hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Haberdasher
In British English, a haberdasher is a business or person who sells small articles for sewing, dressmaking and knitting, such as buttons, ribbons and zips; in the United States, the term refers instead to  a men's clothing store that sells  suits, shirts, neckties, men's dress shoes and other items.

Sewing
Sewing is the craft of fastening pieces of textiles together using a sewing needle and thread. Sewing is one of the oldest of the textile arts, originating in the Paleolithic era. Archaeological evidence suggests that early humans in Europe and Asia produced garments from fur and leather clothing using bone, antler or ivory sewing-needles and "thread" made of various animal body parts including sinew, catgut, and veins.

For thousands of years, all sewing was done by hand. The sewing machine which was invented in the 19th century enabled mechanized stitching, and the mass production of garments expanded in the 20th century. Hand sewing remains common in high-quality tailoring, haute couture fashion, and custom dressmaking, and is practiced by both textile artists and hobbyists as a means of creative expression.

The first known use of the word "sewing" was in the 14th century.
Pope Lucius II
Pope Lucius II (died 15 February 1145), born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1144 to his death in 1145. His pontificate was notable for the unrest in Rome associated with the Commune of Rome and its attempts to wrest control of the city from the papacy. He supported Empress Matilda's claim to the Kingdom of England in the Anarchy, and had a tense relationship with King Roger II of Sicily.

Benevento
Benevento (Italian: [beneˈvɛnto] ⓘ; Beneventano: Biniviento [biniˈvjendə]) is a city and comune (municipality) of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento. It is situated on a hill 130 metres (427 feet) above sea level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino (or Beneventano) and the Sabato. As of June 30, 2025, Benevento has 55,319 inhabitants. It is also the seat of a Catholic archbishop.

Benevento occupies the site of the ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or even earlier Maloenton. In the imperial period, its founder was deemed to have been Diomedes after the Trojan War.

Due to its artistic and cultural significance, the Santa Sofia Church in Benevento was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011, as part of a group of seven historic buildings inscribed as Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.).

The patron saint of Benevento is Saint Bartholomew, the Apostle, whose relics are kept at the Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta.
Sophia Rosenhane
Sophia Eleonora Rosenhane, as married Jennings, (29 August 1757 – 21 August 1837) was a Swedish patron and noblewoman. At the national portrait gallery at Gripsholm Castle, her portrait was featured amongst six of the most famous Swedish women in history. She became known as a financier and respected patron of the arts. After her death she was buried at the family grave in Husby-Oppunda.

Noblewoman
A noblewoman is a female member of nobility. Historically, while some women were ennobled in their own right, many noblewomen held their status through birth or marriage. Noblewomen have performed political, religious and cultural roles, served as patrons of the arts, and, in certain periods, exercised influence in warfare and governance.
R27 (New York City Subway car)
The R27 was a New York City Subway car model built by the St. Louis Car Company from 1960 to 1961 for the IND/BMT B Division. A total of 230 cars were built, arranged in married pairs. Two versions were manufactured: Westinghouse (WH)-powered cars and General Electric (GE)-powered cars.

The first R27s entered service on November 15, 1960. In early 1989, twenty-seven R27s were rebuilt and painted in the fox red paint scheme that also appeared on the R30s, with the intention to operate these cars for several more years. The unrebuilt R27s were replaced by the R68As, with the last unrebuilt train running on May 12, 1989. Almost all overhauled R27s were retired the same year due to reliability problems and the lack of air conditioning on the cars. The R27 cars were retired in the early 1990s; none of the R27 fleet were preserved, since they were identical to the later R30/R30A fleet.

Twin unit
A twin unit, twinset, or double unit is a set of two railroad cars or locomotives which are permanently coupled and treated as if they were a single unit. A twinset of cars or coaches can also be called a twin car. In US passenger railroad parlance, twin units are also known as married pairs.

On passenger railroads, light rail, and monorail services, married pairs may have machinery necessary for full operation of the cars split between them. Items that are typically shared include transformers, motor controllers, dynamic braking grids, cabs, current collectors, batteries, and air compressors.  This provides significant savings in both cost of equipment and weight, which increases performance and decreases energy consumption. The cost of operating such a pair may be slightly higher when the extra car in such a pair is not needed to meet level-of-service demands at a particular time.
St Mary's Church, South Cowton
St Mary's Church is a redundant Anglican church standing in open countryside in the former village of South Cowton, near Scotch Corner in North Yorkshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

Scotch Corner
Scotch Corner is a junction of the A1(M) and A66 trunk roads near Richmond in North Yorkshire, England. It has been described as "the modern gateway to Cumbria, the North East and Scotland", and is a primary destination signposted from as far away as the M6 motorway, 50 miles (80 kilometres) away. The name of the junction is derived from the fact that it is the point of divergence for traffic coming from London, the East Midlands and Yorkshire wishing to continue either to Edinburgh and eastern Scotland (along the A1(M)) or to Glasgow and western Scotland (by taking the A66).
East High School (Cleveland, Ohio)
East High School was a public high school in Cleveland, Ohio, a part of the Cleveland Metropolitan School District operating from 1900 until 2010. Their nickname was the Blue Bombers, and they competed in the Senate League as a member school of the Ohio High School Athletic Association.

Ohio High School Athletic Association
The Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the U.S. state of Ohio. The OHSAA governs eligibility of student athletes, resolves disputes, organizes levels of competition by divisional separation of schools according to attendance population, and conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.
Lü Liping
Lǚ Lìpíng (Chinese: 吕丽萍; born 3 April 1960) is a Chinese actress.

Her career accolades include one Golden Rooster Award, Flying Apsaras Award, Golden Horse Award, and Golden Phoenix Award, as well as two Hundred Flowers Awards, Golden Eagle Awards and Chinese Film Media Awards. She has also won the 6th Tokyo International Film Festival – Best Actress, 1st Singapore International Film Festival – Best Actress, and 13th Shanghai International Film Festival – Best Actress.

Flying Apsaras Awards
The China TV Drama Flying Apsaras Awards (Chinese: 中国电视剧飞天奖; pinyin: Zhōngguó Diànshìjù Fēi Tiān Jiǎng), also known as Flying Apsaras Awards, or simply Feitian Awards, is a biannual awards ceremony honoring excellence in Chinese television. Named after the Gandhanra, aka "Flying Apsaras", the design of the trophy is based on ancient carvings of the Flying Apsaras found inside the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang. It is the longest-running television award ceremony in China as well as the highest government honor in the industry.
Craig Watson (speedway rider)
Craig Watson (born 6 August 1976 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian former motorcycle speedway rider. Watson was the winner of the 1996 NSW State Championship. He is also a triple Australian Longtrack champion, having won the championship in 1997, 1998 and 2002.

New South Wales Individual Speedway Championship
The New South Wales Individual Speedway Championship is a Motorcycle speedway championship held annually in New South Wales to determine the NSW State champion. The event is organised by the NSW Solo Riders' Association and is sanctioned by Motorcycling Australia (MA).

Billy Sanders from Sydney holds the record for the most number of NSW Championship wins with eight between 1976 and 1985. From his first win in 1976 until his last win in 1985, with the exception of 1983 when no title was run, Sanders was the only winner of the NSW title.

Seven international riders have won the NSW Solo Championship. Tiger Stevenson (England - 1934), Jack Milne (USA - 1937), Wilbur Lamoreaux (USA - 1938), Jack Parker (England - 1951 & 1952), Ken McKinlay (Scotland - 1960), Eric Boocock (England - 1968) and Ole Olsen (Denmark - 1972).
Imanet
Imanet was a software company based in Windsor Ontario, servicing the international trade community.

Imanet's core products are in the areas of customs brokerage and freight forwarding.  Founded in 1989 by Cedomir Bekic, Imanet focuses on developing a highly automated and unified platform tying together customs brokerage, freight forwarding and accounting into one efficient database. They also have developed their own document management system which use linux based servers at client sites to provide FAX-to-SCP on the back end with a .NET based web GUI on the front end for customs filing, entry automation and text manipulation.

In 2005 Imanet software was used to process well over 25% of all shipments coming into Canada.

In 2010 Imanet was purchased by Descartes Systems Group, a software as a service provider based in Waterloo, Ontario.

Customs broker
Custom brokers or Customs House Brokerages are working positions that may be employed by or affiliated with freight forwarders, independent businesses, or shipping lines, importers, exporters, trade authorities, and customs brokerage firms.
Shemavon of Agulis
Shemavon (Simon) of Agulis or Shemavon Aguletsi was an Iranian official of Armenian origin, who served during the reign of King (Shah) Suleiman I (r. 1666-1694).

He functioned as mint master (zarrab-bashi) of the important Erivan mint (the provincial capital of the Erivan Province) under four successive governors; Mohammadqoli Khan, Najafqoli Khan Cherkes, Abbasqoli Khan Qajar, and Safi Khan Lezgi. In 1670, he was appointed mint master of the Safavid capital of Isfahan by Shah Suleiman I.

Shemavon was the brother of Zakaria of Agulis (i.e. Zakaria Aguletsi), a merchant of the Safavid era who is mostly remembered for his journal, an important primary source on the history of the Safavid period. Unlike Zakaria, who stayed Christian, Shemavon was a convert to Islam.

Shah
Shāh (/ʃɑː/; Persian: شاه [ˈʃaːɦ] ⓘ) is a royal title meaning 'king' in Persian. Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Khanate of Bukhara and the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, and various Afghan dynasties, as well as among Gurkhas. With regard to Iranian history, in particular, each ruling monarch was not seen simply as the head of the concurrent dynasty and state, but as the successor to a long line of royalty beginning with the original Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great. To this end, he was more emphatically known as the Shāhanshāh (شاهنشاه, šāhanšāh, 'king of kings' [ˌʃaːhanˈʃaːɦ]), since the Achaemenid dynasty. A roughly equivalent title is Pādishāh (پادشاه, pādišāh, pādšāh, 'master king'), which was most widespread during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.
Comammox
Comammox (COMplete AMMonia OXidation) is the name attributed to an organism that can convert ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate through the process of nitrification. Nitrification has traditionally been thought to be a two-step process, where ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea oxidize ammonia to nitrite and then nitrite-oxidizing bacteria convert to nitrate. Complete conversion of ammonia into nitrate by a single microorganism was first predicted in 2006. In 2015 the presence of microorganisms that could carry out both conversion processes was discovered within the genus Nitrospira, and the nitrogen cycle was updated. Within the genus Nitrospira, the major ecosystems comammox are primarily found in are natural aquifers and engineered ecosystems.

Complete nitrification step yield more energy (∆G°′ = −349 kJ mol−1 NH3) than either single oxidation alone (∆G°′ = −275 kJ mol−1 NH3 for ammonia oxidation to nitrite and ∆G°′ = −74 kJ mol−1 NO2− for nitrite oxidation to nitrate).

Ammonia monooxygenase
Ammonia monooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.39, AMO) is an enzyme, which catalyses the following chemical reaction

ammonia + AH2 + O2  NH2OH + A + H2O

Ammonia monooxygenase contains copper and possibly nonheme iron. 
AMO is the first enzyme in ammonia oxidation. Aerobic oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine via AMO is an endergonic reaction. So, all aerobic ammonia oxidizing organisms conserve energy by further oxidizing hydroxylamine. It was believed that aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria oxidize hydroxylamine to nitrite using octahaem hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). Recently, it was shown that the product of HAO is not nitrite but nitric oxide, which is further oxidized to nitrite by an unknown enzyme.
Nordkjosbotn
Nordkjosbotn (Norwegian) or Gárgán (Northern Sami) is a small village in Balsfjord Municipality in Troms county, Norway.  The village lies about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of the city of Tromsø. The 0.72-square-kilometre (180-acre) village has a population (2023) of 483 and a population density of 671 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,740/sq mi).

Two major highways, European route E6 and European route E8, meet in this village, making it a major crossroads in Northern Norway, with an estimated annual passage of 3 million people. Nordkjosbotn Church is located in this village. Macks Ølbryggeri, a brewery, has been operating in Nordkjosbotn since 2012.

Northern Sámi
Northern Sámi (or North Sámi; US: /ˈsɑːmi/ SAH-mee, UK: also /ˈsæmi/ SAM-ee; Northern Sami: davvisámegiella [ˈtavːiːˌsaːmeˌkie̯lːa]; Finnish: pohjoissaame [ˈpohjoi̯sˌsɑːme]; Norwegian: nordsamisk; Swedish: nordsamiska; disapproved exonym Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sámi languages. The area where Northern Sámi is spoken covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland.
Crocellina
Crocellina is a monotypic fungal genus in the family Roccellaceae. It contains the single species Crocellina cinerea, a saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen that is endemic to Socotra Island in the Indian Ocean. This cream-coloured crustose lichen is distinguished by its unusual three-layered internal structure, featuring a characteristic saffron-yellow middle band that gives the genus its name. The species was originally described in 1882 and was reclassified into its own genus in 2014 when molecular studies revealed it was genetically distinct from closely related lichens.

Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus.  It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont zone, but above the lower cortex. The medulla generally has a cottony appearance.  It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus.
HMS Euphrates
Four ships and one shore establishment of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Euphrates, after the Euphrates river. Another three were planned but never completed:

HMS Euphrates (1813) was a 36-gun fifth rate built as HMS Greyhound, but renamed in 1812 and launched in 1813. She was sold in 1818.

HMS Euphrates was to have been a 46-gun fifth rate. She was laid down, but cancelled in 1831.

HMS Euphrates was to have been a wooden screw frigate, laid down in 1847 and cancelled in 1849.

HMS Euphrates (1866) was an iron screw troopship launched in 1866 and sold in 1894.

HMS Euphrates was to have been an Emerald-class light cruiser, laid down in 1918 and cancelled in 1919.

HMS Euphrates (shore establishment) was a shore establishment from 1942 located at Basra.

HMS Euphrates (1866)
HMS Euphrates was an iron-hulled troopship of the Euphrates class.  She was designed for the transport of British troops to India, and launched in the River Mersey on 24 November 1866 by Laird Brothers of Birkenhead. She was the fourth and last Royal Navy ship to bear the name.
Ulrik of Denmark (1578–1624)
Prince Ulrik John of Denmark, (Koldinghus Palace, Kolding, 30 December 1578 – 27 March 1624, Rühn) was a son of King Frederick II of Denmark and his consort, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. As the second-born son he bore the merely titular rank of Duke of Holstein and Schleswig, Stormarn and Ditmarsh and had no share in the royal-ducal condominial rule of Holstein and Schleswig, wielded by the heads of the houses of Oldenburg (royal) and its cadet branch Holstein-Gottorp (ducal). Since 1602 he held the religiously defunct position of Bishop of Schleswig, enjoying the revenues of the implied estates and manor. The year after he succeeded his grandfather as Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin, holding both posts until his death.

Koldinghus
Koldinghus is a Danish royal castle in the town of Kolding on the south central part of the Jutland peninsula. The castle was founded in the 13th century and was expanded since with many functions ranging from fortress, royal residency, ruin, museum, and the location of numerous wartime negotiations.

Today the restored castle functions as a museum containing collections of furniture from the 16th century to present, Roman and Gothic church culture, older Danish paintings, crafts focused on ceramics and silver and shifting thematized exhibitions. Koldinghus is managed by the Museum at Koldinghus which was established in 1890.
Medinger
Medinger is a surname of Luxembourgish origin, derived from the village of Medingen, Luxembourg. Notable people with the surname include:

John Medinger (born 1948), American teacher, businessman, and politician from La Crosse, Wisconsin

Michel Medinger (1941–2025), Luxembourgish middle-distance runner, son of Michel Sr.

Michel Medinger Sr. (1909–1992), Luxembourgish long-distance runner

Michel Medinger
Michel Medinger (18 April 1941 – 14 January 2025) was a Luxembourgish middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

Medinger died on 14 January 2025, at the age of 83. His father, Michel, competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase
In enzymology, nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) (EC 2.7.7.1) are enzymes that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + nicotinamide mononucleotide  diphosphate + NAD+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), whereas its two products are diphosphate and NAD+.

This enzyme participates in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism.

Humans have three protein isoforms: NMNAT1 (widespread), NMNAT2 (predominantly in brain), and NMNAT3 (highest in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and erythrocytes). Mutations in the NMNAT1 gene lead to the LCA9 form of Leber congenital amaurosis. Mutations in NMNAT2 or NMNAT3 genes are not known to cause any human disease. NMNAT2 is critical for neurons: loss of NMNAT2 is associated with neurodegeneration. All NMNAT isoforms reportedly decline with age.

Leber congenital amaurosis
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life.

It affects about 1 in 40,000 newborns. LCA was first described by Theodor Leber in the 19th century. It should not be confused with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, which is a different disease also described by Theodor Leber.

One form of LCA was successfully treated with gene therapy in 2008.
Pilsey Island
Pilsey Island is a  17.8-hectare (44-acre) Local Nature Reserve in Chichester Harbour in West Sussex. It is owned by the Ministry of Defence  and managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.  It is part of the Chichester Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest and Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I*,  the Chichester and Langstone Harbours Ramsar site and Special Protection Area, and the Solent Maritime Special Area of Conservation.

The island has sand dunes, mudflats, salt marsh and bare and vegetated shingle. There are many plants, spiders and insects.

There is no public access to the site.

Special Protection Area
A special protection area (SPA) is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union (EU) have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and certain particularly threatened birds. Together with special areas of conservation (SACs), the SPAs form a network of protected sites across the EU, called Natura 2000. Each SPA has an EU code – for example the North Norfolk Coast SPA has the code UK9009031.
Alliance for a Democratic Dynamic
The Alliance for a Democratic Dynamic (French: Alliance pour une Dynamique Démocratique) is an opposition alliance of Benin which contested the Beninese parliamentary election of 2007.

It comprised the Social Democratic Party of Bruno Amoussou, the Renaissance Party of Benin of former President of Benin, Nicéphore Soglo and the African Movement for Development and Progress of Antoine Kolawolé Idji.

The alliance won 20 out of 83 seats, down from the 34 seats won by the three parties in the Beninese parliamentary election of 2003, when the SDP was part of the pro-government Union for Future Benin.

The alliance was superseded by an expanded coalition, Union Makes the Nation, in time for the presidential election of 2011.

Nicéphore Soglo
Nicéphore Dieudonné Soglo (born 29 November 1934) is a Beninese politician who was Prime Minister of Benin from 1990 to 1991 and President from 1991 to 1996. He was Mayor of Cotonou from 2003 to 2015. Soglo was married to Rosine Vieyra Soglo, the Beninois former First Lady and politician.
Little Venice
Little Venice is an affluent residential district in North West London, England, around the junction of the Paddington Arm of the Grand Union Canal, the Regent's Canal, and the entrance to Paddington Basin. The junction, also known as Little Venice and Browning's Pool, forms a triangular shape basin designed to allow long canal boats to turn around. Many of the buildings in the vicinity are Regency white painted stucco terraced town houses and taller blocks (mansions) in the same style. The area is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west-north-west of Charing Cross and immediately north-west of Paddington.

The Little Venice ward of the City of Westminster had 11,040 residents in 2015. Warwick Avenue runs through the area, which is also served by a tube station of the same name.

NW postcode area
The NW (North Western) postcode area, also known as the London NW postcode area, is a group of 13 postcode districts covering around 13,895 live postcodes within part of northwest London, England. It is the successor of the NW sector,  originally created as part of the London postal district in 1856.