hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
JPMorgan Global Growth & Income
JPMorgan Global Growth & Income is a large British investment trust. Established in 1887, it is dedicated to investing in companies worldwide. The Chairman is James Macpherson. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and FTSE Russell announced on August 1, 2022, that it would become a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index on 4 August 2022.

FTSE 250 Index
The Financial Times Stock Exchange 250 Index, also called the FTSE 250 Index, FTSE 250, or, informally, the "Footsie 250" /ˈfʊtsi/, is a stock market index that consists of the 101st to the 350th mid-cap blue chip companies listed on the London Stock Exchange.
2006 French Open – Girls' singles
Agnieszka Radwańska won the title, defeating Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the final, 6–4, 6–1.

Ágnes Szávay was the defending champion, but chose not to participate. She received a wildcard into the women's singles qualifying competition where she lost to Aravane Rezaï in the final round.

Ágnes Szávay
Ágnes Szávay (Hungarian: Szávay Ágnes, pronounced [ˈsaːvɒi ˈaːɡnɛʃ]; born 29 December 1988) is a former professional tennis player from Hungary. The 2007 WTA Newcomer of the Year achieved her career-high ranking of world No. 13 in April 2008.
Sunil Rawal
Sunil Rawal (born 23 May 1983) is a film producer and actor active in the Nepali film industry. He has been involved in the film industry since 2012. His first movie as a producer and actor was Saayad, produced under the banner of Durgish Films Pvt. Ltd. and directed by Suraj Subba. He is managing director of Durgish Films Pvt. Ltd. Sequel of his first film Saayad, Saayad 2 was released on 14 July 2017. In 2018 Rawal produced Lahure which is expected to be released on May 11, 2018.

Cinema of Nepal
Nepali Cinema, also referred to as "Nepali Chalachitra" (Nepali: नेपाली चलचित्र) is the filmmaking industry in Nepal. This includes films in various languages of Nepal, most notably in Nepali language but also in Newari, Maithili, Tamang, Bhojpuri and Tharu among others. The term Cinemandu is also used, as a portmanteau for films produced in the Nepali language while the Nepalese films produced from Kathmandu and Janakpur in the Maithili language is known as Mithilawood. Both of these film industries are the largest viewing cinema of Nepal and are collectively known as Nepali Cinema.
Quintus Aemilius Saturninus
Quintus Aemilius Saturninus (died AD 200) was an ancient Roman member of the equites class, who held several positions under the emperors Commodus and Septimius Severus. These included Prefect of Roman Egypt (197–200), and Praetorian prefect (200).

As governor of Egypt his primary concern was to safeguard the harvest and delivery of grain to the populace of Rome, but surviving documents from his administration show his responsibilities extended further. These documents include a series of petitions from Gemellus Horion, a resident of Karanis, dated to 197 wherein he complains that two brothers Julius and Sotas prevented him from harvesting land he had inherited from his sister; their efforts included breaking all of the doors of Gemellus' house.

Saturninus had a violent end to his life. The contemporary praetorian prefect, Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, took exception to having a colleague and not long after Aemilius Saturninus was appointed, Plautianus had him killed.

Equites
The equites (/ˈɛkwɪtiːz/; lit. 'horse'  or 'cavalrymen', though sometimes referred to as "knights" in English) constituted the second of the property/social-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class. A member of the equestrian order was known as an eques (Latin: [ˈɛ.kʷɛs]).
Craig Whittaker
Craig Whittaker (born 30 August 1962) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Calder Valley from 2010 to 2024. He served as Government Deputy Chief Whip and Treasurer of the Household from September to October 2022. He previously served as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from January 2018 to April 2019 and again from July to September 2022.

Whittaker served as the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Karen Bradley, the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. He was appointed in the reshuffle of January 2018 as HM Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in the Government Whips Office, serving until April 2019 when he was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household. Prior to his role at the Treasury, he served as an Assistant Whip. Whittaker was appointed to that role in June 2017 following the snap general election.

Chief Whip
The Chief Whip is a political leader whose task is to enforce the whipping system, which aims to ensure that legislators who are members of a political party attend and vote on legislation as the party leadership prescribes.
2000 Acura Classic – Doubles
Lindsay Davenport and Corina Morariu were the defending champions, but Morariu did not compete this year. Davenport teamed up with Anna Kournikova; they ended as runners-up.

Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won the title by defeating Davenport and Kournikova 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(8–6) in the final. It was the 18th title for Raymond and the 24th title for Stubbs in their respective doubles careers. It was also the 4th title for the pair during the season, after their wins in the Australian Open, Rome and Madrid.

2000 Open de España Villa de Madrid – Doubles
Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suárez were the defending champions, but had to withdraw before the start of the tournament.

Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won the title by defeating Gala León García and María Sánchez Lorenzo 6–1, 6–3 in the final. It was the 17th title for Raymond and the 23rd title for Stubbs, in their respective doubles careers. It was also the 3rd title for the pair in the season, after their wins in the Australian Open and Rome.
1877 in birding and ornithology
Birds described in 1877 include the giant ibis, black-and-yellow phainoptila, Cebu flowerpecker, Drakensberg prinia, Finsch's euphonia, lava heron, Manus friarbird, Palawan tit, plain-backed antpitta, rufous-fronted tailorbird and Walden's hornbill.

Rufous-fronted tailorbird
The rufous-fronted tailorbird (Orthotomus frontalis) is a species of bird formerly placed in the Old World warbler assemblage, but now placed in the family Cisticolidae. It is native to the southern and eastern Philippines. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and tropical mangrove forests.
Överkalix Municipality
Överkalix Municipality (Swedish: Överkalix kommun; Finnish: Ylikainuun kunta) is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Överkalix.

In 1870 a part of old Överkalix Municipality was detached from it, forming a municipality called Korpilombolo (now in Pajala Municipality). The municipality was not affected by the two subdivision reforms of the 20th century.

The coat of arms was designed in 1944 and based on the arms of the parish. Its exact meaning is not known, but many northern arms feature bears, reindeer or other animals.

Korpilombolo
Korpilombolo (Swedish pronunciation: [kɔrpɪˈlɔ̌mːbɔlɔ]; Meänkieli: Korpilompolo) is a locality situated in Pajala Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden with 529 inhabitants in 2010.

The band Goat claim to be from this town.

The dungeon synth project Skymning is from Korpilombolo.
Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra
In mathematical logic, the Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra (or Lindenbaum algebra) of a logical theory T consists of the equivalence classes of sentences of the theory (i.e., the quotient) under the equivalence relation ~ defined such that p ~ q exactly when p and q are provably equivalent in T. That is, two sentences are equivalent if the theory T proves that each implies the other. The Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra is thus the quotient algebra obtained by factoring the algebra of formulas by this congruence relation.

The algebra is named for logicians Adolf Lindenbaum and Alfred Tarski. Starting in the academic year 1926–1927, Lindenbaum pioneered his method in Jan Łukasiewicz's mathematical logic seminar, and the method was popularized and generalized in subsequent decades through work by Tarski.

The Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra is considered the origin of the modern algebraic logic.

Jan Łukasiewicz
Jan Łukasiewicz (Polish: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvit͡ʂ] ⓘ; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher who is best known for Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic.  His work centred on philosophical logic, mathematical logic and history of logic.  He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle, offering one of the earliest systems of many-valued logic. Contemporary research on Aristotelian logic also builds on innovative works by Łukasiewicz, which applied methods from modern logic to the formalization of Aristotle's syllogistic.

The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley that inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. Łukasiewicz is regarded as one of the most important historians of logic.
Starksia hoesei
Starksia hoesei, the hose blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California where it is known to occur at depths of from 24 to 32 m (79 to 105 ft). The specific name honours the ichthyologist Douglass F. Hoese of the Australian Museum in Sydney.

Blennioidei
Blennies (from the Greek ἡ βλέννα and τό βλέννος, mucus, slime) are a diverse clade of ray-finned fish in the suborder Blennioidei of the percomorph order Blenniiformes. They inhabit marine, brackish, and occasionally freshwater habitats, and generally share similar morphology and behaviour. About 151 genera and nearly 900 species have been described within the order.
Alfred Posselt
Alfred Posselt was a Czechoslovak luger of German ethnicity who competed from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s. He won two bronze medals at the European luge championships (Men's singles: 1934, Men's doubles: 1928).

FIL European Luge Championships 1934
The FIL European Luge Championships 1934 took place in Ilmenau, Germany under the auspices of the Internationaler Schlittensportsverband (ISSV - International Sled Sports Federation in (in German)), a forerunner to the International Luge Federation.
Ellen Rathje
Ellen M. Rathje is an American civil engineer and geotechnical engineer. Her research focuses on the response of earth structures to earthquakes. She works in the University of Texas at Austin as Janet S. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering in the Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering. She is also the 2024 president of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.

Geotechnical engineering
Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to solve its engineering problems. It also relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology, geophysics, and other related sciences.

Geotechnical engineering has applications in military engineering, mining engineering, petroleum engineering, coastal engineering, and offshore construction. The fields of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology have overlapping knowledge areas. However, while geotechnical engineering is a specialty of civil engineering, engineering geology is a specialty of geology.
Underground (1941 film)
Underground is a 1941 American war thriller film directed by Vincent Sherman and starring Jeffrey Lynn, Philip Dorn and Kaaren Verne. Focusing on the German Nazi Resistance opposing the Nazis in World War II, Lynn and Dorn play two brothers initially on opposite sides. It was produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.

Vincent Sherman
Vincent Sherman (born Abraham Orovitz, July 16, 1906 – June 18, 2006) was an American director and actor who worked in Hollywood. His movies include Mr. Skeffington (1944), Nora Prentiss (1947), and The Young Philadelphians (1959).

He began his career as an actor on Broadway and later in film. He directed B-movies for Warner Bros. and then moved to directing to A-pictures.  He was a good friend of actor Errol Flynn, whom he directed in Adventures of Don Juan (1949). He directed three Joan Crawford movies: The Damned Don't Cry (1950), Harriet Craig (1950), and Goodbye, My Fancy (1951).
Walford, Somerset
Walford is a small village 3 miles (5 km) north east of Taunton in Somerset, England.  Most of the village, including Walford Cross at the junction of the A38 and the A361, lies in the civil parish of Creech St Michael.  The western part of the village, including Walford House, is in the civil parish of West Monkton.  The village lies close to the A38 and the M5 motorway.

The place was first recorded in 682 as Wealaford.

Walford House was built in the late 18th century but in 1985 was converted into flats.  It is a Grade II* listed building.

Walford Farm, known as Walford Place until the 18th century, has a cruck roof which dates back to about 1600.

Cruck
A cruck or crook frame is a curved timber, one of a pair, which support the roof of a building, historically used in England and Wales. This type of timber framing consists of long, generally naturally curved, timber members that lean inwards and form the ridge of the roof. These posts are then generally secured by a horizontal beam which then forms an "A" shape. Several of these "crooks" are constructed on the ground and then lifted into position. They are then joined together by either solid walls or cross beams which aid in preventing 'racking' (the action of each individual frame going out of square with the rest of the frame, and thus risking collapse).
Meta-discussion
The term meta-discussion means a discussion whose subject is a discussion.  Meta-discussion explores such issues as the style of a discussion, its participants, the setting in which the discussion occurs, and the relationship of the discussion to other discussions on the same or different topics. It is one of many terms based on the inferred meaning of the "meta-" prefix. The etymology for the prefix dates back to use of Metaphysics as the title of the treatise by Aristotle that came after his works on physics in the traditional ordering of his books. The fundamental meaning of the prefix in Greek is simply "after." The modern, inferred meaning of a higher-order, self-referential consideration of the nature of an activity—rather than actual, first-level participation in the activity—has led to many neologisms such as Meta-Wiki.

Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the word to which it is affixed.

Prefixes, like other affixes, can be either inflectional, creating a new form of a word with the same basic meaning and same lexical category, or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes also a different lexical category. Prefixes, like all affixes, are usually bound morphemes.

English has no inflectional prefixes, using only suffixes for that purpose. Adding a prefix to the beginning of an English word changes it to a different word. For example, when the prefix un- is added to the word happy, it creates the word unhappy.

The word prefix is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning "attach", in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning "before"), both of which are derived from Latin roots.
Renewable energy in Taiwan
Renewable energy in Taiwan contributed to 16.8% of national electricity generation as of 2024. Taiwan used renewables to generate 30.02 TWh in 2024. The total installed capacity of renewable energy in Taiwan by the end of 2013 was 3.76 GW.

As of 2021, Taiwan had set a target to generate 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2025, an increase from the 5% achieved in 2020. This plan is part of a broader policy to reduce coal usage, enhance the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG), and transition towards a "nuclear-free homeland." The strategy includes adding 5.7 GW of offshore wind power and increasing solar energy capacity to 20 GW by 2025.

Yilan County, Taiwan
Yilan, alternately spelled I-lan, is a county in northeastern Taiwan. It has a population of 450,031, and its seat is located in Yilan City.

Before the Han Chinese Wu Sha led his company into large-scale reclamation in today's Yilan in 1787, the area was mainly inhabited by the indigenous Kavalan people. During the Japanese rule, much of the present day Yilan County was part of Japan within its Taihoku Prefecture. When the Republic of China took over Taiwan in 1945, it became part of Taipei County until 10 October 1950 when 12 southeastern townships of Taipei County split off to form the present day Yilan County.
Azam Iqbal
Azam Iqbal (born 2 February 1973) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He has played 35 first-class and 36 List A matches for the Chittagong Division in Bangladeshi domestic cricket. While he has not played Test cricket or One Day Internationals for the Bangladesh, he did represent them at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

1998 Commonwealth Games
The 1998 Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel 1998), officially known as the XVI Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel ke-16), were a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 1998 Games were the first to be held in Asia, and the last Commonwealth Games of the 20th century. For the first time ever, the Games included team sports. Around 3,638 athletes from 70 Commonwealth member nations participated at the Games, which featured 214 events in 15 sports with 34 of them collected medals.
Line S12 (Milan suburban railway service)
The line S12 (Italian: Linea S12) is a commuter rail route forming part of the Milan suburban railway service (Italian: Servizio ferroviario suburbano di Milano), which converges on the city of Milan, Italy.

The route runs over the infrastructure of the Milan Passante, Milan–Bologna and Milan-Asso railways.  Like all but one of the other Milan suburban railway service routes, it is operated by Trenord.

Milan–Asso railway
The Milan–Asso railway is a regional standard gauge railway line linking Milan to Canzo, with stops in Erba and other towns in Brianza. The northern terminal is Canzo-Asso, located in the commune of Canzo, but known as Asso, because there is another station on the line called Canzo and Canzo-Asso is next to the commune of Asso and serves the commune.

The management of the railway and of the stations is performed by FerrovieNord, until March 17, 2016.

The regional and suburban passenger service is provided by Trenord, under a service contract negotiated with Lombardy for the years 2009–2020.
Leth
Leth is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Harald Leth (1899–1986), Danish painter

Jan Leth (1932–2010), Danish artist

Jørgen Leth (1937–2025), Danish poet and film director, father of Karoline Leth

Julie Norman Leth (born 1992), Danish racing cyclist

Karl Leth (born 2002), Danish footballer

Karoline Leth (born 1964), Danish film and TV producer, daughter of Jørgen Leth

Kate Leth (born 1988), Canadian comic book creator

Lasse Norman Leth (born 1992), Danish road and track racing cyclist

Marie Gudme Leth (1895–1997), Danish textile printer

Märtha Leth (1877–1954), Swedish pharmacist, first woman in Sweden to graduate as a pharmacist

Vera Leth (born 1958), Greenlandic ombudsman

Harald Leth
Harald Leth (5 January 1899 in Copenhagen – 14 March 1986 in Ålsgårde) was a Danish painter whose Naturalistic work was inspired by Johannes Larsen of the Funen Painters and Oluf Høst of the Bornholm School.
Kamianka, Horlivka Raion, Donetsk Oblast
Kamianka (Ukrainian: Кам'янка; Russian: Каменка) is a rural settlement in Horlivka Raion (district) in Donetsk Oblast of eastern Ukraine, at 75.6 km NNE from the centre of Donetsk city.

The War in Donbass, that started in mid-April 2014, has brought along both civilian and military casualties. A minivan, filled with explosives, was blown up at the Ukrainian check-point near the settlement on 21 July 2014, killing five Ukrainian servicemen.

Horlivka Raion
Horlivka Raion (Ukrainian: Горлівський район, romanized: Horlivskyi raion; Russian: Горловский район, romanized: Gorlovsky rayon) is a prospective raion (district) of Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It was formally created in July 2020 as part of the reform of administrative divisions of Ukraine. The center of the raion is in the town of Horlivka. Population: 662,069 (2022 estimate). The area of the raion is occupied by Russia, which continues to use the old, pre-2020 administrative divisions of Ukraine. Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, portions of the northern Maiorsk district of Horlivka were the only notable areas of the raion under Ukrainian government control.
Frank Fleming (baseball)
Frank Fleming (July 5, 1919 – July 22, 1989), sometimes spelled "Flemming" and nicknamed "Boonie", was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1940s.

A native of Morganton, North Carolina, Fleming played for the Cleveland Buckeyes in 1946. He threw a no-hitter the same season while playing for the Asheville Blues. Fleming died in Morganton in 1989 at age 70.

Morganton, North Carolina
Morganton is a city in and the county seat of Burke County, North Carolina, United States. It is located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the Catawba River.

The population was 17,474 at the 2020 census. Morganton is approximately 75 miles (121 km) northwest of Charlotte and 57 miles (92 km) east of Asheville. It is one of the principal cities in the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Salambek Khadzhiyev
Salambek Naibovich Khadzhiyev (Russian: Саламбе́к Наи́бович Хаджи́ев; 7 January 1941 – 2 March 2018) was a Soviet-Russian Chechen petrochemist, businessman and politician who was the first Chairman of the Government of National Revival of the Chechen Republic. He specialized in the production of low-pour, high-density petroleum fuels transformations of hydrocarbons on zeolite that contain catalysts. He was also the first and only Chechen to hold a ministerial position in the Soviet Union. In 1991, he headed the Ministry of Chemical and Petrochemical Industry of the USSR. During the First Chechen War in 1995 he was the chairman of the Government of the National Revival of Chechnya.

Shali, Chechen Republic
Shali (Russian: Шали́; Chechen: Шела, Şela) is a town and the administrative center of Shalinsky District of the Chechen Republic, Russia. Population:  47,708 (2010 census); 40,356 (2002 census); 24,985 (1989 Soviet census).
Searching for God Knows What
Searching for God Knows What is the third book by Donald Miller, published by Thomas Nelson in 2004. This work continues and expands many of the "Non-Religious Thoughts on Christian Spirituality" that appeared in his second book, Blue Like Jazz. In Searching for God Knows What, Miller primarily focuses on his view that Christianity should not be approached as a formulaic "how-to" guide or moral checklist, but rather as an invitation to enter the only relationship that can provide ultimate fulfillment.

Thomas Nelson (publisher)
Thomas Nelson is a publishing firm that began in West Bow, Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1798, as the namesake of its founder. It is a subsidiary of HarperCollins, the publishing unit of News Corp. It describes itself as a "world leading publisher and provider of Christian content".

Its most successful title to date is Heaven Is for Real. In Canada, the Nelson imprint is used for educational publishing. In the United Kingdom, it was an independent publisher until 1962, and later became part of the educational imprint Nelson Thornes.