hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dulles–Jackson–Correa Report
The Dulles–Jackson–Correa Report (also known as Intelligence Survey Group (ISG) and the Dulles Report) was one of the most influential evaluations of the functioning of the United States Intelligence Community, and in particular, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The report focused primarily on the coordination and organization of the CIA and offered suggestions that refined the US intelligence effort in the early stages of the Cold War.

Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter
Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and  the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as DCI and director of the CIG and the CIA from May 1, 1947, to October 7, 1950, and, after his retirement from the United States Navy, was a member of the board of governors of National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) from 1957 to 1962.
Takumi Takahashi
Takumi Takahashi (高橋 巧, Takahashi Takumi; born 26 November 1989) is a Japanese motorcycle racer. He recently competed in the British Superbike Championship on a factory-supported Honda Fireblade.

Takahashi has raced in the All Japan Road Race Championship in the GP125 class, in the GP250 class, where he was champion in 2008, and in the JSB1000 class, where he was champion in 2017. He won the Suzuka 8 Hours in 2010 with Ryuichi Kiyonari and Takaaki Nakagami and in 2013 and 2014 with Michael van der Mark and Leon Haslam. A test rider for Honda Racing Corporation, Takahashi in 2015 made a wild card appearance in his home race in the MotoGP World Championship.

Motorcycle racing
The motorcycle sport of racing (also called moto racing and motorbike racing) includes motorcycle road racing and off-road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
Waresley and Gransden Woods
Waresley and Gransden Woods is a 50-hectare (120-acre) nature reserve between Waresley and Great Gransden in Cambridgeshire, England. It is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. The site is a 54.2-hectare (134-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest called Waresley Wood, with slightly different boundaries (but including Gransden Wood).

This ancient woodland is mainly ash, field maple and hazel. There are also rides with diverse flora such as the herbs bush vetch, meadowsweet, greater burnet-saxifrage and self-heal.

There is access by a path from Waresley Road.

Filipendula ulmaria
Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet or mead wort, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows. It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia (Near East and Middle East). It has been introduced and naturalised in North America.

Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow, pride of the meadow, meadow-wort, meadow queen, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet, and bridewort.
Henning Von Minden
Henning Von Minden (December 30, 1826 - December 25, 1871) was a  German American civil engineer, surveyor, and military officer from Schleswig-Holstein and a prominent citizen of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Von Minden was responsible for the platting of Chisago City, Minnesota and was an associate of Ignatius L. Donnelly.

Brackett's Minnesota Cavalry Battalion
Brackett's Minnesota Cavalry Battalion or Brackett's Battalion was a Minnesota USV cavalry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and in the direct aftermath of the Dakota War of 1862.
Equivalence problem
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, the equivalence problem is the question of determining, given two representations of formal languages, whether they denote the same formal language.

The complexity and decidability of this decision problem depend upon the type of representation under consideration.

For instance, in the case of finite-state automata, equivalence is decidable, and the problem is PSPACE-complete.
Further, in the case of deterministic pushdown automata, equivalence is decidable, Géraud Sénizergues won the Gödel Prize for this result. Subsequently, the problem was shown to lie in TOWER, the least non-elementary complexity class.

It becomes an undecidable problem for pushdown automata or any machine that can decide context-free languages or more powerful languages.

Undecidable problem
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is proved to be impossible to construct an algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer. The halting problem is an example: it can be proven that there is no algorithm that correctly determines whether an arbitrary program eventually halts when run.
Archibald John Macdonald (Prince Edward Island politician)
Archibald John Macdonald (October 10, 1834 – August 18, 1917) was a merchant and political figure in Prince Edward Island. He represented 5th Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island as a Conservative member from 1872 to 1876 and from 1879 to 1912.

He was born in Panmure Island, the son of Hugh Macdonald and Catherine McDonald, and was educated at Georgetown and at the Central Academy (later Prince of Wales College) in Charlottetown. He went into business with his older brother Andrew Archibald and his younger brother Augustine Colin. In 1873, he married Marion Murphy. Macdonald was a justice of the peace, a customs collector at Georgetown and was also a consular agent for the United States. He served as a member of the province's Executive Council from 1873 to 1876 and again in 1883.

Macdonald was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1876. He also served as sheriff for Kings County. He died in Georgetown at the age of 72.

5th Kings
5th Kings was a provincial electoral district of Prince Edward Island, Canada, which elected two members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1873 to 1993.

The district comprised the eastern central portion of Kings County. It was abolished in 1996.
Thomas Kappeler
Thomas Kappeler (12 February 1953 – 30 May 2022) was a Swiss mathematician and professor at the University of Zurich.
Kappeler's main research was in global analysis, partial differential equations and dynamical systems in infinite dimensions.

Kappeler co-founded the Zurich Graduate School in Mathematics, a joint doctoral program of the Mathematics departments of ETH Zurich and University of Zurich. He also actively supported young kids with talent in mathematics. He was the co-leader of the children's math club Junior Euler Society.

Global analysis
In mathematics, global analysis, also called analysis on manifolds, is the study of the global and topological properties of differential equations on manifolds and vector bundles.  Global analysis uses techniques in infinite-dimensional manifold theory and topological spaces of mappings to classify behaviors of differential equations, particularly nonlinear differential equations. These spaces can include singularities and hence catastrophe theory is a part of global analysis. Optimization problems, such as finding geodesics on Riemannian manifolds, can be solved using differential equations, so that the calculus of variations overlaps with global analysis. Global analysis finds application in physics in the study of dynamical systems and topological quantum field theory.
Samma FC
Samma Football Club (Arabic: نادي صما الرياضي) is a Jordanian football club based in Samma, Jordan, 18 kilometers west of the city of Irbid. It currently competes in the Jordanian First Division League, the second tier of Jordanian football.

Football in Jordan
The sport of football in the country of Jordan is run by the Jordan Football Association. The association administers the national football team as well as the Jordan League. Association football is the most popular sport in Jordan. Approximately 40% of the people in the country are considered football fans.
Quart, Spain
Quart (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkwaɾt]) is a village in the province of Girona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 38.1 square kilometres (14.7 sq mi) and the population in 2014 was 3,441.

Between 1892 and 1969, the village was connected to the city of Girona and the port of Sant Feliu de Guíxols by the narrow gauge Sant Feliu de Guíxols–Girona railway The line has since been converted into a greenway..

Province of Girona
The Province of Girona (Catalan: província de Girona [pɾuˈvinsiə ðə ʒiˈɾonə]; Spanish: provincia de Gerona [pɾoˈβinθja ðe xeˈɾona]) is a province in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. It is bordered on the northwest by the province of Lleida, on the southwest by the province of Barcelona, on the north by France (Pyrénées-Orientales), and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea.

The population of the province in 2016 was 739,607. Its capital and largest city is Girona, with an urban area (including the neighbouring municipalities of Salt, Sarrià de Ter and Vilablareix) representing, with a total population of 144,709, 19.2% of the population. The Girona area acts as an industrial, commercial and service hub for a significant part of the province.
Pantaivka
Pantaivka (Ukrainian: Пантаївка; Russian: Пантаевка) is a rural settlement in Oleksandriia Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast in Ukraine. It is located in the steppe, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the city of Oleksandriia. Pantaivka hosts the administration of Pantaivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 2,536 (2022 estimate).

Kirovohrad Oblast
Kirovohrad Oblast (Ukrainian: Кіровоградська область, romanized: Kirovohradska oblast), also known as Kirovohradshchyna (Ukrainian: Кіровоградщина), is an oblast (province) in central Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Kropyvnytskyi. The oblast's population is 903,712 (2022 estimate). It is Ukraine's second least populated oblast, ahead of Chernivtsi.

In 2019, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine approved the change of the oblast's name to Kropyvnytskyi Oblast (Ukrainian: Кропивницька область, romanized: Kropyvnytska oblast, unofficially Kropyvnychchyna (Ukrainian: Кропивниччина)). The change is not yet implemented. The largest cities of the region are Kropyvnytskyi, Oleksandriia, Znamianka and Svitlovodsk.
Snap, Wiltshire
Snap is an abandoned village near Aldbourne in Wiltshire, England.  It is unusual in that it was not abandoned until the 20th century.

The village was recorded in 1268 under the name of Snape. It was always a small place: in the 14th century there were 19 poll-tax payers, in 1773 there were between five and ten cottages, and at the 1851 Census the population was 41. In 1905, Henry Wilson, a butcher from Ramsbury, bought the two farms in the village and converted them from arable to sheep farming, which deprived the villagers of their work. By 1909 there were only two residents, and by 1914 the village was deserted.

Most of the buildings were destroyed when the site was used for military training in the First World War, and were later plundered for building materials; only earthworks are now visible. The name is remembered in Snap Farm.

The site lies near the Ridgeway National Trail.

Abandoned village
An abandoned village is a village that has, for some reason, been deserted. In many countries, and throughout history, thousands of villages have been deserted for a variety of causes. Abandonment of villages is often related to epidemic, famine, war, climate change, economic depressions, environmental destruction, or deliberate clearances.
Human rights in Monaco
Monaco is a country governed by a sovereign prince and a National Council, who cooperate on all legislative procedures. The country had elections in 2013, which international observers declared legitimate. Monaco has established policy that protects human rights. Nevertheless, there has been pressure from various parties to improve said rights in the country.

There have been several recent cases of prisoner mistreatment in Monaco, including prison facilities that have allegedly failed to provide sufficient recreation time for prisoners. In addition, several large organizations such as the Council of Europe's European Committee for the Prevention of Torture have been active in reviewing the prison system in the country. Other issues include the preservation of national security, wherefore the country maintains voice recordings of anybody engaged in organized crime.

Committee for the Prevention of Torture
The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment or shortly Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) is the anti-torture committee of the Council of Europe. Founded to enforce the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the CPT visits places of imprisonment in signatory countries and issues reports on violations of the convention.
Jette railway station
Jette railway station (French: Gare de Jette; Dutch: Station Jette) is a railway station in the municipality of Jette in Brussels, Belgium, opened in 1892. The station, operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB), is located south of King Baudouin Park on the Place Cardinal Mercier/Kardinaal Mercierplein. It lies on line 50, between Bockstael and Berchem-Sainte-Agathe railway stations.

Nearby is the Gare de Jette/Jette Station stop of the Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (STIB/MIVB), which offers a connection with Brussels tram route 19, as well as bus routes 53 and 88.

National Railway Company of Belgium
The National Railway Company of Belgium (Dutch: Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen, NMBS; French: Société nationale des chemins de fer belges, SNCB; German: Nationale Gesellschaft der Belgischen Eisenbahnen) is the national railway company of Belgium. The company formally styles itself using the Dutch and French abbreviations NMBS/SNCB. The corporate logo designed in 1936 by Henry van de Velde consists of the linguistically neutral letter B in a horizontal oval.
Acoramidis
Acoramidis, sold under the brand name Attruby, is a medication used for the treatment of cardiomyopathy. It is a near-complete (>90%) transthyretin stabilizer, developed to mimic the protective properties of the naturally occurring T119M mutation, to treat transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy. It is taken by mouth.

The most common adverse reactions include diarrhea and upper abdominal pain.

Acoramidis was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2024, and in the European Union in February 2025.

Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues. Since the abdomen contains most of the body's vital organs, it can be an indicator of a wide variety of diseases. Given that, approaching the examination of a person and planning of a differential diagnosis is extremely important.

Common causes of pain in the abdomen include gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome. About 15% of people have a more serious underlying condition such as appendicitis, leaking or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, diverticulitis, or ectopic pregnancy. In a third of cases, the exact cause is unclear.
Kleeman
Kleeman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexandra Kleeman (born 1986), American writer

Jenny Kleeman, British documentary film-maker and journalist

Jessie Kleemann (born 1959), Greenlandic artist and writer

Otto Kleemann (1855–1936), American architect

Otto Kleemann
Otto Karl Kleemann (March 13, 1855 – February 28, 1936), frequently alternatively spelled Otto Kleeman, was an American architect in Portland, Oregon. His work included the design for Portland's Hotel Arminius and St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church and Rectory.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony is an annual Japanese vigil.

Every August 6, "A-Bomb Day", the city of Hiroshima holds the Peace Memorial Ceremony to console the victims of the atomic bombs and to pray for the realization of lasting world peace. The ceremony is held in front of the Memorial Cenotaph in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Participants include the families of the deceased and people from all over the world. The first ceremony was held in 1947 by the then Hiroshima Mayor Shinzo Hamai.

World peace
World peace is the concept of an ideal state of peace within and among all people and nations on Earth. Different cultures, religions, philosophies, and organizations have varying concepts on how such a state would come about.

Various religious and secular organizations have the stated aim of achieving world peace through addressing human rights, technology, education, engineering, medicine, or diplomacy used as an end to all forms of fighting. Since 1945, the United Nations and the five permanent members of its Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) have operated under the aim to resolve conflicts without war. Nonetheless, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since then.
Pol Deman
Polydore (Pol) Deman (25 April 1889 in Rekkem, West Flanders, Belgium – 31 July 1961 in Outrijve, Belgium) was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer for 15 years from 1909 to 1924, and a carpet maker by trade.

He won the first Tour of Flanders race in 1913 at the age of 25, defeating a field of 37 riders over a 330 km course that ended with 4 laps of the wooden track around a small pond at Mariakerke, the suburb of Ghent. He won the gruelling 592 km Bordeaux–Paris in 1914. His career almost ended with the first world war. He joined Belgium's espionage service and smuggled documents by bike into the neutral Netherlands. After many trips he was arrested by the Germans and jailed in Leuven ready to be shot. The Armistice saved him. Having survived the war, he started racing again and won Paris–Roubaix in 1920 and Paris–Tours in 1923.

Paris–Tours
Paris–Tours is a French one-day classic road cycling race held every October from the outskirts of Paris to the cathedral city of Tours. It is a predominantly flat course through the Chevreuse and Loire valleys; the highest point is 200 m, at Le Gault-du-Perche. Historically, it is known as a "Sprinters' Classic" because it frequently ends in a bunch sprint at the finish, in Tours. Since 2018, the course has featured gravel sectors in vineyards near Tours.

For several decades the race arrived on the 2.7 km long Avenue de Grammont, one of cycling's best-known finishing straits, particularly renowned among sprinters. Since 2011 the finish was moved to a different location because a new tram line was built on the Avenue de Grammont.
Izabela Wagner
Izabela Wagner-Saffray (born 3 November 1964) is a Polish-born European sociologist.  Wagner was awarded the scientific title of Professor Belwederski by the President of the Republic of Poland in May 2023 and has been a full professor at Université Paris Cité since September 1, 2023. Wagner has been an associate professor at the Institute of Sociology at Collegium Civitas in Warsaw from December 2019 to August 2023. She is also a member of URMIS (Unité de Recherche Migrations et Société) Fellow at ICM (Institut Convergence Migration) in Paris since 2019. Her sociological research is concerned with migrations, exil of scientists, intellectuals, musicians (violin virtuosos). Wagner's contributions are also focused on the careers of artists and intellectuals, professional socialization and geographic mobility, migrations and forced-migrations.

Paris Cité University
Paris Cité University (French: Université Paris Cité) is a public research university located in Paris, France. It was created by decree on 20 March 2019, resulting from the merger of Paris Descartes (Paris V) and Paris Diderot (Paris VII) universities, established following the division of the University of Paris in 1970. It was originally established as the University of Paris (French: Université de Paris), but was renamed by decree in March 2022 to its current name.

The university headquarters is located in the École de Médecine building, in the 6th arrondissement at boulevard Saint-Germain. It has 15 teaching hospitals and 28,800 medical students. It is the main successor to the University of Paris Faculty of Medicine, founded around 1200, along with Sorbonne University.
Smith Bagley
Smith Walker Bagley (April 1, 1935 – January 2, 2010) was an American businessman, Democratic fundraiser and party executive, and socialite. He was an heir to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco fortune, and was married to US Ambassador Elizabeth Frawley Bagley.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) is an American tobacco manufacturing company based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Founded by namesake R. J. Reynolds in 1875, it is the largest tobacco company in the United States. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American, itself a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco.

RJR has a large brand portfolio, which includes Camel, Newport, Doral, Eclipse, Kent, and Pall Mall. Other brands commercialized in the past included Barclay, Belair, and Real.
John Charles Durant
John Charles Durant (15 July 1846 – 14 December 1929) was an English printer and a Liberal politician.

Durant was born at Fordingbridge, Hampshire, the son of  Christopher William Durant and his wife Sarah Coles. His father was an ironmonger of Epping, Essex. He was educated at British School, Fordingbridge, Hampshire. He began his career as a compositor and became a master printer  He was a Liberal and a "Christian Socialist" with an interest in land reform. He was an original founder of the Land Nationalisation Society, of the Land Restoration League, of the People's League, and the Democrat newspaper.  He authored pamphlets on land and social questions.

In the 1885 general election, Durant was elected Member of Parliament for Stepney but did not defend the seat in the 1886 general election.

Durant married Alice Johnson, of Ockley, Surrey in 1874. He died at the age of 83, having outlived his service in Parliament by 43 years.

Epping, Essex
Epping is a market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest District of Essex, England. It lies 17 miles (27 km) north-east of Charing Cross in central London. It is surrounded by the northern end of Epping Forest, and stands on a ridge of land between the River Roding and River Lea valleys.

Epping forms part of the London commuter belt; it is the eastern terminus of the London Underground's Central line, and the town lies just outside the M25 London Orbital Motorway. The town has a number of historic Grade I and II* and Grade II listed buildings. The weekly market, which dates to 1253, is held each Monday.

As well as the town itself, the parish also includes Coopersale and Fiddlers Hamlet. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 12,547 and the built up area had a population of 10,695.

Epping became twinned with the German town of Eppingen in north-west Baden-Württemberg in 1981.