hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cross-entropy method
The cross-entropy (CE) method is a Monte Carlo method for importance sampling and optimization. It is applicable to both combinatorial and continuous problems, with either a static or noisy objective.

The method approximates the optimal importance sampling estimator by repeating two phases:

Draw a sample from a probability distribution.

Minimize the cross-entropy between this distribution and a target distribution to produce a better sample in the next iteration.

Reuven Rubinstein developed the method in the context of rare-event simulation, where tiny probabilities must be estimated, for example in network reliability analysis, queueing models, or performance analysis of telecommunication systems. The method has also been applied to the traveling salesman, quadratic assignment, DNA sequence alignment, max-cut and buffer allocation problems.

Sequence alignment
In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns.
Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences such as calculating the distance cost between strings in a natural language, or to display financial data.
Canan Kaftancıoğlu
Canan Kaftancıoğlu (born 3 February 1972) is a Turkish physician and politician. She was until 2023 the president of the Republican People's Party's (CHP) in Istanbul. In September 2019, she was sentenced to 9 years and 8 months imprisonment for insulting the president and terrorism related charges but after an appeal by the CHP, the Court of Cassation reduced her sentence to over 4 years and 11 months in May 2022. The Turkish government under President Tayyip Erdoğan's administration put her on trial for tweeting about the Armenian genocide and assassinations of the three female members of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) in Paris. Her trial came in the wake of her party's victory in regional elections in Istanbul. During her trial she read out a poem by Nâzım Hikmet.

2013 triple murder of Kurdish activists in Paris
On the night of January 9th, 2013, Fidan Doğan, Sakine Cansiz and Leyla Şaylemez, three Kurdish women's activists, were assassinated in the 10th arrondissement of Paris. Despite a suspect being arrested, and the investigation into the shootings being reopened in 2019, the crime officially remains unsolved. The killings have sparked numerous protests among the Kurdish population in France.
1913 Lincoln Tigers football team
The 1913 Lincoln Blue Tigers football team represented Lincoln Institute—now known as Lincoln University—in Jefferson City, Missouri as an independent during the 1913 college football season. Led by head coach Romeo West in his second stint at the helm, the Lincoln football team finished the season with a record of 1–1 after defeating Western University on the road in Kansas City, MO. Students celebrated the triumph when West telegraphed with the score. West was a Lincoln alumus, coached various other sports at the school, and held a teaching position during his time at Lincoln.

1913 college football season
The 1913 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Auburn, Chicago, and Harvard as having been selected national champions. All three teams finished with undefeated records. Chicago and Harvard officially claim national championships for the 1913 season.

Chicago was also the champion of the Western Conference, Missouri was champion of the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA), and Colorado won the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference.
Glasflügel 604
The Glasflügel 604 is a high-wing, T-tailed, single seat, FAI Open Class glider that was designed and produced in West Germany by Glasflügel starting in 1970.

Developed from the Kestrel 17, the 604 is often erroneously called a Kestrel 22 despite the company never giving it a formal name beyond its number designation.

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.
Victor Trevitt
Victor Trevitt ("Vic", c. 1827-1883) was a soldier, publisher, business owner, and legislator in the U.S. state of Oregon. He was born in New Hampshire in about 1827 and lived in Ohio prior to enlisting for the Mexican War, in which he lost an eye. He was a publisher of the Salem Statesman and the Vox Populii, and later served as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives and the Oregon State Senate. He was a Mason.

He owned and operated a toll bridge over the Deschutes River, but sold it upon the successful launch of the Colonel Wright steamship. He also operated a saloon in The Dalles. He died in 1883 after moving to San Francisco, and his dying wish was to be buried among the native people of Oregon, who he avowed to be more honorable than white people. His is the only grave marker on Memaloose Island in the Columbia River near Mosier, Oregon.

Colonel Wright (sternwheeler)
The Colonel Wright was the first steamboat to operate on the Columbia River above The Dalles in the parts of the Oregon Country that later became the U.S. states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho. She was the first steamboat to run on the Snake River. She was named after Colonel (later General) George Wright, an army commander in the Indian Wars in the Oregon Country in the 1850s. She was generally called the Wright during her operating career.
Cyanate
The cyanate ion is an anion with the chemical formula OCN−. It is a resonance of three forms: [O−−C≡N] (61%) ↔ [O=C=N−] (30%) ↔ [O+≡C−N2−] (4%).

Cyanate is the derived anion of isocyanic acid, H−N=C=O, and its lesser tautomer cyanic acid (a.k.a. cyanol), H−O−C≡N.

Any salt containing the ion, such as ammonium cyanate, is called a cyanate.

The cyanate ion is an isomer of the much-less-stable fulminate anion, CNO− or [C−≡N+−O−].

The cyanate ion is an ambidentate ligand, forming complexes with a metal ion in which either the nitrogen or oxygen atom may be the electron-pair donor. It can also act as a bridging ligand.

Compounds that contain the cyanate functional group, −O−C≡N, are known as cyanates or cyanate esters. The cyanate functional group is distinct from the isocyanate functional group, −N=C=O; the fulminate functional group, −O−N+≡C−; and the nitrile oxide functional group, −CNO or −C≡N+−O−.

Bridging ligand
In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic.  Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually restricted to small ligands such as pseudohalides or to ligands that are specifically designed to link two metals.

In naming a complex wherein a single atom bridges two metals, the bridging ligand is preceded by the Greek letter mu, μ, with a subscript number denoting the number of metals bound to the bridging ligand. μ2 is often denoted simply as μ. When describing coordination complexes care should be taken not to confuse μ with η ('eta'), which relates to hapticity. Ligands that are not bridging are called terminal ligands.
VF-133
VF-133 or Fighting Squadron 133 was a United States Navy fighter aircraft squadron. It was created in 1948 during the reorganization of CAG 13 in which VF-13A became VF-131, VF-14 became VF-132, VF-133 was commissioned, VA-13A became VA-134, and VA-14A became VA-135.

Most of VF 133's plankowners came from the two VA squadrons. VA-13A pilots had transitioned from the Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldiver to the Vought F4U Corsair, and when transferred to VF-133, had to learn the Grumman F8F-1 Bearcat on the job. VA-14 pilots transitioned from Grumman TBM-4 Avengers to F4U Corsairs.

Plankowner
A plankowner  (also referred to a plank owner and sometimes a plank holder) is an individual who was a member of the crew of a United States Navy ship or United States Coast Guard Cutter when that ship was placed in commission. Originally, this term applied only to crew members that were present at the ship's first commissioning. Today, however, plankowner is often applied to members of newly commissioned units, new military bases and recommissioning crews as well.
Bakheet
Bakheet (Arabic: بخيت), also transliterated Bakhet or Bakhit, and sometimes even Bekheet or Bekhit, and also sometimes preceded by Al- or El- (Arabic: البخيت), is an Arabic surname.

The original root Bakht is Persian, and means  "fortune, happiness".

Notable people with this surname include:

Abdullah Bin Bakheet, Saudi journalist and novelist

Amina Bakhit, Sudanese middle-distance runner

Bakhit Khamis (born 1992), Sudanese footballer

Marouf al-Bakhit, Jordanian politician

Masoud Bakheet, Saudi footballer

Mohammed Abduh Bakhet, Qatari long-distance runner

Mohammad Al-Bakhit, Jordanian Taekwondo practitioner

Omer Mohamed Bakhit, Sudanese footballer

Rawya Bekhit, Emirati volleyball player

Saad Bakheet Mubarak, Emirati footballer

Salem Nasser Bakheet, Bahraini athlete

Suleiman Bakhit, Jordanian entrepreneur

Waleed Al-Bekheet, Kuwaiti hammer thrower

Yaseen Al-Bakhit, Jordanian footballer

Zuhair Bakheet, Emirati footballer

Salem Nasser Bakheet
Salem Nasser Al shingel (born 27 June 1977) is a Bahraini athlete who specialises in the high jump. His biggest success is the silver medal at the 2002 Asian Championships.

His personal bests of 2.19 metres outdoors and 2.13 metres indoors, both set in 2006, are both current national records.
Sambirano River
The Sambirano is a river of northwestern Madagascar in the region of Diana. It has its sources at the Maromokotra peak and flows through the Tsaratanana Reserve to the Indian Ocean. Its delta occupies 250 km2.

The ecosystem of the river, mainly forests and brushland, has many indigenous species, such as the Sambirano mouse lemur and Sambirano woolly lemur.

The Madagascar dry deciduous forests occupy much of the river basin, although mangroves are evident at parts of the coastal fringe.

The valley of the Sambirano is the main cocoa producing area of Madagascar. 60% (or 7500 to 10 000 tons yearly) provide from this area. There is an unpaved piste from Ambanja to Marovato, via Benavony, Ambodimanga Ramena, Bemaneviky Ouest, Maevatanana that is hardly practicable.
Most of the exported cocoa is therefore transported with boats on the Sambirano river to Ambanja and the National road 6

Sambirano mouse lemur
The Sambirano mouse lemur (Microcebus sambiranensis) is a small, recently discovered primate and like the other mouse lemurs can only be found on the island of Madagascar. The dorsal side is both cinnamon and rufous-cinnamon and is grey ventrally. It has vibrissae that are dark in color.

The species was discovered in northwestern Madagascar, in the Ankarana Special Reserve, where vegetation remains dense, after a survey was completed of the area. It was named as a separate species at the same time as the Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae) and northern rufous mouse lemur (Microcebus tavaratra).

Foliage tree sleeping sites prevent predatorial species interaction with Sambirano Mouse Lemurs.

Sambirano mouse lemurs are endemic to Madagascar and are currently prone to extinction. Long term reforestation in northwestern Madagascar may facilitate the conservation of this species.
Eamon Collins
Eamon Collins (1954 – 27 January 1999) was a Provisional Irish Republican Army member in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He turned his back on the organisation in the late 1980s, and later co-authored a book called Killing Rage detailing his experiences within it. In January 1999 he was waylaid on a public road and murdered near his home in Newry in Northern Ireland.

Camlough
Camlough (/ˈkæm.lɒx/ KAM-lokh; from Irish Camloch, meaning 'crooked lake') is a village west of Newry in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The village is named after a lake, known as the Cam Lough. South of the village is Camlough Mountain (or Slieve Girkin), part of the Ring of Gullion which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Camlough had a population of 1,074 at the 2011 census.
2016–17 Copa Argentina
The 2016–17 Copa Argentina (officially the Copa Total Argentina 2016-17 for sponsorship reasons) was the eighth edition of the Copa Argentina, and the sixth since the relaunch of the tournament in 2011. The competition began on February 2 and ended on December 9, 2017.

River Plate, the defending champions, defeated Atlético Tucumán 2–1 in the final to win their 2nd title. As champions, River Plate qualified for the 2017 Supercopa Argentina.

Atlético Tucumán, as runners-up, qualified for the 2018 Copa Libertadores because River Plate had already qualified as Primera División runners-up.

Primera D Metropolitana
The Primera D was one of two leagues that form the fifth division of the Argentine football league system. Made up of 11 clubs from Buenos Aires Province, the league is the only one that remains amateur. The other league at level five is the Torneo Federal C, where teams from regional leagues take part.

It was created in 1950 under the name "Tercera de Ascenso" ("third level of promotion"). The first champion was Liniers. In 1962 the tournament changed its name to "Primera de Aficionados", which lasted to 1974, when it was called "Primera D", which has remained to date.

Since the restructuring of the league system in 1986, the division became the fifth category of Argentine football (lower than Primera División, Primera B Nacional, Primera B Metropolitana and Primera C).

In 2023 its last edition was held because from 2024, the category was unified with the Primera C in a single tournament.
Varaz-Tiridates I
Varaz Trdat, was the Mihranid king of Caucasian Albania from 670 to 705.

He was kept as prisoner in Constantinople from 694 until 699. In his absence, his queen Sparama and regent prince Shero served as regents but became involved in conflict. Shero was imprisoned by Arabs when Trdat came back to throne.

After his death, kingdom was abolished and the Mihranids stood as princes of Gardman.

Gardman
Gardman (Armenian: Գարդման), also known as Gardmank' or Gardmanadzor, was one of the eight cantons of the ancient province of Utik' in the Kingdom of Armenia and simultaneously, together with the canton of Tuch'katak, an Armenian principality. It roughly corresponded within the Gazakh, Shamkir, Aghstafa, Dashkasan, Goygol, Tovuz, Gadabay districts of modern-day Azerbaijan and the original Tavush Region of Armenia. Gardman was also the name of the central fortress of the canton.
Gallium(III) sulfate
Gallium(III) sulfate refers to the chemical compound, a salt, with the formula Ga2(SO4)3, or its hydrates Ga2(SO4)3·xH2O. Gallium metal dissolves in sulfuric acid to form solutions containing [Ga(OH2)6]3+ and SO42− ions. The octadecahydrate Ga2(SO4)3·18H2O crystallises from these solutions at room temperature. This hydrate loses water in stages when heated, forming the anhydrate Ga2(SO4)3 above 150 °C and completely above 310 °C. Anhydrous Ga2(SO4)3 is isostructural with iron(III) sulfate, crystallizing in the rhombohedral space group R3.

Hexagonal crystal family
In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal family is one of the six crystal families, which includes two crystal systems (hexagonal and trigonal) and two lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral). While commonly confused, the trigonal crystal system and the rhombohedral lattice system are not equivalent (see section crystal systems below). In particular, there are crystals that have trigonal symmetry but belong to the hexagonal lattice (such as α-quartz).

The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice, and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system. There are 52 space groups associated with it, which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral.
Pechina
Pechina is a municipality of the Province of Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. It is on the site of the ancient town of Urci.

Pechina, called Bajjāna in Arabic, was the centre of a Yemeni colony during the period of the Umayyad caliphate in Spain. Founded before 886, the self-governing colony was known as the ursh al-Yaman. Jews also shared in the prosperity of Pechina. In 922 it was incorporated into the caliphate. It oversaw a ribat (fortress) and maintained its own navy that could be put use for piracy or official Umayyad campaigns. Between 939 and 944 it took part in four expeditions against the Franks, Idrisids and Fatimids. By 955, it had been eclipsed by Almería.

Province of Almería
Almería (/ˌælməˈriːə/, also US: /ˌɑːl-/; Spanish: [almeˈɾi.a]) is a province of the autonomous community of Andalusia in Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is the homonymous city of Almería.

The province has an area of 8,773.06 km2 (3,387.30 sq mi), and a population of 760,964 across its 103 municipalities.
Bushes and Briars
"Bushes and Briars" is an English folksong (Roud 1027). A phonograph recording was supposedly made in 1904 of Mrs Humphreys of Ingrave, Essex by Lucy Broadwood and Ralph Vaughan Williams, although the version available in the British Library Sound Archive is more likely to be of Broadwood herself. The recording of Mrs Humphreys was included in 1998 on the EFDSS anthology "A Century of Song".

Vaughan Williams published an arrangement in 1908.

A version collected at Piddlehinton, Dorset, in 1905 was printed in James Reeves's The Everlasting Circle, 1960. The song was included in Barry Skinner's 1978 album Bushes & Briars (Fellside FE011).

Sandy Denny’s song of the same name on her album Sandy is unrelated.

Roud Folk Song Index
The Roud Folk Song Index is a database of around 250,000 references to nearly 25,000 songs collected from oral tradition in the English language from all over the world. It is compiled by Steve Roud. Roud's Index is a combination of the Broadside Index (printed sources before 1900) and a "field-recording index" compiled by Roud. It subsumes all the previous printed sources known to Francis James Child (the Child Ballads) and includes recordings from 1900 to 1975. Until early 2006, the index was available by a CD subscription; now it can be found online on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library website, maintained by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (EFDSS). A partial list is also available at List of folk songs by Roud number.
Adalbert Toots
Adalbert Toots (12 March 1910 – 25 August 1948) was an Estonian wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle lightweight at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was arrested by the NKVD in 1946 and died in a Soviet gulag prison camp in 1948.

Amateur wrestling
Amateur wrestling is a variant of wrestling practiced at Olympic, collegiate, scholastic, and other levels. There are two international wrestling styles performed at the Olympic Games, freestyle and Greco-Roman, both of which are governed by the United World Wrestling (UWW).

At the middle school and high school levels in the United States, wrestlers compete in scholastic wrestling. In collegiate wrestling, there are minor differences in some scholastic wrestling rules.

The rapid rise in the popularity of the combat sport mixed martial arts (MMA) has increased interest in amateur wrestling due to its effectiveness within the sport and its consideration as a core discipline.
Belfast bap
A Belfast bap is a large crusty white bread roll that originates from Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is best known today as the bread in a breakfast sandwich, but can be eaten as a regular sandwich bap.

The bread is noted for its size being around half a small pan loaf (150–200 g), airy, chewy soft white interior and a distinctive hard crust that is almost burnt on the top. It originate from master baker, Bernard Hughes, who created this bread to feed the poor of Belfast during the Great Famine.

The bread can be found from bakeries and supermarkets in and around the city of Belfast, but is fairly unknown outside Northern Ireland.

White bread
White bread typically refers to breads made from wheat flour from which the bran and the germ layers have been removed from the whole wheatberry as part of the flour grinding or milling process, producing a light-colored flour.
Pittosporum lancifolium
Pittosporum lancifolium, commonly known as narrow-leaved orange thorn or sticky orange thorn, is a species of flowering plant in the family Pittosporaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an erect shrub or small tree with narrowly egg-shaped to elliptic or broadly lance-shaped leaves, sessile flowers arranged singly or in pairs in leaf axils and spherical capsules.

Pittosporaceae
Pittosporaceae is a family of flowering plants that consists of 200–240 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in 9 genera. Habitats range from tropical to temperate climates of the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Oceanian, and Australasian realms. The type genus is Pittosporum Banks ex Gaertn.
1957 Nobel Prize in Literature
The 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the French writer Albert Camus (1913–1960) "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times." He is the ninth French author to become a recipient of the prize after Catholic novelist François Mauriac in 1952, and the fourth philosopher after British analytic philosopher Bertrand Russell in 1950.

Aged 44 when he received the prize, Camus is the second youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after only Rudyard Kipling (41).

François Mauriac
François Charles Mauriac (French: [fʁɑ̃swa ʃaʁl(ə) moʁjak]; Occitan: Francés Carles Mauriac; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the Académie française (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958.
Dilesh Gunaratne
Dilesh Gunaratne (born 2 April 1989) is a Sri Lankan cricketer who plays for Colombo Cricket Club. He has made more than 50 first-class appearances since 2011. He Completed his studies at Mahanama College.

Gunaratne made his List A debut in the 2009–10 season, against Sinhalese Sports Club. From the tailend, he scored a duck. Gunaratne took figures of 0-41 from 6.3 overs of bowling.

In August 2018, he was named in Dambulla's squad the 2018 SLC T20 League. In March 2019, he was named in Kandy's squad for the 2019 Super Provincial One Day Tournament.

Singhalese Sports Club
The Singhalese Sports Club (SSC) is a first-class cricket club in Colombo, Sri Lanka till 2025 when they were relegated after enduring a horrendous 2024-25 version of the  Major Club 3 day tournament in which they could only muster a single victory and lost two of their eight matches. Singhalese is the most successful club in Sri Lankan domestic cricket, having won the Premier Trophy a record 32 times to 2017. Although the name is correctly spelt with the old spelling "Singhalese", the name is sometimes misspelt with the modern spelling "Sinhalese". Three former Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka have been presidents of the club.