hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joseph Christian (judge)
Joseph Christian (July 28, 1828 – May 29, 1905) was born in Middlesex County, Virginia.  He was educated at Columbian College (now George Washington University) in Washington, D. C. and studied law at Staunton, Virginia.  Admitted to the bar at the age of 21, he started practicing law in Middlesex and adjoining counties.  In 1858, he was elected to the Virginia State Senate and served as a Senator during the American Civil War.  He was elected circuit judge in 1866, for the circuit composed of the counties of Middlesex, Gloucester, Matthews, James City, Warwick, New Kent, Charles City and Henrico.  He moved to Richmond in 1869 and formed a law partnership with William T. Joynes.  This partnership lasted until January 1, 1870 when both partners were elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals.  Judge Christian served on the bench for twelve years.  Being defeated for re-election in 1882, he returned to private practice.  He died in Richmond.

Supreme Court of Virginia
The Supreme Court of Virginia is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Virginia.  It primarily hears direct appeals in civil cases from the trial-level city and county circuit courts, as well as the criminal law, family law and administrative law cases that are initially appealed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Established in 1779 as the Supreme Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court of Virginia is one of the oldest continuously active judicial bodies in the United States.
Menegazzia brattii
Menegazzia brattii is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was described as a new species by Gintaras Kantvilas in 2012. The type specimen was collected from the Bras de la Fonderie in the Kerguelen Islands. Here it was found at the summit of coastal cliffs west of Col Demi-Lune. The lichen was growing on the bark of an unidentified tree or shrub. The specific epithet brattii honours Tasmanian lichenologist Geoffrey Charles Bratt, who collected the type specimen in 1971 when he was on a botanical expedition in Kerguelen with Henry Imshaug.

Characteristics of Menegazzia brattii include its eight-spored asci, the presence of orange and yellow pigments, and the presence of the compound lecanoric acid.

Menegazzia castanea is the only other Menegazzia species known to occur on the Kergulen Islands.

Menegazzia
Menegazzia is a genus of lichenized fungi containing roughly 70 accepted species. The group is sometimes referred to as the tree flutes, honeycombed lichens, or hole-punch lichens.  The most obvious morphological feature of the genus is the distinctive perforations spread across the upper side of the thallus. This makes the group easy to recognise, even for those not particularly familiar with lichen identification.

The genus has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution (excluding Antarctica), but is concentrated in Australasia, Melanesia, and southern South America.  Most species grow exclusively on trees, but some grow on rocks, moss, and/or soil.
Hilberg's hypothesis
Hilberg's hypothesis (also known as Hilberg's law) is a conjecture in quantitative linguistics or a statistical law in information theory. It states that measures of information in natural language texts or samples of particular stochastic processes grow as a sublinear power of the sample length, possibly in addition to the term that is linear. It is closely related to Zipf's law and the neural scaling law for large language models.

Invariant sigma-algebra
In mathematics, especially in probability theory and ergodic theory, the invariant sigma-algebra is a sigma-algebra formed by sets which are invariant under a group action or dynamical system. It can be interpreted as of being "indifferent" to the dynamics.

The invariant sigma-algebra appears in the study of ergodic systems, as well as in theorems of probability theory such as de Finetti's theorem and the Hewitt-Savage law.
James Baines (clipper)
James Baines was a passenger clipper ship completely constructed of timber in the 1850s and launched on 25 July 1854 from the East Boston shipyard of the famous ship builder Donald McKay in the United States for the Black Ball Line of James Baines & Co., Liverpool. The clipper was one of the few known larger sailing ships rigged with a moonsail.

Moonraker (sail)
A moonraker, also known as a moonsail, hope-in-heaven, or hopesail, is a square sail flown immediately above a skysail (see sail-plan) on the royal masts of a square-rigged sailing ship. None of the four- and five-masted square-rigged ships carried a moonsail.

The equivalent sail, if triangular, is called a skyscraper.

Moonrakers are relatively unusual sails only used on ships built primarily for speed.
Alexei Chernyaevsky
Alexei Osipovich Chernyaevsky (Russian: Алексей Осипович Черняевский; 1840, Shamakhi – December 14, 1894, Tiflis) was an educator, methodologist, and pedagogue. His textbook "Vatan dili" (The Native Language) is the first Azerbaijani language textbook published for Azerbaijanis based on the syllabic method.

Uezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd or uiezd; Russian: уе́зд (pre-1918: уѣздъ), IPA: [ʊˈjest]), or povit in a Ukrainian context (Ukrainian: повіт), was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, the Russian SFSR, and the early Soviet Union, which was in use from the 13th century. For most of Russian history, uezds were a second-level administrative division. By sense, but not by etymology, uezd approximately corresponds to the English "county".
2023 Chengdu Open – Doubles
Sadio Doumbia and Fabien Reboul defeated Francisco Cabral and Rafael Matos in the final, 4–6, 7–5, [10–7] to win the doubles tennis title at the 2023 Chengdu Open. It was both players' first individual ATP Tour title in their second tour-level final together.

Nikola Čačić and Dušan Lajović were the reigning champions from 2019, when the tournament was last held, but they chose not to participate this year.

Rafael Matos
Rafael Fabris de Matos (born 6 January 1996) is a Brazilian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 26, achieved on 6 February 2023 and a singles ranking of No. 440, reached on 21 May 2018. His most notable result is a major mixed doubles title at the 2023 Australian Open, playing with compatriot Luisa Stefani. They became the first Brazilian pair to win a major.

Matos has won thirteen ATP Tour titles in doubles. He represents Brazil at the Davis Cup.
Carson–Young House
Carson–Young House is a historic home located near Marion, McDowell County, North Carolina.  It was built about 1860, and is two-story, three-bay, frame I-house with Greek Revival style design influences. A one-story, hip-roofed rear addition was built about 1951.  It features a central, one-bay-wide, two-story porch is capped with a full pediment roof.  Also on the property is a contributing two-story, brick schoolhouse (c. 1860) and barn.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

I-house
The I-house is a vernacular house type, popular in the United States from the colonial period onward. The I-house was so named in the 1930s by Fred Kniffen, a cultural geographer at Louisiana State University who was a specialist in folk architecture. He identified and analyzed the type in his 1936 study of Louisiana house types.

He chose the name "I-house" because the style was commonly built in the rural farm areas of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, all states beginning with the letter "I". But he was not implying that this house type originated in, or was restricted to, those three states. It is also referred to as Plantation Plain style.
Jean-Louis Dumas
Jean-Louis Dumas was a French businessman. A descendant of its founder Thierry Hermès, he headed Hermès from 1978 to 2006. He left his mark on the world of fashion and luxury.

He began his career at Hermès in 1964, becoming managing director in 1971 under the supervision of his father, Robert Dumas, and then chairman in 1978. He introduced major innovations, expanded the product range and developed Hermès' international presence. Under his leadership, Hermès diversified into areas such as ready-to-wear, silk and watchmaking, and acquired prestigious brands such as John Lobb and Puiforcat. The creation of the Birkin bag, following a chance meeting with Jane Birkin, symbolizes the innovative spirit and success of the brand under his leadership. He retired for health reasons from the business in 2006.

Artistic director
An artistic director is the executive of an arts organization, particularly in a theatre company or dance company, who handles the organization's artistic direction. They are generally a producer and director, but not in the sense of a mogul, since the organization is generally a non-profit organization. The artistic director of a theatre company is the individual with the overarching artistic control of the theatre's production choices, directorial choices, and overall artistic vision.  In smaller theatres, the artistic director may be the founder of the theatre and the primary director of its plays.  In larger non-profit theatres (often known in Canada and the United States as regional theatres), the artistic director may be appointed by the board of directors.
Babar Khan (officer)
Raja Muhammad Babar Khan was a military leader and commander of the Ibex Force under the Gilgit Scouts during the First Kashmir War (1947–1948). A key figure in the Gilgit Rebellion, he played an important role in the liberation of Gilgit-Baltistan from Dogra rule and led successful military operations against opposing forces in the region.

1947 Gilgit rebellion
In November 1947, the paramilitary force of Gilgit Scouts stationed at Gilgit rebelled against the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, soon after it acceded to the Indian Union. Under the command of a British officer Major William Brown, they executed a coup d'etat, overthrew the governor Ghansara Singh, and imprisoned him. The Muslim troops of Jammu and Kashmir State Forces stationed at Bunji joined in the rebellion, under the command of Captain Mirza Hassan Khan, imprisoned their own commander Colonel Abdul Majid and eliminated the non-Muslim troops. A provisional government was declared under a local chief Shah Rais Khan, which lasted for about two weeks. On 16 November, a Pakistani political agent Khan Mohammad Alam Khan arrived and took over the administration.
Juksan An clan
Juksan Ahn clan (Korean: 죽산 안씨; Hanja: 竹山 安氏) is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province. According to the research held in 2015, the number of Juksan Ahn clan’s member was 77026. Their founder was An Pangjun who was Yi Won (Hanja: 李瑗)'s eldest son, and An Pangjun came to Silla from Tang dynasty in 807. Aejang of Silla ordered An Pangjun to handle Wokou and bestowed Ahn surname on An Pangjun. Then, An Pangjun was settled in Silla and founded Juksan Ahn clan.

Anseong
Anseong (Korean: 안성; Korean pronunciation: [an.sʌŋ]) is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Seoul. Anseong promotes itself as "The City of Masters". It is known for producing brassware and arts and crafts. From late spring to fall, Anseong holds its own Namsadang Neuri Festival. The agriculture of Anseong is centered around Asian pears, grapes, ginseng, and rice, while Hanwoo is considered to be the most famous and high-quality.

Anseong is the center of all traffic in Korea. It is connected to all highways in the country, and there are nine interchanges, the most in Korea  Republic

The pronoun AnseongMachum ("Anseong Perfect") is a word that was born from Anseong Yugi. And in addition, AmseongPyeongya (Anseong Plain), Anseongcheon (Anseong River), Anseong Line (Train) are all Anseong is the source (The railway was closed in 1990, and it is preparing to revive the railway again after 30 years *2028–2032*)
Mishan-e Olya, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
Mishan-e Olya (Persian: ميشان عليا, also Romanized as Mīshān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Mīshān-e Bālā) is a village in Falard Rural District, Falard District, Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 555, in 99 families. The village is populated by Lurs.

Falard Rural District
Falard Rural District (Persian: دهستان فلارد) is in the Central District of Falard County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kalvari-ye Sofla. The rural district was previously administered from the city of Mal-e Khalifeh.
Elinor Ross
Elinor Ross (August 1, 1926 – March 6, 2020) was an American opera singer, a dramatic soprano particularly associated with the Italian repertory. She made an international career, appearing regularly at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and at major opera houses in Europe and the Americas, in roles such as Puccini's Tosca and Turandot.

“Miss Ross has the dramatic metal of a Raisa, Ponselle, Traubel, Flagstad, or Nilsson!” – John Rosenfield, The Dallas Morning News

Rosa Raisa
Rosa Raisa (23 May 1893 – 28 September 1963) was a Polish-born and Italian-trained Russian and Jewish  operatic dramatic soprano who became a naturalized American. She possessed a voice of remarkable power and was the creator of the title role of Puccini's last opera, Turandot, at La Scala, Milan.
Cullie Tarleton
Cullie M. Tarleton (born January 15, 1939) is a North Carolina businessman and politician raised in Union County, North Carolina. Tarleton graduated from Marshville High School. Tarleton is married to Sylvia Davis Tarleton. He currently lives in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. Tarleton is a retired broadcasting executive and general manager for WBTV, WBT (AM), and WCCB in Charlotte, North Carolina. He is also a veteran of the North Carolina Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve (1956–64). Tarleton is also a 32nd Degree Mason.

Union County, North Carolina
Union County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 238,267. Its county seat is Monroe. Union County is included in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Land and Buildings Transaction Tax
Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (LBTT) is a property tax in Scotland. It replaced the Stamp Duty Land Tax from 1 April 2015.

LBTT is a tax applied to residential and commercial land and buildings transactions (including commercial purchases and commercial leases) where a chargeable interest is acquired. Under the Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (Scotland) Act 2013 (asp 11), a land transaction must be notified to Revenue Scotland unless it falls within one of the exempt categories contained in the Act.

Revenue Scotland administers and collects LBTT with support from Registers of Scotland.

Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government
The Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government (Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire a’ Chaibineit airson Ionmhais agus Riaghaltas Ionadail), commonly referred to as the Finance Secretary, is a member of the Cabinet in the Scottish Government. The Cabinet Secretary has Ministerial responsibility for the Scottish Government's Finance Directorates.

The post has been held by Shona Robison since March 2023, as Cabinet Secretary for Finance until 8 May 2024 when Local Government was added to her brief. Robison was additionally Deputy First Minister of Scotland from March 2023 to May 2024. The Cabinet Secretary is supported by the Minister for Public Finance, since May 2024 Ivan McKee.
Völsa þáttr
Vǫlsa þáttr is a short story which is only extant in the Flateyjarbók codex, where it is found in a chapter of Óláfs saga helga. It is probably from the 14th century but takes place in 1029, when Scandinavia was still largely pagan, and it appears to preserve traditions of a pagan phallus cult, the vǫlsi.

Flateyjarbók
Flateyjarbók (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈflaːtˌeiːjarˌpouːk]; "Book of Flatey") is an important medieval Icelandic manuscript. It is also known as GkS 1005 fol. and by the Latin name Codex Flateyensis. It was commissioned by the knight and lawspeaker, Jón Hákonarson, and produced by the priests and scribes Jón Þórðarson and Magnús Þórhallsson.
Kevin Eldon Will See You Now
Kevin Eldon Will See You Now is a British comedy show broadcast on BBC Radio 4, currently in its fourth series. It is made by Pozzitive Television, and all 4 series have been produced and directed by David Tyler. It is written by and stars the comedian Kevin Eldon.

Over the course of the four series, there have been a number of famous guest stars making appearances, including Paul Putner, Julia Davis, Justin Edwards, Amelia Bullmore, Morwenna Banks, and Miles Jupp.

Julia Davis
Julia Davis (born 25 August 1966) is an English actress, comedian, director and writer. She is known for writing and starring in the comedies  Human Remains (2000) and Nighty Night (2004–2005). She later worked on the comedies Hunderby (2012–2015), Camping (2016), and Sally4Ever (2018) which she also directed.

A nine-time BAFTA TV Award nominee, she won Best Comedy Writing for Hunderby in 2013 and the 2018 British Academy Television Award for Best Scripted Comedy for Sally4Ever. She has also received two RTS Awards and three British Comedy Awards. In addition to acting in her own works, she has appeared in a variety of other British television comedies, most notably portraying Dawn Sutcliffe in Gavin & Stacey (2007–2009, 2019, 2024). Her film roles include Love Actually (2003), Cemetery Junction (2010), Four Lions (2010), Phantom Thread (2017), and The Toxic Avenger (2023).
Tevita Naqali
Tevita Naqali (born 1996) is a Fijian professional rugby union player who plays as a lock for Old Glory DC in Major League Rugby (MLR).

He previously played for Fijian Drua in the Australian National Rugby Championship, Fijian Latui in Global Rapid Rugby and Valladolid RAC in the División de Honor de Rugby.

Old Glory DC
Old Glory DC RFC is an American professional rugby union team based in the Washington metropolitan area that competes in Major League Rugby (MLR). Old Glory was founded in 2018, played some exhibition games in 2019, and began regular-season MLR play in 2020.

The organization is led by two local business leaders, former USA Eagles' Paul Sheehy, and local club rugby player Chris Dunlavey. The team has been coached by Simon Cross since July 2023.
Betty Clawman
Betty Clawman is a fictional superhero and disembodied cosmic force in the DC Comics shared universe.  She first appeared in Millennium #2 (January 1988), and was created by Steve Englehart and Joe Staton.

The Millennium series was specifically written to introduce superheroes of color into the DC universe. Betty Clawman is an Aboriginal Australian woman, and her teammates include Gloss (aka Xiang Po, from mainland China), Jet (aka Celia Windward, an Afro-Caribbean British citizen), Extraño (aka Gregorio de la Vega, from Peru) and Inuit mechanic Thomas Kalmaku.

Cosmos
The cosmos (/ˈkɒzmɒs/, US also /-moʊs, -məs/; Ancient Greek: κόσμος, romanized: kósmos) is an alternative name for the universe or its nature or order. Usage of the word cosmos implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity.

The cosmos is studied in cosmology – a broad discipline covering scientific, religious or philosophical aspects of the cosmos and its nature. Religious and philosophical approaches may include the cosmos among spiritual entities or other matters deemed to exist outside the physical universe.
2000–01 Polish Cup
The 2000–01 Polish Cup was the forty-seventh season of the annual Polish cup competition. It began on 27 June 2000 with the preliminary round and ended on 27 May 2001 with second leg of the Final, played at Stadion Polonii, Warsaw. The winners qualified for the qualifying round of the UEFA Cup. Amica Wronki were the defending champions.

Amica Wronki
Amica Wronki was a Polish football club based in Wronki, Poland.

The club was invariably linked to Amica, a manufacturer of white goods, predominantly stoves, which gave the club its nickname. The company's increasing profits gave the new team tremendous financial clout in the Polish leagues. The club was formed when two clubs were joined, Błękitni Wronki and LZS Czarni Wromet Wróblewo. The new club was named FK Amica Wronki and in just 4 years, the club won promotion from the Fourth Division to the Orange Ekstraklasa.

They have been in the top division in Poland since 1995. In May 2006, they merged with fellow Ekstraklasa team Lech Poznań. The reserve team then became its first team but only lasted one season before it was finally disbanded. In 2007, one of the clubs that was merged that created Amica, Błękitni Wronki was re-founded and is considered to be a phoenix club.
The Naval Treaty
"The Naval Treaty" is the third episode of the series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, the first series in the Sherlock Holmes series. The series is based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's stories and was produced by the British television company Granada Television between 1984 and 1994 and star Jeremy Brett as the famous detective. "The Naval Treaty" is based on the short story "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty". The episode first aired on 8 May 1984.

Mrs. Hudson
Mrs. Hudson is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes novels and short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. She is the landlady of 221B Baker Street, the London residence in which Sherlock Holmes lives.

Mrs. Hudson appears or is mentioned in many Sherlock Holmes stories, though her appearances are generally brief, and little information is given about the character. She has been made a more prominent character in multiple Sherlock Holmes adaptations in film, television, and other media.
Naju
Naju (Korean: 나주; Korean pronunciation: [na̞.dʑu]) is a city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea.

The capital of South Jeolla Province was located at Naju until it was moved to Gwangju in 1895. The name Jeolla Province actually originates from the first character of Jeonju (전; 全) and the first character of Naju (라; 羅; nowadays spelled and pronounced 나/na according to the South Korean standard). Dongshin University is situated in Naju. Naju is famous for the Naju Pear which is a large round pear that forms its district logo.

Administrative divisions of South Korea
South Korea is made up of 17 first-tier administrative divisions: 6 metropolitan cities (gwangyeoksi 광역시/廣域市), 1 special city (teukbyeolsi 특별시/特別市), 1 special self-governing city (teukbyeol-jachisi 특별자치시/特別自治市), and 9 provinces (do 도/道), including three special self-governing provinces (teukbyeol jachido 특별자치도/特別自治道) and six claimed by the ROK government. These are further subdivided into a variety of smaller entities, including cities (si 시/市), counties (gun 군/郡), districts (gu 구/區), towns (eup 읍/邑), townships (myeon 면/面), neighborhoods (dong 동/洞) and villages (ri 리/里).