hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nabesna Glacier
Nabesna Glacier is a glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska. Fed by deep snowfall in the Wrangell Mountains, the 53 mile (85 km) long  Nabesna is the longest valley glacier in North America and the world's longest interior valley glacier.

The glacier flows from an extensive icefield which covers the northern flanks of 14,163 feet (4,317 m) Mount Wrangell, a large shield volcano. It heads initially east past other volcanic peaks including Mount Blackburn and Atna Peaks and then turns north to its terminus near 3,000 ft (900 m) elevation, about 15 mi (24 km) south of the old mining settlement of Nabesna at the end of the Nabesna Road. The vast expanse and length of the Nabesna is fed by approximately 40 tributary glaciers. Melting ice at its terminus forms the Nabesna River, which flows northward through Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge and into the Tanana River.

Glacier terminus
A glacier terminus, toe, or snout, is the end of a glacier at any given point in time. Although glaciers seem motionless to the observer, in reality they are in endless motion and the glacier terminus is always either advancing or retreating. The location of the terminus is often directly related to glacier mass balance, which is based on the amount of snowfall which occurs in the accumulation zone of a glacier, as compared to the amount that is melted in the ablation zone. The position of a glacier terminus is also impacted by localized or regional temperature change over time.
Epioblasma othcaloogensis
Epioblasma othcaloogensis, the southern acornshell or southern acorn riffle shell, was a species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae. It was only known from the Coosa and Cahaba Rivers of the southeastern United States.

This species has been heavily impacted by dam construction, dredging, and water pollution. The last living individual was seen in 1974, and subsequent surveys have failed to locate any living populations. Some scientists believe it is now extinct. The US Fish and Wildlife Service delisted the species from the Endangered Species Act effective November 16, 2023, citing extinction.

It appears to be closely related to the critically endangered Epioblasma penita.

Cahaba River
The Cahaba River is the longest substantially free-flowing river in Alabama. It is a major tributary of the Alabama River and part of the larger Mobile River basin. With headwaters near Birmingham, the Cahaba flows southwest, then at Heiberger turns southeast and joins the Alabama River at the ghost town and former Alabama capital of Cahaba in Dallas County. Entirely within central Alabama, the Cahaba River is 194 miles (312 km) long and drains an area of 1,870 square miles (4,800 km2). The name Cahaba is derived from the Choctaw words oka meaning "water" and aba meaning "above"
Roller derby in Germany
By September 2011, there were more than 1,000 amateur roller derby leagues on every inhabited continent in countries such as Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, Belgium, Finland, Sweden and Singapore.

Stuttgart Valley Roller Derby was the first roller derby league to be formed in Germany and the second in Europe, being set up in April 2006. In 2008, they assisted Bear City Roller Derby in establishing itself in Berlin, and by the end of 2009, there were seven leagues in the country.

In October 2010, Bear City was accepted as the first German apprentice member of the WFTDA.

The first German Championship was held in 2010, Stuttgart beating Bear City Roller Derby 128–124 in the final.

WFTDA Apprentice Program
The Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice was the program affiliate of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). In operation from 2009 until early 2019, the Apprentice Program served to onboard new member leagues into the WFTDA. In February 2019, the WFTDA announced it was retiring the program, to be replaced with a new "New Member Program" in the near future.
Emanuel Wirth
Emanuel Wirth (18 October 1842 – 5 January 1923) was a German violinist and violist.

Wirth was born in Žlutice in western Bohemia and studied violin at the Prague Conservatory. He then became the concertmaster of the opera in Rotterdam, where he led his own string quartet, and eventually he joined the Joachim String Quartet along with cellist Robert Hausmann and pianist Heinrich Barth. He remained in the quartet for 30 seasons from 13 October 1877 to 13 May 1907 (year of Joachim's death).

During his time at the Joachim Quartet, Wirth joined the faculty at the Berlin University of the Arts to become Joseph Joachim's assistant and taught violin and viola. Some of his students included Albert Stoessel, Edmund Severn, and Agnes Tschetschulin. August Wilhelmj has said that he was the best violin teacher of his generation.

His son Joseph Wirth married Julia Wirth née Stockhausen (1886–1964), daughter of the singer and voice teacher Julius Stockhausen. Wirth died in Berlin.

Heinrich Barth
Johann Heinrich Barth (/bɑːrθ, bɑːrt/; German: [baʁt]; 16 February 1821 – 25 November 1865) was a German explorer of Africa and scholar.

Barth is thought to be one of the greatest of the European explorers of Africa, as his scholarly preparation, ability to speak and write Arabic, learning African languages, and character meant that he carefully documented the details of the cultures he visited. He was among the first to comprehend the uses of oral history of peoples, and collected many.  He established friendships with African rulers and scholars during his five years of travel (1850–1855).  After the deaths of two European companions, he completed his travels with the aid of Africans. Afterwards, he wrote and published a five-volume account of his travels in both English and German.  It has been invaluable for scholars of his time and since.
Michael McGurk
Michael McGurk (ca. 1883 – 23 June 1948) was a nationalist politician and farmer in Northern Ireland.

McGurk became active in the Irish Home Rule campaign in the early 1900s.  He was subsequently elected to Tyrone County Council and Cookstown Rural District Council.

McGurk was elected to the Parliament of Northern Ireland as an Independent Nationalist and Farmers' candidate at a by-election in Mid Tyrone in 1941.  He held the seat at the 1945 Northern Ireland general election, and was active mainly on agricultural issues. In Parliament, he sat with the Nationalist Party group.

1945 Northern Ireland general election
The 1945 Northern Ireland general election was held on 14 June 1945.  The election saw significant losses for the Ulster Unionist Party, though they retained their majority.

20 MPs were elected unopposed (38%), the vast majority of whom were Ulster Unionists. Four MPs affiliated with the labour movement were elected, a new record that would not be surpassed until 1958.
Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
Soviet space exploration history has been well documented on Soviet stamps. These Soviet stamps cover a broad spectrum of subjects related to the Soviet space program. While much of the focus has been placed on the nation's notable "firsts" in space flight, including: Earth orbiting satellite, Sputnik 1; first animal in space, Sputnik 2, the first human in space and Earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1; first spacewalk, Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2; woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6; Moon impact, 1959, and uncrewed landing; space station; and interplanetary probe; numerous stamps have paid tribute to more general astronomical topics as well.

Observational astronomy
Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments.

As a science, the study of astronomy does not rely on direct experiments with the objects in a distant universe. Rather astronomers have a vast number of visible examples of stellar phenomena that can be examined. This allows for observational data to be plotted on graphs, and general trends recorded. Nearby examples of specific phenomena, such as variable stars, can then be used to infer the behavior of more distant representatives. Those distant yardsticks can then be employed to measure other phenomena in that neighborhood, including the distance to a galaxy.

Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the heavens and recorded what he saw. Since that time, observational astronomy has made steady advances with each improvement in telescope technology.
Hochelaga, Land of Souls
Hochelaga, Land of Souls (French: Hochelaga, Terre des âmes) is a 2017 Canadian historical drama film directed and written by François Girard and starring Gilles Renaud, Samian and Tanaya Beatty. Dramatizing several centuries of Quebec history and the local history of Montreal in particular, the story depicts Quebec archaeology revealing the past of indigenous peoples, explorers and 1837 rebels.

Girard had previously used an anthology approach in his films such as The Red Violin, and was interested in another project that would depict Montreal. It was shot in Montreal, with performances in numerous languages. The film was screened in the Gala Presentations section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. It won four Canadian Screen Awards, including  Best Cinematography for Nicolas Bolduc, and was Canada's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but it was not nominated.

Archaeology of Quebec
Located in east-central Canada, the province of Quebec, in 1972, adopted the Loi sur la Recherche Archéologique or the Archaeological Research Law.  This law stated that all artefacts found in archaeological sites were to be protected as cultural goods.
1866 in birding and ornithology
Richard Owen describes the mandible of the broad-billed parrot.

Philip Sclater Exotic Ornithology (1866–69).

Carl Jakob Sundevall Conspectus avium picinarum, Stockholm [Sweden] :Samson & Wallin, 1866.[on woodpeckers] online BHL

Birds described in 1866 include Cabanis's tanager, bar-winged rail, spot-crowned antvireo, Van Dam's vanga, Mayotte drongo,

Death of Johann Wilhelm von Müller

Death of Philipp Franz von Siebold

Axel Wilhelm Eriksson leaves Sweden for South-West Africa.

Foundation of Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.

Death of Christian Ludwig Landbeck. He had described many bird species in collaboration with Rodolfo Amando Philippi.

Death of Ferdinand Joseph L'Herminier

Philippi, R. A. & Landbeck, L. 1866. Beiträge zur Fauna Chiles. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 32: 121–132.Masafuera rayadito.

Masafuera rayadito
The Masafuera rayadito (Aphrastura masafuerae) is a Critically Endangered species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Alejandro Selkirk Island (Isla Más Afuera, Outermost Island) in the Juan Fernández Islands of Chile.
Xinestosu
Xinestosu is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. It consists of two settlements: Xinestosu
and Los Val.les.

Parish (administrative division)
A parish is an administrative division used by several countries. To distinguish it from an ecclesiastical parish, the term civil parish is used in some jurisdictions, as noted below.

The table below lists countries which use this administrative division:
Wolfgang Hutter
Wolfgang Hutter (December 13, 1928 – September 26, 2014) was a painter, draughtsman, printmaker and stage designer.  Hutter's imagery is characterised by an artificial paradise of gardens and fantastical fairytale-like scenes. His work is said to have been influenced by his psychedelic experiences.

Hutter was born in Vienna. With Jewish origins, the son of A. P. von Gütersloh, Hutter studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna under Professor Robin C. Andersen and then under his father. Together with Ernst Fuchs, Maître Leherb (Helmut Leherb), Rudolf Hausner, Fritz Janschka, Anton Lehmden and Arik Brauer, he is one of the main representatives and founding members of the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism.  Hutter was awarded the UNESCO Prize at the Venice Biennale in 1954.  In 1966, he was appointed a professorship at the University of Applied Arts Vienna.

University of Applied Arts Vienna
The University of Applied Arts Vienna (German: Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien, or informally just Die Angewandte) is an arts university and institution of higher education in Vienna, the capital of Austria. It has had university status since 1970.
Thomas Ewer
Thomas Ewer (died 18 January 1790) was an English politician.

He was the son of Henry Ewer of The Lea, Hertfordshire by his wife Hester Vandeput, and the brother of William Ewer (MP). He and his brother William Ewer inherited the grocery business of their uncle Charles Ewer, MP in 1742, and continued trading at his premises in London. They were also merchants trading with Turkey and Thomas became treasurer of the Turkey Company.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of Great Britain for Dorchester 1789 to 1790.

Dorchester (UK Parliament constituency)
Dorchester was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Dorchester in Dorset.  It returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of England, Great Britain and House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1295 to 1868, when its representation was reduced to one member.

The constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, after which Dorchester was placed in the new Dorset South constituency.  In 1918 it was transferred to Dorset West, where it has remained since.
Kobylin, Łódź Voivodeship
Kobylin [kɔˈbɨlin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rogów, within Brzeziny County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-west of Rogów, 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Brzeziny, and 28 km (17 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Brzeziny, Brzeziny County
Brzeziny ([bʐɛˈʑinɨ]; Yiddish: ברעזין, Brezin) is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship, about 20 km (12 mi) east of Łódź. It is the capital of Brzeziny County and has a population of 12,326 as of December 2021. It is situated on the Mrożyca River within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968
Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968 is a live album by Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin. The album was recorded by Owsley Stanley in 1968, and released on 12 March 2012 through Columbia and Legacy, on the one-year anniversary of his death in an automobile accident. He had been supervising the development and release of this album right up to the time of his death on March 12, 2011. The album is dedicated to him, and set to the specifications Stanley set prior to his death.

Sam Andrew
Sam Houston Andrew III (December 18, 1941 – February 12, 2015) was an American rock musician, singer, songwriter, composer, artist and founding member and guitarist of Big Brother and the Holding Company. During his career as musician and composer, Andrew had three platinum albums and two hit singles.  His songs have been used in numerous major motion picture soundtracks and documentaries.
Francisco Javier Fernández Clamont
Francisco Javier Fernández Clamont (born 10 April 1972) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). 
In the 2012 general election he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent the State of Mexico's 37th district during the 
62nd session of Congress,
and on 1 February 2019 he was appointed director of the Mexico State Institute against Addictions (Instituto Mexiquense Contra las Adicciones).

37th federal electoral district of the State of Mexico
The 37th federal electoral district of the State of Mexico (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 37 del Estado de México) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 40 such districts in the State of Mexico.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fifth region.

The 37th to 40th districts were created by the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) in its 2005 redistricting process and were first contested in the 2006 general election.

The current member for the district, elected in the 2024 general election, is Pedro Mario Zenteno Santaella of the National Regeneration Movement (Morena).
Program optimization
In computer science, program optimization, code optimization, or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or to make it capable of operating with less memory storage or other resources, or draw less power.

Hybrid algorithm
A hybrid algorithm is an algorithm that combines two or more other algorithms that solve the same problem, either choosing one based on some characteristic of the data, or switching between them over the course of the algorithm. This is generally done to combine desired features of each, so that the overall algorithm is better than the individual components.

"Hybrid algorithm" does not refer to simply combining multiple algorithms to solve a different problem – many algorithms can be considered as combinations of simpler pieces – but only to combining algorithms that solve the same problem, but differ in other characteristics, notably performance.
Acceleration onset cueing
Acceleration onset cueing is a term for the cueing principle used by a simulator motion platform.

Motion platforms used in "Level D" full flight simulators (FFS) and equivalent military simulators have six jacks that can move the replica cockpit that is mounted on the platform in any of the six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) that can be experienced by any body free to move in space. These are the three rotations pitch (about the transverse axis), roll (about the longitudinal axis) and yaw (about the vertical axis), and three linear movements heave (up and down), sway (side to side) and surge (fore and aft). The jack layout used is generally that of the so-called Stewart platform, shown in a moving picture on the left and on which the simulator cabin will be mounted.

Sensory cue
In perceptual psychology, a sensory cue is a statistic or signal that can be extracted from the sensory input by a perceiver, that indicates the state of some property of the world that the perceiver is interested in perceiving.

A cue is some organization of the data present in the signal which allows for meaningful extrapolation. For example, sensory cues include visual cues, auditory cues, haptic cues, olfactory cues and environmental cues. Sensory cues are a fundamental part of theories of perception, especially theories of appearance (how things look).
Fitzroy Gordon
Fitzroy Anthony Gordon (March 19, 1954 – April 30, 2019) was a Jamaican-Canadian broadcaster, radio host and DJ, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was most notable as the founder of G98.7, Canada's second radio station geared specifically to Black and Caribbean audiences. As a broadcaster, he was dedicated to community service, notably through his shows Dr. Love on CHIN Radio and Grapevine on G98.7.

CHIN Radio/TV International
CHIN Radio/TV International (legally known as Radio 1540 Limited) is a Canadian radio and television broadcasting company, which owns and operates four radio stations and a television program production unit, all targeting multilingual communities. The company also holds the annual CHIN Picnic. CHIN's studios are located on College Street in the Palmerston-Little Italy neighbourhood of Toronto.
San Felipe, Panama
San Felipe is a corregimiento within Panama City, in Panamá District, Panamá Province, Panama with a population of 3,262 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 10,282; its population as of 2000 was 6,928.

Panamá Province
Panamá is a province of Panama. It is the location of the national capital Panama City, which also serves as the provincial capital. The governor of the province is Mayín Correa, appointed by President José Raul Mulino.
Ya mong
Ya mong' is a home remedy that is widely used in Thailand. Its exact composition may vary, but is usually a combination of various herbs, each with a different medicinal purpose. Each ingredient creates a different color or smell. Its ingredients may include menthol, paraffin, petroleum jelly, borneol, camphor, and methyl salicylate. It is used for headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthropod bites and stings.

Petroleum jelly
Petroleum jelly, petrolatum (/ˌpɛtrəˈleɪtəm/), white petrolatum, soft paraffin, or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), commonly promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. Vaseline has been the dominant brand of petroleum jelly sold since 1870.

After petroleum jelly became a medicine-chest staple, consumers began to use it for cosmetic purposes and for many ailments including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STI), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and common colds. Its folkloric medicinal value as a "cure-all" has since been limited by a better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. It is widely recognized as a skin protectant and is in common use for cosmetic skin care, where it is often loosely referred to as mineral oil.
The Clique (duo)
The Clique were an Australian pop duo consisting of members Jacinta Gulisano and Jordan Rodrigues. They were formed in 2013 originally as the trio Third Degree, who competed in the fifth season of The X Factor Australia and were the tenth contestant eliminated. The group subsequently signed with Sony Music Australia and released their debut single "Different Kind of Love", which peaked at number 22 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Following the departure of Kelebek in 2014, Third Degree changed their name to The Clique and were no longer signed to Sony Music. The group disbanded in 2015 to pursue solo careers.

Duet
A duet (Italian: duo or duetto) is a musical composition for two performers in which the performers have equal importance to the piece, often a composition involving two singers or two pianists. It differs from a harmony, as the performers take turns performing a solo section rather than performing simultaneously. A piece performed by two pianists performing together on the same piano is a "piano duet" or "piano four hands". A piece for two pianists performing together on separate pianos is a "piano duo".

"Duet" is also used as a verb for the act of performing a musical duet, or colloquially as a noun to refer to the performers of a duet.

A musical ensemble with more than two solo instruments or voices is called a trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, etc.