hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matthias Gelzer
Matthias Gelzer (19 December 1886, Liestal – 23 July 1974, Frankfurt am Main) was a Swiss-German classical historian, known for his studies of the Roman Republic in regard to its politics and society. He was the author of highly regarded biographies on Julius Caesar, Pompey and Cicero.

He studied history and classical philology at the universities of Basel and Leipzig, where in 1909 he received his doctorate as a student of Ulrich Wilcken. In 1912 he obtained his habilitation at the University of Freiburg with a thesis on the nobility of the Roman Republic. In 1915 he became a professor of ancient history at the University of Greifswald, and in 1918 relocated as a professor to the University of Strasbourg. From 1919 to 1955 he was a professor of ancient history at the University of Frankfurt am Main, where he served as its rector in 1924/25.

University of Strasbourg
The University of Strasbourg (French: Université de Strasbourg, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, France, with over 52000 students and 3300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Johannes Sturm, it was a center of intellectual life during the Age of Enlightenment.

In the 1970s, the old university was reorganized into three distinct institutions, which were consolidated in 2009. The current University of Strasbourg comprises 35 academic faculties, schools, and institutes, as well as 71 research laboratories spread across six campuses, including the historic site in the Neustadt.

Throughout its existence, Unistra alumni, faculty, or researchers have included 18 Nobel laureates, two Fields Medalists and a wide range of notable individuals in their respective fields. Among them are Goethe, statesman Robert Schuman, historian Marc Bloch and several chemists such as Louis Pasteur.
Valerie (Zutons song)
"Valerie" is a song by English indie rock band the Zutons from their second studio album, Tired of Hanging Around (2006). The song was later covered by musician, DJ and producer Mark Ronson, with vocals provided by singer-songwriter Amy Winehouse, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart in 2007.

Tired of Hanging Around
Tired of Hanging Around is the second studio album by the British rock band The Zutons, released in the UK on 17 April 2006. Produced by Stephen Street, the album was recorded at Townhouse and Olympic Studios in 2005. The album charted at 2 on the UK album charts.
Ctenopoma
Ctenopoma is a genus of climbing gouramies native to Africa. Microctenopoma has been included in Ctenopoma in the past; in contrast to that genus, Ctenopoma species are egg scatterers with no parental care.

George Albert Boulenger
George Albert Boulenger FRS (19 October 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Belgian-British zoologist who described and gave scientific names to over 2,000 new animal species, chiefly fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Boulenger was also an active botanist during the last 30 years of his life, especially in the study of roses.
Thagyamin
Thagyamin (Burmese: သိကြားမင်း, pronounced [ðədʑámɪ́ɰ̃]; from Sanskrit ၐကြ, Śakra) is the highest-ranking nat (deity) in traditional Burmese Buddhist belief. Considered as the king of Heaven, he is the Burmese adaptation of the Hindu deity Indra.

Sky father
In comparative mythology, sky father is a term for a recurring concept in polytheistic religions of a sky god who is addressed as a "father", often the father of a pantheon and is often either a reigning or former King of the Gods. The concept of "sky father" may also be taken to include Sun gods with similar characteristics, such as Ra. The concept is complementary to an "earth mother".

"Sky Father" is a direct translation of the Vedic Dyaus Pita, etymologically descended from the same Proto-Indo-European deity name as the Greek Zeûs Pater and Roman Jupiter, all of which are reflexes of the same Proto-Indo-European deity's name, *Dyēus Ph₂tḗr. While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside of Indo-European mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. In Egyptian mythology, Nut is the sky mother and Geb is the earth father).
Carl R. Nyman
Carl Richard Nyman (August 27, 1895 – December 25, 1983) was an American businessman and politician.

Born in Sweden, Nyman emigrated to the United States and settled in the town of Hayward, Wisconsin. Nyman served in the United States Army during World War I. He took engineering and secretarial courses while in night school. He also went to the Dunn County, Wisconsin Agricultural School. Nyman was a machinist and was a poultry farmer. Nyman was also in the real estate and insurance business. Nyman served as chairman of the Hayward Town Board. He also served on the Sawyer County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors. In April 1937, Nyman was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in a special election to fill the vacancy cause by the death of Jorge W. Carow. Nyman was elected on the Wisconsin Progressive Party ticket. Nyman died at St. Mary's Hospital in Duluth, Minnesota.

Sawyer County, Wisconsin
Sawyer County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, its population was 18,074. Its county seat is Hayward. The county partly overlaps with the reservation of the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians. The county is considered a high-recreation retirement destination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Charm Tour
The Charm Tour was the fourth concert tour by American singer-songwriter Clairo in support of her third studio album, Charm (2024). It began on September 6, 2024, in Los Angeles, with shows across North America and Europe, and concluded in Manchester on March 20, 2025, comprising 58 shows. Paris, Texas, Frankie Cosmos, Alice Phoebe Lou and June McDoom served as the opening acts.

Alice Phoebe Lou
Alice Phoebe Lou (born 19 July 1993) is a South African musician and singer. She has released six self-funded studio albums to date — Orbit (2016), Paper Castles (2019), Glow (2021), Child's Play (2021), Shelter (2023) and Oblivion (2025) — alongside two live albums, three EPs and various singles.

Since 2019, she has also been active in her side project, Strongboi, a duo which features the keyboardist from her band.
Corrosion in space
Corrosion in space is the corrosion of materials occurring in outer space. Instead of moisture and oxygen acting as the primary corrosion causes, the materials exposed to outer space are subjected to vacuum, bombardment by ultraviolet and X-rays, solar energetic particles (mostly electrons and protons from solar wind), and electromagnetic radiation. In the upper layers of the atmosphere (between 90–800 km), the atmospheric atoms, ions, and free radicals, most notably atomic oxygen, play a major role. The concentration of atomic oxygen depends on altitude and solar activity, as the bursts of ultraviolet radiation cause photodissociation of molecular oxygen. Between 160 and 560 km, the atmosphere consists of about 90% atomic oxygen.

Moisture
Moisture is the presence of a liquid, especially water, often in trace amounts. Moisture is defined as water in the adsorbed or absorbed phase. Small amounts of water may be found, for example, in the air (humidity), in foods, and in some commercial products. Moisture also refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. The soil also includes moisture.
Sestřičky (TV series)
Sestřičky (English: 'Nurses'), originally produced under the title Sestřičky Modrý kód (English: 'Nurses Blue Code') is a Czech medical television series from Prima televize. It loosely follows the Modrý kód ('Blue Code') series. The plot of the series focuses on the nurses in the emergency department. It stars Sabina Laurinová, Natálie Halouzková, Jan Nedbal, Adéla Gondíková, Saša Rašilov, Marek Němec and others. The first episode aired on 29 August 2020.

It was followed by 1. mise.

Prima televize
TV Prima, also known simply as Prima (previously Prima family, Prima televize, Premiéra, originally FTV Premiéra), is a Czech television channel based in Prague. Its current owner is FTV Prima, spol. s. r. o., which is majority-owned by Czech investment firm GES, in turn owned by Czech oligarch Ivan Zach. The group's current general manager is Marek Singer. It is the first private TV channel in the Czech Republic and the former Czechoslovakia.
Brdce, Vojnik
Brdce (pronounced [ˈbəɾtsɛ]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Vojnik in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

A small roadside chapel-shrine in the village dates to the late 19th century.

Wayside shrine
A wayside shrine is a religious image, usually in some sort of small shelter, placed by a road or pathway, sometimes in a settlement or at a crossroads, but often in the middle of an empty stretch of country road, or at the top of a hill or mountain.  They have been a feature of many cultures, including Chinese folk religious communities, Catholic and Orthodox Europe and some Asian regions.
2016 Puerto Rico FC season
The 2016 Puerto Rico FC season was the club's first season of existence. The club played in North American Soccer League, the second tier of the American soccer pyramid, enter only in the Fall season in which they finished 9th.

After winning the Copa Luis Villarejo on November 20; Puerto Rico FC qualified for the 2017 CFU Club Championship with matches taking place in the coming-up 2017 season.

Puerto Rico FC
Puerto Rico FC was a professional soccer club based in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. Founded in 2015, the team played in the North American Soccer League (NASL), the second tier of the American soccer pyramid. The team debuted in the 2016 fall season. The team played its home games at the Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium until the stadium was severely damaged by Hurricane Maria in September 2017. The team last played during the 2017 NASL season.
Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing
The Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing (CLAMS) library network is a non-profit consortium of 35 member libraries and 38 locations throughout Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket. Since it was founded in 1988, the number of items available has grown from 568,000 in 1991 to over 1.6 million in 2022. Deliveries of materials between member libraries and other library networks in Massachusetts through an interlibrary loan program are made by the Massachusetts Library System located in Waltham. The network uses the Koha Integrated Library System (ILS) for staff function workflows: acquisitions, cataloging, circulation, ILL, and serials and Aspen Discovery for their patron's Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). The libraries provide access to reference databases, digital libraries, free music online, museum passes, genealogy, workshops, and other free services that vary from each location.

Online public access catalog
The online public access catalog (OPAC), now frequently synonymous with library catalog, is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries. Online catalogs have largely replaced the analog card catalogs previously used in libraries.
Man of Steel (Hank Williams Jr. song)
"Man of Steel" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter and musician Hank Williams Jr.  It was released in February 1984 as the second single and title track from the album Man of Steel.  The song reached #3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

"Man of Steel" also appears on the compilation album Hank Williams Jr.'s Greatest Hits, Vol. 2. This however is an alternate take with the second verse removed from the original album version. The resulting track is almost one full minute shorter than the original.

Man of Steel (album)
Man of Steel is the thirty-sixth studio album by American musician Hank Williams Jr. It was released by Warner Bros./Curb Records in September 1983, peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart. The title track of the album and the song "Queen of My Heart" were released as singles, peaking at number 3 and number 5 respectively on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Man of Steel was Williams' tenth album to reach the top five on the Top Country Albums chart and was his tenth album to be certified Gold by the RIAA. Man of Steel was nominated by the Academy of Country Music for the Album of the Year award in 1984.
Geology of Guinea
Geologically, Guinea is covered by a crust of a very large Archean West African Craton with its northern and western regions having formations of younger Proterozoic rocks and its eastern region consists greenstone belts under the Birimian Supergroup which account for a major portion of West Africa's gold and iron ore reserves. Weathering of paleozoïcs schists has resulted in laterisiation leading to the formation of very large bauxite deposits.

The geological formation of Guinean-Liberian belt is Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks. Large bauxite laterite deposits in Silurian shale and Ordovician sandstone have been sourced in the Tertiary by the dolerites; these are discovered in the Fouta Djalan mountain. In the northeastern part of the country, gold has been registered in Birimian. In the crystalline area of the north and south east of the country the prime mineral is iron ore which has itabirites.

Diabase
Diabase (/ˈdaɪ.əˌbeɪs/), also called dolerite (/ˈdɒl.əˌraɪt/) or microgabbro, is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro. Diabase dikes and sills are typically shallow intrusive bodies and often exhibit fine-grained to aphanitic chilled margins which may contain tachylite (dark mafic glass).

Diabase is the preferred name in North America, while dolerite is the preferred name in the rest of the English-speaking world, where sometimes the name diabase refers to altered dolerites and basalts. Some geologists prefer to avoid confusion by using the name microgabbro.
Productivity-improving technologies
The productivity-improving technologies are the technological innovations that have historically increased productivity.

Productivity is often measured as the ratio of (aggregate) output to (aggregate) input in the production of goods and services.  Productivity is increased by lowering the amount of labor, capital, energy or materials that go into producing any given amount of economic goods and services. Increases in productivity are largely responsible for the increase in per capita living standards.

Newcomen atmospheric engine
The atmospheric engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, and is sometimes referred to as the Newcomen fire engine (see below) or Newcomen engine. The engine was operated by condensing steam being drawn into the cylinder, thereby creating a partial vacuum which allowed atmospheric pressure to push the piston into the cylinder. It is significant as the first practical device to harness steam to produce mechanical work.  Newcomen engines were used throughout Britain and Europe, principally to pump water out of mines. Hundreds were constructed during the 18th century. James Watt's later engine design was an improved version of the Newcomen engine that roughly doubled fuel efficiency. Many atmospheric engines were converted to the Watt design. As a result, Watt is today better known than Newcomen in relation to the origin of the steam engine.
Premier House
Premier House (Māori: Te Whare Pirimia) is the official residence of the prime minister of New Zealand, located at 260 Tinakori Road, Thorndon, Wellington, New Zealand.

A private house purchased for the prime minister's official residence when government shifted its base to Wellington in 1865, it was first greatly expanded and then, as its wooden structure deteriorated, shunned in the 1930s by the more modest political leaders on learning the cost of repairs.

It was leased to private individuals for six years in the late 1890s, then returned to use as an official residence for the prime minister until the Great Depression, when a new government in 1935 wished to avoid "show". For more than half a century, the building was used as a dental clinic for children until it was renovated and recommissioned as Premier House in 1990.

Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)
Michael Kenneth Moore ONZ AO PC (28 January 1949 – 2 February 2020) was a New Zealand politician, union organiser, and author. In the Fourth Labour Government he served in several portfolios including minister of foreign affairs, and was the 34th prime minister of New Zealand for 59 days before the 1990 general election elected a new parliament. Following Labour's defeat in that election, Moore served as Leader of the Opposition until the 1993 election, after which Helen Clark successfully challenged him for the Labour Party leadership.

Following his retirement from New Zealand politics, Moore was Director-General of the World Trade Organization from 1999 to 2002. He also held the post of New Zealand Ambassador to the United States from 2010 to 2015.
Arkhi
Arkhi (Mongolian: Архи, ᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢ, lit. "alcohol," sometimes translated as vodka) is a liquor made from airag, fermented milk brandy, or isgelen tarag (Mongolian: исгэлэн тараг, ᠢᠰᠬᠦᠯᠡᠩᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭ, or kefir) which then gets distilled. Isgelen tarag often uses the milk of a mare, donkeys, sheep, cows, the yak, camels (specifically, khoormog (ингэний хоормог)) or of reindeer, depending on local traditions or availability. It holds special status in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, both as the prime spirit of choice among pastoral units and served to esteemed guests.

It is often reserved for the family and never sold in Mongolia, slowly being replaced by vodka, also referred to as arkhi.

In and around Inner Mongolia, it is more regularly produced and sold. Industrial production and bottling occurs in locations such as Chifeng.

Donkey
The donkey or ass is a domesticated equine. It derives from the African wild ass, Equus africanus, and may be classified either as a subspecies thereof, Equus africanus asinus, or as a separate species, Equus asinus.: 1  It was domesticated in Africa some 5000–7000 years ago,: 2 : 3715  and has been used mainly as a working animal since that time.

There are more than 40 million donkeys in the world, mostly in underdeveloped countries, where they are used principally as draught or pack animals. While working donkeys are often associated with those living at or below subsistence, small numbers of donkeys or asses are kept for breeding, as pets, and for livestock protection in developed countries.

An adult male donkey is a jack or jackass, an adult female is a jenny or jennet, and an immature donkey of either sex is a foal. Jacks are often mated with female horses (mares) to produce mules; the less common hybrid of a male horse (stallion) and jenny is a hinny.
Miroslav Fiedler
Miroslav Fiedler (7 April 1926 – 20 November 2015) was a Czech mathematician known for his contributions to linear algebra, graph theory and algebraic graph theory.

His article, "Algebraic Connectivity of Graphs", published in the Czechoslovak Math Journal in 1973, established the use of the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of a graph to create tools for measuring algebraic connectivity in algebraic graph theory. Fiedler is honored by the Fiedler eigenvalue (the second smallest eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian), with its associated Fiedler eigenvector, as the names for the quantities that characterize algebraic connectivity. Since Fiedler's original contribution, this structure has become essential to large areas of research in network theory, flocking, distributed control, clustering, multi-robot applications and image segmentation.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Tim Pratt
Timothy Aaron Pratt (born December 12, 1976) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer and poet. He won a Hugo Award in 2007 for his short story "Impossible Dreams". He has written over 20 books, including the Marla Mason series and several Pathfinder Tales novels. His writing has earned him nominations for Nebula, Mythopoeic, World Fantasy, and Bram Stoker awards and has been published in numerous markets, including Asimov's Science Fiction, Realms of Fantasy, Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show, and Strange Horizons.

Locus (magazine)
Locus: The Magazine of The Science Fiction & Fantasy Field, founded in 1968, is an American magazine published monthly in Oakland, California. It is the news organ and trade journal for the English-language science fiction and fantasy fields. It also publishes comprehensive listings of all new books published in the genres (excluding self-published). The magazine also presents the annual Locus Awards. Locus Online was launched in April 1997, as a semi-autonomous web version of Locus Magazine.
Revenge of the Zombies
Revenge of the Zombies is a 1943 American comedy horror film directed by Steve Sekely and starring John Carradine and Gale Storm. Dr. Max Heinrich von Altermann (John Carradine) is a mad scientist working to create a race of living dead warriors for the Third Reich.

The film was a follow-up to the horror-comedy King of the Zombies (1941) with Mantan Moreland reprising his role as Jeff and Madame Sul-Te-Wan returning as a different character. The film is both a sequel and a partial remake of the original film. Both films feature the concept of a mad scientist married to a zombie wife. In this film, the female zombie has retained her free will, and refuses to be controlled.

Mad scientist
The mad scientist (also mad doctor or mad professor) is a stock character of a scientist who is perceived as "mad, bad and dangerous to know" or "insane" owing to a combination of unusual or unsettling personality traits and the unabashedly ambitious, taboo or hubristic nature of their experiments. As a motif in fiction, the mad scientist may be villainous (evil genius) or antagonistic, benign, or neutral; may be insane, eccentric, or clumsy; and often works with fictional technology or fails to recognise or value common human objections to attempting to play God. Some may have benevolent intentions, even if their actions are dangerous or questionable, which can make them accidental antagonists.