hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Puerto Rico Status Act
The Puerto Rico Status Act, H.R. 2757, was a bill introduced during the 116th United States Congress. The intention of the bill is to grant Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States, admission into the Union as a state. The bill was originally introduced in the 116th Congress and was reintroduced as H.R. 1522, on March 2, 2021, in the 117th Congress. It was referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources with last action taken on June 16, 2021.

During the 117th United States Congress, the bill, as H.R. 8393, passed the House on December 15, 2022, with a vote of 233–191, but died in the Senate.

United States House Committee on Natural Resources
The U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources or Natural Resources Committee (often referred to as simply Resources) is a Congressional committee of the United States House of Representatives.  Originally called the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (1951), the name was changed to the Committee on Natural Resources in 1991.  The name was shortened to the Committee on Resources in 1995 by the new chair, Don Young (at the same time, the committee took over the duties of the now-defunct Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee). Following the Democratic takeover of the House of Representatives in 2006, the name of the committee was changed back to its title used between 1991 and 1995.
Roby Brock
Roby Brock is an American media executive, journalist, and political reporter in Arkansas. He hosts a television show and radio show and is CEO of a media company.

His show Talk Business and Politics (TB&P) aired on Fox affiliate KLRT-TV. Guests have included Rex Nelson. Brock has written for Arkansas Democrat-Gazette and Arkansas Business.

Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette is the newspaper of record in the U.S. state of Arkansas, printed in Little Rock with a northwest edition published in Lowell. It is distributed for sale in all 75 of Arkansas's counties.

By virtue of one of its predecessors, the Arkansas Gazette (founded in 1819), it claims to be the oldest continuously published newspaper west of the Mississippi River. The original print shop of the Gazette is preserved at the Historic Arkansas Museum in Little Rock.
Tržec
Tržec (pronounced [ˈtəɾʒəts]) is a settlement at the confluence of the Polskava River with the Dravinja in the Municipality of Videm in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

There is a small rectangular chapel-shrine with a polygonal apse in the settlement. It was built in 1922.

Drava Statistical Region
The Drava Statistical Region (Slovene: podravska statistična regija) is a statistical region in Slovenia. The largest city in the region is Maribor. The region's name comes from the Drava River and includes land on both banks along its course through Slovenia as well as the Pohorje mountains in the northeast of the region. The Drava is used for the production of hydroelectricity and the fertile land around it is used for agriculture. The share of job vacancies in all available jobs is among the highest in Slovenia and the region has a positive net migration rate but a very high natural decrease, which means an overall decrease in the population.
Muros de Nalón
Muros de Nalón (Asturian: Muros) is a small coastal municipality in the Spanish province of Asturias, with an area of 8.09 square kilometers. It is bounded to the north by the Bay of Biscay, to the east by the river Nalón, to the south by Pravia and the west by Cudillero. The eucalyptus tree is the town tree and occupies great parts of the slopes down to the coast.

There are two parishes (administrative divisions): Muros de Nalón (which is divided in five villages: Ea, Pumariega, Muros, Reborio and Villar) and San Esteban de Pravia.

Two important buildings in the municipality are the Palace of Valdecarzana and Vallehermoso and the Church of Santa María. It is possible to watch a panoramical view of the Asturian coast from the Mirador del Espíritu Santo.

Nalón (river)
The Nalón is a river in the autonomous community of Asturias, Spain. It is the longest river in Asturias, measuring 140.8 km (87.5 mi). It begins near Puerto de Tarna in Caso and flows into the Cantabrian Sea just north of San Juan de la Arena. Its many tributaries include the Narcea, which is itself the second largest river in Asturias, and the Cubia.

The river is home to multiple endangered species, including the Iberian desman and the Cantabrian brown bear. Strabo made the first known historical reference to the river, calling it "Melsos." Ptolemy later referred to the river as the "Naelus" or "Nailos." This, in turn, would later morph into "Nilonis" and "Nalonis" in documents from the medieval Kingdom of Asturias, leading to its current denomination.
Andrew de Boorder
Andrew Philip de Boorder (born 6 July 1988) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played for Auckland between the 2007–08 and 2011–12 seasons.

De Boorder attended Macleans College in his early high school years and later attended King's College, Auckland. He played for New Zealand in the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup held in Sri Lanka. He made his senior debut for Auckland in March 2008, scoring 88 runs, and went on to play 36 matches for the side. He played club cricket for Howick Pakuranga Cricket Club.

2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup
The 2006 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was played in Sri Lanka from 2 to 15 February 2006. It was the sixth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup.

The final was played between the defending champion Pakistan and India in Colombo, which Pakistan won by 38 runs, enabling them to become the first back-to-back champions of the tournament.
Ray Berry
Raymond Lenn Berry (born October 28, 1963) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Baylor Bears before seven seasons in the NFL for the Minnesota Vikings from 1987 to 1992 and the Seattle Seahawks in 1993.

Baylor Bears football
The Baylor Bears football team represents Baylor University in Division I FBS college football. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference.  After 64 seasons at the off-campus Baylor Stadium, renamed Floyd Casey Stadium in 1988, the Bears opened the new on-campus McLane Stadium for the 2014 season.
Lavant Cup
The Lavant Cup was a motor race held in the spring at Goodwood, England from 1949 to 1966. Over the years it was variously run for Formula 2, Formula 1 and, finally, Sports car racing classes, with the latter counting towards the British Sports Car Championship. The trophy is named for the near-by parish and villages of Lavant, which also give their name to the Lavant Straight on the circuit itself.

In recent years the race has been revived as a historic racing event, forming a part of the Goodwood SpeedWeek meeting.

Lavant, West Sussex
Lavant is a civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England, 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of Chichester. It includes three villages: Mid Lavant and East Lavant, which are separate Anglican parishes, and the much smaller West Lavant. It takes its name from the River Lavant which flows from East Dean to Chichester.

The A286 road between Chichester and Midhurst runs through the parish.

The villages were served by a station in Mid Lavant, on the railway line that ran between Chichester and Midhurst, but this closed in stages between 1931 and 1991.
Jens Pühse
Jens Pühse (born 22 January 1972) is an extreme right-wing German politician from Wilhelmshaven. He is a member of the German National Democratic Party (NPD).

In 1987, he became a member of the Junge Nationaldemokraten (JN), but he left the organization in 1990 because he perceived it to be too liberal. Subsequently, he joined the Nationalist Front (NF) until it was banned by the government in November 1992. In 1994, he came back to JN and he became the leader of NPD Freising in 1997. In the 2004 Landtag election in Saxony, he acquired 6.3% of the votes.

Wilhelmshaven
Wilhelmshaven (German pronunciation: [ˌvɪlhɛlmsˈhaːfn̩] ⓘ, lit. 'Wilhelm's Harbour'; Northern Low Saxon: Willemshaven) is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the western side of the Jade Bight, a bay of the North Sea, and has a population of 76,089. Wilhelmshaven is the centre of the "Jade Buse" business region (which has around 330,000 inhabitants) and is Germany's main military port.

The adjacent Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park (part of the Wattenmeer UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site) provides the basis for the major tourism industry in the region.
Xerophyta
Xerophyta is a genus of flowering plants in the family Velloziaceae. It was named in 1789 by de Jussieu. It is native to Africa, Madagascar, and the Arabian Peninsula.

Some species in this genus are poikilochlorophyllous plants. This means that during dry climatic conditions, they lose chlorophyll and cease photosynthesis and transpiration. Thus they are extremely tolerant of desiccation . Hence the name Xerophyta, from Ancient Greek ξηρός (xeros, "dry") and  φυτά (phutá), plural of φυτόν (phutón, “plant”).

Sequencing of the genome of Xerophyta viscosa allowed to propose that the mechanism of desiccation tolerance in these plants is achieved by employing the genetic repertoire used by desiccation-tolerant seeds.

Species

formerly included

moved to other genera: Barbaceniopsis Nanuza Vellozia

Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. The word desiccation comes from Latin  de- 'thoroughly' and  siccare 'to dry'.
Billy Ray Smith Jr.
Billy Ray Smith Jr. (born August 10, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons during the 1980s and 1990s.  He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks, and was twice recognized as a unanimous All-American.  Smith was selected in the first round of the 1983 NFL draft, and played professionally for the NFL's San Diego Chargers.

Arkansas Razorbacks football
The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas in the sport of American football. The Razorbacks compete in the 
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Home games are played at stadiums on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System: Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock.

The program began in 1894 and has compiled an all-time record of 740–539–40, for a .576 winning percentage. The Razorbacks have won 13 conference championships and have had 58 players honored as All-Americans. Arkansas claims one national championship (1964) awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA).
Rikito Sugiura
Rikito Sugiura (杉浦 力斗, Sugiura Rikito, born 22 October 2002) is a Japanese footballer currently playing as a forward for Tegevajaro Miyazaki from 2023, on loan from Zweigen Kanazawa as a designated special player.

Zweigen Kanazawa
Zweigen Kanazawa (ツエーゲン金沢, Tsuēgen Kanazawa) is a Japanese football club based in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture. They currently play in the J3 League, Japan's third tier of professional league football after being relegated at the end of 2023 of J2 League.
Defence in a Competitive Age
Defence in a Competitive Age is a Ministry of Defence command paper which was released on 22 March 2021. It provided details on changes to the armed forces to meet the requirements of the Integrated Review which was published before it on 16 March 2021.

Command paper
A command paper is an official document in the United Kingdom which is issued by His Majesty's Government (HMG) and presented to Parliament.

White papers, green papers, treaties, government responses, draft bills, reports from royal commissions, reports from independent inquiries and various government organisations can be released as command papers, so called because they are presented to Parliament formally "By His Majesty's Command".
Andreas Johnsson
Andreas Karl Johnsson (born 21 November 1994) is a Swedish professional ice hockey winger for Skellefteå AIK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Johnsson played with the Toronto Maple Leafs, New Jersey Devils, San Jose Sharks, and Pittsburgh Penguins in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the seventh round, 202nd overall, of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft.

Johansson won the SHL's Le Mat trophy championship with Frölunda in 2016 and Skellefteå AIK in 2024. He was also a 2018 Calder Cup champion with the Toronto Marlies.

Le Mat Trophy
The Le Mat Trophy (Swedish: Le Mat-pokalen, lit. 'Le Mat Cup') is the trophy awarded to Swedish champions in ice hockey. The trophy has been awarded since the 1926 season and starting with the 1975–76 season – it has been awarded to the winners of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) playoffs.

The Le Mat is the oldest trophy competed for by professional athletes in Sweden. The trophy was donated by the founding father of ice hockey in Sweden, Raoul Le Mat, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. in 1926. Since then, the silver cup has been modified and now features a lid with two crossed ice hockey sticks and an oak base. The cup is 52 cm (20 in) high and weighs 3.34 kg (7.4 lb).
HMS Nerissa
Three vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Nerissa:

HMS Nerissa (1916) was an Yarrow M-class destroyer launched at Yarrow in February 1916 and sold in November 1921 at Newport.

HMS Nerissa was an N-class destroyer launched on 7 May 1940 at John Brown, Clydebank and lent to the Polish Navy in October 1940 and renamed ORP Piorun. Returned to the Royal Navy in September 1946 the vessel was recommissioned as HMS Noble, and broken up nine years later in 1955.

HMS Nerissa (J456) was an Algerine-class minesweeper launched at Redfern on 25 November 1944 and arrived at Llanelly for breaking up in August 1960.

Redfern, New South Wales
Redfern is an inner southern suburb of Sydney located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. Strawberry Hills is a locality on the border with Surry Hills. The area experienced the process of gentrification and is subject to extensive redevelopment plans by the state government, to increase the population and reduce the concentration of poverty in the suburb and neighbouring Waterloo (see Redfern-Eveleigh-Darlington).
Hunan hand syndrome
Hunan hand syndrome (also known as "chili burn") is a temporary, but very painful, cutaneous condition that commonly afflicts those who handle, prepare, or cook with fresh or roasted chili peppers. It was first described in an eponymous case report in The New England Journal of Medicine in 1981.

It occurs when the phytochemical capsaicin, which can be present in very high concentrations in certain varieties of chili peppers (especially with superhot peppers such as ghost peppers or Carolina reapers), contacts cutaneous free nerve endings which are present in high density in finger tips. This triggers the release of substance P, which in turn causes a sensation of intense burning pain. Various treatments for Hunan Hand have been described, including soaking the affected fingers in lidocaine; milk or vinegar; or the use of local nerve blocks, gabapentin, or topical corticosteroids. Hunan hand can be prevented by wearing rubber gloves when handling chili peppers.

Nerve block
Nerve block or regional nerve blockade is any deliberate interruption of signals traveling along a nerve, often for the purpose of pain relief. Local anesthetic nerve block (sometimes referred to as simply "nerve block") is a short-term block, usually lasting hours or days, involving the injection of an anesthetic, a corticosteroid, and other agents onto or near a nerve. Neurolytic block, the deliberate temporary degeneration of nerve fibers through the application of chemicals, heat, or freezing, produces a block that may persist for weeks, months, or indefinitely. Neurectomy, the cutting through or removal of a nerve or a section of a nerve, usually produces a permanent block. Because neurectomy of a sensory nerve is often followed, months later, by the emergence of new, more intense pain, sensory nerve neurectomy is rarely performed.

The concept of nerve block sometimes includes central nerve block, which includes epidural and spinal anaesthesia.
Nachingwea, Lindi Municipal District
Nachingwea is an administrative ward in Lindi Municipal District of Lindi Region in Tanzania. 
The ward covers an area of 0.8 km2 (0.31 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 38 m (125 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 3,176.

Lindi Municipal Council, Lindi
Lindi Municipal District is one of the eight administrative districts of Lindi Region in Tanzania. The district covers an area of 1,064 km2 (411 sq mi).The district is comparable in size to the land area of the nation state of Sao Tome and Principe. It is entirely bordered on land by Lindi District and its faces the Indian Ocean to the east. Lindi Municipal District hosts the region's capital is located in the ward of Ndoro in the town of Lindi. According to the 2012 census, the district has a total population of 78,841.
Arthur Groenouw
Arthur Groenouw (27 March 1862 – 1945) was a German ophthalmologist born in Bosatz, a village near Ratibor.

He studied medicine in Breslau, and was an assistant to physiologist Rudolf Heidenhain (1834–1897) and ophthalmologist Wilhelm Uhthoff (1853–1927). In 1892 he was habilitated for ophthalmology in Breslau, and in 1899 attained the title of professor.

In 1890 Groenouw described two different types of corneal dystrophy, of which he wrote about in an article titled "Knötchenförmige Hornhauttrübungen" (noduli corneae).  At the time, he believed that the two types were variations of the same disease. Later on, his findings on corneal dystrophy were classified as two separate syndromes:

"Groenouw Type I": Granular type of corneal dystrophy. Characterized by discrete grey opacities scattered over the surface of the cornea.

"Groenouw Type II": Macular type of corneal dystrophy. Characterized by greyish white opaque granules with sharp borders, mostly in central part of cornea.

Granula
Granula was the first manufactured breakfast cereal. It was invented by James Caleb Jackson in 1863. Jackson and many of his contemporaries believed that the digestive system was the basis of illness. He therefore began experimenting at his upstate New York health spa with cold cereal as an illness cure; the development of Granula was the outcome of his experiments.

Granula could be described as being a larger and tougher version of the somewhat similar later cereal Grape-Nuts. However, it consisted primarily of bran-rich graham flour made into nugget shapes. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before it could be eaten.

The cereal was manufactured from a dough of graham flour rolled into sheets and baked. The dried sheets were then broken into pieces, baked again, and broken into smaller pieces.
Copper–copper(II) sulfate electrode
The copper–copper(II) sulfate electrode is a reference electrode of the first kind, based on the redox reaction with participation of the metal (copper) and its salt, copper(II) sulfate.
It is used for measuring electrode potential and is the most commonly used reference electrode for testing cathodic protection corrosion control systems. The corresponding equation can be presented as follow:

Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu0(metal)

This reaction is characterized by reversible and fast electrode kinetics, meaning that a sufficiently high current can be passed through the electrode with 100% efficiency of the redox reaction (dissolution of the metal or cathodic deposition of the copper-ions).

The Nernst equation below shows the dependence of the potential of the copper-copper(II) sulfate electrode on the activity or concentration copper-ions:

The potential of a copper–copper sulfate electrode is +0.314 volt with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode.

Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. The concentration can refer to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. The molar (amount) concentration has variants, such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration. Dilution is reduction of concentration, e.g., by adding solvent to a solution. The verb "to concentrate" means to increase concentration, the opposite of dilute.
Sabinal Formation
The Sabinal Formation is a Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous-aged geological formation in Oaxaca, Mexico. It preserves a highly diverse marine fauna.

It was initially thought to only encompass the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian & Tithonian), but more recent studies have redefined it to cover the earliest Cretaceous (Berriasian & Valanginian) as well. It is part of the Tlaxiaco Basin, a prominent structural basin in southern Mexico that accumulated both continental and marine sediments between the Early Jurassic and the Paleogene. The most prolific site of the formation is the Kimmeridgian-aged Llano Yosobe site near Tlaxiaco.

Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.

In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
Brandy Alexander
A Brandy Alexander is a brandy-based dessert cocktail, consisting of cognac, crème de cacao, and cream, that became popular during the early 20th century. It is a variation of an earlier, gin-based cocktail called simply an Alexander. The cocktail known as Alexander today may contain gin or brandy. Ice cream can be added for a "frozen Brandy Alexander".

Brideshead Revisited
Brideshead Revisited: The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder is a novel by the English writer Evelyn Waugh, first published in 1945. It follows, from the 1920s to the early 1940s, the life and romances of Charles Ryder, especially his friendship with the Flytes, a family of wealthy English Catholics who live in a palatial mansion, Brideshead Castle. Ryder has relationships with two of the Flytes: Lord Sebastian and Lady Julia. The novel explores themes including Catholicism and nostalgia for the age of English aristocracy. A well-received television adaptation of the novel was produced in an 11-part miniseries by Granada Television in 1981. In 2008, it was adapted as a film.
HNLMS Willem van der Zaan
Two ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy  have been named HNLMS Willem van der Zaan in honour of the 17th century Schout-bij-nacht ("Rear Admiral") Willem Van Der Zaan.

HNLMS Willem van der Zaan (ML-2), was a minelayer launched in 1939, and scrapped in 1970.

HNLMS Willem van der Zaan (F829), was a Karel Doorman-class frigate, launched in 1989, and sold to the Belgian Navy in 2005 and renamed Louise-Marie.

Karel Doorman-class frigate
The Karel Doorman-class frigates are a series of eight multi-purpose vessels built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. The class takes its name from the lead ship, whose namesake is Karel Doorman, a Dutch naval officer who went down with his ship at the Battle of the Java Sea in 1942.