hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Daniel G. McGowan
Daniel Gerard McGowan (born 1974) is an American environmental activist, formerly associated with the Earth Liberation Front. The U.S. government considers him a domestic terrorist, having been arrested and charged in federal court on multiple counts of arson and conspiracy, relating to the arson of Superior Lumber company in Glendale, Oregon, on January 2, 2001, and Jefferson Poplar Farms in Clatskanie, Oregon, on May 21, 2001. His arrest is part of what the FBI dubbed Operation Backfire.

McGowan was facing a minimum of life in prison if convicted when he accepted a non-cooperation plea agreement, pleading guilty on November 9, 2006. A "terrorism" label was applied to his sentence, and McGowan was ultimately sentenced to 7 years' imprisonment. He was released on probation in June 2013.

Clatskanie, Oregon
Clatskanie (/ˈklætskɪnaɪ/ ⓘ) is a city in Columbia County, Oregon, United States. It was named for the Tlatskanai Native American tribe, and the Clatskanie River which flows through the town and empties into the Columbia River about four miles to the north. As of the 2020 census, Clatskanie had a population of 1,716.
Uttar Pradesh Navnirman Sena
Uttar Pradesh Navnirman Sena, or UP Navnirman Sena, is a political organization based in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is based on the ideologies of Raj Thackeray and his party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena. It is an ally of Bharatiya janta party(BJP). The party has a record of hate speech.

The group was in news for beheading Mayawati's statue located at Ambedkar park, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow.  On 26 July 2012 the group gave the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Akhilesh Yadav, an ultimatum to remove similar statues of Miss Mayawati.  The group was angry with Mayawati's purported ill-treatment of farmers and Rajputs. Three members of the organization were arrested by the police for the beheading incident.

Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
The Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (translation: Maharashtra Reformation Army; abbr. MNS) is a Regionalist  Indian organisation based in the state of Maharashtra and operates on the ideology of Hindutva and Marathi Manus. It was founded on 9 March 2006 in Mumbai by Raj Thackeray after he left the Shiv Sena party due to differences with his cousin Uddhav Thackeray, who later became the 19th Chief Minister Of Maharashtra and to his sidelining by the Shiv Sena in major decisions like distribution of election tickets.

MNS won 13 assembly seats (out of 288) in the 2009 assembly elections, which was the first Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election that the party contested. In the elections of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 2019, MNS won 1 seat.
In January 2020, MNS unveiled a new flag, however the symbol on the flag was not used for elections.
Thomas Vesey, 1st Viscount de Vesci
The Rt Hon. Thomas Vesey, 1st Viscount de Vesci and 2nd Baron Knapton (c. 1735 – 13 October 1804), was an Anglo-Irish peer.

Lord de Vesci was the son of the 1st Baron Knapton and Elizabeth Brownlow. He succeeded to his father's peerage on 25 June 1761 and assumed his seat in the Irish House of Lords. On 22 June 1776 he was made Viscount de Vesci, of Abbeyleix in the Queen's County, in the Peerage of Ireland.

On 24 September 1769, Lord Knapton, as he then was, married Elizabeth-Selina Brooke, the eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir Arthur Brooke, 1st Baronet. Lord de Vesci was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son, John Vesey.

County Laois
County Laois (/liːʃ/ LEESH; Irish: Contae Laoise) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Eastern and Midland Region and in the province of Leinster. It was known as Queen's County from 1556 to 1922. The modern county takes its name from Loígis, a medieval kingdom. Historically, it has also been known as County Leix.

Laois County Council is the local authority for the county, and is based in Portlaoise.

At the 2022 census, the population of the county was 91,657, an increase of 56% since the 2002 census.
Portrait of Alfred Tennyson
Portrait of Alfred Tennyson is an 1881 portrait painting by the British artist John Everett Millais. It depicts the English writer Alfred Tennyson, who has served as Poet Laureate since 1850. Tennyson is shown with the flowing cloak and broad-brimmed hat he was known for wearing, with the muted colours emphasising his forceful character. Tennyson's early Romantic poetry had provided an inspiration for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

It was one of a series of dignified portraits Millais produced of leading public figures of Victorian Britain during the period. Today the painting is in the collection of the Lady Lever Art Gallery, having been gifted by Lord Leverhulme in 1922. Although Millais was pleased with the painting which "without immodesty, I am sure is the best of him", but Tennyson complained it had neither "brain nor a soul". An engraving was produced based on the picture by Thomas Oldham Barlow.

Cloak
A cloak is a type of loose garment worn over clothing, mostly but not always, as outerwear for outdoor wear, which serves the same purpose as an overcoat and protects the wearer from the weather. It may form part of a uniform. People in many different societies may wear cloaks. Over time, cloak designs have changed to match fashion and available textiles.

Cloaks generally fasten at the neck or over the shoulder, and vary in length from the hip to the ankle, with mid-calf being the normal length. They may have an attached hood and may cover and fasten down the front, in which case they have holes or slits for the hands to pass through. However, cloaks are almost always sleeveless.

Christian clerics may wear a cappa or a cope – forms of cloak – as liturgical vestments or as part of a religious habit.
Coleta Meléndez Torres
Coleta Meléndez Torres (or Menendez De La Torre; 1886–1917) was a young woman who entered the Association of the Daughters of Mary Immaculate of the town of Degollado, Mexico.  On December 24, 1917, she defended her purity from an attack by guerrillas, and fell on her friend Maria de San José (or Josefa) Parra Flores in a burning building: Both girls burnt to death. They were respectively twenty-five and twenty-one years old. The permission for the start of their cause of beatification and canonization, in charge of the diocese of San Juan de los Lagos in Mexico, dated October 12, 1995.

San Juan de los Lagos
San Juan de los Lagos (English: Saint John of the Lakes) is a city and municipality located in the northeast corner of the state of Jalisco, Mexico, in a region known as Los Altos.  It is best known as the home of a small image of the Virgin Mary called Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos (Nahuatl: Cihuapilli, lit. "Great Lady"). Miracles have been ascribed to her since 1632 and have made the Basilica of San Juan de los Lagos a major tourist attraction. The economy of the city is still heavily dependent on the flow of pilgrims to the shrine, which has amounted to between seven and nine million visitors per year.
Robert Litterman
Robert Bruce Litterman (born 1951) is chairman of the Risk Committee and a founding partner of Kepos Capital in New York. Prior to Kepos Capital, Litterman spent 23 years at Goldman Sachs, where he was head of the Quantitative Resources Group in Goldman Sachs Asset Management for 11 years, starting in 1998. Prior to that position, Litterman headed the firm-wide risk department from 1994 to 1998, and prior to that he was the co-head of the model development group in the research department of Goldman Sachs' Fixed Income Division. He was the co-developer of the Black-Litterman mathematical model for portfolio allocation.

He earned a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Minnesota in 1980.

Portfolio optimization
Portfolio optimization is the process of selecting an optimal portfolio (asset distribution), out of a set of considered portfolios, according to some objective. The objective typically maximizes factors such as expected return, and minimizes costs like financial risk, resulting in a multi-objective optimization problem. Factors being considered may range from tangible (such as assets, liabilities, earnings or other fundamentals) to intangible (such as selective divestment).
Germeten
Germeten is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Else Germeten (1918–1992), Norwegian women's group executive and film censor

Gunnar Germeten (1918–1995), Norwegian civil servant

Gunnar Germeten
Gunnar Germeten (1918–1995) was a Norwegian civil servant.

He was born in Stavanger, and held the cand.jur. degree in law. He was a subdirector in the Norwegian Directorate of Rationalisation from 1955 to 1965 and then in the Ministry of Local Government and Labour from 1965 to 1972. From 1972 to 1987 he was  deputy under-secretary of state in the Ministry of the Environment. He was also board chairman of Kommunale Kinematografers Landsforbund from 1961 to 1976.
Markus Amm
Markus Amm (born 1969, Stuttgart, West Germany) is an artist based in London.

He has shown work internationally in exhibitions including Finding Neverland at Patricia Low Contemporary in Gstaad, Alles in einer Nacht at Tanya Bonakdar in New York City, The Addiction at Gagosian Gallery in Berlin and New Party at The Breeder Projects in Athens.

His work is in the collection of the Hessel Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art,

Hessel Museum of Art
The CCS Hessel Museum of Art is an art museum located on the campus of Bard College, in Annandale-On-Hudson, New York. The museum was built in 2006. The Hessel Museum is housed in the Center for Curatorial Studies (CCS). The Museum draws from the Marieluise Hessel Collection of Contemporary Art, which contains more than 1,700 objects on permanent loan to Bard. The Hessel Museum activates the collection for research for students, faculty and the general public through exhibitions, publications, and events – on site and through digital resources.
2013–14 Eerste Divisie
The 2013–14 Eerste Divisie, known as Jupiler League for sponsorship reasons, was the fifty-eight season of Eerste Divisie since its establishment in 1955. It began on 2 August 2013 with the first matches of the season and ended on 26 May 2014 with the return of the finals of the promotion/relegation play-offs, also involving the 16th- and 17th-placed teams from the 2013–14 Eredivisie.

Eerste Divisie
The Eerste Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːrstə diˈvizi]; English: First Division), officially known as the Keuken Kampioen Divisie due to sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest tier of football in the Netherlands. It is linked with the top-level Eredivisie via promotion/relegation systems.
Gaétan Barrette
Gaétan Barrette (born July 5, 1956) is a Canadian politician in Quebec, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2014 election. He represented the electoral district of La Pinière as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party until retiring from politics at the 2022 Quebec general election.

Prior to his election to the legislature, he was a radiologist at Montreal's Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont. He ran in the 2012 election as a candidate of the Coalition Avenir Québec in Terrebonne, but ran as a Liberal in 2014. He was named Minister of Health and Social Services on April 24, 2014. His tenure as heath minister was considered so controversial that leader Philippe Couillard instead tapped Getrude Bourdon, who resigned from her role as the CEO of the Laval University hospital to run as a candidate in the riding of Jean-Lesage if the party won the 2018 election.

Quebec Liberal Party
The Quebec Liberal Party (QLP; French: Parti libéral du Québec [paʁti libeʁal dy kebɛk], PLQ) is a provincial political party in Quebec. It has been independent of the federal Liberal Party of Canada since 1955.

The QLP has traditionally supported a form of Quebec federalist ideology with nuanced Canadian nationalist tones that supports Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation, while also supporting reforms that would allow substantial autonomism in Quebec. In the context of federal Canadian politics, it is a more centrist party when compared to Conservative and Liberal parties in other provinces, such as the former British Columbia Liberal Party.
MEMRI
The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), officially the Middle East Media and Research Institute, is an American non-profit press monitoring organization. MEMRI tracks and translates Arabic and Muslim media, including extremist comments by Arab and Iranian leaders and communications from terrorist groups.

MEMRI was co-founded by Israeli ex-intelligence officer Yigal Carmon and Israeli-American political scientist Meyrav Wurmser in 1998. MEMRI describes itself as being independent and non-partisan. Some critics have described MEMRI as aiming to portray the Arab world and the Islamic world in a negative light by producing and disseminating incomplete or inaccurate translations of the original versions of the media reports that it republishes.

Al-Ahram
Al-Ahram (Arabic: الأهرام, lit. 'The Pyramids'), founded on 5 August 1876, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second-oldest after Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya (The Egyptian Events, founded 1828). It is majority owned by the Egyptian government, and is considered a newspaper of record for Egypt.

Given the many varieties of Arabic language, Al-Ahram is widely considered an influential source of writing style in Arabic. In 1950, the Middle East Institute described Al-Ahram as being to the Arabic-reading public within its area of distribution, "What The Times is to Englishmen and The New York Times to Americans"; however, it has often been accused of heavy influence and censorship by the Egyptian government.

In addition to the main edition published in Egypt, the paper publishes two other Arabic-language editions, one geared to the Arab world and the other aimed at an international audience, as well as editions in English and French.
Blast Off (song)
"Blast Off" is a song by French house music producer and disc jockey (DJ) David Guetta and Australian singer and DJ Kaz James. It was released as a digital download on 9 June 2014. The song was written by Guetta, James, Ralph Wegner, Ebow Graham, Pavan Mukhi, and Giorgio Tuinfort. It features uncredited vocals by Ebow Graham (better known as Metropolis of Foreign Beggars), with additional uncredited guitar performed by Michael Nadeau. The composition is largely based upon the original instrumentation of the song "Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love", by Van Halen. In 2014, "Blast Off" was included in Guetta's Lovers on the Sun EP. The track was also featured on the original motion picture soundtrack of the 2015 film Furious 7. It was later included in the 2015 re-release of Guetta's sixth studio album, entitled Listen Again as a bonus track.

Kaz James
Kaz James is an Australian singer-songwriter and DJ. He was raised in Melbourne and is of Italian and Greek origin. He released his first solo album, If They Knew, in 2008.

Kaz James was a co-founder in 2004 of the group BodyRockers, an Australian British electronic music duo collaboration, consisting of Kaz James and Dylan Burns. BodyRockers released a self-titled album BodyRockers in 2005 and had an international hit with the single "I Like the Way" also in 2005 before disbanding in 2007.

In 2011, Kaz James and British businessman David Abrahamovich started a London coffee chain called Grind.
William C. Wimsatt
William C. Wimsatt (born May 27, 1941) is professor emeritus in the Department of Philosophy, the Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science (previously Conceptual Foundations of Science), and the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago.  He is currently a Winton Professor of the Liberal Arts at the University of Minnesota and a Residential Fellow of the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science. He specializes in the philosophy of biology, where his areas of interest include reductionism, heuristics, emergence, scientific modeling, heredity, and cultural evolution.

Heredity
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics.
Zhanggong, Jinxian County
Zhanggong (simplified Chinese: 张公; traditional Chinese: 張公; pinyin: Zhānggōng) is a town located to the south of Nanchang, the capital of China's Jiangxi Province. It is under the administration of Jinxian County. As of 2018, it has one residential community, 12 villages and one research institute community under its administration.

Nanchang
Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi, China. Located in the north-central part of the province and in the hinterland of Poyang Lake Plain, it is bounded on the west by the Jiuling Mountains, and on the east by Poyang Lake. Because of its strategic location connecting the prosperous East and South China, it has become a major railway hub in Southern China in recent decades.

As the Nanchang Uprising in 1927 is distinctively recognized by the ruling Communist Party as "firing the first gunshot against the Nationalists", the current government has therefore named the city since 1949 "the place where the People's Liberation Army was born", and the most widely known "place where the military banner of the People's Liberation Army was first raised".

Nanchang is also a major city, appearing among the top 100 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index and home to Nanchang University.
Nick Reed
Nicholas Matthew Reed (born September 1, 1987) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oregon Ducks.

Oregon Ducks football
The Oregon Ducks football program is a college football team for the University of Oregon, located in the U.S. state of Oregon. The team competes at the NCAA Division I level in the FBS and is a member of the Big Ten Conference (B1G). Though now known as the Ducks, the team was commonly called the Webfoots until the mid-1960s.

The program first fielded a football team in 1894. Oregon plays its home games at the 54,000 seat Autzen Stadium in Eugene. The program has been one of the most successful programs in college football since the 2000s. Oregon has been known in recent years for their creative uniforms, helmets, and logo designs, facilitated by a close partnership with Nike, which was founded in Eugene, Oregon by then-student Phil Knight and his track coach, Bill Bowerman.
Hare Kkaanch Ki Choodiyaan
Hare Kkaanch Ki Choodiyaan (transl. Bangles of green glass) is a Hindi-language television series that aired on the Sahara One from series 25 July 2005 till 20 October 2006. The series was produced by Percept Picture Company, and starred Snigdha Akolkar in her television debut role, and Swapnil Joshi and Mihir Mishra.

Percept Picture Company
Percept Picture Company is an Indian film production company, established in 2002 and a division of Percept Limited, an entertainment, media and communications company based in Mumbai. It has produced films like Dhol, MP3: Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar, Malamaal Weekly, Hanuman, Yahaan, and Pyaar Mein Twist.

In 2007, it joined hands with Music giant T-Series to co-produce a minimum of 5 films in the year 2007–2008. In Feb 2009, company's COO Navin Shah, announced its plans to invest Rs 100 crore in a new movie production banner christened 'Percept Horrotainment'.
Ramler
Ramler is a surname of German origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Karl Wilhelm Ramler (1725–1798), German poet

Lexy Ramler (born 1999), American artistic gymnast

Saly Ruth Ramler (1894–1993), Czech mathematician

Lexy Ramler
Alexyss "Lexy" Ramler (born February 6, 1999) is an American former artistic gymnast. She competed as an elite gymnast and barely missed qualification for the 2016 U.S. Olympic Trials. She then competed for the Minnesota Golden Gophers women's gymnastics team. At the 2019 NCAA Championships, she placed second in the all-around and on the uneven bars. She was a three-time Big Ten Gymnast of the Year and also finished second on the uneven bars at the 2022 NCAA Championships.
Nicole Duval Hesler
Nicole Duval Hesler (born  April 8, 1945) is  the  first woman chief justice of Quebec. She obtained a Bachelor of Arts from Marianopolis College in 1964. Duval Hesler was admitted to the Quebec Bar in 1968, appointed to the Superior Court of Quebec in 1992 and appointed to the Court of Appeal of Quebec in 2006. On October 7, 2011, Prime Minister Stephen Harper named Duval Hesler the chief justice of the Court of Appeal.

Hesler retired on April 8, 2020.

Superior Court of Quebec
The Superior Court of Quebec (French: Cour supérieure du Québec) is a superior trial court in the province of Quebec, in Canada. It consists of 157 judges who are appointed by the federal government. Appeals from this court are taken to the Quebec Court of Appeal.
Swiss Alcohol Board
The Swiss Alcohol Board (SAB) was a federal authority of the Swiss Confederation. It was integrated into the Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOCBS) in early 2018.

The SAB was responsible for the enforcement of the Swiss Alcohol Act, which governs the production and importation of spirits and ethanol, as well as trade in and advertising of spirits. The aim of this legislation was health protection (Art. 105 of the Swiss Federal Constitution). Fermented beverages, such as wine and beer, are not included in the scope of application of the Alcohol Act.

Federal Office for Customs and Border Security
The Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOCBS) (German Bundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit (BAZG); French Office fédéral de la douane et de la sécurité des frontières (OFDF); Italian Ufficio Federale della dogana e della sicurezza dei confini (UDSC); Rhaeto-Romanic Uffizi federal de la duana e de la segirezza dals cunfins (UDSC)) is a federal agency of the Swiss Confederation. It is an office of the Federal Department of Finance.

Prior to 1 January 2022, it was known as the Federal Customs Administration.
Rohati
Rohati (Russian: Рохати; Tajik: Роҳатӣ) is a village and jamoat in Tajikistan. It is located in Rudaki District, one of the Districts of Republican Subordination. The jamoat had a total population of 32,152 in 2015.

Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction
Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction, also translated as Districts under Republican Subordination (Russian: Районы республиканского подчинения; Tajik: Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ, romanized: Nohiyahoyi tobe’i jumhuriy), is a region in Tajikistan, consisting of 9 districts and 4 district-level cities that are directly under central administration. Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, is surrounded by the Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction, but not part of it. The region shares a border with Dushanbe, Sughd, GBAO, Khatlon, Kyrgyzstan (Batken and Osh regions) and Uzbekistan (Surxondaryo). The region covers an area of 28,500 square kilometres, and has a total population of 2,165,900 (2020). The Districts' ethnic composition in 2010 was 85% Tajik and 11.7% Uzbek.