hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Veldskoen
Veldskoene ("FELT-skoona") or colloquially vellies ("FELL-ys") are South African walking shoes made from vegetable-tanned leather or soft rawhide uppers attached to a leather footbed and rubber sole by a method known as stitchdown construction, done without tacks or nails.

Leather
Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hogs, ostriches, and aquatic animals such as seals and alligators.

Leather can be used to make a variety of items, including clothing, footwear, handbags, furniture, tools and sports equipment, and lasts for decades. Leather making has been practiced for more than 7,000 years and the leading producers of leather today are China and India.

Critics of tanneries claim that they engage in unsustainable practices that pose health hazards to the people and the environment near them.
WVUS
WVUS is a Catholic radio formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Grafton, West Virginia, serving Grafton and Taylor County, West Virginia.  WVUS is owned and operated by Light of Life Community, Inc.

WVUS operates on a frequency of 1190 kHz, a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency.  WVUS must reduce power from sunset to sunrise to prevent nighttime skywave interference to the Class A stations.

1190 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1190 kHz: 1190 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. KEX in Portland, Oregon is the dominant Class A station on 1190 kHz. WOWO, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, is a former Class A station on this frequency but was reduced to Class B when it downgraded its nighttime power in 1999. XEWK-AM, in Guadalajara, Jalisco, is a former class A Mexican station on this frequency but fully migrated to FM in 2021.
HMS Peterel (1927)
HMS Peterel was a river gunboat built by Yarrow Shipbuilders at Scotstoun and she was the sixth ship of the Royal Navy to carry the name and the lead ship of her class.  Her name used an archaic spelling for consistency with previous Royal Navy Ships of the same name, in contrast to the modern accepted spelling petrel (as in the bird).

After completion, she was dismantled and shipped to Hong Kong for re-assembly before being deployed for service on the China station, on the Yangtze River to provide protection for British commerce and nationals.  HMS Peterel was designed and equipped to patrol the upper reaches of the river (she had a shallow draft and her primary armament was a pair of 3-inch guns).

Shanghai French Concession
The Shanghai French Concession was a foreign concession in Shanghai, China from 1849 until 1943. For much of the 20th century, the area covered by the former French Concession remained the premier residential and retail district of Shanghai. It was also one of the centers of Catholicism in China. Despite re-development over the last few decades, the area retains a distinct character and is a popular tourist destination.
Land bridge (rail)
A rail land bridge is a route allowing the transport of containers by rail between ports on either side of a land mass, such as North America.  Jean-Paul Rodrigue defined a rail land bridge as having two characteristics:  First, a single bill of lading issued by the freight forwarder that covers the entire journey, and second, the freight remains in the same container for the total transit.  One example of a rail land bridge is the Eurasian Land Bridge.  A transcontinental railroad can be a type of land bridge.

Transcontinental railroad
A transcontinental railroad or transcontinental railway is contiguous railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks may be via the tracks of a single railroad, or via several railroads owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express.
Transcontinental railroads helped open up interior regions of continents not previously colonized to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases, they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. Many of them continue to have an important role in freight transportation, and some such as the Trans-Siberian Railway even have passenger trains going from one end to the other.
Brugha
Brugha is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Caitlín Brugha (1879–1959), Irish Sinn Féin politician

Cathal Brugha (1874–1922), Irish revolutionary and politician

Ruairí Brugha (1917–2006), Irish Republican and IRA volunteer who became a Fianna Fáil politician

Cathal Brugha
Cathal Brugha ([ˈkahəlˠ ˈbˠɾˠuː] KOH-ul BROO; born Charles William St John Burgess; 18 July 1874 – 7 July 1922) was an Irish republican politician who served as Minister for Defence from 1919 to 1922, Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann in January 1919, the first president of Dáil Éireann from January 1919 to April 1919 and Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army from 1917 to 1918. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1922.

He was active in the Easter Rising, the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War, and was the first Ceann Comhairle (chairperson) of Dáil Éireann as well as the president of Dáil Éireann, the then title of the head of government.
Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha
Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha (transl. The story of Uma, Chandi, Gowri and Sankara) is a 1968 Indian Telugu-language Hindu mythological film directed by K. V. Reddy. The film was produced by Nagi Reddi and Chakrapani under the Vijaya Productions banner. It stars N. T. Rama Rao and B. Saroja Devi, with music composed by Pendyala Nageswara Rao. Released on 11 January 1968, the film was a commercial failure.

Chakrapani (director)
Aluru Venkata Subbarao (5 August 1908 – 24 September 1975), popularly known by his pen name Chakrapani, was an Indian screenwriter, film producer, studio owner, and director in Telugu cinema. He received two Filmfare Awards and was notable for his association with Vijaya Vauhini Studios, one of Asia's largest studios at the time. Chakrapani was also a partner at Vijaya Productions alongside B. Nagi Reddi and co-founded Chandamama, the children's magazine.
Navnat
Navnat (Nav = nine, nat = nyat or jnati) Jain community emerged as a result of blending of several smaller Jain communities in East Africa as well as in Gujarat itself in early 20th century.

The original communities include these Hindu or Jain communities Dasha Shrimal, Visha Shrimal, Dasha Sorathia, Visha Sorathia, Modh, Khadayata, Porvad,  Kapol (or Kandol) and Shrimali Soni Mahajan. Historically several  occurred several centuries ago, largely due to regional differences.

The Navnat Vanik Association of UK was founded in 1971.  The term Vanik means merchant.

Bhinmal
Bhinmal (previously Shrimal Nagar) is an ancient town in the Jalore District of Rajasthan, India. It is 72 kilometres (45 mi) south of Jalore. Bhinmal was the early capital of Gurjaradesa, comprising modern-day southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. The town was the birthplace of the Sanskrit poet Magha and mathematician-astronomer Brahmagupta.
Judaai (1980 film)
Judaai (transl. Separation) is a 1980 Indian Hindi-language drama film, produced by A.V. Subba Rao under the Prasad Art Pictures banner and directed by T. Rama Rao. The film stars Jeetendra and Rekha, with music composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal. It is a remake of the Telugu film Aalu Magalu (1977).

Anand Bakshi
Anand Bakshi (21 July 1930 – 30 March 2002) was an Indian poet and lyricist. He won Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist four times during his career. He wrote more than 6,000 film songs in more than 300 films.
Philip Christoph von Königsmarck
Count Philip Christoph von Königsmarck (4 March 1665 – 2 July 1694), also spelled Philipp, was a Swedish count and soldier. He was allegedly the lover of Sophia Dorothea, Princess of Celle, the wife of Duke George Louis of Brunswick and Lüneburg, the heir presumptive of the Principality of Calenberg, later to become Elector of Hanover (as George I Louis, 1708) and King of Great Britain (as George I, 1714).

Heir presumptive
An heir presumptive is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question. This is in contrast to an heir apparent, whose claim on the position cannot be displaced in this manner.
Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress
The Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress is the people's congress of Zhejiang, a province of China. The Congress is elected for a term of five years. The Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress meetings are held at least once a year. After a proposal by more than one-fifth of the deputies, a meeting of the people's congress at the corresponding level may be convened temporarily.

Provinces of China
Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions, the first-level subdivisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC, and one further province that is claimed but not administered, which is Taiwan.

The local governments of Chinese provinces consist of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a party secretary and a provincial standing committee.
Commonwealth of Australia Gazette
The Commonwealth of Australia Gazette is a publication of the Government of Australia, and consists of notices required by Commonwealth law to be published. Types of announcements in the Gazette include, appointments, promotions and transfers of persons to positions in the Australian Public Service (APS), previously "Commonwealth Public Service"; creation, dissolution and renaming of boards, departments and commissions within the APS; conferring of awards and honours to persons and organisations by the Government; calling of tenders and awarding of contracts by the Government.

Since 1 October 2012, the Gazette is no longer physically published or compiled and now only consists of individually searchable notices online. Prior to this, the Gazette was published weekly with each Gazette numbered, with the numbering beginning again at No. 1 each year.

Trove
Trove is an Australian online library database owned by the National Library of Australia in which it holds partnerships with source providers National and State Libraries Australia, an aggregator and service which includes full text documents, digital images, bibliographic and holdings data of items which are not available digitally, and a free faceted-search engine as a discovery tool.
Chris Paciello
Chris Paciello (born Christian Ludwigsen, September 7, 1971) is an American former Cosa Nostra associate, member of The Untouchables car-theft ring, and government informant who was convicted of racketeering. During the 1990s, and again in 2012, he became a prominent nightclub owner in the South Beach section of Miami Beach, Florida.

Investigation Discovery
Investigation Discovery (ID) is an American cable television network. Owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, ID primarily broadcasts true crime programming, including documentaries and anthology series.

The channel was established in 1996 as Discovery Civilization Network (later Discovery Civilization Channel), which focused on world history. In 2002, the channel was relaunched as Discovery Times as a joint venture with The New York Times Company, with a focus on programming related to the culture of the United States. The Times divested their stake to Discovery in 2006, and the channel took its current name and format two years later.

As of November 2023, ID is available to approximately 69 million pay television households in the United States-down from its 2015 peak of 86 million households.
1980 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Doubles
Wojtek Fibak and Tom Okker were the defending champions, but lost in the first round this year.

Heinz Günthardt and Bob Hewitt won the title, defeating David Carter and Chris Lewis 7–6, 6–1 in the final.

David Carter (tennis)
David Carter (born 21 April 1956) is a former professional tennis player from Australia. He enjoyed most of his tennis success while playing doubles. During his career, he won six doubles titles with compatriot Paul Kronk. He reached a highest singles ranking of world No. 78 in February 1982 and achieved his highest doubles ranking of world No. 126 in January 1983.
Ing 3
Ing 3 is a Swedish military designation (3rd Engineers) that has been used by the following units:

Uppland Regiment (1902–1937)

Royal Boden Engineer Corps (1937–1974)

Boden Engineer Regiment (1975–1994)

Norrland Engineer Corps (1994–2000)

Uppland Regiment (signals)
The Uppland Regiment (Swedish: Upplands regemente), designations Ing 3, S 1 and S 1/Fo 47, was a Swedish Army signal regiment that traced its origins back to the 19th century. It was disbanded in 2006. The regiment was garrisoned in Uppland.
Guilty (PJ Harvey song)
"Guilty" is a song by the English alternative rock musician PJ Harvey. Recorded during the sessions for her ninth studio album The Hope Six Demolition Project, it was released as a non-album single on 13 July 2016 on Island Records.

Flood (producer)
Mark Ellis (born 16 August 1960), known by his professional pseudonym Flood, is an English record producer and audio engineer known for working with a wide range of rock and synthpop musicians.

Flood's list of work includes projects with New Order, U2, Nine Inch Nails, Marc and the Mambas, Depeche Mode, Gary Numan, Sneaker Pimps, King, Ministry, The Charlatans, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Erasure, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, PJ Harvey, Foals, a-ha, Orbital, Sigur Rós, The Jesus and Mary Chain, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Killers, White Lies, Pop Will Eat Itself, Warpaint, EOB, James and Interpol. His co-production collaborations have included projects with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, Steve Lillywhite, and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, with whom he co-founded the Assault & Battery Studios complex. In 2006, his work with U2 led to his sharing of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb.
Battle of Cyzicus (193)
40°22′48″N 27°53′24″E﻿ / ﻿40.38000°N 27.89000°E﻿ / 40.38000; 27.89000

The Battle of Cyzicus was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimius Severus and his rival for the empire, Pescennius Niger, who was defeated.

The battle took place in the context of the Year of the Five Emperors, a tumultuous period in the Roman Empire when Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards. The Praetorian Guards then held an auction for the throne, which was won by Didius Julianus, who became emperor. The auction was unpopular, and Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger, the governor of Syria (as well as Clodius Albinus, the governor of Britain) all claimed the Roman imperial throne after the auction.

Severus marched to Rome and had Didius decapitated, then marched to meet Pescennius in battle.

The battle was fought near Cyzicus in Asia Minor.

Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: cohortes praetoriae) was the imperial guard of the Imperial Roman army that served various roles for the Roman emperor including being a bodyguard unit, counterintelligence, crowd control and gathering military intelligence.

During the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guards were escorts for high-ranking political officials and were bodyguards for the senior officers of the Roman legions. In 27 BC, after Rome's transition from republic to empire, the first emperor of Rome, Augustus, designated the Praetorians as his personal security escort. For three centuries, the guards of the Roman emperor were also known for their palace intrigues, by whose influence upon imperial politics the Praetorians could overthrow an emperor and then proclaim his successor as the new caesar of Rome. In AD 312, Constantine the Great disbanded the cohortes praetoriae and destroyed their barracks at the Castra Praetoria.
Listed buildings in Wath upon Dearne
Wath upon Dearne is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. The town and surrounding area contain 16 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The listed buildings include houses, farmhouses and farm buildings, two churches, a former town hall, a public house, a former smithy, a former lock-up, and a mausoleum.

Forge
A forge is a type of hearth used for heating metals, or the workplace (smithy) where such a hearth is located. The forge is used by the smith to heat a piece of metal to a temperature at which it becomes easier to shape by forging, or to the point at which work hardening no longer occurs. The metal (known as the "workpiece") is transported to and from the forge using tongs, which are also used to hold the workpiece on the smithy's anvil while the smith works it with a hammer. Sometimes, such as when hardening steel or cooling the work so that it may be handled with bare hands, the workpiece is transported to the slack tub, which rapidly cools the workpiece in a large body of water. However, depending on the metal type, it may require an oil quench or a salt brine instead; many metals require more than plain water hardening. The slack tub also provides water to control the fire in the forge.
1917 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1917 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships were organized by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and served as the national championships in indoor track and field for the United States.

The men's championships were held at the 22nd Regiment Armory in New York City, New York, and they took place March 17. Women's championships were not officially held until 1927.

At the championships, John Overton of Yale defended his 1000 yards title, beating Joie Ray by 15 yards. In general, athletes from the West Coast outperformed those from the east coast.

Joie Ray (runner)
Joseph William "Joie" Ray (April 13, 1894 – May 13, 1978) was an American track and field athlete and member of the United States National Track and Field Hall of Fame. He held world records for the 1-mile (1.6 km) and 2-mile (3.2 km) distances. He represented the United States in the three Olympic Games held the 1920s, winning a bronze medal for the 3000 m team race in 1924.
Roger Pomerleau
Roger Pomerleau (June 7, 1947 – December 21, 2023) was a Canadian politician and carpenter. He served as a member of Parliament from 1993 to 1997 and again from 2008 to 2011.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, Pomerleau was elected in the Anjou—Rivière-des-Prairies riding under the Bloc Québécois party in the 1993 federal election, thus serving in the 35th Canadian Parliament. He was defeated by Liberal candidate Yvon Charbonneau in the 1997 federal election. He returned to the House of Commons as a Bloc Québécois member following the 2008 federal election in which he won the Drummond electoral district. In the 2011 federal election Pomerleau was defeated by New Democratic Party candidate François Choquette.

Pomerleau died on December 21, 2023, at the age of 76.

35th Canadian Parliament
The 35th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 17, 1994, until April 27, 1997.  The membership was set by the 1993 federal election on October 25, 1993, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1997 election.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and the 26th Canadian Ministry.  The Official Opposition was the Bloc Québécois, led first by Lucien Bouchard, then by Michel Gauthier, and finally by Gilles Duceppe.

The Speaker was Gilbert Parent.  See also List of Canadian electoral districts (1987–1996) for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were two sessions of the 35th Parliament:
Prime Press
Prime Press, Inc. was a science fiction and fantasy small press specialty publishing house founded in 1947.  It published a number of interesting science fiction books in its brief four-year lifespan.

It was founded by Oswald Train, James A. Williams, Alfred C. Prime, and Armand E. Waldo who were all members of the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society (PSFS).  The founders originally intended that the press focus on writers living in the Philadelphia area or associated with PSFS.  In 1950, Prime and Waldo asked Williams and Train to buy them out.  Williams died suddenly in 1951.  Train was unable to continue the press on his own.  Their next book was to have been Lost Continents, by L. Sprague de Camp.  Prime had printed the signatures, but handed the project off to Gnome Press who bound them with a new title page.

David H. Keller
David Henry Keller (December 23, 1880 – July 13, 1966) was an American writer who worked for pulp magazines in the mid-twentieth century, in the science fiction, fantasy, and horror genres. He was also a psychiatrist and physician to shell-shocked soldiers during World War I and World War II, and his experience treating mentally ill people is evident in some of his writing, which contains references to mental disorders. He initially wrote short stories as a hobby and published his first science fiction story in Amazing Stories in 1928. He continued to work as a psychiatrist while publishing over sixty short stories in science fiction and horror genres. Technically, his stories were not well-written, but focused on the emotional aspects of imaginative situations, which was unusual for stories at the time.
Jai Singh Nain
Lieutenant General Jai Singh Nain PVSM, AVSM,  SM, ADC is a former General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Southern Command of the Indian Army. He assumed the post from Lieutenant-General Chandi Prasad Mohanty.He had his schooling from the Sainik School, Kunjpura.

Southern Command (India)
Southern Command is a formation of the Indian Army, active since 1895. It has seen action during the integration of several Princely States into modern India, during the 1961 Indian liberation of Goa, and during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani Wars.

Lieutenant General Dhiraj Seth is the present Southern Army Commander.
Kiewa
Kiewa is a locality in north east Victoria, Australia. The locality is in the Shire of Indigo local government area and on the Kiewa River, 343 kilometres (213 mi) north east of the state capital, Melbourne.

At the 2016 census, Kiewa had a population of 474.

Facilities include a general store and a state primary school.

Kiewa River
Kiewa River, a perennial river that is part of the Murray catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Alpine bioregion, in the Australian state of Victoria.

The Kiewa River is also known by several variations on its name in its upper reaches, variously named as Kiewa River East branch and West Kiewa River (or similar).

The name Kiewa is an Aboriginal word, derived from cy-a-nun-a, meaning sweet, and wher-ra, meaning water.
New Haven Chargers baseball
The New Haven Chargers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of New Haven in West Haven, Connecticut, United States. The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I and is a member of the Northeast Conference since July 1, 2025. They will become full members in the 2028-29 season after finishing the four-year NCAA Division I reclassification period.

West Haven, Connecticut
West Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located on the coast of Long Island Sound. The city is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. At the 2020 census, the population of the city was 55,584.