hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
S corporation
An S corporation (or S corp), for United States federal income tax, is a closely held corporation (or, in some cases, a limited liability company (LLC) or a partnership) that makes a valid election to be taxed under Subchapter S of Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, S corporations do not pay any income taxes. Instead, the corporation's income and losses are divided among and passed through to its shareholders. The shareholders must then report the income or loss on their own individual income tax returns.

Internal Revenue Code
The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States. It is codified in statute as Title 26 of the United States Code. The IRC is organized topically into subtitles and sections, covering federal income tax in the United States, payroll taxes, estate taxes, gift taxes, and excise taxes; as well as procedure and administration. The Code's implementing federal agency is the Internal Revenue Service.
Nancledra
50°10′16″N 5°30′28″W﻿ / ﻿50.1712°N 5.5079°W﻿ / 50.1712; -5.5079

Nancledra or Nancledrea is a village in west Cornwall, England, UK.  It is three miles (5 km) south of St Ives and four miles (6.5 km) north-northeast of Penzance. Nancledra is a small village with a population of around 150. The village is in Towednack civil parish in the former mining area of Penwith peninsula.

A pub, The Engine Inn, is situated at Cripplesease just outside the village, but Nancledra has no village shop or Post Office. Nancledra School is situated one mile north of the village on the lane to Towednack at grid reference SW 492 367.

The name of the village probably means valley of Clodri or valley of Cludri.

Robert Morton Nance, one of the chief revivers of the Cornish language, lived in Nancledra.

The local community radio station is Coast FM (formerly Penwith Radio), which broadcasts on 96.5 and 97.2 FM.

Cripplesease
Cripplesease is a hamlet in the civil parishes of Ludgvan and Towednack, Cornwall, UK. The B3311 road from Penzance to St Ives passes through the hamlet with Ludgvan on the eastern side and Towednack on the west side of the road.
Black Flag (insecticide)
Black Flag is the oldest insecticide brand in the United States. Established in 1833, Black Flag makes a variety of products designed for killing and controlling insects and other arthropods including ants, cockroaches, spiders, fleas, flies, yellowjackets, wasps, bees, hornets, and scorpions.

Black Flag also makes a series of pesticide-free insect traps, under the "Motel" brand, including its Roach Motel, Fly Motel, and Yellow Jacket Motel. The common slogan for all of these is that the insects thus trapped "check in, but they don't check out." The traps are disposable and are meant to be discarded once full.

In 2011, Black Flag was purchased by Spectrum Brands.

Spectrum Brands
Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. is an American multinational consumer products conglomerate headquartered in Middleton, Wisconsin. It was established in 2005 as the successor to Rayovac Corporation.

The company manufactures and markets home appliances under the Remington, Black+Decker, George Foreman, and Russell Hobbs brand names, lawn and garden care products under the Spectracide and Garden Safe brand names, and insect repellents under the Cutter and Repel brand names. Spectrum owns several pet care companies, both in the aquarium supply and companion animal trades. In the aquarium business, Spectrum owns Tetra, Whisper, Marineland, Perfecto, Jungle, Instant Ocean, Visi-Therm, and other product lines. Companion animal lines consist of Dingo, Nature's Miracle, Lazy Pet, Wonderbox, Furminator, IAMS, Eukanuba and others. Both aquarium lines and companion lines are part of Spectrum's United Pet Group based in Cincinnati.
Raul Torres (Texas politician)
Raul Torres (born February 6, 1955) is an American certified public accountant and politician who represented District 33 in the Texas House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013. The Republican Torres lost his bid for the seat in 2008 but prevailed in the 2010 general election with 52.5 percent of the vote, when his party gained twenty-four seats across the state.

Torres was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts in the primary election held on March 4, 2014. He finished last with 57,255 votes (4.7 percent) behind State Senator Glenn Hegar of Katy, State Representative Harvey Hilderbran of Kerrville, and Debra Medina.

Kerrville, Texas
Kerrville is a city in and the county seat of Kerr County, Texas, United States.  The population of Kerrville was 24,278 at the 2020 census. Kerrville is named after James Kerr, a major in the Texas Revolution, and friend of settler-founder Joshua Brown, who settled in the area to start a shingle-making camp.

Being nestled in the hills of the Texas Hill Country, Kerrville is best known for its parks that line the Guadalupe River, which runs directly through the city; other features include its nearby youth summer camps, hunting ranches, and RV parks. It is home to the Texas' Official State Arts & Crafts Fair, the Kerrville Folk Festival, the Kerrville Triathlon (since 2011), and the Kerrville Renaissance Festival (since 2017), as well as Mooney Aviation Company, James Avery Jewelry, and Schreiner University. The Museum of Western Art (founded 1983) features the work of living artists specializing in the themes of the American West.
Mannan exo-1,2-1,6-alpha-mannosidase
Mannan exo-1,2-1,6-alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.137, exo-1,2-1,6-alpha-mannosidase, 1,2-1,6-alpha-D-mannan D-mannohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name (1->2)-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannan D-mannohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Hydrolysis of (1->2)-alpha-D- and (1->6)-alpha-D- linkages in yeast mannan, releasing D-mannose

Mannose residues alpha-D-1,3- bonded are released to lesser extent.

Mannans
Mannans are polymers containing the sugar mannose as a principal component.
They are a type of polysaccharide found in hemicellulose, a major source of biomass found in higher plants such as softwoods.  These polymers also typically contain two other sugars, galactose and glucose.  They are often branched (unlike cellulose).
The Seven Sins of Memory
The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers is a book by Daniel Schacter, former chair of Harvard University's Psychology Department and a leading memory researcher.

The book revolves around the theory that "the seven sins of memory" are similar to the seven deadly sins, and that if one tries to avoid committing these sins, it will help to improve one's ability to remember.  Schacter argues that these features of human memory are not necessarily bad, and that they serve a useful purpose in memory.  For instance, persistence is one of the sins of memory that can lead to things like post traumatic stress syndrome. However persistence is also necessary for long-term memory, and so it is essential, according to Schacter.

Long-term memory
Long-term memory (LTM) is the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model in which informative knowledge is held indefinitely. It is defined in contrast to sensory memory, the initial stage, and short-term or working memory, the second stage, which persists for about 18 to 30 seconds. LTM is grouped into two categories known as explicit memory (declarative memory) and implicit memory (non-declarative memory). Explicit memory is broken down into episodic and semantic memory, while implicit memory includes procedural memory and emotional conditioning.
Baron de Binder (1782 ship)
Baron de Binder (or Baron Bender) was launched in 1782. She made two voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. Then in 1793, she became the privateer Duguay-Trouin. After one cruise, the French Navy requisitioned her, and she served as a corvette for almost three years. The navy returned her to her owners, who sailed her as a privateer again. In 1798. the British Royal Navy captured her.

Slave ship
Slave ships were large cargo ships specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting slaves. Such ships were also known as "Guineamen" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the Guinea coast in West Africa.
Stufe (algebra)
In field theory, a branch of mathematics, the Stufe (/ʃtuːfə/; German: level) s(F) of a field F is the least number of squares that sum to −1. If −1 cannot be written as a sum of squares, s(F) = . In this case, F is a formally real field.  Albrecht Pfister proved that the Stufe, if finite, is always a power of 2, and that conversely every power of 2 occurs.

Albrecht Pfister (mathematician)
Albrecht Pfister (born July 30, 1934) is a German mathematician specializing in algebra and in particular quadratic forms.

Pfister received his doctoral degree in 1961 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. The title of his doctoral thesis was Über das Koeffizientenproblem der beschränkten Funktionen von zwei Veränderlichen ("On the coefficient problem of the bounded functions of two variables"). His thesis advisors were Martin Kneser and Karl Stein. In 1966 he received his habilitation at the Georg August University of Göttingen. From 1970 until his retirement he was professor at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz.

In the theory of quadratic forms over fields, the Pfister forms that he introduced in 1965 bear his name.

In 1970, he was an invited speaker on the topic Sums of squares in real function fields at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice.
Mary A. Wray
Mary A. Wray (née Retan; 1804 – October 5, 1892) was an American actress known for her significant contributions to the theater in the 19th century. Beginning her career as a dancer at the Chatham Street Theater in New York City, she quickly rose to prominence in the dramatic arts. Wray's notable performances included roles alongside renowned actors such as Edwin Forrest and Junius Brutus Booth. She was an active member of the American Dramatic Fund for over thirty-five years and was considered the oldest representative of the American stage at the time of her death.

Edwin Forrest
Edwin Forrest (March 9, 1806 – December 12, 1872) was a nineteenth-century American Shakespearean actor. His feud with the British actor William Macready was the cause of the deadly Astor Place Riot of 1849.
Open Pluggable Specification
Open Pluggable Specification (OPS) is a computing module plug-in format available for adding computing capability to flat panel displays.

The format was first announced by NEC, Intel, and Microsoft in 2010.

Computing modules in the OPS format are available on Intel- and ARM-based CPUs, running operating systems including Microsoft Windows and Google Android.

The main benefits of using OPS in digital signage are to reduce setup time and improve integration, while also reducing downtime and maintenance cost by making it extremely easy to replace the computing module in case of a failure.

Digital signage
Digital signage is a segment of electronic signage that uses digital display technologies to present multimedia content in both public and private environments. Content may include video, images, text, or interactive media and is typically displayed for purposes such as advertising, information dissemination, branding, or entertainment.

Digital signage systems can be either networked or standalone. Networked systems are managed through centralized content management systems (CMS), often cloud-based, enabling remote updates, scheduling, real-time data integration, and dynamic content delivery. These systems may also incorporate audience analytics, IoT sensors, or AI-driven personalization.

Standalone systems, by contrast, operate without a network connection. They rely on local media playback via USB drives, SD cards, or internal storage. These solutions are simpler and suitable for locations where connectivity is limited or content changes infrequently.
Children's Film Unit
The Children's Film Unit was a unique British film production unit which offered children from the ages of 10 to 16 the opportunity to learn about all aspects of filmmaking, and to participate as part of the crew in the making of professional-quality feature films. The children were directly involved from the initial concept of a film right through to the completed product.

CFU films had a theatrical release, as well as being shown on British and overseas television, and were exhibited (and sometimes winners) at international film festivals.

The CFU was a registered educational charity. Official patrons included Lord Attenborough, Steven Spielberg, Susannah York, Lord Puttnam, and Sir John Mortimer CBE, QC. The President of the CFU was Prince Edward.

Patsy Byrne
Patricia Anne Thirza Byrne (13 July 1933 – 17 June 2014) was an English actress, best known for her role as "Nursie" in Blackadder II as well as Malcolm's domineering Mother, Mrs Stoneway in all seven series of the ITV comedy Watching  between 1987 and 1993.
Stránecká Zhoř
Stránecká Zhoř is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

Stránecká Zhoř lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of Žďár nad Sázavou, 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Jihlava, and 134 kilometres (83 mi) south-east of Prague.

Žďár nad Sázavou
Žďár nad Sázavou (Czech pronunciation: [ˈʒɟaːr ˈnat saːzavou]; German: Saar) is a town in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The town is an industrial and tourist centre. It is known for the Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Propylamphetamine
Propylamphetamine (code name PAL-424; also known as N-propylamphetamine or NPA) is a psychostimulant of the amphetamine family which was never marketed. It was first developed in the 1970s, mainly for research into the metabolism of, and as a comparison tool to, other amphetamines.

Propylamphetamine is inactive as a dopamine releasing agent in vitro and instead acts as a low-potency dopamine reuptake inhibitor with an IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 1,013 nM. The drug can be N-dealkylated to form amphetamine (10–20% excreted in urine after 24 hours). A study in rats found propylamphetamine to be approximately 4-fold less potent than amphetamine.

Alkylation
Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents). Alkylating agents are reagents for effecting alkylation.  Alkyl groups can also be removed in a process known as dealkylation.  Alkylating agents are often classified according to their nucleophilic or electrophilic character. In oil refining contexts, alkylation refers to a particular alkylation of isobutane with olefins. For upgrading of petroleum, alkylation produces a premium blending stock for gasoline. In medicine, alkylation of DNA is used in chemotherapy to damage the DNA of cancer cells. Alkylation is accomplished with the class of drugs called alkylating antineoplastic agents.
Southern black rhinoceros
The southern black rhinoceros, southern hook-lipped rhinoceros or Cape rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis bicornis) is an extinct subspecies of the black rhinoceros that was once abundant in South Africa from the Cape Province to Transvaal, southern Namibia, and possibly also Lesotho and southern Botswana. Zoos, animal sanctuaries and conservation centers use this same scientific name as an indicating reference to the surviving south-central black rhinoceros. This former species was brought to extinction by excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850.

Cape Province
The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred to as "the Cape Province" (Afrikaans: Kaapprovinsie) and colloquially as "The Cape" (Afrikaans: Die Kaap), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, as well as Walvis Bay, and had Cape Town as its capital. In 1994, the Cape Province was divided into the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces, along with part of the North West.
Jack Cairnes
Jack Cairnes (born April 2, 1943) is an American politician who served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 47th district from 1995 to 2005. A member of the Republican Party, he was defeated by Democrat Pat Sullivan in 2004.

Washington House of Representatives
The Washington House of Representatives is the lower house of the Washington State Legislature, and along with the Washington State Senate makes up the legislature of the U.S. state of Washington. It is composed of 98 Representatives from 49 districts, each of which elects one Senator and two members of the House. They are elected to separate positions with the top-two primary system. All members of the House are elected to a two-year term without term limits. The House meets at the State Capitol in Olympia.
Chester W. Barrows
Chester Willard Barrows (July 4, 1872 – February 19, 1931) was a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court from 1925 until his death in 1931.

Born in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, to William G. and Lydia S. (Willard) Barrows, he attended the public schools of Providence, and graduated from Brown University in 1895, and from Harvard Law School 1898. Gaining admission to the bar in Providence the same year, he entered the practice of law in that city. He served at times as a member of the State Board of Bar Examiners, an instructor in Law at Brown University, and a United States Referee in Bankruptcy.

On January 21, 1925, Barrows was appointed by the state legislature to a seat on the state supreme court vacated by the resignation of Justice Walter B. Vincent.

Barrows married Mary E. Crossley, with whom he had a daughter. He was an independent Republican.

Rhode Island Supreme Court
The Rhode Island Supreme Court is the court of last resort in the U.S. State of Rhode Island. The Court consists of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices, all selected by the Governor of Rhode Island from candidates vetted by the Judicial Nominating Commission. Each justice enjoys lifetime tenure and no mandatory retirement age, similar to Federal judges. Justices may be removed only if impeached for improper conduct by a vote of the Rhode Island House of Representatives and convicted by trial in the Rhode Island Senate.
Salamone
Salamone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexi Salamone (born 1987), ice sledge hockey player

Antonio Salamone (1918–1998), member of the Sicilian Mafia

Francisco Salamone (1897–1959), Argentine architect

Salamone Rossi (ca. 1570–1630), Italian Jewish violinist

Salvatore Salamone, scientist and researcher

Thomas C. Salamone (1927–2014), American politician

Antonio Salamone
Antonio Salamone (12 December 1918 in San Giuseppe Jato – 31 May 1998 in São Paulo) was a member of the Sicilian Mafia and a member of the first Sicilian Mafia Commission. His nickname was “il furbo” – the cunning one.
Pawnee Pass
Pawnee Pass, elevation 12,542 ft (3,823 m), is a mountain pass that crosses the Continental Divide in the Indian Peaks of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado in the United States. It is located near the Long Lake Trailhead in the Brainard Lake Recreation Area of the Indian Peaks Wilderness. The Pawnee Pass Trail goes up the valley through wooded terrain and makes a short climb to Lake Isabelle. The Cascade Creek Trail continues west from Pawnee Pass.

Indian Peaks Wilderness
The Indian Peaks Wilderness is a 73,931 acre wilderness area in north central Colorado managed jointly by the United States Forest Service and the National Park Service within the Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests and small parts of the southern section of Rocky Mountain National Park. It includes over 50 lakes, 28 trails, and numerous glaciers. It was founded as a protected area by an act of Congress in 1978. It borders the James Peak Wilderness to the south, and straddles the Continental Divide.  The area receives high visitation due to its proximity to the Denver metropolitan area.
Supreme Leader (North Korean title)
The supreme leader (Korean: 최고령도자; MR: Ch'oego Ryŏngdoja) is the de facto hereditary leader of the Workers' Party of Korea, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Korean People's Army. The title is honorary, given only after death in the first two cases. More broadly it can also refer to the "Supreme Leader system" (Suryeong-je), which is defined as "a system that aims to ensure continuous leadership by the Supreme Leader across generations." Different titles were used in North Korean propaganda that could be translated from Korean as "Great Leader", "Dear Leader", or "Supreme Leader". Similar to other one-party states, the post of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (titled as Chairman from 1948 to 1966, as First Secretary from 2012 to 2016, and Chairman again from 2016 to 2021) is the first priority political position of the supreme leader.

Korean People's Army
The Korean People's Army (KPA; Korean: 조선인민군; MR: Chosŏn inmin'gun) encompasses the combined military forces of North Korea and the armed wing of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). The KPA consists of five branches: the Ground Force, the Naval Force, the Air Force, the Strategic Force, and the Special Operations Forces. It is commanded by the WPK Central Military Commission, which is chaired by the WPK general secretary, and the president of the State Affairs; both posts are currently headed by Kim Jong Un.

The KPA considers its primary adversaries to be the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and United States Forces Korea, across the Korean Demilitarized Zone, as it has since the Armistice Agreement of July 1953. As of 2021 it is the second largest military organisation in the world, with 29.9% of the North Korean population actively serving, in reserve or in a paramilitary capacity.
Ethnic groups in East Asia
East Asian people (also East Asians) comprise a wide variety of ethnic groups from East Asia, which includes China, Japan, Mongolia,  North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. The total population of all countries within this region is estimated to be 1.677 billion and 21% of the world's population in 2020. However, large East Asian diasporas, such as the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian diasporas, and Taiwanese, as well as diasporas of other East Asian ethnic groups, mean that the 1.677 billion does not necessarily represent an accurate figure for the number of East Asian people worldwide.

The major ethnic groups that form the core of traditional East Asia are the Han Chinese, Koreans, and Yamato. Other ethnic groups of East Asia include the Ainu, Bai, Daur, Manchus, Mongols, Qiang, Ryukyuans, and Tibetans.

Daur people
The Daurs, Dagur, Daghur, or Dahur (Dagur:ᡩᠠᡤᡠᠷDaure; Khalkha Mongolian: Дагуур, Daguur; simplified Chinese: 达斡尔族; traditional Chinese: 達斡爾族; pinyin: Dáwò'ěr zú; Russian: Дауры, Daury) are a Mongolic people originally native to Dauriya and now predominantly located in Northeast China (and Siberia, Russia, in the past). The Daur form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized in the People's Republic of China. They numbered 132,299 according to the latest census (2020) and most of them live in Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner in Hulun Buir, northeastern Inner Mongolia and Meilisi Daur District in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, Northeast China. Some Daur people also live near Tacheng in Xinjiang.