hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Steffie Spira
Steffie Spira (2 June 1908 – 10 May 1995) was an Austrian-born German stage, film and television actress. Spira was the daughter of actors Fritz and Lotte Spira. Her sister was actress Camilla Spira.

Her father was of Jewish descent, and died in a concentration camp during the Holocaust. Spira became a theatre actress during the Weimar Republic, and joined the German Communist Party in 1929.

Following the Nazi takeover of power, she fled into exile. After being interned by the French government at the Camp de Rieucros, she escaped to Mexico. Spira returned to Europe in 1947 and settled in East Germany. She became a leading stage actor at the Volksbühne and appeared frequently in East German film and television productions.

In 1989, Spira was a speaker at the large Alexanderplatz demonstration calling for the current East German government to step down.

Volksbühne
The Volksbühne ("People's Theatre") is a theater in Berlin. Located in Berlin's city center Mitte on Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz (Rosa Luxemburg Square) in what was the GDR's capital. It has been called Berlin's most iconic theatre.
Gelesis
Gelesis is a biotechnology company located in Boston, Massachusetts that developed the weight loss device Gelesis100 (Plenity) for use in overweight and obesity. The company produces Gelesis100, which is a superabsorbent hydrogel capsule that expands in the stomach, creating a feeling of fullness, helping people reduce the amount of food they eat. The company was founded in 2006 to develop medical devices and treatments for obesity.

Gelesis Holdings, Inc. together with its two affiliates, filed for voluntary Chapter 7 liquidation in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware on October 30, 2023. The debtor listed its assets among the 50 and the $100 million and liabilities of $44.34 million. The Debtor is represented by Kenneth Listwak of Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP as counsel.

Hydrogel
A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous and permeable solids and at least 10% of water or other interstitial fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels have several applications, especially in the biomedical area, such as in hydrogel dressing. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are derived from natural materials. The term "hydrogel" was coined in 1894.
Glaciers (album)
Glaciers is a studio album by American hip hop production duo Blue Sky Black Death. It was released by Fake Four Inc. in 2013. The chopped and screwed version of the album, titled Glaciers Melted, was released in 2014.

JMSN
Christian Berishaj, known professionally as JMSN (pronounced "Jameson"), is an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. Born in Dallas and raised in Detroit, JMSN has been an influential figure in the contemporary R&B and alternative music scenes.
Alfred Penney
Alfred Penney (October 27, 1850 – November 14, 1922) was a merchant, judge and political figure in Newfoundland. He represented Bay de Verde in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1878 to 1882 and Carbonear from 1882 to 1889.

He was born in Carbonear, the son of William H. Penney. He established himself in business in Carbonear. Penney served in the Executive Council as surveyor general from 1886 to 1889. An Orangeman, he introduced a motion in the assembly criticizing the acquittal of the Catholic defendants in The Harbour Grace Affray as a miscarriage of justice, which contributed to the fall of William Whiteway's government. Penney was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1889, 1893 and 1897. He was named a district court judge in 1897 and served in that post until his death in St. John's in 1922.

Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (French: Chambre d'assemblée de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador) is the unicameral deliberative assembly of the General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It meets in the Confederation Building in St. John's. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, in the name of the Sovereign.

The governing party sits on the left side of the speaker of the House of Assembly as opposed to the traditional right side of the speaker. This tradition dates back to the 1850s as the heaters in the Colonial Building were located on the left side. Thus, the government chose to sit near the heat, and leave the opposition sitting in the cold.
Clascoterone
Clascoterone, sold under the brand name Winlevi, is an antiandrogen medication which is used topically in the treatment of acne. The medication is used as a cream by application to the skin, for instance the face and scalp. Clascoterone is an antiandrogen, or antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. It shows minimal systemic absorption when applied to skin.

Clascoterone was developed by Cassiopea and was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2020. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

Absorption (pharmacology)
Absorption is the journey of a drug travelling from the site of administration to the site of action.

The drug travels by some route of administration (oral, topical-dermal, etc.) in a chosen dosage form (e.g., tablets, capsules, or in solution). Absorption by some other routes, such as intravenous therapy, intramuscular injection, enteral nutrition, is even more straightforward and there is less variability in absorption and bioavailability is often near 100%. Intravascular administration does not involve absorption, and there is no loss of drug. The fastest route of absorption is inhalation.

Absorption is a primary focus in drug development and medicinal chemistry, since a drug must be absorbed before any medicinal effects can occur.  Moreover, the drug's pharmacokinetic profile can be easily and significantly changed by adjusting factors that affect absorption.
Josias Jackson
Josias Jackson (1765–1819) was a military man and public figure in Saint Vincent and the United Kingdom. He was member of parliament for Southampton from 1807 to 1812.

Jackson was the son of Josias Jackson, MD, a planter in St Vincent, and Elizabeth Gerrald, of Saint Kitts. He served in the Carib War of 1795. In 1803 he moved to Southampton, where he served as colonel of the Volunteers and was elected MP in 1807. He stood down at the general election of 1812. He died in Saint Vincent on 30 August 1819.

1807 United Kingdom general election
The 1807 United Kingdom general election was the third general election after the Acts of Union 1800, held from 4 May 1807 to 9 June 1807.

The third United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 April 1807. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 22 June 1807, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.
Trevor Jones (rower)
Trevor Jones (born October 1, 1997) is a Canadian rower. He was born in Pointe-Claire, Quebec and his hometown was Lakefield, Ontario. Jones is a two time World U23 champion in the single sculls event.

World Rowing U23 Championships
World Rowing U23 Championships  is an international rowing regatta organized by the World Rowing Federation. Rowers can compete in U23 events until December 31 of the year in which they turn 22. The World Rowing U23 Championship is just under a week long and consists of a progression system to advance from heats to finals. The regatta has 22 boat classes, which includes the 8 lightweight boat classes.
Sod shock tube
The Sod shock tube problem, named after Gary A. Sod, is a common test for the accuracy of computational fluid codes, like Riemann solvers,  and was heavily investigated by Sod in 1978.
The test consists of a one-dimensional Riemann problem with the following parameters, for left and right states of an ideal gas.

,

where

is the density
  is the pressure
 is the velocity

The time evolution of this problem can be described by solving the Euler equations,
which leads to three characteristics, describing the propagation speed of the
various regions of the system. Namely the rarefaction wave, the contact discontinuity and
the shock discontinuity.
If this is solved numerically, one can test against the analytical solution,
and get information how well a code captures and resolves shocks and contact discontinuities
and reproduce the correct density profile of the rarefaction wave.

Rarefaction
Rarefaction is the reduction of an item's density, the opposite of compression. Like compression, which can travel in waves (sound waves, for instance), rarefaction waves also exist in nature. A common rarefaction wave is the area of low relative pressure following a shock wave (see picture).

Rarefaction waves expand with time (much like sea waves spread out as they reach a beach); in most cases rarefaction waves keep the same overall profile ('shape') at all times throughout the wave's movement: it is a self-similar expansion. Each part of the wave travels at the local speed of sound, in the local medium. This expansion behaviour contrasts with that of pressure increases, which gets narrower with time until they steepen into shock waves.
New Jersey Register
The New Jersey Register is the official journal of the Government of New Jersey that contains information on proposed regulations and rulemaking activities.  It is published semimonthly by the state's Office of Administrative Law.  The first issue was printed and published by the New Jersey Law Journal on September 25, 1969.

Government gazette
A government gazette (also known as an official gazette, official journal, official newspaper, official monitor or official bulletin) is a periodical publication that has been authorised to publish public or legal notices. It is usually established by statute or official action, and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.
Gazettes are published either in print, electronically or both.
Philosophy in Canada
The study and teaching of philosophy in Canada date from the time of New France. Generally, Canadian philosophers have not developed unique forms of philosophical thought; rather, Canadian philosophers have reflected particular views of established European and later American schools of philosophical thought, be it Thomism, Objective Idealism, or Scottish Common Sense Realism. Since the mid-twentieth century the depth and scope of philosophical activity in Canada has increased dramatically. This article focuses on the evolution of epistemology, logic, the philosophy of mind, metaphysics, ethics and metaethics, and continental philosophy in Canada.

Charles Taylor (philosopher)
Charles Margrave Taylor CC GOQ FRSC FBA (born November 5, 1931) is a Canadian philosopher from Montreal, Quebec, and professor emeritus at McGill University best known for his contributions to political philosophy, the philosophy of social science, the history of philosophy, and intellectual history. His work has earned him the Kyoto Prize, the Templeton Prize, the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy, and the John W. Kluge Prize.

In 2007, Taylor served with Gérard Bouchard on the Bouchard–Taylor Commission on reasonable accommodation with regard to cultural differences in the province of Quebec. He has also made contributions to moral philosophy, epistemology, hermeneutics, aesthetics, the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of action.
Mac Lane's planarity criterion
In graph theory, Mac Lane's planarity criterion is a characterisation of planar graphs in terms of their cycle spaces, named after Saunders Mac Lane who published it in 1937. It states that a finite undirected graph is planar if and only if 
the cycle space of the graph (taken modulo 2) has a cycle basis in which each edge of the graph participates in at most two basis vectors.

Cyclomatic number
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the cyclomatic number, circuit rank, cycle rank, corank or nullity of an undirected graph is the minimum number of  edges that must be removed from the graph to break all its cycles, making it into a tree or forest.

The concept was introduced and called the cyclomatic number by Gustav Kirchhoff.
Helix engaddensis
Helix engaddensis is a species of snail common in the Levant, both in Mediterranean, desert and montane climates. It is smaller than the closely related European Garden snail and usually lighter in color. H. engaddensis goes through estivation. It is dormant in the ground during the dry season and emerges after the first rains (in late autumn). Mating takes place soon after emerging. The snails are active through winter (except in high montane regions, where they might be forced into a somewhat unnatural hibernation) and return to an inactive state at the end of the wet season (midspring).

Detailed view of the shell of Helix engaddensis

Cornu aspersum
Cornu aspersum (syn. Helix aspersa, Cryptomphalus aspersus), known by the common name garden snail, is a species of land snail in the family Helicidae, which includes some of the most familiar land snails. Of all terrestrial molluscs, this species may be the most widely known. It was classified under the name Helix aspersa for over two centuries, but the prevailing classification now places it in the genus Cornu.

The Garden Snail is relished as a food item in some areas, but it is also widely regarded as a pest in gardens and in agriculture, especially in regions where it has been introduced accidentally, and where snails are not usually considered to be a menu item.
Woodville Mall
Woodville Mall was an enclosed shopping mall off of Woodville Road (State Route 51) in Northwood, Ohio, outside the city of Toledo, Ohio. The mall opened in 1969 and, after losing most of its stores in the 2000s, became a dead mall. The mall's interior was closed in December 2011 and demolished in March 2014.

Dead mall
A dead mall, also known as a ghost mall or zombie mall, is a shopping mall that has low consumer traffic or is deteriorating in some manner.

Many malls in North America are considered "dead" when they have no surviving anchor store or successor that could attract people to the mall. Without the pedestrian traffic that department stores previously generated, sales volumes decline for almost all stores and rental revenues from those stores can no longer sustain the costly maintenance of the malls.
Saad Al-Houti
Sa'ad Mohammad Abdulaziz Al-Houti (Arabic: سَعْد مُحَمَّد عَبْد الْعَزِيز الْحُوطِيّ; born 24 May 1954) is a Kuwaiti former football midfielder who played for Kuwait in the 1982 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Kuwait SC.

Kuwait SC
Kuwait Sports Club (Arabic: نادي الكويت الرياضي) is a Kuwaiti professional football club based in Kuwait City. Their football team has won Kuwait Premier League 19 times and has won over 50 trophies overall. The club plays in the Al Kuwait Sports Club Stadium located in Kaifan, which is the 5th largest stadium in Kuwait. It is the first Kuwaiti club to ever win an Asian title, having won the 2009 AFC Cup, 2012 AFC Cup and 2013 AFC Cup.
Midhurst Brickworks
Midhurst Brickworks is a former brickworks situated to the south-west of Midhurst, West Sussex in England. The works were sited close to the (now closed) Midhurst Common railway station on the Midhurst to Petersfield (L.S.W.R.) railway line. The works were established in 1913, on land owned by the Cowdray Estate, and closed in 1985. From 1938, the company traded as Midhurst Whites after their main product, white bricks made of sand and lime, which was obtained from the Cocking Lime Works, 5 km (3 mi) south.

Brickworks
A brickworks, also known as a brick factory, is a factory for the manufacturing of bricks, from clay or shale. Usually a brickworks is located on a clay bedrock (the most common material from which bricks are made), often with a quarry for clay on site. In earlier times bricks were made at brickfields, which would be returned to agricultural use after the clay layer was exhausted.
Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
Al-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī (Arabic: السموأل بن يحيى المغربي, c. 1130 – c. 1180), commonly known as Samawʾal al-Maghribi, was a mathematician, astronomer and physician. Born to a Jewish family of Moroccan origin, he concealed his conversion to Islam for many years for fear of offending his father, then openly embraced Islam in 1163 after he had a dream telling him to do so. His father was a rabbi from Morocco named Yehuda ibn Abūn.

Moroccans
Moroccans (Arabic: المغاربة, romanised: al-Maġāriba) are the citizens and nationals of Morocco. The country's population is predominantly composed of Arabs and Berbers. The term also applies more broadly to any people who share a common Moroccan culture and identity, as well as those who natively speak Moroccan Arabic or other languages of Morocco.

In addition to the approximately 37 million residents of Morocco, there is a large Moroccan diaspora. Considerable Moroccan populations can be found in France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands; with smaller notable concentrations in other Arab states as well as Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.
Jake Hanrahan
Jake Hanrahan (born 23 January 1990) is a British journalist and documentary filmmaker from the East Midlands. He reports on underground counterculture, armed conflict, and organised crime. Hanrahan is known for his raw on-the-ground approach to reporting, gaining access to difficult stories and embedding into dangerous communities across the world.

Counterculture
A counterculture is a culture whose values and norms of behavior are opposed to those of the current mainstream society, and sometimes diametrically opposed to mainstream cultural mores. A countercultural movement expresses the ethos and aspirations of a specific population during a well-defined era. When oppositional forces reach critical mass, countercultures can trigger dramatic cultural changes.

Prominent examples of countercultures in the Western world include the Levellers (1645–1650), Bohemianism (1850–1910), the more fragmentary counterculture of the Beat Generation (1944–1964), and the globalized counterculture of the 1960s which in the United States consisted primarily of Hippies and Flower Children (c. 1965–1973, peaking in 1967–1970). Regarding  this last  group, when referring to themselves, counterculture will usually be capitalized and is often hyphenated as: Counter-Culture or Counter-culture.
Geetha Herath
Geetha Rathnakumari Herath is a Sri Lankan politician and a member of the National People's Power. She was elected to the parliament in the 2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election representing Kurunegala Electoral District. She is an executive member of NPP Kurunegala District Lawyers' Association.

Kurunegala Electoral District
Kurunegala electoral district is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Kurunegala in the North Western province. The district currently elects 15 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 1,183,649 registered electors in 2010. The district is Sri Lanka's Electorate Number 15.
Ian Hamilton (advocate)
Ian Robertson Hamilton KC (13 September 1925 – 3 October 2022) was a Scottish lawyer and nationalist, best known for his part in the return of the Stone of Destiny from Westminster Abbey to Arbroath Abbey in 1950.

Monarch
A monarch (/ˈmɒnərk/) is a head of state for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch usually exercises the highest authority and power in the state. Usually, a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights (often referred to as the throne or the crown) or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may proclaim oneself monarch, or even usurp power, as many Ancient Greek tyrants did. If a young child is crowned the monarch, then a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule.
Anthony Opal
Anthony Opal is an American poet, translator, and editor. His books include Action (2014), Procession (2020), and The Roof Above Our Heads (2021), as well as translations of Hatano Soha, Taneda Santoka, Kobayashi Issa, and a linguistic survey on the Book of Jonah. His work has appeared in various magazines and journals, including Poetry, Boston Review, Harvard Divinity Bulletin, and Notre Dame Review.

A contributor to the contemporary sonnet form, Douglas Kearney describes Opal’s work as "adroit and contemplative," writing that Opal's poems "don't only fuck with ideas of the holy, they seek them out." Likewise, in The Conversant, Luke Fidler writes of Opal juxtaposing both images and "modes of experience, of remembering, of anticipating".

Opal received a BA in English literature from Elmhurst University and an MFA in creative writing from Northwestern University. He lives in Chicago, IL, where he edits The Economy Magazine + Press.

Santōka Taneda
Santōka Taneda (種田 山頭火, Taneda Santōka, December 3, 1882 – October 11, 1940) was the pen-name of Shōichi Taneda (種田 正一, Taneda Shōichi), a Japanese author and haiku poet. He is known for his free verse haiku—a style which does not conform to the formal rules of traditional haiku.
2015 Brisbane International – Men's doubles
Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Daniel Nestor are the defending champions, but chose not to participate together. Fyrstenberg played with Santiago González and lost in the first round to Robert Lindstedt and Marcin Matkowski. Nestor played with Rohan Bopanna and lost in the first round to Alexandr Dolgopolov and Kei Nishikori. 
Jamie Murray and John Peers won the title, defeating Dolgopolov and Nishikori  in the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–4).

Marcin Matkowski
Marcin Matkowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈmartɕin matˈkɔfskʲi]; born 15 January 1981) is a Polish former professional tennis player whose speciality is in doubles. He played college tennis at UCLA, where Jean-Julien Rojer was one of his teammates. Matkowski and Mariusz Fyrstenberg won the Madrid Open twice, in addition to reaching the final at the US Open. The duo also reached the final of the ATP Finals and participated six times at the event overall. Matkowski won 18 doubles title in his career and achieved a highest ranking in doubles of world No. 7 in July 2012.
Exiguobacterium sibiricum
Exiguobacterium sibiricum is a bacterium. The DR11 strain of these bacteria has been found to eat polystyrene. It was discovered in India, in wetlands by researchers in Shiv Nadar University. It was discovered alongside Exiguobacterium undrae strain DR14.

Strain (biology)
In biology, a strain is a genetic variant, a subtype or a culture within a biological species. Strains are often seen as inherently artificial concepts, characterized by a specific intent for genetic isolation. This is most easily observed in microbiology where strains are derived from a single cell colony and are typically quarantined by the physical constraints of a Petri dish. Strains are also commonly referred to within virology, botany, and with rodents used in experimental studies.