hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Piracy off the coast of Somalia
Piracy off the coast of Somalia occurs in the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel, and Indian Ocean, in Somali territorial waters and other surrounding places and has a long troubled history with different perspectives from different communities. It was initially a threat to international fishing vessels during the early 2000s, only to rapidly escalate and expand to international shipping during the War in Somalia (2006–2009). The escalation of conflict between local Somali fishermen and foreign vessels occurred in a context where Somalia is estimated to lose approximately $300 million annually since 1991 due to the unauthorized extraction of marine resources using harmful methods, such as dynamite fishing, which is prohibited in a number of other regions.

Freight transport
Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commercial products and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.
Edmund Arnold (MP)
Edmund Arnold or Arnaud (died 1419), of Dartmouth, Devon and Gascony, was an English politician.

Arnold, who was "a Gascon by birth", was a Member of Parliament for Dartmouth 1395, 1410, November 1414 and 1415. He was also  Mayor of Dartmouth from Michaelmas 1404 until 1408 and 1414 to 1415. He became deputy to Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter in around January 1410, was deputy butler in Kingsbridge, Dartmouth, and Teignmouth from 28 March 1413 to November 1418, and was water bailiff in Dartmouth from some point before February 1417 until his death in 1419.

Dartmouth, Devon
Dartmouth (/ˈdɑːrtməθ/) is a town and civil parish in the English county of Devon. It is a tourist destination set on the western bank of the estuary of the River Dart, which is a long narrow tidal ria that runs inland as far as Totnes. It lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and South Hams district, and had a population of 5,512 in 2001, reducing to 5,064 at the 2011 census. There are two electoral wards in the Dartmouth area (Townstal & Kingswear). Their combined population at the above census was 6,822.
Wathima ibn Musa
Wathīma ibn Mūsā (died 9 December 851), nicknamed al-Washshāʾ ('trader in embroideries'), was a Persian Muslim historian and silk trader.

Born in the city of Fasā, Wathīma moved first to Baṣra, then to Egypt and to al-Andalus before returning to Egypt, where he settled in the city of Fusṭāṭ. He studied ḥadīth (traditions) and, according to Ibn al-Faraḍī, this was the purpose of his travels to the West. He wrote a Kitāb fī Akhbār al-ridda, an Arabic account of the great apostasy of 632. It is a lost work, although at least 110 passages from it are quoted by other authors, including Ibn Khallikān, Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Yāqūt al-Rūmī and Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī. It was praised for its literary quality and its breadth by Ibn al-ʿImād.

Wathīma died in Fusṭāṭ. He had a son, ʿUmāra ibn Wathīma, who was born in Fusṭāṭ. The Kitāb badʾ al-khalq wa-qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ, a collection of legends of the prophets, is attributed to ʿUmāra, but is more probably the work of Wathīma.

Fasa
Fasa (Persian: فسا) is a city in the Central District of Fasa County, Fars province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The city's population in 2016 was 110,825. Fasa is the fourth most populous city of the province, and dates back to the Achaemenid period.

Fasa's economy is based on agriculture and Pastoralism. Jahrom, Darab, Sarvestan, Kherameh and Estahban are neighbours of Fasa. This city is located on the road from Shiraz to Kerman, This has made Fasa a strategic and important city.
Palmbaumtaler
Palmbaumtaler (or Palmbaumgulden) are coins which were issued by several northern German states during the 17th century, that all share a palm tree (German: Palmbaum) as a common motif. The palm was chosen because it was considered a symbol of strength and resilience.

Since the coins were issued by semi-independent states, each state adjusted the design.  For example, the palm tree coins issued by the Princes of Waldeck and the Abbey of Fulda included a stone near the tree.
Those from Prince John Frederick of Brunswick-Calenberg show a tree on an island amidst the sea, flanked by two ships.  The Brunswick-Calenberg coins were issued in denominations of 2/3 thaler, 1/3 thaler and 24 Mariengroschen.

Even among coins issued by the same state the image, location and spelling of the legend may change, because the dies used for the coins were all handmade.

Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
The County of Waldeck (later the Principality of Waldeck and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929. In 1349 the county gained Imperial immediacy and in 1712 was raised to the rank of principality. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire. After the abolition of the monarchy in 1918, the renamed Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont became a component of the Weimar Republic until divided between Hannover and other Prussian provinces in 1929. It comprised territories in present-day Hesse and Lower Saxony (Germany).
St. Rose, Louisiana
Saint Rose (usually written as St. Rose) is a census-designated place (CDP) in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, United States. St. Rose is on the east bank of the Mississippi River, two miles (3 km) north of the Jefferson Parish border and is part of the Greater New Orleans metropolitan area. The population was 6,540 in the 2000 census, and 7,504 in 2020.

Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Jefferson Parish (French: Paroisse de Jefferson) is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 440,781. Its parish seat is Gretna, its largest community is Metairie, and its largest incorporated city is Kenner. Jefferson Parish is included in the Greater New Orleans area.
Battlement Mesa
Battlement Mesa is a large prominent mesa in western Colorado in the United States. It sits along the Garfield-Mesa county line, between the Colorado River to the north and Plateau Creek to the south.

It is visible south of Interstate 70, visible between the towns of Rifle and Parachute, stretching for approximately 15 miles (24 km) east-west. The community of Battlement Mesa along Interstate 70 takes its name from the mesa.

The mesa is similar in geology to the nearby Grand Mesa to the south, and to the Roan Cliffs to the north. It consists largely of a layer of basalt atop underlying layers of sedimentary rock, including a layer of the Green River Formation.

Mesa County, Colorado
Mesa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 155,703, making Mesa County the most populous county in western Colorado, and 11th most populous in the state. The county seat and most populous municipality is Grand Junction. The county was named for the many large mesas in the area, including the Grand Mesa, which is the largest flat-topped mountain in the world.

Mesa County comprises the Grand Junction, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2020, it ranked as the 271st most populous metropolitan area in the United States. It is the only metropolitan area in Colorado not located on the Front Range.
Elena Esposito
Elena Esposito (Milan 1960) is an Italian sociologist who works in the field of social systems theory. She teaches subjects such as general sociology, foresight, and the futures of public policy at Bielefeld University (Germany) and  the University of Bologna (Italy). Her research is inspired by Luhmannian social systems theory.

Social system
In sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. It is the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, religions, corporations, and industries. The organization and definition of groups within a social system depend on various shared properties such as location, socioeconomic status, race, religion, societal function, or other distinguishable features.
Ken Dallafior
Kenneth Ray Dallafior (born August 26, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He also played for Michigan Panthers of the USFL in 1984. He played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers.

Minnesota Golden Gophers football
The Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represents the University of Minnesota in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Founded in 1882, Minnesota has been a member of the Big Ten Conference since its inception in 1896 as the Western Conference. The Golden Gophers claim seven national championships, including four (1936, 1940, 1941, and 1960) from the major wire-services: AP Poll and/or Coaches' Poll.

Since 2009, the Golden Gophers have played all their home games at Huntington Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The team is currently coached by P. J. Fleck.
Regina West
Regina West was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 1988. This riding was created in 1976 from parts of Regina—Lake Centre riding. It consisted of the part of the city of Regina lying west of Albert Street, and adjacent rural areas and Indian reserves.

It was abolished in 1987 when it was redistributed into Regina—Lumsden and Regina—Wascana ridings. The representative was Les Benjamin.

Les Benjamin
Leslie Gordon "Les" Benjamin (April 29, 1925 – June 16, 2003) was a Canadian politician who served in the House of Commons of Canada. Benjamin was first elected to the House of Commons in 1968 as a New Democratic Party MP from Saskatchewan. In parliament, as the NDP's Transport critic, he often clashed with Otto Lang over the Crow Rate that allowed subsidized rail transport for prairie farmers and was an opponent of deregulation. He retired from parliament in 1993.

When Ronald Reagan addressed the Parliament of Canada in 1987, Benjamin heckled him by crying "he's mad!".

Benjamin was of Welsh heritage with his father's family coming to Canada from the Rumney Valley.

Prior to entering politics, Benjamin worked variously as a railway station agent, telegrapher and secretary.
The Wire season 4
The fourth season of the television series The Wire commenced airing in the United States on September 10, 2006, concluded on December 10, 2006, and contained 13 episodes. It introduces Baltimore's school system and several middle school students while continuing to examine the remnants of the Barksdale Organization, the ascendant Stanfield Organization, the Baltimore Police Department and politicians.

The fourth season aired on Sundays at 10:00 pm ET in the United States. The season was released on DVD as a four-disc boxed set under the title of The Wire: The Complete Fourth Season on December 4, 2007 by HBO Video.

Omar Little
Omar Devone Little is a fictional character on the HBO crime drama series The Wire, portrayed by Michael K. Williams. He is a notorious Baltimore stick-up man who frequently robs street-level drug dealers. He is legendary around the inner city for his characteristic duster, under which he hides his shotgun, large caliber handgun, and bulletproof vest, as well as for his facial scar and his whistling of "A-Hunting We Will Go" (a.k.a. "The Farmer in the Dell") when stalking targets. Omar's homosexual character is based on the heterosexual Baltimore area robber and hitman Donnie Andrews. Andrews served 18 years in prison after murdering a drug dealer. Andrews was married to Francine Boyd, who inspired the miniseries The Corner on HBO. Both the character and Williams's performance have received critical acclaim, with Omar frequently being mentioned as one of the greatest and most iconic television characters of all time.
RD (song)
"RD" (an abbreviation of Republica Dominicana in Spanish, Dominican Republic in English) is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA and Puerto Rican rapper and singer Ozuna. It was released through Real Hasta la Muerte and Aura Music as the fifth track from their collaborative studio album, Los Dioses, on January 22, 2021. Anuel AA and Ozuna wrote the song with the Colombian producer Ovy on the Drums, alongside Felix Ozuna.

Ovy on the Drums
Daniel Echavarría Oviedo (born 1991), known professionally as Ovy on the Drums, is a Colombian record producer, songwriter and former footballer. He is a longtime collaborator of Colombian singer-songwriter Karol G, and has also worked with Blessd, Micro TDH, Myke Towers, and Shakira, among other Latin music acts. Echavarría won a Latin Grammy for Album of the Year and a Grammy Award for Best Música Urbana Album for his production work on Karol G's 2023 album Mañana Será Bonito. He has received a total of eight Latin Grammy nominations. Described as "one of Latin music's top producers", Echavarría has had 32 entries on Billboard's Hot Latin Songs chart as of 2022.
Black Arab (mythology)
In Serbian, Macedonian, and in Bulgarian mythology, Black Arab (Serbian: Црни Арапин, Crni Arapin, Bulgarian: Църен Арапин, Черен Арап(ин), Macedonian: Црна Арапина, Crna Arapina) is a designation for Arabs and black people. The Black Arab is often depicted as a dark skin ruffian who kidnaps women and girls. In Serbian folklore, as well as in the beliefs of other Balkan peoples, the Arab is a chthonic demon, a replacement for the devil. Some authors compare it with Slavic Triglav.

In a story of Serb folklore, an Arab, after being slain in battle, escapes while carrying his head in his arm. Some other tales and folk songs have the character of a three-headed Arab.

In Bulgarian folklore, notable national heroes such as Sider Voevoda or Strahil Voevoda fight Black Arab.

In Serbian and Macedonian folklore Krali Marko fights against Black Arab.

Triglav (mythology)
Triglav (lit. "Three-headed one") was the chief god of the Pomeranian and probably some of the Polabian Slavs, worshipped in Szczecin, Wolin and probably Brenna (now Brandenburg). His cult is attested to in several biographies of the bishop St. Otto of Bamberg in the years immediately preceding his suppression of it in 1127.
Henry Charles Eitzen Building
Henry Charles Eitzen Building, also known as the Oscar H. Guether Store Building and Hy. Poppenheusen Tin Shop, is a historic commercial building located at Washington, Franklin County, Missouri. The original section was built about 1854, and is a 2 1/2-story, German Neoclassical style brick building in the Klassisismus form.  It has a three-bay, one-story brick ell added before 1893.: 5

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Franklin County, Missouri
Franklin County is located in the U.S. state of Missouri. At the 2020 census, the population was 104,682. Its county seat is Union. The county was organized in 1818 and is named after Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. Franklin County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area and contains some of the city's exurbs. It is located along the south side of the Missouri River. The county has wineries that are included in the Hermann AVA (American Viticultural Area) and is part of the region known as the Missouri Rhineland, which extends on both sides of the Missouri River.
Columbia County Courthouse (Arkansas)
The Columbia County Courthouse is located at Court Square in the heart of Magnolia, the county seat of Columbia County, Arkansas.  The two-story brick and stone structure was designed W. W. Hall and built in 1905.  It features Renaissance Revival styling, with Corinthian pilasters separating the windows on the second level and a projecting Greek temple portico with recessed entries under round arches on the first level, and fluted Corinthian columns on the second.

African-American man, Jordan Jameson was lynched on November 11, 1919, in the town square right in the front of the Columbia County Courthouse. A large white mob seized Jameson after he allegedly shot the local sheriff. They tied him to a stake and burned him alive meters from the building.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Columbia County, Arkansas
Columbia County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,801. The county seat is Magnolia. The county was formed on December 17, 1852, and was named for Christopher Columbus. The Magnolia, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Columbia County.

Columbia County is home to Southern Arkansas University, which dominates the economic and cultural landscape of the county.
Rob Lucas
Robert Ivan Lucas (born 7 June 1953) is an Australian former politician and a former member of the South Australian Legislative Council between the 1982 election and the 2022 election, representing the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia.

Lucas served as the Treasurer of South Australia between 2018 and 2022 in the Marshall government, and previously served in the role between 1997 and 2002 in the Olsen and Kerin governments. Lucas was the Father of the Parliament until his retirement at the 2022 election.

1982 South Australian state election
State elections were held in South Australia on 6 November 1982. All 47 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent Liberal Party of Australia led by Premier of South Australia David Tonkin was defeated by the Australian Labor Party led by Leader of the Opposition John Bannon.

A referendum on daylight saving was held on the same day, and was passed.
German submarine U-806
German submarine U-806 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

U-801 was ordered on 10 April 1941 from DeSchiMAG Seebeckwerft in Geestemünde under the yard number 364. Her keel was laid down on 27 April 1943 and the U-boat was launched sometime late in 1943. On 29 April 1944 she was commissioned into service under the command of Kapitänleutnant Klaus Hornbostel (Crew 34) in the 4th U-boat Flotilla.

Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)
This glossary of nautical terms is an alphabetical listing of terms and expressions connected with ships, shipping, seamanship and navigation on water (mostly though not necessarily on the sea). Some remain current, while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries. The word nautical derives from the Latin nauticus, from Greek nautikos, from nautēs: "sailor", from naus: "ship".

Further information on nautical terminology may also be found at Nautical metaphors in English, and additional military terms are listed in the Multiservice tactical brevity code article. Terms used in other fields associated with bodies of water can be found at Glossary of fishery terms, Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Glossary of rowing terms, and Glossary of meteorology.
Hans Reiter (physician)
Hans Conrad Julius Reiter (26 February 1881 – 25 November 1969) was a German Nazi physician who conducted medical experiments at the Buchenwald concentration camp. He wrote a book on "racial hygiene" called Deutsches Gold, Gesundes Leben – Frohes Schaffen. In 1916, he described a disease with the symptoms urethritis, conjunctivitis and arthritis, which became known as Reiter's syndrome.

Reiter was born in Reudnitz, near Leipzig in the German Empire. He studied medicine at Leipzig and Breslau (now Wrocław), and received a doctorate from Tübingen on the subject of tuberculosis. After receiving his doctorate, he went on to study at the hygiene institute in Berlin, the Pasteur Institute in Paris and St. Mary's Hospital in London, where he worked with Sir Almroth Wright for two years. Reiter was also known for implementing strict anti-smoking laws in Nazi Germany.

Almroth Wright
Sir Almroth Edward Wright KBE CB FRCSI FRS (10 August 1861 – 30 April 1947) was an English bacteriologist and immunologist.

He is notable for developing a system of anti-typhoid fever inoculation, recognizing early on that antibiotics would create resistant bacteria, and being a strong advocate for preventive medicine.
Mexicana Universal Estado de México
Mexicana Universal Estado de México or MXU EDOMEX (until 2016 called Nuestra Belleza Estado de México) is a state-level contest in the state of Estado de México, Mexico, which selects the state representative for the national contest Mexicana Universal (formerly called Nuestra Belleza México), thus aspiring to represent the country internationally on one of the platforms offered.

The state organization has achieved the following results since 1994:

Winner: 1 (1994)

1st Runner-up: 1 (2011)

2nd Runner-up: 1 (2022)

3rd Runner-up: 1 (1997)

Top 10/11/12: 1 (2013)

Top 15/16: 3 (1999, 2009, 2021)

Top 20: 1 (2003)

Unplaced: 14 (1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2023)

Absences: 6 (2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2019)

Mexicana Universal 2018
Mexicana Universal 2018 is the 1st edition of the Mexicana Universal beauty pageant, formerly called Nuestra Belleza Mexico until 2017. This edition will feature several changes held at the Foro de TV Azteca in Mexico City on June 3, 2018.

Lupita Jones crowned Andrea Toscano of Chihuahua at the end event. Toscano represented Mexico at the Miss Universe 2018 pageant, held in Thailand.
Swiss Rugby Federation
The Swiss Rugby Federation (French: Fédération Suisse de Rugby Italian: Federazione Svizzera di Rugby German: Schweizerischer Rugby Verband)) is the national sports federation for rugby union and sevens rugby in Switzerland. Founded in 1972, the association has around 50 clubs and 180 teams. It has represented Switzerland in the World Rugby Federation since 1988 and in the continental association Rugby Europe since 1974.

It currently runs the League A, League B, League C and League 1 national championships. The leading teams compete for the Swiss Cup in the League A, that for the 2012-2013 season is organized as follows :

Grasshoppers Club Zürich

Hermance Région Rugby Club

Lausanne Université Club Rugby

Nyon Rugby Club

Stade Lausanne Rugby Club

Rugby Club Avusy

Rugby Club Genève Plan-les-Ouates

UMB Rugby Lugano

University of Lausanne
The University of Lausanne (UNIL; French: Université de Lausanne) in Lausanne, Switzerland, was founded in 1537 as a school of Protestant theology, before being made a university in 1890. The university is the second-oldest in Switzerland, and one of the oldest universities in the world to be in continuous operation. As of fall 2017, about 15,000 students and 3,300 employees studied and worked at the university. Approximately 1,500 international students attend the university (120 nationalities), which has a wide curriculum including exchange programs with other universities.

Together with the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) the university forms a vast campus at the shores of Lake Geneva.