hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hilling
Hilling, earthing up or ridging is the technique in agriculture and horticulture of heaping soil up around the base of a plant. It can be done by hand (usually using a hoe), or with powered machinery, typically a tractor attachment.

Hilling buries the normally above-ground part of the plant, promoting desired growth.  This may encourage the development of additional tubers (as with potatoes), force the plant to grow longer stems (leeks), or for some crops (chicory, leeks, asparagus etc.) this blanching technique keeps the stems or shoots pale and tender, or influences their taste.

Hilling helps to smother weeds. It may also be used to stabilize the stems of crops which are easily disturbed by wind.

Leek
A leek is a biennial vegetable, a cultivar of Allium ampeloprasum, the broadleaf wild leek (syn. Allium porrum). The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes colloquially called a "stem" or "stalk".

The genus Allium also contains the onion, garlic, shallot, scallion, chives, and Chinese onion. Three closely related vegetables—elephant garlic, kurrat and Persian leek or tareh—are also cultivars of A. ampeloprasum, although different in their culinary uses.
Brandon Simpson
Brandon Simpson (born 6 September 1981 in Florida, U.S.) is a sprinter who represents Bahrain, having previously represented Jamaica. He has won a bronze medal in 4 x 400 metres relay at three world championships; 2001, 2003 and 2005. He finished 6th in the individual 400 metres contest in 2005, and 5th at the 2004 Olympics.

Simpson was also selected as an alternate for Jamaica at the 2000 Summer Olympics, making him then the youngest ever Jamaican named for an Olympic team. Simpson ran for the George Mason Patriots track and field team and then transferred to the TCU Horned Frogs track and field program.

2001 World Championships in Athletics
The 8th World Championships in Athletics, under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada between 3 and 12 August 2001 and was the first time the event had visited North America. The music for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies was composed by Canadian composers Jan Randall and Cassius Khan. The ceremonies also featured a thousand-strong voice choir, and the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra.

Edmonton defeated bids from Paris, France (which hosted the next edition) and the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States to host the event. Edmonton had previously hosted the 1978 Commonwealth Games and the 1983 Summer Universiade.
Roché Emanuelson
Roché Emanuelson (born April 5, 1982) is a Surinamese footballer who plays as a defender for Boma Star in the Hoofdklasse, and for the Suriname national team. He has also played for SV Transvaal, SV Robinhood, Royal '95 and SV Leo Victor in the past.

He also plays futsal, having played for Styx Kuldipsingh, and for Telesur in the SZVB Hoofdklasse and for the national futsal team.

Surinamese Footballer of the Year
The title Surinamese Footballer of the Year (Voetballer van het Jaar) has been awarded in Suriname since 1964. The award is determined by a poll of Surinamese sports journalists as members of the VSJS (Vereniging van Sportjournalisten in Suriname) established in 2014, replacing the SOC (Suriname Olympic Committee) who determined the winners in the years prior.
Internet censorship and surveillance in the Americas
This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in the Americas provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in the Americas.

Detailed country by country information on Internet censorship and surveillance is provided in the Freedom on the Net reports from Freedom House, by the OpenNet Initiative, by Reporters Without Borders, and in the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices from the U.S. State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. The ratings produced by several of these organizations are summarized below as well as in the Censorship by country article.

Censorship by country
Censorship by country collects information on censorship, Internet censorship, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and human rights by country and presents it in a sortable table, together with links to articles with more information. In addition to countries, the table includes information on former countries, disputed countries, political sub-units within countries, and regional organizations.
Foot arch stretcher
A foot arch stretcher (also known as a foot stretcher, arch stretcher, pointe stretcher, toe stretcher, or arch enhancer) is a device used in the fields of ballet, dance, gymnastics, cheerleading, and other athletics in order to stretch the arches of the foot. It is believed that regular use of a foot arch stretcher may increase flexibility in the arch, ankle, and metatarsal areas of the foot. A process necessary to avoid foot and ankle injury while participating in athletic activities.

Arches of the foot
The arches of the foot, formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, strengthened by ligaments and tendons, allow the foot to support the weight of the body in the erect posture with the least weight.

They are categorized as longitudinal and transverse arches.
Iain Hume
Iain Edward Hume (born 30 October 1983) is a  soccer manager and former professional soccer player who played as a forward.

He began his career at Tranmere Rovers in 2000, and six years later moved to Leicester City for an initial £500,000 fee. Three years later he was signed by Barnsley for £1.2 million, where he suffered a serious head injury in a match against Sheffield United. He later played for Preston North End, and was loaned to Doncaster Rovers and Fleetwood Town, where he won League One and the League Two play-offs respectively.

In 2014, Hume joined Kerala Blasters FC of the newly formed Indian Super League, and played the next two seasons with Atlético de Kolkata, winning the 2016 ISL season before returning to Kerala Blasters in 2017–18 Indian Super League. He then played for FC Pune City next season in ISL.

Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, but played internationally for Canada. He debuted for them in 2003 and represented the nation at three CONCACAF Gold Cups.

CONCACAF Gold Cup
The CONCACAF Gold Cup (Spanish: Copa Oro CONCACAF) is an association football  competition organized by CONCACAF as its premier continental tournament for men's senior national teams from North America, Central America and the Caribbean. The tournament is held every two years with its inaugural edition in 1991. It is the direct successor competition of the CONCACAF Championship (1963–1989).

So far, three national teams have won the tournament: Mexico (10 times), the United States (7), and Canada (1). All of them are member associations of the North American Football Union (NAFU).
DB Class V 51 and V 52
The DB V 51 and DB V 52 (from 1968:  DB Class 251 and Class 252) are two classes of narrow-gauge diesel-hydraulic locomotives built in 1964 for the Deutsche Bundesbahn. The Class V 51 were built for 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) and the Class V 52 for 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge lines respectively. The locomotives were built to replace steam locomotives on the narrow gauge lines in Baden-Württemberg and apart from the gauge are identical. Due to line closures the locomotives did not work for long for the Deutsche Bundesbahn, and subsequently worked for different private companies in Italy, Spain and Austria.

Deutsche Bundesbahn
Deutsche Bundesbahn (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈbʊndəsˌbaːn], lit. 'German Federal Railway'), or DB ([deːˈbeː]), was formed  as the state railway of the newly established West Germany (FRG) on 7 September 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG). The DB remained the state railway of West Germany until after German reunification, when it was merged with the former East German Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) to form Deutsche Bahn, which came into existence on 1 January 1994.
Four Corners Model for Payment Security
The Four Corners model, often referred to as the Four Party Scheme is the most used card scheme in card payment systems worldwide. This model was introduced in the 1990s. It is a user-friendly card payment system based on an interbank clearing system and economic model established on multilateral interchange fees (MIF) paid between banks or other payment institutions.

The most significant benefit of using the Four Corners Model is that bank cards are accepted everywhere. Additional benefits include:

A guarantee that the merchant will receive payment

Reliability and security because of a lower risk of fraud

Traceability as a weapon against money laundering

Security in the Four Corners Models is standardized through the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS). The PCI Standard is mandated by the card brands but administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council.

Economic model
An economic model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified, often mathematical, framework designed to illustrate complex processes. Frequently, economic models posit structural parameters. A model may have various exogenous variables, and those variables may change to create various responses by economic variables. Methodological uses of models include investigation, theorizing, and fitting theories to the world.
ASHRAE 90.1
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard published by ASHRAE and jointly sponsored by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) that provides minimum requirements for energy efficient designs for buildings except for low-rise residential buildings (i.e. single-family homes, multi-family buildings less than four stories high, mobile homes and modular homes). The original standard, ASHRAE 90, was published in 1975. There have been multiple editions to it since. In 1999 the ASHRAE Board of Directors voted to place the standard on continuous maintenance, based on rapid changes in energy technology and energy prices. This allows it to be updated multiple times in a year. The standard was renamed ASHRAE 90.1 in 2001.  It has since been updated in 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019 to reflect newer and more efficient technologies.

Single-family detached home
A single-family detached home – also called a single-detached dwelling, single-family residence (SFR), separate house, or other similar terms – is a free-standing residential building. It is defined in opposition to a multi-family residential dwelling.
Trachelosaurus
Trachelosaurus is an extinct genus of lizard-like early archosauromorph reptiles in the family Trachelosauridae. It was originally described as a dinosaur until it was redescribed as a "protorosaur" reptile by Robert L. Carroll in 1988. The type species, T. fischeri, was described by F. Broili & E. Fischer in 1917 based on remains found in the Solling Formation (Buntsandstein), Bernburg, Germany. A 2024 redescription identified Trachelosaurus as a long-necked and presumably aquatic reptile closely related to Dinocephalosaurus from the Guanling Formation of China.

Bernburg
Bernburg (Saale) (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛʁnˌbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, capital of the Salzlandkreis district. The former residence of the Anhalt-Bernburg princes is known for its Renaissance castle.
Let's All Go Down to the River
"Let's All Go Down to the River" is a song originally recorded as a duet by American singers Jody Miller and Johnny Paycheck. The Miller-Paycheck rendition reached the top 20 of the American and Canadian country charts after being released as a single in 1972.

In the Garden (1912 song)
"In the Garden" (sometimes rendered by its first line "I Come to the Garden Alone" is a gospel song written by American songwriter C. Austin Miles (1868–1946), a former pharmacist who served as editor and manager at Hall-Mack publishers for 37 years. It reflects on Mary Magdalene's witness about the resurrection of Jesus at The Garden Tomb. According to Miles' great-granddaughter, the song was written "in a cold, dreary and leaky basement in Pitman, New Jersey that didn't even have a window in it let alone a view of a garden."  This song was first published in 1912 and popularized during the Billy Sunday evangelistic campaigns of the early twentieth century by two members of his staff, Homer Rodeheaver and Virginia Asher.
Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital
Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital (also Ruia Hospital) is a hospital in the pilgrim city of Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is the largest public hospital in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. It had 1500 beds, 27 operation theatres, 25 ICUs, and 10 specialties. It serves majorly four districts of Rayalaseema(Chittoor, Kadapa), Nellore and districts of Andhra Pradesh.
It is started in the year 1962 with a donation of Rs.5 lakhs from Sri Radha Krishna N. Ruia and 15 lakhs from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.

Chittoor district
Chittoor district (pronunciationⓘ) is one of the eight districts in the Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It had a population of 18,72,951 at the 2011 census of India. It is a major market centre for mangoes, grains, sugarcane, and peanuts. The district headquarters is at Chittoor City. The major cities/towns in the district are Chittoor, Nagari, Palamaner, and Kuppam.
Joe Pullman
Joseph John Pullman (19 June 1876 – July 1955) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Neath and the Glamorgan Constabulary. He won a single cap for Wales in the 1910 Five Nations Championship against France.

Glamorgan Police RFC
Glamorgan Police RFC was a Welsh rugby union team that served the Glamorgan Police force before the amalgamation of the four district police forces of South Wales in 1969. The team was the most notable of the four early police rugby teams of Wales, supplying several notable players to the Wales national team.
Betagel
Betagel (βゲル in Japanese) is a material invented in Japan that utilizes gel and silicone to absorb violent shocks.

Japanese researchers developed "Alphagel", which was principally used in the manufacture of sneakers and as a shock-absorber for tennis racquets.  Betagel, a more effective formulation, was so named according to the Greek Alphabet (alpha, beta, gamma etc.), in which letters also serve as numerals. It is also principally used in sneakers.

The gel is also used in scientific applications.

Sneakers
Sneakers (US) or trainers (UK), also known by a wide variety of other names, are shoes primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise, but are also widely used for everyday casual wear.

They were popularized by companies such as Converse, Nike and Spalding in the mid 20th century. Like other parts of the global clothing industry, shoe manufacturing is heavily concentrated in Asia with nine in ten shoes produced there.
Islam and modernity
Islam and modernity is a topic of discussion in contemporary sociology of religion. The history of Islam chronicles different interpretations and approaches. Modernity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon rather than a unified and coherent one. It has historically had different schools of thought moving in many directions.

Mirza Malkam Khan
Mirza Melkum Khan (Persian: میرزا ملکم خان; Armenian: Յովսէփ Մելքումեան, romanized: Hovsep’ Melk’umyan; 1834–1908) was an Iranian modernist writer, diplomat, and publicist. He is known for his social reform efforts, as well as for being the first Christian to adopt the title of 'Mirza' in Persian. He is considered one of the fathers of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
Jackeys Marsh, Tasmania
Jackeys Marsh is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Meander Valley in the Launceston LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 42 kilometres (26 mi) south-west of the town of Westbury. The 2016 census recorded a population of 40 for the state suburb of Jackeys Marsh.

Local government areas of Tasmania
The councils of Tasmania are the 29 local administrative units of the Australian state of Tasmania. Local government areas (LGAs), more generally known as councils, are the tier of government responsible for the management of local duties such as road maintenance, town planning and waste management.
Husband and Wife (operetta)
Husband and Wife (Azerbaijani: Ər və Arvad) is a musical comedy in three acts with music and libretto written by Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov, and an early example of the genre in Azerbaijan. It is the first of Hajibeyov's trilogy of three musical comedies, which also includes If Not That One, Then This One and Arshin mal alan.

The operetta's themes centre on the family and everyday life, oppression in the family and Azerbaijani woman in society.
The premiere was held on May 24, 1910, in Baku, in the theatre-circus of the Nikitin brothers. Huseyngulu Sarabski (Marjan bey), Ahmed Agdamski (Minnat khanim), M.H.Teregulov (Safi) and Mirzagha Aliyev (Kerbelayi Gubad) played the leading parts, Huseyn Arablinski was the stage director and Uzeyir Hajibeyov was the conductor. Husband and Wife was subsequently staged in other theatres in Azerbaijan, including Nakhchivan, Aghdam and Shaki.

Nakhchivan (city)
Nakhchivan (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Azerbaijani pronunciation: [nɑxtʃɯˈvɑn]; Armenian: Նախիջևան, romanized: Nakhijevan) is the capital and largest city of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, a true exclave of Azerbaijan, located 450 km (280 mi) west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level.
Klassekampen (1909–1940)
Klassekampen ('The Class Struggle') was a Norwegian newspaper. It was established in 1909 as an organ for the youth movement of the Norwegian Labour Party, Norges socialdemokratiske ungdomsforbund. Its editor-in-chief from 1911 to 1921 was Eugène Olaussen.

At the Labour-Communist party split in 1923, the newspaper was usurped by the Young Communist League of Norway. Its first editor-in-chief following the split was Jørgen Vogt. It ceased to exist during  the German occupation of Norway in 1940, and did not resurface after the occupation.

German occupation of Norway
The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserübung. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940, and Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8 May 1945. Throughout this period, a pro-German government named Den nasjonale regjering ('the National Government') ruled Norway, while the Norwegian king Haakon VII and the prewar government escaped to London, where they formed a government in exile. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with the pro-German puppet government. This period of military occupation is, in Norway, referred to as the "war years", "occupation period" or simply "the war".
2011 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 2011 season was the Pittsburgh Steelers' 79th in the National Football League (NFL), their 12th under general manager Kevin Colbert and their fifth under head coach Mike Tomlin. The Steelers hoped to return to the Super Bowl and defend their AFC Championship title from 2010, but suffered a 29–23 overtime loss to the Denver Broncos in the Wild Card round of the playoffs. The Steelers played all of their home games at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The Steelers' defense allowed the fewest points, passing yards, and total yards in the 2011 NFL season.

2010 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 2010 season was the Pittsburgh Steelers' 78th in the National Football League (NFL), their 11th under general manager Kevin Colbert and their fourth under head coach Mike Tomlin.

They reached Super Bowl XLV for the franchise's eighth Super Bowl appearance, but lost to the Green Bay Packers 31–25. Since then, Pittsburgh has failed to reach the Super Bowl.

The Steelers allowed the fewest points in the NFL in 2010, with 232 (14.5 points per game).
Siam Amazing Park
Siam Amazing Park (Thai: สยามอะเมซิ่งพาร์ค), more commonly known as Siam Park City or Suansiam (สวนสยาม, RTGS: Suan Sayam, pronounced [sǔa̯n sā.jǎːm]), is an amusement and water park located in the Khan Na Yao district of Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded in November 1980 and remains the oldest amusement and water park complex in Southeast Asia. Located near Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport, it contains attractions such as Southeast Asia's first suspended looping coaster with five inversions, a large wave pool and seven-story slides.

Water park
A water park (also waterpark, water world, or aquapark) is an amusement park that features water play areas such as swimming pools, water slides, splash pads, water playgrounds, and lazy rivers, as well as areas for floating, bathing, swimming, and other barefoot environments. Modern water parks may also be equipped with some type of artificial surfing or bodyboarding environment, such as a wave pool or flowrider.
Espérance de Tunis Training Center
The Espérance de Tunis Training Center also called Hassen Belkhodja Training Center named after former Espérance Sportive de Tunis president Hassen Belkhodja The center also is famous for its name as "Park B" it is a social center and training center, located in the heart of the city of Tunis between Avenue Mohammed V and the banks of the Tunis Lake and covers an area of 7 hectares. It has been home to Esperance's training center for about thirty years. During the 90s, the head office of Esperance, which was located in the Bab Souika district, was transferred there.
Since then, new infrastructures adapted to the requirements of modern football have been built. A building houses, the General Management, the Administrative and Financial Services, the Press Department, the Ticketing and Subscription Department, the Sponsoring and Advertising Department, the Trophy Room, the Meeting Room as well as the Equipment Store. The Hassèn Belkhodja Park is made up of several integrated units.

Lake of Tunis
The Lake of Tunis (Arabic: بحيرة تونس Buḥayra Tūnis; French: Lac de Tunis) is a natural lagoon located  between the Tunisian capital city of Tunis and the Gulf of Tunis (Mediterranean Sea). The lake covers a total of 37 square kilometres, in contrast to its size its depth is very shallow. It was once the natural harbour of Tunis.
Bishop Glacier
Bishop Glacier (69°42′S 71°27′W﻿ / ﻿69.700°S 71.450°W﻿ / -69.700; -71.450) is a glacier flowing southwest into the Mozart Ice Piedmont, situated in the northwest portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. This feature was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-names Committee (UK-APC) in 1980 after James Francis Bishop (1950-1980), a former glaciologist of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) 1972–78, who worked in Alexander Island, 1973–75. He was killed in the Karakoram Range, Pakistan, on July 14, 1980, at this time, he was a member of Royal Geographical Society International Karakoram Project.

Glaciology
Glaciology (from Latin  glacies 'frost, ice' and Ancient Greek  λόγος (logos) 'subject matter'; lit. 'study of ice') is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology. The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".