hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Žirovski Vrh, Žiri
Žirovski Vrh (pronounced [ʒiˈɾoːu̯ski ˈʋəɾx], German: Sairachberg) is a dispersed settlement in the hills east of Žiri in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It is made up of isolated farmsteads and small hamlets on the southeastern slopes of a range called Žiri Peak (Slovene: Žirovski vrh). The dispersed nature of the settlement on the hill continues into the neighbouring Municipality of Gorenja Vas–Poljane with the settlements of Žirovski Vrh Svetega Antona and Žirovski Vrh Svetega Urbana on its northern slopes.

Dispersed settlement
A dispersed settlement, also known as a scattered settlement, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world.  Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. A dispersed settlement contrasts with a nucleated village.

The French term bocage is sometimes used to describe the type of landscape found where dispersed settlements are common.

In addition to Western Europe, dispersed patterns of settlement are found in parts of Papua New Guinea, as among the Gainj, Ankave, and Baining tribes. It is also frequently met with in nomadic pastoral societies.
In Ghana, Kumbyili in the northern region is also an example of a dispersed settlement
Lydia P. Jackson
Lydia Patrice Jackson (born March 5, 1960) is a Democratic former member of the Louisiana State Senate from Shreveport, Louisiana. An African American, Jackson represented District 39 in Caddo Parish in the far northwestern corner of her state from 2004 to 2012.

Caddo Parish, Louisiana
Caddo Parish (/ˈkædoʊ/; French: Paroisse de Caddo) is a parish located in the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana. According to the 2020 U.S. census, the parish had a population of 237,848. The parish seat and largest city is Shreveport, which developed along the Red River.

The city of Shreveport is the economic and cultural center for the tri-state region of the Ark-La-Tex containing Caddo Parish. Caddo Parish is included in the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan statistical area.
Levy Mwanawasa Stadium
The Levy Mwanawasa Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Ndola, Zambia. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home for ZESCO United. Other Ndola-based clubs like Forest Rangers F.C. and Buildcon F.C. occasionally use the stadium as well. The stadium has a capacity of 49,800 people. It is located on the T3 road at the start of the Ndola-Kitwe Dual Carriageway.

In 2010, the Chinese government announced that the stadium will be built. The first international game that was played in the stadium was held on 9 June 2012. It was a world cup qualifier between the host nation Zambia and Ghana which had a result of 1–0 in favour of Zambia.

The stadium is named after Levy Mwanawasa, the third President of Zambia, who served from 2002 to his death in 2008.

Levy Mwanawasa
Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (3 September 1948 – 19 August 2008) was a Zambian politician who served as the third president of Zambia. He served as president from January 2002 until his death in August 2008. Mwanawasa is credited with having initiated a campaign to rid the corruption situation in Zambia during his term. Prior to Mwanawasa's election, he served as the fourth vice-president of Zambia from November 1991 to July 1994, whilst an elected Member of Parliament of Chifubu Constituency.
Haastrecht
Haastrecht is a small city on the Hollandse IJssel river in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Krimpenerwaard, and lies about 5 km east of Gouda.

In 2001, the city of Haastrecht had 3302 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.58 km², and contained 1325 residences.
The statistical area "Haastrecht", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 2330.

Haastrecht received town rights in 1396. It remained a separate municipality until 1985, when it became part of Vlist.

City rights in the Low Countries
City rights are a feature of the medieval history of the Low Countries, and, more generally, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. A liege lord, usually a count, duke or similar member of the high nobility, granted to a town or village he owned certain town privileges that places without city rights did not have.

In Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, a town, often proudly, calls itself a city if it obtained a complete package of city rights at some point in its history. Its current population is not relevant, so there are some very small cities. The smallest is Staverden in the Netherlands, with 40 inhabitants. In Belgium, Durbuy is the smallest city, whilst the smallest in Luxembourg is Vianden.
World's Fair Lo-V (New York City Subway car)
The World's Fair Lo-V was a New York City Subway car type built in 1938 by the St. Louis Car Company in St. Louis, Missouri. These 50 cars were ordered for the IRT Flushing Line in preparation for the 1939 World's Fair. They were the fourth and last "Lo-V" type cars that were ordered (after the Flivver Lo-Vs, Steinway Lo-Vs, and Standard Lo-Vs), and the last cars ordered for the IRT before the city takeover in 1940.

St. Louis Car Company
38°42′38″N 90°13′32″W﻿ / ﻿38.710668°N 90.225509°W﻿ / 38.710668; -90.225509

The St. Louis Car Company was a major United States manufacturer of railroad passenger cars, streetcars, interurbans, trolleybuses and locomotives. Based in St. Louis, Missouri, it operated from 1887 to 1974.

Among its most successful products were the Birney Safety Car, made from 1915 until 1930, and the PCC streetcar, from 1936 to 1952.
1989 Geelong Football Club season
The 1989 Geelong Football Club season was the club's 118th season of senior competition in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Under new coach Malcolm Blight, the Cats played attractive attacking football, scoring a combined total of 2916 points during the home-and-away season to break Sydney's record set in 1987 (2846 points). The Cats made it to their first Grand Final since 1967, but ultimately fell six points short to Hawthorn in one of the all-time classic Grand Finals.

1989 VFL season
The 1989 VFL season was the 93rd season of the Victorian Football League (VFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition and administrative body in Victoria and, by reason of it featuring clubs from New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia, the de facto highest level senior competition in Australia. It was the last season under the Victorian Football League name, before being renamed the Australian Football League in 1990. The season featured fourteen clubs, ran from 31 March until 30 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top five clubs.

The premiership was won by the Hawthorn Football Club for the eighth time and second time consecutively, after it defeated Geelong by six points in the 1989 VFL Grand Final.
Ascochyta hordei
Ascochyta hordei is a plant pathogen that causes Ascochyta leaf spot on barley and wheat.: 4  ALS of barley can also be caused by other Ascochyta including A. graminea, A. sorghi, and A. tritici. It is considered a minor disease.

Plant disease
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrates, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues and causing injury that may admit plant pathogens. The study of plant disease is called plant pathology.
Oprah Winfrey (painting)
An oil painting of Oprah Winfrey by Shawn Michael Warren was unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. in 2023.

The painting portrays Winfrey smiling and wearing a voluminous purple taffeta dress by Christian Siriano; the color references her first film role in Steven Spielberg's 1985 version of The Color Purple. Winfrey is depicted walking across a grass lawn amid the oak trees of the verdant prayer garden at her estate in Montecito, California, holding an olive branch in her left hand.

The artist received the commission after painting a mural of Winfrey in the West Loop neighborhood of Chicago in 2020, near where Winfrey's Harpo Studios had been located until 2015. The full-length portrait measures approximately 70 in × 56 in (180 cm × 140 cm) and has been added to the permanent collection of the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery.

Montecito, California
Montecito (archaic use of Spanish for woodland or countryside) is an unincorporated town in Santa Barbara County, California, United States. Located on the Central Coast of California, Montecito sits between the Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Montecito is best known for its concentration of prominent and wealthy residents. In 2024, the median home price was $7.5 million. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Montecito as a census-designated place (CDP). The population as of 2022 is approximately 8,638 residents.
Alex Boyd (photographer)
Alexander Boyd FRSA (born 15 July 1984) is a Scottish photographer and writer. He has published several books, and his work is included in both public and private collections including the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, The Yale Center for British Art, and the Royal Photographic Society collection held at the V&A.

Royal Scottish Academy
The Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) is the country's national academy of art. It promotes contemporary Scottish art.

The Academy was founded in 1826 by eleven artists meeting in Edinburgh. Originally named the Scottish Academy, it became the Royal Scottish Academy on being granted a royal charter in 1838.

The RSA maintains a unique position in the country as an independently funded institution led by eminent artists and architects to promote and support the creation, understanding, and enjoyment of visual arts through exhibitions and related educational events.
Argyrochosma
Argyrochosma is a genus of ferns known commonly as false cloak ferns. The genus is included in the Cheilanthoideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae.  Species now in this genus were previously treated as members of related genera Notholaena or Pellaea but were segregated into their own genus in 1987.

Cheilanthoideae
Cheilanthoideae is one of the five subfamilies of the fern family Pteridaceae. The subfamily is understood to be monophyletic, but some of the genera as currently defined are not. Most species are xeric-adapted, and the subfamily is most diverse in dry areas.
Swots
Swots was a 2009 BBC comedy radio panel show hosted by Miles Jupp. First broadcast on BBC Radio Scotland it has been repeated on BBC Radio 7. The show is set in a fictional 1960's classroom and involves a series of comedy rounds based loosely on typical classroom activities such as spelling and mathematics. The British comedy guide considered it "A very patchy, bizarre series. Some is rather funny; everyone on the panel is clearly having fun and Jupp delivers some good (scripted) gags."

BBC Radio Scotland
BBC Radio Scotland is a Scottish national radio network owned and operated by BBC Scotland, a division of the BBC. It broadcasts a wide variety of programmes. It replaced the Scottish BBC Radio 4 opt-out service of the same name from 23 November 1978. The station is broadcast from the BBC Scotland studios at Pacific Quay in Glasgow.

Radio Scotland is broadcast in English, whilst sister station Radio nan Gàidheal broadcasts in Scottish Gaelic.

According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 793,000 and has a listening share of 5.7% as of October 2025.

Since August 2025, the station has been led by Victoria Easton-Riley, a former Bauer executive.
Thella
Thella was a Jewish village located near the River Jordan which formed the northern border of Jewish settlement in the Upper Galilee during the 1st century, as described by Josephus.

Identification of the present site is at Tel Talil (Khirbet Teleil) on a hill near the shores of Lake Hula, in the eastern edge of the modern settlement of Yesud HaMa'ala. This is based on the discovery of a building at the site, identified as an ancient synagogue. However, some archaeologists have questioned this conclusion and locate Thella on the west bank of the Jordan at Khirbet Makbarat Banat Yakub.

The 1st-century historian, Josephus, mentions the village in his day with reference to the extent of Upper Galilee and which stretched "in length from Meroth to Thella, a village near Jordan".

Marus, Safad
Marus (Arabic: ماروس) was a  Palestinian village in Upper Galilee, 7 km northeast of Safad. In the Roman and medieval period it had Jewish population, and by the 16th century it became entirely Muslim. After a period of desertion, the Ottoman authorities resettled it with Algerian Arabs in the 19th century. It was depopulated in 1948 during the Operation Hiram by the Israeli attacking brigade Sheva' Brigade.
Michael Harwood (musician)
Michael Stewart Harwood (born 12 December 1975) is an English record producer, songwriter and recording artist manager. He was formerly the guitarist for the band Ultra. In 2011, he co founded Tileyard Music.

Tileyard
Tileyard houses over 100 recording studios, 250 music businesses and creative spaces for music industry professionals. Tileyard is built on a 140,000 sq ft site, north of the Regents Canal at Kings Cross, London, United Kingdom.
Daniel David Ellis
Daniel David Ellis (January 6, 1860 – 1927) was a physician and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Moosomin in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1905 to 1908 as a Provincial Rights Party member.

He was born in Wallace, Canada West, the son of Elijah Ellis, a native of Ireland, and was educated there, in Listowel and at the University of Toronto. In 1899, Ellis married Wilhelmina, the daughter of John George Hess. Ellis served as medical health officer for Stratford, Ontario and was a surgeon for the Perth County militia. Ellis served as provincial Grand Master for the Orange Lodge in Saskatchewan. He was defeated by Alexander S. Smith when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1908.

Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan
The Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan is a conservative political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Founded in 1905 by former Northwest Territories Premier Frederick Haultain, the party was first known as the Provincial Rights Party. In 1912, its name changed to the Conservative Party of Saskatchewan, and in 1942 it adopted its current name. Members are commonly known as Tories.

The party has formed government in Saskatchewan three times, first in a coalition government from 1929 to 1934, and then in consecutive majority governments from 1982 to 1991. The party was badly damaged by an expense fraud scandal in the 1990s. In 1997, the party went dormant when much of its membership migrated to the newly established Saskatchewan Party. Although the party has been active again since the 2007 provincial election, no PC candidates have been elected since 1995.
Armenian dress
The Armenian Taraz (Armenian: տարազ, taraz;), also known as Armenian traditional clothing, reflects a rich cultural tradition. Wool and fur were used by the Armenians along with the cotton that was grown in the fertile valleys. In Urartu, silk imported from China was used by royalty. Later, Armenians cultivated silkworms and produced their own silk.

Vaspurakan
Vaspurakan (Armenian: Վասպուրական, Western Armenian pronunciation: Vasbouragan) was the eighth province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia, which later became an independent kingdom during the Middle Ages, centered on Lake Van. Located in what is now southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran, the region is considered to be the cradle of Armenian civilization.
GR 71
The GR 71 is a long-distance walking route of the Grande Randonnée network in France. The route connects L'Espérou with Mazamet.

Along the way, the route passes through:

L'Espérou

La Couvertoirade

Soubès

Lodève

Cambon-et-Salvergues

Fraisse-sur-Agout

Mazamet

Lodève
Lodève (French pronunciation: [lodɛv] ⓘ; Occitan: Lodeva, [luˈðeβɔ]; Latin: Luteva) is a commune in the department of Hérault, in the region of Occitania, southern France. It is a subprefecture of the department. The derivation of the city's name is from Gaulish Luteva, composed of lut-, swamp, mud + suffix -eva. It might therefore translate as the muddy place or the swamp city. This mud could be a clay, called argillite, which was use during ancient history to produce pottery.
FSA Corporation
FSA Corporation (formerly Freedman, Sharp, and Associates) developed UNIX and Windows system level software for security and distributed system administration in the 1990s. The company provided the underlying technology basis for software offerings by IBM, Symantec, and McAfee. FSA's best known products were its Load Balancer distributed workload management solution, its PowerBroker secure system administration solution for controlling and auditing the power of root on UNIX networks, and its CipherLink network encryption solution. The company was acquired by McAfee in 1996.  The company was a testing ground for Theo de Raadt's ideas concerning open-source software, which led to the OpenBSD operating system. De Raadt was FSA's first non-founding employee.

System administrator
An IT administrator, system administrator, sysadmin, or admin is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems, especially multi-user computers, such as servers. The system administrator seeks to ensure that the uptime, performance, resources, and security of the computers they manage meet the needs of the users, without exceeding a set budget when doing so.

To meet these needs, a system administrator may acquire, install, or upgrade computer components and software; provide routine automation; maintain security policies; troubleshoot; train or supervise staff; or offer technical support for projects.
Glossary of Nazi Germany
This is a list of words, terms, concepts and slogans of Nazi Germany used in the historiography covering the Nazi regime.
Some words were coined by Adolf Hitler and other Nazi Party members. Other words and concepts were borrowed and appropriated, and other terms were already in use during the Weimar Republic. Finally, some are taken from Germany's cultural tradition.

Slogan
A slogan is a memorable motto or phrase used in a clan or a political, commercial, religious, or other context as a repetitive expression of an idea or purpose, with the goal of persuading members of the public or a more defined target group. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as "a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising". A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and appealing to the audience.
First Chilean Navy Squadron
The First Chilean Navy Squadron was the heterogeneous naval force that terminated Spanish colonial rule in the Pacific and protagonized the most important naval actions of in the Latin American wars of independence. The Chilean revolutionary government organized the squadron in order to carry the war to the Viceroyalty of Perú, then the center of Spanish power in South America, and thus secure the independence of Chile and Argentina.

Battle of Chacabuco
The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, took place on February 12, 1817. The Army of the Andes, from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and led by Captain–General José de San Martín, defeated a Spanish force commanded by Rafael Maroto. This victory was a significant defeat for the Captaincy General of Chile, the royalist government established after the division of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiyah ibn Hudayj al-Tujibi
Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiyah ibn Hudayj al-Tujibi (Arabic: عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن معاوية بن حديج التجيبي) (died January 772) was a governor of Egypt for the Abbasid Caliphate, from 769 to 772.

Ibn Taghribirdi
Jamal al-Din Yusuf bin al-Amir Sayf al-Din Taghribirdi (Arabic: جمال الدين يوسف بن الأمير سيف الدين تغري بردي), or Abū al-Maḥāsin Yūsuf ibn Taghrī-Birdī, or Ibn Taghribirdi (2 February 1411— 5 June 1470; 813–874 Hijri) was an Islamic historian born in the 15th century in Mamluk Egypt. He studied under al-Ayni and al-Maqrizi, two of the leading Cairene historians and scholars of the day.

Ibn Taghribirdi's most famous work is a multi-volume chronicle of Egypt and the Mamluk sultanate called al-Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira.  His style is annalistic and gives precise dates for most events;  this format makes it clear that Ibn Taghribirdi had privileged access to the sultans and their records. The name "Taghribirdi" is cognate to modern Turkish "Tanrıverdi" and means god-given in Turkic languages.
CCIR System F
CCIR System F was an adaptation of System E used in Belgium (1953, RTB) and Luxembourg (1955, Télé Luxembourg). With only half the vision bandwidth and approximately half the sound carrier offset, it allowed French 819-line programming to squeeze into the 7 MHz VHF broadcast channels used in those neighboring countries, albeit with a substantial loss of horizontal resolution. Use of System F was discontinued in Belgium in February 1968, and in Luxembourg in September 1971.

Between 1976 and 1981 when French channel TF1 was switching area by area to the new analog 625-lines UHF network with SECAM colour, some transmitters and gapfillers broadcast the 819-line signal in UHF. When switching to 625-lines, most gapfillers did not change UHF channel (e.g. many gapfillers using this transmission located in French Alps near Grenoble, Mont Salève, and Geneva began broadcasting on UHF channel 42, and continue to use this frequency to this day). They were switched to 625-lines in June 1981.

Salève
The Salève (French pronunciation: [salɛv]), or Mont Salève, is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the department of Haute-Savoie in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is also called the "Balcony of Geneva" (French: Balcon de Genève).
2013 Clipsal 500 Adelaide
The 2013 Clipsal 500 Adelaide was a motor race for V8 Supercars held on 2 and 3 March 2013. The event was held at the Adelaide Street Circuit in Adelaide, South Australia, and consisted of two races of two hundred and fifty kilometres in length. It was the first round of the 2013 International V8 Supercars Championship, and marked the racing debuts of the Holden VF Commodore, Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG, and Nissan Altima L33, all of which were entered in the series under the brand-new "Car of the Future" regulations; Ford continued to use the FG Falcon model raced in previous years, but built to Car of the Future specifications.

2012 International V8 Supercars Championship
The 2012 International V8 Supercar Championship (often simplified to the 2012 V8 Supercars Championship) was an FIA-sanctioned international motor racing series for V8 Supercars. It was the fourteenth running of the V8 Supercar Championship Series and the sixteenth series in which V8 Supercars have contested the premier Australian touring car title. The championship began on 1 March at the Clipsal 500 and concluded on 2 December at the Homebush Street Circuit.

Jamie Whincup and Triple Eight Race Engineering started the season as the defending drivers' and teams' champions.

Whincup successfully defended his drivers' championship, wrapping up the title at Winton, with Triple Eight Race Engineering also wrapping up the teams' championship. Whincup's teammate Craig Lowndes took second in the points standings from Mark Winterbottom of Ford Performance Racing.