hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Population history of Egypt
Egypt has a long and involved demographic history. This is partly due to the territory's geographical location at the crossroads of several major cultural areas: North Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, Egypt has experienced several invasions and being part of many regional empires during its long history, including by the Canaanites, the Ancient Libyans, the Assyrians, the Kushites (a Nubian civilization), the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, and the Arabs.

However, invasions mostly involved the governing elite class and did not have a significant impact on the majority of the Egyptian population. Other scholars have suggested there may have been a gradual period of demographic change from Syria-Palestine, via the eastern Delta region.

Christopher Ehret
Christopher Paul Ehret (27 July 1941 – 25 March 2025), was an American scholar of African history and African historical linguistics who was particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archeological record. He was a professor at UCLA for almost half a century and published a great multitude of works, including Reconstructing Proto-Afrasian (1995) and Ancient Africa (2023). He authored around seventy articles on a range of historical, linguistic, and anthropological subjects. These works include monographic articles on Bantu subclassification; on internal reconstruction in Semitic; on the reconstruction of proto-Cushitic and proto-Eastern Cushitic; and, with Mohamed Nuuh Ali, on the classification of the Somali languages.

Ehret contributed to a number of encyclopedias on African topics and on world history, such as Volume III of UNESCO General History of Africa book series for which he wrote a chapter on the East African interior.
Pop Goes the Easel (1962 film)
Pop Goes the Easel is a 1962 British documentary directed by Ken Russell commissioned by the BBC's Monitor arts' television series. It is a portrait of pop artists Peter Blake, Derek Boshier, Pauline Boty and Peter Phillips in a style owing a little to their own.

The documentary was preceded by an introduction from Huw Wheldon, who noted that pop culture was "a world which you can dismiss if you feel so inclined as tawdry and second rate, but a world in which everyone to some degree lives whether they like it or not".

Pauline Boty
Pauline Boty (6 March 1938 – 1 July 1966) was a British painter and co-founder of the 1960s' British Pop art movement of which she was the only acknowledged female member. Boty's paintings and collages often demonstrate a joy in self-assured femininity and female sexuality, as well as criticism (both overt and implicit) of the "man's world" in which she lived. Her rebellious art, combined with her free-spirited lifestyle, has made Boty a herald of 1970s' feminism.
Benser
Benser is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Günter Benser (1931–2025), German Marxist historian

Ursula Benser (1915–2001), German painter and draftsperson

Walther Benser (1912–2002), German photographer, photo journalist and merchant

Günter Benser
Günter Benser (12 January 1931 – 27 March 2025) was a German Marxist historian. Before 1989, he was a senior staff member of the Berlin-based Marxism–Leninism Institute attached to the ruling Socialist Unity Party of (East) Germany, and serving as its director for not quite two and a half eventful years, starting on 21 December 1989.
Lester Abrams
Lester Abrams (born 1945) is a singer, songwriter, musician and producer who has played with such artists as B.B. King, Stevie Wonder, Peabo Bryson, Quincy Jones, Manfred Mann, Brian Auger, The Average White Band, The Doobie Brothers, Rufus and many others. Two of his co-compositions appeared on the Grammy Award–winning Doobie Brothers’ album Minute by Minute. He has also composed songs for film and television; two of his works can be heard in the Oliver Stone–produced movie South Central.

Lester Abrams was also a member of and/or associated with several other bands and people, including Leslie Smith, Arno Lucas, Rick Chudacoff, The Les Smith Soul Band, L.A. Carnival, Crackin' and more recently, Connie Price and the Keystones.

Brian Auger
Brian Albert Gordon Auger (born 18 July 1939) is an English jazz rock and rock keyboardist who specialises in the Hammond organ.

Auger has worked with Rod Stewart, Tony Williams, Jimi Hendrix, John McLaughlin, Sonny Boy Williamson, Eric Burdon, and CAB. He has incorporated jazz, early British pop, R&B, soul music, and rock into his sound. He has been nominated for a Grammy Award.
Belkind
Belkind is an Ashkenazi Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Israel Belkind, Jewish educator, author, writer, historian and founder of the Bilu movement

Lev Belkind,  Soviet scientist, engineer and historian; author of numerous publications on the history of science and technology

Na'aman Belkind, member of Nili, a ring of Jewish spies working for the British in World War

Olga Hankin née Belkind, feminist, professional midwife and Zionist activist

Osnat Belkind Scheps (born 1961), Israeli artist

Sonia Belkind,  the first gynecologist in Ottoman Palestine

Na'aman Belkind
Na'aman Belkind (Hebrew: נעמן בלקינד; December 16, 1888 - December 16, 1917) was a member of Nili, a ring of Jewish spies working for the British in World War I. Belkind was caught by the Ottmans in September 1917 and was sentenced to death. He was hanged in Damascus with Yosef Lishansky. Their execution marked the fall of the Nili movement.
Pterostichus adstrictus
Pterostichus adstrictus is a species of ground beetle with a Holarctic distribution.  It is widespread in North America, ranging from the coast of the Bering Sea to Newfoundland, and south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and the Sierra Nevada in California.  It is also found in Europe and Russia.

Holarctic realm
The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical region (which covers most of North America), and Alfred Wallace's Palearctic zoogeographical region (which covers  North Africa, and all of Eurasia except for  Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the southern Arabian Peninsula).

These  regions are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions. Many ecosystems and the animal and plant communities that depend on them extend across a number of continents and cover large portions of the Holarctic realm. This continuity is the result of those regions’ shared glacial history.
Alfred William Buxton
Alfred William Buxton (17 September 1872–22 August 1950) was a New Zealand landscape gardener and nurseryman. He was born in Hanley, Staffordshire, England on 17 September 1872 and moved to New Zealand in about 1886 where he began his work as a nurseryman.

Hanley
Hanley is one of the six towns that, along with Burslem, Longton, Fenton, Tunstall and Stoke-upon-Trent, amalgamated to form the city of Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, England. The town is the main business, commercial and cultural hub of the wider Potteries area.
Bitwarden
Bitwarden is a freemium open-source password management service that is used to store sensitive information, such as website credentials, in an encrypted vault. It is owned and developed by Bitwarden, Inc.

Freemium
Freemium, a portmanteau of the words "free" and "premium", is a pricing strategy by which a basic product or service is provided free of charge, but money (a premium) is charged for additional features, services and virtual (online) or physical (offline) goods that expand the functionality of the free version of the software. This business model has been used in the software industry since the 1980s. A subset of this model used by the video game industry is called free-to-play.

The ethics of freemium, especially the free-to-play subset, were criticized by Touch Arcade and Business Insider in 2014 and 2015.
Hoffmannseggia microphylla
Hoffmannseggia microphylla (syn. Caesalpinia virgata) is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name wand holdback. It is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California and grows in gullies, canyons, slopes and primarily creosote bush scrub.

It is a perennial shrub that grows up to 6 ft (1.8 m) tall. The stems are hairy and green and have few leaves for most of the year. Before the leaves fall, they appear as twigs lined with pairs of small oval-shaped leaflets.

The shrub flowers in scattered raceme inflorescences of red-streaked yellow flowers which age to full red. The fruit is a sickle-shaped dehiscent legume pod up to 2.5 centimeters long. It is bumpy with glands and slightly hairy.

Baja California peninsula
The Baja California peninsula (Spanish: Península de Baja California, lit. 'Lower California peninsula') is a peninsula in northwestern Mexico. It separates the Gulf of California from the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula extends from Mexicali, Baja California, in the north to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, in the south.

With a length of 1,247 km (775 miles), its width ranges from 40 km (25 miles) at its narrowest to 320 km (200 miles) at its widest point and has approximately 3,000 km (1,900 miles) of coastline and approximately 65 islands. The total area of the Baja California peninsula is 143,390 km2 (55,360 sq mi).

The peninsula is separated from mainland Mexico by the Gulf of California and the Colorado River. There are four main desert areas on the peninsula: the San Felipe Desert, the Central Coast Desert, the Vizcaíno Desert, and the Magdalena Plain Desert.
Missa Sancti Nicolai
Missa Sancti Nicolai, Mass No. 6 in G major, Hob. XXII/6, also known as the Nicolaimesse, is a mass by Joseph Haydn, composed around 1772 and revised in 1802.

The work is scored for SATB soloists and choir, two oboes, two horns, strings, and organ. The revision added trumpets and timpani.

Like most Austrian masses, the work consists of six movements:

Kyrie Allegretto, G major, 6/4

Gloria Vivace, G major, common time
"Quoniam tu solus sanctus" Allegro, common time

Credo Allegro, G major, 3/4
"Et incarnatus est" Adagio, G minor, common time
"Et resurrexit" Allegro, G major, 3/4

Sanctus Adagio, G major, common time
"Pleni sunt coeli" Allegro, G major, 3/4

Benedictus Moderato, D major, common time
"Osanna in excelsis" Allegro, G major, 3/4

Agnus Dei Adagio, G minor, 3/4 
"Dona nobis pacem" Allegretto, G major, 6/4

Triple metre
Triple metre (US: triple meter; also known as triple time) is a musical metre characterised by a primary division of 3 beats to the bar, usually indicated by 3 (simple) or 9 (compound) in the upper figure of the time signature, with 34, 38 and 98 being the most common examples. In these signatures, beats form groups of three, establishing a triple meter feel in the music or song. The upper figure being divisible by three does not of itself indicate triple metre; for example, a time signature of 68 usually indicates compound duple metre, and similarly 128 usually indicates compound quadruple metre.

Shown below are a simple and a compound triple drum pattern.
Olga Esina
Olga Esina (Ольга Есина) is a Russian ballerina who was educated at the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia.  In 2010, she became a First Solo Dancer at the Vienna State Ballet.

Swan Lake
Swan Lake (Russian: Лебединое озеро) is a ballet composed by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76.  Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular ballets of all time.

The scenario, initially in two acts, was based on Russian and German folk tales, telling a story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse.

The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on 4 March [O.S. 20 February] 1877 at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.  The choreographer of this original production was Julius Reisinger (Václav Reisinger).

Most ballet companies now base their performances on the 1895 revival of Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, first staged for the Imperial Ballet on 15 January 1895, at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. For this revival, Tchaikovsky's score was revised by Riccardo Drigo.
Keilor Downs
Keilor Downs is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 18 km (11 mi) north-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Brimbank local government area. Keilor Downs recorded a population of 9,857 at the 2021 census.

Local government areas of Victoria
This is a list of local government areas (LGAs) in Victoria, sorted by region.

Also referred to as municipalities, the 79 Victorian LGAs are classified as cities (34), shires (38), rural cities (6) and boroughs (1). In general, an urban or suburban LGA is called a city and is governed by a city council, while a rural LGA covering a larger rural area is usually called a shire and is governed by a shire council. Local councils have the same administrative functions and similar political structures, regardless of their classification.

Local elections are held in Victoria every four years with the most recent elections held in 2024.
Wisconsin's 83rd Assembly district
The 83rd Assembly district of Wisconsin is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly.  Located in southeast Wisconsin, the district comprises part of eastern Waukesha County.  It includes all of the city of New Berlin, most of the village of Waukesha, and part of the city of Muskego.  The district is represented by Republican Dave Maxey, since January 2025; Maxey previously represented the 15th district from 2023 to 2025.

The 83rd Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 28th Senate district, along with the 82nd and 84th Assembly districts.

Muskego, Wisconsin
Muskego (/mʌsˈkiːɡoʊ/ ⓘ) is a city in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 25,032. It is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area.

The name Muskego is derived from the Potawatomi Indian name for the area, "Mus-kee-Guaac", meaning sunfish. The Potawatomi were the original inhabitants of Muskego. Muskego is the fifth-largest community in Waukesha County, and has a large Norwegian American population. There are three lakes within the city's boundaries.
Heiligenstädter Friedhof
Heiligenstädter Friedhof is a cemetery in Döbling, the 19th district of Vienna, Austria.

It is named after the Heiligenstadt neighbourhood (municipality) of Döbling. The cemetery is among the oldest of the Austrian capital, with an ossuary existing at the site from approx. 1500 and the first walls around the yard being erected in 1831. It comprises an area of 20,315 square metres, with 13,000 grave sites.

Heiligenstadt, Vienna
Heiligenstadt (in German: Wien Heiligenstadt; Central Bavarian: Heiligenstod) was an independent municipality until 1892 and is today a part of Döbling, the 19th district of Vienna, Austria.

Heiligenstadt is one of the 10 municipalities in the Döbling District.
2025–26 Maltese FA Trophy
The 2025–26 Maltese FA Trophy (officially: Meridianbet FA Trophy) is the 88th edition of the football cup competition, the FA Trophy. The winners will earn a place in the second qualifying round of the 2026–27 UEFA Conference League. Hibernians are the defending cup holders.

Malta national football team
The Malta national football team (Maltese: Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol ta' Malta) represents Malta in men's international football and is controlled by the Malta Football Association, the governing body for football in Malta.

The first official game played by Malta was a 3–2 defeat in a friendly against Austria in 1957. Their competitive debut arrived five years later, playing against Denmark in the preliminary round of the 1964 European Nations' Cup. Malta have competed in every qualifier for the European Championship since 1964 (except 1968) and FIFA World Cup since 1974, but have never made it to the finals of any major international competition.
David Knudsen
David Knudsen (8 August 1875 – 3 July 1952) was a Norwegian actor. He made his stage debut on Den Nationale Scene in 1902, and played for the National Theatre from 1911 to 1940.

He made his film debut in 1925 in Himmeluret, and later participated in several films, including Kampen om tungtvannet from 1948.

He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1945.

Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav (Norwegian: Den Kongelige Norske Sankt Olavs Orden; or Sanct Olafs Orden, the old Norwegian name) is a Norwegian order of chivalry instituted by King Oscar I on 21 August 1847. It is named after King Olav II, known to posterity as St. Olav.

Just before the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, the Order of the Norwegian Lion was instituted in 1904 by King Oscar II, but no appointments were awarded by his successor, King Haakon VII. The Order of St. Olav thus became the kingdom's only order of chivalry for the next 80 years. The Grand Master of the order is the reigning monarch of Norway. It is used to reward individuals for remarkable accomplishments on behalf of the country and humanity. Since 1985, appointments to the order have only been conferred upon Norwegian citizens, though foreign heads of state and royalty may be appointed as a matter of courtesy.
Paceband
A paceband is a wristband, sometimes made of a strip of waterproof paper, that lists expected split times for a running race. When used in conjunction with a stopwatch, a paceband can assist athletes in maintaining a steady pace throughout the race. This is the most efficient racing pace from a cardiovascular and muscle energy perspective. Erratic running speeds, particularly the urge to sprint early in a race while feeling fresh, consume energy inefficiently. A glance at the paceband and stopwatch as each distance marker is passed allows the athlete to quickly determine if they are running too fast for their targeted finishing time or too slowly and adjust accordingly.

Pre-printed versions for a variety of target finishing times can often be obtained before endurance races such as marathons, or commercially. Many websites exist that allow the free creation of customised pacebands for different distances and target finishing times that can be printed on the visitor's own computer.

Athlete
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or the gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether they compete in a sport.

Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
GPNMB
Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPNMB gene. Two transcript variants encoding 560 and 572 amino acid isoforms have been characterized for this gene in humans.  The mouse and rat orthologues of GPNMB are known as DC-HIL and Osteoactivin (OA), respectively.

GPNMB is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which shows homology to the pmel17 precursor, a melanocyte-specific protein.

GPNMB has been reported to be expressed in various cell types, including: melanocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, dendritic cells, and it is overexpressed in various cancer types. In melanocytic cells and osteoclasts the GPNMB gene is transcriptionally regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.

PMEL (gene)
Melanocyte protein PMEL also known as premelanosome protein (PMEL), silver locus protein homolog (SILV) or Glycoprotein 100 (gp100), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMEL gene. Its gene product may be referred to as PMEL, silver, ME20, gp100 or Pmel17.
Adriana Smith pregnancy case
The pregnancy of Adriana Smith, a woman from Georgia, US, was the focus of a medical ethics controversy in 2025. Following a medical emergency in February 2025, Smith was declared brain dead but continuing fetal cardiac activity was detected. According to the family, the hospital stated that ending Smith's life support would violate Georgia's abortion law. Therefore, at nine weeks gestation, Smith was kept on life support to allow sufficient fetal development for delivery; the family had no choice in the matter.

The case drew national and international media attention to restrictive laws on abortion in the US after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in a 2022 ruling. It sparked discussion regarding consent and end-of-life care. On June 13,  Smith's child, a son, was born prematurely via an emergency caesarean delivery. Smith was taken off life support four days later, on June 17.

Gestation
Gestation is the period of development during the carrying of an embryo, and later fetus, inside viviparous animals (the embryo develops within the parent). It is typical for mammals, but also occurs for some non-mammals. Mammals during pregnancy can have one or more gestations at the same time, for example in a multiple birth.

The time interval of a gestation is called the gestation period. In obstetrics, gestational age refers to the time since the onset of the last menses, which on average is fertilization age plus two weeks.
Tausonite
Tausonite is the rare naturally occurring mineral form of strontium titanate: chemical formula: SrTiO3. It occurs as red to orange brown cubic crystals and crystal masses.

It is a member of the perovskite group.

It was first described in 1982 for an occurrence in a syenite intrusive in Tausonite Hill, Murun Massif, Olyokma-Chara Plateau, Sakha Republic, Yakutia, geologically part of the Aldan Shield, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia. It was named for Russian geochemist Lev Vladimirovich Tauson (1917–1989). It has also been reported from a fenite dike associated with a carbonatite complex in Sarambi, Concepción Department, Paraguay. and in high pressure metamorphic rocks along the Kotaki River area of Honshu Island, Japan.

Dike (geology)
In geology, a dike or dyke is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. Magmatic dikes form when magma flows into a crack then solidifies as a sheet intrusion, either cutting across layers of rock or through a contiguous mass of rock. Clastic dikes are formed when sediment fills a pre-existing crack.
Madan Singh
Madan Singh (born 4 December 1964) is an Indian former long-distance runner who competed up to the marathon distance. He is currently serving in Border Security Force (B.S.F). From the state of Rajasthan, he represented India at 1991 South Asian Games in Colombo and won a bronze medal in the 5000 metres.

In the 31st All India Inter-State Athletics Championship in New Delhi in 1993, he came first in the 10,000 metres run with a time of 29:26:00 to post a new meet record that was only beaten 14 years later by Surendra Singh in 2006.

Singh represented India at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships on three occasions, running in 1992, 1993 and 1994.

1994 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 1994 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Budapest, Hungary, at the Kincsem Park on March 26, 1994.   A preview on the event was given in the Herald, and a report in The New York Times.

Complete results for senior men, junior men, senior women, junior women, medallists, 
 and the results of British athletes were published.