hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
673d Bombardment Squadron
The 673d Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Army Air Forces unit. Its last assignment was with the 417th Bombardment Group at Itami Airfield, Japan, where it was inactivated on 5 November 1945.

During World War II, the squadron operated in the Southwest Pacific Theater as a light bomber unit during the New Guinea and Philippines campaigns. It was awarded both the Distinguished Unit Citation and the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for its combat service.

Cadre (military)
A cadre (/ˈkɑːdrə/, also UK: /ˈkɑːdər/, also US: /ˈkɑːdreɪ/) is the complement of commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers of a military unit responsible for training the rest of the unit. The cadre may be the permanent skeleton establishment of a unit, around which the full unit can be built if needed. In countries which have conscription, a cadre may comprise the permanent staff of a regiment who train the conscripts assigned to it. The term comes from the French expression en cadre, with the same meaning.
Madoka Kanai
Madoka Kanai (金井 圓; Shinjitai: 金井 円, Kanai Madoka; 5 June 1927 – 7 July 2001) was a Japanese historian at the University of Tokyo who specialized in modern Japanese history, with a special interest in the history of Japanese foreign relations. He was formerly Director of the Japan-Netherlands Institute and President of the Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo.

Kanai was born in Nagano Prefecture and educated at the University of Tokyo.

Historiographical Institute
35°42′45.74″N 139°45′47.76″E﻿ / ﻿35.7127056°N 139.7632667°E﻿ / 35.7127056; 139.7632667

The Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo (東京大学史料編纂所, Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensan-jo) is a research institution affiliated with the University of Tokyo that is devoted to the analysis, compilation, and publication of historical source materials concerning Japan. Since its foundation in 1869, the Institute has been a major center of Japanese historical research, and makes historical sources available through its library, publications, and databases.
Amt Peitz
Amt Peitz is an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Spree-Neiße, in Brandenburg, Germany. Its seat is in Peitz.

The Amt Peitz consists of the following municipalities:

Drachhausen

Drehnow

Heinersbrück

Jänschwalde

Peitz

Tauer

Teichland

Turnow-Preilack

Amt
Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe. Its size and functions differ by country and the term is roughly equivalent to a British or U.S. county.
Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny
The Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny is a Catholic religious institute for women founded in 1807. Stationed around the world, its members perform a variety of charitable works but they devote themselves especially to missionary work and providing education for the poor.

Religious institute
In the Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows, either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when the period of time has elapsed, and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common."

A religious institute is one of the two types of institutes of consecrated life; the other is the secular institute, where its members are "living in the world". Religious institutes come under the jurisdiction of the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life.
Rancho Blucher
Rancho Blucher was a 26,759-acre (108.29 km2) Mexican land grant in present day Marin and Sonoma County, California given in 1844  by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Jean Jacques Vioget.  The rancho is named for the Prussian field marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.  The grant extended along the coast from Estero Americano on the north and to Estero de San Antonio on the south.

Americano Creek
Americano Creek is a 7.5-mile (12 km) long westward-flowing stream in the California counties of Sonoma and Marin. It flows into the Estero Americano, a 9.2 mi (15 km) long estuary, and thence to the Pacific Ocean.  This article covers both watercourses.
Murray Gillispie
Murray "Red" Gillispie (1908 – February 26, 1942) was an American professional baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues. He played with the Chicago American Giants, Memphis Red Sox, and Monroe Monarchs from 1930 to 1932.

Chicago American Giants
The Chicago American Giants were a Chicago-based Negro league baseball team. From 1910 until the mid-1930s, the American Giants were the most dominant team in black baseball. Owned and managed from 1911 to 1926 by player-manager Andrew "Rube" Foster, they were charter members of Foster's Negro National League. The American Giants won five pennants in that league, along with another pennant in the 1932 Negro Southern League and a second-half championship in Gus Greenlee's Negro National League in 1934.
Dromography
Dromography (Gr. δρόμος, dromos "way, street, route, corridor" + γράφω, grapho "I write") is the comparative study of organisation, history, geography and logistics of local, regional and global 
trade routes, and other movement, transportation and communication networks. Dromography is one of the auxiliary disciplines of research on world history.

The introduction of this neologism or its definition is attributed to T. Matthew Ciolek. The term is considered a close cousin of "dromograph", which is a device used to record the circulation of blood.

Telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching to pass messages and signals.

Multiple nodes may cooperate to pass a message from an originating node to a destination node via multiple network hops. For this routing function, each node in the network is assigned a network address for identification and locating it on the network. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space of the network.

Examples of telecommunications networks include computer networks, the Internet, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), the global Telex network, the aeronautical ACARS network, and the wireless radio networks of cell phone telecommunication providers.
Alpe Ciamporino
Alpe Ciamporino is the name of a ski resort and summer hiking region in the Lepontine Alps, by the Simplon Pass region in Italy. It is located near San Domenico di Varzo village, north of the Piedmont region, by the Swiss border with Wallis canton.

As a winter ski resort, it has a base elevation at 1420 metres altitude, and peaks at 2500 metres. During the summer, Alpe Ciamporino serves as the starting point for alpine hiking and traverse to Alpe Veglia, Alpe Devero and Alpe Solcio.

Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area–a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In North America, it is more common for ski areas to exist well away from towns, so ski resorts usually are destination resorts, often purpose-built and self-contained, where skiing is the main activity.
Concornis
Concornis is a genus of enantiornithean birds which lived during the early Cretaceous period, in the late Barremian age about 125 million years ago. Its remains are known from the Calizas de La Huérgina Formation at Las Hoyas, Cuenca province, Spain. The single known species, Concornis lacustris, was described from the remains of one fairly complete individual skeleton.

Barremian
The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 125.77 Ma (million years ago) and 121.4 ± 0.6 Ma (Historically, this stage was placed at 129.4 million to approximately 125 million years ago). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous Epoch (or Lower Cretaceous Series). It is preceded by the Hauterivian and followed by the Aptian Stage.
Swingfly
Ricardo DaSilva II, better known by his stage name Swingfly, is an American–Swedish naturalised rapper and singer. He is also known by other aliases like Swing-Fly, Richie Pasta and Swing. He started lending his vocal talents to other artists' records, but has also developed also a solo career. He also appeared in Melodifestivalen 2011 with "Me and My Drum", finishing fifth. It became his most successful single, reaching the No. 2 position on the Swedish Singles Chart.

Melodifestivalen 2011
Melodifestivalen 2011 was a Swedish song contest held in February and March 2011. It selected Sweden's 51st song to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest, and was the 50th edition of Melodifestivalen. Eric Saade, with the song "Popular", won the contest and thus was selected to represent Sweden in the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest.
MERS coronavirus EMC/2012
MERS coronavirus EMC/2012 (MERS coronavirus Erasmus Medical Center/2012) is a strain of coronavirus isolated from the sputum of the first person to become infected with what was later named Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a virus that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).

Sputum
Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (the trachea and bronchi). In medicine, sputum samples are usually used for a naked-eye examination, microbiological investigation of respiratory infections, and cytological investigations of respiratory system.

A naked eye exam of the sputum can be done at home by a patient in order to note the various colors (see below). Any hint of yellow or green color (pus) suggests an airway infection (but does not indicate the type of organism causing it). Such color hints are best detected when the sputum is viewed against a bright white background, such as white paper, a white pot, or a white sink surface.

Having green, yellow, or thickened phlegm (sputum) does not always indicate the presence of an infection. Also, if an infection is present, the color of the phlegm (sputum) does not determine whether a virus, a bacterium or another pathogen has caused it. Simple allergies can also cause changes in the color of mucus.
Dvortsovaya Sludka
Dvortsovaya Sludka (Russian: Дворцовая Слудка) is a rural locality (a village) in Ust-Kachkinskoye Rural Settlement, Permsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.

Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, romanized: Permskiy kray, IPA: [ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj]; Komi-Permyak: Перем ладор, romanized: Perem lador) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Census).

The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.

The final period of the Paleozoic era, the Permian, is named after the Perm region.
The Ruling Class (play)
The Ruling Class is a 1968 British play by Peter Barnes. The black comedy centres on Jack Arnold Alexander Tancred Gurney, the 14th Earl of Gurney and the attempts to cure him of insanity.

Peter O'Toole acquired the film rights and starred in the 1972 film adaptation.

Earl
Earl (/ɜːrl, ɜːrəl/) is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. In modern Britain, an earl is a member of the peerage, ranking below a marquess and above a viscount. A feminine form of earl never developed; instead, countess is used.

The title originates in the Old English word eorl, meaning "a man of noble birth or rank". The word is cognate with the Scandinavian form jarl. After the Norman Conquest, it became the equivalent of the continental count. In Scotland, it assimilated the concept of mormaer. Since the 1960s, earldoms have typically been created only for members of the royal family. The last non-royal earldom, Earl of Stockton, was created in 1984 for Harold Macmillan, prime minister from 1957 to 1963.

Alternative names for the rank equivalent to "earl" or "count" in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as the hakushaku (伯爵) of the post-restoration Japanese Imperial era.
1970 Cleveland Browns season
The 1970 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 21st season with the National Football League and their 25th year in pro football overall. The Browns attempted to improve on its 10-3-1 record from 1969. The team would fail to do so, and they finished with an even 7-7 record and missed the postseason. This was the first season that the Browns would play the Cincinnati Bengals, their new arch-rival in the AFC Central. The two teams split their two meetings in the first season series.

1969 Cleveland Browns season
The 1969 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 20th season with the National Football League and their 24th overall in professional football and the last before the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger.

The Browns made it to the 1969 NFL Championship Game, where they fell to the Minnesota Vikings 27–7. The 1969 season would be the last year that Cleveland would win a postseason game until 1986. In addition, that victory over Dallas would also be the last time the Browns won a postseason game on the road until the 2020–21 playoffs. This was also the last season in which the Browns made it to the league championship game, as they have failed to reach the Super Bowl after the merger.
The Marion Press
The Marion Press was an American publishing house in New York City that was in operation from 1896 - 1906. Much of the Marion Press' work had been inspired by and compared with the Kelmscott Press of William Morris.

The company also included Bierstadt collotype prints and engravings by the Gill Engraving Co. in the company's efforts to create what Hopkins referred to as "all types of good plain printing from new types of conservative design."

Collotype
Collotype is a gelatin-based photographic printing process invented by Alphonse Poitevin in 1855 to print images in a wide variety of tones without the need for halftone screens. The majority of collotypes were produced between the 1870s and 1920s. It was the first form of photolithography.
John McNiven (footballer)
John Martin McNiven (born 23 December 1962) is a Scottish retired football midfielder who made over 470 appearances in the Scottish League, most notably for Stranraer and Queen's Park. He also played for Ayr United, Alloa Athletic, Clyde and Stenhousemuir.

Stenhousemuir F.C.
Stenhousemuir Football Club is a Scottish football club located in Stenhousemuir, Falkirk. They are a member of the Scottish Professional Football League and currently play in Scottish League One after achieving automatic promotion from Scottish League Two in 2024.

Through much of its history, the team has competed in the lower leagues of Scottish football.

In September 2009, Stenhousemuir Football Club, Ltd. was re-registered as a Community Interest Company.
Sant'Agnese, Castellina in Chianti
Sant'Agnese (or Sant'Agnese in Chianti) is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Castellina in Chianti, province of Siena. At the time of the 2018 parish census its population was 90.

Sant'Agnese is about 33 km from Siena and 9 km from Castellina in Chianti.

Castellina in Chianti
Castellina in Chianti is a comune (municipality) of c. 2,800 inhabitants in the province of Siena, in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Florence and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Siena. It is part of the Chianti Hills, between the valleys of the Arbia, Pesa and Elsa rivers.

The territory of Castellina in Chianti borders the following municipalities: Barberino Val d'Elsa, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Greve in Chianti, Monteriggioni, Poggibonsi, Radda in Chianti, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa.
In Theory Only
In Theory Only (ISSN 0360-4365) was a peer-reviewed academic journal specializing in music theory and analysis. It began publication in 1975, under the auspices of graduate students in music theory at the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, making it the first of the graduate-student produced theory journals to debut in the U.S. (followed two years later by Indiana Theory Review). The journal initially employed the subtitle "Newsletter of the Michigan Music Theory Society" (later dropped). The journal ceased regular publication in 1997, but had one final issue published in 2007.

School of Music, Theatre, and Dance
The School of Music, Theatre, and Dance (SMTD) is the undergraduate and graduate school for the performing arts of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.

The school was founded in 1880 as the Ann Arbor School of Music. It was originally independent from the university until 1929.

The School is located on the University of Michigan's North Campus, which is also home to the College of Engineering, the Stamps School of Art and Design, and the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning.
1999–2000 Slovak Cup
The 1999–2000 Slovak Cup was the 31st season of Slovakia's annual knock-out cup competition and the seventh since the independence of Slovakia. It began on 25 July 1999 with the matches of preliminary round and ended on 8 May 2000 with the final. The winners of the competition earned a place in the first round of the UEFA Cup. Slovan Bratislava were the defending champions.

2000–01 UEFA Cup
The 2000–01 UEFA Cup was the 30th edition of the UEFA Cup competition. Liverpool won the final with a golden goal in extra-time against Alavés for their third title in the competition. It completed a cup treble for the club, as they also won the FA Cup and the League Cup that season. The conclusion of the tournament by a golden goal is the only instance in any of the major European club cup competitions until the abolition of the rule in 2002.

Galatasaray could not defend their title as they automatically qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League and also reached the knockout stage.

English clubs had been banned from European competitions between 1985 and 1990 as a result of the Heysel disaster, and Liverpool were the first English side of the post-Heysel era to win the trophy. The previous English winners were Tottenham Hotspur in 1984. It was also Liverpool's first European trophy of the post-Heysel era.
Palangerd
Palangerd (Persian: پلنگرد) is a village in Nabovat Rural District, in the Central District of Eyvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 439, in 78 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

Ilam province
Ilam Province (Persian: استان ایلام) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ilam.

The province is in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2 (7,785.41 mi2). It shares 425 km (264 mi) of the border with Iraq, and also borders on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan.
Sakanoue
Sakanoue (written: 坂上 or 坂ノ上) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Akane Sakanoue (坂ノ上 茜; born 1995), Japanese actress

Sakanoue no Karitamaro (坂上 苅田麿; 727–786), Japanese samurai

Sakanoue no Korenori (坂上 是則), Japanese waka poet

Sakanoue no Mochiki (坂上望城; died c. 975), Japanese waka poet and son of Sakanoue no Korenori

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (坂上 田村麻呂; 758–811), Japanese general and shōgun

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (坂上 田村麻呂; Japanese pronunciation: [sa.ka.noꜜ.ɯ.e no | ta.mɯ.ɾaꜜ.ma.ɾo], 758 – June 17, 811) was a court noble, general and shōgun of the early Heian period of Japan. He served as Dainagon, Minister of War and Ukon'e no Taisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards). He held the kabane of Ōsukune and the court rank of Junior Second Rank and was awarded the Order of Second Class.

He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro. He was considered an avatar of Bishamonten in legend.
Julián López (politician)
Julián David López Tenorio (born 12 February 1984) is a Colombian business administrator and politician who has served as President of the Chamber of Representatives since July 20, 2025. He has served as advisor  to the Ministry of the Interior, general director of the National Aquaculture and Fisheries Authority, secretary general of Coldeportes, and deputy director of the National Federation of Departments.

A member of the Union Party for the People party, López studied business administration at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. He holds a specialization in government, management, and public affairs and a master's degree in government and public policy from the Universidad Externado de Colombia.

Universidad Externado de Colombia
The Universidad Externado de Colombia (Externado University of Colombia) is a private university in Bogotá, Colombia. It has produced graduates including lawyers, academics, judges, financiers, journalists, as well as senior government officials and politicians. The institution grants 4 and 5-year professional degrees, as well as advanced Master and Doctoral degrees. Instruction is primarily in Spanish. In 2023, it had more than 13,000 students.

As well as being a member of the Unión de Universidades de América Latina, UDUAL, and the Asociación Internacional de Universidades, AIU., it is a founding member of the Asociación Colombiana de Universidades, ASCUN.

In 2005, UNESCO established a chair in Human Rights, Violence, Public Policies and Governance,  at the university.
Ernulf de Hesdin
Ernulf de Hesdin (died 1097), also transcribed as Arnulf and Ernulphe, was a French knight who took part in the Norman conquest of England and became a major landholder under William the Conqueror and William Rufus, featuring prominently in the Domesday Book. He was disgraced as a suspected rebel and died while taking part in the First Crusade as part of the army of Robert Curthose.

Earl of Arundel
Earl of Arundel is a title of nobility in England, and one of the oldest extant in the English peerage. It is currently held by the Duke of Norfolk, and it is used (along with the earldom of Surrey) by his heir apparent as a courtesy title.
1,1-Dibromoethane
1,1-Dibromoethane is a clear, slightly brown, flammable chemical compound. It is classified as an organobromine compound, and has the chemical formula C2H4Br2 and it is a position isomer of 1,2-dibromoethane. It is commonly seen in industrial chemistry, where it is used as a fuel additive. It is also used as a grain and soil fumigant for insect control.

Organobromine chemistry
Organobromine chemistry is the study of the synthesis and properties of organobromine compounds, also called organobromides, which are organic compounds that contain carbon bonded to bromine. The most pervasive is the naturally produced bromomethane.

One prominent application of synthetic organobromine compounds is the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as fire-retardants, and in fact fire-retardant manufacture is currently the major industrial use of the element bromine.

A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals. Organobromine compounds have fallen under increased scrutiny for their environmental impact.