hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ninth Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)
The Ninth Street station was an express station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It opened on August 26, 1878 and had two levels. The lower level was served by local trains and had two tracks and two side platforms. It was built first. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track with two side platforms over the lower level local tracks which served express trains. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.

Dual Contracts
The Dual Contracts, also known as the Dual Subway System, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were signed on March 19, 1913, by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. As part of the Dual Contracts, the IRT and BRT would build or upgrade several subway lines in New York City, then operate them for 49 years.

Most of the lines of the present-day New York City Subway were built or reconstructed under these contracts. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies. Both the IRT and BRT (later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) worked together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible.
Nalyvaiko Uprising
The Nalyvaiko Uprising (Polish: powstanie Nalewajki, Ukrainian: повстання Наливайка) was a Cossack rebellion against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Headed by Severyn Nalyvaiko, it lasted from 1594 to 1596. The second in a long series of Cossack uprisings, the conflict was ultimately won by the Crown of Poland, but two years of warfare and scorched-earth tactics employed by both sides left much of Right-bank Ukraine in ruins.

Magnate
A magnate was a man from the higher nobility, a man who belonged to the high office-holders, or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since the medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops, archbishops and cardinals. In reference to the medieval, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords, such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage. In Poland the szlachta (nobles) constituted one of the largest proportions of the population (around 10–12%) and 'magnat' refers to the richest nobles, or nobles of the nobility - even though they had equal voting rights in Poland's electoral monarchy.
Flyway
A flyway is a flight path used by large numbers of birds while migrating between their breeding grounds and their overwintering quarters. Flyways generally span continents and often pass over oceans. Although applying to any species of migrating bird, the concept was first conceived and applied to waterfowl and shore birds. The flyways can be thought of as wide arterial highways to which the migratory routes of different species are tributaries. An alternative definition is that a flyway is the entire range of a migratory bird, encompassing both its breeding and non-breeding grounds, and the resting and feeding locations it uses while migrating. There are four major north–south flyways in North America and six covering Eurasia, Africa, and Australasia.

Overwintering
Overwintering is the process by which some organisms pass through or wait out the winter season, or  pass through that period of the year when "winter" conditions (cold or sub-zero temperatures, ice, snow, limited food supplies) make normal activity or even survival difficult or near impossible. In some cases "winter" is characterized not necessarily by cold but by dry conditions; passing through such periods could likewise be called overwintering.

Hibernation and migration are the two major ways in which overwintering is accomplished. Animals may also go into a state of reduced physiological activity known as torpor.

Overwintering occurs in several classes of lifeform.
Ehresmann's lemma
In mathematics, or specifically, in differential topology, Ehresmann's lemma or Ehresmann's fibration theorem states that if a smooth mapping , where  and  are smooth manifolds, is

a surjective submersion, and

a proper map (in particular, this condition is always satisfied if M is compact),

then it is a locally trivial fibration. This is a foundational result in differential topology due to Charles Ehresmann, and has many variants.

Smoothness
In mathematical analysis, the smoothness of a function is a property measured by the number of continuous derivatives it has over its domain.

A function of class  is a function of smoothness at least k;  that is, a function of class  is a function that has a kth derivative that is continuous in its domain.

A function of class  or -function (pronounced C-infinity function) is an infinitely   differentiable function, that is, a function that has derivatives of all orders (this implies that all these derivatives are continuous).

Generally, the term smooth function refers to a -function. However, it may also mean "sufficiently differentiable" for the problem under consideration.
Maduagwu
Maduagwu is a surname found mainly in Nigeria. Notable people with the surname include:

Emmanuel Ndubisi Maduagwu (born 1947), Nigerian biochemist

Rita Maduagwu, Nigerian politician and lawyer

Somtochukwu Maduagwu (1995–2025), Nigerian lawyer, model, and news anchor

Somtochukwu Maduagwu
Somtochukwu Christelle Maduagwu Listenⓘ (26 December 1995 – 29 September 2025) was a Nigerian lawyer, model, news anchor, reporter and producer. She first gained recognition in 2023 as the runner-up in the 11th edition of Miss Tourism Nigeria.
Clinton L. Ewing
Clinton L. Ewing (December 7, 1879 – January 23, 1953) was an American politician and businessman.

Ewing was born in Yates City, Illinois and went to the Yates City public schools. He went to the Brown's Business College in Galesburg, Illinois. Ewing worked in the banking business and was a farmer. Ewing lived with his wife and family in Douglas, Knox County, Illinois. Ewing served on the Knox County Board of Supervisors and was the chairman of the county board. Ewing served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1927 to 1931 and was a Republican. He then served in the Illinois Senate from 1931 to 1943. He died at his home in Douglas, Illinois.

Brown's Business College
Brown's Business College was a chain of business colleges located in the Midwestern United States, started in Illinois in the 1870s by George W. Brown (1845-1918) of Jacksonville, Illinois.  He grew the chain to at least 29 locations during the 1910s (though perhaps not all existed simultaneously).  Though most of the colleges had closed or changed names by the 1960s, at least one location continued under the same name into the early 1990s.
Midland Railway Bridge 42
The Midland Railway Bridge 42, also known as simply the "Waimakariri Rail Bridge" is a single-tracked railway bridge which carries the midland line over the Waimakariri River. It is located at the confluence of Red Beech Stream and the Waimakariri River, near Arthur's Pass National Park between the localities of Cass and Bealey, in Canterbury, New Zealand. The bridge was finished in 1912 and is constructed of steel girders and concrete. It is currently owned and operated by the New Zealand state-owned rail operator KiwiRail.

The construction of the Midland Railway was a major engineering challenge and involved difficult terrain with very little use of machinery. Construction of the bridge formed a major milestone in the progress of eastern section of the railway.

KiwiRail
KiwiRail Holdings Limited is a New Zealand state-owned enterprise (SOE) responsible for rail operations in New Zealand and operates inter-island ferries. Trading as KiwiRail and headquartered at 604 Great South Road, Ellerslie, KiwiRail is the largest rail transport operator in New Zealand. KiwiRail has business units of KiwiRail Freight, Great Journeys New Zealand and Interislander. The company was formed in 2008 when the government renationalised above-rail operations (having previously renationalised the network in 2004) and inter-island ferry operations, then owned by Toll Holdings. In 2021, the government launched the New Zealand Rail Plan, with funding for rail projects to come from the National Land Transport Fund (NLTF), and with KiwiRail remaining an SOE but paying Track Access Charges (TACs) to use the network.
Dizə, Julfa
Dizə (also, Kyarimkuli-Diza and Kerimkuludiza) is a village and municipality in the Julfa District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located 16 km in the north from the district center, on the left bank of the Khoshkeri River. Its population is busy with vine-growing, farming and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, club, library, communication branch, kindergarten, medical center and "Imamzade sanctuary" in the village. It has a population of 1,008.

Julfa District
Julfa District (Azerbaijani: Culfa rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Ordubad, Babek, Shahbuz, as well as the Syunik Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Julfa. As of 2020, the district had a population of 47,000.
World Youth Movement for Democracy
The World Youth Movement for Democracy (WYMD) was created in 2004 at the Third Assembly of the World Movement in Durban South Africa by an international body of young democracy and human rights activists.  WYMD is a branch of the World Movement for Democracy, and it retains the organization's core values such as the belief in a broad-based democracy that adapts itself to different cultures. WYMD promotes a set of values, including rule of law, human rights, and free media, in all societies, and it works to create these values in some countries and strengthen them in others.  In addition, the Youth Movement has several more specific, youth related purposes.  It serves as a means for youth activists to come together to share ideas, network, and collaborate on projects, which helps further their knowledge of democracy issues and provides them with a practical skill set.

Media transparency
Media transparency, also referred to as transparent media or media opacity, is a concept that explores how and why information subsidies are being produced, distributed and handled by media professionals, including journalists, editors, public relations practitioners, government officials, public affairs specialists, and spokespeople. In short, media transparency reflects the relationship between civilization and journalists, news sources and government. According to a textual analysis of "Information Subsidies and Agenda Building: A Study of Local Radio News", an information subsidy is defined as "any item provided to the media in order to gain time or space".
Fate (2001 film)
Fate (Turkish: Yazgı) is a 2001 Turkish drama film directed and screen-written by Zeki Demirkubuz based on Albert Camus' 1942 novel L'Étranger. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.

Un Certain Regard
Un Certain Regard (French: [œ̃ sɛʁtɛ̃ ʁəɡaʁ]; 'A Certain Glance') is a section of the Cannes Film Festival's official selection. It is run at the salle Debussy, parallel to the competition for the Palme d'Or. This section was introduced in 1978 by Gilles Jacob.

The section presents 20 films with unusual styles and non-traditional stories seeking international recognition.

Since 1998, the section has awarded the Un Certain Regard Prize to one film in the lineup, recognising emerging talent and innovative work. At the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, Killer by Darezhan Omirbaev was named the inaugural winner, while The Mysterious Gaze of the Flamingo by Diego Céspedes is the most recent winner (2025).
Dzivin
Dzivin (also Dyvin; Belarusian: Дзівін; Russian: Дивин, romanized: Divin; Polish: Dywin) is an agrotown in Kobryn District, Brest Region, in south-western Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Dzivin selsoviet.

Dzivin is situated in the historical region of Polesia, on the southern bank of the Pripyat and at the Kobryn-Kovel road. It is located near the borders with Poland and Ukraine.

Belarus–Poland border
The Belarusian–Polish border is the state border between the Republic of Poland (EU member) and the Republic of Belarus (Union State). It has a total length of 398.6 km (247.7 mi), 418 km (260 mi) or 416 km (258 mi) (sources vary). It starts from the triple junction of the borders with Lithuania in the north and stretches to the triple junction borders with Ukraine to the south. It is also part of the EU border with Belarus. The border runs along the administrative borders of two Voivodships Podlaskie and Lubelskie in the Polish side and Grodno and Brest Vobłasć in the Belarusian side. In the Polish side, the 246.93 km (153.44 mi) section is under the protection of the Podlaski Border Guard Regional Unit, while the 171.31 km (106.45 mi) section is in the operation area of the Bug Border Guard Regional Unit. Border rivers (from north to south) are Czarna Hańcza, Wołkuszanka, Świsłocz, Narew, and Bug.
Solomon Meyer
Solomon Meyer (1823 – 25 February 1902) was an English-born Australian politician.

He was born in London, the son of silk manufacturer Jacob Meyer. In 1841 he migrated to Tasmania, where he managed a business, before moving to Sydney around 1845. On 2 July 1844 he married Theophilia Faulder; they had one son. In 1851 he opened the Ophir goldfields' first general store, and he settled at Carcoar. He was an alderman at Goulburn and ran a grocery and ironmongery business. In 1874 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Carcoar, but he resigned in 1876. Meyer died at Goulburn in 1902.

Goulburn
Goulburn (/ɡoʊlbərn/ GOHL-bərn) is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, approximately 195 kilometres (121 mi) south-west of Sydney and 90 kilometres (56 mi) north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed as Australia's first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863. Goulburn had a population of 24,565 as of the 2021 census. Goulburn is the seat of Goulburn Mulwaree Council.

Goulburn is a railhead on the Main Southern line, and regional health & government services centre, supporting the surrounding pastoral industry as well as being a stopover for travellers on the Hume Highway. It has a central historic park and many historic and listed buildings. It is also home to the monument the Big Merino, a sculpture that is the world's largest concrete sheep.
Giselher of Burgundy
Giselher was a king of Burgundy in the Nibelungenlied, brother to kings Gunther and Gundomar I (also called Gernot). Historically, these correspond to three sons of king Gebicca, Gundomar, Gislaharius (Giselher) and Gundaharius  (Gunther), who ruled the Burgundians in the 410s. His name means "pledged warrior".

In the Nibelungenlied, he is betrothed to Dietlind, the daughter of Count Rüdiger of Bechelaren. He died sometime before 436. He was likely the second son of Gebicca, not the third as is reported in the Nibelungenlied. He was succeeded by his brother Gundaharius.

Gernot
Gernot is a German masculine given name, derived from Old High German "ger" (spear) and "khnoton" (to brandish). It is rare, but still in use in German speaking countries today.

Gundomar I, King of the Burgundians c. 407–411 is named Gernot in the Nibelungenlied.
Leonard Rapping
Leonard Alan Rapping (April 16, 1934 – October 1, 1991) was an American economist, who advised several Federal agencies. He also helped develop theories on the interplay of human behavior and business cycles. He was most famous for his work with Robert E. Lucas which laid the foundations for real business cycle theory, which holds that the financial expectations of business executives and consumers help mold their decisions, therefore influencing economic outcomes. That theory helped analyze the 1970s phenomenon of "stagflation", in which prices rose despite economic stagnation and recession.

At the time of his death, Rapping was completing a book for the 20th Century Fund, called The Wage Crunch, on the social and economic effects of the slowdown in American wages in recent years.

Real business-cycle theory
Real business-cycle theory (RBC theory) is a class of new classical macroeconomics models in which business-cycle fluctuations are accounted for by real, in contrast to nominal, shocks. RBC theory sees business cycle fluctuations as the efficient response to exogenous changes in the real economic environment. That is, the level of national output necessarily maximizes expected utility.

In RBC models, business cycles are described as "real" because they reflect optimal adjustments by economic agents rather than failures of markets to clear. As a result, RBC theory suggests that governments should concentrate on long-term structural change rather than intervention through discretionary fiscal or monetary policy. These ideas are strongly associated with freshwater economics within the neoclassical economics tradition, particularly the Chicago School of Economics.
Harmonica's Howl
Harmonica's Howl (Portuguese: O Uivo da Gaita) is a 2013 Brazilian drama film directed by Bruno Safadi.  It stars Mariana Ximenes, Leandra Leal and Jiddu Pinheiro. The film premiered at the 42nd International Film Festival Rotterdam.

The film is part of the "Operation Sonia Silk", a series of three feature-length films produced cooperatively, with the same cast and crew, co-produced by Canal Brasil and Teleimage. It tells the story of Antônia and Pedro, a couple that is facing problems in the relationship after the arrival of Luana. The two women fall in love and live a love story.

International Film Festival Rotterdam
International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR) is an annual film festival held at the end of January in various locations in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, focused on independent and experimental films. The inaugural festival took place in June 1972, led by founder Huub Bals. IFFR also hosts CineMart and BoostNL for film producers to seek funding.
Epinotia exquisitana
Epinotia exquisitana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China, Korea, Japan and Russia.

The wingspan is 16–19 mm.

The larvae feed on Malus manshurica, Malus sachalinensis, Cerasus maximowiczii, Cerasus kurilensis, Cerasus sachalinensis, Sorbus commixta and Padus ssiori.

Prunus ssiori
Prunus ssiori, the Hokkaido bird cherry or Japanese bird cherry, is a species of bird cherry native to northern Japan, Sakhalin Island, and the Kuril Islands. Some natural populations may occur on the far eastern mainland of Asia in Russia. Its specific epithet derives from its Ainu name, meaning "bitter".
Bedlington Ironworks
Bedlington Ironworks, in Blyth Dene, Northumberland, England, operated between 1736 and 1867. It is most remembered as the place where wrought iron rails were invented by John Birkinshaw in 1820, which triggered the railway age, with their first major use being in the Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in 1825, about 45 miles (72 km) to the south.

Blyth Dene, near Bedlington, was an idyllic location next to the River Blyth which had all the right ingredients for an ironworks at the time: there were nodules of ironstone in the coal-laden banks of the river, there was plenty of wood for the traditional approach of charcoal making, water for driving the hammers, and the port of Blyth was only two miles downriver for shipping of the products. At the time, a Shropshire man, Abraham Darby had started a revolution in ironmaking by using coke instead of charcoal. The Bedlington ironworks originally consisted of two elements – a mill in Bebside and a furnace at Bedlington Mill

River Blyth, Northumberland
The River Blyth flows eastwards through southern Northumberland into the North Sea at the town of Blyth.  It flows through Plessey Woods Country Park. The River Pont is a tributary. The Blyth is 27 miles (44 km) long and the Pont is 17 miles (28 km).

The tidal limit of the river is at Bebside. The estuary widens from this point eastwards and with the addition of a burn that enters on the northern side (Sleek Burn), it covers an area of 415 acres (168 hectares).

Ecologists have suggested that a dam on the river at Humford Country Park in Bedlington could be removed to allow for fish migration. The local community have expressed a desire to keep the dam as it is a local beauty spot; they have suggested that a fish passage be built alongside instead.
2013 Karshi Challenger – Doubles
The defending champions were Lee Hsin-han and Peng Hsien-yin, but they chose not to compete.
Chen Ti and Guillermo Olaso defeated Jordan Kerr and Konstantin Kravchuk 7–6(7–5), 7–5 in the final to win the title.

Jordan Kerr
Jordan Kerr (born 26 October 1979, in Adelaide) is a retired Australian professional tennis player.

Kerr reached a career high ATP singles ranking of World No. 356, which he achieved on 7 August 2000. Additionally, he reached a career high ATP doubles ranking of World No. 23, achieved on 18 August 2008.

Kerr represented Australia in the men's doubles at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, losing in the opening round to the eventual silver medallists from Sweden.

Kerr was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
John Francis O'Sullivan
John Francis O'Sullivan (c. 1850 – May 19, 1907) was an Irish-born soldier who emigrated to New York City, where he joined the United States Army who served with the 4th U.S. Cavalry during the Texas–Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry against a hostile band of Indians at the Staked Plains in Texas on December 8, 1874.

Llano Estacado
The Llano Estacado (Spanish: [ˈʝano estaˈkaðo]), sometimes translated into English as the Staked Plains, is a region in the Southwestern United States encompassing parts of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas.  One of the largest mesas or tablelands on the North American continent, the elevation rises from 3,000 feet (900 m) in the southeast to over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in the northwest, sloping almost uniformly at about 10 feet per mile (2 m/km).
Malin Wästlund
Malin Charlotta Wästlund (born 27 April 1964) is a Swedish former long-distance runner. She represented Sweden twice at the IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships, placing fourth in 1987 with a Swedish national record of 49:21 minutes for the 15K run and placing fifth at the 1988 race. She also competed at the 1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finished fifteenth in the women's senior race.

Born in Högsbo, near Gothenburg, she competed for IF Spexarna during her career. She won one national title in her career at the 1987 Swedish Half Marathon Championships. She was also runner-up at the Swedish Cross Country Championships that year. In Swedish cross country competitions, she won the 1987 Tjejmilen and was runner-up there and at the Lidingöloppet in 1989.

IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
The IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships was an annual international athletics championship in road running organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (then known as the International Amateur Athletics Federation). It was contested from 1983 to 1991, before being replaced by the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1992, an event for both men and women.

The event was a 10 km race in 1983 and 1984, then a 15 km race from 1985 to 1991.