hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
User-Managed Access
User-Managed Access (UMA) is an OAuth-based access management protocol standard for party-to-party authorization. Version 1.0 of the standard was approved by the Kantara Initiative on March 23, 2015.

As described by the charter of the group that developed UMA, the purpose of the protocol specifications is to “enable a resource owner to control the authorization of data sharing and other protected-resource access made between online services on the owner’s behalf or with the owner’s authorization by an autonomous requesting party”. This purpose has privacy and consent implications for web applications and the Internet of Things (IoT), as explored by the collection of case studies contributed by participants in the standards group.

Data transformation (statistics)
In statistics, data transformation is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set—that is, each data point zi is replaced with the transformed value yi = f(zi), where f is a function. Transforms are usually applied so that the data appear to more closely meet the assumptions of a statistical inference procedure that is to be applied, or to improve the interpretability or appearance of graphs.

Nearly always, the function that is used to transform the data is invertible, and generally is continuous. The transformation is usually applied to a collection of comparable measurements. For example, if we are working with data on peoples' incomes in some currency unit, it would be common to transform each person's income value by the logarithm function.
Eurig Wyn
Eurig Wyn (10 October 1944 – 25 June 2019) was a Welsh politician and reporter. He was a Plaid Cymru Member of the European Parliament for Wales from 1999 to 2004, when he lost his seat, in part due to a reduction of the number of seats allocated to Wales.

He had previously been a journalist for the BBC. During 2005, Eurig Wyn was selected as Plaid Cymru's parliamentary candidate for the Ynys Môn constituency which he unsuccessfully sought to gain for Plaid Cymru in the general election of that year.

He died in June 2019.

Ynys Môn (UK Parliament constituency)
Ynys Môn (Welsh pronunciation: [ˌənɨs ˈmoːn]; officially called Anglesey until 1983) is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It is one of five 'protected constituencies' within the UK, with boundaries defined by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020 to be to those of Isle of Anglesey County Council where there must be a whole number of MPs rounded up to the nearest whole number with these boundaries.

The Ynys Môn Senedd constituency was created with the same boundaries in 1999 (as an Assembly constituency).

As of 2024, Ynys Môn is represented by Llinos Medi of Plaid Cymru.
Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
The Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (French: Armée pour la Libération du Rwanda, ALiR; Kinyarwanda: Ingabo zo Kubohoza u Rwanda, IzKR) was a rebel group largely composed of former members of the Interahamwe and Rwandan Armed Forces. Operating mostly in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo along the border with Rwanda, it carried out attacks throughout the Second Congo War against forces aligned with Rwanda and Uganda.  In 2000, the ALiR agreed to merge with the Hutu resistance movement based in Kinshasa into the new Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR).  ALiR was largely supplanted by the FDLR by 2001.

Kinyarwanda
Kinyarwanda, officially known as Ikinyarwanda, is a Bantu language and the national language of Rwanda. It is a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language that is also spoken in Uganda, where the dialect is known as Ikinyakore, Rufumbira, or Urufumbira. Kinyarwanda is universal among the native population of Rwanda and is mutually intelligible with Kirundi, the national language of neighbouring Burundi.

In 2010, the Rwanda Academy of Language and Culture (RALC) was established to help promote and sustain Kinyarwanda. The organization attempted an orthographic reform in 2014, but it was met with pushback due to their perceived top-down and political nature, among other reasons.
Vladimir Stognienko
Vladimir Sergeyevich Stognienko (born August 20, 1980, Moscow) is a Russian sports commentator. Currently, he is the editor-in-chief of Okko Sport and collaborates as a guest commentator with other TV channels. Previously, he worked for VGTRK and Eurosport 1 TV channel, as well as for NTV-Plus Football TV channels (later — Match! Football 1"), "7TV", "Sport" (later — "Russia-2"), "Sport-1" and the channels of the subholding "Match!".

NTV Plus
NTV Plus (Russian: НТВ Плюс) is the brand name for the Russian digital satellite television provider, transmitted from Eutelsat's W4 satellite at 36.0°E and from Bonum 1 at 56.0°E. Previously a part of Vladimir Gusinsky's MediaMost holding, now it is the flagship product of NTV Plus B.V. (owned by Gazprom Media) which is based in the Netherlands.
Kulikowski
Kulikowski, feminine: Kulikowska, is a Polish surname. It may be variously transliterated as  Kulikowsky, Kulikovsky, etc. (Russian: Куликовский, Ukrainian: Куликовський) It is a toponymic surname derived from any of places named Kulikówka, Kulików, or Kulikowo. Notable people with the surname include:

Lidia Kulikovski (born 1951), Moldovan librarian and bibliographer

Marcelina Kulikowska (1872–1910), Polish playwright, poet, feminist, teacher, naturalist, reporter

Michael Kulikowski (born 1970), American historian

Mykola Ovsianiko-Kulikovsky (1768–1846), Ukrainian composer

Nikolai Kulikovsky (1811–1958), second husband of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia

Olga Kulikovsky (1882–1960)

Traudl Kulikowsky (born 1943), German actress

Zofia Weigl (née Kulikowska; c. 1885–1940), Polish biologist, a collaborator in search vaccine for typhus

Lidia Kulikovski
Lidia Kulikovski (born 8 March 1951) is a Moldovan librarian and bibliographer. As head of the Hasdeu Municipal Library, she extended the library network opening nine branches in Chișinău focused mainly on Romanian literature.
Pétanque at the 2005 SEA Games
Pétanque at the 2005 SEA Games took place in the Hidden Vale Sports Club in Angeles City, Philippines.

The event was held from December 1–4.

Pétanque is a form of boules where the goal is to throw metal balls as close as possible to a jack (a small wooden ball called a cochonnet in French, which means piglet). The game is normally played on hard sand or gravel, but can also be played on grass or any other surface. Similar games are bocce and bowls.

Angeles City
Angeles (locally [ˈaŋhɛlɛs]), officially the City of Angeles (Kapampangan: Ciudad ning Angeles; Filipino: Lungsod ng Angeles), is a  highly urbanized city in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 483,452 people.

Angeles is the largest city of Pampanga. While politically independent from the province, it is usually grouped by the Philippine Statistics Authority therewith for statistical purposes.

Angeles City is the urban core of Metro Clark, an urban area in Pampanga. This area, also known as Metro Angeles, is considered the industrial and residential heartland of Central Luzon. Metro Clark-Angeles is also identified as a regional center by the national government.
Bondi Banquet
Bondi Banquet is a 2000 Australian TV series broadcast on the SBS. The seven part series was described as part soap opera, part cooking show. Set in a Bondi apartment building, each episode focuses on different groups of residents cooking and interacting, until the final episode when they all join for a rooftop BBQ. The recipes for the series were created by Barbara Sweeney.

Mary Coustas
Mary Coustas (born 16 September 1964) is an Australian actress, comedian and television personality and writer. Originally from Melbourne, Coustas often performs as the character "Effie", a stereotypical second-generation Greek Australian prone to malapropisms. She completed a Bachelor of Arts at Deakin University in Melbourne, majoring in performing arts and sub-majoring in journalism.

Coustas won the Logie Award for Most Popular Comedy Personality in 1993.
Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (soundtrack)
Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the 2011 film of the same name directed by Stephen Daldry, released by WaterTower Music on December 20, 2011. Featuring an original score composed by Alexandre Desplat and piano themes performed by Jean-Yves Thibaudet, he was brought as a replacement to the original composer Nico Muhly. The score received positive reviews from critics.

Stephen Daldry
Stephen David Daldry CBE( born 2 May 1960) is an English director and producer of film, theatre, and television. He has won three Tony Awards for his work on Broadway and an Olivier Award for his work in the West End. He has received three Academy Awards nominations for Best Director, for the films Billy Elliot (2000), The Hours (2002), and The Reader (2008).

From 2016 to 2020, he produced and directed the Netflix television series The Crown, for which he received one Producers Guild Award nomination, one Producers Guild Award win, six Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and two Primetime Emmy Awards win for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Drama Series. Thus Daldry has been recognised for his direction by nominations for theatre, television, and film.
Sam Crawford (pitcher)
Samuel Crawford (April 15, 1892 – date of death unknown) was an American pitcher and manager in baseball's Negro leagues.

Born in Dallas, Texas, he played in the pre-Negro leagues for the Chicago American Giants off and on from 1914 to 1917, and became a pitcher and eventually manager of the Kansas City Monarchs and J. L. Wilkinson's barnstorming farm-league team All Nations in 1923. He was known for combining a strong fastball with a knuckleball.

Crawford left Wilkinson's teams in February 1924 to manage the Birmingham Black Barons.

J. L. Wilkinson
J. Leslie Wilkinson (May 14, 1878 – August 21, 1964) was an American sports executive who founded the All Nations baseball club in 1912, and the Negro league baseball team Kansas City Monarchs in 1920.
Schizoglossa
Schizoglossa, common name the Pāua slugs, is a genus of medium-sized to large predatory, air-breathing, land slugs, carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Rhytididae. They are currently classified by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as Nationally Vulnerable.

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
Trigenus
In low-dimensional topology, the trigenus of a closed 3-manifold is an invariant consisting of an ordered triple .  It is obtained by minimizing the genera of three orientable handle bodies — with no intersection between their interiors— which decompose the manifold as far as the Heegaard genus need only two.

That is, a decomposition  with

for  and being  the genus of .

For orientable spaces, ,
where  is 's Heegaard genus.

For non-orientable spaces the   has the form  
depending on the
image of the first Stiefel–Whitney characteristic class  under a Bockstein homomorphism, respectively for

It has been proved that the number  has a relation with the concept of Stiefel–Whitney surface, that is, an orientable surface  which is embedded in , has minimal genus and represents the first Stiefel–Whitney class under the duality map , that is, . If  then , and if 
then .

Bockstein homomorphism
In  homological algebra, the Bockstein homomorphism, introduced by Meyer Bockstein (1942, 1943, 1958), is a connecting homomorphism associated with a short exact sequence

of abelian groups, when they are introduced as coefficients into a chain complex C, and which appears in the homology groups as a homomorphism reducing degree by one,

To be more precise, C should be a complex of free, or at least torsion-free, abelian groups, and the homology is of the complexes formed by tensor product with C (some flat module condition should enter). The construction of β is by the usual argument (snake lemma).

A similar construction applies to cohomology groups, this time increasing degree by one. Thus we have

The Bockstein homomorphism  associated to the coefficient sequence

is used as one of the generators of the  Steenrod algebra. This Bockstein homomorphism has the following two properties:

,

;

in other words, it is a superderivation acting on the cohomology mod p of a space.
Osvaldo Cacciatore
Osvaldo Andrés Cacciatore (1924–2007) was an Argentine Air Force brigadier and Mayor of Buenos Aires during the National Reorganization Process military dictatorship.

His management at the head of the city of Buenos Aires was controversial for the works he carried out and for those that would only remain as proposals. Cacciatore always defended his work, which changed a good part of the design of the capital. The highway plan was its emblem.

Argentine Air Force
The Argentine Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Argentina, or simply FAA) is the air force of Argentina and one of three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic. In 2018, it had 13,837 military and 6,900 civilian personnel. FAA commander in chief is Brigadier Gustavo Valverde.
Louis-Marc Aubry
Louis-Marc Aubry (born November 11, 1991) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for the Kölner Haie of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Aubry was drafted 81st overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft.

Kölner Haie
The Kölner Haie (English: Cologne Sharks) are an ice hockey club based in Cologne, Germany, that plays in the professional Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). The team was one of the founding members of the DEL.

The Kölner Haie play their home games in the DEL and the German Cup (DEB-Pokal) at the Lanxess Arena, which opened in 1998, located in the district Deutz. With room for 18,600 spectators, Lanxess Arena is amongst the biggest multi-functional arenas in Europe, and the Kölner Haie have the second highest average attendance in European ice hockey behind Swiss team SC Bern. Previously, the Kölner Haie played their home games at the Eisstadion an der Lentstraße. A strong local rivalry exists between the Kölner Haie and the Düsseldorfer EG, of neighboring Düsseldorf. Games between the two teams often sell out.
Rock'n'Roll Tears
Rock'n'Roll Tears is the third album from Australian singer/songwriter Loene Carmen. It was released on 25 August 2007 on Chiquita Records through Shock Records in Australia.

The album was recorded in 3 days on location in a barn in the Colo River, New South Wales, by Jorden Brebach and featured musicians from the Australian bands Mess Hall and The Holy Soul.

Rock 'N' Roll Tears was described in its press release as "an anarchic, loose, dirty, dreamy, heat fuelled love letter to rock 'n' roll".

Following the recording, Loene spent the remainder of 2006 road-testing her songs, touring and performing with  Jim White (drummer) in New York, Mick Harvey in Italy and Greece, and Warren Ellis and Beasts of Bourbon in France. followed by an Australian tour after its release, with Gareth Liddiard.

Aden Young directed a 'Paris Texas' inspired video for lead single 'Nashville High'.

Singer-songwriter
A singer-songwriter is a musician who writes, composes, and performs their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. In the United States, the category is built on the folk-acoustic tradition with a guitar, although this role has transmuted through different eras of popular music. Traditionally, these musicians would write and sing songs personal to them. Singer-songwriters often provide the sole musical accompaniment to an entire song. The piano is also an instrument of choice.
Western Jets
The Western Jets is an Australian rules football club which plays in the Victorian premier U19 competition, the Talent League, since its inception in 1992. The club have developmental squads in the U16, however much of the attention is towards its U18 team.

The club is geographically set in Melbourne's West as part of a decision by AFL Victoria (formerly Football Victoria) to have clubs in all regions of the state.

The club trains in Melbourne's inner west at Crofts Reserve in Altona North and plays NAB League matches at Burbank Oval in Williamstown.  Their current coach is Robbie Chancellor, who replaced Ryan O’Keefe at the end of the 2020 season.

Altona North
Altona North is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 10 km (6.2 mi) south-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Hobsons Bay local government area. Altona North recorded a population of 12,962 at the 2021 census.

Bordering suburbs include Altona, Brooklyn, Laverton North, Newport, South Kingsville, Williamstown North and Yarraville. In addition to the Paisley Park sporting complex, Altona North is home to three parks; S J Clement Reserve – Gilligan Rd, W L J Crofts Reserve – Blackshaws Rd and Urban Forest Reserve – Grieve Pde.
Grinding (video games)
Grinding is a term within video game culture that describes time spent in the game in which a player repeats a general task in order to gain rewards  in-game currency, in-game experience, player stats or other reward types. The method was first seen in dnd, and though there are many adaptations of it, it has since become an entire category of gameplay.

The term "grinding" itself comes from the general human culture of working hard, or "putting the axe to the grindstone." A related term in gaming is "farming," which is a similar act of repeated action with intention to get a reward.

Dnd (1975 video game)
The Game of Dungeons, also known as dnd due to its filename, is a computer role-playing game released in 1975. The name dnd is derived from the abbreviation "D&D" from the original tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.

dnd was written in the TUTOR programming language for the PLATO system by Gary Whisenhunt and Ray Wood at Southern Illinois University in 1974 and 1975. Dirk Pellett of Iowa State University and Flint Pellett of the University of Illinois made substantial enhancements to the game from 1976 to 1985.

dnd is notable for being the first interactive game to feature what would later be referred to as bosses.
Saanenmöser railway station
Saanenmöser railway station (German: Bahnhof Saanenmöser) is a railway station in the municipality of Saanen at the Saanenmöser Pass in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line of Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway. At 1,271 m (4,170 ft), it is the highest station on the line. An aerial cablecar at the station leads to Saanenwald-Saanerslochgrat.

Montreux railway station
Montreux railway station (French: Gare de Montreux) is the largest of the railway stations serving the municipality of Montreux, in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

All of the SBB-CFF-FFS standard gauge passenger trains operating on the Simplon line call at this station, which is also the western terminus of the GoldenPass Line narrow gauge railway lines to Zweisimmen and to Rochers de Naye.
Nippy (Better Call Saul)
"Nippy" is the tenth episode of the sixth season of Better Call Saul, the spin-off television series of Breaking Bad. It was directed by Michelle MacLaren and written by Alison Tatlock. The episode aired on AMC and AMC+ on July 25, 2022, before debuting online in select territories on Netflix the following day. "Nippy" continues the story of Jimmy McGill, portrayed by Bob Odenkirk, after he changed his identity and relocated to Omaha following the events of Breaking Bad. In the episode, Jimmy confronts Jeff, the taxi driver who identified Jimmy as Saul Goodman.

"Nippy" received generally positive reviews, particularly for Tatlock's screenplay, MacLaren's direction, and Odenkirk's performance. However, the casting and performance of Pat Healy drew mixed reviews, and some felt the episode had little purpose in the show's narrative. An estimated 1.20 million viewers saw the episode during its first broadcast on AMC.

AMC+
AMC+ is an American subscription video on demand streaming service owned by AMC Networks that was launched on June 11, 2020. The service is a premium bundle that includes the live feeds and program libraries of the company's television networks and streaming brands along with its own exclusive content.
2022 Abierto Zapopan
The 2022 Abierto Zapopan, also known as Abierto Akron Zapopan was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 3rd edition of the tournament and part of the 2022 WTA Tour.

It took place in Guadalajara, Mexico from 21 to 27 February 2022 and it is a part of the WTA 250 tournaments.

Caty McNally
Catherine "Caty" McNally (born November 20, 2001) is an American professional tennis player.
She achieved her career-high singles ranking of world No. 54 on 22 May 2023 and her best WTA doubles ranking of No. 11 on 4 April 2022. She has won eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour, three of them with Coco Gauff, and the pair also reached the final of the 2021 US Open. She reached another major final at the 2022 US Open with Taylor Townsend. McNally has also won six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. In singles, she has won two titles on the WTA Challenger Tour plus four on the ITF Circuit.

She is best known for her doubles partnership with Coco Gauff, which was nicknamed "McCoco" by fans and media.

As a junior, McNally won the 2018 French Open doubles title, was runner-up in the 2018 French Open girls' singles, and won the US Open junior doubles competition.
Gérald Coppenrath
Gérald Coppenrath (22 April 1922 – 4 November 2008) was a French Polynesian lawyer and politician who represented French Polynesia in the Senate of France between 1958 and 1962.

Born in Papeete, Tahiti he moved to France and studied at the University of Poitiers. He later returned to Tahiti in 1948. He was elected to the Assembly of French Polynesia in the 1957 French Polynesian legislative election as a candidate for the Tahitian Union. On 8 June 1958 he was elected senator, winning by 13 votes to 11. He was re-elected on 26 April 1959, when he won by 43 votes against 17. He stayed in office until 1962. 
He was the first president of the Papeete bar from 1973 To 1974.
He was the older brother of Hubert and Michel Coppenrath. Both became Archbishops. Michel died on 16 August 2008.

Coppenrath died on 4 November 2008.

1957 French Polynesian legislative election
Legislative elections were held in French Polynesia on 3 November 1957 for the Territorial Assembly. The result was a victory for the ruling Democratic Rally of the Tahitian People (RDPT) led by Pouvanaa a Oopa, which won 17 of the 30 seats.