1976). The story is told from the point of view of the vampire Lestat de Lioncourt, while Interview is narrated by Louis de Pointe du Lac.

The novel follows Lestat's rise to fame as a 1980s rockstar, his early experiences as a vampire, and his search for meaning and connection in his vampiric existence. It also offers some of Lestat's perspective on the events of Interview with the Vampire, which has been published as an in-universe novel by the journalist, Daniel Molloy.

Michiko Kakutani
Michiko Kakutani (ミチコ・カクタニ, 角谷 美智子; born January 9, 1955) is an American writer and retired literary critic, best known for reviewing books for The New York Times from 1983 to 2017. In that role, she won the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 1998.
Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power
Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power (Chinese: 慈雲山建設力量) was a local political group based in Tsz Wan Shan of Wong Tai Sin District founded in January 2015 by a group of HKGolden netizens. Inspired by the Umbrella Revolution, the group contested in the 2015 District Council election but failed to win any seats.  It won two seats in a historic pro-democracy landslide in 2019 District Council election.

Tsz Wan Shan
Tsz Wan Shan (Chinese: 慈雲山; Jyutping: ci4 wan4 saan1) is a residential area in Kowloon, Hong Kong. Located below Temple Hill, it is administratively part of Wong Tai Sin District. Temple Hill is also called Tsz Wan Shan 慈雲山, but Tsz Wan Shan usually refers to the area.

It is a densely populated residential area, consisting of several large public housing estates. The old Tsz Wan Shan housing blocks (64 buildings in total) were demolished between late 1980s and mid 1990s.
Rolf Monsen
Rolf Monsen (January 8, 1899 – April 28, 1987) was an American Olympic skier.

Rolf Monsen was born in Oslo, Norway. He competed in ski jumping, cross-country skiing, and Nordic combined. He was a member of three U.S. Olympic teams, 1928, 1932 and 1936. His best Olympic result was at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, where he placed sixth in ski jumping. Although unable to compete due to an injury, he was chosen to be the U.S. Team flag bearer at the 1936 Olympic Games.

During World War II, he worked with the United States Department of Defense to help train Ski Troops at the 10th Mountain Division. He later helped to promote skiing as at the Sugarbush Resort in Warren, Vermont.  He was elected to the National Ski Hall of Fame in 1964.

National Ski Hall of Fame
The U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame and Museum is located in Ishpeming, Michigan, the birthplace of organized skiing in the United States. Located in the state's Upper Peninsula, the building includes the hall of fame and museum, as well as a theater, library, gift shop, offices, and ample storage space for archive material and collections. The current building opened in 1992.
Burton Abbott
Burton Wilbur Abbott (February 8, 1928 – March 15, 1957) was an American man who was convicted of the rape and murder of 14-year-old Stephanie Bryan in Berkeley, California.

Abbott's wife discovered the evidence in their home's basement and Stephanie's body was found buried near the Abbott family's cabin. On January 25, 1956, he was sentenced to death in California's gas chamber. On March 15, 1957, a (second) one-hour stay of execution from the governor of California was communicated to the prison moments too late to halt his execution.

The case is sometimes cited when discussing the appropriateness of condemning a person based on circumstantial evidence alone. However, "most criminal convictions are based on circumstantial evidence, although it must be adequate to meet established standards of proof."

Stay of execution
A stay of execution (Law Latin: cesset executio, "let execution cease") is a court order to temporarily suspend the execution of a court judgment or other court order. The word "execution" refers to the imposition of whatever judgment is being stayed and is similar to an injunction.

A stay can be granted automatically by operation of law or by order of a court, either following a motion or by agreement of the parties. If a party appeals a decision, any judgment issued by the original court may be stayed until the appeal is resolved.
Dental alveolus
Dental alveoli (singular alveolus) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connects the roots of the teeth and the alveolus is called a gomphosis (plural gomphoses). Alveolar bone is the bone that surrounds the roots of the teeth forming bone sockets.

In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla, the premaxilla, and the mandible.

Premaxilla
The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla. The "premaxilla" of therian mammals has been usually termed as the incisive bone. Other terms used for this structure include premaxillary bone or os premaxillare, intermaxillary bone or os intermaxillare, and Goethe's bone.
Lounge Chair (film)
Lounge Chair (French: La méridienne) is a 1988 Swiss-French drama film directed by Jean-François Amiguet. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 61st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Un Certain Regard
Un Certain Regard (French: [œ̃ sɛʁtɛ̃ ʁəɡaʁ]; 'A Certain Glance') is a section of the Cannes Film Festival's official selection. It is run at the salle Debussy, parallel to the competition for the Palme d'Or. This section was introduced in 1978 by Gilles Jacob.

The section presents 20 films with unusual styles and non-traditional stories seeking international recognition.

Since 1998, the section has awarded the Un Certain Regard Prize to one film in the lineup, recognising emerging talent and innovative work. At the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, Killer by Darezhan Omirbaev was named the inaugural winner, while The Mysterious Gaze of the Flamingo by Diego Céspedes is the most recent winner (2025).
Punta Delgada, Argentina
Punta Delgada is a locality and tourist resort on the Valdes Peninsula in Biedma Department in the north of the province of Chubut, Argentina. It is situated on the Golfo Nuevo.

The main attractions are a colony of elephant seals and an active lighthouse built in 1905. The buildings around the lighthouse have been converted into a hotel and restaurant, to accommodate visitors to the area. The 14-metre-high (46 ft) cast-iron lighthouse tower contains a Fresnel lens, which emits a pattern of three white flashes every twenty-five seconds.

Golfo Nuevo
Golfo Nuevo (Spanish for "New Gulf") is a body of water formed by the Península Valdés and Punta Ninfas in the province of Chubut in the Argentine Patagonia.  It is located 650 miles (1,050 km) southwest of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Puerto Madryn is its major seaport.
Abossey Okai
Abossey Okai is a town in the Ablekuma Central District which hosts the largest automobile-parts market of Ghana in the Greater Accra region. This Neighborhood has variety of workshops for metal engineering and vehicle repairs. It borders the Kaneshie market to the north and Sabon Zango to the south.

Ablekuma Central Municipal Assembly
Ablekuma Central Municipal Assembly is one of the twenty-nine districts in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Accra Metropolitan District in 1988, until a small portion of the district was split off to create Ablekuma Central Municipal District on 19 February 2019; thus the remaining part has been retained as Accra Metropolitan District. The municipality is located in the central part of Greater Accra Region and has Lartebiokorshie as its capital town.
Heptamethine dyes
Heptamethine dyes are a subclass of chemical compounds within the cyanine dye family and have many uses as fluorescent dyes, particularly in biomedical imaging, the development of theranostics, the individualized treatment of cancerous patients with the aid of PDT, co-administration with other drugs, and irradiation.

The characteristics of heptamethine dyes can be understood by comparing research data on different dyes within the family.  For example, the IR-780 dye exhibits a peak spectral absorption of around 780 nm.

Photodynamic therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity).

PDT is used in treating acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, psoriasis, and herpes. It is used to treat malignant cancers, including head and neck, lung, bladder and skin.

Advantages lessen the need for delicate surgery and lengthy recuperation and minimal formation of scar tissue and disfigurement. A side effect is the associated photosensitisation of skin tissue.
La jaula de oro
La jaula de oro (Spanish "the golden cage", not capitalized in Spanish) is a title which can refer to several works:

Jaula de Oro (album), 1984 album by Los Tigres del Norte
"Jaula de oro" (song)

La jaula de oro (1987 film), inspired by the song

La jaula de oro (TV series), a 1997 Mexican soap opera

The Golden Dream (La jaula de oro in Spanish), a 2013 film by Diego Quemada-Díez

La jaula de oro, 1986 poetry collection by Altair Tejeda de Tamez

La jaula de oro (1987 film)
La jaula de oro is a 1987 Mexican film directed by Sergio Véjar inspired by the song of the same name.

The cast features Mario Almada, Fernando Almada, Cecilia Camacho, Carmen del Valle, Isaura Espinosa, Héctor Sáez, Jorge Hernández Lobo,  Hernán Hernández, Raul Hernandez, Katy Rojo (la de las vocales) and Bernabé Melendrez.
PDXS
PDXS was a biweekly tabloid newspaper in Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon from 1991 to 1998. It was founded by Jim Redden, previously a reporter with Willamette Week and subsequently with the Portland Tribune, and his brother Bill Redden, who went on to become a public defender. PDXS focused on arts and culture, as well as news coverage (typically exposé journalism and conspiracy theory.)

PDXS was one of several "local culture" periodicals that launched in the early 1990s, alongside Face Value, Art Rag, Paperback Jukebox, Snipehunt, Metropolis, and Plazm, alongside Reflex, which was published in nearby Seattle and covered the Portland art scene.

Plazm (magazine)
Plazm magazine has been published since 1991 by a collective of designers, writers, and others in Portland, Oregon, United States. The complete catalog of Plazm magazine is included in the permanent collections of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Princeton University, and the Denver Art Museum.
Paul Kuczo
Paul Jams Kuczo (February 4, 1903 – December 4, 1970) was an American football player.

Kuczo was born in Stamford, Connecticut, in 1903. He attended Stamford High School where he played football, baseball (as a pitcher), and basketball (as a guard and forward).

He played college football as the quarterback for Villanova. He was captain of the 1927 Villanova Wildcats football team that compiled a 6–1 record.

He played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Staten Island Stapletons. He appeared in four NFL games, one as a starter, during the 1929 season.

He also played baseball. He was a pitcher for Villanova's baseball team. After graduating from Villanova, he played for Stamford and Bridgeport, Connecticut, in the Eastern League.

After retiring as a player, Kuczo was the football coach at Stamford High School from 1928 to 1968. His teams won Connecticut state championships in 1937, 1950, 1952, and 1953.

Villanova Wildcats football
The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, known as Division I-AA until 2006).

The Wildcats compete in the Coastal Athletic Association for football only. They play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000. They are led by head coach Mark Ferrante. Former head coach Andy Talley was head coach of the program from its reinstatement in 1985 through 2016 and led the program to its first NCAA Division I FCS national championship in 2009.
Lafayette transmitter
Lafayette transmitter was a large facility used for transatlantic VLF-transmission, located at Marcheprime, Aquitaine, France.  The Lafayette transmitter used an antenna, which was carried by eight free-standing lattice towers (each 250 metres tall) with triangular cross-sections, which were the second tallest free-standing towers in the world. The 250-meter-high tripod pylons were supplied by Pitt-Des Moines Co steelworks in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and transported by water to Bordeaux.

In 1944 the installations of Lafayette transmitter were destroyed by retreating German troops. The last of the towers was demolished in 1953.

Aquitaine
Aquitaine (UK: /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/, US: /ˈækwɪteɪn/; French: [akitɛn] ⓘ; Occitan: Aquitània [akiˈtanjɔ]; Basque: Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region. Since 1 January 2016 it has been part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is situated in the southwest corner of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of five departments: Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes, and Gironde. The Romans established Gallia Aquitania as a province. In the Middle Ages, Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy whose boundaries fluctuated considerably. For most of Aquitaine's written history, Bordeaux has been a vital port and administrative centre.
Justin Quarry
Justin Quarry is an American writer.  He is a graduate of the MFA Program in Creative Writing at the University of Virginia, where he was a Henry Hoyns Fellow.  His essays have appeared in The New York Times, The Guardian, The New York Daily News, Salon, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and Longreads.  His  short stories have been published in a number of magazines, including TriQuarterly, The Southern Review, New England Review, Alaska Quarterly Review, Sou'wester, CutBank, and The Normal School, which awarded him the Normal Prize in Fiction. He is also the recipient of the Robert Olen Butler Short Fiction Prize, a grant from the Elizabeth George Foundation, and an Individual Artist Fellowships from both the Tennessee Arts Commission and the Arkansas Arts Council.

He teaches English and creative writing at Vanderbilt University.

CutBank
CutBank is a literary journal that is affiliated with the University of Montana's creative writing program. The journal was founded in 1973 with the help of William Kittredge among others. It is the third incarnation of the magazine at the university. The first was founded in 1920 and called the Montanan which was later changed to Frontier. It awards the prestigious Montana Prize in Fiction, Montana Prize in Creative Nonfiction, and Patricia Goedicke Prize in Poetry. It publishes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, reviews, and art, twice a year.

The 2012 Montana Prize in Fiction went to Matt Valentine, while the Montana Prize in Creative Nonfiction went to Daisy Pitkin, and the Patricia Goedicke Prize in Poetry went to Jeff Downey.

Previous contributors to CutBank include Steve Almond, Pam Houston, Jacob M. Appel, and Dara Wier.
Albertine Thackwell
Albertine Anne Thackwell (19 June 1863 – 22 September 1944) was a British archer who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. She was born in Alcester. Thackwell competed at the 1908 Games in the only archery event open to women, the double National round competition. She took 15th place in the event with 484 points.

She died at her home in Little Comberton on 22 September 1944.

Little Comberton
Little Comberton is a small village in Worcestershire, England. It is located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the southeast of Pershore.

The name Comberton derives from the Old English Cumbraingtūn meaning 'settlement connected with Cumbra'.

The Rectorship of Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcestershire, was held by the Lowndes family continuously for 113 years. The Rev. William Dobson Lowndes was Rector for 43 years, and his father The Rev. Edward Spencer Lowndes also had been Rector, and his grandfather The Rev. William Parker also had been Rector.

Little Comberton has a village website: www.little-comberton.com.
Margaret Merrell
Margaret Merrell (December 3, 1900 – 21, 1995) was an American biostatistician who taught at Johns Hopkins University for many years and became the first female full professor in the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. She is known for her research with Lowell Reed on the construction of life tables. She also observed that, for longitudinal data on individuals, fitting a curve to each individual and then averaging the parameters describing the curve will typically give different results than averaging the data values of the individuals and fitting a single curve to the averaged data.

Biostatistics
Biostatistics (sometimes referred to as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in the biological sciences, with a focus on clinical medicine and public health applications. 
The field encompasses the design of experiments, the collection and analysis of experimental and observational data, and the interpretation of the results.
It is closely related to medical statistics.
Race and Social Problems
Race and Social Problems is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the sociology of race and ethnicity. It was established in 2009 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. It is the official journal of the Center on Race and Social Problems at the University of Pittsburgh. The editor-in-chief is Gary F. Koeske (University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.104.

University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work
The University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work is the social work school of the University of Pittsburgh. Established in 1918, it is located in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The school also administers the statewide Child Welfare Education and Research Programs from the Oakland Campus and the Child Welfare Resource Center for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.
Sank, Missouri
Sank is an unincorporated community in the south-central part of Liberty Township in Bollinger County, Missouri, United States. The community is accessed via a county road, one mile north of Missouri Route 51. The confluence of Clubb and Hawker creeks lies just to the southwest of the location and the Sank State Wildlife Area is located along the south side of Route 51 and Hawker Creek. Zalma lies four miles to the southwest and Dongola is three miles east. Marble Hill is about nine miles to the north-northeast along Route 51.

Hawker Creek
Hawker Creek is a stream in Bollinger County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It was a tributary to the Castor River, but now flows into the Headwater Diversion Channel.

Hawker Creek thas the name of a pioneer who settled near it.
Journal of Individual Differences
The Journal of Individual Differences is an academic journal covering personality psychology published by Hogrefe Publishing. The editor in chief is Martin Voracek (University of Vienna).

The Journal of Individual Differences publishes research on individual differences in behavior, emotion, cognition, and their developmental aspects. It endeavors to integrate fields - for instance molecular genetics and theories of complex behavior.

Hogrefe Publishing Group
Hogrefe Publishing Group is an international company that publishes academic journals and books in the fields of psychology and psychiatry.

The first company in the group, Hogrefe Verlag, was founded in 1949 by Carl Jürgen Hogrefe in Göttingen, Germany, where it is still based today. The group now includes publishing companies in fifteen countries. It has been publishing journals in North America in the 1970s, where its local division, Hogrefe Publishing Corp., was originally based in Toronto, Canada. Its North American division headquarters was relocated to the United States in the late 1980s to Boston, Massachusetts.
Stephen I of Pécs
Stephen I was the third known bishop of Pécs (Hungarian: I. István pécsi püspök) in the Kingdom of Hungary around 1093. His name was only maintained by a 15th-century copy of an obviously falsified charter dated to 1093. In this year, according to the charter, King Ladislaus I of Hungary, along with the archbishop of Esztergom and other prelates of the kingdom, determined the borders between the Archdiocese of Kalocsa and the Diocese of Pécs. The charter also relates that the monarch took into account both the testimony of Archbishop Desiderius of Kalocsa, and the deed of foundation of the bishopric of Pécs. Although the charter itself is not authentic, it may well have preserved the memory of a bishop of Pécs named Stephen from the end of the 11th century.

Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét
The Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét (Hungarian: Kalocsa–Kecskeméti Főegyházmegye, Latin: Archidioecesis Colocensis–Kecskemetensis) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Hungary. The diocese is the metropolitan of the Diocese of Pécs and the Diocese of Szeged–Csanád. Its patron saint is Saint Paul. The current archbishop is Balázs Bábel, who was appointed in 1999.
23rd Game Developers Choice Awards
The 23rd Game Developers Choice Awards was an award ceremony by Game Developers Choice Awards for outstanding game developers and video games which was held on March 22, 2023. The ceremony was held alongside the Independent Games Festival awards.

Pentiment (video game)
Pentiment is a 2022 adventure role-playing video game developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Xbox Game Studios. The game was released for Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on November 15, 2022. The Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation 5 versions were released on February 22, 2024. It received positive reviews from critics and won a Peabody Award in 2023.