hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Patent Act of 1836
The Patent Act of 1836 (Pub. L. 24–357, 5 Stat. 117, enacted July 4, 1836) established a number of important changes in the United States patent system.  These include:

The examination of patent applications prior to issuing a patent. This was the second time this was done anywhere in the world. The previous occasion was in the United States from 1790 to 1793 under the Patent Act of 1790. Previously, patents were issued on all applications, even if they were direct copies of earlier patents. It was left to the courts to decide validity in the event of a lawsuit.

The option of extending an existing patent's term for an additional seven years, making the maximum term of patent 21 years. (This was abolished in 1861 and replaced with a single 17-year term.)

The hiring of professional patent examiners. Initially only one examiner was hired, but soon a second one was hired to handle the increased workload.

The establishment of a library of prior art to assist in examinations.

United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).
Long Way Home (Steven Curtis Chapman song)
"Long Way Home" is a song performed by contemporary Christian singer-songwriter Steven Curtis Chapman, taken from his 2011 album Re:creation. Written and composed by Chapman, the song is led by the ukulele and has a "sandy beach flavor" and "laid-back island vibe". It lyrically ponders life on Earth being "just a journey", with the destination being Heaven; it also discusses trials in Chapman's own life. It met with positive critical response, with many critics regarding it as the best song from Re:creation.

Ukulele
The ukulele (/ˌjuːkəˈleɪli/ YOO-kə-LAY-lee; Hawaiian: [ʔukulele]), also called a uke (informally), is a member of the lute (ancient guitar) family of instruments. The ukulele is of Portuguese origin and was popularized in Hawaii. The tone and volume of the instrument vary with size and construction. Ukuleles commonly come in four sizes: soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone.

Ukuleles generally have four nylon strings  tuned to GCEA (except baritone, which is normally tuned DGBE). They have 16–22 frets depending on the size.
2003 NCAA Division II men's soccer tournament
The 2003 NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship was the 32nd annual tournament held by the NCAA to determine the top men's Division II college soccer program in the United States.

On the strength of Leon Jackson's late 2nd half goal Lynn (20-0-1) defeated Chico State in the tournament final, 2–1. The final and semi-finals were played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex in Virginia Beach, Virginia

This was the first national title for the Fighting Knights, who were coached by Shaun Pendleton, and had previously been finalists in 1997.

Lynn Fighting Knights
The Lynn Fighting Knights are the athletic teams that represent Lynn University, located in Boca Raton, Florida, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Fighting Knights compete as members of the Sunshine State Conference for all 14 varsity sports. Lynn has been a member of the SSC since 1997.
2008 US Open – Mixed doubles
Victoria Azarenka and Max Mirnyi were the defending champions, but Azarenka chose not to participate. Mirnyi partnered with Anna Chakvetadze, but lost in the first round to Nadia Petrova and Jonas Björkman.

Cara Black and Leander Paes won the title, defeating Liezel Huber and Jamie Murray in the final 7–6(8–6), 6–4.

Max Mirnyi
Maksim Mikalaevich "Max" Mirnyi (born 6 July 1977) is a Belarusian former professional tennis player.

Mirnyi became a doubles specialist following his singles career, in which he reached a career-high of World No. 18 (August 2003) and finished in the top 50 in the world for seven straight years despite only winning one ATP singles title (2003 Rotterdam Open). He represented Belarus in Davis Cup competition from April 1994, where he holds a record of 47 wins and 27 losses in 35 ties played. He reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in June 2003 and won ten Grand Slam titles: Men's doubles in the 2000 and 2002 US Open and the 2005, 2006, 2011 and 2012 French Open; and mixed doubles in the 1998, 2007, and 2013 U.S. Opens and 1998 Wimbledon.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Mirnyi carried the flag of Belarus at the Opening Ceremony on 27 July 2012, and won the gold medal in the mixed doubles with Victoria Azarenka on 5 August 2012.

His nickname is "The Beast of Belarus".
MasterChef (American TV series)
MasterChef is an American competitive cooking reality television series that premiered on Fox on July 27, 2010. Based on the British series of the same name and produced by Endemol Shine North America and One Potato Two Potato, the series features amateur and home chefs competing to win the title of MasterChef. As of the show's fifteenth season, the line-up of judges consists of Gordon Ramsay, Joe Bastianich, and Tiffany Derry.

The fifteenth season, subtitled Dynamic Duos, aired May–September 2025. In October 2025, the series was renewed for a sixteenth and seventeenth season, with judges Ramsay, Bastianich, and Derry all returning. The sixteenth season, subtitled Global Gauntlet, is set to premiere in April 2026.

Optomen
Optomen is an independent television production company part of All3Media, with Optomen Television Ltd. for the United Kingdom and Optomen Productions Inc. (launched in 2002) for the United States. It specializes in unscripted programming.
BRD Trilogy
The BRD Trilogy (German: BRD-Trilogie) consists of three films directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder: The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979), Lola (1981) and Veronika Voss (1982). The films are connected in a thematic rather than in a narrative sense. All three deal with different characters (though some actors recur in different roles) and plotlines, but each one focuses on the story of a specific woman in West Germany after World War II. The three letter acronym "BRD" stands for Bundesrepublik Deutschland, the official name of West Germany and of the united contemporary Germany.

Three-letter acronym
A three-letter acronym (TLA), or three-letter abbreviation is, as the phrase suggests, an abbreviation consisting of three letters. The term has a special status among abbreviations and to some is considered humorous since the term TLA is itself a three-letter acronym; it is an autological word.

Most TLAs are initialisms (the initial letter of each word of a phrase), but most are not acronyms in the strict sense since they are pronounced by saying each letter, as in APA /ˌeɪpiːˈeɪ/ AY-pee-AY. Some are true acronyms (pronounced as a word) such as CAT (as in CAT scan) which is pronounced as the animal.
Dealing With Damage
Dealing With Damage are a British five-piece punk rock band from London, England. The band was formed in 2015 by singer-songwriter/guitarist Ed Wenn (formerly of The Stupids) and drummer James Sherry (formerly of Done Lying Down). They have received coverage on sites such as Kerrang!, Louder Than War and Vive Le Rock and played with notable bands including Soulside, Moving Targets, the Messthetics, Ruts DC, Janus Stark, Zounds, Inner Terrestrials, Girls Against Boys and Eight Rounds Rapid.

The band have been likened to bands such as Fugazi, Rites of Spring, Soulside, Mission of Burma, Hüsker Dü, Buzzcocks, Down By Law, Toxic Reasons, Dag Nasty and Government Issue

The Messthetics
The Messthetics is an American musical group founded by bassist Joe Lally and drummer Brendan Canty of Fugazi, along with guitarist Anthony Pirog. Their music is entirely instrumental and has been described as "jazz punk jam."
Glen Iris, Victoria
Glen Iris is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Boroondara and Stonnington local government areas. Glen Iris recorded a population of 26,131 at the 2021 census.

Glen Iris had been Melbourne's geographical centre of population from the 1990s to the 2020s, with urban sprawl seeing Melbourne's centre of population shifting to Camberwell in the 2020s.

Center of population
In demographics, the center of population (or population center) of a region is a geographical point that describes a centerpoint of the region's population.  There are several ways of defining such a "center point", leading to different geographical locations; these are often confused.
Elias Höchheimer
Elias ben Ḥayyim Cohen Höchheimer (or Hechim) was an eighteenth century Jewish astronomer and mathematician.

Born in Hochheim, Höchheimer lived a long time in Hildburghausen and died in Amsterdam. He was the author of Shebile di-Reḳi'a (Prague, 1784), on trigonometry and astronomy, Sefer Yalde ha-Zeman (Prague, 1786), a commentary on Jedaiah Bedersi's Beḥinat ha-'Olam, and two German-language textbooks on arithmetic.

Jedaiah ben Abraham Bedersi
Jedaiah ben Abraham Bedersi (c. 1270 – c. 1340) (Hebrew: ידעיה הבדרשי) was a Jewish poet, physician, and philosopher; born at Béziers (hence his surname Bedersi). His Occitan name was En Bonet, which probably corresponds to the Hebrew name Tobiah; and, according to the practices of Hachmei Provence, he occasionally joined to his name that of his father, Abraham Bedersi.

In his poems he assumed the appellation "Penini" (הפניני‎, "Dispenser of Pearls"), and because of this appellation the ethical work Mibḥar haPeninim of Solomon ibn Gabirol has been erroneously ascribed to Bedersi.
The Girl with the Bruise
The Girl with the Bruise (Italian: La ragazza dal livido azzurro) is a 1933 German-Italian comedy film directed by E. W. Emo and starring Hilda Springher, Sergio Tofano, and Renato Cialente. It is the Italian-language version of the German film And Who Is Kissing Me?, which was released the same year.

Renato Cialente
Renato Cialente (2 February 1897 – 25 November 1943) was an Italian stage and film actor. He appeared in 40 films between 1920 and 1943.  His younger sister Fausta Cialente (1898–1994) was a novelist, journalist and political activist.
TS Pretoria
TS Pretoria was a ship that had a long and varied career as first a German cargo liner, then a U-boat depot ship, hospital ship, British troop ship, Muslim pilgrim ship and finally an Indonesian naval accommodation ship.

Cargo liner
A cargo liner, also known as a passenger-cargo ship or passenger-cargoman, is a type of merchant ship which carries general cargo and often passengers.

They became common just after the middle of the 19th century, and eventually gave way to container ships and other more specialized carriers in the latter half of the 20th century.
Ultrastructural Pathology
Ultrastructural Pathology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal devoted entirely to diagnostic ultrastructural pathology. The journal covers advances in the uses of electron microscopic and immunohistochemical techniques, correlations of ultrastructural data with light microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, cell and tissue culturing, electron probe analysis, and investigative, clinical, and diagnostic EM methods. The editor-in-chief is Jahn M. Nesland (Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.694.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis (pl.: diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in a lot of different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine "cause and effect". In systems engineering and computer science, it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms, mitigations, and solutions.
157th Fighter Squadron
The 157th Fighter Squadron (157 FS) is a unit of the South Carolina Air National Guard 169th Fighter Wing located at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, Columbia, South Carolina. The 157th FS is one of the few Air National Guard squadrons to operate the HARM Targeting System (HTS)-equipped F-16C Block 52 Fighting Falcon, also known as the F-16CJ.

Air National Guard
The Air National Guard (ANG), also known as the Air Guard, is a federal military reserve force of the United States Air Force (USAF), as well as the "air militia" of each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories of Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It, along with the Army National Guard component of each state, district, commonwealth or territory, makes up the National Guard of each region as applicable. Additionally, the ANG and the United States Air Force Reserve constitute the two air reserve components of the USAF.

When Air National Guard units are used under the jurisdiction of the state governor they are fulfilling their militia role. However, when federalized by order of the president of the United States, ANG units become an active part of the U.S. Air Force. They are jointly administered by the states and the National Guard Bureau, a joint bureau of the Army and Air Force that oversees the U.S. National Guard.
1844 in birding and ornithology
Death of Adolphe-Simon Neboux

Richard Owen describes Anomalopteryx and publishes  History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds (1844–1846)

Graceanna Lewis (1821–1912) writes and illustrates A Natural History of Birds

Death of Gaetano Savi

Jerdon's leafbird described by Edward Blyth

Johann Jakob von Tschudi publishes Untersuchungen uber die Fauna Perus (1844–47)

George Robert Gray  publishes Genera of Birds (1844–49), illustrated by David William Mitchell and Joseph Wolf

Death of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

Fauna Japonica Aves commenced (1844–1850)

Johann Jakob Kaup publishes Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel

Last great auk killed 3 July 1844 on Eldey, Iceland

Pierre Adolphe Delattre publishes Ornithologie d'Europe Douai

Graceanna Lewis
Graceanna Lewis (August 3, 1821 – February 25, 1912) was an American naturalist, illustrator, and social reformer. An expert in the field of ornithology, Lewis is remembered as a pioneer female American scientist as well as an activist in the anti-slavery, temperance, and women's suffrage movements.
Edgar Tillyer
Edgar Derry Tillyer (December 7, 1881 – December 25, 1970) was an American astronomer, computer and lens designer who was the director of research at the American Optical Company.  The Optical Society established an award for distinction in the field of vision which is named in his honor, as he was the first award winner in 1954.

Born in Dover, New Jersey, Tillyer attended Dover High School, earned his undergraduate degree from Rutgers University and a Master's from George Washington University.

Dover, New Jersey
Dover is a town in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Located on the Rockaway River, Dover is about 31 miles (50 km) west of New York City and about 23 miles (37 km) west of Newark, New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 18,460, its highest decennial census count ever and an increase of 303 (+1.7%) from the 2010 census count of 18,157, which in turn had reflected a decline of 31 (−0.2%) from the 18,188 counted at the 2000 census.

Dover is a majority minority community, with nearly 70% of the population as of the 2010 census identifying themselves as Hispanic, up from 25% in 1980.
Phosphidogermanate
Phosphidogermanates are chemical compounds that have phosphorus bound to germanium to yield anions. They are in the category of phosphidotetrelates and also pnictides. They are analogous to nitridogermanates, phosphidoaluminates, phosphidogallates, phosphidoindates, phosphidosilicates or phosphidostannates.

They are under investigation as infrared non-linear optic materials and solid-state electrolytes.

Pnictogen
A pnictogen (/ˈ(p)nɪktədʒən/; from Ancient Greek  πνίγω (pnígō) 'to choke' and  -gen 'generator') is any of the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table. Group 15 is also known as the nitrogen group or nitrogen family. Group 15 consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and moscovium (Mc).

The IUPAC has called it Group 15 since 1988. Before that, in America it was called Group VA, owing to a text by H. C. Deming and the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company, while in Europe it was called Group VB, which the IUPAC had recommended in 1970. (Pronounced "group five A" and "group five B"; "V" is the Roman numeral 5.) In semiconductor physics, it is still usually called Group V. The "five" ("V") in the historical names comes from the "pentavalency" of nitrogen, reflected by the stoichiometry of compounds such as N2O5. They have also been called the pentels.
Russian gunboat Korietz
Korietz (Russian: Кореец, Koreyets; literally meaning "Korean man") was a gunboat in the Russian Imperial Navy. She was the lead vessel in a class of eight ships in her class (including the Mandzhur served also on the Pacific, Donets, Zaporozhets, Kubanets, Terets, Uralets and Chernomorets on the Black Sea.) The etymology of the names of this class of ships was: Korietz is a Russian word for "Korean man", Mandzhur - "Manchuria man", Donets - "Don Cossack" (literally "Cossack from Don"), Kubanets - "Kuban Cossack" ("Kuban man"), Terets - "Terek Cossack" ("Terek man"), Uralets - "Ural Cossack" ("Ural man"), Chernomorets - "Black Sea Cossack" ("Black Sea man") and Zaporozhets - "Zaporozhian Cossack".

Terek Oblast
The Terek Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, roughly corresponding to the central part of Russia's North Caucasian Federal District. Тhe оblast was created out of the former territories of the North Caucasian Peoples, following their conquests by Russia throughout the 19th century. The Terek Oblast bordered the Astrakhan and Stavropol governorates to the north, the Kuban Oblast to the west, the Kutaisi and Tiflis governorates to the south, and the Dagestan Oblast to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Vladikavkaz, the current capital of North Ossetia–Alania within Russia.
Zahid Hafeez Chaudhri
Zahid Hafeez Chaudhri is a Pakistani diplomat with over two decades of experience in international relations. He has served in various capacities, including as the Foreign Office Spokesperson and as the Non-Resident High Commissioner to the Solomon Islands.

He studied at the National Defense University, Washington DC.

National Defense University (United States)
The National Defense University (NDU) is an institution of higher education in Fort Lesley McNair, Washington, D.C., United States. It is funded by the United States Department of Defense aimed at facilitating high-level education, training, and professional development of national security leaders. As a chairman's Controlled Activity, NDU operates under the guidance of the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), with Vice Admiral Peter Garvin, USN, as president. It is located near the White House and the US Congress.
Xu Yunli
Xu Yunli (simplified Chinese: 徐云丽; traditional Chinese: 徐雲麗; pinyin: Xú Yúnlì; born 2 August 1987) is a Chinese volleyball player. She was part of the gold medal winning team at the 2006 Asian Games and the silver medal winning team at the 2007 World Grand Prix.

2007 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix
The FIVB World Grand Prix 2007 was the fifteenth edition of the annual women's volleyball tournament, which is the female equivalent of the Men's Volleyball World League.

The 2007 World Grand Prix lasted four weeks with a total number of 65 matches. During the first, second, and third week, each team played nine matches in total. Preliminary rounds were staged in Japan (3x), Italy, Poland, Macau, Hong Kong, Russia, and Chinese Taipei.

The final round was played in Ningbo, PR China, at Beilun Gymnasium, over five days and the best six teams from the preliminary rounds. A round robin system was played to decide the 2007 World Grand Prix Champion.
Stanley Price Weir
Brigadier General Stanley Price Weir, DSO, VD, JP (23 April 1866 – 14 November 1944) was an Australian public servant and Army officer. During World War I, he commanded the 10th Battalion of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) during the landing at Anzac Cove and the subsequent Gallipoli Campaign, and during the Battles of Pozières and Mouquet Farm in France.

Weir returned to Australia at his own request in late 1916 at the age of 50, and in 1917 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and was mentioned in despatches for his performance at Pozières and Mouquet Farm. He went on to become the first South Australian Public Service Commissioner. He was given an honorary promotion to brigadier general on his retirement from the Australian Military Forces in 1921. Weir was retired as public service commissioner in 1931. In retirement he contributed to various benevolent and charitable organisations, and died in 1944.

Australian Military Forces
The Australian Military Forces (AMF) was the official name of the Army of Australia from 1916 to 1980. This encompassed both the (full-time) "regular army", and the (part-time) forces, variously known during this period as the Militia, the Citizen Military Forces (CMF) and the Australian Citizen Military Force (ACMF).

Initially this also included the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). In 1920, the AFC became the Australian Air Corps, which became the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on 31 March 1921. The land forces of Australia were renamed the Australian Army in 1980. In detail:
Alarie
Alarie is a French surname.  Notable people with this name include:

Bella Alarie (born 1998), American basketball player; daughter of Mark Alarie

Benjamin Alarie (born 1977), Canadian legal scholar, law professor, and entrepreneur

Donald Alarie (born 1945), Canadian writer

Elissa Alarie (born 1986), Canadian rugby player

Hélène Alarie (1941–2023), Canadian politician

Mark Alarie (born 1963), American basketball player

Pierre Alarie, Canadian ambassador

Pierrette Alarie (1921–2011), Canadian opera singer

Hélène Alarie
Hélène Alarie (6 June 1941 – 26 October 2023) was a Canadian politician who was a member of the House of Commons from 1997 to 2000. By career, she had work in teaching, government and agriculture.

Born in Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, Quebec, she was elected in the Louis-Hébert electoral district under the Bloc Québécois party in the 1997 general election, serving in the 36th Canadian Parliament. During her term of office she participated in parliamentary committees relating to agriculture. She was defeated in the 2000 general election by Liberal candidate Hélène Scherrer. Alarie died on 26 October 2023 in Lévis, Quebec, at the age of 82.