hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Post–Turing machine
A Post machine or Post–Turing machine is a "program formulation" of a type of Turing machine, comprising a variant of Emil Post's Turing-equivalent model of computation. Post's model and Turing's model, though very similar to one another, were developed independently. Turing's paper was received for publication in May 1936, followed by Post's in October.  A Post–Turing machine uses a binary alphabet, an infinite sequence of binary storage locations, and a primitive programming language with instructions for bi-directional movement among the storage locations and alteration of their contents one at a time.  The names "Post–Turing program" and "Post–Turing machine" were used by Martin Davis in 1973–1974 (Davis 1973, p. 69ff). Later in 1980, Davis used the name "Turing–Post program" (Davis, in Steen p. 241).

Conceptual model
The term conceptual model refers to any model that is the direct output of a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social. Semantic studies are relevant to various stages of concept formation. Semantics is fundamentally a study of concepts, the meaning that thinking beings give to various elements of their experience.
Lake Vereteno
Lake Vereteno is a narrow glacial lake, 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) long, located in the northeast part of Breidnes Peninsula, Vestfold Hills in Princess Elizabeth Land of Antarctica. The lake is approximately 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) south of Luncke Ridge.

The lake was first photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47), and subsequently by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) (1954–58), and the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1956). It was named Ozero Veretenu (Spindle Lake) by the latter.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Lake Vereteno". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Soviet Antarctic Expedition
The Soviet Antarctic Expedition (SAE or SovAE) (Russian: Советская антарктическая экспедиция, САЭ, Sovetskaya antarkticheskaya ekspeditsiya) was a Soviet research institute.  It was succeeded by the Russian Antarctic Expedition.
Max M. Teitelbaum
Max M. Teitelbaum (born January 27, 1932) is a former judge of the Federal Court of Canada. He was appointed in 1985 and retired in 2007. He was the first Jewish judge of the Federal Court of Canada. He is a graduate of the McGill University Faculty of Law, where he served as the Comment Editor for the McGill Law Journal.

Federal Court of Canada
The Federal Court of Canada, which succeeded the Exchequer Court of Canada in 1971, was a national court of Canada that had limited jurisdiction to hear certain types of disputes arising under the federal government's legislative jurisdiction.  Originally composed of two divisions, the Appellate Division and the Trial Division, in 2003 the Court was split into two separate Courts, the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal.  
The court used facilities at the Supreme Court of Canada Building as well as Thomas D'Arcy McGee Building and registry office at 90 Elgin Street.
Peter Tieryas
Peter Tieryas is an American writer. He is the author of Kill Or Be Killed (2025), Bald New World (2014) and the Mecha Samurai Empire series which consists of United States of Japan (2016), Mecha Samurai Empire (2018), and Cyber Shogun Revolution (2020). He attended the University of California Berkeley. Tieryas worked previously at studios like Sony Pictures Imageworks and Pixar Animation Studios. He has also worked at LucasArts as both a technical artist and technical writer, and as a Narrative Director for Nicalis. Many of his stories involve the American Dream, conflicted identity in dystopian futures, and strange romance amidst culture clash.

The Man in the High Castle
The Man in the High Castle is an alternative history novel by Philip K. Dick, first published in 1962, which imagines a world in which the Axis powers won World War II. The story occurs in 1962, fifteen years after the end of the war in 1947, and depicts the life of several characters living under Imperial Japan or Nazi Germany as they rule a partitioned United States. The eponymous character is the mysterious author of a novel-within-the-novel entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, a subversive alternative history of the war in which the Allied powers are victorious.

Dick's thematic inspirations include the alternative history of the American Civil War, Bring the Jubilee (1953), by Ward Moore, and the I Ching, a Chinese book of divination that features in the story and the actions of the characters. The Man in the High Castle won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963, and was adapted to television for Amazon Prime Video as The Man in the High Castle in 2015.
Shaka Dee
Shaka Dee hails from the country of Trinidad & Tobago. Prior to starting his music career, he played soccer in his native country. In 2002 she made a big hit called run the show featuring Busta Rhymes in North Carolina. Then in 2005, Shaka Dee, Kat DeLuna and Jay Millz collaborated on the single "Dale Duro". It was ranked number one throughout Europe and Japan. With the success of the single, Shaka became the opening act at shows in the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands and Italy. He began a series of collaborations, most recently with Kat DeLuna.

"Run the Show" and "To Be Remembered", which debuted on 8 August 2007. He appeared in Kat DeLuna's first official music video Whine Up.  Shaka is working on his new single with producer Mark Holiday also known as "Trendsetter".

Whine Up
"Whine Up" is the debut single by American singer Kat DeLuna, released from her debut album, 9 Lives. The song features Elephant Man. It was believed that Puerto Rican rapper Ivy Queen was featured, but DeLuna herself provided the rap. The song earned DeLuna a Billboard Latin Music Award for "Latin Dance Club Play Track Of The Year." The title comes from the Caribbean English (West Indian) pronunciation of wind up meaning to move one's hips on the dance floor. The song became a top 10 hit in France and Romania.
Koogi, Harju County
Koogi is a village in Jõelähtme Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia. It's lies on the left bank of the Jägala river. The Tallinn–Narva road (T1, part of E20) passes Koogi and has an intersection with Jägala–Aegviidu–Käravete road (T13). Koogi has 95 inhabitants (2005).

Estonian national road 13
Tugimaantee 13 (ofcl. abbr. T13), also called the Jägala–Käravete highway (Estonian: Jägala–Käravete maantee), is a 52.7-kilometre-long national basic road in northern Estonia. The highway begins at Jägala on national road 1 and ends at Käravete on national road 5.
Maritime history of Africa
African maritime history and navigation encompass various traditions of seafaring, trade, and navigation across the African continent, particularly along its extensive coastlines and among island communities. This history highlights the interconnectedness of African societies with the broader world through the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea trade routes.

Dhow
Dhow (/daʊ/; Arabic: داو, romanized: dāw) is the generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with settee or sometimes lateen sails, used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region. Typically sporting long thin hulls, dhows are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items, such as fruit, fresh water, or other heavy merchandise, along the coasts of Eastern Arabia, Iran, East Africa, Yemen and coastal South Asia. Larger dhows have crews of approximately thirty and smaller ones typically around twelve.
Haydarpaşa
Haydarpaşa is a locality within the Kadıköy and Üsküdar districts on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey. Haydarpaşa is named after Ottoman Vizier Haydar Pasha. The place, on the coast of Bosporus, borders Harem in the northwest and Kadıköy in the southeast. It is a historical area with almost solely public buildings. Haydarpaşa is administered by the mukhtars of Rasimpaşa and Osmanağa neighborhoods (Turkish: Mahallesi Muhtarı).

Internationally known structures around the area are the Haydarpaşa Terminal, Port of Haydarpaşa, and the Selimiye Barracks in adjacent Harem.

Mukhtar
The muhtar (Arabic: مختار, romanized: mukhtār, lit. 'chosen one'; Greek: μουχτάρης) was a civilian administrator, a type of lesser mayor, in villages and neighbourhoods in the Ottoman Empire. It was adopted into the local administration of Turkey as a village or neighbourhood mayor. It also exists as a honorific for clan elders in Gaza.
Aylesbury child sex abuse ring
The Aylesbury child sex abuse ring was a group of five men who committed serious sexual offences against two under-aged girls in the English town of Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. In July 2015, they were found guilty of offences including rape and child prostitution over a period extending from 2006 to 2012. The child protection charity Barnardo's stated that it had worked with the two girls in 2008 and referred one of them to Buckinghamshire County Council as in danger of child sex exploitation. The council did not respond adequately and, following the convictions, apologised to the two girls for its failure to protect them. It has now instituted a Serious Case Review to examine those failures.

Serious case review
A serious case review (SCR) in England is held after a child or vulnerable adult dies or is seriously injured under circumstances where abuse or neglect are thought to have been involved. Its purpose is to learn lessons to help prevent future similar incidents. Similar procedures in other countries of the UK are called child practice reviews in Wales, case management reviews in Northern Ireland, and significant case reviews in Scotland.
Active Travel England
Active Travel England (ATE) is the executive agency responsible for active travel in England and is part of the UK Department for Transport. The organisation is an inspectorate and funding body led by Chris Boardman, the first Active Travel Commissioner for England.

Department for Transport
The Department for Transport (DfT) is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is wholly responsible for overseeing the transport network in England, and for limited transport matters that are not devolved to the governments of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. The department develops national transport policy, coordinates infrastructure investment, and regulates transport services. It is headed by the Secretary of State for Transport, who is supported by a ministerial team and the Permanent Secretary as the department’s most senior civil servant.

The department’s expenditure, administration and policy are scrutinised by the Transport Select Committee.
Orthopaedic Hospital Medical Magnet High School
Orthopaedic Hospital Medical Magnet High School (also known as OHMMHS, Orthopaedic Hospital Medical Magnet, Orthopaedic High School, or Ortho High School) is an alternate magnet high school located in the Historic South Central neighborhood in Los Angeles, California. The school is located near the Los Angeles Orthopedic Hospital on the property donated by the hospital. The school houses approximately 800 students.

AP Calculus
Advanced Placement (AP) Calculus (also known as AP Calc, Calc AB / BC, AB / BC Calc or simply AB / BC) is a set of two distinct Advanced Placement calculus courses and exams offered by the American nonprofit organization College Board. AP Calculus AB covers basic introductions to limits, derivatives, and integrals. AP Calculus BC covers all AP Calculus AB topics plus integration by parts, infinite series, parametric equations, vector calculus, and polar coordinate functions, among other topics.
I Can Read!
I Can Read! is a line of beginning reading books published by HarperCollins. The series is rated by level and is widely used to teach children to read English. The first book in the series was Else Holmelund Minarik's Little Bear, published in 1957.

Mary Chalmers
Mary Eileen Chalmers (born March 16, 1927) is an American author and illustrator who has written children's books frequently featuring cats from the 1950s through the 1980s. She is known for her books about Harry, an anthropomorphic cat. Her books were well known for featuring her own illustrations in addition to the written text, including a unique complex layout with full pages of text and drawings woven throughout the pages and within the margins. She also provided illustrations for many other authors' books, especially those involving animals.
Bude (electoral division)
Bude (Cornish: Porthbud) is an electoral division of Cornwall in the United Kingdom.

From 2013 to 2021, it returned two members to sit on Cornwall Council, making it the only division to elect more than one Councillor. After boundary changes at the 2021 election, it now returns only one member. The current councillor is Peter La Broy, who was elected as a Liberal Democrat, but now sits as an Independent after leaving the Liberal Democrats in June 2021.

Cornwall Council
Cornwall Council (Cornish: Konsel Kernow [ˈkɔn.sɛl ˈkɛrnɔʊ]), known between 1889 and 2009 as Cornwall County Council (Cornish: Konteth Konsel Kernow), is the local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Cornwall in South West England. Since 2009 it has been a unitary authority, having taken over district-level functions when the county’s districts were abolished. The non-metropolitan county of Cornwall is slightly smaller than the ceremonial county, which additionally includes the Isles of Scilly. The council's headquarters is Lys Kernow (also known as New County Hall) in Truro.

The council has been under no overall control since July 2024. Following the May 2025 election an administration of the Liberal Democrats and independents formed to run the council.
MIR-2
MIR-2 (Russian: МИР-2) is the version of the MIR computer developed by the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR under the guidance of Victor Glushkov. It was first produced in 1969.

Victor Glushkov
Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov (Russian: Виктор Миха́йлович Глушко́в; August 24, 1923 – January 30, 1982) was a Soviet computer scientist. He is considered to be the founding father of information technology in the Soviet Union and one of the founding fathers  Soviet cybernetics.
Brad Lacey
Brad Lacey (born 11 April 1994) is a South African-born, Australian rugby union player who currently plays for the Western Force in the international Super Rugby competition. Domestically he is contracted to the Perth Spirit who compete in the National Rugby Championship. His regular playing position is on the wing.

Lacey was a member of the Australia under-20 side which competed in the 2013 and 2014 IRB Junior World Championships in France and New Zealand respectively.

Western Force
The Western Force is an Australian professional rugby union team based in Perth, Western Australia, currently competing in Super Rugby Pacific. They previously played in Super Rugby from 2006 until they were axed from the competition in 2017. Following their axing they played in the National Rugby Championship in 2018 and 2019, replacing the Perth Spirit, and Global Rapid Rugby from 2018 to 2020, an Indo-Pacific competition organised by Andrew Forrest.

Following the cancellation of both the 2020 Super Rugby season and 2020 Global Rapid Rugby season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Western Force were invited to compete in the 2020 Super Rugby AU season, a domestic competition organised by Rugby Australia to replace the cancelled Super Rugby season. The Force competed in the 2021 Super Rugby AU season and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, before being confirmed that their return to Super Rugby will be permanent in the revamped 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season.
Anna de Beaumont
Doña Anna de Beaumont y Navarre (Dutch: Anne van Beaumont; ca. 1430 – 1518) was a Spanish-Navarrese noblewoman and lady-in-waiting, who served as Grand Mistress of the Imperial Household in Mechelen, in the early 16th century.

Anna de Beaumont initially served as lady-in-waiting to Joanna "the Mad" of Castile, and arrived in her retinue in the Low Countries in 1496. From 1499, she became governess (aya) of Eleanor of Austria, and eventually also of Isabella, Mary and Archduke Charles (later Charles V), under the guardianship of their aunt Margaret of Austria, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, at the Hof van Savoye ('Court of Savoy') in Mechelen, Antwerp.

Don (honorific)
The terms Don (in Spanish and Italian), Dom (in Portuguese), and Domn (in Romanian), are honorific prefixes derived from the Latin Dominus, meaning "lord" or "owner". The honorific is commonly used in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as well as in the Spanish-speaking world and Portuguese-speaking world, as well as some other places formerly colonized by Spain or Portugal. The feminine equivalents are Doña (Spanish: [ˈdoɲa]), Donna (Italian: [ˈdɔnna]), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona (Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ]), meaning "lady".

The term is derived from the Latin dominus: a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity. With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages, traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles, in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction.
Laurent Cars
Laurent Cars (28 May 1699 – 14 April 1771) was a French designer and engraver.

He was born at Lyon, the son of Jean-François Cars, who took him when quite young to Paris, where it was not long before he distinguished himself. In 1733 he was received as an Academician upon his portraits of Michel Anguier and Sébastien Bourdon. Cars, who was the master of Beauvarlet, may be considered one of the best French engravers of the 18th century, in the kind of subjects he selected. He died in Paris in 1771. His best plates are those engraved after Lemoyne, particularly that of 'Hercules and Omphale,' and the series of illustrations after Boucher's designs to the Comedies of Molière, and after Oudry to the Fables of La Fontaine. His work is extensive; the following are his principal plates:

Jean de La Fontaine
Jean de La Fontaine (UK: /ˌlæ fɒnˈtɛn, -ˈteɪn/, US: /ˌlɑː fɒnˈteɪn, lə -, ˌlɑː foʊnˈtɛn/; French: [ʒɑ̃ d(ə) la fɔ̃tɛn]; 8 July 1621 – 13 April 1695) was a French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, which provided a model for subsequent fabulists across Europe and numerous alternative versions in France, as well as in French regional languages.

After a long period of royal suspicion, he was admitted to the Académie Française and his reputation in France has never faded since. Evidence of this is found in the many pictures and statues of the writer, later depictions on medals, coins and postage stamps.
Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi
Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi (born 1961 in Konya, Turkey) is a Turkish-Austrian physicist. He is a professor of physical chemistry at the Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz. There, he leads the Institut for Physical Chemistry as well as the Institut for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS).

Johannes Kepler University Linz
The Johannes Kepler University Linz (German: Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, short: JKU) is a public university in Austria. It is located in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. It offers bachelor's, master's, diploma and doctoral degrees in business, engineering, law, science, social sciences and medicine.

Today, about 24,000 students study at the park campus in the northeast of Linz, with one out of nine students being from abroad. The university was the first in Austria to introduce an electronic student ID in 1998.

The university is the home of the Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (RICAM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Rick Girard
Rick Girard (born May 1, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.

Girard was selected by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2nd round (46th overall) of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft but never played in the NHL. He spent the majority of his career in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga in Germany, playing for the Kaufbeurer Adler, Augsburger Panther, SERC Wild Wings, München Barons, Frankfurt Lions, Adler Mannheim and ERC Ingolstadt.

ERC Ingolstadt
ERC Ingolstadt (Eishockey-und-Rollschuh club, German pronunciation: [ˈaɪshɔkeː ʔʊnt ˈʁɔlʃuː ˈklʊp]) is a German professional ice hockey club that plays in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Commonly known as the Panthers, the team plays its home games at the Saturn Arena in Ingolstadt.
William Tillyer
William Tillyer (born 25 September 1938) is a British artist working within painting, watercolour and the printmaking tradition. His approach is constantly evolving; redefining and reinterpreting classic subject matter, such as landscapes, still lifes and portraits, in methods that challenge historical traditions and vary between bodies of work. Since the 1950s, Tillyer has exhibited internationally, and his work can be found in the collections of major institutions including the Arts Council of Great Britain, the Brooklyn Art Museum, the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), Tate Britain and the Victoria and Albert Museum. There are at least 15 works by Tillyer in the Tate collection, including High Force (1974).

Arts Council of Great Britain
The Arts Council of Great Britain was a non-departmental public body dedicated to the promotion of the fine arts in Great Britain. It was divided in 1994 to form the Arts Council of England (now Arts Council England), the Scottish Arts Council (later merged into Creative Scotland), and the Arts Council of Wales. At the same time the National Lottery was established and these three arts councils, plus the Arts Council of Northern Ireland, became distribution bodies.
Ch'alla Quta
Ch'alla Quta (Aymara ch'alla sand, quta lake, "sand lake", also spelled Challa Kota) is a lake in the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Larecaja Province, Sorata Municipality. Ch'alla Quta lies south of the mountain Larama Punta.

La Paz Department (Bolivia)
The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres (51,732 sq mi) with a 2024 census population of 3,022,566 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with the neighboring Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real mountain range, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers (22,000 ft). Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.
Zhaojue County
Zhaojue County (Chinese: 昭觉县, Yi: ꏪꐦꑤ) is a county in the south of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It has a population of  322,600 as of 2021, including 98.53% Yi. The name Zhaojue is a transliteration in Chinese of the Yi words for 'mountain eagle's plain', or 'sloped plain'.

Loloish languages
The Loloish languages, also known as Yi (like the Yi people) and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a sub-branch of 50–100 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, sub-classification is more contentious.

The 2013 edition of Ethnologue  estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ("Ngwi") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers.