hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Simulated Society
Simulated Society (or SimSoc, pronounced sim-sock) is a "game" used by universities and other groups to teach various aspects of sociology, political science, and communications skills.  Originally created by William A. Gamson in 1966, it is currently in its fifth edition.  It provides a way for participants to better understand the problems of governing a 20th-century-style nation state society. The participants grapple with issues like economic inequality, justice, diversity, trust, power dynamics, and leadership as they negotiate their way through labor-management relations, political turmoil, and natural disasters. To be successful, players must utilize basic social processes from cooperation and reward to threat and punishment. The goal of SIMSOC is to bring a deeper understanding of everyday experiences as well as social and organizational theory.

Threat
A threat is a communication of intent to inflict harm or loss on another person. Intimidation is a tactic used between conflicting parties to make the other timid or psychologically insecure for coercion or control. The act of intimidation for coercion is considered a threat.

Threatening or threatening behavior (or criminal threatening behavior) is the crime of intentionally or knowingly putting another person in fear of bodily injury.

In business negotiation, threats include the prospects that one party will walk away from the negotiation, file a lawsuit, or damage the other party's reputation.

Some of the more common types of threats forbidden by law are those made with an intent to obtain a monetary advantage or to compel a person to act against their will. In most U.S. states, it is an offense to threaten to (1) use a deadly weapon on another person; (2) injure another's person or property; or (3) injure another's reputation.
David Triesman, Baron Triesman
David Maxim Triesman, Baron Triesman (30 October 1943 – 30 January 2026) was a British politician, merchant banker and trade union leader.

Triesman was a Labour member of the House of Lords. He previously sat as a Labour peer until resigning the whip in July 2019, then having previously been a minister in the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills and Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He sat non-affiliated in the House of Lords until 2020 when he rejoined Labour. Triesman was chairman of the Football Association from 2008 to 2010.

Merchant bank
A merchant bank is historically a bank dealing in commercial loans and investment. In modern British usage, it is the same as an investment bank. Merchant banks were the first modern banks and evolved from medieval merchants who traded in commodities, particularly cloth merchants. Historically, merchant banks' purpose was to facilitate or finance the production and trade of commodities, hence the name merchant. Few banks today restrict their activities to such a narrow scope.

In modern usage in the United States, the term additionally has taken on a more narrow meaning, and refers to a financial institution providing capital to companies in form of share ownership instead of loans. A merchant bank also provides advice on corporate matters to the firms in which they invest.
Detroit Community Scrip
Detroit Community Scrip, also called Detroit Cheers, was a local currency used in Detroit, Michigan, first issued in April 2009. Modeled upon the local scrip that were used during the Great Depression, it was being used to restore local financial confidence following decades of economic decline. The Cheers are backed by U.S. currency and are fully exchangeable for an equal amount of U.S. dollars, backed by several Detroit-based businesses. In April 2009, there were $4,500 worth of cheers in circulation.  Businesses could sign up to be issuers and print scrip after depositing a matching amount in U.S. dollars and then be entitled to print Cheers.

Decline of Detroit
The city of Detroit, in the U.S. state of Michigan, has gone through a major economic and demographic decline in recent decades. The population of the city has fallen from a high of 1,850,000 in 1950 to 680,000 in 2015, removing it from the top 20 of US cities by population for the first time since 1850. Local crime rates are among the highest in the United States (even though the overall crime rate in the city has seen a decline during the 21st century), and vast areas of the city are in a state of severe urban decay. In 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history, which it successfully exited on December 10, 2014.

As of 2017, the median household income is rising, and criminal activity is decreasing by 5% annually as of 2017. 2025 found the US Census Bureau reporting that the population of Detroit had grown for the second straight year, beginning the long process of reversing the decline of the city's population.
C. A. S. Marikkar
Casila Abdul Samed "Sinhala" Marikkar (5 July 1911 - 18 November 1970) was a Sri Lankan politician. He served as Minister for Post, Broadcasting and Communication from 1956 until 1960 and Minister of Cultural affairs from 1956 to 1960 in the S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike cabinet and Dahanayake cabinet.  He was a member of parliament representing the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) from Kadugannawa. and along with his brother CAC Marikar, we're founder members of the SLFP. Officla SLFP website. Name No. 26 and 27

Dahanayake cabinet
The Dahanayake Cabinet was the central government of Ceylon led by Prime Minister Wijeyananda Dahanayake from 1959 to 1960. It was formed in September 1959 after the assassination of Dahanayake's predecessor S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and ended in March 1960 after the opposition's victory in the parliamentary election.
Android 10
Android 10 (codenamed Android Q during development) is the tenth major release and the 17th version of the Android mobile operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 13, 2019, and was released publicly on September 3, 2019.

Android 10 was officially released on September 3, 2019, for supported Google Pixel devices, as well as the third-party Essential Phone and Redmi K20 Pro in selected markets. The OnePlus 7T was the first device with Android 10 pre-installed. In October 2019, it was reported that Google's certification requirements for Google Mobile Services will only allow Android 10-based builds to be approved after January 31, 2020.

As of December 2025, 4.65% of Android devices (mobile & tablet) ran Android 10 (which has ceased receiving security updates in March 2023).

OnePlus 7T
The OnePlus 7T and 7T Pro are Android-based smartphones manufactured by OnePlus. The 7T was unveiled on 26 September 2019, and the 7T Pro was unveiled on 10 October 2019. The McLaren edition from the 6T returns on the 7T Pro. Both have minor upgrades as with previous T phones, such as new software, upgraded cameras and a faster chipset.
1 William Street, Brisbane
1 William Street (colloquially known as the Tower of Power) is a skyscraper in William Street, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. At 267 metres (876 ft), it is the third-tallest building in the city and 9th-tallest building in Australia as of 2025. The modernist office building is located in the Brisbane CBD, and in close proximity to the neighbouring Parliament House. The building was developed for the Queensland Government as part of its plan for a renewed Government Administrative Precinct and to meet accommodation demands. It was completed in October 2016 with over 5,000 government staff moving in over six weekends.

Parliament House, Brisbane
Parliament House in Brisbane is the meeting place of the Parliament of Queensland, housing its only chamber, the Legislative Assembly. It is located on the corner of George Street and Alice Street at Gardens Point in the CBD, and is next to the Queensland University of Technology and City Botanic Gardens. It was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
Rose Hu
Rose Qingyang Hu (Chinese: 胡清阳; pinyin: Hú Qīngyáng) is an electrical engineer who is currently a professor and the Department Head of the Virginia Tech Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering. Her research involves wireless networks and their applications in edge computing and the internet of things.

Wireless network
A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes. Wireless networking allows homes, telecommunications networks, and business installations to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Admin telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure.

Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless sensor networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial microwave networks.
Aliciella latifolia
Aliciella latifolia (formerly Gilia latifolia), also known as broad-leaved gilia, is a foul smelling annual plant in the Phlox family (Polemoniaceae) found in deserts of the southwestern United States.: 114

Gilia
Gilia is a genus of flowering plants in the Polemoniaceae family and is related to phlox. It includes 39 species native to the Americas, ranging from British Columbia to Texas and northern Mexico, and to Ohio, in North America, and from Ecuador and Peru to southern Chile and Argentina in South America. These Western native plants are best sown in sunny, well-draining soil in the temperate and tropical regions of the Americas, where they occur mainly in desert or semi-desert habitats

They are summer annuals, rarely perennials, growing to 10–120 cm tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, usually pinnate (rarely simple), forming a basal rosette in most species. The flowers are produced in a panicle, with a five-lobed corolla, which can be blue, white, pink or yellow.

Gilia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Schinia aurantiaca and Schinia biundulata (the latter feeds exclusively on G. cana).
Ray O. Johnson
Ray O. Johnson is an American business executive. Johnson is currently serving as Senior Advisor to the President of Khalifa University, providing expert counsel on complex strategic and operational matters. Johnson also serves as an operating partner at Bessemer Venture Partners, an American venture capital firm with over $20 billion under management and the oldest venture capital firm in the United States. He recently served as the chief executive officer of the Technology Innovation Institute and of ASPIRE, both based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Before that, he served as the Lockheed Martin Corporation's chief technology officer and corporate senior vice president for engineering, technology, and operations.

Khalifa University
Khalifa University (Arabic: جامعة خليفة) is a research, innovation and enterprise-intensive public university located in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

As of 2023, faculty and staff come from over 70 countries, and its student body is internationally diverse and co-educational.
Australia Made Preference League
Australia Made Preference League was the organisation behind the Great White Train that travelled through New South Wales in Australia, in the 1920s.

The league was formed in 1924 to promote Australian made goods over imported goods. Wallace Nelson was a co-founder

The Queensland branch of the league was started in 1924 in response to the success of the New South Wales organisation

The materials published and produced by the League have become collectors pieces.

Wallace Nelson
Wallace Alexander Nelson (29 April 1856 – 5 May 1943) was a short term Western Australian politician.  He represented the electoral district of Hannans from 1904 to 1905 in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. He was described as the wit and humorist of the Labor Party in those days, having much experience at oration and writing.  He later moved on to editing newspapers, and writing books.
KSVT-CD
KSVT-CD (channel 14) is a low-power, Class A television station in Twin Falls, Idaho, United States, affiliated with Fox and MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Gray Media alongside dual CBS/CW+ affiliate KMVT (channel 11). The two stations share studios on Blue Lakes Boulevard North/US 93 in Twin Falls; KSVT-CD's transmitter is located on Flat Top Butte in unincorporated Jerome County east of Jerome and US 93.

In addition to its own digital signal, KSVT-CD is simulcast in standard definition on KMVT's third digital subchannel (11.3) from the same transmitter site.

Jerome, Idaho
Jerome is a city in and the county seat of Jerome County, Idaho, United States. As of the 2020 census, Jerome had a population of 12,349. The city is the county seat of Jerome County, and is part of the Twin Falls Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is the second largest city in Idaho's Magic Valley region, second only to Twin Falls which is located 10 miles (16 km) southeast. Jerome's economy is largely agrarian, with dairy farming being one of the main revenue sources for the local economy.
National symbols of Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
Symbols of Ireland are marks, images, or objects that represent Ireland. Because Ireland was not partitioned until 1922, many of the symbols of Ireland predate the division into Southern Ireland (later Irish Free State and then Ireland) and Northern Ireland.

Unlike other countries (such as the United States, with the state symbols), Irish and Northern Irish state symbols are rarely defined by official Acts; they are defined by common usage or by various interest groups.

These symbols are seen in official capacities, such as flags, coats of arms, postage stamps, and currency, and in URLs.

They appear less formally as recurring themes in literature, art and folk art, heraldry, monuments, clothing, personal decoration, and as the names of parks, bridges and streets.

URL
A uniform resource locator (URL), colloquially known as web address, is a reference to a resource on the World Wide Web. A URL specifies the location of a resource on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. A URL is most commonly used to reference a web page (HTTP/HTTPS) but is also used for file transfer (FTP), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.

Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. As an example of a web page URL, https://www.example.com/index.html indicates protocol https, hostname www.example.com, and file name index.html.
Vasil Levski Boulevard
Vasil Levski Boulevard (Bulgarian: Булевард Васил Левски) is a major boulevard in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It lies between the Freight Station Square at the Slivnitsa and Danail Nikolaev Boulevards and the area of the National Palace of Culture. It is named after Bulgaria's national hero Vasil Levski.

Some of the most prominent landmarks of the capital are situated along the boulevard, including the National Academy of Art, SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library, Sofia University, the State Agency of Youth and Sports, Battenberg Mausoleum, the Monument to Vasil Levski and others.

Vasil Levski Boulevard crosses many of the city's vital transport arteries, such as Georgi Rakovski Street, Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard at Sofia University, Patriarch Evtimiy Boulevard and Graf Ignatiev Street at Patriarch Evtimiy Square.

The boulevard is served by many public bus and trolley bus lines and also SU St. Kliment Ohridski Metro Station.

Folk hero
A folk hero or national hero is a type of hero – real, fictional or mythological – with their name, personality and deeds embedded in the popular consciousness of a people, mentioned frequently in folk songs, folk tales and other folklore; and with modern trope status in literature, art and films.
Uthman Pasha al-Kurji
Uthman Pasha al-Kurji (also known as Uthman Pasha al-Sadiq, alternative spellings include Othman, Osman or Usman and al-Kurdji or Kurzi), was the Ottoman governor (wali) of Damascus Eyalet between 1760 and 1771.

Karaman Eyalet
Karaman Eyalet (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت قره‌مان, romanized: Eyālet-i Ḳaraman) was one of the subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was 30,463 square miles (78,900 km2).

In 1468, the formerly independent principality of Karaman was annexed by the Ottomans; Mehmed II appointed his son Mustafa as governor of the new eyalet, with his seat at Konya.
Shelota
Shelota (Russian: Шелота) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Shelotskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 401 as of 2019. There are 11 streets.

Vologda
Vologda (Russian: Во́логда, IPA: [ˈvoləɡdə]) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: 313,944 (2021 census); 301,755 (2010 census); 293,046 (2002 census); 282,802 (1989 Soviet census).

The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as a historic city, one of 41 in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast. The Russian Cultinfo website wrote that there were 224 monuments of historical, artistic and cultural importance in Vologda.
Buteogallus milleri
Buteogallus milleri is an extinct species of buteonine hawk. The only remains discovered—a fragmentary coracoid (the holotype) and the distal half of a humerus—are from Hawver Cave in El Dorado County, California. B. milleri was larger than Buteogallus fragilis or Geranoaetus melanoleucus (the black-chested buzzard-eagle), and close in size to the Cuban species Buteogallus borrasi. However, there is not yet enough material to fully assess the similarities between B. milleri and B. borrasi. B. milleri is named after paleontologist Loye Miller.

Humerus
The humerus (/ˈhjuːmərəs/; pl.: humeri) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a rounded head, a narrow neck, and two short processes (tubercles, sometimes called tuberosities). The shaft is cylindrical in its upper portion, and more prismatic below. The lower extremity consists of 2 epicondyles, 2 processes (trochlea and capitulum), and 3 fossae (radial fossa, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa). As well as its true anatomical neck, the constriction below the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus is referred to as its surgical neck due to its tendency to fracture, thus often becoming the focus of surgeons.
Oklahoma Department of Veterans Affairs
The Oklahoma Department of Veteran Affairs (ODVA) is a department of the state of Oklahoma under the supervision of the Oklahoma Secretary of Veterans Affairs charged with providing medical and rehabilitative services for veterans and their families.

The Department is governed by a nine-member Oklahoma Veterans Commission, who members are appointed by the Governor, with the approval the Oklahoma Senate for three-year terms. The Governor appoints members from names submitted by the American Legion, Disabled American Veterans, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Military Order of the Purple Heart, National Guard Association, Paralyzed Veterans of America, as well as three at-large appointees. The Commission in turn appoints the Executive Director of the Department, who serves at the pleasure of the Commission and is responsible for administration of the Department.

The Department was created in 1981 during the term of Governor George Nigh as a successor to the Soldiers Relief Commission.

Oklahoma Senate
The Oklahoma Senate is the upper house of the two houses of the Legislature of Oklahoma, the other being the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The total number of senators is set at 48 by the Oklahoma Constitution.

Senators approve or reject gubernatorial appointments, and contribute to the creation of both state law and an annual state budget. Every ten years, they aid in drawing new boundaries for Oklahoma's electoral districts. The Oklahoma Senate also serves as a court of impeachment.

The presiding officer of the Senate is the lieutenant governor of Oklahoma, who is the president of the Senate. Since the 1960s, the president pro tempore of the Senate has presided over daily work. Prior to that time, the president of the Senate took a leading role in the Senate, including appointing committees and members to those committees. The president of the Senate may cast a vote only in the instance of a tie vote and may not vote to create a tie.
Owen Schmitt
Owen Schmitt (born February 13, 1985) is an American former professional football player who was a fullback in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL draft. He played college football for the West Virginia Mountaineers. Before transferring to the Mountaineers he played for the Wisconsin–River Falls Falcons.

Schmitt also played for the Philadelphia Eagles and the Oakland Raiders.

West Virginia Mountaineers football
The West Virginia Mountaineers football team represents West Virginia University (WVU) in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of college football. West Virginia plays its home games at Milan Puskar Stadium on the campus of West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. The Mountaineers have won or shared a total of 15 conference championships, including eight Southern Conference titles and seven Big East Conference titles. The Mountaineers compete in the Big 12 Conference.
Ontario Regiment
The Ontario Regiment (RCAC) is a Primary Reserve armoured reconnaissance regiment of the Canadian Army. The unit is based in downtown Oshawa, Ontario, and is named after Ontario County (1852–1974). Formed in 1866, and more commonly known as the 'Ontarios', 'black cats' or 'ONT R' (pronounced "ON-tar"), the regiment ranks among the oldest continuously serving Reserve (Militia) regiments in Canada and is one of the senior armoured regiments in the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps (RCAC).

Armoured warfare
Armoured warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war. The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by armoured units.

Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of tanks and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as infantry fighting vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and other combat vehicles, as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units. The doctrine of armoured warfare was developed to break the static nature of World War I trench warfare on the Western Front, and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and decisive battle outcomes in military strategy.
Aayon Ibn Aayon
Aayon Ibn Aayon (Arabic: أعين بن أعين) (died on Dhu al-Qadah 385 AH/December 995 AD), known as Ibn Aayon, was an Arab Muslim kahhal (ophthalmologist) during the period of medieval Islam. He moved from Kairouan to Egypt with Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, and he was known in Egypt during the caliphate of Al-Aziz Billah. His most notable work is Of eye diseases and their treatment (Arabic: في أمراض العين ومداواتها). Ibn Aayon was mentioned on Uyūn ul-Anbāʾ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbā (Arabic: عيون الأنباء في طبقات الأطباء), a book written by Ibn Abi Usaibia.

Ibn Abi Usaybi'a
Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa Muʾaffaq al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Al-Qāsim Ibn Khalīfa al-Khazrajī (Arabic: ابن أبي أصيبعة‎; 1203–1270), commonly referred to as Ibn Abi Usaibia (also Usaibi'ah, Usaybea, Usaibi`a, Usaybiʿah, etc.), was a physician from Syria in the 13th century CE. He compiled a biographical encyclopedia of notable physicians, from  the Greeks, Romans and Indians up to the year 650AH/1252AD in the Islamic era.