hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
RpoB
The rpoB gene encodes the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase and the homologous plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). It codes for 1342 amino acids in E. coli, making it the second-largest polypeptide in the bacterial cell. It is targeted by the rifamycin family of antibacterials, such as rifampin.  Mutations in rpoB that confer resistance to rifamycins do so by altering the protein's drug-binding residues, thereby reducing affinity for these antibiotics.

Some bacteria contain multiple copies of the 16S rRNA gene, which is commonly used as the molecular marker to study phylogeny. In these cases, the single-copy rpoB gene can be used to study microbial diversity.

An inhibitor of transcription in bacteria, tagetitoxin, also inhibits PEP, showing that the complex found in plants is very similar to the homologous enzyme in bacteria.

16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.

The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium.
Celaenorrhinus proxima
Celaenorrhinus proxima, commonly known as the common black sprite, is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland.

The larvae feed on Mimulopsis species.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
The Bog
The Bog is a former mining community in Shropshire, England.  It lies 6 miles (10 km) north of Bishops Castle, east of the A488, at grid reference SO355979.  It was once a busy village with over 200 buildings. Now only a few remain.  The local mines produced lead and barytes until the early 20th century.

The mine at The Bog and the adjacent Stiperstones outcrop were only viable because of a geological movement; over time the movement of the tectonic plates landed at this site, combined with the movement of the earth it crumpled the layers and the softest layers were then eroded away. After mining stopped, the undisturbed remnants provided a range of wildlife habitats: birds nest in the old buildings, bats roost in the old mine tunnels, and reservoirs and ponds are ideal for aquatic life.

Baryte
Baryte or barite (/ˈbæraɪt, ˈbɛər-/ BARR-eyet, BAIR-), also called barytes (/bəˈraɪtiːz/ bə-RY-teez), is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate (BaSO4). Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the element barium. The baryte group consists of baryte, celestine (strontium sulfate), anglesite (lead sulfate), and anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Baryte and celestine form a solid solution (Ba,Sr)SO4.
Ke (Armenian letter)
Keh, or Kʼe (majuscule: Ք; minuscule: ք; Armenian: քե; Classical Armenian: քէ) is the thirty-sixth letter of the Armenian alphabet. It represents the voiceless aspirated velar plosive (/kʰ/) in both Eastern and Western varieties of Armenian. Created by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century, it has a numerical value of 9000. Its shape in lowercase form resembles to the Latin letter P (p), but stroked, and in cursive, the lowercase form resembles the letter ɬ (the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative).

Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is a strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most North American languages, South Asian languages  and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.
Poiana Ruscă Mountains
The Poiana Ruscă Mountains (part of the Western Carpathians) are a Carpathian mountain range in western Romania. The mountains are situated roughly south of the Mureș River, northeast of the Timiș River, and west of the Strei River. The Bega River emerges from these mountains. The nearest large towns are Lugoj, Hunedoara, and Caransebeș.

The Poiana Ruscă Mountains cover an area of about 2,640 square kilometres (1,020 sq mi), having mean altitudes from 700 to 1,000 metres (2,300 to 3,300 ft). The highest summit is the Padeș Peak, at 1,382 metres (4,534 ft).

Timiș
The Timiș or Tamiš (Romanian: Timiș, Serbian: Тамиш / Tamiš, Hungarian: Temes, German: Temesch) is a 359-kilometre-long (223 mi) river that flows through the Banat region of Romania and Serbia and joins the Danube near Pančevo, in northern Serbia. Due to its position in the region, it has been labeled as the "spine of the Banat".
Peanut sauce
Peanut sauce, satay sauce (saté sauce), bumbu kacang, sambal kacang, or pecel is a sauce made from ground roasted or fried peanuts, widely used in Indonesian cuisine and many other dishes throughout the world.

Peanut sauce is used with meat and vegetables, with grilled skewered meat, such as satay, poured over vegetables as salad dressing such as in gado-gado, or as a dipping sauce.

Peanut butter
Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground, dry-roasted peanuts. It commonly contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or emulsifiers. Consumed in many countries, it is the most commonly used of the nut butters, a group that also includes cashew butter and almond butter.

Peanut butter is a nutrient-rich food containing high levels of protein, several vitamins, and dietary minerals. It is typically served as a spread on bread, toast, or crackers and used to make sandwiches (notably the peanut butter and jelly sandwich). It is also used in a number of breakfast dishes and desserts, such as granola, smoothies, crepes, cookies, brownies, or croissants.
Tuxedos (EP)
Tuxedos is the eighth EP by American indie rock band Cold War Kids. This was the follow-up to their fourth studio album Dear Miss Lonelyhearts and was released digitally on September 17, 2013, by Downtown Records. On August 15, Cold War Kids announced that they were going to follow up Dear Miss Lonelyhearts by releasing a six-track EP on digital only. Besides the title track, the EP features an alternate version of "Bottled Affection", covers of Antony and the Johnsons ("Aeon") and The Band ("You Don't Come Through") and two previously unreleased tracks in the US ("Romance Languages #2" and "Pine St.").

To promote both efforts, the band went on a 32-city US headlining tour with support act Papa, ending in early November. The band further promoted their EP by shooting a music video for the track "Pine St." and premiered it on their record label's YouTube page on November 13, 2013.

Dear Miss Lonelyhearts
Dear Miss Lonelyhearts is the fourth studio album by American indie rock band Cold War Kids. The album was released on April 2, 2013, through Downtown Records.

Following the mixed reception of 2011's Mine Is Yours and the departure of original guitarist Jonnie Russell, the band recruited former Modest Mouse guitarist Dann Gallucci to take Russell's place and also co-produce the album with Lars Stalfors. The band spent three months in their San Pedro home studio to work on the album. The album's title takes its inspiration from Nathanael West's 1933 novel Miss Lonelyhearts.

The album received a mildly positive reception from critics who saw it as a return to form for the band after their previous album. Dear Miss Lonelyhearts debuted at number 51 on the Billboard 200 and spawned only one single: "Miracle Mile".
Beta (grape)
Beta is a winter-hardy variety of North American grape derived from a cross of the Vitis labrusca-based cultivar Concord and a selection of Vitis riparia, the wild riverbank grape, called Carver. It is an extremely cold-hardy grape that is self-fertile. This variety is grown successfully in Finland and was widely planted in Minnesota in the early 20th century. It ripens in late September in New York State. It bears dark, blue-black fruit that is used for jellies, fruit juices, etc., but rarely for wine.

Fruit preserves
Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread.

There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by the method of preparation, type of fruit used, and its place in a meal. Sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies, and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast with bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from "vegetable fruits" such as tomato, squash or zucchini, are eaten alongside savory foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries.
Cléophas Beausoleil
Cléophas Beausoleil (June 19, 1845 – October 4, 1904) was a Canadian journalist, publisher, office holder, lawyer, and politician.

Born in Saint-Félix-de-Valois, Canada East, he was a journalist and lawyer before entering politics as an alderman with the Montreal City Council in 1882. He was acclaimed in 1885 and resigned in 1888. He was acclaimed again in 1892 and served until he was appointed postmaster in 1899. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1887 federal election in the riding of Berthier. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1891 and acclaimed in 1896. He resigned in 1899, when Canadian Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier appointed him postmaster in Montreal.

In 1868, he married Henriette Lapointe. Beausoleil died in Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon at the age of 59 after an extended illness.

Postmaster
A postmaster is the head of an individual post office, responsible for all postal activities in a specific post office.  When a postmaster is responsible for an entire mail distribution organization (usually sponsored by a national government), the title of Postmaster General is commonly used. 
Responsibilities of a postmaster typically include management of a centralized mail distribution facility, establishment of letter carrier routes, supervision of letter carriers and clerks, and enforcement of the organization's rules and procedures. The postmaster is the representative of the Postmaster General in that post office.

In Canada, many early places are named after the first postmaster.
Olof Lundberg
Olof Ingemar Lundberg (born 9 December 1943) was a Swedish business executive and a prominent figure in the mobile satellite services industry. He served as founding Director General and then CEO of Inmarsat (the International Maritime Satellite Organisation), a non-profit intergovernmental organisation created to establish and operate a satellite communications network for the maritime community, from 1979 to 1995; founding chairman and CEO of ICO Global Communications 1995-2000; and Chairman and CEO of Globalstar 2001-2003.

Mobile satellite service
Mobile-satellite service (MSS, or mobile-satellite radiocommunication service) is – according to Article 1.25 of the International Telecommunication Union's Radio Regulations
– "A radiocommunication service

between mobile earth stations and one or more space stations, or between space stations used by this service; or

between mobile earth stations by means of one or more space stations.

This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation."
The Impressionists (TV series)
The Impressionists is a 2006 three-part factual docudrama produced by the BBC, which reconstructs the origins of the Impressionist art movement. The script was "based on archive letters, records and interviews from the time", and portrays painters Claude Monet, Édouard Manet, and Frédéric Bazille as young idealists taking on the Paris art establishment.

The series features Julian Glover as Old Claude Monet, while Richard Armitage plays Young Claude Monet in flashbacks. The first episode focused on Monet's memories of fellow artists Édouard Manet and Paul Cézanne.

The programme was shot on location in Provence and Normandy, at Claude Monet's home and garden at Giverny and at locations in the UK.

Giverny
Giverny (French: [ʒivɛʁni]) is a commune in the northern French department of Eure. The village is located on the "right bank" of the river Seine at its confluence with the river Epte. It lies 80 km (50 mi) west-northwest of Paris, in the region of Normandy. It is best known as the location of Claude Monet's garden and home.

Several American Impressionist artists also settled in Giverny, drawn by the landscapes, the overall atmosphere, and the presence of Monet. Other attractions include the Museum of Impressionism Giverny, dedicated to the history of impressionism and the Giverny art colony, and the Hôtel Baudy, which was the center of artistic life in Giverny's heyday. It is now a café and restaurant, with period decoration.
Genetically modified wheat
Genetically modified wheat is wheat that has been genetically engineered by the direct manipulation of its genome using biotechnology. As of 2020, no genetically modified wheat is grown commercially, although many field tests have been conducted. One wheat variety, Bioceres HB4 Wheat, is obtaining regulatory approval from the government of Argentina.

CRC Press
The CRC Press is a publishing imprint principally for technical books. Many of its books are related to engineering, science and mathematics. Its scope also includes books on business, forensics and information technology. In 2003 the imprint was acquired by Taylor & Francis, a subsidiary of Informa. The CRC Press and Routledge imprints are key components of Taylor & Francis's academic publishing. As of 2025, the branding of CRC Press presents it as part of the Routledge branding.
Rusty Tracks
Rusty Tracks is a 1977 album by singer-songwriter Mickey Newbury, released by Hickory Records. The record is noted for Newbury's interpretations of four traditional songs, "Shenandoah", "That Lucky Old Sun", "Danny Boy", and "In The Pines".

Rusty Tracks was collected for CD reissue on the eight-disc Mickey Newbury Collection from Mountain Retreat, Newbury's own label in the mid-1990s, along with nine other Newbury albums from 1969–1981.

Reggie Young
Reggie Grimes Young Jr. (December 12, 1936 – January 17, 2019) was an American musician who was lead guitarist in the American Sound Studio house band, The Memphis Boys, and was a leading session musician.

He played on various recordings with artists such as Elvis Presley, Joe Cocker, Dobie Gray, Joe Tex, Merrilee Rush, B.J. Thomas, John Prine, Dusty Springfield, Lynn Anderson, Herbie Mann, J.J. Cale, Jimmy Buffett, Dionne Warwick, Roy Hamilton, Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, the Box Tops, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Merle Haggard, Joey Tempest, George Strait, and The Highwaymen. Young was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2019.
Maribel Pérez Wadsworth
Maribel Pérez Wadsworth is the 7th president and CEO of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. She is the first woman to lead the foundation since its founding in 1950, succeeding Alberto Ibarguen in January 2024. Before joining the Knight Foundation Pérez Wadsworth was the president of the USA Today Network and publisher of USA Today from November 2018 to December 2022.

She also currently serves on the governing board of the Pew Research Center and on the board of the Associated Press.

In May 2025, Time named Pérez Wadsworth as one of the leaders in Time 100 Philanthropy 2025.

Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, random sample survey research, and panel based surveys,  media content analysis, and other empirical social science research.

The Pew Research Center states it does not take policy stances. It is a subsidiary of the Pew Charitable Trusts and a charter member of the American Association of Public Opinion Research's Transparency Initiative.
Thumm
Thumm is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Birgit Thumm (born 1980), German volleyball player

Helmut Thumm (1895–1977), German general during World War II

Thomas Thumm (born 1977), German politician

Uwe Thumm, German-American physicist

Uwe Thumm
Uwe Paul Erich Thumm is a German-American physicist with research interests in atomic, molecular, and optical physics and nanoscience. A distinguished physics professor at Kansas State University and the J. R. Macdonald Laboratory in Manhattan, Kansas his research team investigates the ultrafast dynamics of electrons and molecular fragments in laser-matter and particle-matter interactions, highly-charged-ion physics, electron–atom collisions, and plasmonic nanostructures. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and recipient of several awards, including the Senior Research Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
1937 Croydon typhoid outbreak
The 1937 Croydon typhoid outbreak, also known as the Croydon epidemic of typhoid fever, was an outbreak of typhoid fever in Croydon, Surrey, now part of London, in 1937. It resulted in 341 cases of typhoid (43 fatal), and it caused considerable local discontent leading to a media campaign and a public inquiry.

The source of the illness remained a mystery until the cases were mapped out using epidemiological method. The origin was found to be the polluted chalk water well at Addington, London, which supplied water to up to one-fifth of the area that is now the London Borough of Croydon. Coupled with issues around the co-operation between the medical officers and the administrators of the Borough, three coincidental events were blamed; changes to the well structure by repair work, the employment of a new workman who was an unwitting carrier of typhoid, and failure to chlorinate the water.

Asymptomatic carrier
An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms.

Although unaffected by the pathogen, carriers can transmit it to others or develop symptoms in later stages of the disease. Asymptomatic carriers play a critical role in the transmission of common infectious diseases such as typhoid, HIV, C. difficile, influenzas, cholera, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, although the latter is often associated with "robust T-cell immunity" in more than a quarter of patients studied. While the mechanism of disease-carrying is still unknown, researchers have made progress towards understanding how certain pathogens can remain dormant in a human for a period of time. A better understanding of asymptomatic disease carriers is crucial to the fields of medicine and public health as they work towards mitigating the spread of common infectious diseases.
Hürova
Hürova (Võro: Hürüvä) is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. Between 1991 and 2017 (until the administrative reform of Estonian municipalities) the village was located in Mõniste Parish.

Populated places in Estonia
Populated places in Estonia are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities, but only cities have administrative functions. Settlement units are divided into settlements and urban regions (subdivisions of cities).

Officially there are four types of settlement unit in Estonia:

village (küla) – a sparsely populated settlement or a densely populated settlement with fewer than 300 permanent inhabitants

small borough (alevik) – a densely populated settlement with at least 300 permanent inhabitants

town (alev) – a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants

city (linn) - a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants.

As of 2024, there were 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 hamlets and 4457 villages in Estonia. There were 3 cities with under 1000 permanent inhabitants as of 2023.
Doroteo Guamuch Flores Stadium
The Doroteo Guamuch Flores Stadium (Spanish: Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores) is a multi-use national stadium in Guatemala City, the largest venue in Guatemala. It was built in 1948, to host the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1950, and was renamed after long-distance runner Doroteo Guamuch Flores, winner of the 1952 Boston Marathon. It has a capacity of 26,000 seats.

Used mostly for football (soccer) matches, the stadium has hosted the majority of the home matches of the Guatemala national football team throughout its history, and was the home of local football club Comunicaciones. The venue is operated by the Confederación Deportiva Autónoma de Guatemala (CDAG).

One of the worst disasters ever to occur in a sports venue took place at the stadium in 1996, when 83 people were killed because of a human avalanche on the stands.

1950 in sports
1950 in Sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Popular sports during the 1950s were badminton and soccer.  Also, 1950 was a huge year for horse racing – horse racing tripled in spectators and prize pools increased.
María de Lourdes Amaya
María de Lourdes Amaya Reyes (born 11 February 1980) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). 
In the 2012 general election she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent the 25th district of the Federal District during the 
62nd session of Congress.

LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LXII Legislature of the Congress of the Union, the 62nd session of the Congress of Mexico, met from September 1, 2012, to August 31, 2015. It consisted of Senators and Deputies in their respective chambers. All members of both the lower and upper houses of the Congress were elected in the elections of July 2012.

Senators were elected for a six-year term during the 2012 elections, allowing them to serve in both the LXII and subsequent legislatures. Deputies, also elected in the 2012 elections, served exclusively during the LXII Legislature.

The composition of the LXII Legislature was as follows:
Sandy Anderson
Sandy Anderson was a Scottish curler. He was the second man on the team that represented Scotland at the 1962 Scotch Cup, the world men's curling championship at the time. He and the team of skip Willie Young, third John Pearson, and lead Bobby Young curled out of the Airth Bruce Castle and Dunmore Curling Club in Falkirk, Scotland.

World Curling Championships
The World Curling Championships are the annual world championships for curling, organized by the World Curling Federation and contested by national championship teams. There are men's, women's and mixed doubles championships, as well as men's and women's versions of junior and senior championships. There is also a world championship for wheelchair curling. The men's championship started in 1959, while the women's started in 1979. The mixed doubles championship was started in 2008. Since 2005, the men's and women's championships have been held in different venues, with Canada hosting one of the two championships every year: the men's championship in odd years, and the women's championship in even years. Canada has dominated both the men's and women's championships since their inception, although Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany (West Germany), Scotland, the United States, Norway and China have all won at least one championship.