hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert Chapman (philosopher)
Robert Chapman is an English philosopher, teacher and writer, best known for their work on neurodiversity studies and the philosophy of disability. They are the first assistant professor of critical neurodiversity studies, and as of 2024, work at the Institute for Medical Humanities at Durham University.

Sheffield Hallam University
Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall Road in south-west Sheffield. A third campus at Brent Cross Town in the London Borough of Barnet is expected to open for the 2025–26 academic year.

The university is the 14th largest university in the UK (out of 169) with 30,765 students (of whom 4,400 are international students), 4,494 staff and 708 courses.
Žeranovice
Žeranovice is a municipality and village in Kroměříž District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.

Žeranovice lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Kroměříž, 8 km (5 mi) north-west of Zlín, and 246 km (153 mi) east of Prague.

Zlín
Zlín (in 1949–1989 Gottwaldov; Czech pronunciation: [zliːn]; German: Zlin) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 75,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of the Zlín Region and it lies on the Dřevnice River. It is known as an industrial centre. The development of the modern city is closely connected to the Bata Shoes company and its social scheme, developed after World War I. A large part of Zlín is urbanistically and architecturally valuable and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Nicotine vaccine
Nicotine vaccine is a novel immunological strategy for treating nicotine addiction. Nicotine vaccine uses active immunization as the methodology to create polyclonal antibodies to the antigens, which is then used to treat drug abuse. The immune system is then able to identify nicotine as a foreign substance and initiate an immune reaction targeting the drug. As a result, the quantity of nicotine that enters the brain would decrease after receiving the vaccine. In preclinical studies, nicotine vaccines have demonstrated the ability to combat the negative effects of nicotine abuse, but none of the developed vaccines has been authorized for use in clinical trials as a smoking cessation strategy. Theoretically, the decrease of nicotine's rewarding effects should result in smoking cessation. Some companies have tested candidate vaccines in clinical trials, but evidence failed to show the adequate antibody responses or exhibit superior efficacy to factors concerning placebo.

Titer
Titer (American English) or titre (British English) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive reading. For example, positive readings in the first 8 serial, twofold dilutions translate into a titer of 1:256 (i.e., 2−8). Titres are sometimes expressed by the denominator only, for example 1:256 is written 256.

The term also has two other, conflicting meanings. In titration, the titer is the ratio of actual to nominal concentration of a titrant, e.g. a titer of 0.5 would require 1/0.5 = 2 times more titrant than nominal. This is to compensate for possible degradation of the titrant solution. Second, in textile engineering, titre is also a synonym for linear density.
Case-based reasoning
Case-based reasoning (CBR), broadly construed, is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems.

In everyday life, an auto mechanic who fixes an engine by recalling another car that exhibited similar symptoms is using case-based reasoning. A lawyer who advocates a particular outcome in a trial based on legal precedents or a judge who creates case law is using case-based reasoning. So, too, an engineer copying working elements of nature (practicing biomimicry) is treating nature as a database of solutions to problems. Case-based reasoning is a prominent type of analogy solution making.

It has been argued that case-based reasoning is not only a powerful method for computer reasoning, but also a pervasive behavior in everyday human problem solving; or, more radically, that all reasoning is based on past cases personally experienced. This view is related to prototype theory, which is most deeply explored in cognitive science.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Richard S. Lyon
Richard Smith Lyon (October 23, 1924 – September 23, 1976) was an American football player and coach and athletic administrator. He played college football as a quarterback at Colgate University (1945–1946) and held coaching positions at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) (head coach, 1955–1957), Ithaca College (head coach, 1958–1966), and the United States Military Academy (defensive coordinator, 1967–1972). He also served as athletic director at RPI from 1972 until his death in 1976.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (/rɛnsəˈlɪər/ ren-sə-LEER; RPI) is a private research university in Troy, New York, United States. It is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world and the Western Hemisphere. It was established in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer and Amos Eaton for the "application of science to the common purposes of life".

Built on a hillside, RPI's 265-acre (107 ha) campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River. The institute operates an on‑campus business incubator and the 1,250-acre (510 ha) Rensselaer Technology Park.

RPI is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments, with emphasis on science and technology. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities: Very High Research Activity".
Dick's Picks Volume 10
Dick's Picks Volume 10 is the tenth live album in the Dick's Picks series of releases by the Grateful Dead. It was recorded at Winterland Arena in San Francisco on December 29, 1977, with extra tracks recorded on the following night.

The album omits the songs "It Must Have Been the Roses" and "Sunrise", which followed "Good Lovin'". It also includes the first performance of "China Cat Sunflower" in over three years, which is audibly greeted with applause from the audience. The final four tracks on disc three constitute the songs taken from the December 30 concert.

Bill Kreutzmann
William Kreutzmann Jr. (/ˈkrɔɪtsmɑːn/ KROYTS-mahn; born May 7, 1946) is an American drummer and founding member of the rock band Grateful Dead. He played with the band for its entire thirty-year career, usually alongside fellow drummer Mickey Hart, and has continued to perform with former members of the Grateful Dead in various lineups, and with his own bands BK3, 7 Walkers and Billy & the Kids.
ARCNET
Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET or ARCnet) is a communications protocol for local area networks. ARCNET was the first widely available networking system for microcomputers and it became popular in the 1980s for office automation tasks. It was later applied to embedded systems where certain features of the protocol are especially useful.

Ethernet hub
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and  making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming. A hub works at the physical layer. A repeater hub also participates in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision. In addition to standard 8P8C ("RJ45") ports, some hubs may also come with a BNC or an Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.

Hubs are now largely obsolete, having been replaced by network switches except in very old installations or specialized applications. As of 2011, connecting network segments by repeaters or hubs is deprecated by IEEE 802.3.
Fogo wall gecko
The Fogo wall gecko (Tarentola fogoensis) is a species of geckos in the family Phyllodactylidae. The species is endemic to Cape Verde, where it is found on the island of Fogo. The species was first described and named in 2012.

Fogo, Cape Verde
Fogo (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈfoɡu]; Portuguese for "fire") is an island in the Sotavento group of Cape Verde in the central Atlantic Ocean. Its population is 35,837 (2015),: 36  with an area of 476 km2 (184 sq mi).: 25  It reaches the highest altitude of all the islands in Cape Verde, rising to 2,829 metres (9,281 feet) above sea level at the summit of its active volcano, Pico do Fogo.: 25
Soubise
Soubise can refer to:

Soubise, a salpicon of cooked and pureed rice and onions; used primarily "au gratin". (steaks, tournedos)

Soubise sauce, based on Béchamel sauce, with the addition of a soubise of onion and rice purée

Soubise, Charente-Maritime, a commune of the Charente-Maritime département, in France

Benjamin, Duke of Soubise (? 1580-1642), Huguenot leader

Charles, Prince of Soubise (1715–1787), peer and Marshal of France

Julius Soubise (1754–1798), freed Afro-Caribbean slave and British fop

Prince of Soubise

Princess of Soubise

Hôtel de Soubise, a Parisian mansion that hosts the Museum of French History and a part of the French National Archives

"Soubise," a 2025 episode of The Bear TV series

Prince of Soubise
Within the French nobility, the title of "Prince of Soubise" was created in 1667 when the sirerie of Soubise, Charente-Maritime was raised to a principality for the cadet branch of the House of Rohan. The first prince was François de Rohan (1630-1712). He was succeeded by three further princes before the male line of Rohan-Soubise became extinct upon the death of the second Duke of Rohan-Rohan, Charles (1715-87).

The Hôtel de Soubise in Paris was owned by the princes, and is now the museum of the French National Archives.
Ronell Renett Klopper
Ronell Renett Klopper, (born 1974) is a South African botanist. She has been the coordinator for the South African National Plant Checklist in the Fundamental Biodiversity Sciences Division of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) since 2014. Klopper is responsible for keeping the plant checklist up to date and for liaising with the Biodiversity Information Management Unit of SANBI for its online distribution. This checklist forms the taxonomic backbone for numerous projects, and for management and conversation planning activities. She curates the Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta and Asphodelaceae collections of the National Herbarium in Pretoria and conducts research on these groups. Klopper is currently rated by the National Research Foundation as a C3 scientist, or "Established Researcher".

The standard author abbreviation Klopper is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Pteridophyte
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that reproduces by means of spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. They are also the ancestors of the plants we see today.

Ferns, horsetails (often treated as ferns), and lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts) are all pteridophytes. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns (and horsetails) are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes. "Pteridophyta" is thus no longer a widely accepted taxon, but the term pteridophyte remains in common parlance, as do pteridology and pteridologist as a science and its practitioner, for example by the International Association of Pteridologists and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group.
Praful Khoda Patel
Praful Khodabhai Patel (born 28 August 1957) is an Indian politician, who is currently the 1st administrator of the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, and of 35th Lakshadweep.

Kannan Gopinathan
Kannan Gopinathan (born 12 December 1985) is a former Indian Administrative Service officer and an activist from Kerala. He resigned from service as a mark of protest against the restrictions imposed in Jammu and Kashmir following the abrogation of article 370.

On 13 October 2025, Kannan Gopinathan joined the Political Party Indian National Congress in New Delhi.
Dagur Benediktsson
Dagur Benediktsson (born 17 June 1998) is an Icelandic cross-country skier. He competed in the 2026 Winter Olympics in the sprint, 10 kilometre freestyle, 20 kilometre skiathlon and the 50 kilometre classical events, as well as the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

2016 Winter Youth Olympics
The 2016 Winter Youth Olympics (Norwegian: Olympiske vinterleker for ungdom 2016; Nynorsk: Olympiske vinterleikane for ungdom 2016), officially known as the II Winter Youth Olympic Games, took place in and around Lillehammer, Norway, from 12 to 21 February 2016. They were the fourth Youth Olympic Games and the second winter edition. Lillehammer was awarded the games on 7 December 2011 as the only candidate. The games reused venues from the 1994 Winter Olympics; this made Lillehammer the first city to host both regular and Youth Olympics. In addition to Lillehammer Municipality, Olympic events were staged at venues in Hamar Municipality, Gjøvik Municipality and Øyer Municipality.
Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo
Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo (25 August 1719 – 15 November 1795) was a French painter of allegorical scenes and portraits.

He studied under his father, the painter Jean-Baptiste van Loo, in Italy and in France, where in 1738 he won the Prix de Rome, then at Aix-en-Provence, before returning to Paris in 1745. He was invited to join the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in 1747, and that year he married his cousin Marie-Marguerite Lebrun, daughter of the painter Michel Lebrun (died 1753).

He was the author of the only known real-life portrait of the Marquis de Sade.

Among his brothers were the painters François van Loo (1708–1732) and Louis-Michel van Loo (1707–1771).

Aix-en-Provence
Aix-en-Provence, often known as simply Aix, is a city and commune in southern France, about 30 km (20 mi) north of Marseille. A former capital of Provence, it is the subprefecture of the arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The population of Aix-en-Provence is approximately 148,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains.
Feodosia Municipality
Feodosia City Municipality (Ukrainian: Феодосійська міськрада, romanized: Feodosiiska miskrada; Russian: Феодосийский горсовет, romanized: Feodosiysky gorsovet; Crimean Tatar: Kefe şeer şurası), officially "the territory governed by the Feodosia city council", is one of the 25 regions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Population: 100,962 (2014 Census).

It is a resort region, located in southeastern Crimea—one of the most popular recreational territories of the former Soviet Union. Besides its capital Feodosia, the region is famous for the resort town of Koktebel.

Republic of Crimea (Russia)
The Republic of Crimea is a republic of Russia, comprising most of the Crimean Peninsula, but excluding Sevastopol. Its territory corresponds to the pre-2023 territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a de jure subdivision of Ukraine. Russia occupied and annexed the peninsula in 2014, although the annexation remains internationally unrecognized.

The capital and largest city located within its borders is Simferopol, which is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula. As of the 2021 Russian census, the Republic of Crimea had a population of 1,934,630.
Alaeddin Tabrizi
Alaeddin Tabrizi or Ala'al-Din Tabrizi (Persian: علاءالدین تبریزی) was a royal master calligrapher who was active during the reign of the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp (r.  1524–76), for whom he executed firman (Persian: فرمان, lit. 'royal decrees'). He executed a number of inscriptions placed on buildings in the cities Tabriz, Qazvin, and Karbala.

Firman
A firman (Persian: فرمان, romanized: farmān; Turkish: ferman), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state. During various periods such firmans were collected and applied as traditional bodies of law. The English word firman comes from the Persian farmān meaning "decree" or "order".
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (car)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is the vintage racing car which is featured in the book, musical film and stage production of the same name. Writer Ian Fleming took his inspiration for the car from a series of aero-engined racing cars built by Count Louis Zborowski in the early 1920s, christened Chitty Bang Bang. The original Chitty Bang Bang's engine was from a Zeppelin dirigible. The name reputedly derived either from the sound it made whilst idling, or from a bawdy song from World War I.

Six versions of the car were built for the film and several replicas have subsequently been produced. The version built for the stage production holds the record for the most expensive stage prop ever used.

Louis Zborowski
Louis Vorow Zborowski (20 February 1895 – 19 October 1924) was a British racing driver and automobile engineer, best known for creating a series of aero-engined racing cars known as the "Chitty-Bang-Bangs", which provided the inspiration for Ian Fleming's children's story, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and culminated in the "Higham Special" which, much modified in the hands of John Godfrey Parry Thomas, broke the World Land Speed Record 18 months after the death of its creator.
Atlantic Avenue (Boston)
Atlantic Avenue is a street in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, partly serving as a frontage road for the underground Central Artery (I-93) and partly running along the Boston Harbor. It has a long history, with several relocations along the way.

Boston Harbor
Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, located adjacent to Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a major shipping facility in the Northeastern United States.

The harbor was the site of the Boston Tea Party, a major 1773 event in the American Revolution.
Tsugunai (song)
"Tsugunai" (つぐない; meaning "atonement" or "expiation"), is a song recorded by Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng. The original Japanese version was released on January 21, 1984, while the Mandarin version titled "Changhuan" (償還) was released a year later in August 1985 as part of her Mandarin album of the same name. Both versions of the song was composed by Miki Takashi, with the Japanese lyrics written by Araki Toyohisa and the Mandarin lyrics written by prominent lyricist Lin Huang Kun.

The success of the song in Japan brought Teresa Teng to the international stage outside of the Chinese-speaking world, especially in Asia. Both versions are frequently covered by various Japanese-speaking and Chinese-speaking singers. "Tsugunai" and "Changhuan" are regarded as Teng's signature songs.

Fort Canning Hill
Fort Canning Hill, or simply known as Fort Canning, is a prominent hill, about 48 metres (157 ft) high, in the southeast portion of Singapore, within the Central Area that forms Singapore's central business district.

The hill has a long history intertwined with that of the country due to its location as the highest elevation within walking distance to the city's civic district, within the Downtown Core. It is also a popular location for exhibitions, concerts, and outdoor recreation.
Amnesty (I)
Amnesty (I) (also titled Amnesty I and sometimes referred to as Amnesty) is the fourth and final studio album by Canadian electronic music duo Crystal Castles, released on August 19, 2016, by Fiction Records and Casablanca Records. It is their first album since the departure of previous frontwoman Alice Glass in 2014, and their only album to feature vocalist Edith Frances.

It is the band's only non-eponymous album. According to the band, their share of the proceeds from Amnesty (I) was donated to Amnesty International, the record's namesake.

Fiction Records
Fiction Records is a British record label founded by Chris Parry in 1978, owned by Universal Music Group and based in the United Kingdom. It is best known for being the home of the Cure for over 20 years. It was originally a part of Polydor, but in January 2014, Universal restructured Fiction as a standalone label, removing it from Polydor's corporate affiliation. Fiction repertoire is now released internationally through Virgin (ex-North America).
Akaoudj
Akaoudj is a village in Kabylie, in north-eastern Algeria, belonging to the municipality of Aissa Mimoun (wilaya of Tizi-Ouzou). Akaoudj is located just opposite the village of Ardjaouna (village overlooking the town of Tizi Ouzou) at an altitude of about 500 meters.

Kabylia
Kabylia or Kabylie (/kəˈbɪliə/; Arabic: منطقة القبائل, lit. 'Area of the Tribes') is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people. It is part of the Tell Atlas mountain range and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean.

Kabylia covers two provinces of Algeria: Tizi Ouzou and Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylia.
Full Court Press (album)
Full Court Press is a collaborative hip-hop album by American producer Girl Talk and rappers Wiz Khalifa, Big K.R.I.T., and Smoke DZA, released April 8, 2022 via Asylum Records and Taylor Gang Entertainment. Full Court Press is Girl Talk's first full album in over a decade, following 2010's All Day.

Currensy
Shante Scott Franklin (born April 4, 1981), better known by his stage name Currensy (stylized as Curren$y), is an American rapper. Born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, he signed with the local record labels Cash Money Records and Young Money Entertainment in the mid-2000s, but parted ways with both without any major releases. He signed with DD172 to release four albums before signing with Warner Records to release his fifth album and major label debut, Weekend at Burnie's (2011). In February of that year, he founded the record label Jet Life Recordings.

Currensy is perhaps best known for his 2015 single, "Bottom of the Bottle" (featuring Lil Wayne and August Alsina), which remains his sole entry on the Billboard Hot 100.