hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. The Bulgar state, centered in lower Volga and Kama, was the center of the fur trade in Eurasia throughout most of its history. Before the Mongol conquest, Russians of Novgorod and Vladimir repeatedly looted and attacked the area, thereby weakening the Bulgar state's economy and military power. The latter ambushed the Mongols in the later 1223 or in 1224. Several clashes occurred between 1229–1234, and the Mongol Empire conquered the Bulgars in 1236.

Veliky Novgorod
Veliky Novgorod (/vəˈliːki ˈnɒvɡərɒd/ ⓘ və-LEE-kee NOV-gə-rod; Russian: Великий Новгород, IPA: [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət]; lit. 'Great Newtown'), also known simply as Novgorod (Новгород), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia, being first mentioned in the 9th century. The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg. UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992. The city has a population of 224,286 (2021 census).

At its peak during the 14th century, the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and was one of Europe's largest cities. The "Великий" (Veliky) part was added to the city's name in 1999.
USS Seaman
Seaman (DD-791) was a Gearing-class destroyer of the United States Navy, named for Lieutenant Commander Allen L. Seaman (1916–1944), a naval aviator who was awarded two Navy Crosses for service in the Pacific War.

Seaman was laid down on 10 July 1945 by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation, Seattle, Washington; launched on 29 May 1946; sponsored by Mrs. Barbara K. Seaman, widow of Lt. Comdr. Seaman; and delivered, partially complete, on 25 June 1946 to the officer-in-charge of demobilized shipping for the 13th Naval District.

Never commissioned, the destroyer was subsequently placed in the Bremerton Group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet, where she remained until struck from the Navy list on 1 March 1961. Her hulk was sold to the First Steel and Ship Corp., New York City, on 12 September 1961, and was delivered to the Learner Co., Alameda, California, on 22 September 1961 for scrapping.

United States Navy reserve fleets
The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the "Mothball Fleet". While the details of the maintenance activity have changed several times, the basics are constant: keep the ships afloat and sufficiently working as to be reactivated quickly in an emergency.

In some cases (for instance, at the outset of the Korean War), many ships were successfully reactivated at a considerable savings in time and money. The usual fate of ships in the reserve fleet, though, is to become too old and obsolete to be of any use, at which point they are sold for scrapping or are scuttled in weapons tests.

In rare cases, the general public may intercede for ships from the reserve fleet that are about to be scrapped – usually asking for the Navy to donate them for use as museum ships, memorials, or artificial reefs.
Tessa Dare
Tessa Dare is a New York Times and USA Today bestselling American historical romance novelist. She has authored fifteen novels and novellas and created five different series. In 2012, she won the Romance Writers of America RITA award for Best Regency Historical Romance for her book A Night to Surrender.

Romance Writers of America
Romance Writers of America (RWA) is an American non-profit writers' association founded in 1980. Its mission is to "advance the professional and common business interests of career-focused romance writers through networking and advocacy and by increasing public awareness of the romance genre." Relevant works must be themed around the development of a romantic relationship between two people, and there must be a happy ending. As well as published authors, those with complete but unpublished manuscripts are eligible for membership.
Pantelleria Vecchia Bank Megalith
The Pantelleria Vecchia Bank Megalith is an anomalous artifact of uncertain origin, located on the Pantelleria Vecchia Bank in the Strait of Sicily between Sicily and Tunisia, at a depth of 40 meters underwater. Studies have suggested that the object appears to be man-made. The megalith is a large block of sedimentary calcirudite limestone measuring 12 meters long, and weighing 15 tons.

The stone may have been carved when the area last stood above sea level around 10,000 years ago during the early Mesolithic. The radiocarbon dating of shell fragments extracted from the stone indicate the stone itself to be 40,000 years old while the sea floor surrounding the megalith is 10 million years old. This suggests that the megalith may have been carved from imported stone.

The megalith contains three holes with similar diameters, which are partially filled with barnacles and other crustaceans. One of the holes, with a diameter of 60 centimeters, visibly extends all the way through the stone.

Strait of Sicily
The Strait of Sicily (also known as Sicilian Strait, Sicilian Channel, Channel of Sicily, Sicilian Narrows and Pantelleria Channel; Italian: Canale di Sicilia or the Stretto di Sicilia; Sicilian: Canali di Sicilia or Strittu di Sicilia, Arabic: مضيق صقلية Maḍīq Ṣiqillīyah or مضيق الوطن القبلي Maḍīq al-Waṭan al-Qiblī) is the strait between Sicily and Tunisia. The strait is about 145 kilometres (90 mi) wide and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea, from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The maximum depth is 316 meters (1,037 ft). The island of Pantelleria lies in the middle of the strait.

There are regular ferries between Sicily and Tunis across the Strait of Sicily; a tunnel has been proposed to link the two regions.
Linitis plastica
Linitis plastica (sometimes referred to as leather bottle stomach) is a morphological variant of diffuse stomach cancer in which the stomach wall becomes thick and rigid.

Linitis plastica is a type of adenocarcinoma and accounts for 3–19% of gastric adenocarcinomas. Causes of cancerous linitis plastica are commonly primary gastric cancer, but in rarer cases could be metastatic infiltration of the stomach, particularly breast and lung carcinoma. It is not associated with H. pylori infection or chronic gastritis. The risk factors are undefined, except for rare inherited mutations in E-cadherin. The hereditary form of this cancer, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, accounts for only 1–3% of gastric adenocarcinomas. Somatic mutations in this gene are found in about 50% of diffuse-type gastric carcinomas.

Cadherin-1
Cadherin-1 or Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH1 gene (not to be confused with the APC/C activator protein CDH1). Mutations are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancers. CDH1 has also been designated as CD324 (cluster of differentiation 324). It is a tumor suppressor gene.
Kenneth Jennings (priest)
Christianity portal

Kenneth Neal Jennings (8 November 1930 – 14 December 2007)  was Dean of Gloucester from 1983 until 1996.

Jennings was educated at Hertford Grammar School, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Ripon College Cuddesdon. After a curacy at Holy Trinity, Ramsgate, he joined the staff of Bishop’s College, Calcutta. Later he was Vice Principal of his old theological college from (1967 to 1973) then Vicar of Hitchin, a post he held until his appointment to the Deanery.

Principal (academia)
The principal is the chief executive and the chief academic officer of a university or college in certain parts of the Commonwealth.

In the United States, the principal is the head of school at most pre-university, non-boarding schools.
Harry Morgan (cricketer)
Henry Alan Morgan (5 June 1938 – 6 July 2024) was a New Zealand cricketer who played first-class cricket for Wellington from 1963 to 1978.

Harry Morgan was a medium-pace bowler and useful lower-order batsman who was an irregular member of the Wellington team for 15 years. His best first-class bowling figures were 5 for 42 against Canterbury in 1966–67. His highest score was 67, also against Canterbury, in his second-last match in 1977–78.

Morgan won the Man of the Match award in the final of the New Zealand Motor Corporation Knock-Out in 1973–74. He took 3 for 55 in Auckland's innings then top-scored with 46 as Wellington reached their target with one wicket and six balls to spare.

Morgan died in Rotorua in July 2024, aged 86. His son Richard played first-class cricket in New Zealand from 1993 to 2002.

Wellington cricket team
The Wellington Firebirds are one of six New Zealand men's first-class cricket teams that make up New Zealand Cricket.
It is based in Wellington. It competes in the Plunket Shield first class (4-day) competition, The Ford Trophy domestic one day competition and the Men's Super Smash Twenty20 competition.

The Wellington Cricket Association was formed in 1875. It is New Zealand's oldest cricket association.
For His Son
For His Son is a 1912 American short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Charles Hill Mailes, Charles West and Blanche Sweet. A young man becomes addicted to the secret ingredient in the soft drink invented by his father. Mark Griep claims the film was inspired by the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the original formulation of Coca-Cola—which contained cocaine—and Vin Mariani, and notes that the book Silent Films, 1877–1996: A Critical Guide to 646 Movies calls For His Son one of the earliest films to address drug addiction.

The film was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey when Biograph Company and other early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based there at the beginning of the 20th century. A print of the film survives.

Biograph Company
The Biograph Company, also known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1916. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific, releasing over 3000 short films and 12 feature films. During the height of silent film as a medium, Biograph was the most prominent American film studio and one of the most respected and influential studios worldwide, only rivaled by Germany's UFA, Sweden's Svensk Filmindustri and France's Pathé. The company was home to pioneering director D. W. Griffith and such actors as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, and Lionel Barrymore.
SUHW4
Zinc finger protein 280D, also known as Suppressor Of Hairy Wing Homolog 4, SUWH4, Zinc Finger Protein 634, ZNF634, or KIAA1584, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF280D gene located on chromosome 15q21.3.

Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a duplication event (paralogs), or else a horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer event (xenologs).

Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by evolutionary changes from a common ancestral sequence. Alignments of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous.
Bryt TV
Bryt TV is a private, free-to-air television broadcaster in Ghana launched in 2018 by the Joy Daddy Multimedia headed by Dr. Manfred Takyi and Dr. Harrison Tetteh. Bryt TV airs and produces a variety of television programs including Bryt Extra, Daily Extra, Bryt TV Top 10, Out And About, Selfie Jam, Bryt TV Premiere, Yen Sere, and Yendi Dwa respectively. It currently has Ghanaian veteran actor Koo Fori as its managing director.

Private limited company
A private limited company is any type of business entity in "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Examples include: the LLC in the United States, private company limited by shares in the United Kingdom, GmbH in Germany and Austria, Besloten vennootschap (BV) in The Netherlands and Belgium, société à responsabilité limitée (SARL) in France, società a responsabilità limitata (S.r.l.) in Italy, and sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (SRL) in the Spanish-speaking world. The benefit of having a private limited company is that there is limited liability.
Dieter Rexroth
Dieter Rexroth (6 March 1941 – 9 April 2024) was a German musicologist, dramaturge and cultural manager. He was intendant of the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin from 1996, responsible also for choirs and orchestras in Berlin. He worked for major festivals including Frankfurter Feste at the Alte Oper, Young Euro Classic in Berlin and the Kasseler Musiktage. He wrote or edited books about composers including Paul Hindemith, Hans Werner Henze and Wolfgang Rihm.

Dramaturge
A dramaturge or dramaturg (from Ancient Greek δραματουργός – dramatourgós) is a literary adviser or editor in a theatre, opera, or film company who researches, selects, adapts, edits, and interprets scripts, libretti, texts, and printed programmes (or helps others with these tasks), consults authors, and does public relations work. Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theatre theorist.
Heino Senekal
Johannes Hendrik "Heino" Senekal (born 20 October 1975 in Tsumeb) is a retired Namibian rugby union lock. Senekal competed for the Namibia national rugby union team at the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals, 2003 Rugby World Cup finals and the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals, playing 10 matches in aggregate.

He was a member of the Welsh team Cardiff Blues in the Celtic League and the Cornish Pirates, from Cornwall.

Senekal attended high school at Windhoek High School in Windhoek then later at Sentraal High School in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

Cornish Pirates
The Cornish Pirates (Cornish: An Vorladron Gernewek) are a professional rugby union team who play in the Champ Rugby, the second level of the English rugby union pyramid, and are the premier Cornish rugby club. The Cornish Pirates team are the 'First XV' of the Penzance & Newlyn Rugby Football Club, and play and train at their home ground, the Mennaye Field in Penzance.
Half Dome Nunatak
Half Dome Nunatak (82°27′S 159°14′E﻿ / ﻿82.450°S 159.233°E﻿ / -82.450; 159.233) is a nunatak lying 2 nautical miles (4 km) south of the Cobham Range in Antarctica, at the mouth of Lucy Glacier. It was so named by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1961–62) because it is rounded on one side and cut into sheer cliffs on the other side.

Cobham Range
The Cobham Range (82°18′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿82.300°S 159.000°E﻿ / -82.300; 159.000) is a mountain range in the Churchill Mountains of the Ross Dependency, Antarctica.
It extends to the north of the Nimrod Glacier.
Carmen Sánchez de Bustamante Calvo
Carmen Sánchez de Bustamante Calvo was a Bolivian woman's rights advocate and the first Bolivian woman to serve on the OAS's Inter-American Commission of Women. She also served on the organizing committee from the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom for the Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres. A Bolivian women's rights organization, the Carmen Sánchez Bustamante Foundation was named in recognition of her work to promote women's rights.

Gualberto Villarroel
Gualberto Villarroel López (15 December 1908 – 21 July 1946) was a Bolivian military officer who served as the 39th president of Bolivia from 1943 to 1946. A reformist, sometimes compared with Argentina's Juan Perón, he is nonetheless remembered for his alleged fascist sympathies and his violent demise.
Maidu Regional Park
The Maidu Regional Park is located in Roseville, California. This 152-acre park has a small museum and historic site. The grounds also consist of the Maidu Community Center, the Maidu Branch Library, and Veterans Memorial Rose Garden. Other features include a four-diamond softball complex, a five-field soccer complex, a skate park, a full basketball court, picnic areas and play equipment, and a bicycle and pedestrian path through the wooded area of the park where multiple artifacts from the Maidu Native American tribe have been found.

Maidu
The Maidu are a Native American people of northern California. They reside in the central Sierra Nevada, in the watershed area of the Feather and American Rivers and in Humbug Valley. In Maiduan languages, maidu means "person".
Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing
Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 until 2023. The area was represented by the riding of Algoma from 1867 to 1904 and from 1968 to 1996 and then by Algoma—Manitoulin from 1996 to 2004. In 2023 the riding was dissolved with parts going to Kapuskasing—Timmins—Mushkegowuk, Sault Ste. Marie—Algoma, Sudbury East—Manitoulin—Nickel Belt, and Thunder Bay—Superior North.

Manitoulin District
Manitoulin District is a district in Northeastern Ontario within the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1888 from part of the Algoma District. The district seat is in Gore Bay.

It comprises Manitoulin Island primarily, as well as a number of smaller islands surrounding it, such as Barrie, Cockburn, and Great La Cloche islands. Previously it included the municipality of Killarney on the mainland, until this was transferred to Sudbury District in the late 1990s. Subsequently, more mainland portions were added to Killarney and these, together with Unorganized Mainland Manitoulin District, were also transferred to Sudbury District in 2006, about 1,600 square kilometres (600 sq mi) in all.
Liseberg railway station
The Liseberg station is an underground railway station in Gothenburg, Sweden. It is named after the amusement park Liseberg which is located nearby. The station was completed in 1993. Local trains to and from Kungsbacka and Borås stop at the station.

The nearest stops for local traffic are the tram stop Liseberg 80 metres (260 ft) south, and the major intersection Korsvägen, 500 metres (1,600 ft) west.

The station may be closed from access in 2030 when the West Link is opened and all commuter trains will go through that link. Liseberg railway station could be a ghost station where trains pass through but none stop.

West Link
The West Link (Swedish: Västlänken) is a railway project under construction in Gothenburg, Sweden. It consists of 8 kilometres (5 mi) of railway, including 6 kilometres (4 mi) of tunnel, including three new underground stations: Centralen, Haga and Korsvägen. The purpose of the project is to increase capacity and reduce travel times for commuter and regional trains.

The Centralen section of the West Link is set to open in December 2026, while the rest of the tunnel is planned to be ready for traffic by December 2030.
Jaccoud arthropathy
Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may also get affected. It is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occurs in roughly 5% of all cases.

When associated with rheumatic fever it is also called chronic post–RF arthropathy.

Joint capsule
In anatomy, a joint capsule or articular capsule is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. Each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane.
Scotland Street railway station
Scotland Street Station was a railway station which stood in a cutting at the north end of Scotland Street, in Edinburgh, Scotland. First opened as Canonmills by the Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway, Scotland Street stood at the northern end of Scotland Street Tunnel that linked the city centre under the New Town to Canal Street. The trains that used the station were rope hauled by stationary steam engine.

The site of the station is now part of a public park.

New Town, Edinburgh
The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of its original neo-classical and Georgian architecture. Its best-known street is Princes Street, facing Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town across the geological depression of the former Nor Loch. The area's New Town Gardens received a heritage designation in 2001. The combined New Town, Old Town, and West End were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.
The Purple Pterodactyls
The Purple Pterodactyls is a collection of fantasy short stories by American writer L. Sprague de Camp. The collection was first published in hardcover by Phantasia Press in January, 1980, and in paperback by Ace Books in April of the same year. It has also been translated into German. An e-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011 as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form. The pieces were originally published between 1975 and 1979 in the magazines The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Fantastic, Escape!, and Fantasy Crossroads.

L. Sprague de Camp
Lyon Sprague de Camp (/ˌspreɪɡdəˈkæmp/; November 27, 1907 – November 6, 2000) was an American author of science fiction, fantasy and non-fiction literature. In a career spanning 60 years, he wrote over 100 books,  including biographies of other fantasy authors. He was a major figure in science fiction in the 1930s and 1940s.
Royal Netherlands Watersport Association
The Royal Netherlands Watersport Association (Dutch: Koninklijk Nederlands Watersport Verbond) is the national governing body for the sports of sailing, surfing, and canoeing in the Netherlands, recognised by World Sailing, the global governing body for the sport of sailing.

Sailing at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Greece. With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1956 consisted of a total of five sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 26 November to 5 December 1956 at Port Phillip Bay.

The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses. The start was made in the center of a set of 8 numbered marks that were places in a circle. During the starting procedure the sequence of the marks was communicated to the sailors. By picking the mark that was most upwind the start could always be made upwind. This system is, at least in certain German lakes, still in use.
Tzi-Bʼalam
Tzi-Bʼalam was the tenth ruler of Copan. He was nicknamed Moon Jaguar by archaeologists. He was a son of Bʼalam Nehn, the 7th ruler. He was enthroned in May 553. His surviving monuments were found in the modern village of Copán Ruinas, which was a major complex during the Classic period. The most famous construction dating to his reign is the elaborate Rosalila phase of Temple 16, discovered entombed intact under later phases of the temple during archaeological tunneling work.

Copán Ruinas
Copán Ruinas is a municipality in the Honduran department of Copán. The town, located close to the Guatemalan border, is a major gateway for tourists traveling to the Pre-Columbian ruins of Copán. The Copán ruins house a UN World Heritage site and are renowned for the hieroglyphic staircase, stellae, and museum.[a]