hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate.  Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics,  to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and vertical instabilities in the atmosphere. Atmospheric thermodynamic diagrams are used as tools in the forecasting of storm development.  Atmospheric thermodynamics forms a basis for cloud microphysics and convection parameterizations used in numerical weather models and is used in many climate considerations, including convective-equilibrium climate models.

Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)
Parametrization (or parameterization) in an atmospheric model (either weather model or climate model) is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale or complex to be physically represented in the model by a simplified process. This can be contrasted with other processes—e.g., large-scale flow of the atmosphere—that are explicitly resolved within the models.  Associated with these parametrizations are various parameters used in the simplified processes. Examples include the descent rate of raindrops, convective clouds, simplifications of the atmospheric radiative transfer on the basis of atmospheric radiative transfer codes, and cloud microphysics.  Radiative parametrizations are important to both atmospheric and oceanic modeling alike.  Atmospheric emissions from different sources within individual grid boxes also need to be parametrized to determine their impact on air quality.
Chomley
Chomley is a surname. Notable people with this name include:

Charles Henry Chomley (1868–1942), Australian farmer, barrister, writer and journalist

Francis Chomley (1822–1892), Irish businessman in Hong Kong and China

Hussey Chomley (1832–1906), Irish-born Australian police officer

Mary Chomley (1871–1960), Australian charity worker, arts patron and feminist

Patricia Downes Chomley (1910–2002), Australian nurse

Mary Chomley
Mary Elizabeth Maude Chomley OBE (29 July 1871 – 21 July 1960) was a charity worker, arts patron and feminist. She was secretary of the Prisoners of War branch of the Australian Red Cross based in London during World War I. She coordinated a team of volunteers who facilitated communication with Australian prisoners of war, and their families back home. The prisoners referred to her as an 'angel' and considered her a lifeline providing them with the essential material aid, and communication required to survive.
George Butterworth (tennis)
George Butterworth (1858–1941) was a British tennis player and sportsman active during the late 19th century. He was a semi finalist at the 1880 Wimbledon Championships losing to Herbert Lawford. Between 1880 and 1896 he won 5 career titles.

Bristol Open
The Bristol Open, originally known as the West of England Championships and the West of England Lawn Tennis Championships is a defunct tennis tournament that was originally hosted in Bath, Somerset, England, from 1881 till 1895. It was staged briefly in Bristol, England, in 1896, then from 1920 onwards was hosted again in Bristol annually until the tournament ceased in 1989. The tournament was played on grass courts in the weeks preceding the Wimbledon Championships usually June.
Dick Arbuckle
Dick Arbuckle (born May 15, 1939) is an American former football coach.  He served as the head football coach at Western Oregon University and Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls.

Arbuckle's Sheldon High School teams had notable success, including the 1980 team that finished undefeated in District 5AAA play, and whose only loss came to eventual state champion Beaverton, on the way to a 12-1 season.

Arbuckle served as the head football coach at Oregon Tech from 1981 to 1982, compiling a record of 14–5. He then served as the Western Oregon head coach from 1983 to 1984, earning a record of 6–12–2.

He would later go on to serve on a number Division I staffs, including two stints as an assistant for Bruce Snyder at Cal and Arizona State.

California Golden Bears football
The California Golden Bears football program represents the University of California, Berkeley, in college football as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level. They were previously a member of the Pac-12 Conference. The team plays its home games at California Memorial Stadium and was most recently coached by Justin Wilcox before his firing following the 2025 Big Game. Since beginning of play in 1886, the team has won five NCAA recognized national titles — 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937 — and 14 conference championships, the last one in 2006. It has also produced what are considered to be two of the oddest and most memorable plays in college football: Roy "Wrong Way" Riegels' fumble recovery at the 1929 Rose Bowl and The Play kickoff return in the 1982 Big Game.
Roche Jacques
Roche Jacques is a mountain in the Alberta's Rockies of Canada.

The mountain is located south of Highway 16 and Talbot Lake in Jasper National Park. It is part of the Jacques Range, and is situated immediately southeast of Cinquefoil Mountain, between the Jacques Creek and Cinquefoil Creek valleys.

The mountain was named after Jacques Cardinal, a North West Company employee.

North West Company
The North West Company was a Canadian fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the Hudson's Bay Company in the regions that later became Western Canada and Northwestern Ontario. With great wealth at stake, tensions between the companies increased to the point where several minor armed skirmishes broke out, and the two companies were forced by the British government to merge.
Georgia State Route 197
State Route 197 (SR 197) is a 29.0-mile-long (46.7 km) state highway. It passes through portions of Habersham and Rabun counties and the Chattahoochee National Forest.  Scenic Georgia Highway 197 was used by moonshiners during Prohibition in the United States.

Clarkesville, Georgia
Clarkesville is a city in and the county seat of Habersham County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 1,911, up from the 2010 census population of 1,733, up from 1,248 at the 2000 census.
Krishnadhwari
Krishnadhwari was a Telugu poet who resided in the court of the Thanjavur Nayak king p-ranghunathanNayak. He is remembered for the authorship of Naishadha Parijaatheeyamu, a Slesha kavya. The Naishadha Parijaatheeyamu relates the story of Nala and Krishna, each verse being a double entendre.

Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
The Thanjavur Nayak Dynasty, also known as the Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom, were the rulers of Thanjavur in the 15th and 17th centuries founded by Sevappa Nayaka. The Nayaks, who were Telugu Balijas, were originally appointed as provincial governors by the Vijayanagara Emperor in the 15th century, who divided the territory into Nayak kingdoms which were Madurai, Thanjavur and Gingee. In the mid-15th century they became an independent kingdom, although they continued their alliance with the Vijayanagara Empire. The Thanjavur Nayaks were notable for their patronage of literature and the arts.
LogoVisual thinking
For human communication, LogoVisual thinking (also LogoVisual technology and LVT) is a practical methodology and tool that helps people think.

It is used by management teams, project leaders, teachers and students as a means of tapping the diversity of groups and enabling many people to participate in effective thinking processes.

It makes thinking visible and tactile by making ideas into moveable objects displayed on writeable surfaces – for instance magnetic dry-wipe shapes on whiteboards.  Structured processes guide people's thinking to achieve their intended outcomes.

It can be used to help facilitate group discussions, and for helping people to find solutions for problems.

Sometimes people have called such meetings "brain storming sessions".

Mind map
A mind map is a  diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often based on a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those major ideas.

Mind maps can also be drawn by hand, either as "notes" during a lecture, meeting or planning session, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is available. Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram.
Wlonice, Gmina Ożarów
Wlonice [vlɔˈnit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-east of Ożarów, 25 km (16 mi) north-east of Opatów, and 78 km (48 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Opatów County
Opatów County (Polish: powiat opatowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Opatów, which lies 58 kilometres (36 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce. The only other town in the county is Ożarów, lying 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Opatów.

The county covers an area of 911.51 square kilometres (351.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 53,942, out of which the population of Opatów is 6,466, that of Ożarów is 4,569, and the rural population is 42,907.
2005 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10
The 2005 Giro d'Italia was the 88th edition of the cycle race, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Reggio Calabria with a prologue individual time trial on 7 May, and Stage 10 occurred on 18 May with a flat stage to Rossano Veneto. The race finished in Milan on 29 May.

Fassa Bortolo
Fassa Bortolo (2000–2005) was a professional road bicycle racing team founded in 2000 and led by Giancarlo Ferretti. Dubbed the 'Silver Team', it managed to be one of the most successful teams of the era, not in the least due to top sprinter Alessandro Petacchi. In its six competitive years, Fassa Bortolo won over 200 races, including stages in all three Grand Tours. It was one of the inaugural 20 UCI ProTour teams in 2005.

Fassa Bortolo stopped the sponsorship of the team after 2005. Efforts to find a new co-sponsor for 2006 proved unsuccessful. On October 14, 2005, a man claiming to represent proposed new sponsor Sony Ericsson turned out to be an imposter, leaving all staff and riders unemployed.

Petacchi and some of his helpers moved to the new Team Milram, a continuation of the Domina Vacanze Team. The other Fassa Bortolo riders all moved to different teams.
Husna Banu Khanam
Husna Banu Khanam (18 February 1922 – 30 May 2006) was a Bangladeshi educationist, writer and Nazrul singer. She was a pioneer of Bengali Muslim women journalism. In 1999, she received the Ekushey Padak Award for her contribution in music, and in 2004, she received the Begum Rokeya Medal for her contribution to the socio-economic development of women by the Government of Bangladesh.

Nazrul Geeti
Nazrul Sangeet (Bengali: নজরুল সঙ্গীত), also Nazrul Geeti (Bengali: নজরুল গীতি; lit. 'music of Nazrul'), refers to the songs written and composed by Kazi Nazrul Islam, who is the national poet of Bangladesh. Nazrul Geeti incorporate revolutionary notions as well as more spiritual, philosophical and romantic themes. Nazrul wrote and composed nearly 4,000 songs (including gramophone records), which are widely popular in Bangladesh and India. Some of the most notable Nazrul Sangeet include Notuner Gaan, the national marching song of Bangladesh and O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe, a Bengali Islamic song on the festival of the Bengali celebration of Chand Raat and Eid-ul-Fitr.
FHX
FHX or FHx can refer to:

Family history (medicine), or the disorders carried by blood relatives of a patient

West Fenghua Road station, a train station in Xihu district, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China

FHX, a military squadron in the No. 7 Elementary Flying Training School RAF unit in the United Kingdom, by squadron code; see List of RAF squadron codes

Fenghuang County, a county in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan province, China; see List of administrative divisions of Hunan

Fenghuang County
Fenghuang County (simplified Chinese: 凤凰县; traditional Chinese: 鳳凰縣; pinyin: Fènghuáng Xiàn), named after the mythological birds Fenghuang, is a county of Hunan Province, China, under the administration of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture.

Located on the western margin of the province and the southern Xiangxi, it is immediately adjacent to the eastern edge of Guizhou Province. The county is bordered to the north by Huayuan County and Jishou City, to the east by Luxi County, to the southeast by Mayang County, and to the southwest and the west by Bijiang District of Tongren City and Songtao County of Guizhou. Fenghuang County covers an area of 1,745 km2 (674 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 428,294 and a resident population of 363,700. The county has 13 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Tuojiang (沱江镇).
Peacock (Fabergé egg)
The Peacock egg is a jewel and rock crystal Easter egg made by Dorofeiev under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1908. It was made for Nicholas II of Russia, who presented the Fabergé egg to his mother, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, in 1908.

The transparent egg is composed of rock crystal and gilt silver wire, and is quite simple in style.  The genius of the egg lay in its surprise.  The egg is held together by a clasp at the top, and when opened, falls into two halves, each with a rococo style mount.

Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
Maria Feodorovna (Russian: Мария Фёдоровна; 26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), known as Princess Dagmar of Denmark before her marriage, was Empress of Russia from 1881 to 1894 as the wife of Emperor Alexander III. She was the fourth child and second daughter of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Maria’s eldest son, Nicholas, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917.
Sidaway Bridge
Sidaway Bridge is a bridge in Cleveland, Ohio. It spans the Kingsbury Run ravine, between Sidaway Avenue and East 65th Street, and is Cleveland's only suspension bridge. The footbridge spans 680 feet (210 m) with steel towers 158 feet (48 m) tall. It connects the neighborhoods of Slavic Village and Kinsman.

Kinsman, Cleveland
Kinsman is a neighborhood on the East Side of Cleveland, Ohio. Centered along Kinsman Road, it is bordered to the south by Union Ave, to the east by Kingsbury Blvd and Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, to the north by the RTA Red Line tracks to the north, and East 55th St to the west. Once a largely Jewish neighborhood, it is today predominantly African American.

The East 79th Street light rail station of RTA's Blue and Green Line is located south of Holton Ave next to East 79th Street.
MasterChef Junior (American TV series) season 4
The fourth season of the American competitive reality television series MasterChef Junior premiered on Fox on November 6, 2015, and concluded on January 29, 2016. Gordon Ramsay and Graham Elliot returned as judges. Christina Tosi replaced Joe Bastianich as the third judge.

The winner was Addison Osta Smith, a 9-year-old from River Forest, Illinois, with Avery Kyle from Baton Rouge, Louisiana being the runner-up.

Joe Bastianich
Joseph Bastianich (born September 17, 1968) is an American-born Italian restaurateur, author and television personality. He, along with his mother and business partner Lidia Bastianich, co-owns thirty restaurants in four countries, including Osteria Mozza in Los Angeles, which the owners expanded in 2010. Earlier that same year, they teamed up with businessman Oscar Farinetti to bring Eataly, an upscale food and wine market, to Dallas, Boston, Chicago, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York City, London and Stockholm.
Irbeyskoye
Irbeyskoye (Russian: Ирбе́йское) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Irbeysky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Population:  4,687 (2010 Census); 4,755 (2002 Census); 5,109 (1989 Soviet census).

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai is a federal subject (a krai) of Russia located in Siberia. Its administrative center is the city of Krasnoyarsk, the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk. Comprising half of the Siberian Federal District, Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in Russia, the second-largest federal subject in the country after neighboring Sakha, and the third-largest country subdivision by area in the world. The krai covers an area of 2,366,797 square kilometers (913,825 sq mi), constituting roughly 13% of Russia's total area. Krasnoyarsk Krai has a population of 2,856,971 as of the 2021 census.
EXPSPACE
In computational complexity theory, EXPSPACE is the set of all decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in exponential space, i.e., in  space, where  is a polynomial function of . Some authors restrict  to be a linear function, but most authors instead call the resulting class ESPACE. If we use a nondeterministic machine instead, we get the class NEXPSPACE, which is equal to EXPSPACE by Savitch's theorem.

A decision problem is EXPSPACE-complete if it is in EXPSPACE, and every problem in EXPSPACE has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to it.  In other words, there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms instances of one to instances of the other with the same answer.  EXPSPACE-complete problems might be thought of as the hardest problems in EXPSPACE.

EXPSPACE is a strict superset of PSPACE, NP, and P. It contains EXPTIME and is believed to strictly contain it, but this is unproven.

Savitch's theorem
In computational complexity theory, Savitch's theorem, proved by Walter Savitch in 1970, gives a relationship between deterministic and non-deterministic space complexity. It states that for any space-constructable function ,

In other words, if a nondeterministic Turing machine can solve a problem using  space, a deterministic Turing machine can solve the same problem in the square of that space bound.  Although it seems that nondeterminism may produce exponential gains in time (as formalized in the unproven exponential time hypothesis), Savitch's theorem shows that it has a markedly more limited effect on space requirements.

The theorem can be relativized. That is, for any oracle, replacing every "Turing machine" with "oracle Turing machine" would still result in a theorem.
WRZN
WRZN (720 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Hernando, Florida, United States, serving the Gainesville and Ocala markets. Owned by MARC Radio Gainesville, LLC, it carries a Christian radio format, with studios and transmitter sited on North Roscoe Road, just north of Hernando.  WRZN simulcasts its with co-owned WTMN (1430 AM) in Gainesville, using the moniker "The Shepherd."

WRZN is also relayed over low-power FM translator W278CI at 103.5 MHz in Oxford.

Hernando, Florida
Hernando is a census-designated place in Citrus County, Florida, United States.  The population was 9,284 at the 2020 census, up from 9,054 at the 2010 census. At one time it was a city but it was disincorporated in the 1970s. It is part of the Homosassa Springs, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Vertault relief
The Vertault relief is a Roman relief found in Vertault, the ancient Vertillum, in the Department of Côte-d'Or in France. The sites of the temple and baths were excavated by Louis Coutant beginning in 1846, and all the artifacts found there, including the Vertault relief, are now held by the Museum of Châtillon-sur-Seine.

Châtillon-sur-Seine
Châtillon-sur-Seine (French pronunciation: [ʃɑtijɔ̃ syʁ sɛn]) is a commune of the Côte-d'Or department, eastern France.
The Musée du Pays Châtillonnais is housed in old abbey of Notre-Dame de Châtillon, within the town, known for its collection of pre-Roman and Roman relics (especially the famous Vix Grave).
Lac des Évettes
Lac des Évettes is a lake in the Vanoise Massif of the Savoie department of France. The lake formed between 1939 and 1949, after the glacier that covered the area melted. Today the glacier ends almost 1 km from the lake's shore.

Vanoise massif
The Vanoise massif (French: massif de la Vanoise, pronounced [masif də la vanwaz]) is a mountain range of the Graian Alps, located in the Western Alps. After the Mont Blanc Massif and the Écrins Massif it is the third-highest massif in France, reaching a height of 3,885 m at the summit of Grande Casse. It lies between Tarentaise Valley to the north and the Maurienne Valley in the south. The range is the site of France's first national park, established in 1963, Vanoise National Park. The ski resorts of Tignes and Val-d'Isère and the 2,770-metre-high Col de l'Iseran are located in the eastern part of the range.
Zandra Flemister
Zandra Iona Flemister (November 21, 1951 – February 21, 2023) was a Foreign Service Officer and United States Secret Service agent. Flemister received a bachelor's degree from Northeastern University and a master's degree from the National Defense University. She joined the Secret Service in 1974, becoming the first African American woman to serve as an agent. Four years later, she joined the United States Foreign Service, where she would serve for 33 years before retiring in 2011 because of early-onset Alzheimer's. Flemister, along with over 100 other African American secret service agents, brought a class action lawsuit against the Secret Service for racial discrimination.

Military logistics
Military logistics is the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement, supply, and maintenance of military forces. In its most comprehensive sense, it is those aspects or military operations that deal with:

Design, development, acquisition, storage, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of materiel.

Transport of personnel.

Acquisition or construction, maintenance, operation and disposition of facilities.

Acquisition or furnishing of services.

Medical and health service support.

Logistics is an enabler of military operations, not an end in itself. Poor logistics can result in defeat, but even the best logistics cannot guarantee victory. Conversely, the best possible logistics is not always required: fit for purpose can suffice.
The Grandissimes: A Story of Creole Life
The Grandissimes: A Story of Creole Life is a novel by George Washington Cable, published as a book in 1880 by Charles Scribner's Sons after appearing as a serial in Scribner's. The historical romance depicts race and class relations in New Orleans at the start of the 19th century, immediately following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. The book examines the lives and loves of the extended Grandissime family, which includes members from different races and classes in Creole society. The novel juxtaposes a romanticized version of the French Creole culture with the atrocities committed under the European-American system of slavery in the United States.

Historical romance
Historical romance is a broad category of mass-market fiction focusing on romantic relationships in historical periods, which Byron helped popularize in the early 19th century. The genre often takes the form of the novel.