hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
San Carlos Seminary
The Royal and Conciliar San Carlos Seminary is the archdiocesan seminary of the Archdiocese of Manila. It was established in the year 1702, by decree of King Philip V of Spain. At present, the institution houses seminarians belonging to various dioceses in Luzon, particularly from the Metro Manila region.

Commission on Higher Education
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED; Filipino: Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon or Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon) is a government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines. It is responsible for regulating and governing all higher education institutions and post-secondary educational programs in the country.
Phyllonorycter insignis
Phyllonorycter insignis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from California and Maine in the United States.

The wingspan is about 9 mm.

The larvae feed on Erechtites species and Ceanothus integerrimus. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
London Central Elementary High School
London Central Elementary High School (LCEHS), formerly London Central High School, was a United States Department of Defense Dependents School (DoDDS) in the Isles District of DoDDS Europe for pupils in kindergarten through grade 12. It operated from 1952 until 2007, with its first graduating class in 1953.

In about 2005 the average number of students was 360 and there were at least 75 students boarding. Students originated from the United States and Canada, with most students being in military families; those from non-military families paid tuition fees. The school had a high rate of students enrolling or transferred away due to job changes. Students living in dormitories, which served grades 9–12, had parents doing military duties or other duties for the U.S. federal government in remote areas in other countries.

LCEHS fell under the command of the U.S. Naval Activities, United Kingdom (COMNAVACTUK).

The three co-founders of the band America met while students.

Educational stage
Educational stages are subdivisions of formal learning, typically covering early childhood education, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognizes nine levels of education in its International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) system (from Level 0 (pre-primary education) through Level 8 (doctoral)). UNESCO's International Bureau of Education maintains a database of country-specific education systems and their stages. Some countries divide levels of study into grades or forms for school children in the same year.
Twirl (chocolate bar)
Twirl is a chocolate bar manufactured by the British chocolate company Cadbury. Twirl consists of two Flake-style fingers covered in milk chocolate. Twirl was invented in Dublin by Cadbury Ireland, and launched there in 1985 as a single-finger bar, then released in Britain two years later as a twin-finger bar. It has been marketed internationally since the 1990s and is now one of the best-selling chocolate Cadbury products.

Types of chocolate
Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa beans mixed with fat (e.g. cocoa butter) and powdered sugar to produce a solid confectionery. There are several types of chocolate, classified primarily according to the proportion of cocoa and fat content used in a particular formulation.
Beatus map
The Beatus map or Beatine map is one of the most significant cartographic works of the European Early Middle Ages. It was originally drawn by the Spanish monk Beatus of Liébana, based on the accounts given by Isidore of Seville, Ptolemy and the Hebrew Bible. Although the original manuscript is lost, there remain several copies extant, which retain a high fidelity with respect to the original.

The map is shown in the prologue of the second book of Beatus' work Commentary on the Apocalypse. Its main goal is not to show a cartographically exact depiction of the world and its continents, but to illustrate the initial dispersion of the Apostles.

Tigris
The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf.

The Tigris passes through historical cities such as Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants such as the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.

Today the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.
Outline of space exploration
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to space exploration.

Space exploration – use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft.

Korea Aerospace Research Institute
The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI; Korean: 한국항공우주연구원), established in 1989, is the aeronautics and space agency of South Korea.  Its main laboratories are located in Daejeon, in the Daedeok Science Town. KARI's vision is to continue building upon indigenous launch capabilities, strengthen national safety and public service, industrialize satellite information and applications technology, explore the Moon, and develop environmentally-friendly and highly-efficient cutting-edge aircraft and core aerospace technology.  Current projects include the KSLV-2 launcher. Past projects include the 1999 Arirang-1 satellite.  The agency was founded in 1989.  Prior to South Korea's entry into the Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE) in 1992, it focused primarily on aerospace technology. As of May 2024, KARI is an affiliated research institute of the Korea AeroSpace Administration.
Motuarohia Island
Motuarohia Island (Roberton Island) is a small island in the Bay of Islands of New Zealand, located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northeast of Russell.
The island stretches for 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east-west, with the south coast offering two bays backed by sandy beaches.  The north coast is dominated by steep cliffs in the west, rising to 78 metres (256 ft), and two shallow lagoons in the west.  The twin lagoons nearly reach across the island to the bay on the south coast, almost bisecting the island.

The majority of the island is in private ownership, and there is 19.4 hectares (48 acres) of public conservation land in the central section of the island managed by the Department of Conservation.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "reconnoitred island" for Motuarohia.

Department of Conservation (New Zealand)
The Department of Conservation (DOC; Māori: Te Papa Atawhai) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with the conservation of New Zealand's natural and historical heritage.

An advisory body, the New Zealand Conservation Authority (NZCA) is provided to advise DOC and its ministers.  In addition there are 15 conservation boards for different areas around the country that provide for interaction between DOC and the public.
Auma-Weidatal (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)
Auma-Weidatal was a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Auma. The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was disbanded on 1 December 2011, when its constituent municipalities were merged into the towns Auma-Weidatal (formed at the same date) and Zeulenroda-Triebes.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Auma-Weidatal consisted of the following municipalities:

Auma

Braunsdorf

Göhren-Döhlen

Merkendorf

Silberfeld

Staitz

Wiebelsdorf

Zadelsdorf

50°42′00″N 11°54′00″E﻿ / ﻿50.700°N 11.900°E﻿ / 50.700; 11.900

Auma
Auma (German pronunciation: [ˈaʊma] ⓘ) is a town and a former municipality in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 December 2011, it is part of the municipality Auma-Weidatal. It is situated 24 km southwest of Gera.
Adam Freier
Adam Freier (born 20 March 1980) is an Australian former rugby union footballer. In 2011 and 2012 he played for the Rebels in the Super Rugby competition, and retired at the end of 2012 from professional rugby. In 2015 he came out of retirement to play Shute Shield for Randwick. His playing position was hooker.

Shute Shield
The Shute Shield, currently known as the Charter Hall Shute Shield, is a semi-professional rugby union competition in the Australian city of Sydney. It is the premier club competition in the state of New South Wales. Established in 1874, the competition has been known as the Shute Shield since 1923. The naming was after a trophy Sydney University had made in honour of Robert Elliot Shute, a World War I veteran and Sydney University player who died after being tackled during a match in 1922. The trophy was donated to the New South Wales Rugby Football Union (NSWRFU).
Sukhmani: Hope for Life
Sukhmani – Hope for Life (transl. Peace of mind) is a 2010 Indian Punjabi-language film directed by Manjeet Maan and starring Gurdas Maan, Juhi Chawla, Divya Dutta and Bhagwant Mann. It was produced by Gurdas, Manjeet's husband, and their son Gurikk Maan. It has been made by Maan's own production company - Sai Lok Sangeet, with the screenplay by Irshad Kamil, music by Jaidev Kumar and lyrics written by Gurdas Maan. The music for the film was released on 6 January 2010 and includes vocals from Gurdas Maan, Shreya Ghoshal and for the first time ever in her career - Juhi Chawla has sung alongside Gurdas Maan in a duet for the songs "Preeto " and "Nanhi Si Gudiya".

The film was distributed by the UK Box Office, which also helped in producing the film.

Irshad Kamil
Irshad Kamil (born 5 September 1971) is an Indian poet and lyricist. He has works in several Hindi films including Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai, Jab We Met, Chameli, Love Aaj Kal,  Rockstar, Laila Majnu, Aashiqui 2, Raanjhanaa, Highway, Tamasha, Jab Harry Met Sejal, Kabir Singh, Dunki, and Love Aaj Kal.
Batts
Batts is an English surname, derived from a diminutive of Bartholomew. Notable people with the surname include:

Anthony Batts (born 1960), American police chief

Deborah Batts (1947–2010), American lawyer and judge

Elizabeth Batts (1742–1835), British wife of James Cook

Lloyd Batts (born 1951), American basketball player

Matt Batts (1921–2013), American baseball player

Nathaniel Batts (1620–1679), American trader and explorer

R. L. Batts (1864–1935), American judge

Thomas Batts (16th century), English settler and explorer

Anthony Batts
Anthony W. Batts (born 1960) is an American law enforcement officer who served as the chief of three different police departments in the United States: the Long Beach Police Department, the Oakland Police Department, and the Baltimore Police Department.
Attur, Virajpet
Atthur is a small village near Gonikoppa in Virajpet Taluk of Kodagu District, Karnataka State, India. It comes under Guhya Panchayath. It belongs to Mysore Division. It is located 37 km (23 mi) towards South from District headquarters Madikeri and 240 km (150 mi) from State capital Bangalore.

Madikeri, Mattannur, Koothuparamba, Mangalore, Peringathur are the nearby cities to Atthur. It is located in the Virajpet taluk of Kodagu district in Karnataka.

Madikeri
Madikeri (Kodava: [mɐɖikeːri]), earlier called as Mercara is city and  headquarters of Kodagu district in the Karnataka state of India. It is recognised as one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity and is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city is ranked 1st in India for clean air and air quality index in 2024.
Eigengap
In linear algebra, the eigengap of a linear operator is the difference between two successive eigenvalues, where eigenvalues are sorted in ascending order.

The Davis–Kahan theorem, named after Chandler Davis and William Kahan, uses the eigengap to show how eigenspaces of an operator change under perturbation. In spectral clustering, the eigengap is often referred to as the spectral gap; although the spectral gap may often be defined in a broader sense than that of the eigengap.

Spectral clustering
In multivariate statistics, spectral clustering techniques make use of the spectrum (eigenvalues) of the similarity matrix of the data to perform dimensionality reduction before clustering in fewer dimensions. The similarity matrix is provided as an input and consists of a quantitative assessment of the relative similarity of each pair of points in the dataset.

In application to image segmentation, spectral clustering is known as segmentation-based object categorization.
2024 Music Victoria Awards
The 2024 Music Victoria Awards were the 19th Annual Music Victoria Awards. The ceremony took place on 24 October 2024. The nominees were announced on 2 September 2024. Public voting was open from 2 September until 1 October 2024.

On 28 November 2024, Music Victoria announced "that voting for its 2024 awards had been targeted by 'unknown assailant/s'" and Police were involved. Music Victoria confirmed that new winners were announced in five of the six publicly voted categories, however, the original winners will also get to retain the honours.

Music Victoria Awards
The Music Victoria Awards (previously known as The Age EG Awards and The Age Music Victoria Awards) are an annual awards night celebrating music from the Australian state of Victoria. They commenced in 2006 and are awarded in Melbourne Music Week between October and December. The awards were initially an exclusively online public-voted awards, changing in 2013.

From 2020, to be eligible, all nominations must be taken from music released between July of the previous year to June of the current year, to bring the awards in line with the past financial year.

Since 2022, the event has occurred at the Edge at Federation Square, Melbourne.
Henry W. Sawyer
Henry Washington Sawyer III (December 23, 1918 – July 31, 1999) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist and politician. Born in Philadelphia, he served in the U.S. Navy in World War II, afterwards returning to the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Sawyer worked as a corporate lawyer but is best known for his advocacy of civil liberties, especially in First Amendment cases. In Abington School District v. Schempp and Lemon v. Kurtzman, he successfully argued cases on behalf of the American Civil Liberties Union before the Supreme Court of the United States that became the basis for all modern Establishment Clause jurisprudence. Sawyer also pursued civil rights causes in Philadelphia and in the South during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Originally a Republican, he was elected as a Democrat to serve a four-year term on the Philadelphia City Council, where he worked for civil service reform and to increase the amount of public art in the city.

Merit system
The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. It is the opposite of the spoils system.
Orofaciodigital syndrome 1
Orofaciodigital syndrome 1 (OFD1), also called Papillon-Léage and Psaume syndrome, is an X-linked congenital disorder characterized by malformations of the face, oral cavity, and digits with polycystic kidney disease and variable involvement of the central nervous system.

Mouth
A mouth, also referred to as the oral, is the body orifice through which many animals ingest food and vocalize. The body cavity immediately behind the mouth opening, known as the oral cavity (or cavum oris in Latin), is also the first part of the alimentary canal, which leads to the pharynx and the gullet. In tetrapod vertebrates, the mouth is bounded on the outside by the lips and cheeks — thus the oral cavity is also known as the buccal cavity (from Latin bucca, meaning "cheek") — and contains the tongue on the inside. Except for some groups like birds and lissamphibians, vertebrates usually have teeth in their mouths, although some fish species have pharyngeal teeth instead of oral teeth.

Most bilaterian phyla, including arthropods, molluscs and chordates, have a two-opening gut tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Which end forms first in ontogeny is a criterion used to classify bilaterian animals into protostomes and deuterostomes.
AirSage
AirSage is an American telecommunications company that specializes in collecting and analyzing anonymous location data, such as cell phone and GPS data, to identify patterns. It does so by tracking mobile phone data using patented technology to capture and analyze mobile phone signal tower data, primarily for the purposes of aiding transportation planning and traffic reporting. It currently works with the out-of-home advertising startup Vistar, which uses AirSage's cell phone data to create a map of consumer behavior in the United States.

Outdoor advertising
Outdoor advertising or out-of-home (OOH) advertising includes public billboards, wallscapes, and posters seen while "on the go". OOH advertising formats fall into four main categories: billboards, street furniture, transit, and alternative.

Advertisements are commonly placed by large companies like Clear Channel Outdoor, Lamar Advertising Company and Outfront Media.
Accidents and incidents involving the Consolidated B-24 Liberator
This is a partial list of notable accidents and incidents involving the Consolidated-designed B-24 Liberator. Combat losses are not included except for some cases denoted by singular circumstances. Consolidated C-87 Liberator Express and PB4Y Privateers are also included.

No. 10 Squadron RCAF
No. 10 (Army Cooperation) Squadron RCAF was formed on 5 October 1932 and renumbered as No. 110 Squadron on 15 November 1937, and then as No. 400 Squadron on 1 March 1941, as the first of the Article XV squadrons, manned and led by Canadians, but equipped with aircraft provided by the British.
No. 10 (Bomber) Squadron RCAF was a new, unrelated unit that was formed by the Royal Canadian Air Force on 5 September 1939 for anti-submarine warfare using the same, now disused squadron number, and was active for the duration of the Second World War.

While based on the east coast of Canada and Newfoundland it established an RCAF record for 22 attacks on U-boats and successfully sank 3, garnering the unofficial nickname of North Atlantic Squadron. The squadron flew the Westland Wapiti, Douglas Digby, and Consolidated Liberator.
2004–05 Ukrainian Second League
The 2004–05 Ukrainian Second League was the 14th season of 3rd level professional football in Ukraine.

The competitions were divided into three groups according to geographical location in the country – A is western Ukraine, B is southern Ukraine and Crimea, and C is eastern Ukraine.

FC Systema-Boreks Borodianka
FC Systema-Boreks Borodianka (Ukrainian: Система-Борекс) was a Ukrainian football club of Bordianka excavation equipment factory (Ukrainian: Бородянський екскаваторний завод) from Borodianka, Kyiv Oblast. The club was dissolved in 2003 and temporarily merged with FC Borysfen Boryspil.

With the help of the Kyiv Oblast Football Federation, its place was handed to another club FC Boyarka-2006. Borodianka and Boyarka clubs have no direct connection and conditionally assumed as related by the Football Federation of Ukraine.

The Borodianka club itself has a long history of participation in the Ukrainian KFK competitions among "collectives of physical cultures" (so called amateur teams). The Borodianka team was sponsored by a local heavy equipment manufacturer Boreks (Borodianka) as well as the Ministry of Education sports club. The name Boreks is a portmanteau of Borodianka and excavator.
Rs6314
In genetics, rs6314, also called His452Tyr or H452Y, is a gene variation, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), in the HTR2A gene that codes for the 5-HT2A receptor.
The SNP is located in exon 3 of the gene and the change between C and T results in a change between histidine (His) and tyrosine (Tyr) at the 452nd amino acid, i.e., it is a missense substitution.

As 5-HT2A is a neuroreceptor the SNP has been investigated in connection with neuropsychiatric disorders
and other brain-related variables.
A 2003 study looked at memory performance and found that His/His subjects performed better.
Another study reported that the SNP had an effect on the memory performance in young adults.
This has been replicated by another group.

The His452Tyr variant may influence cell signaling.

rs6311, rs6313 and rs7997012 are other investigated SNPs in the HTR2A gene.

Missense mutation
In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It is a type of nonsynonymous substitution. Missense mutations change amino acids, which in turn alter proteins and may alter a protein's function or structure. These mutations may arise spontaneously from mutagens like UV radiation, tobacco smoke, an error in DNA replication, and other factors. Screening for missense mutations can be done by sequencing the genome of an organism and comparing the sequence to a reference genome to analyze for differences. Missense mutations can be repaired by the cell when there are errors in DNA replication by using mechanisms such as DNA proofreading and mismatch repair. They can also be repaired by using genetic engineering technologies or pharmaceuticals. Some notable examples of human diseases caused by missense mutations are Rett syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and sickle-cell disease.
Annie Blake
Annie Blake is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Yukon Legislative Assembly in the 2021 Yukon general election. She represented the electoral district of Vuntut Gwitchin as a member of the Yukon New Democratic Party.

She finished in a 78–78 tie with incumbent MLA Pauline Frost on election night, which was further confirmed on a recount. Under Yukon election law, an exact tie between candidates is settled by drawing lots, and Blake was drawn as the winner. This was the second time in the history of the district, following the 1996 Yukon general election, that an election resulted in an exact tie settled in this manner.

Blake served as Deputy Speaker and Chair of Committee of the Whole of the Yukon Legislative Assembly. She also served as the Third Party critic for Health and Social Services, Justice, Tourism and Culture, and Youth Issues. She was defeated in the 2025 Yukon general election.

Vuntut Gwitchin (electoral district)
Vuntut Gwitchin (formerly Old Crow) is a territorial electoral district of Yukon that has been represented in the Yukon Legislative Assembly since 1978.

Being one of Yukon's eight rural ridings, it is the least populated electoral district in any provincial or territorial legislature in Canada, with fewer than 200 total ballots cast in any territorial election to date.

In two elections since the district's creation, two candidates finished in an exact tie; under Yukon election law, a tied vote is settled by drawing lots rather than by reconducting a full by-election.