hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Petrostate
A petrostate, oil state or petrocracy is a polity whose economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and export of oil or natural gas. Petrostates are conventionally independent nations; however writers like Samuel Weston and Andrew Nikiforuk describe major oil-producing subnational entities like Wyoming, Alberta and Louisiana as also petrostates. A petromonarchy or oil monarchy is a petrostate run by a dynastic absolute monarch; one run by another type of autocrat is a petro-dictatorship.

The presence alone of large oil and gas industries does not define a petrostate: major oil producers that also have diversified economies are not classified as petrostates due to their ability to generate income from various industries and sectors beyond the oil industry. Petrostates typically have highly concentrated political and economic power, resting in the hands of an elite, as well as unaccountable political institutions that are susceptible to corruption.

Economic diversity
Economic diversity or economic diversification refers to variations in the economic status or the use of a broad range of economic activities in a region or country. Diversification is used as a strategy to encourage positive economic growth and development. Research shows that more diversified economies are associated with higher levels of gross domestic product.
Bohlmann
Bohlmann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Frank Bohlmann (1917–1999), American footballer

Georg Bohlmann (1869–1928), German mathematician who specialized in probability theory and actuarial mathematics.

Georg Carl Bohlmann (1838–1920), Danish composer and organist

Hans-Joachim Bohlmann (1937–2009), German property vandal

Ralph Arthur Bohlmann (1932–2016), American theologian

Sabine Bohlmann (born 1969), German actress

Georg Carl Bohlmann
Georg Carl Bohlmann (1838 – 1920) was a Danish music teacher, music director, organist and composer. He composed a number of major and minor compositions, including two symphonies, and several overtures. He also arranged music for other artists.
The Golden Rooster
The Golden Rooster (Ոսկի աքաղաղ Voski ak’aghagh) is an 1870 Armenian language novel by the novelist Raffi. The novel was adapted into a play by the Hamazgayin Theatre.  Its English translation by Donald Abcarian was published in 2008 by the Taderon Press of the Gomidas Institute in London.

Raffi (novelist)
Hakob Melik Hakobian (Armenian: Յակոբ Մելիք Յակոբեան (classical); 1835 – 25 April 1888), better known by his pen name Raffi (Armenian: Րաֆֆի), was an Armenian author and leading figure in 19th-century Armenian literature. He is considered one of the most influential and popular modern Armenian authors. His works, especially his historical novels, played an important role in the development of modern Armenian nationalism. Ara Baliozian described him as Armenia's "greatest novelist of the 19th century."
Conaty Park
Conaty Park is a baseball venue in Smithfield, Rhode Island, United States.  It is home to the Bryant Bulldogs baseball team of the NCAA Division I Northeast Conference.  The facility was opened in 2000 and has a capacity of 500 spectators.  It features an electronic scoreboard, bullpens, and dugouts.  In 2008, batting cages were added adjacent to the field.  Also, the infield has recently been renovated.

Formerly known as the Bryant Baseball Complex, the facility was rededicated as Conaty Park on April 28, 2012, prior to a game against Fairleigh Dickinson.  It is named for Bryant alumnus Bill Conaty.  Conaty is a published author and former business executive.

In 2004, the facility hosted the NCAA Division II Baseball Northeast Regional, which Bryant won.

Bullpen
In baseball, the bullpen (or simply the pen) is the area where relief pitchers warm up before entering a game. A team's roster of relief pitchers is also metonymically referred to as "the bullpen". These pitchers usually wait in the bullpen if they have not yet played in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes his final pregame warm-up throws in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin their warm-up tosses. Relief pitchers are often assisted in their warm-ups by specialized coaches known as bullpen catchers.

Each team generally has its own bullpen consisting of two pitching rubbers and plates at regulation distance from each other. In most Major League Baseball parks, the bullpens are situated out-of-play behind the outfield fence.
Suwarsih Djojopuspito
Suwarsih Djojopuspito (April 20, 1912, in Buitenzorg, Dutch East Indies – August 24, 1977, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia), in pre-1940 spelling Soewarsih Djojopoespito,  was an Indonesian author, regarded as one of the most important Indonesian feminist writers, publishing from the 1940s to the 1970s. Among her most well-known works are the semi-autobiographical novel Buiten het gareel (1940) and the short story collection Empat Serangkai (1954). She was among the vanguard of early feminist authors in Indonesia that preceded the New Order, and was one of the first female writers (along with Sariamin Ismail, Fatimah Hasan Delais, and Saadah Alim) to be published by the state publishing house Balai Pustaka.

Indonesians
Indonesians (Indonesian: Orang Indonesia) are citizens or people who are identified with the country of Indonesia, regardless of their ethnic or religious background. There are more than 1,300 ethnicities in Indonesia, making it a multicultural archipelagic country with a diversity of languages, culture and religious beliefs. The population of Indonesia according to the 2020 national census was 270.2 million. 56% live on the island of Java, the world's most populous island. Around 95% of Indonesians are Native Indonesians (formerly grouped as "Pribumi"), primarily of Austronesian and Melanesian descent, with 40% Javanese  and 15% Sundanese forming the majority, while the other 5% are Indonesians with ancestry from foreign origin, such as Arab Indonesians, Chinese Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, and Indos.
Tuwal Dabaghin
Twal Dabaghin (Arabic: طوال دباغين)  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Twal Dabaghin had a population of 509 in the 2004 census.

Hama Governorate
Hama Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة حماة Muḥāfaẓat Ḥamā) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in western-central Syria, bordering Idlib and Aleppo Governorates to the north, Raqqa Governorate to the east, Homs Governorate to the south, and Tartus and Latakia Governorate to the west. It is the only Governorate (excluding Damascus) that does not border a foreign country. Measures of its area vary from 8,844 km2 to 8,883 km2, with its capital being the city of Hama, also notably being the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries.
Warda al Turk
Warda Nicolas Yusuf Al-Turk (1797 – 1873) was a Lebanese poet who was born and raised in the Chouf District located in Mount Lebanon, during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. She was considered as a "revivalist" in her time, along with other remarkable women from the region, because she was able to revive old classical poetry. Through the influence of her poet father Nicolas Al-Turk who was a court poet for the historic Amir Bashir al-Shihabi II, Warda al-Turk developed a passion for writing and thus devoted most of her work to empowering women.

Her work in colloquial and classical Arabic was one of the very scarce, as a woman poet of her time, to survive to this day. She wrote a lot of poems most of which were panegyrics, in other words, poems of mourning and sadness.

Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon (Arabic: جبل لبنان, romanized: Jabal Lubnān; Syriac: ܛܘܪ ܠܒܢܢ, romanized: Tur Lebnon) is a mountain range in Lebanon. It is about 170 km (110 mi) long and averages above 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation, with its peak at 3,088 m (10,131 ft). The range provides a typical alpine climate year-round.

Mount Lebanon is well-known for its snow-covered mountains, home to surviving Lebanese cedar forests and diverse high-altitude flora and fauna. The name Lebanon itself originates from the white, snow-covered tops of this mountain range.
Jags Krishnan
Jagadish "Jags" Krishnan (born 23 April 1972) is an Indian-born Australian politician and general practitioner. He was elected as a Labor member for Riverton in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly at the 2021 state election.

Western Australian Legislative Assembly
The Western Australian Legislative Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Western Australia, an Australian state. The Parliament sits in Parliament House in the Western Australian capital, Perth.

The Legislative Assembly today has 59 members, elected for four-year terms from single-member electoral districts.  Members are elected using the preferential voting system. As with all other Australian states and territories, voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the legal voting age of 18.
Share of voice
Share of Voice in advertising is a measurement model within advertising. Share of voice measures the percentage of media spending by a company compared to the total media expenditure for the product, service, or category in the market. For example, if an electronics brand were to invest $5,000,000 advertising their latest e-reader, but $100,000,000 worth of advertising was spent advertising e-readers across the entire market for this shared category, then the 5 million dollar investment would equal a 5% share of voice.

Share of Voice can be calculated by taking your advertising spend and dividing it by the total of all market advertising spend for the same type of product or category.

Share of Voice is used to "represent the relative portion of ad inventory available to a single advertiser within a defined market over a specified time period."

E-reader
An e-reader, also called an e reader or e device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals.

Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability, and battery life for this purpose. Their main advantage over printed books is portability: an e-reader is capable of storing thousands of books while weighing less than a single one. Another advantage is the convenience provided by add-on features.
Robert Förster
Robert Förster (born 27 January 1978) is a German former professional road racing cyclist. He specialized in bunch sprints.

He turned professional in 2001, initially riding for Team Nürnberger.

His career highlights have been wins in the final (Museo del Ghisallo–Milan) stage 21 of the Giro d'Italia 2006, and stage 15 (Motilla del Palancar – Ford factory, Almussafes) of the 2006 Vuelta.

Sprinter (cycling)
A sprinter is a road bicycle racer or track racer who can finish a race very explosively by accelerating quickly to a high speed, often using the slipstream of another cyclist or group of cyclists tactically to conserve energy.

Apart from using sprinting as a racing tactic, sprinters can also compete for intermediate sprints (sometimes called primes), often to provide additional excitement in cities along the route of a race. In stage races, intermediate sprints and final stage placings may be combined in a points classification. For example, in the points classification in the Tour de France, the maillot vert (green jersey) is won by the race's most consistent sprinter. At the Tour de France, the most successful recipient of this honor is Slovak sprinter Peter Sagan, who has won seven Tour de France green jerseys (2012–2016, 2018–2019).
Discherodontus halei
Discherodontus halei is a species of cyprinid fish from Southeast Asia. It appears to have a disjunct range; it is known from Pahang River in western Peninsular Malaysia and from the Tapi River in southern Thailand, as well as from the northern Chao Phraya River basin (Mae Ping and Mae Klong), Thailand. This species can reach a length of 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) TL.

Mae Klong
The Mae Klong (Thai: แม่น้ำแม่กลอง, RTGS: Maenam Mae Klong, Thai pronunciation: [mɛ̂ːnáːm mɛ̂ː klɔ̄ːŋ]), sometimes spelled Meklong, is a river in western Thailand. The river begins in Kanchanaburi Province and flows across Ratchaburi Province and Samut Songkhram Province.
Bolivar Court Square Historic District
The Bolivar Court Square Historic District in Bolivar, Tennessee is a 14 acres (5.7 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  It then included 28 contributing buildings and a contributing object (a monument).  It also includes 12 non-contributing buildings.

It is at U.S. Route 64 and State Route 125

Architectural firm Willis, Sloan & Trigg contracted for the courthouse and Spires Boling is credited with the design.

Architecture includes Classical Revival, Greek Revival, and Italianate.

Tennessee State Route 125
State Route 125 (SR 125) is a north–south state route in southern West Tennessee. It begins north of Silerton at SR 100 and ends at the Tennessee–Mississippi state line, where it continues as Mississippi Highway 15.
Watts family murders
In the early hours of August 13, 2018, in Frederick, Colorado, Christopher Lee Watts murdered his pregnant wife Shanann (34) by strangulation, and their two children Bella (4) and Celeste (3) by suffocation. He buried Shanann in a shallow grave near an oil-storage facility, and forced his children's bodies into crude oil tanks, with the opening of the tanks only 8 inches in diameter.

Watts initially maintained his innocence in his family's disappearance, but was arrested on August 15, after confessing in an interview with detectives to murdering Shanann. Months later, he also admitted to murdering his children. On November 6, 2018, Watts pleaded guilty to multiple counts of first-degree murder as part of a plea deal when the death penalty (which was later abolished in Colorado in 2020) was removed from sentencing. He was sentenced to five life sentences without the possibility of parole, three to be served consecutively.

Candice DeLong
Candice DeLong (born July 16, 1950) is an American former FBI criminal profiler and bestselling author. DeLong was the lead profiler in San Francisco, California, and worked on the Unabomber case. Currently, she hosts the Investigation Discovery programs Deadly Women and Facing Evil with Candice DeLong, the Wondery podcast Killer Psyche, and the Discovery+ program The Deadly Type with Candice DeLong.
Austria women's national under-18 ice hockey team
The Austrian women's national under 18 ice hockey team is the national under-18 ice hockey team in Austria. The team represents Austria at the International Ice Hockey Federation's Ice Hockey U18 Women's World Championship.

IIHF U18 Women's World Championship
The IIHF U18 Women's World Championship, officially the IIHF Ice Hockey U18 Women's World Championship, is an annual ice hockey tournament for national women's under-18 (U18) ice hockey teams, administered by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It is the junior edition of the IIHF Women's World Championship and participation is limited to female ice hockey players under 18 years of age.
David Jackson (cricketer)
David Christopher Jackson (born 9 June 1953) is a former English cricketer.  Jackson was a right-handed batsman.  He was born in Alnwick, Northumberland.

Jackson made his debut for Durham against Northumberland in the 1982 Minor Counties Championship.  He played Minor counties cricket for Durham from 1982 to 1988, making 33 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 7 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. He made his List A debut against Lancashire in the 1983 NatWest Trophy.  He made 3 further List A appearances, the last of which came against Kent in the 1985 NatWest Trophy. In his 4 List A matches, he scored 64 runs at an average of 16.00, with a high score of 40.

1983 NatWest Trophy
The 1983 NatWest Trophy was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 29 June and 3 September 1983. The 
third NatWest Trophy competition, it was won by Somerset who defeated Kent by 24 runs in the final at Lord's.
2020 Open 13 Provence
The 2020 Open 13 Provence was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the Open 13, and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2020 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais des Sports in Marseille, France, from 17 February through 23 February 2020.

Palais des Sports de Marseille
Palais des Sports de Marseille is a multi-purpose sports arena, located in Marseille, France. Its seating capacity varies between 4,200 and 7,200 spectators under different configurations. It was opened in 1988.
Amin Khan Aitigin
Amin Khan Aitigin (Bengali: আমীন খাঁন আইতগিন, Persian: امین خان آیتگین) was the governor of Oudh and Lakhnauti (Bengal) under the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi in 1272. He was deposed the same year he took office.

Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
The Mamluk dynasty (lit. 'Slave dynasty'), or the Mamluk Sultanate, is the historiographical name or umbrella term used to refer to the three dynasties of Mamluk origin who ruled the Ghurid territories in India and subsequently, the Sultanate of Delhi, from 1206 to 1290 — the Qutbi dynasty (1206–1211), the first Ilbari or Shamsi dynasty (1211–1266) and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266–1290).

Before the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty, Qutb al-Din Aibak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led forays into the Gangetic plain and established control over some of the new areas. The last ruler, Shamsuddin Kayumars, an infant, was murdered by Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, a nobleman who then established the Khalji dynasty.
Fossilization (linguistics)
In linguistic morphology, fossilization refers to two close notions. One is preserving of ancient linguistic features which have lost their grammatical functions in language. Another is loss of productivity of a grammatical paradigm (e.g. of an affix), which still remains in use in some words.

Examples of fossilization include fossilized morphemes and fossil words.

The term interlanguage fossilization refers to common types of errors made by most adult second-language learners, differing from the idiomatic usage of native-language learners. These are erroneous generalizations or simplified language rules, which may be classified as phonological fossilization, lexical fossilization, syntactic fossilization and pragmatic fossilization. These errors occur regardless of exposure to the language or education level.

Bound and free morphemes
In linguistics, a bound morpheme is a morpheme (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression, while a free morpheme (or unbound morpheme) is one that can stand alone. A bound morpheme is a type of bound form, and a free morpheme is a type of free form.
Koffler Student Centre
The Koffler Student Centre is a building of the University of Toronto on its St. George campus, located at 214 College Street, Toronto. The centre houses a number of different student services, including the St. George location of the University of Toronto Bookstore, Career Centre, and health clinic. The ornate building is located at the northwest corner of St. George and College streets in a building that was formerly the home of the Toronto Reference Library.

Despite its name, the main student centre on the St. George campus and home to the University of Toronto Students' Union is Student Commons, located at 230 College Street.

Student center
A student center (or student centre) is a type of building found on university and some high school campuses. In the United States, such a building may also be called a student union, student commons, or union. The term "student union" refers most often in the United States to a building, while in other nations a "students' union" is the student government.  Nevertheless, the Association of College Unions International (largely US-based) has several hundred campus organizational members in the US; there is no sharp dichotomy in interpretation of union in this context.  The US usage in reference to a location is simply a shortened form of student union building.
Uncle Luke
Luther Roderick "Luke" Campbell (born December 22, 1960), also known by his stage name Uncle Luke (also known as Luke Skyywalker), is an American rapper, music promoter, record executive, actor, and former leader of the rap group 2 Live Crew. He is a pioneer in Florida hip hop and the creator of the Miami bass genre, known for his sexually crude call and response lyrics. He also starred in a short-lived show on VH1, Luke's Parental Advisory.

A member of the Democratic Party, Campbell was a candidate for Mayor of Miami-Dade County in 2011, and is running for U.S. Congress in Florida's 20th congressional district in the 2026 election.

Call and response (music)
In music, call and response is a compositional technique, often a succession of two distinct phrases that works like a conversation in music. One musician offers a phrase, and a second player answers with a direct commentary or response. The phrases can be vocal, instrumental, or both. Additionally, they can take form as commentary to a statement, an answer to a question, or a repetition of a phrase following or slightly overlapping the initial speaker(s). It corresponds to the call and response pattern in human communication and is found as a basic element of musical form, such as the verse-chorus form, in many traditions.
The Marshal of Mesa City
The Marshal of Mesa City is a 1939 American Western film directed by David Howard from a screenplay by Jack Lait Jr..

Although no story credit was given, this film bears a striking similarity to the 1935 western, The Arizonian, whose screenplay and story were written by Academy Award winner Dudley Nichols, and some sources state that this film was a remake of the earlier picture.  Both were produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, and The Marshal of Mesa City was released on November 3, 1939.  The film stars George O'Brien and Virginia Vale.

David Howard (director)
David Howard (born David Paget Davis III; October 6, 1896 – December 21, 1941) was an American film director. He directed 46 films between 1930 and 1941, 29 of them westerns starring George O'Brien, including the acclaimed Mystery Ranch (1932).
Meanwhile Back at the Ranch/Should I Smoke
"Meanwhile Back at the Ranch"/"Should I Smoke" is a medley released by the British power pop band Badfinger. The song was the closing track on their critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful album, Wish You Were Here. "Meanwhile Back at the Ranch" was written by Pete Ham, while "Should I Smoke" was penned by Joey Molland.

Joey Molland
Joseph Charles Molland II (21 June 1947 – 1 March 2025) was an English songwriter and rock guitarist whose recording career spanned five decades. He was best known as a member of Badfinger, the most successful of the acts he performed with. Molland was the last surviving member from the band's classic line-up.