hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
BAli-Phy
BAli-Phy is a free software program for simultaneously estimating a multiple sequence alignment and its phylogenetic tree.  BAli-Phy achieves high accuracy in alignment estimation by using information from the co-estimated phylogeny.  BAli-Phy takes alignment uncertainty into account while estimating the phylogeny by averaging over possible alignments.  Unlike most phylogeny inference software, input sequences need not be aligned beforehand.  This differs from traditional approaches to alignment and phylogeny estimation, which first estimate the alignment without a high-quality tree estimate, and then estimate the tree given the alignment.

BAli-Phy produces a Bayesian posterior distribution on both the alignments and the tree.  The software shows uncertainty in both the alignment and the tree. BAli-Phy uses Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for estimation.  It can take several days to run.

Markov chain Monte Carlo
In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a class of algorithms used to draw samples from a probability distribution. Given a probability distribution, one can construct a Markov chain whose elements' distribution approximates it – that is, the Markov chain's equilibrium distribution matches the target distribution. The more steps that are included, the more closely the distribution of the sample matches the actual desired distribution.

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used to study probability distributions that are too complex or too high dimensional to study with analytic techniques alone. Various algorithms exist for constructing such Markov chains, including the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.
King, Queen, Knave
King, Queen, Knave is the second novel written by Vladimir Nabokov (under his pen name V. Sirin) while living in Berlin and sojourning at resorts in the Baltic. Written in the years 1927–8, it was published as Король, дама, валет (Korol', dama, valet) in Russian in October 1928 and then translated into German by Siegfried von Vegesack as König, Dame, Bube: ein Spiel mit dem Schicksal. Forty years later the novel was translated into English by Nabokov's son Dmitri, with significant changes made by the author. A film adaptation only loosely based on the novel followed in 1972.

Dmitri Nabokov
Dmitri Vladimirovich Nabokov (Russian: Дми́трий Влади́мирович Набо́ков; May 10, 1934 – February 22, 2012) was an American opera singer and translator. Born in Berlin, he was the only child of Russian parents: author Vladimir Nabokov and his wife Véra; they emigrated to the United States from France in 1940. He later was naturalized. In his later years, Nabokov translated many of his father's works into other languages, and served as the executor of his father's literary estate.
Rambouillet station
Rambouillet (French: [ʁɑ̃bujɛ] ⓘ) is a railway station serving Rambouillet, a southwestern suburb of Paris, France. It is on the Paris–Brest railway, leading from Paris-Montparnasse to Brest via Chartres, Nogent-le-Rotrou and Le Mans.

Paris–Brest railway
The railway from Paris to Brest is a 622-kilometre long railway line in France that connects Paris and the western port city Brest, via Le Mans and Rennes. It is used for passenger (express, regional and suburban) and freight traffic.

The railway was opened in several stages between 1840 and 1865.
Military robot
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled mobile robots designed for military applications, from transport to search & rescue and attack.

Some such systems are currently in use, and many are under development. The difference between military robots and military drones is unclear as of 2025: some say that lethal autonomous weapons are robots whereas others describe “fully autonomous military drones”.

THeMIS
THeMIS (Tracked Hybrid Modular Infantry System), unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), is a ground-based armed drone vehicle designed largely for military applications, and is built by Milrem Robotics in Estonia. The vehicle is intended to provide support for dismounted troops by serving as a transport platform, remote weapon station, IED detection and disposal unit etc.
1884 Stout–Vogel ministry
The first Stout-Vogel ministry was a responsible government in New Zealand lasting less than a fortnight, not to be confused with the longer-lasting second Stout-Vogel ministry. It took office after the Continuous Ministry of Harry Atkinson fell to a confidence motion after the 1884 general election.

Harry Atkinson
Sir Harry Albert Atkinson KCMG (1 November 1831 – 28 June 1892) served as the tenth premier of New Zealand on four occasions in the late 19th century, and was Colonial Treasurer for a total of ten years. He was responsible for guiding the country during a time of economic depression, and was known as a cautious and prudent manager of government finances, though distrusted for some policies such as his 1882 National Insurance (welfare) scheme and leasehold land schemes. He also participated in the formation of voluntary military units to fight in the New Zealand Wars, and was noted for his strong belief in the need for seizure of Māori land.
Market share analysis
Market share analysis is a part of market analysis and indicates how well a firm is doing in the marketplace compared to its competitors.

Givon, Mahajan, and Muller have researched spreadsheet and word processing software firms to give a clearer image of how to determine market share in the software industry. They propose six factors to help estimate the value of market share (1997):

unit or dollar sales,

user base (since piracy and brand switching effect),

market definition (scope of definitions),

scope of denominator (which other brands included),

time frame length,

product definition (brand, product line, or strategic business unit).

Software industry
The software industry includes businesses for development, maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloud based" (such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MBaaS, MSaaS, DCaaS etc.). The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, consulting and data recovery. The software and computer services industry spends more than 11% of its net sales for Research & Development which is in comparison with other industries the second highest share after pharmaceuticals & biotechnology.
Disneyland Paris Run Weekend
The Disneyland Paris Run Weekend is an annual half marathon and weekend race series held every third weekend of September in Marne-la-Vallée, near Paris held by runDisney, a race series and division of Disney Sports Enterprises.

The half-marathon weekend currently (as of 2019) includes a 5K, a 10K and a Half Marathon, as well as the 31K, 36K, and Castle to Chateau Challenge.

Marne-la-Vallée
Marne-la-Vallée (French: [maʁn la va.le]) (English: Marne Valley) is a new town located near the city centre of Paris, France.

Disneyland Paris, Walt Disney Studios Park, Val d'Europe, Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, ESIEE Paris, and École des Ponts ParisTech are located in Marne-la-Vallée.
Italian corvette San Giovanni
San Giovanni was a sail corvette built for the Royal Sardinian Navy in the late 1840s. In 1861, she was converted into a screw corvette by which time the unification of Italy had been largely completed. As a result, she served with the Italian Regia Marina when the work on the ship was finished. She was present for the Battle of Lissa in 1866 during the Third Italian War of Independence, though she did not engage the Austrian Navy in the battle. She was eventually laid up in 1875 and broken up for scrap in 1878.

Steam frigate
Steam frigates (including screw frigates) and the smaller steam corvettes, steam sloops, steam gunboats and steam schooners were steam-powered warships that were not meant to stand in the line of battle. The first such ships were paddle steamers. Later on the invention of screw propulsion enabled construction of screw-powered versions of the traditional frigates, corvettes, sloops and gunboats.
Zaborów, Gmina Zadzim
Zaborów [zaˈbɔruf] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Zadzim, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) east of Zadzim, 15 km (9 mi) south of Poddębice, and 35 km (22 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)
The Screen Award for Best Actress – Popular Choice was introduced in 2009 as part of the annual Screen Awards in India. Unlike the Screen Award for Best Actress, which is determined by a jury, this category is decided by public voting and is awarded to the actress whose performance is deemed the most popular among viewers.

Aishwarya Rai was the inaugural recipient of the award in 2009 for her role in Jodhaa Akbar. Deepika Padukone holds the record for the most wins in this category, with five awards for her performances in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2019. The final recipient of the award was Kangana Ranaut, who won in 2020 for her performances in Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi and Judgementall Hai Kya. Following that year, the category was discontinued.

Judgementall Hai Kya
Judgementall Hai Kya (transl. Are you judgmental?) is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language black comedy film directed by Prakash Kovelamudi, with screenplay by Kanika Dhillon starring Kangana Ranaut and Rajkummar Rao, produced by Ekta Kapoor, the film was theatrically released in India on 26 July 2019. The movie received positive reviews for the performances (especially Ranaut's and Rao's), story, direction, dialogues, production values, and cinematography.
Lorenzen, Mississippi
Lorenzen is an unincorporated community in Sharkey County, Mississippi, United States.

Lorenzen had a post office, and a population of 76 in 1906.

Lorenzen is located on the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad and in 1910 had a boot and shoe repair business. The community sporadically had a post office from 1889 to 1955.

Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad
The Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad (Y&MV) was incorporated in 1882 and was part of the Illinois Central Railroad system (IC). Construction began in Jackson, Mississippi, and continued to Yazoo City, Mississippi. The line was later expanded through the Mississippi Delta and on to Memphis, Tennessee. In 1886, the IC purchased the Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad. In 1892, the IC bought the Memphis to New Orleans line, forming the Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railway. These lines were merged into the Y&MV. Main lines included Memphis to New Orleans via Vicksburg and Baton Rouge, Memphis to Tutwiler, Clarksdale, MS to Yazoo City, Clarksdale to Jackson, MS, and Jackson to Natchez.

Between 1945 and 1946, the IC began to absorb its subsidiaries. The Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad ceased to operate as an independent railroad. Later railroad restructuring ended passenger service on this line.
Hubert Invents the Wheel
Hubert Invents the Wheel is a historical novel about the invention of the wheel, developed by Claire and Monte Montgomery and illustrated by Jeff Shelly. It was published in 2005 by Walker & Company, and was named to the Texas Bluebonnet Masterlist. The story centers on a 15-year-old Sumerian boy, Hubert, who is trying to be an inventor, over the objections of his stodgy father, Gorp. Hubert succeeds in creating a wheel that revolutionizes life in Mesopotamia, but soon discovers that the new technology can be used for both good and evil.

School Library Journal's review indicates that the story is liberally sprinkled with modern concepts and references like road rage, a "new and certified pre-owned sledge dealership", and an "edifice complex". It further indicates that the book "[balances broad comic scenes with] wordplay and lively dialogue." Missouri teachers selected the book for their Reading Circle program and PBS TeacherSource recommended it, among others.

Sumer
Sumer (/ˈsuːmər/ SOO-mər) is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the 5th and 4th millennium BC. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe, and Mesoamerica. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus of which enabled them to form urban settlements. The world's earliest known texts come from the Sumerian cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3350 – c. 2500 BC, following a period of proto-writing c. 4000 – c. 2500 BC.
Louise Bridge
The Louise Bridge crosses the Bow River in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

The bridge connects Downtown West End with Memorial Drive and Kensington. It is configured with reversible lanes to accommodate higher traffic into Downtown during the early morning hours, and higher outbound traffic during the afternoon commute.

Reversible lane
A reversible lane, also known as variable lane, dynamic lane, and tidal flow, is a managed lane in which traffic may travel in either direction, depending on certain conditions. Typically, it is meant to improve traffic flow during rush hours, by having overhead traffic lights and lighted street signs notifying drivers which lanes are open or closed to driving or turning.

Reversible lanes are also commonly found in tunnels and on bridges, and on the surrounding roadways – even where the lanes are not regularly reversed to handle normal changes in traffic flow. The presence of lane controls allows authorities to close or reverse lanes when unusual circumstances (such as construction or a traffic mishap) require use of fewer or more lanes to maintain orderly flow of traffic.
Live at the Berkeley Community Theater 1972
Live at the Berkeley Community Theater 1972 is a live album by Alice Coltrane. It was recorded at the Berkeley Community Theater in Berkeley, California, in July 1972, and was released as a double album in 2019 by the German label BCT. On the album, Coltrane appears on harp, piano and organ, and is joined by bassist Charlie Haden, sarod player Aashish Khan, tabla player Pranesh Khan, drummer Ben Riley, and a tamboura player listed simply as Bobby W. The recording features three compositions associated with John Coltrane plus a version of Alice Coltrane's "Journey in Satchidananda".

Sarod
The sarod is a stringed instrument, used in Hindustani music on the Indian subcontinent. Along with the sitar, it is among the most popular and prominent instruments. It is known for a deep, weighty, introspective sound, in contrast with the sweet, overtone-rich timbre of the sitar, with sympathetic strings that give it a resonant, reverberant quality. A fretless instrument, it can produce the continuous slides between notes known as meend (glissandi), which are important in Indian music.
Minister of State Security (China)
The minister of state security is a Chinese government position within the constituent departments of the State Council which functions as the head of the Ministry of State Security. The position reports directly to the head of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission (CPLC) of the Chinese Communist Party. Within the State Council, the position is ninth in order of precedence. All ministers of state security have held the position as civilians while simultaneously being given the police rank of commissioner general during their tenure. Like the minister of public security, the minister holds the police badge identification number “000001”.

Constituent departments of the State Council
The constituent departments of the State Council (Chinese: 国务院组成部门; pinyin: Guówùyuàn Zǔchéng Bùmén) are the principal units of State Council of the People's Republic of China. Types of departments include ministries (部; bù), commissions (委员会; wěiyuánhuì), the People's Bank of China, and the National Audit Office.

The current 14th State Council has 26 constituent departments: 21 ministries, three commissions, along with the People's Bank of China and the National Audit Office. It also has a General Office, one directly affiliated specialized institution, 14 directly affiliated institutions, one office, 7 directly affiliated public institutions, and 17 national bureaus managed by ministries and commissions of the State Council.
Ongole mandal
Ongole mandal is one of the 56 mandals in Prakasam district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is administered under Ongole revenue division and its headquarters are located at Ongole. The mandal is bounded by Naguluppalapadu, Maddipadu, Santhanuthlapadu, and Kothapatnam Tangutur mandals. The mandals lies on the shore of Bay of Bengal.

Tangutur
Tangutur is a town and mandal headquarters in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is part of the Ongole revenue division. Nearby towns include Singarayakonda, Kandukur, Kondapi. The nearest city is Ongole.
Executable and Linkable Format
In computing, the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF, formerly named Extensible Linking Format) is a common standard file format for executable files, object code, shared libraries, device drivers, and core dumps. First published in the specification for the application binary interface (ABI) of the Unix operating system version named System V Release 4 (SVR4), and later in the Tool Interface Standard, it was quickly accepted among different vendors of Unix systems. In 1999, it was chosen as the standard binary file format for Unix and Unix-like systems on x86 processors by the 86open project.

By design, the ELF format is flexible, extensible, and cross-platform. For instance, it supports different endiannesses and address sizes so it does not exclude any particular CPU or instruction set architecture. This has allowed it to be adopted by many different operating systems on many different hardware platforms.

Cross-platform software
Within computing, cross-platform software (also called multi-platform software, platform-agnostic software, or platform-independent software) is computer software that is designed to work in several computing platforms. Some cross-platform software requires a separate build for each platform, but some can be directly run on any platform without special preparation, being written in an interpreted language or compiled to portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all supported platforms.

For example, a cross-platform application may run on Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows. Cross-platform software may run on many platforms, or as few as two. Some frameworks for cross-platform development are Codename One, ArkUI-X, Kivy, Qt, GTK, Flutter, NativeScript, Xamarin, Apache Cordova, Ionic, and React Native.
German submarine U-874
German submarine U-874 was a long-range Type IXD2 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was ordered on 25 August 1941, and was laid down on 17 March 1943 at DeSchiMAG AG Weser, Bremen, as yard number 1082. She was launched on 21 December 1943 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Theodor Petersen on 8 April 1944.

Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau
Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau Aktiengesellschaft (abbreviated Deschimag) was a cooperation of eight German shipyards in the period 1926 to 1945. The leading company was the shipyard AG Weser in Bremen.
Minusinsk
Minusinsk (Russian: Минуси́нск; Khakas: Минсуғ, romanized: Minsuğ) is a historical town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Population: 71,170 (2010 census); 72,561 (2002 census); 72,942 (1989 Soviet census); 44,500 (1973).

Khakas language
Khakas, also known as Xakas, is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas, who mainly live in the southwestern Siberian Republic of Khakassia, in Russia. The Khakas number 61,000, of whom 29,000 speak the Khakas language. Most Khakas speakers are bilingual in Russian.
Flying fish festival
The Flying Fish Festival (Chinese: 飛魚祭; pinyin: Lányŭ Fēiyújì) is one of the traditional ceremonies of the Taiwanese indigenous Yami people, which live on a tiny island off the southeastern coast of Taiwan called Orchid Island.  The Flying Fish Festival comes from the legends of the Yami people and constitutes the social norms of their society.  During the festival period, the Yami people need to be very careful of their actions and words in order not to violate the norms.  In addition to the Yami's cultural heritage, the Flying Fish Festival also implies the respect for the natural environment and sustainable ecological perceptions.

Orchid Island
Orchid Island, known as Pongso no Tao by the indigenous inhabitants, is a 45 km2 (17 sq mi) volcanic island located off the southeastern coast of Taiwan. The island and the nearby Lesser Orchid Island are governed by Taiwan as Lanyu Township in Taitung County, which is one of the county's two insular townships (the other being Lyudao Township). It is separated from the Batanes of the Philippines by the Bashi Channel of the Luzon Strait.

It is considered a potential World Heritage Site.
Atelopus nahumae
Atelopus nahumae (San Lorenzo harlequin frog) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Colombia and only known from humid montane forest of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the Magdalena, La Guajira, and Cesar Departments.

True toad
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
Pinyon mouse
The pinyon mouse (Peromyscus truei) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is a species of the genus Peromyscus, a closely related group of New World mice often called "deermice". It is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California in Mexico.  These medium-sized mice are often distinguished by their relatively large ears.  The range of this species extends from southern Oregon and Wyoming in the north, and extends south to roughly the U.S.-Mexico border, with a disjunct population known as the Palo Duro mouse (P. t. comanche) that occupies an area in the vicinity of Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas panhandle.

Palo Duro Canyon
Palo Duro Canyon is a canyon system of the Caprock Escarpment located in the Texas Panhandle near the cities of Amarillo and Canyon. The second largest canyon system in the United States, it is roughly 25–40 mi (40–64 km) long and has an average width of 6 mi (9.7 km), but reaches a width of 20 mi (32 km) at places. Its depth is around 800 ft (240 m), but in some locations, valley bottom to surrounding hills increases to 1,000 ft (300 m). Palo Duro Canyon (from the Spanish meaning "hard stick") has been named "The Grand Canyon of Texas" both for its size and for its dramatic geological features, including the multicolored layers of rock and steep mesa walls, which are similar to those in the Grand Canyon. It is part of Palo Duro Canyon State Park. The State Park had 442,242 visitors in 2022.