hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peter von Glehn
Peter von Glehn (Russian: Пётр Петрович Глен, romanized: Pyotr Petrovič Glen; 8 November [O.S. 27 October] 1835 in Jelgimeggi Manor – 16 April [O.S. 4 April] 1876 in Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German botanist.

Peter von Glehn was born in the Jelgimeggi manor (Jälgimäe) in 1835, to a Baltic German landowner, member of the Glehn family, Peter von Glehn (1796–1843) and Auguste Caroline Marie Burchart von Bellavary, member of the Burchardt family who took care of the Town Hall Pharmacy in Reval. He had 2 younger brothers: Nikolai (1841–1923), the founder of Nömme (Nõmme), and Len von Glehn, (1844-1920), and 3 sisters: Marie Elisabeth (1840–????), Julie Wilhelmine (1842–1867) and Marie (1843–1884).

He graduated at the Imperial University of Dorpat (Tartu) with a gold medal.

Glehn's Spruce (Picea glehnii), a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae, is named after Peter von Glehn.

Nõmme
Nõmme (Estonian for 'heath') is one of the eight administrative districts (Estonian: linnaosa) of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. It has a population of 37,147 (As of 1 August 2025) and covers an area of 28 km2 (11 sq mi), population density is 1,326.7/km2 (3,436/sq mi). The district is largely a middle-class, suburban area, mostly consisting of listed private homes from the 1920s and 1930s and is sometimes referred to as the "Forest Town."
Thuvarankurichi
Thuvarankurichi  (also spelled as Tovarankurichchi or Thuvarankurichy) is a town in Tiruchirappalli district in the Chola Nadu region of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is situated 65 kilometers away from both Tiruchirappalli and Madurai.It is also meeting point of 5 districts: Tiruchirappalli, Madurai, Dindigul, Pudukkottai,Sivaganga. The town is located within the drainage basin of the Vellar River Raja college of Allied Health Science and Hotel Management College  located at Thuvarankurichi.

Tiruchirappalli district
Tiruchirappalli district is one of the 38 districts, located along the Kaveri River, in Tamil Nadu, India. The headquarters of the district is the city of Tiruchirappalli.

During the British Raj, the district was referred to as Trichinopoly, and was a district of the Madras Presidency; it was renamed upon India's declaration of independence in 1947. The district is spread over an area of 4,404 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi) and had a population of 2,722,290 in 2011.
Andreas Clemens
Andreas Clemens (born 6 May 1966) is a German physician and pharmaceutical executive. He is a specialist in internal medicine, endocrinology, and diabetology and has held senior leadership positions in medical development and medical affairs within the global pharmaceutical industry. He currently serves as Executive Director and Global Head of Medical Affairs, Immunology at Novartis.

University of Mainz
The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (German: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) is a public research university in Mainz, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany. It has been named after the printer Johannes Gutenberg since 1946. As of 2018, it had approximately 32,000 students enrolled in around 100 academic programs. The university is organized into 11 faculties.

The university is a member of the German U15, a group of fifteen major research and medical universities in Germany. It also participates in the IT-Cluster Rhine-Main-Neckar and forms part of the Rhine-Main-Universities (RMU) along with Goethe University Frankfurt and Technische Universität Darmstadt.

The first university of Mainz was founded in 1477, it is one of the oldest universities in Europe, although it was later closed and re-founded 148 years later.
Anuj Dal
Anuj Kailash Dal (born 8 July 1996) is an English cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Derbyshire in the 2018 t20 Blast on 8 July 2018. He made his List A debut on 26 April 2019 for Derbyshire in the 2019 Royal London One-Day Cup. In September 2021, in the 2021 County Championship, Dal scored his maiden century in first-class cricket.

2018 T20 Blast
The 2018 Vitality Blast was the sixteenth edition of the T20 Blast currently known as the Vitality Blast, a professional Twenty20 cricket league in England and Wales. It was the first season in which the domestic T20 competition, run by the ECB, has been branded as the Vitality Blast due to a new sponsorship deal. The league consisted of the 18 first-class county teams divided into two divisions of nine teams each with fixtures played between July and September. The final day took place at Edgbaston Cricket Ground in Birmingham on 15 September 2018.

Nottinghamshire Outlaws were the champions going into the tournament having beaten the Birmingham Bears by 22 runs in the 2017 final.
Mike Cowlishaw
Michael Frederic Cowlishaw is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. and sometime visiting professor at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Warwick.  He is a retired IBM Fellow, and was a Fellow of the Institute of Engineering and Technology, and the British Computer Society. He was educated at Monkton Combe School and the University of Birmingham.

Institute of Engineering and Technology
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow (IET, Lucknow) is a state government-funded technical institute located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The institute was established in 1984 as the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Lucknow, and was subsequently reorganised as an independent institute. It is autonomous in nature and has been affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University since 2000.
Jamiołki-Świetliki
Jamiołki-Świetliki (Polish pronunciation: [jaˈmjɔwkʲi ɕfjɛˈtlikʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokoły, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

Gmina Sokoły
Gmina Sokoły is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Sokoły, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Wysokie Mazowieckie and 35 km (22 mi) south-west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 155.57 square kilometres (60.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,952 (5,843 in 2013).
Rodenbek (river)
The Rodenbek is a right-hand, northern tributary of the River Alster in North Germany and, together with the Bredenbek and Lottbek, as well as other small streams, is part of the meltwater basin of the Rodenbek Glacial Valley (Rodenbeker Quellental) that was formed in the Weichselian Ice Age.

Like the other rivers in the glacial valley, the Rodenbek flows in an east–west direction to the Alster, a tributary of the Elbe.

As well as being home to fish that occur in the Alster, burbot, sunbleak, common dace and stickleback have also been observed in the Rodenbek. The ponds of the Rodenbeker Teiche, 2.8 hectares in area, with their water lilies are looked after by members of an angling club in Rahlstedt (Sportfischerverein Rahlstedt von 1934 e.V.) and stocked with carp, tench, pike, perch and eel.

Leucaspius
Leucaspius is a monospecific genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Leuciscinae, of the family Leuciscidae. The only species in this genus is Leucaspius delineatus, known as the sunbleak, belica or moderlieschen. Thus species is found in Europe and Western Asia.
2020 Colorado Proposition EE
Colorado Proposition EE (also the Taxes on Nicotine Products Proposition) was a legislative referendum that appeared on ballots in Colorado in the November 2020 elections. It was a proposal to increase taxes on nicotine products and place a new tax on vaping products.

Legislative referral
A legislative referral (or legislative referendum) is a referendum in which a legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote. This may either be voluntarily or, as is the case in many countries for a constitutional amendment, as a mandatory part of the procedure for passing a law. These referrals, depending on the location, can either amend a constitution or enact a change in statute. It is a form of direct democracy. In some places it is known as an authorities referendum, authorities plebiscite, government initiated referendum, or top-down referendum It may originate from the legislative branch, executive branch, or a combination of the two.

An instrument of direct democracy, it is in contrast to citizens (or "bottom-up") initiative that is initiated from the public. With initiated statutes and amendments, voters both initiate and decide on the change of law. In a legislative referral, they only approve or reject laws which their legislature votes to place before them.
Gotshelm
Gotshelm (floruit 1086) was an Anglo-Norman magnate and one of the 52 Devon Domesday Book tenants-in-chief of King William the Conqueror and was also a Cornwall Domesday Book tenant-in-chief. He is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as holding 28 estates or manors in Devon from the king. His brother was Walter de Claville (floruit 1086), also a Devon Domesday Book tenant-in-chief, who held 32 estates or manors in Devon from the king.

The Devonshire estates of both brothers later formed part of the feudal barony of Gloucester.

Feudal land tenure in England
Under the English feudal system several different forms of land tenure existed, each effectively a contract with differing rights and duties attached thereto. Such tenures could be either free-hold if they were hereditable or perpetual or non-free if they terminated on the tenant's death or at an earlier specified period.
Simple Verses
Simple Verses (Spanish: Versos sencillos) is a poetry collection by Cuban writer and independence hero José Martí. Published in October 1891, it was the last of Martí's works to be printed before his death in 1895. Originally written in Spanish, it has been translated into over ten languages. Among the poems in the collection are Yo soy un hombre sincero (I), Si ves un monte de espumas (V) and Cultivo una rosa blanca (XXXIX). Verses pruned from various poems were adapted into the folk song "Guantanamera", which is the most popular patriotic song of Cuba and was popularized in the US in the 1960s during the American folk music revival.

Guantanamera
"Guantanamera" (pronounced [ɡwantanaˈmeɾa]; Spanish for 'The woman from Guantánamo') is a Cuban patriotic song with lyrics from a poem by the Cuban poet José Martí. It is an expression of love for Cuba and of solidarity with the poor people of the world.

The official writing credits have been given to Joseíto Fernández, who first popularized the song on radio as early as 1929 (although it is unclear when the first release as a record occurred). In 1966, a version by American vocal group the Sandpipers, based on an arrangement by the Weavers from their May 1963 Carnegie Hall Reunion concert, became an international hit. The song has notably been covered or interpreted by Celia Cruz, Compay Segundo and Wyclef Jean.
1984 Nations motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1984 Nations motorcycle Grand Prix was the second race of the 1984 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 13–15 April 1984 at the Circuito Internazionale Santa Monica.

Misano World Circuit
The Misano World Circuit (officially known as Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli or Misano Circuit Sic 58, and before 2006 called Circuito Internazionale Santa Monica Misano) is a 4.226 km (2.626 mi) race track located next to the town of Misano Adriatico (Province of Rimini) in the frazione of Santa Monica-Cella. Originally designed in 1969 as a length of 3.488 km (2.167 mi), it hosted its first event in 1972. In 1993, the track length was increased to 4.064 km (2.525 mi).

As of 2007, it began hosting the San Marino and Rimini Riviera motorcycle Grand Prix as part of the MotoGP World Championship.

In 2012, the track was renamed to commemorate Marco Simoncelli, a local motorcycle racer who died in 2011.
Dufferin Parish, New Brunswick
Dufferin is a geographic parish in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Canada, located east of St. Stephen.

For governance purposes, the entire parish is part of the town of the Municipal District of St. Stephen, which is a member of the Southwest New Brunswick Service Commission.

Prior to the 2023 governance reform, it comprised a single local service district (LSD), which was a member of the Southwest New Brunswick Service Commission (SNBSC).

The Census subdivision of the same name shares the parish's boundaries.

2023 New Brunswick local governance reform
Local governance reform in the Canadian province of New Brunswick was implemented on January 1, 2023. This resulted in a significant reorganization of the local government entities in the province, including a reduction in the number of entities from 340 to 89, consisting of 77 local governments and 12 rural districts nested within 12 regional service commissions. The local governance reform review was commenced by the Government of New Brunswick in January 2021 and was promoted as the most consequential restructuring of the local governance system since Premier Robichaud's Equal Opportunity Program.
Larimer (surname)
Larimer is an occupational surname, denoting individuals who made stirrup irons, spurs and other metal articles that people used with horses. Notable people with the surname include:

David G. Larimer (born 1944), United States federal judge

Jeff Larimer, (born 1981), canoeist

Marc Larimer (1890-1919), fencer

Mary E. Larimer, psychologist

Smith Larimer (1828-1881), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient

William Larimer, Jr. (1809–1875), Kansas state senator and founder of the city of Denver

Smith Larimer
Smith Larimer (March 17, 1829 – February 20, 1881) was a corporal in the 2nd Ohio Cavalry, Union Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions at the Battle of Sayler's Creek in the American Civil War.
Vanambadi
Vanambadi (/vɑːnəmbɑːdi/ transl. Skylark) is a 1963 Indian Tamil-language thriller film, directed by G. R. Nathan, produced by K. Murukesan and Kannadasan, and written by Valampuri Somanathan. A remake of the 1957 Bengali film Sesh Porichoy, it stars S. S. Rajendran and Devika, with R. Muthuraman, S. V. Sahasranamam, T. R. Rajakumari, T. R. Ramachandran, R. S. Manohar, Pushpalatha, Sheela and Kamal Haasan. The film was released on 9 March 1963 and emerged a success.

R. S. Manohar
Rasipuram Subramaniyan Iyer Manohar (29 June 1925 – 10 January 2006) was an Indian actor who performed roles ranging from hero to villain to comedic characters. He was born at Namakkal in 1925. He  acted in over 200 films. He is known for his versatility and dominating personality. He is also known as Nadaga Kavalar for his love of stage plays and his undeterred passion in continuing to stage mythological plays almost his entire life.
George Bazeley
George Bazeley (born 19 January 1984, in Echuca, Victoria) is an Australian field hockey player. He plays the position of goalkeeper. Bazeley is a member of The Kookaburras, the Australia men's national field hockey team. He represents the Victorian Vikings in the Australian Hockey League domestic competition and Uttar Pradesh Wizards in the Hockey India League. He made his international debut in the Australian national team in January 2009 against the Netherlands. He won a gold medal at the 2010 FIH World Cup in Delhi, India. He won 3 consecutive gold medals at the 2009, 2010 and 2011 FIH Hockey Champions Trophy tournaments. He is a member of 2012 Summer Olympics Australian men's national squad and is trying to secure a spot on the team so he can represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Hockey India League
Hockey India League is a professional field hockey league in India. It is organized by Hockey India, the governing body for the sport in India. It is considered one of the major sports leagues of the country.

It was founded in 2013 as a part of Hockey India's attempt to develop an International Hockey Federation sanctioned league after the un-sanctioned World Series Hockey, began in 2012. The first season took place in 2013. It proved to be a financial success for Hockey India, who were in financial disarray before the league began. In 2015, it was reported that the federation earned a profit from multiple revenues.

The most recent champions of the league are SG Pipers Hockey in the women's edition and Kalinga Lancers in the men's edition.
Herman Hedrich
Herman Hedrich (December 21, 1849 – November 12, 1929) was an American politician and farmer.

Born in Stanau, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, German Confederation, Hedrick and his parents emigrated to the United States in 1852 and settled on a farm in the Town of Mosel in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin. Hedrich then bought land in the Town of Rantoul, Calumet County, Wisconsin, in 1868, and started a farm. During that time, Hedrich was chairman of the Rantoul Town Board and served on the Calumet County Board of Supervisors. He also served as school district clerk. In 1900, Hedrich moved to the Town of Holton, Marathon County, Wisconsin to a dairy farm near Dorchester, Wisconsin. He served as chairman of the Holton Town Board and on the Marathon County Board of Supervisors and was a Republican. In 1908, Hedrich retired. In 1917, Hedrich served in the Wisconsin State Assembly from Marathon County, Wisconsin. He purchased a house in Abbotsford, Wisconsin and died there.

Sheboygan County, Wisconsin
Sheboygan County (/ʃɪˈbɔɪɡən/ ⓘ) is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is named after the Sheboygan River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 118,034. Its county seat is Sheboygan. The county was created in 1836 and organized in 1846. At the time, it was located in the Wisconsin Territory. Sheboygan County comprises the Sheboygan, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Part of the Holyland region is located in northwestern Sheboygan County.
Mohammad Farooq Shah
Mohammad Farooq Shah (1944–1990) commonly known as Mirwaiz Moulvi Farooq, was a prominent Kashmiri religious leader and political figure. As the Mirwaiz of Kashmir, he served as the head cleric of historic Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, and led the All Jammu and Kashmir Awami Action Committee (ACC), a coalition of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir that sought resolution of the Kashmir conflict.

Hazratbal Shrine
The Hazratbal Shrine, also known as Dargah Hazratbal, is a Sufi dargah and mosque located in Hazratbal area of Srinagar, in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The shrine houses the Moi-e-Muqqadas, a relic traditionally believed to be a hair strand of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. The shrine is situated on the northern bank of Dal Lake in Srinagar and is regarded by many Muslims as the holiest Islamic religious sites in Kashmir.
2019 Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council election
The 2019 Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council election to elect members of Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council in England took place on 2 May 2019. This was on the same day as other local elections.

One third of the council stood for election, with each successful candidate serving a four-year term of office, expiring in 2023. Prior to the election the council had been in a state of no overall control, with the Labour Party running a minority administration through a confidence and supply arrangement with The Liberal Democrats. In the election the Labour Party gained six seats and was therefore capable of forming a majority administration thereafter.

Confidence and supply
In parliamentary democracies, especially those based on the Westminster system, confidence and supply is an arrangement under which a minority government (one which does not control a majority in the legislature) receives the support of one or more parties or independent MPs on confidence votes and the state budget ("supply"). On issues other than those outlined in the confidence and supply agreement, non-government partners to the agreement are not bound to support the government on any given piece of legislation.

A coalition government is a more formal arrangement than a confidence-and-supply agreement in which junior parties (i.e., parties other than the largest) are generally expected to hold the government whip on passing legislation and formally participate in the government, with members holding office in the cabinet and ministerial roles.
Abhaya Malla
Abhaya Malla (Nepali: अभय मल्ल) was the second Malla king of Nepal and a son of Aridev Malla. He succeeded his father in 1216 and died during the 1255 earthquake which wiped out a third of the population of the Kathmandu Valley.

Kingdom of Bhaktapur
The Kingdom of Bhaktapur (Nepali: भक्तपुर राज्य, Bhaktapura Rājya), also known as Bhadgaon, was a kingdom ruled by the Malla dynasty of Nepal from 15th century until its annexation in the 18th century. It was established in 1482 after King Yaksha Malla died and his sons divided the valley into four kingdoms: Bhaktapur, Kantipur, Patan, and Banepa. Banepa, however, was soon annexed by or submitted itself to Bhaktapur.

In 1769, It became part of the Gorkha Kingdom―present day Kingdom of Nepal―after an aggressive unification campaign launched by Prithvi Narayan Shah.
Mercury Passage
The Mercury Passage is a waterway located on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia, separating Maria Island from the Tasmanian mainland. The passage connects to the Tasman Sea and is known for its rich marine ecosystems, scenic coastal landscapes, and significance to Tasmania's aquaculture and tourism industries.

Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) across and about 2,800 km (1,700 mi) from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who in 1642 was the first known European to cross it. British explorer Lieutenant James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s during his three voyages of exploration.

The Māori people of New Zealand call this sea Te Moana-a-Rehua meaning 'the sea of Rehua' which clashes with the Pacific waters named Te Tai-o-Whitirea ('the sea of Whitirea') – after Whitirea, Rehua's lover – at Cape Reinga, the northernmost tip of North Island.
Kavaklı, Sason
Kavaklı (Kurdish: Helîn) is a village in the Sason District, Batman Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Timok tribe and had a population of 158 in 2021.

The hamlets of Koçak (Çemê Baranê) and Tepecik (Çemê Kesê) are attached to the village.

Sason District
Sason District is a district of the Batman Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Sason. Its area is 706 km2, and its population is 30,182 (2021). It was formerly part of the sanjak of Siirt, which was in Diyarbakır vilayet until 1880 and in Bitlis Vilayet in 1892. Later it became part of Muş sanjak in Bitlis vilayet, and remained part of Muş until 1927. It was one of the districts of Siirt province until 1993. The boundaries of the district varied considerably in time. The current borders are not the same as in the 19th century, when the district of Sasun was situated more to the north (mostly territory now included in the central district of Muş).
Phonetic notation of the American Heritage Dictionary
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (abbreviated AHD) uses a phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet to transcribe the pronunciation of spoken English. It and similar respelling systems, such as those used by the Merriam-Webster and Random House dictionaries, are familiar to US schoolchildren.

The following tables show the AHD representations of English phonemes, along with the IPA equivalents as used on Wikipedia.

Merriam-Webster
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated is an American company that publishes reference books and is mostly known for its dictionaries. It is the oldest dictionary publisher in the United States.

In 1831, George and Charles Merriam founded the company as G & C Merriam Co. in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1843, after Noah Webster died, the company bought the rights to An American Dictionary of the English Language from Webster's estate. All Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their lineage to this source.

In 1964, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., acquired Merriam-Webster, Inc., as a subsidiary. The company adopted its current name, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, in 1982.