hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Relative volatility
Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large industrial distillation processes. In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using distillation to separate the more volatile components from the less volatile components in a mixture. By convention, relative volatility is usually denoted as .

Relative volatilities are used in the design of all types of distillation processes as well as other separation or absorption processes that involve the contacting of vapor and liquid phases in a series of equilibrium stages.

Relative volatilities are not used in separation or absorption processes that involve components reacting with each other (for example, the absorption of gaseous carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide).

Vapor
In physics, a vapor (American English) or vapour (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature, which means that the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without reducing the temperature of the vapor. A vapor is different from an aerosol. An aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid, or both within a gas.

For example, water has a critical temperature of 647 K (374 °C; 705 °F), which is the highest temperature at which liquid water can exist at any pressure. In the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures gaseous water (known as water vapor) will condense into a liquid if its partial pressure is increased sufficiently.

A vapor may coexist with a liquid (or a solid). When this is true, the two phases will be in equilibrium, and the gas-partial pressure will be equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid).
Olney Support Center
The Olney Support Center, formerly the Olney Federal Support Center, is an underground facility of the Carderock Division of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) located in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The center occupies 75 acres (30 ha) of property 2.0 miles (3.2 km) east of Laytonsville, Maryland, on the site of a former Project Nike base (W-93, launch area). The NSWC acquired the facility from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in March 2019.

Prior to its acquisition by the NSWC, the center was a communications, satellite teleregistration and data network facility. It at one time housed the FEMA Alternate Operations Center (FAOC) as a control center for the U.S. National Warning System. It was also part of the FEMA National Radio System (FNARS), a high-frequency radio network that links FEMA's emergency operations centers.

Montgomery County, Maryland
Montgomery County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the county's population was 1,062,061, increasing by 9.3% from 2010. The county seat is Rockville, while its most populous place is Germantown. The county is adjoined to Washington, D.C., the nation's capital, and is part of the Washington metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. Most of the county's residents live in Silver Spring, Bethesda, Germantown, and the incorporated cities of Rockville and Gaithersburg.

The average household income in Montgomery County is the 20th-highest among U.S. counties as of 2020.

The county has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate degrees. Like other counties in the Washington metropolitan area, the county has several U.S. government offices, scientific research and learning centers, and business campuses.
Neil Zaza
Neil Zaza is an American guitarist known for his instrumental rock compositions as well as his adaptation of classical works by Bach and Mozart into his own blend of neo-classical, melodic, guitar instrumentals.

Neoclassical metal
Neoclassical metal is a subgenre of heavy metal that is heavily influenced by classical music and usually features very technical playing, consisting of elements borrowed from both classical and speed metal music. Yngwie Malmsteen became one of the most notable musicians in the subgenre, and contributed greatly to the development of the style in the 1980s. Other notable players in the genre are Randy Rhoads, Luca Turilli, Michael Romeo, George Bellas, Luke Fortini, Jason Becker, Vinnie Moore, Alexi Laiho, Jani Liimatainen, Kiko Loureiro, Uli Jon Roth, Stéphan Forté, Wolf Hoffmann, Timo Tolkki, Syu and Marty Friedman.

Although the genre is mainly associated with guitarists (especially lead guitarists), keyboardists like Jens Johansson, Vitalij Kuprij, Michael Pinnella, Alex Staropoli and Janne Wirman are also found playing in this style.
Crispy kangkóng
Crispy kangkong, also called kangkong chips, is a crispy deep-fried Filipino appetizer made with water spinach (kangkong) leaves coated with an egg and flour batter. It is eaten dipped in various sawsawan dipping sauces or mayonnaise. A vegetarian or vegan version of the dish can also be made by removing the egg component.

A variant of the dish is crispy kamote leaves, made with the young edible leaves (talbos ng kamote) of the related sweet potato.

Mayonnaise
Mayonnaise (/ˌmeɪəˈneɪz/), colloquially referred to as "mayo" (/ˈmeɪoʊ/), is a thick, creamy sauce with a rich and tangy taste that is commonly used on sandwiches, hamburgers, bound salads, and French fries. It also forms the base for various other sauces, such as tartar sauce, fry sauce, remoulade, salsa golf, ranch dressing, and rouille.

Mayonnaise is an emulsion of oil, egg yolk, and an acid, either vinegar or lemon juice; there are many variants using additional flavorings. The color varies from near-white to pale yellow, and its texture from a light cream to a thick gel.

Commercial eggless versions are made for those who avoid chicken eggs because of egg allergies, to limit dietary cholesterol, or because they adhere to a vegetarian or vegan diet.
Soviet submarine L-4
L-4 was one of six Series II double-hulled Leninets or L-class minelayer submarines built for the Soviet Navy during the early 1930s. Commissioned in 1933 into the Black Sea Fleet, she was initially named Garibaldets but was later renamed L-4 when the navy decided to use alphanumeric names for submarines in 1934. The submarine was refitted when the Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 (Operation Barbarossa) and became operational two months later. L-4 was primarily used as a minelayer during the war, but did make seven supply runs to besieged Sevastopol in 1942. The boat was awarded the Order of the Red Banner later that year. Only one of her torpedo attacks was successful, damaging an oil tanker in 1944. After the war she was renamed B-34 in 1949 and became a training ship in 1953. The submarine was stricken from the navy list three years later and subsequently scrapped.

Minelayer
A minelayer is any warship, submarine, military aircraft or land vehicle deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for installing controlled mines at predetermined positions in connection with coastal fortifications or harbor approaches that would be detonated by shore control when a ship was fixed as being within the mine's effective range.

An army's special-purpose combat engineering vehicles used to lay landmines are sometimes called "minelayers".
Caterina Percoto
Caterina Marianna Percoto (19 February 1812 – 15 August 1887 in Manzano, Friuli) was a writer from the Austrian Empire and later Austria-Hungary, best remembered for her short stories and fables in Friulian, most notably her collection of Friulian fables titled Racconti (1863).

Manzano, Friuli Venezia Giulia
Manzano (Friulian: Manzan) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is chiefly known for Rosazzo Abbey, a well preserved medieval monastery complex.

Situated in the eastern hills of the historic Friuli region on the Natisone river, Manzano is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Udine.

Manzano borders the following municipalities: Buttrio, Corno di Rosazzo, Pavia di Udine, Premariacco, San Giovanni al Natisone, and Trivignano Udinese.
Marmaduke Gwynne
Marmaduke Gwynne (1691–1769) was a Welsh squire, and an early and influential Methodist convert. He was a scion of the Gwynne family of Glanbrân near Llandovery. Gwynne married well and employed Theophilus Evans as an Anglican private chaplain. He was converted to Methodism by Howell Harris. He served as a legal adviser and financial supporter to the Methodists and his daughter Sarah married Charles Wesley.

Squire
In the Middle Ages, a squire was the shield- or armour-bearer of a knight. Boys served a knight as an attendant, doing simple but important tasks, such as saddling a horse and caring for the knight's weapons and armour.
Cephalotes minutus
Cephalotes minutus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus Cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they were on. Giving their name also as gliding ants. The species is native of a large part of Central and South America, from the Argentinian region of Corrientes in the south, to the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, even to the American state of Texas in the north, making it one of the species with the largest native area of its genus. Their larger and flatter legs, a trait common with other members of the genus Cephalotes, gives them their gliding abilities.

The species was first given a description and a classification in 1804 by Danish entomologist Johan Christian Fabricius, and Cephalotes minutus is part of his classification, which is the first modern classification of insects.

Johan Christian Fabricius
Johann Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in the "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is considered one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis for the modern insect classification.
John Everard (diplomat)
John Vivian Everard (born 24 November 1956) is a British former diplomat. He was formerly the UK's ambassador to Belarus, the UK's ambassador to Uruguay and the UK's ambassador to North Korea from 2006 to 2008, after which he was the holder of the Pantech fellowship at the Shorenstein Asia–Pacific Research Center at Stanford University in 2010 and 2011.

Stanford University centers and institutes
Stanford University has many centers and institutes dedicated to the study of various specific topics. These centers and institutes may be within a department, within a school but across departments, an independent laboratory, institute or center reporting directly to the dean of research and outside any school, or semi-independent of the university itself.
Pat Fanning
Pat Fanning (25 August 1918 – 14 March 2010) was an Irish hurler who played for his local club Mount Sion and at senior level for the Waterford county team in the 1940s and 1950s. He won the county championship on seven occasions. Fanning also served as the 23rd president of the Gaelic Athletic Association from 1970 until 1973, and was honorary life president of Waterford's county board.

His election in succession of fellow Munster man Seamus Ryan marked the second time in history a province had consecutive presidents of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Fanning was the former president of the Gaelic Athletic Association to have survived the longest after serving.

Waterford county hurling team
The Waterford county hurling team represents Waterford in hurling and is governed by Waterford GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions; the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Munster Senior Hurling Championship and the National Hurling League.

Waterford's home grounds are Walsh Park, Waterford, and Fraher Field, Dungarvan. The team's manager is Peter Queally.

The team last won the Munster Senior Championship in 2010, the All-Ireland Senior Championship in 1959 and the National League in 2022.

The team is nicknamed the Déise men.
Soroveta
Soroveta is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Restionaceae. The only species is Soroveta ambigua, a perennial or rhizomatous geophyte native to the southwestern Cape Provinces of South Africa.

Cape Provinces
The Cape Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "CPP". It includes the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape, the Northern Cape and the Western Cape, together making up most of the former Cape Province.

The area includes the Cape Floristic Region, the smallest of the six recognised floral kingdoms of the world, an area of extraordinarily high diversity and endemism, home to more than 9,000 vascular plant species, of which 69 percent are endemic.
Paula E. Downing
Paula Elaine Downing King (December 8, 1951 - December 17, 2017), who used the bylines Paula E. Downing, Paula King,  Paula Downing King and P. K. McAllister, was an American science fiction writer. She published eight SF novels between 1990 and 1996.  Her Cloudships of Orion trilogy of space operas features an itinerant family of Gypsies who travel through the galaxy in their spaceship in search of resources to mine.

Byline
The byline (or by-line in British English) on a newspaper or magazine article gives the name of the writer of the article. Bylines are commonly placed between the headline and the text of the article, although some magazines (notably Reader's Digest) place bylines at the bottom of the page to leave more room for graphical elements around the headline.

Dictionary.com defines a byline as "a printed line of text accompanying a news story, article, or the like, giving the author's name".
Family Education Freedom Act
The Family Education Freedom Act is a bill initially introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative Ron Paul (R-TX) in 1998.  It would allow tax credits for education expenses.

On February 15, 2007, Rep. Paul introduced the Act again in the House, this time with an initial three co-sponsors, Tom Feeney (R-FL), Bobby Rush (D-IL), and Jim Sensenbrenner (R-WI). The bill was designated H.R. 1056 and was referred to the Ways and Means Committee. The bill has since gained three more co-sponsors, Roscoe Bartlett (R-MD), Patrick McHenry (R-NC), and Jeff Miller (R-FL).

Jeff Miller (Florida politician)
Jefferson Bingham Miller (born June 27, 1959) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Florida's 1st congressional district from 2001 to 2017. A member of the Republican Party, his district included all of Escambia County, Santa Rosa County, Okaloosa County, Walton County, Holmes County and Washington County.
Mizoguchi Naohiro
Mizoguchi Naohiro (溝口直溥, January 27, 1819 – April 26, 1874) was the 11th daimyō of Shibata Domain in Echigo Province, Japan (modern-day Niigata Prefecture). His courtesy title was Shūzen-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.

Kokushi (official)
Kokushi (国司; also read Kuni no tsukasa) were provincial officials in Classical Japan. They were nobles sent from the central government in Kyoto to oversee a province, a system that was established as part of the Taika Reform in 645, and enacted by the Ritsuryō system. There were four classes of kokushi, from the highest to the lowest: Kami (守), Suke (介), Jō (掾), and Sakan (目). In the Middle Ages, an acting governor called mokudai, the daikan of the kokushi, took over the local government of the province, while the kokushi returned to the capital to take on a supervising role.
2020 Italian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum about the reduction of the size of the Italian Parliament was held in Italy on 20 and 21 September 2020. Initially scheduled to be held on 29 March, the referendum was postponed following the spread of the coronavirus pandemic in Italy and subsequent lockdown.

Voters were asked whether they approved a constitutional law that would amend the Italian Constitution in various aspects, most notably by reducing the number of MPs in the Parliament from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate. The proposed changes were approved, with 69.96% voting in favour. The reduction in the number of MPs happened at the 2022 Italian general election on 25 September 2022.

This was the second time in Italian history a constitutional referendum was successful, with the 2001 referendum being the first. Two previous constitutional reforms had been rejected by referendums in 2006 and 2016.

Overseas constituencies of the Italian Parliament
The Overseas Constituencies (Italian: Circoscrizione Estero, or "Overseas electoral district") consists of four electoral zones which elect Deputies and Senators to the Italian Parliament. Italy is one of the few countries to reserve seats for those citizens residing abroad. Since 2020, there have been eight such seats in the Chamber of Deputies and four in the Senate of the Republic.
Forest of Retz
The Forest of Retz (French Forêt de Retz, French pronunciation: [fɔʁɛ də ʁɛts]) is one of the largest forests of France, covering some 13,000 hectares in the Aisne about 80 km northeast of Paris. It is a national forest (forêt domaniale) in the former Picardy region.

One characteristic that sets the Forest of Retz apart from other French national forests, in which the actual forested area  has fluctuated, is that the forest here has scarcely changed since it was set apart, en futaie, in 1672.

Aisne
Aisne (/eɪn/ ayn, US also /ɛn/ en; French: [ɛːn] ⓘ; Picard: Ainne) is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. It is named after the river Aisne. In 2020, it had a population of 529,374.
Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act (Ireland) 1795
The Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act (Ireland) 1795 or the Pre-Union Irish Statutes (Commencement) Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 12 (I)) was an act of the Parliament of Ireland which required that the clerk of the Parliaments endorse every act of Parliament passed after 8 April 1793 with the date on which the act passed and the date on which the same received royal assent and that the date is part of the act. Unless otherwise specified, acts would come into force on the date of royal assent (and not the first day of the session in which they were passed).

Reading (legislature)
A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature.

In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation. Some of these readings may be formalities rather than actual debate. Legislative bodies in the United States also have readings.

The procedure dates back to the centuries before literacy was widespread. Since many members of Parliament were illiterate, the Clerk of Parliament would read aloud a bill to inform members of its contents. By the end of the 16th century, it was practice to have the bill read on three occasions before it was passed.
Solar eclipse of January 14, 1964
A partial solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Tuesday, January 14, 1964, with a magnitude of 0.5591. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. Partial solar eclipses occur in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

This was the first of four partial solar eclipses in 1964, with the others occurring on June 10, July 9, and December 4.

A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Antarctica and extreme southern South America.

Magnitude of eclipse
The magnitude of eclipse is the fraction of the angular diameter of a celestial body being eclipsed. This applies to all celestial eclipses. The magnitude of a partial or annular solar eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while the magnitude of a total solar eclipse is always greater than or equal to 1.0, and has a theoretically maximum value of around 1.12.

This measure is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with the covered fraction of the apparent area (disk) of the eclipsed body. Neither should it be confused with the astronomical magnitude scale of apparent brightness.
Clostridium autoethanogenum
Clostridium autoethanogenum is an anaerobic bacterium that produces ethanol from carbon monoxide, in so-called syngas fermentation, being one of the few known microorganisms to do so. It is gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-like, motile, and was first isolated from rabbit feces. Its type strain is strain JA1-1. Its genome has been sequenced, and the genes required for utilizing carbon monoxide as a sole carbon and energy source have been determined.

As a chemoautotrophic gas-fermenting organism, it possesses the Wood-Ljungdahl carbon fixation pathway, which allows the conversion of C1-gases into the biomass precursor acetyl-CoA and other specific products, while generating ATP for growth.

Chemotroph
A chemotroph is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which use photons. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents.
Kalamos Island biological field station
The Kalamos Island biological field station is a research station located in the island Kalamos, in the Ionian Sea, in Western Greece. It is situated in the core of the inner Ionian marine protected area, site GR22220003 of the Natura 2000 network. The marine area is additionally protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area (ACCOBAMS).

Natura 2000
Natura 2000 is a network of nature protection areas in the territory of the European Union. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas designated under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive, respectively. The network includes both terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas.

The Natura 2000 network covered more than 18% of the European Union's land area and more than 7% of its marine area in 2022.
Ligota Prószkowska
Ligota Prószkowska [liˈɡɔta pruʂˈkɔfska], additional name in German: Ellguth Proskau, is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Prószków, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

Gmina Prószków
Gmina Prószków (German: Gemeinde Proskau) is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Prószków, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole.

The gmina covers an area of 121.23 square kilometres (46.8 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population was 9,029. Since 2006, the commune, like most of the area, has been bilingual in Polish and German, a substantial German population having remained after World War II.