hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Saadiyat Island
Saadiyat Island (Arabic: جزيرة السعديات; jazīrat as-saʿdiyyāt, for "Island of Happiness") is a natural island and a tourism-cultural environmentally friendly project for Emirati heritage and culture that is located in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The project is located in a large, low-lying island, 500 metres (1,600 ft) off the coast of Abu Dhabi island. A mixed commercial, residential, and leisure project is currently under construction on the island. When completed, Saadiyat Island is expected to become Abu Dhabi's cultural centre, mostly for the Island's Cultural District that is expected to include eight museums.

The island is five-minute drive away from downtown Abu Dhabi, 20 minutes from Abu Dhabi International Airport, and one hour from Dubai.

Culture of the United Arab Emirates
The culture of the United Arab Emirates is part of the culture of Eastern Arabia. Its historical population was a small tribal community that changed with the arrival of an influx of foreign nationals in the mid-20th century. Emirati culture is a blend of Arabian, Islamic, and Persian cultures, with influences from the cultures of East Africa and Indian subcontinent. Islam has had a prominent influence on local architecture, music, attire, cuisine, and lifestyle.

In the United Arab Emirates, the city of Al Ain in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Emirate of Sharjah was named "The Cultural capital of the Arab World" by UNESCO in 1998 and the "Capital of Islamic Culture for 2014" by the OIC.
Ole Olufsen
Ole Olufsen (24 January 1865 – 13 December 1929) was a Danish military officer and explorer. He made several notable expeditions in the 1890s to the Emirate of Bukhara, including the Pamir Mountains.  He also served as Secretary of the Royal Danish Geographical Society. Olufsen was a proponent of the idea that the peoples of the Pamirs retained traits of Avestan culture, a notion borrowed from the works of Wilhelm Geiger and Karoly Jeno Ujfalvy de Mezo-Kovesd, and that the region was still populated by adherents of Zoroastrianism.  During his 1898-99 expeditions to the Pamirs, Olufsen was accompanied by Danish botanist Ove Paulsen.

Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara was an Uzbek absolute monarchy in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now parts of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. The Turco-Mongol tribe of Uzbeks known as "Manghits" were the rulers.
Reforms of Portuguese orthography
The Portuguese language began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. Unlike neighboring Romance languages that adopted formal orthographies by the 18th century, the Portuguese language did not have a uniform spelling standard until the 20th century. The formation of the First Portuguese Republic in 1911 was motivation for the establishment of a committee led by Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Viana to initiate orthographic reform in Portugal and its overseas territories and colonies. Brazil would adopt an orthographic standard based on, but not identical to, the Portuguese standard a few decades later.

Further minor spelling reforms were approved in lusophone countries over the rest of the 20th century. In 1990, a further agreement was reached between the various countries, with Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde adopting the new standard gradually by the beginning of 2016.

Silent letter
In an alphabetic writing system, a silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation. In linguistics, a silent letter is often symbolised with a null sign U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET, which resembles the Scandinavian letter Ø. A null or zero is an unpronounced or unwritten segment.
Lweibdeh, Syria
Lweibdeh (Arabic: لويبدة)  is a Syrian village located in Kafr Nabl Nahiyah in Maarrat al-Nu'man District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Lweibdeh had a population of 301 in the 2004 census.

Kafr Nabl Subdistrict
Kafr Nabl Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية كفرنبل) is a Syrian nahiyah (subdistrict) located in Ma'arrat al-Nu'man District in Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Kafr Nabl Subdistrict had a population of 67,460 in the 2004 census.
Evelyn Scotney
Evelyn Scotney (11 July 1896 – 5 August 1967) was an Australian lyric coloratura soprano of great renown in the period from 1913 to the late 1920s. Her range extended to E in altissimo. She was compared very favourably with Amelita Galli-Curci, Luisa Tetrazzini and others. Her recording of "Caro nome" from Verdi's Rigoletto was described by a critic as "one of the best soprano records in existence", and her recording of The Blue Danube and other Strauss vocal waltzes was described as "absolutely perfect coloratura singing". She appears in The Record of Singing.

Amelita Galli-Curci
Amelita Galli-Curci (18 November 1882 – 26 November 1963) was an Italian lyric coloratura soprano. She was one of the most famous operatic singers of the 20th century and a popular recording artist, with her records selling in large numbers.
Normal tension glaucoma
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is an eye disease, a neuropathy of the optic nerve, that shows all the characteristics of primary open angle glaucoma except one: the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) - the classic hallmark of glaucoma - is missing. Normal tension glaucoma is in many cases closely associated with general issues of blood circulation and of organ perfusion like arterial hypotension, metabolic syndrome, and Flammer syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the following five medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In the U.S., about 25% of the adult population has metabolic syndrome, a proportion increasing with age, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities.

Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and prediabetes are closely related to one another and have overlapping aspects. The syndrome is thought to be caused by an underlying disorder of energy utilization and storage, but the cause of the syndrome is an area of ongoing medical research. Researchers debate whether a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome implies differential treatment or increases risk of cardiovascular disease beyond what is suggested by the sum of its individual components.
Jules Langsner
Jules Langsner (1911—1967) was an American art critic and psychiatric social worker.  Born in New York City in 1911 and died in 1967 in California. Although born in New York, Langsner he spent most of his years residing in California. He and his family moved to Ontario, California in 1922.

Art critic
An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogues and on websites. Some of today's art critics use art blogs and other online platforms in order to connect with a wider audience and expand debate.
156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF
The 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.

Based in Brockville, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Leeds and Grenville Counties.  After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 2nd, 21st, and 38th Battalions, CEF.  A draft was also supplied to Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, with the remaining men going to the 6th Reserve Battalion.  The unit officially ceased to exist on February 15, 1918.

The 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF had two Officers Commanding: Lieut-Col. T. C. D. Bedell (October 17, 1916 – March 14, 1917) and Lieut-Col. C. M. R. Graham (March 14, 1917 – February 27, 1918).

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
Swędów
Swędów (Polish pronunciation: [ˈsfɛnduf]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stryków, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) west of Stryków, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and 16 km (10 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has an approximate population of 1,000.

Swędów mainly consists of holiday homes which people from nearby Łódź come to for the summer.

Summer
Summer or summertime is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to definition, climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
Layered rye bread
Layered rye bread (Latvian: rupjmaizes kārtojums) is a traditional Latvian dessert made from rye breadcrumbs, blackcurrant or lingonberry jam, and whipped cream. It is topped off with grated dark chocolate and/or cinnamon and often served with fresh berries and cottage cheese ice cream.

Layered rye bread is similar in appearance and construction to the trifle of the British Isles, and is sometimes called rye bread trifle or Latvian ambrosia. Layered rye bread is an iconic Latvian food, and is considered one of the national dishes. It was the sweet chosen to represent Latvia in the Café Europe initiative of the Austrian presidency of the European Union, on Europe Day 2006.

Fruit preserves
Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread.

There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by the method of preparation, type of fruit used, and its place in a meal. Sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies, and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast with bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from "vegetable fruits" such as tomato, squash or zucchini, are eaten alongside savory foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries.
Château de Beauregard, Loire Valley
The Château de Beauregard is a Renaissance château in the Loire Valley in France. It is located on the territory of the commune of Cellettes, a little south of the city of Blois and a few miles from other famous Loire châteaux such as Cheverny. Although still inhabited, it can be visited by tourists. The château is renowned for its gallery of portraits decorated in the 17th century with 327 portraits of famous people.

Blois
Middle Ages portal

Blois (/blwɑː/ BLWAH; French: [blwa] ⓘ) is a commune and the capital city of Loir-et-Cher department, in Centre-Val de Loire, France, on the banks of the lower Loire river between Orléans and Tours.

With 45,898 inhabitants by 2019, Blois is the most populated city of the department, and the 4th of the region.

Historically, the city was the capital of the County of Blois, created in 832 until its integration into the Royal domain in 1498, when Count Louis II of Orléans became King Louis XII of France. During the Renaissance, Blois was the official residence of the King of France.
John Glenister
John Glenister (12 October 1932 – November 2024) was an English television director. His credits included The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Emma, Rumpole of the Bailey, Play for Today, Dennis Potter's 1971 biopic of Casanova, Marie Curie, A Touch of Frost, Alan Plater's On Your Way, Riley, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates and A Bit of a Do.

Glenister died in November 2024, at the age of 92. His sons, Robert Glenister (born 1960) and Philip Glenister (born 1963), became actors.

Play for Today
Play for Today is a British television strand, produced by the BBC and transmitted on BBC1 from 1970 to 1984. During the run, more than three hundred programmes, featuring original television plays, and adaptations of stage plays and novels, were transmitted. The individual episodes were (with a few exceptions noted below) between fifty and a hundred minutes in duration. A handful of these plays, including Rumpole of the Bailey, subsequently became television series in their own right.

In 2025, Channel 5 announced they would revive the series, which began broadcasting on 13 November, 2025.
Deil
Deil is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of West Betuwe, and lies about 12 km west of Tiel.

Deil was a separate municipality until 1978, when it became a part of Geldermalsen. On January 2019 Deil became part of a newly formed municipality, when the former municipalities of Geldermalsen, Neerijnen and Lingewaal joined together to form the municipality of West-Betuwe.

In 2019, the village of Deil had 2097 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.38 km², and contained 840 residences. There is a restored windmill in the village, De Vlinder.

Windmill
A windmill is a machine operated by the force of wind acting on vanes or sails to mill grain (gristmills), pump water, generate electricity, or drive other machinery.
Windmills were used throughout the high medieval and early modern periods; the horizontal or panemone windmill first appeared in Persia during the 9th century, and the vertical windmill first appeared in northwestern Europe in the 12th century. Regarded as an icon of Dutch culture, there are approximately 1,000 windmills in the Netherlands today.
Eitan Azaria
Eitan Azaria (Hebrew: איתן עזריה; born May 12, 1983) is an Israeli retired footballer and Football Mental Consultant.

Azaria was a reserve on the Maccabi Haifa Israeli championship teams in 2001 and 2002, coached by Avram Grant. Grant would later go on to use a mental programme developed by Azaria in his coaching.

Azaria converted two penalty kicks in an Israeli Cup penalty shootout against Maccabi Petah-Tikva in 2006. Azaria's side Maccabi Herzliya lost 13–12.

Maccabi Herzliya F.C.
Maccabi Herzliya F.C. (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל מכבי הרצליה, Moadon Kaduregel Maccabi Herzliya) is an Israeli football club based in Herzliya. The club is currently in Liga Leumit and plays at the Herzliya Municipal Stadium.
Arthur O'Shaughnessy
Arthur William Edgar O'Shaughnessy (14 March 1844 – 30 January 1881) was a British poet and herpetologist. Of Irish descent, he was born in London. He is most remembered for his poem "Ode", from his 1874 collection Music and Moonlight, which begins with the words "We are the music makers, / And we are the dreamers of dreams", and which has been set to music by several composers including Edward Elgar (as The Music Makers), Zoltán Kodály, Alfred Reed and, more recently, 808 State (ex:el: nephatiti) and Aphex Twin (Selected Ambient Works 85-92).

Selected Ambient Works 85–92
Selected Ambient Works 85–92 is the debut album by the British electronic music artist and producer Aphex Twin, whose real name is Richard D. James. It was released on 9 November 1992 through Apollo Records, a subsidiary of the Belgian label R&S Records. The album consists of ambient techno James recorded on cassette as early as 1985, when he was 13–14 years old. It received widespread acclaim and entered the Dance Albums Chart at No. 6 in December 1992.

Selected Ambient Works 85–92 is considered a classic, defining work of electronica. Music journalists have credited it with expanding the scope of ambient music and introducing techno to fans of indie music. The website AllMusic described it as "a masterpiece of ambient techno". Selected Ambient Works 85–92 has appeared on best-of lists; in 2012 the UK magazine Fact named it the greatest album of the 1990s.
Sisters of Adoration
The Sisters of Adoration, in full the Sisters of Reparative Adoration (French: Sœurs de l'Adoration réparatrice; Abbreviation: A.R.) are a Catholic enclosed religious order of women that follows the religious rule of the Discalced Carmelite Order, established in 1848 by Théodelinde Bourcin-Dubouché. They are dedicated to perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and to reparation to God for the sins of the world. To this end, they serve to help deepen the faith of laywomen though conducting spiritual retreats in their monasteries.

Reparation (theology)
Reparation is a Christian theological concept closely connected with those of atonement and satisfaction. In ascetical theology, reparation is the making of amends for insults given to God through sin, either one's own or another's. The response of man is to be reparation through adoration, prayer, and sacrifice. In Roman Catholic tradition, an act of reparation is a prayer or devotion with the intent to expiate the "sins of others", e.g. for the repair of the sin of blasphemy, the sufferings of Jesus Christ or as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary.
Echinoplectanum
Echinoplectanum is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans in the family Diplectanidae. All its species are parasites on the gills of fish; hosts recorded to date are all groupers (Family Serranidae), including coral groupers (genus Plectropomus) and the Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus). So far, species of Echinoplectanum have been recorded only from fish caught off Australia, New Caledonia and in the Mediterranean Sea.

The type-species of the genus is Echinoplectanum laeve Justine & Euzet, 2006.

Fish diseases and parasites
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis  in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.
Raevyn Rogers
Raevyn Rogers (/ˈreɪvən/ RAY-vən; born September 7, 1996) is an American middle-distance athlete. She won a bronze medal in the 800 meters at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, becoming the fourth fastest woman in U.S. history in the event. At the 2019 World Championships, Rogers came from seventh with 100m remaining in the race to place silver over USA teammate Ajeé Wilson in bronze. She earned a world indoor title as a member of national 4x400 m relay squad that took gold at the 2018 World Indoor Championships.

Rogers ran on the University of Oregon Ducks women's track and field team until 2017, when she went professional.

Oregon Ducks
The Oregon Ducks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon, located in Eugene. The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level as a member of the Big Ten Conference. With eighteen varsity teams, Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program, which has helped Eugene gain a reputation as "Track Town, USA". Oregon's main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers (the Civil War) and the Washington Huskies.
Billy Nolan (hurler)
Billy Nolan (born 1998) is an Irish hurler who plays for Waterford Senior Championship club Roanmore and at inter-county level with the Waterford senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a goalkeeper.

Limerick GAA
The Limerick County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae Luimneach) or Limerick GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Limerick. The county board is also responsible for the Limerick county teams.

The county hurling team has the fourth highest total of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) titles, behind Kilkenny, Cork and Tipperary. The county football team was the first from the province of Munster both to win an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), as well as to appear in the final.

As of 2009, there were 108 clubs affiliated to Limerick GAA — the third highest, alongside Antrim.
Adriana Miller
Adriana Miller (née Menconi) ("The Legendary Adriana") (c.1936 – December 2, 2021) was born in Boston, Massachusetts during the Great Depression.  After extensive studying from an early age, she pursued a career in dance, specifically jazz and Middle Eastern.  During her time on stage as a jazz dancer, she worked with big names such as Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr.  When she transitioned to Middle Eastern dance, she became a trendsetter and is often attributed to being a major player in the renaissance of Middle Eastern dance in Washington, DC.  Her many achievements include teaching, choreography, performing as a professional dancer, producing, acting as an agent, working as a make-up artist, and designing costumes.

Middle Eastern dance
Middle Eastern dance, sometimes called oriental dance, comprises a variety of dancing styles historically associated with ethnic groups in the Middle East. It may include influences from other parts of the world, such as Western dance, and may also be present in regions that have overlapping or shared ethnic or cultural demographics with the Middle East (namely North Africa, which is part of the Arab world)  per se. The Middle East is generally understood as a region that comprises the majority of West Asia, albeit including Egypt and excluding the Caucasus.
Giovanni Ghiselli
Giovanni Ghiselli (15 November 1934 – 26 February 1997) was an Italian sprinter who won three gold medals in one edition of Mediterranean Games. He was born in Novara.

He was finalist with the national relay team on 4x100 metres relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics (4th place).

Novara
Novara (Italian: [noˈvaːra] ⓘ; Novarese: [nuˈ(ʋ)aːra]) is the capital city of the province of Novara in the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy, to the west of Milan. With a population of 102,231, it is the 2nd-largest city in Piedmont after Turin as of 2025.

It is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along the routes from Milan to Turin and from Genoa to Switzerland.

Novara lies between the streams Agogna and Terdoppio in northeastern Piedmont, 50 km (31 mi) from Milan and 95 km (59 mi) from Turin. It is only 15 km (9.3 mi) from the river Ticino, which marks the border with the Lombardy region.