hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polarizer
A polarizer or polariser is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. It can filter a beam of light of undefined or mixed polarization into a beam of well-defined polarization, known as polarized light. Polarizers are used in many optical techniques and instruments. Polarizers find applications in photography and LCD technology. In photography, a polarizing filter can be used to filter out reflections.

The common types of polarizers are linear polarizers and circular polarizers. Polarizers can also be made for other types of electromagnetic waves besides visible light, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays.

Extinction ratio
In telecommunications, extinction ratio (re) is the ratio of two optical power levels of a digital signal generated by an optical source, e.g., a laser diode. The extinction ratio may be expressed as a fraction, in dB, or as a percentage. It may be given by

where P1 is the optical power level generated when the light source is on, and P0 is the power level generated when the light source is off.

The polarization extinction ratio (PER) is the ratio of optical powers of perpendicular polarizations, usually called TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic). In telecommunications, the PER is used to characterize the degree of polarization in a polarization-maintaining device polarization-maintaining optical fiber. For coherent transmitter and receiver, the PER is a key parameter, since X polarization and Y polarization are coded with different signals.
SN 2005bc
SN 2005bc was a Type Ia supernova occurring in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 5698, located in the northern constellation of Boötes. SN 2005bc was discovered on 2 April 2005 by LOSS and independently by Tim Puckett and L. Cox. It was positioned at an offset of 4.6″ east and 7.5″ north of the galactic nucleus. The supernova was at magnitude 16.4 at discovery, and quickly rose to a peak magnitude of around 15.3 (in visible light) just over a week after discovery. It showed an expansion velocity of 12,000 km/s. By mid-May, the supernova had faded to 17th magnitude.

The host galaxy, NGC 5698, along with the supernova lie approximately 129 million light-years (~40 million parsecs) from Earth. As the supernova was of Type Ia, its progenitor star was a compact white dwarf star that exceeded the Chandrasekhar limit.

Chandrasekhar limit
The Chandrasekhar limit (/ˌtʃəndrəˈʃeɪkər/) is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. These stars resist gravitational collapse primarily through electron degeneracy pressure, compared to main sequence stars, which resist collapse through thermal pressure. The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure in the star's core is insufficient to balance the star's own gravitational self-attraction. The value of the Chandrasekhar limit depends upon the ratio of the number of electrons to nucleons (neutrons plus protons) in the star. For small stars this ratio is around 1/2 and the limit is  about 1.44 M☉ (2.765×1030 kg). The limit was named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar who won the 1983 Nobel prize together with William Alfred Fowler for work on stellar models.
Girolamini, Naples
The Church of the Girolamini (also spelled Gerolomini), also known as the Church of Saint Philip Neri, is a church and ecclesiastical complex in Naples, Italy. It stands directly across from the Cathedral of Naples on Via Duomo. Its façade faces the square and the street of the same name (Via Tribunali), opposite Santa Maria della Colonna. The complex is located one block west of Via Duomo.

Guido Reni
Guido Reni (Italian pronunciation: [ˌɡwiːdo ˈrɛːni]; 4 November 1575 – 18 August 1642) was an Italian Baroque painter, although his works showed a classical manner, similar to Simon Vouet, Nicolas Poussin, and Philippe de Champaigne. He painted primarily religious works, but also mythological and allegorical subjects. Active in Rome, Naples, and his native Bologna, he became the dominant figure in the Bolognese School that emerged under the influence of the Carracci.
Jofur
Jofur (from Old Norse Jöfurr: "wild boar") is a name used in Nordic literature for the thunder god, mainly as a synonym for Jupiter. Jofur probably originated in the writings of the 17th-century Swedish scientist and writer Olaus Rudbeckius, and has since been used in Nordic poetry, mainly during the Baroque and Rococo eras. Jofur (as a god) does not appear in Norse mythology, even though the word was also used as an honorary title for kings and heroes. The most famous use of the word is in Carl Michael Bellman's (1740-1795) song Fredman's Epistle No. 72 "Glimmande Nymf" ("Glittering Nymph"), which remains very popular and which is frequently sung in renditions by numerous artists.

Olaus Rudbeck
Olaus Rudbeck (also known as Olof Rudbeck the Elder, to distinguish him from his son, and occasionally with the surname Latinized as Olaus Rudbeckius) (13 September 1630 – 12 December 1702) was a Swedish scientist and writer, professor of medicine at Uppsala University, and for several periods rector magnificus of the same university. He was born in Västerås, the son of Bishop Johannes Rudbeckius, who was personal chaplain to King Gustavus Adolphus, and the father of botanist Olof Rudbeck the Younger.  Rudbeck is primarily known for his contributions in two fields: human anatomy and linguistics, but he was also accomplished in many other fields including music and botany. He established the first botanical garden in Sweden at Uppsala, called Rudbeck's Garden, but which was renamed a hundred years later for his son's student, the botanist Carl Linnaeus.
Melina Kibbe
Melina R. Kibbe is an American clinician and researcher in the field of vascular surgery. She is the seventh president of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. She previously served as Dean of the University of Virginia School of Medicine.

Prior to her appointment at Virginia, she held the Colin G. Thomas Jr. Distinguished Professorship and Chair of the Department of Surgery at UNC School of Medicine. Faculty of UVA declared no confidence in Melina Kibbe, alleging ignored and suppressed reports of misconduct. Kibbe is also the editor-in-chief for the journal JAMA Surgery and past president for the Association for Academic Surgery, Midwestern Vascular Surgical Society, and the Association of VA Surgeons. Kibbe's research interests focus on nitric oxide vascular biology and the development of novel and innovative nitric oxide-based therapies for patients with vascular disease.

UNC School of Medicine
The University of North Carolina School of Medicine (UNC School of Medicine, UNC SOM) is the medical school of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Founded in 1879, it is one of the top-ranked medical schools in the US, received a Tier 1 ranking from U.S. News & World Report for both research (10th) and primary care (15th), and was ranked 23rd overall by Admit.org. The school is closely affiliated with UNC Health and UNC Medical Center, and serves as a major center for medical education, clinical care, and biomedical research in North Carolina.

The school offers a range of graduate and professional medical programs, including Doctor of Medicine (MD), combined MD/PhD, and combined MD/MPH degree programs, and academic health science programs including physical therapy, physician assistant, and clinical laboratory science.
Peleng fantail
The Peleng fantail (Rhipidura habibiei) is a fantail endemic to the mountainous areas of Peleng island in Indonesia. It can be distinguished from other species of fantail by the black scaling below its black breast patch, bright white throat, and distinct courtship vocalization. It was described in 2020 alongside 9 other new species and subspecies of birds endemic to islands in Wallacea. All of them were discovered in surveys during 2009 and 2013, the largest discovery of its kind in over a century. It may be potentially threatened by deforestation and climate change-fueled wildfires.

Wallacea
Wallacea /wɒˈleɪsiə/ is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly Indonesian islands separated by deep-water straits from the Asian and Australian continental shelves. Wallacea includes Sulawesi, the largest island in the group, as well as Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, and Timor. The islands of Wallacea lie between the Sunda Shelf (the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java) to the west, and the Sahul Shelf, including Australia, New Guinea, and Maluku islands to the south and east. The total land area of Wallacea is 347,000 km2 (134,000 sq mi).
The Man Who Stayed at Home (1915 film)
The Man Who Stayed at Home is a 1915 British silent thriller film directed by Cecil M. Hepworth and starring Dennis Eadie, Violet Hopson and Alma Taylor. It is based on the play by Lechmere Worrall and J. E. Harold Terry.

Cecil Hepworth
Cecil Milton Hepworth (19 March 1874 – 9 February 1953) was a British film director, producer and screenwriter. He was among the founders of the British film industry and continued making films into the 1920s at his Hepworth Studios. In 1923 his company Hepworth Picture Plays went into receivership.

His works include Alice in Wonderland (1903), the first film adaptation of Lewis Carroll's children's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
Pininyahang manok
Pininyahang manok, commonly anglicized as pineapple chicken, is a Philippine dish consisting of chicken braised in a milk or coconut milk-based sauce with pineapples, carrots, potatoes, and bell peppers. Some variants of the dish use a chicken stock base instead of milk. The dish originates from Southern Luzon which was once a regional center of pineapple fiber (Spanish: piña) production in the Spanish Philippines.

Braising
Braising (from the French word braiser) is a combination cooking method that uses both wet and dry heats: typically, the food is first browned at a high temperature, then simmered in a covered pot in cooking liquid (such as wine, broth, coconut milk, or beer). It is similar to stewing, but braising is done with less liquid and usually used for larger cuts of meat. Braising of meat is often referred to as pot roasting, though some authors make a distinction between the two methods, based on whether additional liquid is added. Osso buco and coq au vin are well known braised meat dishes, and the technique can also be used to prepare fish, tempeh, tofu, or fruits and vegetables.
KUDD
KUDD (105.1 FM, "Mix 105.1") is an American radio station broadcasting a Top 40 (CHR) format serving Salt Lake City and surrounding areas, that's licensed to American Fork, Utah. This station is owned by Dell Loy Hansen, through Broadway Media LS, LLC. Its studios are in Downtown Salt Lake City and its transmitter site is located southwest of the city of Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains.

KUDD has been granted a U.S. Federal Communications Commission construction permit to change the city of license to American Fork, Utah (from Roy, Utah), move to a new transmitter site, decrease ERP to 15,000 watts and increase HAAT to 1,243 meters.

Roy, Utah
Roy is a city in Weber County, Utah, United States, on the west side of Interstate 15. The population in 2020 was 39,306; an increase of 6.6% from 36,884 at the 2010 census. Roy is part of the Ogden-Clearfield metropolitan area, and is considered a suburb of nearby Ogden, although some small businesses are present in Roy.
Electoral results for the district of Albury
Albury, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, was created in 1880.  It was abolished in 1920 when multiple member constituencies were established using the Hare-Clark single transferable vote.  It was re-created in 1927 when the state returned to single member electorates.

Electoral districts of New South Wales
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is elected from single-member electorates called districts, returning 93 members since the 1999 election. Prior to 1927 some districts returned multiple members, including 1920-1927 when all districts returned three, four or five members. Parramatta is the only district to have continuously existed since the establishment of the Assembly in 1856.
Coquard
Coquard is a surname of French =origin. People with that name include:

Arthur Coquard (1846–1910), French composer and music critic

Bryan Coquard (born 1992),.French cyclist

Jean-Marie Coquard (1859–1933), French Christian medical missionary

Jean-Marie Coquard
Jean-Marie Coquard, SMA (27 November 1859 – 27 June 1933) was a French Christian medical missionary who traveled to Abeokuta, Nigeria, which is the capital of the Ogun State, to provide surgery and care. He was supervisor and visitor at the Abeokuta missionary and doctor to the Egba Government and Royal Family. He established the Sacred Heart Hospital in Abeokuta, and was the longest serving missionary of the Society of African Missions, receiving an OBE for his work.
Thilan Wijesinghe
Thilan Manjith Wijesinghe is a Sri Lankan financier, entrepreneur, former cricketer and musician.

He is currently the chairman of TWCorp (Pvt) Ltd. and Sapphirus Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. Thilan was formerly the chairman and acting CEO of the National Agency for Public Private Partnerships of the Finance Ministry of Sri Lanka from 2017 to 2019, and Digital Commerce Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. which owns www.wow.lk, the largest online mall in Sri Lanka.

He is well known as a former chairman of the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka.

Ananda College
Ananda College (Sinhala: ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලය) is a prestigious Buddhist school in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is often known as "The Pinnacle of Buddhist education". It is the largest national Buddhist school for boys in Sri Lanka, with a student population exceeding 8,000 across 13 grades. It was established as the Buddhist English high school by Colonel Henry Steel Olcott in 1886, following the national renaissance which took place in latter half of the colonial Ceylon.
2017 Dubai Tennis Championships
The 2017 Dubai Tennis Championships (also known as the 2017 Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships for sponsorship reasons) was an ATP 500 event on the 2017 ATP World Tour and a WTA Premier 5 on the 2017 WTA Tour. Both events were held at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The women's tournament took place from February 20 to 26, 2017 while the men's tournament took place from February 27 through March 4, 2017.

Dubai Duty Free Tennis Stadium
The Dubai Duty Free Tennis Stadium is a tennis complex in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The complex is the host of the annual ATP 500 series and WTA 1000 series stop, the Dubai Tennis Championships.  The Dubai Tennis Stadium has a capacity of 5,000 people.
Perennial ryegrass staggers
Perennial ryegrass staggers is poisoning by peramine, lolitrem B, and other toxins that are contained in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and produced by the endophyte fungus Epichloë festucae which can be present in all parts of the grass plant, but tends to be concentrated in the lower part of the leaf sheaths, the flower stalks and seeds. This condition can affect horses, cattle, sheep, farmed deer and llamas. It regularly occurs in New Zealand and is known spasmodically from Australia, North and South America, and Europe.

Epichloë festucae
Epichloë festucae is a systemic and seed-transmissible endophytic fungus of cool season grasses.

First described in 1994, Epichloë festucae is a sister lineage to Epichloë amarillans, Epichloë baconii, Epichloë mollis and Epichloë stromatolonga. Epichloë festucae is found across North America, where it lives in the grass species Bromus kalmii and Elymus spp. (including Elymus patula).
UPS Airlines Flight 1354
UPS Airlines Flight 1354 was a scheduled cargo flight from Louisville, Kentucky, to Birmingham, Alabama. On August 14, 2013, the Airbus A300 flying the route crashed and burst into flames short of the runway on approach to Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport. Both pilots were pronounced dead at the scene of the crash. They were the only people aboard the aircraft. It was the second fatal air crash for UPS Airlines.

First officer (aviation)
In aviation, the first officer (FO), also called co-pilot, is a pilot who serves as the second-in-command of an aircraft, alongside the captain, who is the legal commander. In the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft.
1969 Sun Bowl
The 1969 Sun Bowl was the 36th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, on Saturday, December 20. It featured the Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference and the fourteenth-ranked Nebraska Cornhuskers of the Big Eight Conference.

Jerry Tagge
Jerry Lee Tagge (born April 12, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), World Football League (WFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers, leading them to consecutive national championships in 1970 and 1971.   Tagge played professionally with the Green Bay Packers of the NFL from 1972 to 1974, the San Antonio Wings of the WFL in 1975, and the BC Lions of the CFL from 1977 to 1979.
Ramesh Chand Dhawala
Ramesh Chand Dhawala (born 12 April 1951) is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Ramesh was a member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency in Kangra district. He  contested and won elections from Jawalamukhi constituency in Himachal Pradesh in 2012. Dhawala is become 13th Himachal Assembly pro tem Speaker.

Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
The Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The seat of the Assembly is at Shimla, the capital of the state. There are 68 Members of Legislative Assembly, all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Evinayong
The Diocese of Evinayong is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in Equatorial Guinea. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Malabo, yet depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

Its cathedral is the Catedral de San José, dedicated to Saint Joseph, in the episcopal see of Evinayong, capital of Centro Sur province, Región Continental.

Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)
A metropolis, metropolitanate or metropolitan diocese is an episcopal see whose bishop is the metropolitan bishop or archbishop of an ecclesiastical province. Metropolises, historically, have been important cities in their provinces.
Okuno
Okuno (written: 奥野) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chloe Okuno (born 1987), American film director

Ayaka Okuno (奥野 彩加, born 1995), Japanese tennis player

Fumiko Okuno (奥野 史子, born 1972), Japanese synchronized swimmer

Haruna Okuno (奥野 春菜, born 1999), Japanese sport wrestler

Hiroaki Okuno (volleyball) (奥野 浩昭, born 1960), Japanese volleyball player

Hiroaki Okuno (footballer) (奥埜 博亮, born 1989), Japanese football player

Kaya Okuno (奥野 香耶, born 1991), Japanese voice actress

Keisuke Okuno (奥野 景介, born 1965), Japanese swimmer

Kohei Okuno (奥野 耕平, born 2000), Japanese footballer

Ryosuke Okuno (奥野 僚右, born 1968), Japanese footballer and manager

Seiichiro Okuno (奥野 誠一郎, born 1974), Japanese footballer

Shinsuke Okuno (奥野 信亮, born 1944), Japanese politician

Shohei Okuno (奥野 将平, born 1990), Japanese footballer

Haruna Murayama
Haruna Murayama (村山春菜, Murayama Haruna; née Okuno (奥野), born 18 March 1999) is a Japanese freestyle wrestler. In 2017, she won a gold medal at Paris World Wrestling Championships in 55 kg, later adding to that a gold each in the same weight division at the 2018 and 2023 World Wrestling Championships.
Herraiz
Herraiz or Herráiz (pronounced [eˈrajθ]) is a Spanish surname of Basque origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Elena Herraiz Medina (born 1992), known as Linguriosa, Spanish YouTuber, linguist and teacher

Itmar Esteban Herraiz (born 1983), Spanish cyclist

Pablo Clavería Herráiz (born 1996), Spanish footballer

Rubén Herráiz Alcaraz (born 1993), known as Rufo, Spanish footballer

Itmar Esteban
Itmar Esteban Herraiz (born 19 November 1983) is a Spanish male  track cyclist, riding for the national team. He competed in the sprint events at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships between 2007 and 2011.

As a master, he has multiple medals in Sprint: bronze in 2024 in Roubaix (40-44 group age), silver in 2019 in Manchester (35-39 group age) and in 2025 in Roubaix (40-44 group age) and gold and World Champion in 2023 in Manchester (40-44 group age), as well as bronze medalist in TT event in 2023 in Manchester and silver in 2025 in Roubaix (750m - 40-44 group age).
Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
A number of concerns and controversies surfaced before the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi, India, which received widespread media coverage both in India (the host nation) and the rest of the world.

The Commonwealth Games was severely criticised by several prominent Indian politicians and social activists because millions of dollars have been spent on the sporting event despite the fact that India has one of the world's largest concentration of poor people. Additionally, several other problems related to the 2010 Commonwealth Games have been highlighted by Indian investigative agencies and media outlets; these include – serious corruption by officials of the Games'.

Mani Shankar Aiyar
Mani Shankar Aiyar (born 10 April 1941) is an Indian politician and former diplomat. He is a member of the Indian National Congress party.

He represented the Mayiladuthurai constituency of Tamil Nadu in the 10th Lok Sabha, 13th Lok Sabha, and 14th Lok Sabha. He was a nominated member of parliament from Rajya Sabha.
Issa Kassim
Issa Kassim (born 21 December 1975) is a Kenyan footballer. He played in 26 matches for the Kenya national football team from 2000 to 2004. He was also named in Kenya's squad for the 2004 African Cup of Nations tournament.

Kenya national football team
The Kenya national football team (Swahili: Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Kenya), colloquially known as the Harambee Stars, represents Kenya in association football. It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation, the governing body of football in Kenya, and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA). The team plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the capital, Nairobi.
Andreas Hallén
Johan Andreas Hallén (22 December 1846 – 11 March 1925) was a Swedish Romantic composer, conductor and music teacher, primarily known for his operas, which were heavily influenced by Richard Wagner’s music dramas. Hallén was born in Gothenburg and died in Stockholm, but the early years of his career and most of his education were in Germany. Like his Norwegian contemporary Edvard Grieg and many other composers the same generation, Hallén frequently evokes the folk music and folk stories of his home country in his compositions. According to the musicologist Axel Helmer, however, "The salient feature of his style [...], and the one which strongly affected contemporary reaction, is its close, almost derivative relationship to German music," especially Wagner. Around 1885, Hallén returned to Sweden and continued to conduct and compose, and in later years taught composition at the Stockholm Conservatory.

Musikdrama
Musikdrama is a German word that means a unity of prose and music. Initially coined by Theodor Mundt in 1833, it was most notably used by Richard Wagner, along with Gesamtkunstwerk, to define his operas.