hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Backward speech
The trait of backward speech is described as an ability to spontaneously and accurately reverse words. Two strategies of word reversal were reported: reversal according to the phonetic structure of the words or reversal according to their spelling. In the 1980s Nelson Cowan hypothesized that this ability is afforded by an extraordinary working memory. Recent studies have provided evidence that the working memory is indeed involved in this ability and further suggested that genetic factors may contribute to this trait.

Spelling
Spelling is a set of conventions for written language regarding how graphemes should correspond to the sounds of spoken language. Spelling is one of the elements of orthography, and highly standardized spelling is a prescriptive element.

Spellings originated as transcriptions of the sounds of speech according to the alphabetic principle. Fully phonemic orthography is usually only approximated, due to factors including changes in pronunciation over time, and the borrowing of vocabulary from other languages without adapting its spelling. Homophones may be spelled differently on purpose in order to disambiguate words that would otherwise have identical spellings.
Health care finance in the United States
Health care finance in the United States discusses how Americans obtain and pay for their healthcare, and why U.S. healthcare costs are the highest in the world based on various measures.

It is possible to negotiate the price of the medical bills with the hospital billing department.

KFF (health policy organization)
KFF, formerly known as The Kaiser Family Foundation or The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, is an American non-profit organization, headquartered in San Francisco, California. KFF, which is the legal name of the organization, is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente and is a public charity. KFF states that it is an independent organization focused on health policy. It conducts its own research, polling, and journalism. Its website has been praised for having the "most up-to-date and accurate information on health policy" and as a "must-read for healthcare devotees".
Flowers of Asphalt
Flowers of Asphalt is an unfinished novel attributed to American writer Stephen Crane. The novel, said to have been started in 1894, was to be about a male prostitute. No trace of the manuscript has ever been found.

Male prostitution
Male prostitution is a form of sex work consisting of the act or practice of men providing sexual services in return for payment. Although clients can be of any gender, the vast majority are older males looking to fulfill their sexual needs. Male prostitutes have been far less studied than female prostitutes by researchers. Even so, male prostitution has an extensive history, including regulation through homosexuality, conceptual developments on sexuality, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic impact. In the last century, male sex work has seen various advancements such as popularizing new sexual acts, methods of exchange, and carving out a spot in cinema.
WHCM
WHCM (88.3 FM) is a student-run campus radio station at William Rainey Harper College in Palatine, Illinois.  WHCM offers freeform music, news, talk and public affairs programming 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. WHCM is part of the college's Division of Liberal Arts and Department of Communication Arts.

Free-form radio
Free-form, or free-form radio, is a radio station programming format in which the disc jockey is given wide or total control over what music to play, regardless of music genre or commercial interests. Freeform radio stands in contrast to most commercial radio stations, in which DJs have little or no influence over programming structure or playlists. In the United States, freeform DJs are still bound by Federal Communications Commission regulations.
Lesser moa
The lesser moa (family Emeidae) were a family in the moa order Dinornithiformes. About two-thirds of all moa species are in the lesser moa family. The moa were ratites from New Zealand: flightless birds with a sternum but without a keel. They also have a distinctive palate. The origin of the ratites is becoming clearer as it is now believed that early ancestors of these birds were able to fly and flew to the southern areas that they have been found in.

Palate
The palate (/ˈpælɪt/) is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separated. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior, bony hard palate and the posterior, fleshy soft palate (or velum).
Jared Emerson-Johnson
Jared Nathaniel Emerson-Johnson (born October 13, 1981) is an American video game music composer, sound designer, voice director and voice actor. Emerson-Johnson is the Music Supervisor and lead composer at Bay Area Sound, an audio production company specializing in sound design, music and voiceover for video games. His work has been predominantly featured in games developed by Telltale.

Video game music
Video game music (VGM) is the soundtrack that accompanies video games. Early video game music was once limited to sounds of early sound chips, such as programmable sound generators (PSG) or FM synthesis chips. These limitations have led to the style of music known as chiptune, which became the sound of the early video games.

With technological advances, video game music has grown to include a wider range of sounds. Players can hear music in video games over a game's title screen, menus, and gameplay. Game soundtracks can also change depending on a player's actions or situation, such as indicating missed actions in rhythm games, informing the player they are in a dangerous situation, or rewarding them for specific achievements.

Video game music can be one of two kinds: original or licensed.

The popularity of video game music has created education and job opportunities, generated awards, and led video game soundtracks to be commercially sold and performed in concerts.
Conquest (1928 film)
Conquest (aka The Candle in the Wind) is a 1928 American aviation drama film, based on the short story "The Candle in the Wind" by Mary Imlay Taylor. The film was made using the Vitaphone sound process. Conquest was directed by Roy Del Ruth, and stars Monte Blue, H.B. Warner and Lois Wilson. The film is a melodrama about an aircraft crash in Antarctica. Conquest is now considered a lost film, although the complete soundtrack exists on Vitaphone discs.

Monte Blue
Gerard Montgomery Blue (né Bluefeather; January 11, 1887 – February 18, 1963) was an American film actor who began his career as a romantic lead in the silent era; and for decades after the advent of sound, he continued to perform as a supporting player in a wide range of motion pictures.
Ahmad Tuan Hussein
Ahmad Tuan Hussein (17 June 1906 – 25 February 1978) was a Malayan politician and Islamic religious teacher. He was born in Alor Setar, Kedah with Islamic teaching families.

He served in the pre-independence Federal Legislative Council of Malaya, having been elected to the chamber in the 1955 election for the seat of Krian, Perak. He was a member of the party later known as the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).

Of the 52 Council members elected in 1955, Ahmad was the only one not from the Alliance coalition. He was also the first PAS candidate ever elected to a legislative assembly.

After not contesting the next election, he continue to serve Islamic teaching  until he died in 1978 at Penang.

Federation of Malaya
Malaya, officially the Federation of Malaya, was a country in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1963. It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya. It comprised eleven states – nine Malay states and two of the Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca. It was established on 1 February 1948.

Initially a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, Malaya became fully sovereign on 31 August 1957, and on 16 September 1963, Malaya was superseded by Malaysia when it united with Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. Singapore was expelled on 9 August 1965, leaving the original states of Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah – now collectively known as East Malaysia – to form modern-day Malaysia, while the former Federation of Malaya is now referred to as Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia.
Das Oath (album)
Das Oath is a full-length album by thrashcore band Das Oath, released in 2004 by Dim Mak Records. According to the album's liner notes, it was recorded in Rotterdam in the Netherlands.

Track 3, "Awesome Rape", was featured on the soundtrack to the skateboarding video game Tony Hawk's Underground 2.

Thrashcore
Thrashcore (also known as fastcore) is a fast-tempo subgenre of hardcore punk that emerged in the early 1980s. Thrashcore is essentially sped-up hardcore, adopting a slightly more extreme style by means of its vocals, dissonance, and occasional use of blast beats. Songs are usually very brief, and thrashcore is in many ways a less dissonant, minimally metallic forerunner of grindcore. The genre is sometimes associated with the skateboarder subculture.
Flavio Alonso
Flavio Alonso (born May 11, 1968) is a Spanish rally driver. He is best known for participating in the Race of Champions during the event's tenure at Gran Canaria, the highlight being winning the 'Rally Masters' contest in 1992 and 1996. He also represented Spain alongside Oriol Servia and Emilio Alzamora at the 2003 event, losing in the final to the 'All-Star' team. He also reached the quarter-finals of the main event that year, but was beaten by François Duval.

He has competed sporadically in the Spanish Rally Championship and the European Rally Championship, and also participated in the Spanish round of the 1999 World Rally Championship.

Oriol Servià
Oriol Servià Imbers (born 13 July 1974) is a Spanish former racing driver who competed most notably in the IndyCar Series. He raced for Dragon Racing in the 2014–15 Formula E season, and left the series prior to the 2015 Miami ePrix to become managing director for the technical and commercial partnerships of Dragon Racing. Servià holds a degree in mechanical engineering from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. Since 2018 he also serves as pace car driver at IndyCar races outside the Indianapolis 500.
Kingstone High School
Kingstone High School is a mixed secondary school located in Kingstone in the English county of Herefordshire.

Previously a community school administered by Herefordshire Council, Kingstone High School converted to academy status in August 2011. It continues to co-ordinate with Herefordshire Council for admissions and mainly serves the areas of South Hereford and the Golden Valley.

Kingstone High School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils. The main school building was built in the 1960s, with other buildings added later.

Hereford
Hereford (/ˈhɛrɪfərd/ ⓘ HERR-if-ərd) is a cathedral city and the county town of the ceremonial county of Herefordshire, England. It is on the banks of the River Wye and lies 16 miles (26 km) east of the border with Wales, 23 miles (37 km) north-west of Gloucester and 24 miles (39 km) south-west of Worcester. With a population of 61,900 in 2024, it is the largest settlement in Herefordshire.

An early town charter from 1189, granted by Richard I of England, describes it as "Hereford in Wales". Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed in October 2000. Hereford has been a civil parish since 2000.

Products from Hereford include cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals and sausage rolls, as well as the Hereford breed of cattle.
Jakob Wilhelm Sprengtporten
Jakob Wilhelm Sprengtporten (9 October 1794 – 29 September 1875) was a Swedish statesman and Lord of the Realm. He served as governor of Stockholm between 1830 and 1838 and as member of the Riksdag of the Estates between 1823 and 1866.

Jakob Wilhelm Sprengtporten was born into the Sprengtporten family at Sparreholm Castle in Södermanland, Sweden, the son of Baron Johan Vilhelm Sprengtporten and the Countess Sophia Lovisa Mörner af Morlanda. He had a sister, Countess Ulla De Geer. He attended Uppsala University.

In 1825, Sprengtporten married Countess Ulrika Wilhelmina Brahe.

Brahe
The Brahe family (originally Bragde) refers to two closely related noble families of Scanian origin that played significant roles in both Danish and Swedish history. The Danish branch became extinct in 1786, and the Swedish branch in 1930.
Piyush Shah
Piyush Shah is an Indian cinematographer who has been active since 1986, primarily in Hindi cinema.

For his work on the documentary film Moksha (1993), he received the National Film Award for Best Cinematography.

In a career spanning nearly four decades, Piyush has worked on documentaries, feature films, television series, and commercials. He has been associated with key figures in Indian parallel cinema such as Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, and Shyam Benegal.

He has also collaborated closely with leading documentary filmmakers like Arun Khopkar, Pankaj Butalia, and Pan Nalin. Additionally, Piyush has contributed to projects with popular mainstream directors including Rajkumar Santoshi, Ram Gopal Varma, Priyadarshan, and Ashutosh Gowariker.

Ashutosh Gowariker
Ashutosh Gowariker (born 15 February 1964) is an Indian film director, actor, screenwriter and producer who works in Indian Hindi cinema. He is known for directing films "set on a huge canvas while boasting of an opulent treatment".

He is best known for helming the epic musical sports drama Lagaan (2001), the social drama Swades (2004) and the epic historical romantic drama Jodhaa Akbar (2008), winning the Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director for Lagaan and Jodhaa Akbar.

Lagaan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 74th Academy Awards, which makes him a voting member of the Academy Awards. He returned to acting by playing the lead role in the critically acclaimed comedy drama Ventilator (2016).
Heidi Blomstedt
Heidi Kristina Blomstedt (née Sibelius; Järvenpää, 20 June 1911 – Helsinki, 3 January 1982) was a Finnish designer.

She began her education in Helsinki, and later continued her studies at the Ateneum School of Art.

She graduated in ceramics at the Taik School of Art and Design in 1932, and worked as a freelance ceramist and for the Arabia company.

She married the modernist architect and architectural theoretician Aulis Blomstedt, and they had four children: Juhana Blomstedt (1937–2010), Petri Blomstedt (1941–1997), Anssi Blomstedt (b. 1945) and Severi Blomstedt (b. 1946).

Her parents were the composer Jean Sibelius and Aino Sibelius.

Arabia (brand)
Arabia was a Finnish ceramics company, founded in 1873 by Rörstrand, now owned by Fiskars. Arabia has specialized in faience and porcelain kitchenware and tableware.

The original Arabia porcelain factory was located in Toukola (Helsinki). It later housed the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture.

Ulla Procopé, Esteri Tomula, Birger Kaipiainen and Kaj Franck were among the best-known artists and designers for the company.

In 1990 the company was acquired by Hackman and was incorporated into the Hackman trademark. In 2016 the Arabia factory in Finland closed. All Arabia products are now made in Thailand and Romania.
Ourhoud Oil Field
Ourhoud Oil Field is an oil field located in Ouargla Province. It was discovered in 1994 and developed by Sonatrach. The total proven reserves of the Ourhoud oil field are around 1 billion barrels (140 million tonnes), and production is centered on 250,000 barrels per day (40,000 m3/d).

Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.
Paris by Night 79
Paris By Night 79: Dreams is a Paris By Night program produced by Thúy Nga that was filmed at the San Jose Center for the Performing Arts, on August 20, 2005. The show was MC'ed by Nguyễn Ngọc Ngạn and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên.

Thúy Nga Productions
Thúy Nga Inc. (listenⓘ) (dba Thúy Nga Productions, variously referred to as Thúy Nga Incorporated, Thúy Nga Paris, and Trung Tâm Thúy Nga) is an American entertainment company founded in 1984 in Paris, and currently based in Westminster, California. The private company is known for its Vietnamese-oriented entertainment, such as the variety show and direct-to-video series Paris by Night, and music released as part of the record label Thúy Nga Music.
29th Quebec Legislature
The 29th National Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that was elected in the 1970 Quebec general election.  It sat for four sessions, from 9 June 1970 to 19 December 1970; from 23 February 1971 to 24 December 1971; from 7 March 1972 to 14 March 1973; and from 15 March 1973 to 25 September 1973. The governing Quebec Liberal Party was led by Premier Robert Bourassa; the official opposition Union Nationale was led by Jean-Jacques Bertrand and later by Gabriel Loubier. The events of the October Crisis took place during this mandate.

Union Nationale (Quebec)
The Union nationale (French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal]) was a conservative and nationalist provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that identified with Québécois autonomism.  It was created during the Great Depression and held power in Quebec from 1936 to 1939, from 1944 to 1960 and from 1966 to 1970. The party was founded by Maurice Duplessis, who led it until his death in 1959.

The party was often referred to in English as the National Union, especially when it was still an electoral force, by both the media and, at times, the party.
Bohemanneset
Bohemanneset (English: "Cape Boheman") is a cape defined by the southeastern spit of Bohemanflya, located at the northwestern side of Isfjorden, in Oscar II Land on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is named after Swedish entomologist Carl Henrik Boheman. Bohemanneset has a length of about 2 km (1.2 mi). Older names are Cap Boheman and Cape Boheman.

Polar explorers Hjalmar Johansen and Theodor Lerner spent the winter of 1907/1908 in a cabin at Bohemanneset.

Carl Henrik Boheman
Carl Henrik Boheman (10 July 1796 – 2 November 1868) was a Swedish entomologist. He collected specimens in Norway and became a curator of the Swedish museum of natural history and described numerous beetle species.
Rissooidea
Rissooidea (originally named Rissoacea by Gray in 1847) is a superfamily of tiny marine snails.

Following their phylogenetic analysis of snails in the rissooidean and cingulopsoidean families in 2013, Criscione F. and Ponder W.F. determined that Rissooidea was not monophyletic, and created the superfamily Truncatelloidea, which encompasses many families previously included in the superfamily Rissooidea. Several freshwater, brackish, and semi-terrestrial families and genera within Rissooidea were brought under Truncatelloidea.

Snail
A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word "snail" is used in this most general sense, it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails. Gastropods that naturally lack a shell, or have only an internal shell, are mostly called slugs, and land snails that have only a very small shell (that they cannot retract into) are sometimes called semi-slugs.
Prior Pursglove and Stockton Sixth Form College
Prior Pursglove and Stockton Sixth Form College is a sixth form college with sites in Guisborough and Stockton-on-Tees. The college is a result of a merger between Prior Pursglove College and Stockton Sixth Form College in May 2016. Prior Pursglove College is led by Olivia Wytcherley whilst Stockton Sixth Form College is led by Michael Mackin  who is accountable to the board of governors.

The college educates around 1,600 students on the Guisborough campus, and 700 students on the Stockton campus.

Sixth form college
A sixth form college is an educational institution, where students aged 16 to 19 study typically for advanced post-school level qualifications such as A Levels, Business and Technology Education Council level 3 (BTEC), and the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or school-level qualifications such as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations and BTEC level 2 qualifications. In many countries this type of educational institute is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the phrase 'sixth form college' as the English name for a lycée (high school).
The Essential Billie Holiday: Carnegie Hall Concert Recorded Live
The Essential Billie Holiday: Carnegie Hall Concert Recorded Live is a live album by jazz singer Billie Holiday, recorded on November 10, 1956, at Carnegie Hall in New York City. The two sets promoted Billie Holiday's autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues.

Fine and Mellow
"Fine and Mellow" is a jazz standard written by Billie Holiday, who first recorded it on April 20, 1939 on the Commodore label. It is a blues lamenting the bad treatment of a woman at the hands of "my man".
The Blue Knight (TV series)
The Blue Knight is an American crime drama series that was broadcast by CBS from December 17, 1975 until October 20, 1976. It features George Kennedy as Officer Bumper Morgan. The series was based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Joseph Wambaugh and produced by Lorimar Productions. It was also inspired by the 1973 television movie The Blue Knight, featuring William Holden, which was broadcast before the series premiered.

Joseph Wambaugh
Joseph Aloysius Wambaugh Jr. (January 22, 1937 – February 28, 2025) was an American writer known for his fictional and nonfictional accounts of police work in the United States. Many of his novels are set in Los Angeles and its surroundings and feature Los Angeles police officers as protagonists. He won three Edgar Awards, and was named a Grand Master by the Mystery Writers of America.
South African cricket team in Australia in 2008–09
The South Africa cricket team toured Australia between 6 December 2008 and 30 January 2009, playing three Test matches, two Twenty20 Internationals and five One Day Internationals against Australia.

Following a dispute with Cricket Australia, the three leading news agencies, Reuters, Agence France-Presse and Associated Press decided not to cover the series.

Wayne Parnell
Wayne Dillon Parnell (born 30 July 1989) is a South African professional cricketer who has played Test, One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket for the South Africa national cricket team. At domestic level he played for Cape Cobras, Warriors and Eastern Province in South Africa and for a range of teams in competitions around the world.