hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nonelementary problem
In computational complexity theory, a  nonelementary problem is a problem that is not a member of the class ELEMENTARY. As a class it is sometimes denoted as NONELEMENTARY.

Examples of nonelementary problems that are nevertheless decidable include:

the problem of regular expression equivalence with complementation

the monadic second-order theory with two successors (see  S2S)

the first-order theory of any term algebra in a signature containing at least one binary function symbol

satisfiability of W. V. O. Quine's fluted fragment of first-order logic

deciding β-convertibility of two closed terms in typed lambda calculus

reachability in vector addition systems; it is Ackermann-complete.

reachability in Petri nets; it is Ackermann-complete.

Petri net
A Petri net, also known as a place/transition net (PT net), is one of several mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems.  It is a class of discrete event dynamic system. A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph that has two types of elements: places and transitions. Place elements are depicted as white circles and transition elements are depicted as rectangles. 
A place can contain any number of tokens, depicted as black circles. A transition is enabled if all places connected to it as inputs contain at least one token.
Like industry standards such as UML activity diagrams, Business Process Model and Notation, and event-driven process chains, Petri nets offer a graphical notation for stepwise processes that include choice, iteration, and concurrent execution. Unlike these standards, Petri nets have an exact mathematical definition of their execution semantics, with a well-developed mathematical theory for process analysis.
John Leach (studio potter)
John Leach was a studio potter, the eldest son of David Leach and the eldest grandson of Bernard Leach. Born in St Ives in 1939, he studied under his grandfather and father at St Ives and under Ray Finch at Winchcombe.
Leach left school in 1957 and worked with his father at Lowerdown Pottery Bovey Tracey, Devon and from 1961 to 1962 he was an apprentice at the Leach Pottery St Ives.

He founded Muchelney Pottery on the Somerset Levels in 1964, and developed a range of pottery using local clay and wood to fuel the kiln.

The Victoria and Albert Museum in London holds a collection of his work and also the Worcester Art Museum USA. His work is also in the permanent collections of the Fitzwilliam Museum, the Ulster Museum, Belfast, the Tate St Ives and the  National Museum of Wales.

He died 29 August 2021. His funeral was held on 1 October 2021 at Higher Ground Meadow near Corscombe.

Ray Finch
Raymond Finch (born 2 June 1963) is a British politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for South East England between 2014 and 2019.

The fourth named candidate on the UK Independence Party (UKIP) list for the South East England constituency, he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament after the 2014 European Parliamentary Election.

Finch was the leader of the UKIP group on Hampshire County Council, standing down on election to the European Parliament. He resigned as a councillor in January 2017 following his appointment as head of the UK Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy delegation in the European Parliament.

On 17 April 2019, Finch left UKIP to join the Brexit Party. He was not selected as a Brexit Party candidate for the 2019 European Parliamentary election, and ceased to sit as a Brexit Party MEP on 26 May 2019.
2024 Korea Open (tennis)
The 2024 Hana Bank Korea Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and a WTA 500 event on the 2024 WTA Tour (upgraded from WTA 250 status in previous years). The tournament took place at the Olympic Park Tennis Center in Seoul, South Korea from 16 to 22 September 2024.

WTA 500 tournaments
WTA 500 tournaments is a category of tennis tournaments in the Women's Tennis Association tour, implemented since the reorganization of the schedule in 2021.

At their introduction in 2021, WTA 500 tournaments' prize money was approximately $500,000. Since then, prize money awarded by WTA 500 events has grown less uniform, with one tournament's prize money rising to as much as $1.5 million.

The ranking points awarded to the winners of these tournaments are 500. This compares to 2,000 points for winning a Grand Slam tournament ("major"), up to 1,500 points for winning the WTA Finals, 1000 points for winning a WTA 1000 tournament, and 250 for winning a WTA 250 tournament.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484, adopted unanimously on 30 May 2003, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Council authorised Operation Artemis in Bunia, the capital of Ituri Province, amid the deteriorating security situation in the area.

As part of the Ituri Conflict Lendu and Hema militias were battling for control of the town after Ugandan troops withdrew after the signing of a peace agreement, and Congolese police fled. During discussions regarding the deployment of an international force, Council diplomats were mindful of a repetition of the Rwandan genocide in 1994. A French-led force was later agreed to.

Ituri Province
Ituri Province (French: Province de l'Ituri; Swahili: Jimbo la Ituri) is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Ituri, Bas-Uele, Haut-Uele, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the subdividing of the former Orientale province. Ituri was formed from the Ituri district whose town of Bunia was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Scott Moffatt (politician)
Scott Moffatt (born c. 1981 in Rideau Township, Ontario) is a Canadian politician. He was the Ottawa city councillor for Rideau-Goulbourn Ward from 2010 to 2022. He first won the ward in the 2010 Ottawa municipal election, defeating the incumbent Glenn Brooks.

Moffatt was born and raised on a farm in Rideau Township, now part of rural Ottawa. He attended Kars Public School (which has since become Kars on the Rideau Public School), South Carleton High School and received a General B.A. from Carleton University. He lives in North Gower, Ontario. Prior to being elected, he served as a retail and golf course manager.

Moffatt has volunteered for the Conservative Party of Canada in the past and served on its board of directors. He ran unsuccessfully in the Rideau-Goulbourn Ward in the 2006 Ottawa municipal election.

North Gower
North Gower (/ɡɔːr/) is a small village in eastern Ontario, originally part of North Gower Township, now part of the city of Ottawa. Surrounding communities include Richmond, Kemptville, Kars and Manotick. Public high school students in this area go to South Carleton High School in Richmond. Elementary school students go to Marlborough Public School in North Gower.

The village took its name from Admiral John Leveson-Gower, Lord of the Admiralty from 1783 to 1789.
Chuck Walker (American football)
Charles David  Walker  (born August 10, 1941) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Atlanta Falcons.

Walker played college football for the Duke Blue Devils and was the Cardinals' twelfth-round selection in the 1963 NFL draft. Walker earned Pro Bowl honors in 1966 and his best season came in 1967 when he led the Cardinals with 12 sacks. He led the NFL with five fumble recoveries in 1969. Walker has the seventh most sacks in Cardinals history with 50.5.

Walker was traded to Atlanta in 1972 where he was a key defensive contributor during the Falcons' first winning season, in 1973.

1963 NFL draft
The 1963 NFL draft was held at the Sheraton in Chicago, Illinois, on Monday, December 3, 1962.

The first overall selection was quarterback Terry Baker of Oregon State, the Heisman Trophy winner, taken by the Los Angeles Rams. The AFL draft was held two days earlier in Dallas.
KHYG-1
KHYG-1 is an immortalized cell line that bears the characteristics of NK cells. NK cells are a type of immune cell that are found in blood whose innate function is to kill viral infected cells, cells under stress and cancer cells. The KHYG-1 cell line was established in 1997 in the laboratory of M Yagita in the department of Clinical Immunology and Haematology, Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan. These cells were derived from the blood of 45-year old female suffering from aggressive Natural killer cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. This cell line has been growing continuously, in the presence of IL-2, for 18 months after isolation and its doubling time is around 24-48h. The ability to proliferate was retained even after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen.

Cancer cell
Cancer cells are cells that divide continually, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood or lymph with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue or to replace cells that have died because of aging or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies. They are also able to spread from one part of the body to another in a process known as metastasis.
Tomassoni
Tomassoni is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Tomassoni (1952–2022), American politician

Mirko Tomassoni (born 1969), Captain Regent of San Marino

Ronn Tomassoni (born 1958), American ice hockey player and coach

Thomas Tomassoni (1616–1654), Italian Roman Catholic bishop

Ronn Tomassoni
Ronn Tomassoni (born March 1958) is a retired American ice hockey player and coach. Tomassoni was part of the coaching staff at Harvard for 17 years in various capacities and helped the team with its only national title in 1989.
CHFG-FM
CHFG-FM is a First Nations community radio station that operates at 101.1 MHz (FM) in Chisasibi, Quebec, Canada.

The station is owned by the James Bay Cree Communications Society, through licensee Chisasibi Telecommunications Association.

Chisasibi
Chisasibi (Cree: ᒋᓵᓰᐲ, romanized: Cisâsîpî; meaning Great River) is a village and  Cree reserved land (TC) on the eastern shore of James Bay, in Eeyou Istchee, an equivalent territory (ET) in Nord-du-Québec, Canada. It is situated on the south shore of La Grande River (the Grand River), less than 10 km (6.2 mi) from the river's mouth. Chisasibi is one of nine Cree villages in the region, and is a member of the Grand Council of the Crees of Quebec.

The territory surrounding Chisasibi is part of the municipality Eeyou Istchee James Bay, of which parts are jointly managed by the municipalities of the Jamésie TE and the Cree Regional Authority of the Eeyou Istchee TE.

The land area of the town is 491.63 km2 (189.82 sq mi) and the area of the associated Chisasibi Cree village municipality is 825.11 km2 (318.58 sq mi).
Achaea oedipodina
Achaea oedipodina is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Paul Mabille in 1879. It is found in Africa, including Madagascar, Réunion and the Seychelles.

Its wingspan is around 65 mm. Its larvae feed on Euphorbiaceae species, including Euphoria milii and Acalypha wilkesinia.

Paul Mabille
Paul Mabille (1835 – 6 April 1923) was a French naturalist mainly interested in Lepidoptera and botany.

Mabille was born in 1835 in Tours, France. He was a member and President (1876–1877) of the Société entomologique de France and a member of the Société entomologique de Belgique. His Madagascar collections, once in the Charles Oberthur collection, are now in the Natural History Museum, London.

He wrote many papers on Neotropical Hesperiidae with Eugène Boullet. From 1865 to 1868 he edited the exsiccata Herbarium Corsicum. Mabille died in April 1923 in Perreux, Loire.
Enriques–Kodaira classification
In mathematics, the Enriques–Kodaira classification groups compact complex surfaces into ten classes, each parametrized by a moduli space. For most of the classes the moduli spaces are well understood, but for the class of surfaces of general type the moduli spaces seem too complicated to describe explicitly, though some components are known.

Max Noether began the systematic study of algebraic surfaces, and Guido Castelnuovo proved important parts of the classification. Federigo Enriques described the classification of complex projective surfaces. Kunihiko Kodaira later extended the classification to include non-algebraic compact surfaces.

Max Noether
Max Noether (German: [ˈnøːtɐ]; 24 September 1844 – 13 December 1921) was a German mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry and the theory of algebraic functions. He has been called "one of the finest mathematicians of the nineteenth century". He was the father of Emmy Noether.
Walter Flex
Walter Flex (6 July 1887 – 16 October 1917) was a German author of The Wanderer between the Two Worlds: An Experience of War (Der Wanderer zwischen beiden Welten) of 1916, a war novel dealing with themes of humanity, friendship, and suffering during World War I. Due to his idealism about Prussian virtues and the Great War, as well as the posthumous popularity of his writings, Walter Flex is sometimes compared to Allied war poets Rupert Brooke and Alan Seeger.

Alan Seeger
Alan Seeger (22 June 1888 – 4 July 1916) was an American war poet who fought and died in World War I during the Battle of the Somme, serving in the French Foreign Legion. Seeger was the brother of Elizabeth Seeger, a children's author and educator, and Charles Seeger, a noted American pacifist and musicologist; he was also the uncle of folk musicians Pete Seeger, Peggy Seeger, and Mike Seeger. He is lauded for the poem "I Have a Rendezvous with Death", a favorite of President John F. Kennedy. A statue representing him is on the monument in the Place des États-Unis, Paris, honoring those American citizens who volunteered to fight for the Third French Republic while their country was still neutral and lost their lives during the war. Seeger is sometimes called the "American Rupert Brooke".
George Hall (Australian politician)
George Hall, M.L.C., (2 March 1811 – 28 January 1867) often styled "Captain Hall", was a South Australian shipping agent, company director and politician.

He was born at Bromley, Kent and left school at an early age to become a merchant seaman, and later captained ships on the East Indian and West Indian trade routes. His involvement with the South Australian Company began when David McLaren, manager of the South Australian Company, controversially contracted him to transport goods for the Company from Singapore to Port Adelaide in the "Guiana", becoming, on 7 October 1840, the first to unload goods at the new wharf.

F. H. Faulding & Co
F. H. Faulding & Co was a pharmaceutical company founded in Adelaide, Australia, in 1845 by Francis Hardey Faulding (23 August 1816 – 19 November 1868), a native of Swinefleet, near Goole in Yorkshire, son of Francis Faulding, a surgeon.
Identical Strangers
Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited is a 2007 memoir written by identical twins Elyse Schein and Paula Bernstein and published by Random House. The authors, born in New York City in 1968 to Leda Witt, daughter of Nathan Witt, were separated as infants, in part, to participate in a "nature versus nurture" twin study. They were adopted by separate families in the New York area who were unaware that each girl had a twin sister. Soon after the twins reunited for the first time in 2004 at the age of 35, they began writing the book. Of the 13 or more children involved in the study, three sets of twins and one set of triplets have discovered one another. One or two sets of twins may still not know they have an identical twin.

When the twins compared notes, they discovered that they both studied film, battled depression, and shared mannerisms like "air-typing." They both saved Alice in Wonderland dolls in their original packaging.

Adoption
Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means (notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations.
Massimo Liverani
Massimo Liverani (born 19 September 1961) is an Italian rally driver and co-driver born in Rocca San Casciano. As a driver, he won the FIA Alternative Energies Cup in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. As a co-driver he won the World Championship in 2007 and 2008 with Giuliano Mazzoni.

Rocca San Casciano
Rocca San Casciano (Romagnol: La Ròca or Roca San Casiân) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Forlì-Cesena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Forlì.
Seal of Utah
The Great Seal of the State of Utah was adopted on April 3, 1896, at the first regular session of the Legislature (January, February, March, April 1896). The original seal was designed by Harry Edwards & C. M. Jackson and cost $65.00, equivalent to $2,457 in 2024. The great seal is described in Utah Code Annotated, 1953, Volume 7a, section 67-2-9 as follows:

"The Great Seal of the State of Utah shall be two and one-half inches in diameter, and of the following device; the center a shield and perched thereon an American Eagle with outstretching wings; the top of the shield pierced by six arrows crosswise; under the arrows the motto "INDUSTRY"; beneath the motto a beehive, on either side growing sego lilies; below the figures "1847"; on each side of the shield an American Flag.; encircling all, near the outer edge of the seal, beginning at the lower left-hand portion, the words, "THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF UTAH", with the figures "1896" at the base."

Utah State Legislature
The Utah State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Utah. It is a bicameral body, comprising the Utah House of Representatives, with 75 state representatives, and the Utah Senate, with 29 state senators. There are no term limits for either chamber.

The Legislature convenes at the Utah State Capitol in the state capital of Salt Lake City. In 2020, voters approved an amendment to the state constitution that changed the legislative start date from a constitutionally mandated fourth Monday of January to a date set by state law (thereby making it easier to change the start date if necessary). Current state law requires the start date of the Utah State Legislature to be the first Tuesday after the third Monday in January  for an annual 45-day session.
With Vision
With Vision is the second studio album  release by Place of Skulls. It was released in 2003 on the Southern Lord Records label. The recording of this album was marked by numerous personnel changes before the final staff was assembled. This is the only Place of Skulls album to feature Scott Weinrich (of The Obsessed, Saint Vitus, Spirit Caravan fame) on vocals and second guitar. He left to concentrate on The Hidden Hand. Writing credits are far more widely distributed among the band members than on their previous album.

Southern Lord Records
Southern Lord is an American heavy metal record label that was founded in 1998 by Greg Anderson. It initially specialized in experimental metal: particularly doom metal, stoner rock, and drone metal.  The label later expanded its line-up to include artists from black metal, hardcore punk and crust punk bands.
Scott Johnston
Scott Johnston is a Canadian provincial politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 2016 Manitoba general election. He represented the electoral district of Assiniboia as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba. He served as the Minister of Seniors and Long-term Care late in his term as MLA.

Johnston was first was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the riding of St. James in the 2016 election. He was reelected in the 2019 Manitoba general election, in which he moved to the neighbouring district of Assiniboia.

Johnston's father, Frank Johnston, was an MLA  from 1969 to 1988, and served as a cabinet minister in the Progressive Conservative government of Sterling Lyon.

He lost his seat to Manitoba New Democratic challenger Nellie Kennedy in the 2023 Manitoba general election.

2016 Manitoba general election
The 2016 Manitoba general election was held on April 19, 2016, to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, Canada. The New Democratic Party of Manitoba, led by Greg Selinger, were defeated by the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba led by Brian Pallister, ending nearly 17 years of NDP government. The Progressive Conservatives won 40 seats, one of the largest majority governments in Manitoba history, the other one was in 1915 when Liberals also won 40 seats.

The election also removed one of the two New Democratic governments in the country, the other being formed by the Alberta New Democratic Party.
Viaduct
A viaduct is a bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide valley, road, river, or other low-lying terrain features and obstacles. The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via meaning "road", and ducere meaning "to lead". It is a 19th-century derivation from an analogy with ancient Roman aqueducts. Like the Roman aqueducts, many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length.

Aqueduct (bridge)
Aqueducts are bridges constructed to convey watercourses across gaps such as valleys or ravines. The term aqueduct may also be used to refer to the entire watercourse, as well as the bridge. Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships. Aqueducts must span a crossing at the same level as the watercourses on each end. The word is derived from the Latin aqua ("water") and ducere ("to lead"), therefore meaning "to lead water". A modern version of an aqueduct is a pipeline bridge. They may take the form of tunnels, networks of surface channels and canals, covered clay pipes or monumental bridges.
TT410
The Theban Tomb TT410 is located in El-Assasif, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. The tomb belongs to Mutirdis, the chief companion lady of the God's Wife of Amun during the time of Nitocris I, and Psamtik I of the 26th Dynasty. The tomb is located in the area of the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings. The nearby monumental tombs of the Late Period have been noted for their special features.

Nitocris I (Divine Adoratrice)
Nitocris I (alt. Nitiqret, Nitokris I) (died 585 BC) served as the heir to, and then, as the Divine Adoratrice of Amun or God's Wife of Amun for a period of more than seventy years, between 655 BC and 585 BC.