hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Duchy of Urbino
The Duchy of Urbino (Italian: Ducato di Urbino) was an independent duchy in early modern central Italy, corresponding to the northern half of the modern region of Marche. It was directly annexed by the Papal States in 1631.

It was bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Republic of Florence in the west and the Papal States in the south. In 1523 the capital was moved from Urbino to Pesaro. After the short rule by Cesare Borgia in 1502–08, the dukedom went to the della Rovere papal family, who held it until 1625, when Pope Urban VIII annexed it to the Papal States as Legazione del Ducato di Urbino (later Legazione di Urbino).

Piero della Francesca
Piero della Francesca (/ˌpjɛəroʊ ˌdɛlə frænˈtʃɛskə/ PYAIR-oh DEL-ə fran-CHESK-ə, US also /- frɑːnˈ-/ -⁠ frahn-; Italian: [ˈpjɛːro della franˈtʃeska] ⓘ; né Piero di Benedetto de' Franceschi; c. 1415 – 12 October 1492) was an Italian painter, mathematician and geometer of the Early Renaissance, nowadays chiefly appreciated for his art. His painting is characterized by its serene humanism, its use of geometric forms and perspective. His most famous work is the cycle of frescoes The History of the True Cross in the Basilica of San Francesco in the Tuscan town of Arezzo.
Escravos River
The Escravos River is a river in southern Nigeria, close to the city of Warri. "Escravos" is a Portuguese word meaning "slaves" and the area was one of the main conduits for slave trade between Nigeria and the United States in the 18th century.  The Escravos is a distributary of the Niger River, it flows for 57 kilometres (35 mi), ending at the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea where it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Chevron, a major US oil company, has its main Nigerian oil production facility at the mouth of the Escravos River.  This oil terminal pumps approximately.

The Escravos is linked by a maze of interconnected waterways to the Forcados, Warri, Benin, and Ethiope rivers.

The Nigerian Ports Authority (N.P.A.) granted dredging of Escravos River primarily to expand the waterways so as to make way for bigger vessels  which will eventually boost the economic activity of the region and benefit the country at large.

Distributary
A distributary, or a distributary channel is a stream channel that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. It is the opposite of a tributary, a stream that flows towards and into another stream or river. Distributaries are a result of river bifurcation and are often found where a river approaches a lake or an ocean and divides into distributary networks; as such they are a common feature of river deltas. They can also occur inland, on alluvial fans, or where a tributary stream bifurcates as it nears its confluence with a larger stream. In some cases, a minor distributary can divert so much water from the main channel that it can later become the main route.
Manuel Contreras
Juan Manuel "Mamo" Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (4 May 1929 – 7 August 2015) was a Chilean Army officer and the former head of the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), Chile's secret police during the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. In 1995, he was convicted of the murder of Chilean diplomat Orlando Letelier in Washington, DC, and sentenced to seven years in prison, which he served until 2001. At the time of his death, Contreras was serving 59 unappealable sentences totaling 529 years in prison for kidnapping, forced disappearance, and assassination.

Chilean Army
The Chilean Army (Spanish: Ejército de Chile) is the land arm of the Chilean Armed Forces. This 80,000-person army (9,200 of which are conscripts) is organized into six divisions, an army aviation brigade and a special operations brigade.

In recent years, and after several major re-equipment programs, the Chilean Army has become the most technologically advanced and professional army in Latin America.

The Chilean Army is mostly supplied with equipment from Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, the United States, Israel, France, and Spain.
2011–12 Four Hills Tournament
The 2011–12 Four Hills Tournament took place at the four traditional venues of Oberstdorf, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Innsbruck, and Bischofshofen, located in Germany and Austria, between 30 December 2011 and 6 January 2012.

Bischofshofen
Bischofshofen (German pronunciation: [bɪʃɔfsˈhoːfn̩] ⓘ) is a town in the district of St. Johann im Pongau in the Austrian federal state of Salzburg. It is an important traffic junction located both on the Salzburg-Tyrol Railway line and at the Tauern Autobahn, a major highway route crossing the main chain of the Alps.
Electret microphone
An electret microphone is a microphone whose diaphragm forms a capacitor (historically-termed a condenser) that incorporates an electret. The electret's permanent electric dipole provides a constant charge Q on the capacitor. Sound waves move the diaphragm, changing the capacitance C, which produces a corresponding voltage change across the capacitor of ΔV = ⁠Q/ΔC⁠. The electret's constant charge eliminates the need for the polarizing power supply required for non-electret condenser microphones, though a preamplifier is typically incorporated to boost the audio voltage signal.

Analog signal
An analog signal (American English) or analogue signal (British and Commonwealth English) is any signal, typically a continuous-time signal, representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies in a manner analogous to the pressure of the sound waves.

In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized numeric values, typically but not necessarily in the form of a binary value. Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization noise.

The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.
Gordlidan
Gordlidan (Persian: گردليدان, also Romanized as Gordlīdān and Gerd Līdān; also known as Bord Līdān) is a village in Donbaleh Rud-e Jonubi Rural District, Dehdez District, Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 122, in 19 families.

Donbaleh Rud-e Jonubi Rural District
Donbaleh Rud-e Jonubi Rural District (Persian: دهستان دنباله‌رود جنوبی) is in Qarun District of Dezpart County, Khuzestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Bar Aftab-e Fazl. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Deh Now-ye Kizavak, which was absorbed into the village of Mallah.
Gul Mohammed (habeas petitioner)
Gul Mohammed is a citizen of Afghanistan held in extrajudicial detention in United States custody in it Bagram Theater detention facility, in Bagram, Afghanistan.

Gul Mohammed is one of the detainees named on Ghulam Mohammed v. Don Rumsfeld.

James W. Gray
James W. Gray (September 21, 1915 – August 5, 1987) was an American judge and politician.

Gray was born in East St. Louis, Illinois. He went to Central Catholic High School in East St. Louis. Gray graduated from University of Illinois, Saint Louis University School of Law and was admitted to the Illinois and Missouri bars. Gray served in the United States Army during World War II. Gray lived in Belleville, Illinois with his wife and family and practiced law. Gray served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1949 to 1951 and in the Illinois Senate from 1951 to 1963. Gray was a Democrat. Gray served as a probate and circuit court judge for St. Clair County, Illinois.  Gray died from a heart attack at his home in South Pasadena, Florida.
Boroña
Boroña is a type of bread made with corn in northern Spain. This cornbread (Galician: broa or boroa in Asturian: boroña in Cantabria: cornbread, of Celtic origin, compare Welsh and Breton baran bread) is a bread made with cornmeal. It is a traditional food from the regions of Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque Country and northern Castilla-Leon (areas of León, Palencia and Burgos), Spain. It has been widely used in rural areas until the mid twentieth century. It is usually cooked in an oven wrapped in cabbage leaves.

In Cantabria, by extension, it is called borona, the corn plant bread, and is called "flour corn bread" flour.

Cornmeal
Cornmeal  is a meal (coarse flour) ground from dried maize. It is a common staple food and is ground to coarse, medium, and fine consistencies, but it is not as fine as wheat flour can be. In Mexico and Louisiana, very finely ground cornmeal is referred to as corn flour. When fine cornmeal is made from maize that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour), which is used for making arepas, tamales, and tortillas. Boiled cornmeal is called polenta in Italy and is also a traditional dish and bread substitute in Romania.
Don'cha Go 'Way Mad
"Don'cha Go 'Way Mad" is a popular song composed by Illinois Jacquet and Jimmy Mundy, with lyrics written by Al Stillman. It was originally recorded by Illinois Jacquet and His Orchestra as an instrumental on April 6, 1949 as "Black Velvet". Al Stillman later added lyrics and Harry James recorded it as "Don'cha Go 'Way Mad" on December 12, 1949 (released in 1950) on Columbia 38682.

Jimmy Mundy
James Mundy (June 28, 1907 – April 24, 1983) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, arranger, and composer, best known for his arrangements for Benny Goodman, Count Basie, and Earl Hines.

Mundy died of cancer in New York City at the age of 75.
Ni Yuanlu
Ni Yuanlu (Chinese: 倪元璐; pinyin: Ní Yuánlù; Wade–Giles: Ni Yüan-lu; ca. 1593–1644), courtesy name Yuru (玉汝), art name Hongbao (鴻寶), posthumous names Wenzheng (文正) and Wenzhen (文貞), was a high-ranking official, calligrapher, and painter of the Ming dynasty of China.

Ni was born in Shangyu, Zhejiang. He passed the imperial examination in 1621 as a jinshi and was a scholar in the Hanlin Academy. Ni's calligraphy used a semicursive script style with refined strokes. Ni committed suicide by hanging at the end of the Ming dynasty.

Shangyu, Shaoxing
Shangyu District (Chinese: 上虞区; pinyin: Shàngyú) is a district of the prefecture-level city of Shaoxing in the northeast of Zhejiang province, China.  At the 2010 census, its population in the built-up (or metro) area was 779,412, up from 722,523 in the 2000 census. Shangyu is roughly fifty kilometers from north to south and about thirty kilometers from east to west. It makes up about one-fourth of the area of Shaoxing prefecture. Shangyu District is not part of the Hangzhou-Shaoxing built-up area as some countryside still prevent the city from being conurbated until now.

The city is one of the largest production bases of umbrellas worldwide.
Top Model. Zostań modelką season 1
Top Model. Zostań modelką, Cycle 1 (Polish for Top Model. Become a Model) was the first cycle of an ongoing reality documentary based on Tyra Banks' America's Next Top Model that places contestants from Poland against each other in a variety of competitions to determine who will win the title of the next Polish Top Model and a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management and an appearance on the cover of the Polish issue of Glamour and a nationwide Max Factor campaign in hopes of a successful future in the modeling business.

The competition was hosted by Polish-born model Joanna Krupa who served as the lead judge alongside fashion designer,  Dawid Woliński, journalist Karolina Korwin-Piotrowska and photographer Marcin Tyszka. International top models Anja Rubik and Magda Mielcarz made guest appearances and coached the contestants in multiple episodes.

The international destination this cycle was Milan.

The winner of the competition was 19-year-old Paulina Papierska from Zbąszynek.

Dawid Woliński
Dawid Woliński (born 1977 in Włocławek, Poland) is a Polish fashion designer. His clothes are worn by celebrities such as Paris Hilton, Nicole Richie, Dita von Teese, Michelle Rodriguez or Zuzanna Czerniej.
1891 Northern Maori by-election
The 1891 Northern Maori by-election was a by-election during the 11th New Zealand Parliament. The election was held on 7 February 1891.

The seat of Northern Maori became vacant following the death of the sitting member Sydney Taiwhanga on 27 November 1890.

Taiwhango had been re-elected in 1890 for Northern Maori, but died on election day. He also stood in Eastern Maori, and came second.

The by-election was won by Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa.

Wiremu Katene had represented the electorate from 1871 to 1875 and in 1887 after the 1887 by-election.

11th New Zealand Parliament
The 11th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand.

Elections for this term were held in 4 Māori electorates and 62 European electorates on 27 November and 5 December 1890, respectively. A total of 74 MPs were elected – a reduction on the 95 MPs of the previous Parliament.
Mitchell Owen
Mitchell James Owen (born 16 September 2001) is an Australian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 12 January 2021, for the Hobart Hurricanes, in the 2020–21 Big Bash League season. He made his List A debut on 22 February 2021, for Tasmania in the 2020–21 Marsh One-Day Cup. He made his First-class cricket debut for Tasmania on 3 October 2023 against South Australia, in the 2023–24 Sheffield Shield season.

On 21 December 2024, Owen made 101 not out to lead the Hobart Hurricanes to an eight-wicket win over the Perth Scorchers. His 101 came off 64 balls, including five sixes and nine fours.

On 27 January 2025, Owen equalled the record for the fastest BBL century in the final of the 2024-25 season against the Sydney Thunder, eventually recording 108 runs off 42 balls and leading the Hobart Hurricanes to their maiden title.

Sydney Thunder
The Sydney Thunder is an Australian men's professional franchise cricket team, competing in Australia's domestic Twenty20 (T20) cricket competition, the Big Bash League (BBL). Along with the Sydney Sixers, the Thunder is the successor to the New South Wales Blues which played in the now-defunct KFC Twenty20 Big Bash. Since the inaugural 2011–12 Big Bash League season, the Thunder have won one title, and appeared in two finals.
PDCD1LG2
Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (also known as PD-L2, B7-DC) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1LG2 gene. PDCD1LG2 has also been designated as CD273 (cluster of differentiation 273). PDCD1LG2 is an immune checkpoint receptor ligand which plays a role in negative regulation of the adaptive immune response. PD-L2 is one of two known ligands for Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), the other one being PD-L1 to which it is related by a gene duplication in an ancestor of tetrapod species.

Helper T cell
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.
German submarine U-541
German submarine U-541 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was laid down at the Deutsche Werft (yard) in Hamburg as yard number 362 on 5 June 1942, launched on 5 January 1943 and commissioned on 24 March with Kapitänleutnant Kurt Petersen (Crew 36) in command.

U-541 began her service career with training as part of the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 24 March 1943. She was reassigned to the 10th flotilla for operations on 1 November, then the 33rd flotilla on 1 November 1944.

She carried out four patrols and sank one ship. She was a member of four wolfpacks.

She surrendered on 12 May 1945 at Gibraltar and was transferred to Lisahally in Northern Ireland for Operation Deadlight. She was sunk on 5 January 1946.

4th U-boat Flotilla
The 4th U-boat Flotilla (German 4. Unterseebootsflottille) was formed in May 1941 in Stettin under the command of Kapitänleutnant Werner Jacobsen. Nearly 300 boats received their basic training here. It was disbanded in May 1945.
Joe Whelan (runner)
Joe Whelan is an American distance runner who specializes in the marathon. He competed collegiately for Syracuse University before transitioning to long-distance road races. Whelan qualified for the U.S. Olympic Trials Marathon in 2020 and 2024.

United States Olympic trials
The United States Olympic trials are competitions held in certain sports to select the United States' participants in those sports at the Olympic Games. These events include:

United States Olympic trials (curling)

United States Olympic trials (diving)

United States Olympic trials (gymnastics)

United States Olympic trials (marathon)

United States Olympic trials (swimming)

United States Olympic trials (track and field)

United States Olympic trials (wrestling)
Sejm Constituency no. 13
Kraków II is a Polish parliamentary constituency in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.  It elects fourteen members of the Sejm.

The district has the number '13' and is named after the city of Kraków.  It includes the counties of Kraków, Miechów, and Olkusz and the city county of Kraków.

Kraków County
Kraków County (Polish: powiat krakowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Kraków, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city with powiat rights). The county contains five towns: Skawina, 12 km (7 mi) south-west of Kraków, Krzeszowice, 24 km (15 mi) west of Kraków, Słomniki, 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Kraków, Skała, 20 km (12 mi) north of Kraków, and Świątniki Górne, 15 km (9 mi) south of Kraków.

The county covers an area of 1,229.62 square kilometres (474.8 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 278,219, out of which the population of Skawina is 24,340, that of Krzeszowice is 10,014, that of Słomniki is 4,343, that of Skała is 3,798, that of Świątniki Górne is 2,431, and the rural population is 233,293.
2014 Summit League baseball tournament
The 2014 Summit League baseball tournament took place from May 22 through 24. The top four regular season finishers of the league's five teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at Sioux Falls Stadium in Sioux Falls, South Dakota hosted by South Dakota State. North Dakota State won its first tournament championship to earn The Summit League's automatic bid to the 2014 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.

2014 NCAA Division I baseball tournament
The 2014 NCAA Division I baseball tournament began on Friday, May 30, 2014, as part of the 2014 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2014 College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska, which started on June 14, 2014, and ended on June 25, 2014, with the Vanderbilt Commodores upsetting the 3rd seed Virginia Cavaliers 3–2 in the decisive Game 3.

The 64 participating NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 298 teams. A total of 31 teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences, and 33 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee.

Teams were divided into 16 regionals of four teams which conducted a double-elimination tournament. Regional champions faced each other in Super Regionals, a best-of-3-game series that determined the 8 participants of the College World Series.
Ilyushin Il-102
The Ilyushin Il-102 is a Soviet experimental jet-powered ground-attack aircraft designed by Ilyushin. This aircraft was never chosen for production, being surpassed by the Su-25. Only a few development prototypes were built.

Ilyushin
The  public joint stock company Ilyushin Aviation Complex, operating as Ilyushin (Russian: Илью́шин) or as Ilyushin Design Bureau, is a Russian aircraft manufacturer and design bureau, founded in 1933 by Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin. Soviet/Russian nomenclature identifies aircraft from Ilyushin with the prefix "Il-" (Russian: Ил-). Ilyushin has its head office in Aeroport District, Northern Administrative Okrug, Moscow.
Humpbacked scorpionfish
The humpbacked scorpionfish (Scorpaenopsis gibbosa) is a species of venomous marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes. This species is found in the western Indian Ocean.

Scorpaenidae
The Scorpaenidae (also known as scorpionfish) are a family of mostly marine fish that includes many of the world's most venomous species. As their name suggests, scorpionfish have a type of "sting" in the form of sharp spines coated with venomous mucus. They are widespread in tropical and temperate seas, especially in the Indo-Pacific region. They should not be confused with the cabezones, of the genus Scorpaenichthys, which belong to a separate, though related, family, Cottidae.
Tonette S. Rocco
Tonette S. Rocco (born 1954) is an American academic in the field of educational policy studies, adult education, and human resource development. She is recognized for her contributions as a social justice advocate and her dedication to mentoring emerging scholars. Rocco serves as a professor in the Department of Educational Policy Studies at Florida International University (FIU). She was inducted into the International Adult and Continuing Education Hall of Fame in 2016, a recognition that honors her extensive contributions to adult education and human resource development, particularly through the lens of social justice education.

International Adult and Continuing Education Hall of Fame
The International Adult and Continuing Education  Hall of Fame (IACEHOF) was founded in 1996 "to honor leaders in the fields of continuing education and adult learning and to serve as a record and inspiration for the next generation of continuing education leaders". Annually, around ten adult and continuing education leaders from around the world are selected for induction into the IACE Hall of Fame.

Logo of the society:
Piscataway Creek (Virginia)
Piscataway Creek is a tributary of the Rappahannock River in eastern Virginia, in the United States, approximately 17 miles (27 km) in length. It is fed by the Sturgeon Swamp and Mussel Swamp, lowlands near US Route 360 on the Middle Peninsula, and empties into the Rappahannock River three miles (5 km) downstream from the town of Tappahannock. It is tidal for much of its course.

The creek drains an area of 57.4 square miles (149 km2). Its watershed is 63% forested. Agriculture encompasses 26.5 percent of the watershed, with 16.1 percent cropland and 10.4 pasture/hayland. The remainder consists of swampland and residential area.

Tappahannock, Virginia
Tappahannock is the oldest town in Essex County, Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, Tappahannock had a population of 2,193. Located on the Rappahannock River, Tappahannock is the county seat of Essex County. Its name comes from an Algonquian language word lappihanne (also noted as toppehannock), meaning "Town on the rise and fall of water" or "where the tide ebbs and flows." The Rappahannock is a tidal estuary from above this point and downriver to its mouth on Chesapeake Bay.

In 1608 English explorer John Smith landed in Tappahannock and fought with the local Rappahannock people. After defeating them, he later made peace.