hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nilpotent matrix
In linear algebra, a nilpotent matrix is a square matrix N such that

for some positive integer .  The smallest such  is called the index of , sometimes the degree of .

More generally, a nilpotent transformation is a linear transformation  of a vector space such that  for some positive integer  (and thus,  for all ). Both of these concepts are special cases of a more general concept of nilpotence that applies to elements of rings.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre breaststroke
The men's 200 metre breaststroke competition at the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 25–26 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre.  The last champion was Kurt Grote of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in breaststroke.

Kurt Grote
Kurt David Grote (born August 3, 1973) is an American former competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist.  Grote competed internationally in the breaststroke events during the 1990s.

Grote did not start swimming until the age of fifteen. He began swimming under the advice of a doctor to improve his asthma condition. He attended Stanford University, where he was a member of the Stanford Cardinal swimming and diving team. He also trained with and competed for the Santa Clara Swim Club. After his swimming career, he married a woman named Amy and completed his MD at Stanford.  He has gone on to become a partner in McKinsey & Company's Healthcare Payor and Provider practice.

Grote competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.  He finished sixth in the men's 100-meter breaststroke, eighth in the 200-meter breaststroke, and won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the men's 4×100-meter medley relay.
Robertlandy Simón
Robertlandy Simón Aties (born 11 June 1987) is a Cuban volleyball player who is a  member of the Cuban national volleyball team. He played with the Cuban national team from 2005 to 2010, and rejoined the team in 2019. He currently plays for the Italian club Gas Sales Bluenergy Piacenza. He has won the 2009 NORCECA Championship, was a silver medalist of the 2010 World Championship, and twice was a South Korean V-League Champion (2015, 2016).

2019 Men's NORCECA Volleyball Champions Cup
The 2019 Men's NORCECA Volleyball Champions Cup was the second edition of the tournament, and was held in Colorado Springs, United States from 22 to 24 August 2019. The champions which had not yet qualified to the 2020 Summer Olympics qualified for the 2020 North American Olympic Qualification Tournament.
West African spadefish
The West African spadefish (Chaetodipterus lippei) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Ephippidae, the spadefishes. This species is found over sandy and muddy bottoms at depths of 10 to 50 m (33 to 164 ft) in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Senegal to Angola, including Cape Verde. The West African spadefish reaches a maximum total length of 31 cm (12 in), although 20 cm (7.9 in) is more typical. This species was first formally described in 1895 by the Austrian ichthyologist Franz Steindachner with its type locality given as Freetown in Liberia. Its specific name honours a Dr Lippe who collected the type while on a voyage on the SM Helgoland.

Ephippidae
Ephippidae is a family of percomorph fishes in the suborder Moronoidei of the order Acanthuriformes. These fishes, commonly known as spadefishes, are found in the tropical and temperate oceans of the world, except for the central Pacific.
Gigantomania
Gigantomania (from Ancient Greek γίγας gigas, "giant" and μανία mania, "madness") is the production of unusually and superfluously large works.

Gigantomania is in varying degrees a feature of the political and cultural lives of prehistoric and ancient civilizations (Megalithic cultures, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient China, Aztec civilization), several totalitarian regimes (Stalin's USSR, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Maoist China, Juche Korea), as well as of contemporary capitalist countries (notably for skyscrapers and shopping malls).

Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte
The Landkreuzer P. 1000 "Ratte" (English: Land Cruiser P. 1000 "Rat") was a design for a 1000-ton tank to be used by Germany during World War II which may have been proposed by Krupp director Edward Grote in June 1942, who had already named it "Landkreuzer" ("land cruiser"). Submitted designs and drawings of the vehicle went under the names OKH Auftrag Nr. 30404 and E-30404/1, which were presented in December 1942. The tank was planned to be 1000 tonnes, far heavier than the Panzer VIII "Maus", the heaviest tank ever built (weighing 188 tonnes). The project gained the approval of Adolf Hitler, who had expressed interest in development of such a tank, but was cancelled by Minister of Armaments Albert Speer in early 1943.
That's the Way I Wanna Rock 'n' Roll
"That's the Way I Wanna Rock 'n' Roll" is a single by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. The song appeared on their 1988 album Blow Up Your Video as the second track. A live version of this song can be found on the band's live album, Live: 2 CD Collector's Edition. The B-side of the single was "Borrowed Time".

In 2005, the music video, directed by Peter Sinclair, Brian Grant, and Jiff Morrison, was released on Family Jewels. The video was shot at their show at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham and included fans carrying red cardboard Gibson SG guitars.

Author Paul Stenning described the song as the strongest from the album.

Gibson SG
The Gibson SG (/ˈɛs dʒiː/; also known as Gibson Solid Guitar) is a solid-body electric guitar model introduced by Gibson in 1961, following on from the 1952 Gibson Les Paul. It remains in production today in many variations of the initial design. SG stands for "solid guitar".
The Lighthouse (soundtrack)
The Lighthouse (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the 2019 film of the same name directed by Robert Eggers, starring Robert Pattinson and Willem Dafoe. The original score is composed by Canadian composer Mark Korven, whom had previously collaborated with Eggers on his debut film The Witch (2015). It consisted of aleatoric instrumentation that represents the sea and the nature being primarily used throughout the film, and devoid of a string-based score. The sonic palette of the film was derived from the mythology of the seas and oceans.

The soundtrack which consisted of thirteen Korven's original score was released by Milan Records digitally on October 18, 2019, followed by a physical release distributed by Sacred Bones Records in vinyl LPs. Korven received positive response from critics for his compositions and a nomination at the 2020 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards for Best Score.

The Witch (2015 film)
The Witch (stylized as The VVitch, and subtitled A New-England Folktale) is a 2015 folk horror film written and directed by Robert Eggers in his feature directorial debut. It stars Anya Taylor-Joy in her feature film debut, alongside Ralph Ineson, Kate Dickie, Harvey Scrimshaw, Ellie Grainger, and Lucas Dawson. Set in 1630s New England, the narrative follows a Puritan family who are preyed upon by an evil force in the woods beyond their farm. In fear and desperation, they turn upon one another even when the oldest daughter is suspected of being a witch.

An international co-production of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Brazil, the film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2015, and was widely released by A24 on February 19, 2016. It was a critical and financial success, grossing $40 million against a $4 million budget, and is considered by some to be one of the best horror films of the 2010s and the 21st century.
InterCity (Iarnród Éireann)
InterCity (Irish: IdirChathrach) is the brand name given to rail services operated by Iarnród Éireann that run between Dublin and other major cities in Ireland. InterCity branding is also used in other European countries by unaffiliated organizations.

Athenry
Athenry (/æθənˈraɪ/; Irish: Baile Átha an Rí, meaning 'town of the ford of the king') is a town in County Galway, Ireland, which lies 25 kilometres (16 miles) east of Galway city. Some of the attractions of the medieval town are its town wall, Athenry Castle, its priory and its 13th-century street-plan. The town is also well known by virtue of the song "The Fields of Athenry". The town is in a townland, civil parish and barony of the same name.
Landi family
The Landi family was an Italian noble family, originating in Piacenza, northern Italy. From 1551 to 1582, they were princes of the Val di Taro, now in the province of Parma, at that time in papal territory. Their principality is sometimes called Lo Stato Landi ("the Landi state"); although the term is not well known, there is substantial documentation of it in the Archivio Segreto Vaticano, in the Vatican City.

Province of Parma
The province of Parma (Italian: provincia di Parma) is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its largest town and capital is the city of Parma.

It is made up of 47 comuni (sg.: comune). It has an area of 3,449 square kilometres (1,332 sq mi) and a total population of around 450,000.

The province is bordered by the province of Reggio Emilia to the east, the Piacenza to the west, Lombardy's provinces of Cremona and Mantua to the north and by Liguria's provinces of La Spezia and Genoa and Tuscany's Province of Massa-Carrara to the south.
The QI Book of the Dead
The QI Book of the Dead (sold as The Book of the Dead in the United States) is the fourth title in a series of books based on the intellectual British panel game QI, written by series-creator John Lloyd and head-researcher John Mitchinson. It is a book of "quite interesting" obituaries.

Panel show
A panel show or panel game is a radio or television game show in which a panel of celebrities participate. Celebrity panelists may compete with each other, such as on The News Quiz; facilitate play by non-celebrity contestants, such as on Match Game and Blankety Blank; or do both, such as on Wait Wait Don't Tell Me. The genre can be traced to 1938, when Information Please debuted on American radio. The earliest known television panel show is Play the Game, a charades show in 1946. The modern trend of comedy panel shows can find early roots with Stop Me If You've Heard This One in 1939 and Can You Top This? in 1940. While panel shows were more popular in the past in the U.S., they are still very common in the United Kingdom.
Michael Peri
Michael A. Peri (born March 21, 1967) was a Military Intelligence Electronic Warfare Signals Analyst for the United States Army during the Cold War, who was convicted of espionage in 1989 and sentenced to 30 years in prison.

Electronic warfare
Electromagnetic warfare or electronic warfare (EW) is warfare involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM spectrum) or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy operations. The purpose of electromagnetic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of—and ensure friendly unimpeded access to—the EM spectrum. Electromagnetic warfare can be applied from air, sea, land, or space by crewed and uncrewed systems and can target communication, radar, or other military and civilian assets.
Ender's Game (film)
Ender's Game is a 2013 American military science fiction film written and directed by Gavin Hood, based on the 1985 novel by Orson Scott Card. The film stars Asa Butterfield as Andrew "Ender" Wiggin, a gifted child sent to an advanced military academy in space to prepare for a future alien invasion. The supporting cast includes Harrison Ford, Ben Kingsley, Viola Davis, Hailee Steinfeld, and Abigail Breslin.

Ender's Game was released in the United States on November 1, 2013, by Summit Entertainment. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, but underperformed at the box-office, grossing $126 million against a $110–115 million budget, with a projected loss of $68 million for the studio.

Alex Kurtzman
Alexander Hilary Kurtzman (born September 7, 1973) is an American filmmaker. He is best known for co-writing the scripts to Transformers (2007), Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) with his writing and producing partner Roberto Orci, and directing and co-writing The Mummy (2017). He made his directorial debut with People Like Us (2012), co-written alongside Orci and Jody Lambert.

Kurtzman is known, alongside Orci, for frequently collaborating with Michael Bay and J.J. Abrams, as well as co-creating for Paramount Plus Star Trek: Discovery, Star Trek: Picard, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds, and most recently Star Trek: Starfleet Academy .
Puawai Cairns
Puawai Cairns is a curator, writer and museum manager who holds a senior role at Te Papa, the national museum of New Zealand.

Puawai Cairns is Māori and affiliates to the nations Ngāti Ranginui, Ngāi Te Rangi and Ngāti Pūkenga.

Te Papa
The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is New Zealand's national museum and is located in Wellington.  Usually known as Te Papa (Māori for 'the treasure box'), it opened in 1998 after the merging of the National Museum of New Zealand and the National Art Gallery. An average of more than 1.1 million people visit every year, making it the 58th-most-visited art gallery in the world in 2023. Te Papa operates under a bicultural philosophy, and emphasises the living stories behind its cultural treasures.
Eye Green Local Nature Reserve
Eye Green Local Nature Reserve is a 12 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Eye Green in Cambridgeshire. It was managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire until September 2016, when management was transferred to its owner, Peterborough City Council. A small (and inaccessible) part is also in the Eye Gravel Pit geological Site of Special Scientific Interest.

This site was formerly brick workings, and a large area is now filled by a lake. Reeds and scrub line much of the shore, providing cover for water birds such coots and moorhens, while dunnocks and great tits nest in dense scrub. There is grassland with many flowers, and diverse invertebrate species.

There is access from Pershore Way.

Common moorhen
The common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), also known as the waterhen, is a bird species in the rail family (Rallidae). It is distributed across many parts of the Old World, across Africa, Europe, and Asia. It lives around well-vegetated marshes, ponds, canals and other wetlands. The species is not found in the polar regions or many tropical rainforests; generally it is one of the most common Old World rail species, together with the Eurasian coot in some regions.
Yolka (gaffe)
"Yolka" (Ukrainian: йолка) was a gaffe made in 2010 by the Ukrainian president, Victor Yanukovych. During a speech, he forgot how to say "Christmas tree" in Ukrainian (Ukrainian: ялинка, romanized: yalynka), and, after a long pause, said "yolka". "Yolka" is close to the pronunciation of the Russian word for Christmas tree (Russian: ёлка, romanized: yolka), but not quite. The word became a meme criticizing Yanukovych as a "Ukrainian president who doesn't know Ukrainian".

Political gaffe
A political gaffe is a mistake or blunder in speech or action made by a politician that attracts media attention and public scrutiny. While often unintended, political gaffes can have significant consequences, as they may reveal the politician's personal views, highlight misunderstandings of key issues, or showcase perceived flaws in character. The concept includes different types of errors, from factual inaccuracies to statements that expose internal beliefs not intended for public consumption. Gaffes are commonly exploited by opponents and media as part of "gotcha" journalism, which often focuses on the blunder rather than substantive political issues. The rise of social media has further amplified the impact of political gaffes, enabling rapid distribution and increased scrutiny.
Judith Sargentini
Judith Sargentini (born 13 March 1974) is a former Dutch politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP). She is a member of the GreenLeft (Dutch: GroenLinks) party, which is part of The Greens–European Free Alliance, and the European Green Party. Previously, she was chair of the party's delegation in Amsterdam's city council.

Greens–European Free Alliance
The Greens/European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) is a political group of the European Parliament composed primarily of green political parties.

The group consists of European Green Party (EGP), part of the European Free Alliance (EFA), and members of Volt Europa and European Pirate Party political alliances.
Alexandra Hagan
Alexandra Hagan (born 21 March 1991) is an Australian Olympic representative rower. She competed in the  Australian women's eight at London 2012 and was again selected in the eight for Rio 2016. She competed and won bronze at World Rowing Championships in 2013.

World Rowing Championships
The World Rowing Championships is an international rowing regatta organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). It is a week-long event held at the end of the northern hemisphere summer and in non-Olympic years is the highlight of the international rowing calendar.
11th Youth in Film Awards
The 11th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Award), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film and television for the 1988–1989 season, and took place in the spring of 1990 in Hollywood, California.

Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.

Hollywood Foreign Press Association
The Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) was a nonprofit organization of journalists and photographers who reported on the American entertainment industry for predominantly foreign media markets. It is best known for founding and conducting the annual Golden Globe Awards ceremony in Los Angeles, California, which honors notable achievements in film and television, from its inception in 1943 until 2023. The HFPA consisted of about 105 members from approximately 55 countries with a combined following of more than 250 million.

HFPA was rebranded to the Golden Globe Foundation on June 12, 2023.
It's Summer and We're Running Out of Ice
"It's Summer and We're Running Out of Ice" is the pilot episode of the HBO superhero drama miniseries Watchmen, based on the 1986 DC Comics series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. The episode was written by Damon Lindelof and directed by Nicole Kassell, and aired on October 20, 2019. The episode introduces the show's lead characters of Angela Abar/Sister Night (Regina King), Judd Crawford (Don Johnson), and Wade Tillman/Looking Glass (Tim Blake Nelson).

Damon Lindelof
Damon Laurence Lindelof (born April 24, 1973) is an American screenwriter, comic book writer, and producer. Among his accolades, he has received three Primetime Emmy Awards, from twelve nominations. In 2010, Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

Lindelof is best known as the creator and showrunner of numerous critically acclaimed television series, such as the ABC science fiction drama series Lost (2004–2010), the HBO supernatural drama series The Leftovers (2014–2017), the HBO superhero limited series Watchmen (2019), and the Peacock science fiction limited series Mrs. Davis (2023).

Lindelof was also a writer on the CBS crime drama series Nash Bridges (2000–2001) and the NBC crime drama series Crossing Jordan (2001–2004). He co-wrote the films Cowboys & Aliens (2011), Prometheus (2012), Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), World War Z (2013), and Tomorrowland (2015).
Tonstad Hydroelectric Power Station
Tonstad Power Station  (Tonstad kraftverk) is a hydroelectric power station located in the municipality of Sirdal in Agder county, Norway. The station is in Tonstad, at the northern end of the lake Sirdalsvatnet.

It has a total installed capacity of 960 MW, with 4 units each 160 MW and one unit at 320 MW, all equipped with francis turbines. With an annual production of approximately 3800 GWh, it is the largest power station in Norway with respect to annual production (in 2006). It is near the landing point of the 1,400 MW NORD.LINK power cable to Germany.

The powerstation utilises the waterfalls in the Sira and the Kvina river system, with a total height of 440 metres (1,440 ft). An application for an expansion with an additional 960 MW (pumped storage) was sent in 2008. The application is still pending.

NordLink
NordLink is a subsea 1,400 megawatt (MW) HVDC power cable between Norway and Germany, opened in May 2021. The 625 kilometres (388 mi) long line operates at a voltage of 500 kV DC.
It consists of 54 kilometres long land cable in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, a 516 kilometres long submarine cable between Germany and Norway and a 53 kilometres long overhead line with 140 towers in Norway.
McKaig
McKaig is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cecil McKaig (1885–1939), British cyclist

Rae McKaig (1922–1996), British Royal Navy admiral

William McMahon McKaig (1845–1907), American politician

William McMahon McKaig
William McMahon McKaig (July 29, 1845 – June 6, 1907) was an American politician.

Born in Cumberland, Maryland, McKaig attended the Carroll School and the Allegany County Academy.  He studied law and was admitted to the Allegany bar in 1868. He moved to the Colorado Territory in 1873, but later returned to Maryland. He was appointed city attorney of Cumberland in 1876, and was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1877.  He was also elected to the Maryland State Senate in 1887, and as mayor of Cumberland in 1890. In 1890, McKaig was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second and Fifty-third Congresses from the sixth district of Maryland, and served from March 4, 1891, until March 3, 1895. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1894, and resumed the practice of his profession. He died in Cumberland, and is interred in Rose Hill Cemetery.