hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Case variants of IPA letters
With the adoption of letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in various national alphabets, letter case forms have been developed. This usually means capital (uppercase) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop ʔ and pharyngeal ʕ, both uppercase ⟨Ɂ⟩, ⟨꟎⟩ and lowercase ⟨ɂ⟩, ⟨꟏⟩ are used.

The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to the Africa Alphabet. In languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala, casing pairs of IPA letters such as open o ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩, open e ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩, and eng ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩ are found, but others occur. Kabiyé of northern Togo, for example, has ⟨Ɔ ɔ, Ɛ ɛ, Ɖ ɖ, Ŋ ŋ, Ɣ ɣ, Ʊ ʊ⟩ (or ⟨Ʋ ʋ⟩), as in this newspaper headline:

MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.

Some of the IPA letters that were adopted into language orthographies have since become obsolete in the IPA itself.

Kabiye language
Kabiye ([kàbɪ̀jɛ̀]; also rendered Kabiyé, Kabiyè, Kabye, Kabyé, Kabyè, Cabrai or Cabrais) is an Eastern Gurunsi Gur language spoken primarily in northern Togo. Throughout the 20th century, there was extensive migration to the centre and south of Togo and also to Ghana and Benin. Kabiye speakers made up over 23% of the Togolese population in 1999.
2008 Price LeBlanc Lexus Pro Tennis Classic – Singles
The 2008 Price LeBlanc Lexus Pro Tennis Classic singles was a tennis competition event of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2008 ATP series calendar comprised 176 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $25,000 up to $150,000.

Izak van der Merwe was the defending champion (while the tournament was part of the ITF Men's Circuit), but lost in first round to Martin Fischer. Bobby Reynolds won the title by defeating Igor Kunitsyn 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 7–5 in the final.

Bobby Reynolds
Robert Thomas "Bobby" Reynolds (born July 17, 1982) is an American retired professional tennis player who resides in Auburn, Alabama. He was named head men's tennis coach at Auburn University in June 2016.
Central Institute of Road Transport
The Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT) is a Government of India undertaking, established under the then Ministry of Shipping and Transport and the Association of State Road Transport Undertakings (ASTRU). It is a nodal agency, known to be only one of its kind,  providing a platform for higher research and training on road transportation and assists in testing, guidance and consultancy in the field.

Traffic management
Traffic management is a key branch within logistics. It concerns the planning, control and purchasing of transport services needed to physically move vehicles (for example aircraft, road vehicles, rolling stock and watercraft) and freight.

Traffic management is implemented by people working with different job titles in different branches:

Within freight and cargo logistics: traffic manager, assessment of hazardous and awkward materials, carrier choice and fees, demurrage, documentation, expediting, freight consolidation, insurance, reconsignment and tracking

Within air traffic management: air traffic controller

Within rail traffic management: rail traffic controller, train dispatcher or signalman

Within road traffic management: traffic controller
W. B. Lawson
W. B. Lawson was a house pseudonym used for some of the stories of Diamond Dick and Diamond Dick Jr.

Among the  authors using the name were:

St George Henry Rathborne

George C. Jenks

Theodore Dreiser

Theodore Dreiser
Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (/ˈdraɪsər, -zər/; August 27, 1871 – December 28, 1945) was an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code, and literary situations that more closely resemble studies of nature than tales of choice and agency. Dreiser's best-known novels include Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925).
Melville James
Christianity portal

Melville Charles James (13 May 1877 – 4 April 1957) was an Australian Anglican bishop. Ordained in 1902, he was vicar of St Peter's Ballarat and then the Archdeacon of Maryborough, then Ballarat, before his ordination to the episcopate.

Anglican Diocese of Ballarat
The Diocese of Ballarat is a diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia, which was created out of the Diocese of Melbourne in 1875. It is situated in the Ballarat region of the state of Victoria, Australia and covers the south-west region of the state. The diocesan cathedral is the Cathedral of Christ the King in Ballarat. Garry Weatherill, formerly the Bishop of Willochra between 2000 and 2011, was installed as the 10th Bishop of Ballarat on 5 November 2011.
The Secret of Life: Partners, Volume Two
The Secret of Life: Partners, Volume Two is the thirty-seventh studio album by American singer Barbra Streisand, released June 27, 2025 on Columbia Records. Consisting of duets with other singers, it is a companion to her 2014 album Partners.

The album's sales extended Streisand's record on the Billboard charts for a top-40 album in every decade since the 1960s. The Secret of Life was nominated for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album at the 68th Annual Grammy Awards.

Peter Asher
Peter Asher CBE (born 22 June 1944) is an English guitarist, singer, manager and record producer. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a member of the pop music vocal duo Peter and Gordon before going on to a successful career as a manager and record producer, helping to foster the recording careers of James Taylor and Linda Ronstadt among others.

As of 2018, he tours alongside Jeremy Clyde of Chad and Jeremy in a new duo, Peter and Jeremy, who perform hits from both of their respective catalogues. In 2019, Asher published a book The Beatles from A to Zed about his personal reminiscences about the band.
Meekatharra, Western Australia
Meekatharra is a town in the Mid West region of Western Australia. Meekatharra is a Yamatji word meaning "place of little water".  At the 2016 census, Meekatharra had a population of 708, with 34.0% being of Aboriginal descent.

Meekatharra is a major supply centre for the pastoral and mining area in the Murchison region of Western Australia. It is located 764 km (475 mi) north-east of Perth and may be reached by the Great Northern Highway. It is a centre for sheep and cattle transshipment, initially by rail but now by road trains. It is also a regional home to the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the School of the Air. No viable horticultural industry exists in the area, although extensive but poor cattle stations in the Murchison and Gascoyne exist.

Road train
A road train, also known as a land train or long combination vehicle (LCV), is a semi-trailer truck used to move road freight more efficiently than single-trailer semi-trailers. It consists of two semi-trailers or more connected together with or without a prime mover. It typically has to be at least two trailers and one prime mover. Road trains are often used in areas where other forms of heavy transport (freight train, cargo aircraft, container ship) are not feasible or practical.
HD 167714
HD 167714, also known as HR 6837, is a solitary, orange hued star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It has apparent magnitude of 5.95, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements from Gaia, the object is estimated to be 359 light years distant. With a heliocentric radial velocity of −13.9 km/s, it is approaching the Solar System.

This is an evolved red giant with a stellar classification of K2 III. It appears to be on the red giant branch, generating energy by fusing a hydrogen shell around an inert helium core. At present it has 1.4 times the mass of the Sun and at the age of two billion years, it has expanded to 12.3 times its girth. It shines with a luminosity  65 times greater than that of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,692 K.  HD 167714 has a near-solar metallicity and is spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 1.7 km/s.

Metallicity
In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Most of the normal currently detectable (i.e. non-dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word metals as convenient shorthand for all elements except hydrogen and helium. This word-use is distinct from the conventional chemical or physical definition of a metal as an electrically conducting element. Stars and nebulae with relatively high abundances of heavier elements are called metal-rich when discussing metallicity, even though many of those elements are called nonmetals in chemistry.
Mael Seachlainn mac Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair
Mael Seachlainn mac Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair was Prince of Connacht. He died in 1219.

Mael Seachlainn was a son of King Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair of Connacht (assassinated 1189) and a grandson of King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair.

The Annals of the Four Masters, sub anno 1219, state that "Melaghlin, the son of Conor Moinmoy, was slain by Manus, the son of Turlough O'Conor, who had taken his house (by force) at Cloontuskert."

Prince
A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. Prince is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The female equivalent is a princess. The English word derives, via the French word prince, from the Latin noun prīnceps, from primus (first) and caput (head), meaning "the first, foremost, the chief, most distinguished, noble ruler, prince".

In a related sense, now not commonly used, all more or less sovereign rulers over a state, including kings, were "princes" in the language of international politics. They normally had another title, for example king or duke. Many of these were Princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
Iola Leroy
Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted, an 1892 novel by Frances E. W. Harper, is one of the first novels published by an African-American woman. While following what has been termed the "sentimental" conventions of late nineteenth-century writing about women, it also deals with serious social issues of education for women, passing, miscegenation, abolition, reconstruction, temperance, and social responsibility.

Miscegenation
Miscegenation is the genetic admixture that occurs among peoples of different races and among peoples of different ethnic groups. Historically, miscegenation has been socially controversial and subject to legal proscription in racist societies and in racialist societies that enforce racial segregation, hierarchical systems of racial caste, and a culture of social conservatism. In contemporary English usage, the synonyms for miscegenation include the words interethnic, mixed-race, multiethnic, multiracial, and interracial.
Pulse-density modulation
Pulse-density modulation (PDM) is a form of modulation used to represent an analog signal with a binary signal.  In a PDM signal, specific amplitude values are not encoded into codewords of pulses of different weight as they would be in pulse-code modulation (PCM); rather, the relative density of the pulses corresponds to the analog signal's amplitude. The output of a 1-bit DAC is the same as the PDM encoding of the signal.

Amplitude
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the variable's extreme values. In older texts, the phase of a periodic function is sometimes called the amplitude.
Khoni Municipality
Khoni (Georgian: ხონის მუნიციპალიტეტი) is a district of Georgia, in the region of Imereti. Its main town is Khoni.

The territory of Khoni municipality is part of the historical kingdom of Colchis. The origin and development of the  Khoni is related to the trade-caravan routes passing through the area. The abutment of "Bumbua Bridge" on the Tskhenistsqali river is preserved to the present day. Here, in 65 BC the Roman commander Pompey passed through and built a lifting bridge.

Imereti
Imereti (Georgian: იმერეთი, pronounced [imeɾetʰi]) is a region of Georgia situated in the central-western part of the republic along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni River. Imereti is the most populous region in Georgia. It consists of 11 municipalities and the city of Kutaisi, which is the capital of the region.
Edvardotrouessartia
Edvardotrouessartia is an extinct genus of South American placental mammal that lived during the Middle Eocene of Patagonia. It belonged to the family Notostylopidae, and the order Notoungulata. It is among the many genera of South American ungulates that populated America during much of the Cenozoic, without leaving any modern descendants.

Placentalia
Placental mammals (infraclass Placentalia /plæsənˈteɪliə/) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class Mammalia, the other two being Monotremata and Marsupialia. Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals, which are partly distinguished from monotremes and marsupials in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer, considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less-developed young, which are then nurtured for a period inside the mother's pouch. Placentalia represents the only living group within Eutheria, which contains all mammals that are more closely related to placentals than they are to marsupials.
Bullet Hole
Bullet Hole is the title of a 1988 artwork by British artist Mat Collishaw. Despite the title, the work is a reproduction of an ice pick wound to the head, appropriated from a pathology manual and blown up over an interlocking grid of fifteen separate framed images that make up one single work. It first went on show in the exhibition Freeze, organized by Damien Hirst.

The work has become synonymous with the perceived ethos of the Young British Artists art scene, in particular the reuse of imagery that is seemingly repulsive or shocking.

The photographs were described by Ian Jeffrey, in a catalogue essay for the Freeze exhibition as a "freeze-frame" and hence prompted the title of that exhibition.

According to Collishaw, the artwork did not sell and “rotted in a skip” outside the Freeze exhibition in 1988.

Ian Jeffrey
Ian Jeffrey is an English art historian, writer and curator.

Jeffrey is the author of a series of illustrated books on the history of photography. He is a recipient of the Royal Photographic Society's J. Dudley Johnston Award.
Rize Castle
Rize Castle (Turkish: Rize Kalesi) is a partly-ruined medieval castle located in Rize, northeastern Turkey.

Rize Castle is situated on a hill southwest of the city center, and offers a panoramic view of the city.

The castle consists of a citadel and the lower castle. It is believed that the citadel was built during the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), and the lower castle dates back to the 13th century.

It covers an area of 480 m2 (5,200 sq ft). The fortification's walls, built in ashlar and mortar, are 2–20 m (6.6–65.6 ft) high and 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) thick. Between the cylinder-formed bastions, there are overhung support towers in various forms such as square, rectangular and round.

Today, some of the ruined castle walls are buried under reinforced concrete buildings and streets. The castle walls in the southern part were restored in 1989. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism launched a project for the restoration of Rize Castle in 2011.

Citadel
A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city, meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.

In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system.
Sugar-Salem High School
Sugar-Salem High School is a four-year public secondary school in Sugar City, Idaho, the only traditional high school of the Sugar-Salem Joint School District #322 in Madison County. The school colors are royal blue and white and the mascot is a digger, a reference to sugar beet cultivation.

The school district takes in students from the surrounding area, from the local non-census designated communities of Salem (mostly inside Madison County, but partially straddling Fremont County) and Plano on the west to beyond the town of Newdale on the east. On the north, it borders Fremont County, following the Snake River tributary known as Henrys Fork. On the south, it borders Madison School District and the city of Rexburg.

Idaho High School Activities Association
The Idaho High School Activities Association (IHSAA) oversees high school athletics and activities in the U.S. state of Idaho. Idaho high schools are classified in six categories, based on enrollment, for league competition and state playoffs and championships. The IHSAA recognizes twenty specific sports and activities.

Schools primarily compete within their own classification for regular season play, but are allowed to play other schools one classification above or below them in most sports.
Ballymoyer
Ballymoyer or Ballymyre (from Irish Baile an Mhaoir, meaning 'settlement of the steward') is a civil parish in the historic barony of Fews Upper, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, 3 miles north-east of Newtownhamilton.

Newtownhamilton
Newtownhamilton (Irish: An Baile Úr, meaning 'the New Town') is a small village and civil parish in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. 10 miles (16 km) west of Newry, it lies predominantly within Tullyvallan townland in the area known as South Armagh.

It is within the Newry, Mourne and Down local government district, and the civil parish is within the historic barony of Fews Upper. In the 2011 census it had 2,836 inhabitants.

The village is built around two narrow main streets (Armagh Street and Dundalk Street) and a main town square (The Square). Other places include Newry Street, Castleblaney Street (known locally as 'Blaney Hill'), Shambles Lane and The Commons. Residential areas include Dungormley Estate, Meadowvale and the Nine Mile Road.
2005 GFS Marketplace 400
The 2005 GFS Marketplace 400 was the 23rd stock car race of the 2005 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series season and the 36th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, August 21, 2005, in Brooklyn, Michigan at Michigan International Speedway, a two-mile (3.2 km) permanent moderate-banked D-shaped speedway. The race took the scheduled 200 laps to complete. After a caution on lap 144, drivers would use many different fuel strategies to get to the end, including pitting and trying to stretch a fuel run, a gas and go, or two or four tires. Jeremy Mayfield of Evernham Motorsports would top off on fuel on Lap 149, and would take the lead on lap 195 after many leaders had to pit due to running out of fuel. Mayfield would conserve and coast to the line to win his fifth and final NASCAR Nextel Cup Series career win and his only win of the season. To fill out the podium, Scott Riggs of MBV Motorsports and Matt Kenseth of Roush Racing would finish second and third, respectively.

Jeremy Mayfield
Jeremy Allen Mayfield (born May 27, 1969) is an American semi-retired professional stock car racing driver. He drove cars for the Sadler brothers, T.W. Taylor, Cale Yarborough, Michael Kranefuss, Roger Penske, Ray Evernham, Bill Davis, and Gene Haas. In 2009, he drove for his own team, Mayfield Motorsports.

On May 9, 2009, Mayfield was suspended indefinitely as both owner and driver by NASCAR following what NASCAR said was a positive test for methamphetamine.  A federal judge weighed the evidence and temporarily lifted the suspension on July 1 of that same year. On July 15, NASCAR said Mayfield had tested positive for methamphetamine for the second time after failing a random drug test on July 6. On July 24, a federal appeals court overturned the previous injunction Mayfield had been awarded, leaving him suspended from the sport.
Edge, Branscombe
Edge, (originally, Egge), is an ancient and historic house in the parish of Branscombe, Devon, England and is today known as Edge Barton Manor. The surviving house is grade II* listed and sits on the steep, south-facing side of a wooded valley, or combe. The building was not in origin a manor house, but was one of the first stone-built houses in "Branescombe", on a villein holding called La Regge. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited houses in England, and is constructed from the local Beer stone.

Beer Quarry Caves
Beer Quarry Caves is a man-made limestone underground complex located about a mile west of the village of Beer, Devon, and the main source in England for Beer stone. The tunnels resulted from 2,000 years of quarrying Beer stone, which was particularly favoured for cathedral and church features such as door and window surrounds because of its colour and workability for carving. Stone from the quarry was used in the construction of several of southern England's ancient cathedrals and a number of other important buildings as well as for many town and village churches, and for some buildings in the United States. Extraction was particularly intense during the Middle Ages, but continued until the 1920s. An adit to another set of workings can be seen from the South West Coast Path east of Branscombe, having been exposed by a landslip in the late 18th century. The quarry is part of the Jurassic Coast, and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).
Cowboys and Cadillacs
Cowboys and Cadillacs is the debut album of country singer Jaydee Bixby, who was the runner-up on the fifth season of Canadian Idol. The album was released in Canada on July 8, 2008. The first single from the album, "Old Fashioned Girl", was released on iTunes on June 17, 2008.

Canadian Idol season 5
The fifth season of Canadian Idol is the fifth installation of the Idol series in Canada. It was again hosted by Ben Mulroney, with Farley Flex, Jake Gold, Sass Jordan and Zack Werner all returning as judges. The show premiered on June 5, 2007, with a 90-minute episode. Voting began during the fourth week. New events introduced that season included the Help Idols build a house and the Kraft Confidential with David Kerr. The elimination song for this year was Walk on Home by Kalan Porter. The final episode of the season was broadcast on September 11, 2007, when Brian Melo was crowned Canadian Idol.
Hakan Yılmaz
Hakan Yılmaz (born April 1, 1982 in Sivas, Turkey) is a European champion Turkish weightlifter competing in the –94 kg and 105 kg divisions. He acts also as a trainer in Eskişehir.

He competed for Turkey at the 2004 Summer Olympics, where he finished sixth in the men's 94 kg weightlifting event.

Eskişehir
Eskişehir (US: /ˌɛskɪʃəˈhɪər/ ES-kish-ə-HEER, Turkish: [esˈkiʃehiɾ]; from eski 'old' and şehir 'city') is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 821 315 (Odunpazarı + Tepebaşı), with a metropolitan population of 921 630.

The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km (145 mi) to the west of Ankara, 330 km (205 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul and 78 km (48 mi) to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum.

Known as a university town, it houses Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University. The province covers an area of 2,678 km2 (1,034 sq mi).