hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Loomis v. Wisconsin
Loomis v. Wisconsin, 881 N.W.2d 749 (Wis. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 2290 (2017), was a Wisconsin Supreme Court case that was appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

The case challenged the state of Wisconsin's use of closed-source risk assessment software in the sentencing of Eric Loomis to six years in prison. The case alleged that using such software in sentencing violates the defendant's right to due process because it prevents the defendant from challenging the scientific validity and accuracy of such test. The case also alleged that the system in question (COMPAS) violates due process rights by taking gender and race into account. Hearing this case would have given the court "the opportunity to rule on whether it violates due process to sentence someone based on a risk-assessment instrument whose workings are protected as a trade secret."

The Supreme Court denied the writ of certiorari, thus declining to hear the case, on June 26, 2017.

Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
Ukrainian Radical Party
The Ukrainian Radical Party (URP) (Ukrainian: Українська радикальна партія, УPП, Ukraiinska Radykalna Partiia), founded in October 1890 as Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party and based on the radical movement in western Ukraine dating from the 1870s, was the first modern Ukrainian political party with a defined program, mass following, and registered membership. It advocated socialism, increased rights for Ukrainian peasants, anti-clericalism and secularism.

Mass politics
Mass politics is a political order resting on the emergence of mass political parties.

The emergence of mass politics generally associated with the rise of mass society coinciding with the Industrial Revolution in the West. However, because of the extent of popular participation in the Protestant Reformation, it has been called the first mass political movement, which "other ideologies, ultimately more secular in tone" superseded.

Mass politics was essentially the inclusion of the masses in the political process. The first of these mass movements was arguably that for Catholic Emancipation in Ireland, led by Daniel O'Connell. There was a major rise in this from 1880 to 1914, when the vote in Europe was expanded to all men and in some countries, even women were allowed to vote. Mass based political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for social, economic, and political reform.
Ella Sekatau
Ella Wilcox-Thomas Sekatau, or Firefly-Song of Wind, (May 10, 1928 — April 7, 2014) was a poet, historian, and ethnohistorian and medicine woman of the Narragansett Indian Nation. Instrumental in the Narragansett's federal recognition in 1983, she was a powerful cultural and political presence in her community and across the Native American community of New England. Sekatau was one of the first Native American interpreters to partner with Brown University's Heffenreffer Museum of Anthropology in their education program, and was also a key figure for the Wampanoag history program at Plimoth Plantation, now Plimoth Patuxet.

Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology
The Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology is Brown University's teaching and research museum. The museum has a 2,000-square-foot (190 m2) gallery in Manning Hall on Brown's campus in Providence, Rhode Island. Its Collections Research Center is located in nearby Bristol, Rhode Island.
IDVD
iDVD is a discontinued Mac application made by Apple, which can be used to create DVDs.

iDVD lets users design DVD menus (like a main menu and chapter selection menu) and burn movies, slideshows, and music onto a DVD that can be played on a commercial DVD player. It was created as part of Apple's "digital hub" strategy, as a companion tool to iMovie. Early versions were received positively, but later versions languished as internet video overtook DVDs, and iDVD was abandoned in 2011.

DVD player
A DVD player is a machine that plays DVDs produced under both the DVD-Video and DVD-Audio technical standards, two different and incompatible standards. Many DVD players will also play audio CDs. DVD players are connected to a television to watch the DVD content, which could be a movie, a recorded TV show, or other content.
Stephen T. Wegener
Stephen Thomas Wegener (born November 20, 1952) is an American rehabilitation psychologist specializing in the psychology of pain management. His work seeks to improve function and reduce disability for persons with chronic illness and impairments, including occupational injuries, rheumatic disease, spinal cord injury or limb loss. He also develops cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-management to prevent or mitigate pain associated with disability, and examines psychological variables that can affect positive outcomes.

Rheumatism
Rheumatism /ˈruːmətɪzəm/ (from the Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα, rheûma) or rheumatic disorders are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. Rheumatism does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different conditions, including arthritis and  "non-articular rheumatism", also known as "regional pain syndrome" or "soft tissue rheumatism". There is a close overlap between the term soft tissue disorder and rheumatism. Sometimes the term "soft tissue rheumatic disorders" is used to describe these conditions.

The term "Rheumatic Diseases" is used in MeSH to refer to connective tissue disorders. The branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatism is called rheumatology.
Kęszyce-Wieś
Kęszyce-Wieś [kɛ̃ˈʂɨt͡sɛ ˈvjɛɕ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolimów, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) north of Bolimów, 21 km (13 mi) north of Skierniewice, and 62 km (39 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Skierniewice
Skierniewice (Polish pronunciation: [skʲɛrɲɛˈvʲit͡sɛ]) is a city in central Poland with 45,184 inhabitants (2023), situated in the Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Skierniewice County. Through the town runs the small river Łupia, also called Skierniewka.

Located in the historic region of Masovia, Skierniewice dates back to the medieval period. It prospered as a local trade center with annual fairs and engaged in domestic and international trade. In the 17th and 18th centuries it hosted the residence of the Primates of Poland, and was home of leading Polish Enlightenment poet Ignacy Krasicki. Skierniewice is known as the "Polish Capital of Horticultural Sciences" with local tradition of horticultural studies dating back to 1922. It hosts the annual Skierniewice Festival of Flowers, Fruits and Vegetables.

It is a railway junction, located on the main railway line almost exactly halfway between the two largest cities of central Poland, Łódź and Warsaw.
Midget Ocean Racing Club
The Midget Ocean Racing Club (MORC) was an association that promoted and organized ocean keelboat racing under a handicapping rule that it administered. It was formed at a time when existing rating rules like CCA and later IOR favoured much larger boats.

Cruising Club of America
The Cruising Club of America (CCA) is an international organization of cruisers whose objects are to promote cruising and racing by amateurs, to encourage the development of suitable types of cruising craft, to stimulate interest in seamanship, navigation and handling small vessels, and to keep on file all information which may be of assistance to members in cruising in any waters.
Anjanthali
Anjanthali is a village in Nilokheri sub-district of Karnal district, Haryana, India. The village is famous for the Mata Anjana Devi mandir temple of great Mata Añjanā, the mother of Lord Hanuman in the Indian epic, the Ramayana. Anjanthali and Munak is the location of Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal.

Karnal district
Karnal district is one of the 22 districts of Haryana, a state in North India which constitutes the National Capital Region (NCR) of the country. The city of Karnal is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) and is the administrative headquarters of the district.

As it lies on National highway 44 (old NH-1), it has a well connected transport system to the nearby major cities like Delhi and Chandigarh. Karnal District is also well connected via railways. Karnal Junction lies on Delhi-Kalka line and major trains stops at this station. The district headquarter also has a small aerodrome known as karnal airport.
Bluebird (Paul McCartney and Wings song)
"Bluebird" is a song written by Paul and Linda McCartney and originally performed by the British rock band Wings, released on their 1973 album Band on the Run. According to author John Blaney, it was written during a vacation in Jamaica. However, author Vincent Benitez claims the song was written as early as 1970 or 1971, noting that Paul and Linda sang the song during a live interview in New York City in 1971. In Continental Europe it was also released as the B-side of the "Mrs. Vandebilt" single.

Remi Kabaka
Remi Kabaka (27 March 1945 - 8 December 2025) was a Nigerian Afro-rock avant-garde drummer. He worked with John Martyn, Hugh Masekela, on Rhythm of the Saints by Paul Simon, and Short Cut Draw Blood by Jim Capaldi. He was also an important figure in the 1970s afro-jazz scene, composing the music to the film Black Goddess.

Remi was the father of artist and musician Remi Kabaka Jr, who is the drummer and producer of the virtual rock group Gorillaz.
Orwell, Kinross-shire
Orwell is a parish in Kinross-shire, Scotland. It contains the market town of Milnathort, as well as the hamlet of Middleton. The name comes from the Gaelic iubhar coille meaning "yew wood".

The parish has an area of about 21 square miles (54 km2). In the south it is quite flat, gradually becoming hillier further north, until one reaches the Ochil Hills at the northern boundary. In addition to Milnathort and Middleton, it contains several farms, some standing stones and Burleigh Castle. Its population was 3005 in 1831, dropped to 1983 in 1911, and rose to 2043 in 1951.

The Church of Scotland parish of Orwell and Portmoak includes Orwell church in Milnathort and Portmoak church in Scotlandwell.

Scotlandwell
Scotlandwell is a village in Portmoak, Kinross-shire, Scotland. It is within the Perth and Kinross council area. It lies to the east of Loch Leven, at the junction of the A977 and B920 roads, approximately 4 miles (6 kilometres) west of Glenrothes and 4 miles (6 kilometres) east of Kinross.

Scotlandwell is one of the historic sites of Kinross-shire. Named Fons Scotiae by the Romans who founded it nearly 2,000 years ago, the curative waters that bubble up through the sandy ground were used by Red Friars, who maintained a hospital in the village between 1250 and 1587.

Thousands of pilgrims came to Scotlandwell to take the water, the most famous perhaps being King Robert the Bruce, who is alleged to have found a cure for leprosy here.

The two main historical features of Scotlandwell village are the Well and Wash House.
Doctor Know-all
"Doctor Know-all" (German: Doktor Allwissend) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 98 in Grimms' Fairy Tales. It has an ATU index of 1641. Another tale of this type is Almondseed and Almondella.

Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index
The Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index (ATU Index) is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies. The ATU index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars: Originally published in German by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne (1910), the index was translated into English, revised, and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson (1928, 1961), and later further revised and expanded by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther (2004). The ATU index is an essential tool for folklorists, used along with the Thompson (1932) Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.
University of Kitakyushu
The University of Kitakyushu (北九州市立大学, Kitakyūshū shiritsu daigaku) is a public university in Kitakyushu, Japan. The main campus is located next to Keibajomae (lit. Horse Racing course) station on the Kitakyushu monorail. The second campus is in the academic zone of Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu called Gakujutsu Kenkyu Toshi (Gakken Tosi). The university was founded as a language academy in 1946 to help communication with the nearby American base at what is now called Yamada Ryokuchi.

The University of Kitakyushu has four faculties: the Faculty of Environmental Engineering, the Faculty of Information Engineering, the Faculty of Economics, and the Faculty of Humanities. These faculties offer undergraduate programs leading to bachelor's degrees, as well as graduate programs leading to master's and doctoral degrees.

Sakurazaka46
Sakurazaka46 (櫻坂46; Sakurazaka Forty-six), formerly Keyakizaka46 (欅坂46; Keyakizaka Forty-six), is a Japanese idol girl group produced by Yasushi Akimoto. The group was created on August 21, 2015, becoming Nogizaka46's first sister group under the Sakamichi Series. The group was rebranded as Sakurazaka46 after their last concert on October 13, 2020. The group's fans are known as Buddies.

As Keyakizaka46, the group had released nine singles, eight of which topped the Oricon Singles Chart and Billboard Japan Hot 100.  The group had also released three compilation albums, one of which was released by Hiragana Keyakizaka46, a subgroup who later became an independent group, Hinatazaka46. Additionally, the group hosts multiple variety shows, radio programs, and television dramas.
KDKR
KDKR (91.3 MHz) is a listener-supported FM radio station licensed to Decatur, Texas and broadcasting to northern areas of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex in North Texas.  The station is owned by Penfold Communications, Inc., and it airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format.  The studios and offices are on Diamond Oaks Drive in Fort Worth.

National and local religious leaders are heard on KDKR, including Chuck Smith, David Jeremiah, Alistair Begg, Charles Stanley and Greg Laurie.

KDKR is also heard on two FM translators, K248BC at 97.5 MHz in Dallas, and K260BP at 99.9 MHz in Irving, Texas.

Alistair Begg
Alistair Begg (born May 22, 1952) is an  American pastor of Scottish birth. He is the former senior pastor of Parkside Church in Cleveland, Ohio, a position he held from 1983. He is the voice of Truth for Life, a preaching and teaching ministry broadcasting his sermons daily to more than 1,800 radio stations in North America. Begg is also the author of several books.
Market Square, Turku
The Market Square (Finnish: Kauppatori, Swedish: Salutorget) is a city square in the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the city's VI District, and is generally considered the city's central square. It hosts a lively market on weekdays, and there are several cafés and restaurants on the square.

The buildings around the Market Square are also part of the city's central business district. They include, for instance, the Hansa and Forum shopping centres, the Wiklund department store, an Orthodox church, a private medical clinic, and several instances of media such as an office of Finland's major newspaper Helsingin Sanomat, locally most significant newspaper Turun Sanomat and Yle.

Orthodox Church of Finland
The Orthodox Church in Finland (Finnish: Suomen ortodoksinen kirkko, lit. 'Finnish orthodox church'; Swedish: Ortodoxa kyrkan i Finland, lit. 'Orthodox church in Finland') is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox archdiocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The church has a legal position as a national church in the country, along with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.

With its roots in the medieval Novgorodian missionary work in Karelia, the Orthodox Church of Finland was a part of the Russian Orthodox Church until 1923. Today the church has three dioceses and 54,895 members in Finland, accounting for almost one percent of the native population of Finland. The parish of Helsinki has the most adherents. There are also 2,700 members living abroad.
Ono Shrine
Ono Jinja (小野神社) is a Shinto shrine in the Ichinomiya neighborhood of the city of Tama in Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. It is one of the two shrines claiming the title of ichinomiya of former Musashi Province. The main festival of the shrine is held annually on the second Sunday of September. During the Edo Period, it was also called the Ichinomiya Daimyōjin (一宮大明神).

Tama, Tokyo
Tama (多摩市, Tama-shi) is a city located in the western portion of the Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 11 March 2021, the city had an estimated population of 148,285 in 73,167 households, and a population density of 7,100 inhabitants per square kilometre (18,000/sq mi). The total area of the city was 21.01 square kilometres (8.11 sq mi).
Z-FA-FMK
Z-FA-FMK, abbreviating for benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-alanyl-fluoromethyl ketone, is a very potent irreversible inhibitor of cysteine proteases, including cathepsins B, L, and S, cruzain, and papain.  It also selectively inhibits effector caspases 2, 3, 6, and 7 but not caspases 8 and 10. This compound has been shown to block the production of IL1-α, IL1-β, and TNF-α induced by LPS in macrophages by inhibiting NF-κB pathways.

Interleukin 1-alpha
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin 1 family that in humans is encoded by the IL1A gene. In general, Interleukin 1 is responsible for the production of inflammation, as well as the promotion of fever and sepsis. IL-1α inhibitors are being developed to interrupt those processes and treat diseases.

IL-1α is produced mainly by activated macrophages, as well as neutrophils, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. It possesses metabolic, physiological, haematopoietic activities, and plays one of the central roles in the regulation of the immune responses. It binds to the interleukin-1 receptor. It is on the pathway that activates tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Secrets of the Alibi
Secrets of the Alibi is the second album by The Northern Pikes released in 1988.  It featured two hit Canadian singles - "Wait for Me" (#58)and "Hopes Go Astray".

Although this was their second album, the Pikes were nominated for "Most Promising Group" at the 1989 Juno Awards.  This was likely because no Juno Awards were presented in 1988, the year their debut album would have been up for nomination. They were also nominated for Best Video at the 1989 Juno Awards for their song "Wait for Me". They failed to win either award.

The album was certified Gold in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association on July 18, 1991.

Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year
The Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year is presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to the best new musical group in Canada. The award has been given annually since 1974, and was previously called Most Promising Group of the Year (1974–1993), Best New Group (1994–2002), and New Group of the Year (2003–2012). The award was customarily presented by the Minister of Canadian Heritage.

The award was discontinued following the Juno Awards of 2024. At the following Juno Awards of 2025, it was merged with the sibling category for Breakthrough Artist of the Year into a single category for Breakthrough Artist or Group of the Year.
Cyngen Glodrydd
Cyngen Glodrydd was a semi-legendary early sixth-century King of Powys.

Cyngen was a descendant of Cadell Ddyrnllwg, probably his son. Cyngen married Tudglid ferch Brychan, resulting in a large family: Brochwel Ysgithrog, Cadell, Ieuaf, Maig Myngfras, Mawn and Sanan.

What was once thought his memorial stone was discovered being used as a gatepost in Tywyn in 1761, indicating he was apparently buried with Saint Cadfan in the local churchyard.  More recent research has suggested the so-called Cadfan Stone is of much later date, perhaps the eighth or ninth century, and does not commemorate Cyngen or Cadfan at all.

Saint Cadfan
Cadfan (Latin: Catamanus), was the 6th century founder-abbot of Tywyn (whose church is dedicated to him) and Bardsey, both in Gwynedd, Wales. He was said to have received the island of Bardsey from Einion Frenin, king of Llŷn, around 516 and to have served as its abbot until 542.
Weave (protocol)
Weave is a network application layer protocol and, in implementation, a comprehensive toolkit for building connected Internet of Things-class applications, with a primary and current focus on consumer and residential applications.

Weave works across multiple IPv6-bearing link technologies such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellular, and Thread and has adaptations for Bluetooth Low Energy point-to-point wireless links.

On December 19, 2019, Google stated that it had "joined Amazon, Apple, and the Zigbee Alliance to form the Connected Home over IP working group... Google is contributing Weave as part of this effort." Due to this, Google has stopped development on Weave, replacing it with the new Matter (standard).

Application layer
An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communication protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. An application layer abstraction is specified in both the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model. Although both models use the same term for their respective highest-level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.
Displaced (2021 film)
Displaced (Albanian: Pa vend) is a Kosovan short docufiction film, directed and written by Samir Karahoda and released in 2021. Blending both documentary and fictional elements, the film centres on Ermegan and Jeton, two men in Prizren who are attempting to maintain and rebuild the local table tennis club.

The film premiered at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, in competition for the Short Film Palme d'Or. It was subsequently screened at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival, where it won the award for Best International Short Film. In January 2022, it received the Best Non Fiction Short Film Award at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival.

The film was a nominee for Best Short Film at the 34th European Film Awards.

2022 Sundance Film Festival
The 2022 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 20 to 30, 2022. Due to COVID-19 pandemic protocol, it was initially intended to be an in-person/virtual hybrid festival, but on January 5, 2022, it was announced that the in-person components would be scrapped in favor of a wholly virtual festival due to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. The first lineup of competition films was announced on December 9, 2021.