hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jacob Riis
Jacob August Riis (/riːs/ REESS; May 3, 1849 – May 26, 1914) was a Danish-American social reformer, "muck-raking" journalist, and social documentary photographer. He contributed significantly to the cause of urban reform in the United States of America at the turn of the twentieth century. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City; those impoverished New Yorkers were the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography.

Riis endorsed the implementation of "model tenements" in New York with the help of humanitarian Lawrence Veiller. He was an early proponent of the newly practicable casual photography and one of the first to adopt photographic flash. While living in New York, Riis experienced poverty and became a police reporter writing about the quality of life in the slums. He attempted to alleviate the poor living conditions of poor people by exposing these conditions to the middle and upper classes.

Reformism (historical)
Reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements which reject those old ideals, in that the ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in socialist (specifically, social democratic) or religious concepts. Some rely on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self-sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. Reactionary movements, which can arise against any of these, attempt to put things back the way they were before any successes the new reform movement(s) enjoyed, or to prevent any such successes.
Twin Falls saucer hoax
The Twin Falls saucer hoax was a hoaxed flying disc discovered in Twin Falls, Idaho, United States, on July 11, 1947. Amid a nationwide wave of alleged "flying disc" sightings, residents of Twin Falls reported recovering a 30 in (76 cm) "disc". FBI and Army officials took possession of the disc and quickly proclaimed the object to be a hoax. Press reported that local teenagers admitted to perpetrating the hoax.

Hoax
A hoax (pl.: hoaxes) is a widely publicised falsehood created to deceive its audience with false and often astonishing information, with the either malicious or humorous intent of causing shock and interest in as many people as possible.

Some hoaxers intend to eventually unmask their representations as having been a hoax so as to expose their victims as fools; seeking some form of profit, other hoaxers hope to maintain the hoax indefinitely, so that it is only when skeptical people willing to investigate their claims publish their findings, that the hoaxers are finally revealed as such.
The Hollywood Knights
The Hollywood Knights is a 1980 American teen comedy film written and directed by Floyd Mutrux. It depicts the crass and mischievous antics and practical jokes of the remaining members of a 1950s-era car club turned social fraternity in and around Beverly Hills and Hollywood in 1965. The cast, led by Robert Wuhl as the fraternity's charismatic leader, features Tony Danza and Michelle Pfeiffer in their film debuts, as well as Gailard Sartain, Fran Drescher, and Stuart Pankin in supporting roles.

It was the inaugural film credit of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (as PolyGram Pictures), a British studio that aimed to compete with Hollywood.

PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (formerly known as Filmworks, Casablanca Record & Filmworks, PolyGram Films and PolyGram Pictures or simply PFE) was a film production company founded in 1975 as an American film studio, which became a European competitor to Hollywood within two decades, but was eventually sold to Seagram in 1998 and was folded into Universal Pictures in 1999. Among its most successful and well known films were The Deep (1977), Midnight Express (1978), An American Werewolf in London (1981), Flashdance (1983), Batman (1989), Candyman (1992), Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), The Usual Suspects (1995), Dead Man Walking (1995), Fargo (1996), Trainspotting (1996), The Game (1997), The Big Lebowski (1998) and Notting Hill (1999).
Boothby baronets of Broadlow Ash (1660)
The Boothby baronetcy, of Broadlow Ash in the County of Derby, was created in the Baronetage of England on 13 July 1660 for William Boothby, subsequently High Sheriff of Derbyshire from 1661 to 1662. On the Stuart Restoration of 1660, Boothby petitioned successfully for the creation, on the grounds of a failed creation in 16454 for his father (see below).

The 1st Baronet married as his second wife Hill, daughter of Sir William Brooke, hence the common family first name of Brooke. Sir William Brooke was heir to the barony of Cobham through his mother, but did not succeed as the peerages were under attainder. On his death the peerage fell into abeyance among his four daughters. Boothby was succeeded by his grandson Henry (son of his deceased son Francis from his first marriage to Frances Milward of Snitterton Hall).

The Boothbys left Broadlow Ash when the 1st Baronet purchased Ashbourne Hall from Sir Aston Cockayne, in about 1671.

Aston Cockayne
Sir Aston Cockayne, 1st Baronet (1608–1684) Also spelt Aston Cockain was, in his day, a well-known Cavalier and a minor literary figure, now best remembered as a friend of Philip Massinger, John Fletcher, Michael Drayton, Richard Brome, Thomas Randolph, and other writers of his generation.
2019–20 NZ Touring Cars Championship
The 2019–20 NZ Touring Cars Championship  (known for commercial reasons as the 2019–20 BNT V8s Championship) will be the twenty-first season of the series, and the fifth under the NZ Touring Cars name. The field consists of two classes racing on the same grid. Class one featured both V8ST and NZV8 TLX cars. Class two consisted of older NZV8 TL cars. There is also a third class run for vehicles ineligible for points. The series' defending champions are Jack Smith for Class One, and Justin Ashwell for the V8 Lites class (renamed from Class Two).

NZ Touring Cars Championship
The New Zealand Touring Cars Championship (currently known as the Racer Products V8s for commercial reasons) is a New Zealand–based motorsport category of touring car racing. MotorSport New Zealand, New Zealand's national governing and sanctioning body for motorsport, awarded the category "New Zealand Touring Car Championship" title status in 1996. Since being awarded national championship title status, drivers and teams across New Zealand had raced in what was at the time New Zealand's premier motorsport category. In 2020, MotorSport New Zealand withdrew title status, awarding it to the new TCR New Zealand Series.
3 Ring Circus – Live at the Palace
3 Ring Circus – Live at the Palace is a live album by American band Sublime, recorded at The Palace in Hollywood, California, on October 21, 1995. Lead singer and guitarist Bradley Nowell died less than seven months after the concert.

Sublime's first-ever, full-length concert recording, the release of 3 Ring Circus coincided with the 25th anniversary of the band's earliest show (July 4, 1988).

Released on June 18, 2013, the recording was produced as a single CD as well as a multi-disc set with video footage on DVD. A deluxe version included extras such as a poster, backstage pass, and a separate concert film recorded in 1995 at the Las Palmas Theatre.

Avalon Hollywood
Avalon (or Avalon Hollywood) is a historic nightclub in Hollywood, California, located near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine, at 1735 N. Vine Street. It has previously been known as The Hollywood Playhouse, The WPA Federal Theatre, El Capitan Theatre, The Jerry Lewis Theatre, The Hollywood Palace and The Palace. It has a capacity of 1,500, and is located across the street from the Capitol Records Building.
Aron Tager
Aron Tager (June 30, 1934 – February 28, 2019) was an American actor, poet, artist and sculptor, he is best known for voicing Cranky Kong in the animated television series, Donkey Kong Country and for portraying Dr. Vink on the children's television show Are You Afraid of the Dark?.

10,000 Black Men Named George
10,000 Black Men Named George is a 2002 Showtime TV movie about A. Philip Randolph and his coworkers Milton P. Webster and Ashley Totten. The title refers to the custom of the time when Pullman porters, all of whom were black, were addressed as "George"; a sobriquet for George Pullman, who owned the company that built the sleeping cars (and other railroad cars) and the industry.
Gmina Izbicko
Gmina Izbicko (German: Gemeinde Stubendorf) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Strzelce County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Izbicko, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Strzelce Opolskie and 18 km (11 mi) south-east of the regional capital Opole.

The gmina covers an area of 84.93 square kilometres (32.8 sq mi), and as of 2019, its total population was 5,415.

Strzelce Opolskie
Strzelce Opolskie [ˈstʂɛlt͡sɛ ɔˈpɔlskʲɛ] ⓘ (Silesian: Wielge Strzelce, German: Groß Strehlitz) is a town in southern Poland with 17,900 inhabitants (2019), situated in the Opole Voivodeship. It is the capital of Strzelce County.
Jung-ah
Jung-ah, also spelled Jeong-ah, is a Korean given name.

Sung Jung-a (born 1965), South Korean basketball player

Koo Jeong-a (born 1967), South Korean visual artist

Seok Jung-ah (born 1971), South Korean volleyball player

Shin Jeong-ah (born 1972), South Korean art professor

Yum Jung-ah (born 1972), South Korean actress

Park Jung-ah (born 1981), South Korean singer, former member of girl group Jewelry

Kim Jung-ah (born 1983), South Korean idol singer, member of After School

Sunwoo Jung-a (born 1985), South Korean singer

Park Jeong-ah (volleyball) (born 1993), South Korean volleyball player

Sung Jung-a
Sung Jung-A (born 25 December 1965) is a South Korean former basketball player who won the silver medal in the women's basketball tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Sung was also a member of the South Korean junior national basketball team that won the silver medal at the inaugural FIBA Under-19 World Championship for Women in 1985.

Sung also competed in 1988 Summer Olympics where South Korea finished 7th with a record of 2–3.
SEK Class Theta-beta
SEK (Sidirodromoi Ellinikou Kratous, Hellenic State Railways) Class Θβ (or Class THb; Theta-beta) is a class of two 2-8-0 steam locomotives acquired after the First World War.

Originally one of the Bulgarian State Railways' (BDŽ) 800 series four-cylinder compound locomotives that had been built by Henschel & Sohn in 1912 as BDŽ 806 and 811. They were given the class letters "Θβ" by the SEK and initially numbered 621 and 622 before being renumbered 521 and 522.

During World War II, they were reclaimed by the Bulgarians and renumbered BDŽ 17.72 and 17.73 at the end of the surviving 800s (which by then had become BDŽ class 17).

Bulgarian State Railways
The Bulgarian State Railways (Bulgarian: Български държавни железници, romanized: Balgarski darzhavni zheleznitsi, abbreviated as БДЖ, BDZ or BDŽ) are Bulgaria's state railway company and former largest railway carrier in the country, established as an entity in 1888. The company's headquarters are located in the capital Sofia. Since the 1990s, the BDŽ has met serious competition from automotive transport. Up to 2002 the company also owned/managed the state railway (up to 2,485 miles (3,999 km) total of 1,435 mm (4.708 ft) & 760 mm (2.49 ft) (Septemvri to Dobrinishte only) track gauge railway tracks) infrastructure in the country, when according to EU regulations a new state company, the National Railway Infrastructure Company, was founded and became the owner of the infrastructure.

Bulgaria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Bulgaria is 52.
Shuichi Thomas Kurai
Shuichi Thomas Kurai (December 14, 1947—June 29, 2018) was a Japanese-born Soto Zen roshi and head abbot of Sozenji Buddhist Temple in Montebello, California. Raised in a Soto temple in Japan, he moved to California with his parents in 1952, where his father (Reverend Shuyu Kurai) served as priest at the Zenshuji Soto Mission in Little Tokyo. In addition to his role as a Zen teacher, Kurai was a highly skilled musician who taught others to play taiko drums. Kurai was a member of the American Zen Teachers Association.

Kurai died on June 29, 2018, at the age of 70 following a diagnosis of adult T-Cell leukemia.

Sōtō
Sōtō Zen or the Sōtō school (曹洞宗, Sōtō-shū) is the largest of the three traditional sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism (the others being Rinzai and Ōbaku). It is the Japanese line of the Chinese Caodong school, which was founded during the Tang dynasty by Dongshan Liangjie. It emphasizes Shikantaza, meditation with no objects, anchors, or content. The meditator strives to be aware of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference.

The Japanese brand of the sect was imported in the 13th century by Dōgen Zenji, who studied Caodong Buddhism (Chinese: 曹洞宗; pinyin: Cáodòng Zōng) abroad in China. Dōgen is remembered today as the ancestor of Sōtō Zen in Japan along with Keizan Jōkin.

With about 14,000 temples, Sōtō is one of the largest Japanese Buddhist organizations. Sōtō Zen is now also popular in the West, and in 1996 priests of the Sōtō Zen tradition formed the Soto Zen Buddhist Association based in North America.
Caloplaca alstrupii
Caloplaca alstrupii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Denmark, it was described as a new species in 1999 by the lichenologist Ulrik Søchting. It is a member of a group of soredia-producing Caloplaca species that do not produce anthraquinone pigments; lacking these typically colourful pigments, the thallus of lichens in this group is often inconspicuous.

Soredium
Soredia are common reproductive structures of lichens.  Lichens reproduce asexually by employing simple fragmentation and production of soredia and isidia. Soredia are powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae. These can be either scattered diffusely across the surface of the lichen's thallus, or produced in localized structures called soralia. Fungal hyphae make up the basic body structure of a lichen. The soredia are released through openings in the upper cortex of the lichen structure. After their release, the soredia disperse to establish the lichen in a new location.
Uğur Aktaş (karateka)
Uğur Aktaş (born 10 October 1995) is a European champion Turkish karateka competing in the kumite 84 kg division. He won one of the bronze medals in the men's +75 kg event at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan. He is a member of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K.

He won one of the bronze medals in the men's 84 kg event at the 2022 Mediterranean Games held in Oran, Algeria.

Aktaş graduated from Istanbul Aydın University with a degree in Electrical/Electronic engineering.

Kumite
Kumite (Japanese: 組手, literally "grappling hands") is one of the three main sections of karate training, along with kata and kihon. Kumite is the part of karate in which a person trains against an adversary.

Kumite can be used to develop a particular technique or a skill (e.g. effectively judging and adjusting one's distance from one's opponent) or it can be done in competition.
Lateral cervical lymph nodes
The lateral cervical lymph nodes are a group of lymph nodes found in the lateral side of the neck.

Terminologia Anatomica divides them into:

Superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes

Deep lateral cervical lymph nodes

Another source divides this group into "internal jugular", "spinal accessory", and "transverse cervical".

Terminologia Anatomica
Terminologia Anatomica (commonly abbreviated TA) is the international standard for human anatomical terminology. It is developed by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) a program of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA).
Titus II Mar Thoma
Titus II Mar Thoma XVI (6 May 1866 – 6 July 1944) was the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church with its center in Kerala state in south-western India. He was known as Thithoos Dwitheeyan Mar Thoma Metropolitan among his people. (Thithoos is Aramaic and Malayalam)

It was in the Malabar Coast in the 1st century CE, Thomas the Apostle arrived to preach the gospel to the Jews and non-Jewish locals, from whom emerged the Nasrani people and their Malankara Church.  They followed a unique Hebrew-Syriac Christian tradition which included several Jewish elements and Indian customs. The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church is still a part of this Malankara Church community.

Thiruvalla
Thiruvalla, (Malayalam: [t̪iɾuʋɐlːɐ]) also spelled Tiruvalla, is a municipality in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India. The town is spread over an area of 27.15 km2 (10.48 sq mi) and has a population of 52,883 people, down from 56,837 in 2001. It is also the Headquarters Of Thiruvalla Revenue Division. It lies on the northern banks of the Manimala River, in a land-locked region surrounded by irrigating canals and rivers. It is the largest town in the district, and is a major financial, educational, healthcare, cultural, and commercial centre in central Travancore. It is also called The Healthcare City & Banking Capital Of Kerala. Thiruvalla Taluk has a land area Of 154 km2 (59 sq mi).
Sandro Sukno
Sandro Sukno (born 30 June 1990) is a Croatian former professional water polo player. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed for the Croatia national team in the men's event winning the gold medal.  He also won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He last played for VK Jug. He currently works as head coach of the Italian club team Pro Recco.

Sukno's father is Goran Sukno, water polo gold medalist for Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Sukno was named Croatian water polo player of the year in 2014 and 2015, and best player in the 2014–15 Prva Liga. In December 2017, Sukno won the trophy for the best water polo player in the 2016–17 season. In 2017 he was named to the All-Star Team of the World Championships.  Croatia also won the World Championship that year. In May 2019, he announced his retirement from playing professional water polo citing heart problems.

Regional Water Polo League
The Regional Water Polo League (abbr. RWP), commonly known as the Regional League or Adriatic League, is a temporarily suspended regional water polo league in Southeast Europe. Originally, the league featured clubs from Croatia, Montenegro, and Slovenia. In later years, clubs from Serbia joined the league and in one season club from Italy participated in the league. As of 2025–26 season, the league was suspended due to various reasons.
Palace of Haddington
55°57′18″N 2°46′51″W﻿ / ﻿55.9550°N 2.7808°W﻿ / 55.9550; -2.7808
The Palace of Haddington was a 12th–13th-century royal palace in Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland.  The palace stood in King Street (now Court Street), on the site of the present East Lothian Council buildings. Remains of the vaulting of the palace were found in 1833, during excavations.

Ada de Warenne obtained Haddington as part of her marriage settlement with Prince Henry of Scotland. Upon the death of her husband in 1152, Ada lived at the palace until her death in 1178. King William the Lion of Scotland used the palace from time to time and it was the birthplace of Alexander II in 1198. The palace and town were burned and pillaged in 1216, by an English army under the command of King John of England. The Scottish royal family appear to have abandoned the palace due to the damage caused.

Ada de Warenne
Ada de Warenne (or Adeline de Varenne) (c. 1120 – 1178) was the Anglo-Norman wife of Henry of Scotland, Earl of Northumbria and Earl of Huntingdon. She was the daughter of William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey by Elizabeth of Vermandois, and a great-granddaughter of Henry I of France. She was the mother of Malcolm IV and William I of Scotland.
Yangus-Narat
Yangus-Narat (Russian: Янгуз-Нарат; Bashkir: Яңғыҙнарат, Yañğıźnarat) is a rural locality (a village) in Itkineyevsky Selsoviet, Yanaulsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 94 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Yanaulsky District
Yanaulsky District (Russian: Янау́льский райо́н; Bashkir: Яңауыл районы, Yañawıl rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic and borders Perm Krai to the north, Tatyshlinsky District to the east, Burayevsky District to the southeast, Kaltasinsky District to the south, Krasnokamsky District to the southwest and Udmurt Republic to the west. The area of the district is 2,094 square kilometers (808 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Yanaul (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 21,210.
Kairat Aubakirov
Kairat Aubakirov (born 8 March 1971) is a retired Kazakh professional football player. He played for FC Shakhter Karagandy, FC Kairat, and FC Yelimay in the Kazakhstan Premier League, appearing in over 300 league matches, scoring almost 100 goals.

Aubakirov made nine appearances for the Kazakhstan national football team, scoring once.

Kazakhstan Premier League
The Kazakhstan Professional Football League (Kazakh: Қазақстан Премьер Лигасы), commonly referred to as the Kazakh Premier League or simply the Premier League, is a professional association football league in Kazakhstan and the highest level of the Kazakh football league system.

The league is controlled by the Football Federation of Kazakhstan and was set up in 1992. The league is fed into by the First Division and starts in spring and finishes in late autumn because of the low temperatures in the winter, with each championship corresponding to a calendar year. The majority of matches have been played at weekends in recent seasons.
Rostov railway drawbridge
Rostov movable railway bridge (Russian: Ростовский разводной железнодорожный мост) is a three-span arched double track bridge with a lifting middle part through the Don River. It is situated in Rostov-on-Don near the river Temernik’s mouth between the stations Rostov Glavny and Zarechnaya of North Caucasus Railway. The majority of passenger trains traveling through Rostov and a small amount of freight trains go through the bridge.

Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don, or simply Rostov, is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) from the Sea of Azov, directly north of the North Caucasus. The southwestern suburbs of the city lie above the Don river delta. Rostov-on-Don has a population of over one million people and is an important cultural, educational, economic and logistical centre of Southern Russia.
Acmeshachia gigantea
Acmeshachia gigantea is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Henry John Elwes in 1890. It is found in Pakistan, north-western India, Nepal, north-eastern India, Myanmar, northern Thailand, south-western China, Taiwan and northern Vietnam.

Henry John Elwes
Henry John Elwes, FRS (16 May 1846 – 26 November 1922) was a British botanist, entomologist, author, lepidopterist, collector and traveller who became renowned for collecting specimens of lilies during trips to the Himalaya and Korea. He was one of the first group of 60 people to receive the Victoria Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1897. Author of Monograph of the Genus Lilium (1880), and The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland (1906–1913) with Augustine Henry, as well as numerous articles, he left a collection of 30,000 butterfly specimens to the Natural History Museum, including 11,370 specimens of Palaearctic butterflies.