hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bacterial cell structure
A bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria, and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms.

Porin (protein)
Porins are beta barrel proteins that cross a cellular membrane and act as a pore, through which molecules can diffuse. Unlike other membrane transport proteins, porins are large enough to allow passive diffusion, i.e., they act as channels that are specific to different types of molecules. They are present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and some Gram-positive mycobacteria (mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes), the outer membrane of mitochondria, and the outer chloroplast membrane (outer plastid membrane).
Henry Oswald Wright
Henry Oswald Wright (November 20, 1880 – April 25, 1956) was a Canadian rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Battleford in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1921 as a supporter of Sir Robert Borden's Unionist Government.

He was born in West Templeton, Quebec, the son of E.A. Wright and E.A. Langford, and was educated in Ottawa. Wright served during the Second Boer War with the Canadian Militia in South Africa from 1899 to 1902. He owned a ranch at Senlac, Saskatchewan.  In 1905, he married Mary Fidelia Wilson. Wright was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Saskatchewan assembly in 1917. He died in Saskatoon at the age of 75.

Battleford (federal electoral district)
Battleford was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1908 to 1925. This riding was created in 1907 following the admission of Saskatchewan into the Canadian Confederation in 1905 from parts of the Northwest Territories ridings of Assiniboia West, Calgary, Edmonton, Saskatchewan and Strathcona ridings.

It was abolished in 1924 when it was redistributed into Rosetown and South Battleford ridings.
Eragrostis echinochloidea
Eragrostis echinochloidea, (English: African lovegrass; Afrikaans: Krummelgras, "crumb grass") is a species of grass native to South Africa (Limpopo. North West, and Northern Cape provinces). Listed as "safe" (LC) on the SANBI Red List, the plant can also be found in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia.

African lovegrass is a perennial tussock that grows straight and knee-high. The leaves have tapered, papery sheaths and seed clusters sunken under the edges. The flower is a scarcely branched plume with closely packed spines on single branches. The spines are edible by humans and baboons. The drought tolerant species grows on disturbed veld and stony hillsides.

In Deception Valley, one of the three dry riverbeds of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in Botswana, the species prospers along with Enneapogon desvauxii and Sporoborus iocladus in the rainy season (from November to April/May).

Enneapogon desvauxii
Enneapogon desvauxii is a species of grass known by the common name nineawn pappusgrass. This is a short perennial bunchgrass native to the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, parts of South America, and occurs throughout arid parts of Africa. It is known less often on other continents.
Harkrider
Harkrider is a last name. Notable people with this last name include:

John D. Harkrider, writer and director of the 2014 American documentary All the Beautiful Things

John W. Harkrider, a director of the 1929 American musical comedy Glorifying the American Girl

Kip Harkrider (born 1975), American Olympic baseball player

Ryan Harkrider, lead singer of The Nightowls, an American soul musical group

Colonel Harkrider, a character in Best Foot Forward, a 1943 American musical

Glorifying the American Girl
Glorifying the American Girl is a 1929 American pre-Code musical comedy film produced by Florenz Ziegfeld that highlights Ziegfeld Follies performers. The last third of the film, which was filmed in early Technicolor, is basically a Follies production, with appearances by Rudy Vallee, Helen Morgan, and Eddie Cantor.

Rex Beach was paid $35,000 for the original story.

The script for the film was written by J.P. McEvoy and Millard Webb and directed by John W. Harkrider and Millard Webb. The songs were written by Irving Berlin, Walter Donaldson, Rudolf Friml, James E. Hanley, Larry Spier, Dave Stamper and others not credited (see Soundtrack). The film is in the public domain, and many prints exhibited on television are in black-and-white only, and do not include pre-Code material, such as nudity.
Larned
Larned can refer to:

Benjamin Larned (1794–1862), Paymaster General of the United States Army

Charles Larned (died 1834), lawyer, military officer, and politician

Josephus Nelson Larned (1836-1913), American journalist, educator, librarian, historian

Larned B. Asprey

Scott Larned (1969–2005), keyboardist

Simon Larned (1753–1817), U.S. Representative from Massachusetts

William Larned, American tennis player

Josephus Nelson Larned
Josephus Nelson Larned (May 11, 1836 – August 15, 1913) was an American newspaper editor, author, librarian, and historian. As superintendent of the Young Men's Association Library, he presided over its transformation into what is now the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library.
D.C. College Cup
The D.C. College Cup, officially known as the Kuykenstrong D.C. College Cup for sponsorship reasons, was an early season, non-conference college soccer tournament played between the NCAA Division I men's soccer programs in the Washington metropolitan area.

The teams that participated in the past include American, George Mason, George Washington, Georgetown, Howard and Maryland.

Howard Bison men's soccer
The Howard Bison men's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Howard University in Washington, D.C., United States. The team is an associate member of the Northeast Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Howard's first men's soccer team was fielded in 1965. The team plays its home games at Greene Stadium near the Park View neighborhood of the District. The Bison are coached by Howard alumnus and former U.S. national team player, Phillip Gyau.
Vange (album)
Vange is the solo debut album by Brazilian musician and former Nau member Vange Leonel. It was released in 1991 by Sony Music Entertainment, and produced by Nando Reis (Vange's cousin) and Charles Gavin. Both were members of popular rock band Titãs at the time.

The album spawned the hit single "Noite Preta"; it was used as the opening theme of the popular telenovela Vamp, that premiered also in 1991 and ran until 1992. A music video was shot for the track, directed by Cilmara Bedaque (Vange's songwriting partner since the times of her former band Nau) and Luiz Ferré. "Esse Mundo" would be used as the opening theme for another telenovela a year later, Perigosas Peruas, that ran from February to August 1992.

"Divino, Maravilhoso" is a cover of the famous Gal Costa song, originally performed by her on her self-titled 1969 debut album. It was written and composed by Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil.

Gal Costa
Gal Maria da Graça Costa Penna Burgos (born Maria da Graça Costa Penna Burgos; 26 September 1945 – 9 November 2022), known professionally as Gal Costa (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈgaw ˈkɔstɐ] ⓘ), was a Brazilian singer of popular music. Twelve-times Brazilian Music Awards winner, she was one of the main figures of the tropicalia music scene in Brazil in the late 1960s and appeared on the acclaimed compilation Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis (1968). She was described by The New York Times as "one of Brazil's greatest singers."
Studies in Classic American Literature
Studies in Classic American Literature is a work of literary criticism by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It was first published by Thomas Seltzer in the United States in August 1923. The British edition was published in June 1924 by Martin Secker.

The authors discussed include Benjamin Franklin, J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Richard Henry Dana Jr., Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman.

J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
Michel Guillaume Jean de Crèvecœur (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl ɡijom ʒɑ̃ də kʁɛvkœʁ]; December 31, 1735 – November 12, 1813), naturalized in New York as John Hector St. John, was a French-American writer, diplomat, and farmer.
El Alba Airport
El Alba Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto El Alba), (ICAO: SCAB) is an airport 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northwest of Melipilla, a city in the Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile.

There are hills southeast of the runway. The Melipilla non-directional beacon (Ident: PIL) is located 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km) east-southeast of the airport.

Santiago Metropolitan Region
Santiago Metropolitan Region (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.

With an area of 15,403.2 km2 (5,947 sq mi) and population over seven million, it is Chile's most populated and most densely populated region. It is also the most developed subdivision in all of South America with a very high HDI of 0.908.
7 Seconds (band)
7 Seconds (stylized as 7Seconds) is an American hardcore punk band from Reno, Nevada, that was formed in 1980 by two sets of brothers. The band has gone through numerous lineup changes over the subsequent years, with only Kevin Seconds, Steve Youth and Bobby Adams remaining constant members. The current lineup consists of Kevin Seconds (vocals), Steve Youth (bass), Troy Mowat (drums), and Bobby Adams (guitar).

7 Seconds is regarded as a seminal punk band, and are credited as early innovators in multiple genres and movements within punk.

SideOneDummy Records
SideOneDummy Records is an independent record label based in Los Angeles. It was founded in 1995 by Bill Armstrong and Joe Sib. The label began as a way for them to release music for their friends' bands. Thereafter SideOneDummy launched the careers of bands like The Gaslight Anthem, AJJ, Flogging Molly, Gogol Bordello, Title Fight and others. Since 1998, SideOneDummy Records has also released the annual Warped Tour compilation album, which features music by bands playing on the current year's tour. Their YouTube channel, which features artists in their current roster, has 116,000 subscribers and 170,015,900 views (as of February 27, 2025).
Sleeping Beauty problem
The Sleeping Beauty problem, also known as the Sleeping Beauty paradox, is a puzzle in decision theory in which an ideally rational epistemic agent is told she will be awoken from sleep either once or twice according to the toss of a coin. Each time she will have no memory of whether she has been awoken before, and is asked what her degree of belief that "the outcome of the coin toss is Heads" ought to be when she is first awakened.

Doomsday argument
The doomsday argument (DA), or Carter catastrophe, is a probabilistic argument that aims to predict the total number of humans who will ever live. It argues that if a human's birth rank is randomly sampled from the set of all humans who will ever live, it is improbable that one would be at the extreme beginning. This implies that the total number of humans is unlikely to be much larger than the number of humans born so far.

The doomsday argument was originally proposed by the astrophysicist Brandon Carter in 1983, leading to the initial name of the Carter catastrophe. The argument was subsequently championed by the philosopher John A. Leslie and has since been independently conceived by J. Richard Gott and Holger Bech Nielsen.
Rocky Legends
Rocky Legends is a 2004 fighting video game developed by Venom Games and published by Ubisoft. It is the sequel to the 2002 video game Rocky. The game is based on the Rocky franchise.

The events of the game take place before the films and in between. In the game the player can take control of Rocky Balboa, Apollo Creed, Clubber Lang or Ivan Drago and witness their early careers before their famous encounters.

Venom Games
Venom Games Limited was a British video game developer based in Gateshead, England. The studio was established by Peter Johnson in 2003 and succeeded Rage Newcastle. Take-Two Interactive acquired the company in 2004, where it became part of the 2K label in 2005 and was closed down in July 2008.
The Horrible Truth About Burma
The Horrible Truth About Burma is a collection of live recordings by Boston-based post-punk band Mission of Burma, recorded during their 1983 farewell tour. The band had decided to retire because leader Roger Miller's chronic tinnitus had reached a dangerous level.

Originally released in 1985 by Boston indie label Ace of Hearts, the album was first reissued in 1997 by Ryko, then in "Standard" and "Definitive" editions by Matador in 2008. The Definitive version of the CD and the vinyl release also include a DVD of the full evening set at the Bradford, as well as the VHS version of the show for posterity.

This live album is notable for capturing Mission of Burma's signature noisy live sound, in contrast to their more polished studio recordings; the album title is an inside joke about their chaotic concerts.

Ace of Hearts Records (US)
Ace of Hearts Records is a Boston-based independent label founded in 1978 by Rick Harte, who also produced all its releases.  It recorded and released Boston area post-punk and garage rock bands in the early 1980s, including Mission of Burma, Birdsongs of the Mesozoic, Roger Miller, the Neats, Lyres, the Real Kids, John Felice, Nervous Eaters, the Del Fuegos, the Neighborhoods, Martin Paul, Wild Stares, Infliktors, Classic Ruins, Crab Daddy, Chaotic Past, Tomato Monkey, and Heat from a DeadStar.
Thomas Mantle
Thomas Allen Mantle (31 January 1840 – 29 April 1884) was an English first-class cricketer active 1864–73 who played for Middlesex. He was born in Kates Hill, Worcestershire and died in Wandsworth. He was an all-rounder and played in 27 first-class matches.

All-rounder
An all-rounder is a cricketer who regularly performs well at both batting and bowling. Although all bowlers must bat and quite a handful of batsmen do bowl occasionally, most players are skilled in only one of the two disciplines and are considered specialists. Some wicket-keepers have the skills of a specialist batter and have been referred to as all-rounders, but the term wicket-keeper-batter is more commonly applied to them, even if they are substitute wicket keepers who also bowl.
Davide Bendinelli
Davide Bendinelli (born 19 October 1974 in Caprino Veronese) is an Italian politician from Veneto.

Having joined Forza Italia, he served as minister of the Province of Verona in 1999–2009 and mayor of Garda in 2001–2010. In the 2010 regional election he was elected to the Regional Council of Veneto for The People of Freedom and in 2014 he was appointed regional minister of Social Affairs in Zaia I Government.

First Zaia government
The first Zaia government, led by president Luca Zaia, was the 17th government of Veneto and was in office from 10 April 2010 to 28 June 2015.

Source: Region of Veneto — The Regional Government from 1970 until today
Area studies
Area studies, also known as regional studies, is an interdisciplinary field of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions.  The term exists primarily as a general description for what are, in the practice of scholarship, many heterogeneous fields of research, encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. Typical area study programs involve international relations, strategic studies, history, anthropology, political science, political economy, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and other related disciplines. In contrast to cultural studies, area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area.

Kartvelian studies
The Kartvelian studies (Georgian: ქართველოლოგია) also referred as Kartvelology or Georgian studies  is a field of humanities covering the history, languages, religion and/or culture of Georgia and the Georgian people.

In a narrower sense, the term usually refers to the research activities conducted on these problems outside Georgia.
Ciglence
Ciglence (pronounced [tsiˈɡleːntsɛ], German: Ziglenzen) is a settlement in the Municipality of Duplek in northeastern Slovenia. It lies on the southwestern edge of the Slovene Hills (Slovene: Slovenske gorice), southeast of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

The village chapel-shrine with a small belfry dates to the early 20th century. There are two other small roadside chapel-shrines in the settlement. One dates to the first half of the 19th century and the second to the late 19th century.

Maribor
Maribor (UK: /ˈmærɪbɔːr/ MARR-ib-or, US: /ˈmɑːr-/ MAR-, Slovene: [ˈmáːɾibɔɾ] ⓘ; also known by other historical names) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is the seat of the Urban Municipality of Maribor and the Drava Statistical Region. Maribor is also the economic, administrative, educational, and cultural centre of eastern Slovenia.

Maribor was first mentioned as a castle in 1164, as a settlement in 1209, and as a city in 1254. Like most Slovene ethnic territory, Maribor was under Habsburg rule until 1918, when Rudolf Maister and his men secured the city for the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which then joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1991 Maribor became part of independent Slovenia.

Maribor, along with the Portuguese city of Guimarães, was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2012.
Familiars (album)
Familiars is the fifth studio album by American indie rock group The Antlers. It was released on June 16, 2014, by Transgressive Records in the United Kingdom and on June 17, 2014, by ANTI- in the United States.

The album was preceded by the singles "Palace" and "Hotel".

Anti- (record label)
Anti- is an American record label founded in 1999 as a sister label to Epitaph Records.

Founded by Andy Kaulkin, Anti- first gained attention by releasing Tom Waits's Grammy Award–winning Mule Variations in 1999. Other veteran recording artists such as rhythm and blues singers Solomon Burke, Bettye LaVette, Mavis Staples and Marianne Faithfull have signed to Anti- after leaving other labels.
Aulestad
Aulestad is a farm and writer's house museum in Follebu in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located along County Road Fv255 (Bjørnsonvegen) between Vinstra  and Hovemoen.

The farm is best known as the former residence of Karoline and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Nobel Laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson lived here with his family from 1875 until his death in 1910. The farm is still owned by members of the Bjørnson family.

The manor was added to The Sandvig Collections at Lillehammer after Karoline Bjørnson's death in 1934. In 1935 Aulestad opened as a museum. It serves as a museum of Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's life and work. Since 2011. Aulestad has been part of the Lillehammer museum which operates Maihaugen, together with the Norwegian Olympic Museum and Bjerkebæk, the former home of author Sigrid Undset.

Vinstra
Vinstra is a town in Nord-Fron Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway.  The town is the administrative centre of the municipality. The town is located in the Gudbrandsdalen valley, at the confluence of the Gudbrandsdalslågen river and the Vinstra river (which flows from the lake Vinstre). The 3.13-square-kilometre (770-acre) town has a population (2024) of 2,674 and a population density of 854 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,210/sq mi).

The European route E6 highway and the Dovrebanen railway line both pass through the town. The Vinstra Upper Secondary School and the Sødorp Church are both located in the town as well. The newspaper Dølen is published in Vinstra.

The village of Vinstra was granted the status of a "town" on 1 September 2013, an event that was celebrated for 3 days.
Anthony Colly
Anthony Colly (1502/3–1574), of Glaston, Rutland, was an English politician.

He married Catherine, the daughter of William Skeffington, MP for Leicestershire, and they had three daughters.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Rutland in 1545, 1547, March 1553, April 1554, November 1554 and 1563.

Leicestershire (UK Parliament constituency)
Leicestershire was a county constituency in Leicestershire, represented in the House of Commons. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs), traditionally called Knights of the Shire, by the bloc vote system of election, to the Parliament of England until 1707, to the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 until 1800, and then to the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1832.
Craniosynostosis, Philadelphia type
Craniosynostosis, Philadelphia type is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by sagittal craniosynostosis (scaphocephaly) and soft tissue syndactyly of the hands and feet. This condition is considered a form of acrocephalosyndactyly.

Syndactyly
Syndactyly is a condition wherein two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some metatherian mammals, but is an unusual condition in humans. The term is from Ancient Greek  σύν (syn) 'together' and  δάκτυλος (daktulos) 'finger'.
The Crying Light
The Crying Light is Antony and the Johnsons' third studio album and the follow-up to the band's widely acclaimed second record, I Am a Bird Now. It was released on January 19, 2009, and preceded by the single "Another World", issued through Secretly Canadian on October 7, 2008. The album peaked in the Billboard European Top 100 at No. 1.

The Crying Light features orchestral arrangements by Anohni and Nico Muhly. Anohni has described its theme as being "about landscape and the future".

Ann Powers wrote of The Crying Light for the LA Times online, "It's the most personal environmentalist statement possible, making an unforeseen connection between queer culture's identity politics and the green movement. As music, it's simply exquisite – more controlled and considered than anything Antony and the Johnsons have done and sure to linger in the minds of listeners."

Ann Powers
Ann K. Powers (born February 4, 1964) is an American writer and popular music critic. She is a music critic for NPR and a contributor at the Los Angeles Times, where she was previously chief pop critic. She has also written for other publications, such as The New York Times, Blender and The Village Voice. Powers is the author of Weird Like Us: My Bohemian America, a memoir; Good Booty: Love and Sex, Black & White, Body and Soul in American Music, on eroticism in American pop music; and Piece by Piece, co-authored with Tori Amos.