hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Verificat
Verificat is a fact-checking project created in April 2019 to combat misinformation in Catalonia. Created as an independent non-profit, the project was inspired by the platforms of the Poynter Institute's International Fact-Checking Network, and in 2020 has become a verified signatory of its Code of Principles.

The platform was founded by Alba Tobella and Lorenzo Marini, its current co-directors, together with Carola Solé, Roser Toll, Carina Bellver and Elisa Vivas, before the Barcelona municipal election campaign of 2019. The project has received financial support from the Open Society Foundations since 2019.

Fact-checking
Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called external fact-checking.

Research suggests that fact-checking can indeed correct perceptions among citizens, as well as discourage politicians from spreading false or misleading claims. However, corrections may decay over time or be overwhelmed by cues from elites who promote less accurate claims. Political fact-checking is sometimes criticized as being opinion journalism.
Clostridium tertium
Clostridium tertium is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. Although it can be considered an uncommon pathogen in humans, there has been substantial evidence of septic episodes in human beings. C. tertium is easily decolorized in Gram-stained smears and can be mistaken for a Gram-negative organism. However, C. tertium does not grow on selective media for Gram-negative organisms.

Β-Lactam antibiotic
β-Lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are antibiotics that contain a β-lactam ring in their chemical
structure. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins and cephamycins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems. Most β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics. Until 2003, when measured by sales, more than half of all commercially available antibiotics in use were β-lactam compounds. The first β-lactam antibiotic discovered, penicillin, was isolated from a strain of Penicillium rubens (named as Penicillium notatum at the time).

Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics can be given with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.
Cyclopropanation
In organic chemistry, cyclopropanation refers to any chemical process which generates cyclopropane ((CH2)3) rings. It is an important process in modern chemistry as many useful compounds bear this motif; for example pyrethroid insecticides and a number of quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, etc.). However, the high ring strain present in cyclopropanes makes them challenging to produce and generally requires the use of highly reactive species, such as carbenes, ylids and carbanions. Many of the reactions proceed in a cheletropic manner.

Ring (chemistry)
In chemistry, a ring is an ambiguous term referring either to a simple cycle of atoms and bonds in a molecule or to a connected set of atoms and bonds in which every atom and bond is a member of a cycle (also called a ring system). A ring system that is a simple cycle is called a monocycle or simple ring, and one that is not a simple cycle is called a polycycle or polycyclic ring system. A simple ring contains the same number of sigma bonds as atoms, and a polycyclic ring system contains more sigma bonds than atoms.

A molecule containing one or more rings is called a cyclic compound, and a molecule containing two or more rings (either in the same or different ring systems) is termed a polycyclic compound. A molecule containing no rings is called an acyclic or open-chain compound.
Tolgahan Çoğulu
Tolgahan Çoğulu (born 1978, in Ankara, Turkey) is a Turkish classical guitarist, arranger and designer of the adjustable microtonal guitar. He built a unique repertoire of works for microtonal guitar by arranging Anatolian folk music and Ottoman maqam music and by commissioning the leading and emerging composers. In 2014, he won the 1st prize at the prestigious Margaret Guthman Musical Instrument Competition at Georgia Tech. He also won the jury award at Donizetti Classical Music Awards in 2014.

Turkish folk music
Turkish folk music (Turkish: Türk Halk Müziği) is the traditional music of Turkish people living in Turkey influenced by the cultures of Anatolia and former territories in Europe and Asia. Its unique structure includes regional differences under one umbrella. It includes popular music from the Ottoman Empire era. After the foundation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ordered a wide-scale classification and archiving of samples of Turkish folk music from around the country, which, from 1924 to 1953 collected more than 10,000 folk songs. Traditional folk music was combined with Western harmony and musical notation to create a more modern style of popular Turkish music.
Shikoh Gitau
Dr. Cikū Gitaū (born c. 1981) is a Kenyan computer scientist.  She finished her undergraduate studies in Computer Science at the Africa Nazarene University and attained her PhD at University of Cape Town. She is known for inventing M-Ganga and Ummeli, mobile applications for promoting health and medicine and matching unemployed workers with employment opportunities. Gitaū was the first African to win the Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship, received in the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing based on her inventions and thesis. Up until August 2017, she contributed and managed the Technology Innovations for Inclusive Growth program, at the Africa Development Bank (AfDB).

Dr Cikū Gitaū is currently serving as the Chief Executive Officer of Qhala, a technology company involved in Africa's digital transformation, that she founded in 2020.

Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront. It is the world's largest gathering of women and non-binary technologists. The celebration, named after computer scientist Grace Hopper, is organized by the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology. GHC 2022 conference was held hybrid in Orlando and virtually at the end of September 2022.
Krzysztof Kuźniecow
Krzysztof Piotr Kuźniecow (born 16 September 1968) is a Polish former ice hockey player. He played for Polonia Bytom, Zagłębie Sosnowiec, and Cracovia during his career. With Polonia Bytom he won the Polish league championship four times, from 1988 to 1991. He also played for the Polish national team at the 1992 Winter Olympics and the 1992 World Championship.

KH Zagłębie Sosnowiec
KH Zagłębie Sosnowiec is a professional ice hockey team based in Sosnowiec, Poland. The team competes in the Polska Hokej Liga, the highest league in Poland.

Zagłębie Sosnowiec originated as the ice hockey section of Sosnowieckiego Towarzystwa Sportowego "Unia" which was formed 27 November 1933. Zagłębie Sosnowiec was founded in 1937. They won five PLH titles in six years from 1980–1985, and one Polish 1. Liga title in 2005.
1976 CCHA men's ice hockey tournament
The 1976 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the fifth CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 18 and March 21, 1976. All games were played at St. Louis Arena in St. Louis, Missouri, the home venue of the St. Louis Billikens.

Saint Louis Billikens
The St. Louis Billikens are the collegiate athletic teams that represent Saint Louis University, located in St. Louis, Missouri. The Billikens compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference (where they are the westernmost member, and both the first member located west of the Mississippi and in the Central Time Zone). The school has nationally recognized soccer programs for men and women. The school has heavily invested in its on-campus athletic facilities since the 1990s with the creation of Hermann Stadium and Chaifetz Arena. Chris May is the current director of athletics of the St. Louis Billikens.
3rd Electoral Unit of Republika Srpska (NSRS)
The third electoral unit of Republika Srpska is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the National Assembly of Republika Srpska since 2014.  It consists of the Municipalities of Petrovac, 
Banja Luka, 
Čelinac, 
Istočni Drvar, 
Ribnik, 
Mrkonjić Grad, 
Jezero, 
Kneževo, 
Kotor Varoš, 
Šipovo and 
Kupres.

Jezero, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Jezero (Serbian Cyrillic: Језеро, lit. "Lake") is a village and a municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 1,144 inhabitants, while the village of Jezero has a population of 581 inhabitants. A small part of the village in Jajce municipality has a population of 6.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Pleshkov
Mikhail Mikhailovich Pleshkov (Russian: Михаил Михайлович Плешков) (13 November [O.S. 1 November] 1856 – 21 May 1927) was an Imperial Russian Army division and corps commander who achieved the rank of general of the cavalry. After the October Revolution, he fought for the White movement against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, and after the Bolshevik victory he emigrated to the Republic of China. His son, Mikhail Pleshkov, also served as a general in the White Army in the Russian Far East.

General of the cavalry
General of the Cavalry (German: General der Kavallerie) was a General officer rank in the cavalry in various states of which the modern states of German and Austria are successors or in other armies which used the German model. Artillery officers of equivalent rank were called "General of the Artillery" (General der Artillerie), and infantry officers of equivalent rank "General of the Infantry" (General der Infanterie).

For more details see:

General of the Cavalry (Austria) for the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, Imperial Army of the Austrian Empire, and Imperial Army of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

General of the Cavalry (Finland) for the Finnish Defence Forces of the Republic of Finland.

General of the Cavalry (Germany) for the German Imperial Army, the interwar Reichswehr, and the Wehrmacht

General of the Cavalry (Imperial Russia) for the Russian Imperial Army of the Russian Empire until 1917–18.
Mehmet Polat
Mehmet Polat (born 8 June 1978 in Gaziantep) is a Turkish footballer who last played for Mersin İdmanyurdu. He is a versatile central defender who can also play as rightback or defensive midfielder. He was capped four times for Turkey. He spent 2002-03 season on loan at Galatasaray. Once considered one of the best defenders of Turkey, he could not live up to those predictions. He stands at 1.78 m and wears the jersey number 27, which is also the license plate for Gaziantep.

Transferred to Gençlerbirliği during the January transfer window of the 2008-2009 Season.

Mersin Talim Yurdu
Mersin İdman Yurdu was a Turkish sports club from Mersin, Turkey in the eastern Mediterranean Region. The team played in the Turkish first division for 15 seasons, and after the 1983–84 season the football team played in the Turkish second and third divisions. The team was promoted to the Turkish second level division after the 2008–09 season. MİY became the champions of the Turkish second division during the 2010–11 season and earned promotion to the Turkish Süper Lig during the 2011–12 season. Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium was the previous ground of the team with a capacity of 10,125. In 2013, their new 25,534 person capacity stadium, Mersin Arena, was inaugurated on 23 March 2013 with a TFF First League match against Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyespor. Their main rivals were Adana Demirspor, Adanaspor and Tarsus İdman Yurdu, and were friendly with Bucaspor.
BTV Khulna
Bangladesh Television Khulna or BTV Khulna is a BTV-affiliated relay television station broadcast from Khulna, operating in southwestern Bangladesh. Established in 11 March 1977, it relays programming from the main television station of BTV in Dhaka.

There have been multiple, though unsuccessful, attempts to convert BTV Khulna into a full-fledged regional television station. It is headquartered in the Khalishpur Thana of Khulna. BTV Khulna is one of the three relay stations of Bangladesh Television serving the Khulna Division; the two others being in Jhenaidah and Satkhira.

Khulna Division
Khulna Division (Bengali: খুলনা বিভাগ) is the second largest of the eight divisions of Bangladesh. It has an area of 22,285 km2 (8,604 sq mi) and a population of 17,416,645 at the 2022 Bangladesh census (preliminary returns). Its headquarters and largest city is Khulna city in Khulna District.
Archéophone
The Archéophone is a modern, electric version of the phonographs and ediphones from the 19th and early 20th century. It is specifically designed to transfer phonograph cylinders and other cylinder formats to modern recording media.

Designed in France by Henri Chamoux, the machine is used to transfer and preserve recordings at The Library of Congress, the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Edison National Historic Site, UC Santa Barbara, University of North Carolina, University College Dublin, the Canadian Museum of Civilization and many other libraries and archives. Weighing almost 25 kg and costing over US $30,000, the Archéophone is a specialist's tool and not available to the general public. However, CDs with transferred cylinder recordings have been made available by various record labels and organizations.

Thomas Edison National Historical Park
Thomas Edison National Historical Park preserves Thomas Edison's laboratory and residence, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey, United States. These were designed, in 1887, by architect Henry Hudson Holly. The Edison laboratories operated for more than 40 years. Out of the West Orange laboratories came the motion picture camera, improved phonographs, sound recordings, silent and sound movies and the nickel-iron alkaline electric storage battery.
Peinado (surname)
Peinado is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bruno Peinado (born 1970), French artist

Carlos Peinado (born 1954), Uruguayan basketball player

Daniel Peinado (born 1967), Argentine footballer

Danilo Peinado (born 1985), Uruguayan footballer

María Peinado (born 1977), Spanish athlete

Robeilys Peinado (born 1997), Venezuelan pole vaulter

Robeilys Peinado
Robeilys Mariley Peinado Méndez (born 26 November 1997) is a Venezuelan athlete whose specialty is pole vaulting. She won the bronze medal at the 2017 World Championships in London. In addition, she won multiple medals in several age categories.

Peinado started off as a gymnast but switched to pole vault aged 12 as she was getting too tall for the sport. Her personal best in the event is 4.70 metres set in Cochabamba in 2018. This is the current national record.
Cavaglià
Cavaglià (Italian: [kavaʎˈʎa]; Piedmontese: Cavajà) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Biella.

Cavaglià borders the following municipalities: Alice Castello, Carisio, Dorzano, Roppolo, Salussola, Santhià. Sights include Rondolino Castle, the Baroque church of St. Michael Archangel, the neo-Renaissance church of Santa Maria di Babilone, and an archaeological site with menhirs from as early as the Iron Age.

Menhir
A menhir (/ˈmɛnhɪər/; from Brittonic languages: maen or men, "stone" and hir or hîr, "long"), standing stone, orthostat, or lith is a large upright stone, emplaced in the ground by humans, typically dating from the European middle Bronze Age. They can be found individually as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones. Menhirs' sizes can vary considerably, but they often taper toward the top.

Menhirs are found across Europe, Africa, and Asia, with a concentration in Western Europe, notably in Ireland, Great Britain, and Brittany. Theories concerning their purpose remain speculative, with hypotheses ranging from druidic rituals to territorial markers or elements of an ideological system. Some menhirs feature engravings, including anthropomorphic figures and symbols, and are often associated with ancient religious ceremonies and burial chambers.
Argobba special woreda (Amhara)
Argobba is one of the Districts of Ethiopia, or woredas, in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Because Argobba is not part of any Zone in the Amhara Region, it is considered a Special woreda, an administrative subdivision which is similar to an autonomous area. This woreda is named for the Argobba people, whose homeland lies in this district. Argobba is bordered on the west by the Debub Wollo Zone, and on the east and south by the Oromia Zone. Argobba was created mainly from Kalu woreda with smaller parts from Chefe Golana Dewerahmedo woreda.

Chaffa Gola Dewerahmedo
Chaffa Gola Dewerahmedo ("Chaffa Gola and Dewerahmedo") was a woreda in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Oromia Zone, Chaffa Gola Dewerahmedo was bordered on the south by Artuma Fursi Jilee, on the southwest by the Semien Shewa Zone, on the west by the Debub Wollo Zone, on the north by Baati, and on the east by the Afar Region. Towns in Chaffa Gola Dewerahmedo included Bora and Kamisee; the villages of Shonke and T’ollaha were also located in this woreda, and notable as being communities where the Argobba language is spoken. Chaffa Gola Dewerahmedo was divided for Dawa Chaffa and Dawa Harewa woredas and Kamisee town.

Elevations in Chaffa Gola Dewerahmedo range between 1000 and 2000 meters above sea level. The paved highway connecting Addis Ababa with towns as far north as Adigrat passes through this woreda. Notable rivers include the Borkana, whose swampy valley is used as a grazing area for about 100,000 cattle, 60,000 of which come from outside of the Oromia Zone.
Ben D. Hughes
Ben D. Hughes (October 24, 1878 – April 4, 1947) was an American farmer and politician.

Hughes was born in Iowa and moved to Minnesota in 1888. He lived in New Ulm, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, and was a farmer. Hughes served on the Blue Earth County Commission. He also served on the Cambria Township Board, as the Cambria Township Assessor and also served on the Cambria Township School Board. Hughes served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1941 until he died in 1947.

Blue Earth County, Minnesota
Blue Earth County is a county in the state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 69,112. Its county seat is Mankato. The county is named for the Blue Earth River and for the deposits of blue-green clay once evident along the banks of the Blue Earth River. Blue Earth County is part of the Mankato-North Mankato metropolitan area.
St Andrews (Old) railway station
St Andrews railway station, also known as St Andrews Links, Links Station or Old Station, was the first railway station in the town of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. The station was opened by the St Andrews Railway in 1852. It remained open to passengers until 1887, when a new station was completed closer to the town.

St Andrews Railway
The St Andrews Railway was an independent railway company, founded in 1851 to build a railway branch line from the university town of St Andrews, in Fife, Scotland, to the nearby main line railway. It opened in 1852. When the Tay Rail Bridge opened in 1878, residential travel to Dundee was encouraged.

The railway was engineered as a low-cost line by Thomas Bouch. The company suffered adversely from that in later years, and sold their line to the larger North British Railway in 1877.

The line was successful until road transport competition began to abstract traffic. When the Tay Road Bridge opened in 1966, 40% of the line's passenger carryings were lost immediately. Decline continued, and the line closed completely in 1969.
Al Mearad
Al Mearad (Arabic: المعراض, romanized: Al Mi‘rāḑ) is a district in Qatar, located in the municipality of Al Rayyan.

In the 2015 census, it was listed as a district of zone no. 55 which has a population of 283,675 and also includes New Fereej Al Ghanim, Al Aziziya, Al Waab, Fereej Al Soudan, Muaither, Bu Sidra, Fereej Al Manaseer, Fereej Al Murra and Al Sailiya.

Al Sailiya is located to the immediate north of the district while the Doha Industrial Area is south.

Industrial Area (Doha)
The Doha Industrial Area (Arabic: الدوحة المنطقة الصناعية, romanized: Ad-Dawḥah al-Minṭaqat aṣ-Ṣinā'yah) is a district of Doha Municipality, Qatar. It was previously a part of the Al Rayyan Municipality, which now geographically separates it from the rest of Doha Municipality. The majority of the area's workers reside in the adjacent Labour City.

A municipal office for Doha Municipality is found in the district.
Higher-order differential cryptanalysis
In cryptography, higher-order differential cryptanalysis is a generalization of differential cryptanalysis, an attack used against block ciphers. While in standard differential cryptanalysis the difference between only two texts is used, higher-order differential cryptanalysis studies the propagation of a set of differences between a larger set of texts. Xuejia Lai, in 1994, laid the groundwork by showing that differentials are a special case of the more general case of higher order derivates. Lars Knudsen, in the same year, was able to show how the concept of higher order derivatives can be used to mount attacks on block ciphers. These attacks can be superior to standard differential cryptanalysis. Higher-order differential cryptanalysis has notably been used to break the KN-Cipher, a cipher which had previously been proved to be immune against standard differential cryptanalysis.

Block cipher
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary building blocks of many cryptographic protocols. They are ubiquitous in the storage and exchange of data, where such data is secured and authenticated via encryption.

A block cipher uses blocks as an unvarying transformation. Even a secure block cipher is suitable for the encryption of only a single block of data at a time, using a fixed key. A multitude of modes of operation have been designed to allow their repeated use in a secure way to achieve the other security goals of confidentiality and authenticity. However, block ciphers may also feature as building blocks in other cryptographic protocols, such as universal hash functions and pseudorandom number generators.
Aleksandr Makarov (footballer, born 1996)
Aleksandr Yuryevich Makarov (Russian: Александр Юрьевич Макаров; born 24 April 1996) is a Russian football coach and a former player who played as a right winger. He works at the Chertanovo Education Center.

Chertanovo Education Center
Chertanovo Sport and Education Center (Russian: "ГБОУ ЦСО "Чертаново"), also known as Chertanovo Football Academy or Chertanovo Football School - is a Russian youth football academy based in Moscow, Russia.

The academy was founded in 1976 as The Sport School of Moscow's Soviet Region. It is based in the Chertanovo Severnoye district of the city's Southern Administrative Okrug (former Soviet Region). Academy develops young talents from all over Russia and is open to boys and girls from 6 to 17 years.

Chertanovo Sport and Education Center consists of several units: the Football Academy itself, grade and secondary school and sports boarding.  Third-tier Russian Professional Football League team FC Chertanovo Moscow and Women's FC Chertanovo are also included in the academy structure.

Fully qualified UEFA license coaches train the youth teams. The training and education are free of charge.