hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Topological graph theory
In mathematics, topological graph theory is a branch of graph theory. It studies the embedding of graphs in surfaces, spatial embeddings of graphs, and graphs as topological spaces. It also studies immersions of graphs.

Embedding a graph in a surface means that we want to draw the graph on a surface, a sphere for example, without two edges intersecting. A basic embedding problem often presented as a mathematical puzzle is the three utilities problem. Other applications can be found in printing electronic circuits where the aim is to print (embed) a circuit (the graph) on a circuit board (the surface) without two connections crossing each other and resulting in a short circuit.

Short circuit
A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to "short" or "s/c") is an electrical circuit that allows an electric current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit.

The opposite of a short circuit is an open circuit, which is an infinite resistance (or very high impedance) between two nodes.
Western Sydney Leadership Dialogue
Western Sydney Leadership Dialogue is a not-for-profit organisation based in Sydney, Australia. It advocates the needs of the Western Sydney region by facilitating communication between Sydney's key opinion leaders in education, government and the wider community. The Dialogue works closely with organisations including the Western Sydney Business Chamber, Western Sydney Community Forum, Western Sydney University (WSU) and various state and local government groups.

Western Sydney University
Western Sydney University, formerly the University of Western Sydney, is an Australian multi-campus public research university in the Greater Western region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The university in its current form was founded in 1989 as a federated network university with an amalgamation between the Nepean College of Advanced Education and the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. The Macarthur Institute of Higher Education was incorporated in the university in 1989. In 2001, the University of Western Sydney was restructured as a single multi-campus university rather than as a federation. In 2015, the university underwent a rebranding which resulted in a change in name from the University of Western Sydney to Western Sydney University. It is a provider of undergraduate, postgraduate, and higher research degrees with campuses in Bankstown, Blacktown, Campbelltown, Hawkesbury, Liverpool, Parramatta, Penrith, and Surabaya.
2024 Internazionali Femminili di Brescia – Doubles
Mai Hontama and Moyuka Uchijima are the defending champions but Hontama chose not to participate, and Uchijima chose to compete at the French Open instead.

Yvonne Cavallé Reimers and Aurora Zantedeschi won the title, defeating Zhibek Kulambayeva and Ekaterina Reyngold in the final, 3–6, 7–5, [10–6].

Moyuka Uchijima
Moyuka Uchijima (内島 萌夏, Uchijima Moyuka; born 11 August 2001) is a Japanese professional tennis player of Malaysian extraction.
She has a career-high WTA singles ranking of world No. 47, achieved on 5 May 2025, and a doubles No. 86, reached on 21 July 2025. She has won 13 titles in singles and 11 in doubles on the ITF Circuit. She is the current Japanese No. 2 player.
Samu Manchón
Samuel González Martínez (born 17 February 1997), known as Samu Manchón, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Segunda Federación club Gimnástica Segoviana. Mainly an attacking midfielder, he can also play as a winger or a right back.

Gimnástica Segoviana CF
Gimnástica Segoviana Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football team based in Segovia, the capital of the namesake province, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded in 1928 as Sociedad Deportiva Gimnástica Segoviana, it plays in Segunda Federación – Group 1, holding home games at Estadio La Albuera, which has a capacity of 6,000 spectators (5,326 in terrace areas and 674 in the tribunes).
Final Score (2007 film)
Final Score (Thai: 365 วันตามติดชีวิตเด็กเอ็นท์ or 365 Wan Tam Tid Cheewit Dek Ent) is a 2007 Thai documentary film directed by Soraya Nagasuwan and produced by Jira Maligool. The film follows four Mattayom 6 students for one year as they take their university entrance exams.

2007 in film
The following is an overview of events in 2007 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths. The highest-grossing film of the year was Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, which was just marginally ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. 2007 is often considered one of the greatest years for film in the 21st century. It was also the last year to never have a film gross $1 billion until 2020.
Titan the Robot
Titan the Robot (often referred to as Titan) is a robotic entertainment show developed by the British company Cyberstein Robotics Ltd. It is approximately 8 feet tall and weighs 60 kg (9.4 st) which increases to 350 kg (55 st) including the cart it rides on and onboard equipment. It is enhanced by various actuators and electronic devices, resembling a humanoid robot, that is worn by an actor who moves the appendages of the costume and controls electronic functions like sound effects from the inside of the costume.

The robot was designed by Nik Fielding, who runs Cyberstein from Newquay, Cornwall, England. Titan has performed at a variety of public and private events, such as the Commonwealth Games, Bar Mitzvahs UK shopping centres, television fundraisers and live concerts. Entered the Chinese market in 2018 and operated by Tuxuan Robotics.

Appendage
An appendage (or outgrowth) is an external body part or natural prolongation that protrudes from an organism's body such as an arm or a leg. Hair, scales, and feathers are cutaneous appendages.

Protrusions from single-celled bacteria and archaea are known as cell-surface appendages or surface appendages. In many kinds of eukaryotic cells, the protrusions are known as membrane protrusions or cell appendages (examples include microvilli and cilia).
HMS Sainfoin
HMS Sainfoin was a landing ship, infantry of the Royal Navy that was built in 1943 by Consolidated Steel Corporation, Wilmington, California, United States as the merchant vessel Cape Washington. She was transferred to the Ministry of War Transport in 1944 and renamed Empire Crossbow. Later that year, she was requisitioned by the Royal Navy and commissioned as HMS Sainfoin, with the pennant number F183. In 1946, she was returned to merchant service as Empire Crossbow. She was transferred to the United States in 1947 and renamed Cape Washington. The ship was then laid up until scrapped in 1964.

Pennant number
In the Royal Navy and other navies of Europe and the Commonwealth of Nations, ships are identified by pennant number (an internationalisation of pendant number, which it was called before 1948). Historically, naval ships flew a flag that identified a flotilla or type of vessel. For example, the Royal Navy used a red burgee for torpedo boats and a pennant with an H for torpedo boat destroyers. Adding a number to the type-identifying flag uniquely identified each ship.

In the current system, a letter prefix, called a flag superior, identifies the type of ship, and numerical suffix, called a flag inferior, uniquely identifies an individual ship. Not all pennant numbers have a flag superior.
Czekaj, Łódź Voivodeship
Czekaj [ˈt͡ʂɛkai̯] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Uniejów, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-east of Uniejów, 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Poddębice, and 50 km (31 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Vladimír Špaček
Vladimír Špaček (born October 29, 1939 in Trenčín) is a Czechoslovak sprint canoer who competed in the early 1960s. At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, he was disqualified in the heats of the K-1 4 × 500 m event.

Trenčín
Trenčín (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈtrentʂiːn] ⓘ, also known by other alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech border, around 95 km (59 mi) from Bratislava. It has a population of more than 55,000, which makes it the eighth largest municipality of the country and is the seat of the Trenčín Region and the Trenčín District. It has a medieval castle, Trenčín Castle, on a rock above the city.

Trenčín is chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2026.
Forræder - Ukendt Grund
Forræder - Ukendt Grund is the first to consist of civilians of Forræder, the Danish adaptation of The Traitors and the third series to air overall. The season is hosted by Martin Johannes Larsen who replaces Lise Rønne from the first two seasons.

17 ordinary Danes compete against one another to deduce who is faithful and who is a traitor in order to win the grand prize of 250,000kr. The series was filmed on Hvedholm Castle on the island of Funen near Faaborg. The series premiered on TV 2 Echo on 12 October 2024. The series concluded on 30 November 2024 where Marc Karaket Bach Nielsen won as a traitor against faithful William Quist to win the final grand prize of 199,000kr. and was crowned the winner of Forræder - Ukendt Grund.

TV 2 Echo
TV 2 Echo is a Danish television station which replaced TV 2 Zulu on 27 March 2023.
It is primarily aimed at viewers between 20 and 30 years of age. It started in 2018 as a social media-based platform for young people before becoming a TV channel when it replaced TV 2 Zulu.

It holds its annual EchoPrisen awards every year since 2023, created as a replacement for the Zulu Awards from the channel's predecessor.
2007 Nevelsk earthquake
The 2007 Nevelsk earthquake affected the island of Sakhalin in Russia and generated a tsunami along its coast. The Mw 6.2 shock occurred at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi), and had an epicenter located 20 km (12 mi) off the coast of Kholmsk at 13:37 local time (MAGT) on 2 August. It was caused by reverse faulting on a north–south striking and west dipping fault. More than 1,800 aftershocks were recorded by the end of the year. At least four people died and at least 12 were injured. It rendered 250 buildings uninhabitable due to their severity of damage and left 8,000 people homeless. Three tsunami waves struck the island's coast with a maximum height of 3.2 m (10 ft), and small waves were observed in Hokkaido, Japan; no damage occurred.

Magadan Time
Magadan Time (MAGT) (Russian: магада́нское вре́мя, magadanskoye vremya) is a time zone in Russia, named after Magadan, the administrative center of Magadan Oblast. It is 11 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+11) and 8 hours ahead of Moscow Time (MSK+8).

Between 26 October 2014 and 24 April 2016, Magadan Oblast was in UTC+10 (MSK+7), that is Vladivostok Time. During this time, the UTC+11:00 (MSK+8) time zone was named Srednekolymsk Time, and was used by only 27,000 residents in the eastern districts of the Sakha Republic and northern Kuril Islands.

The time in Magadan has been as follows:
Sakra Guerrero
Sakra del Valle Guerrero Roldán (born 30 January 2000) is a Venezuelan model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Venezuela International 2023. She represented Guárico state at the Miss Venezuela 2023 pageant. She competed at Miss International 2024, where she was the 3rd runner-up.

Venezuelans
Venezuelans (Spanish: venezolanos) are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela. This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela.

Venezuela is a diverse and multilingual country, home to a melting pot of people of distinct origins. As a result, many Venezuelans do not regard their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship or allegiance. From the 1820s to 1930s Venezuela received 2.1 million European immigrants, the third most in Latin America, behind Argentina and Brazil.
Roland Godin
Roland Godin (11 October 1926 – 22 June 2009) was a Ralliement créditiste and Social Credit party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a manager by career.

Godin was born in Neuville, Quebec. He was first elected to Parliament at the Portneuf riding in the 1965 general election and re-elected in the 1968 and 1972. From 1966 to 1971, his party was known as the Ralliement créditiste. Godin was defeated in the 1974 federal election by Pierre Bussières of the Liberal party.

He ran for the Ralliement créditiste du Québec in the 1976 provincial election and finished fourth against Liberal incumbent Michel Pagé in Portneuf.

Godin died at Donnacona, Quebec on 22 June 2009.

Note: Ralliement créditiste vote is compared to Social Credit vote in the 1963 election.

Social Credit Party of Canada
The Social Credit Party of Canada (French: Parti Crédit social du Canada), colloquially known as the Socreds, was a populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform. It was the federal wing of the Canadian social credit movement.
Peter Leigh
Peter Leigh (4 March 1939 – 11 February 2024) was an English professional footballer who played as a defender for Manchester City and Crewe Alexandra.

Leigh made his Crewe debut at Barrow on 19 August 1961, and scored his first Crewe goal on the opening day of the 1967–68 season, in a 1–1 draw against Chesterfield F.C. at Gresty Road on 19 August 1967. He went on to set a record for the most first-team appearances for Crewe (473), surpassing his contemporary Eric Barnes (352), only to then himself be surpassed by his defender team-mate Tommy Lowry in 1977.

Leigh died on 11 February 2024, at the age of 84.

Gresty Road
Gresty Road, also known as the Alexandra Stadium and currently known as the Mornflake Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is a football stadium in Crewe, Cheshire, England. It is the home ground of Crewe Alexandra and has an all-seated capacity of 10,153.
Order of Fiji
The Order of Fiji is the highest honour of the Fijian honours system.  Established 1 March 1995, the order is presented for achievement and merit to Fiji and mankind as a whole.  The order is divided into a general division and military division, and is presented in three classes, with an associated medal.

The President of Fiji serves as the chancellor of the order and also as the order's Principal Companion.  Following their terms of office, former Presidents remain as Companions of the Order of Fiji.

The Order of Fiji has been a Commonwealth honour ever since Fiji returned to its membership of the Commonwealth in October 1997, albeit, as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations

Order (distinction)
An order is a visible honour awarded by a sovereign state, monarch, dynastic house or organisation to a person, typically in recognition of individual merit, that often comes with distinctive insignia such as collars, medals, badges, and sashes worn by recipients.

Modern honour systems of state orders and dynastic orders emerged from the culture of  orders of chivalry of the Middle Ages, which in turn emerged from the Catholic religious orders.
Phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase
In enzymology, a phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase (EC 1.14.12.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

phthalate + NADH + H+ + O2  cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate + NAD+

The 4 substrates of this enzyme are phthalate, NADH, H+, and O2, whereas its two products are cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate and NAD+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the other donor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is phthalate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4,5-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include PDO, and phthalate dioxygenase.  This enzyme participates in 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation.  It has 3 cofactors: iron, FMN,  and Iron-sulfur.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Solemnis (bishop)
Solemnis (French - Solène, Solen or Solenne; died c. 533) was a Christian saint and bishop. He appears in the Acta Sanctorum (Volume VII, 57) for 25 September.

He was made Bishop of Chartres in 483. He split off part of the bishopric of Chartres to create that of Châteaudun and made his brother Aventinus its first bishop. Solène, Vedast (bishop of Arras) and Remigius (bishop of Reims) all contributed to Clovis I's conversion to Christianity. Solène then assisted Remigius in Clovis's baptism in 499 and became the king's catechist. He died in Maillé (now known as Luynes, Indre-et-Loire département).

Vedast
Vedast or Vedastus, also known as Saint Vaast (in Flemish, Norman and Picard) or Saint Waast (also in Picard and Walloon), Saint Gaston in French, and Foster in English (died c. 540) was an early bishop in the Frankish realm. After the victory of Tolbiac Vedast helped instruct the Frankish king Clovis in the Christian faith of his wife, Queen Clotilde.

Opinions differ as to whether Remigius, bishop of Reims, entrusted the diocese of Arras and diocese of Cambrai to Vedast as is traditionally held, or if Vedast was more an itinerant bishop without a specific see.
1966 Japan Air Lines Convair 880 crash
On 26 August 1966, a Japan Air Lines Convair 880-22M crashed and burst into flames shortly after takeoff from Haneda Airport. There were no passengers on board as it was a crew training flight, but four company employees and the Ministry of Transport (currently the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) were on board. All five people, including one station employee, were killed.

Ministry of Transport (Japan)
Ministry of Transport (運輸省, Un'yu-shō) was a ministry of the Japanese government.

It managed 849 public corporations before its 2001 merger. It merged into the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) in January 2001.
Soron (Korean political faction)
The Soron (Korean: 소론; Hanja: 少論; RR: soron) was a political faction of the Joseon Dynasty. The faction was consisted of the opponents of Song Siyeol after the split of the Westerners. Their leader was Yun Jeung, who died in 1714. They were favored by King Gyeongjong, who died in October 1724. In December 1728,  King Yeongjo (who favored Noron) was accused of poisoning King Gyeongjong. This led to the Musin Revolt in Jeolla Province. The rebels enjoyed support from people in Gyeonggi Province and Chungcheong Province.

Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi Province (Korean: 경기도; RR: Gyeonggi-do, Korean pronunciation: [kjʌ̹ŋ.ɡi.do̞]) is the most populous province in South Korea.

Seoul, the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the area but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon, the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 (4,530 sq mi), with a combined population of over 26 million - amounting to over half (50.25%) of the entire population of South Korea, and a third of the population of the Korean peninsula at the 2020 census.
Michael Lista
Michael Lista (born September 1, 1983) is a Canadian poet. He is the author of Bloom, a book of poems about Canadian Manhattan Project physicist Louis Slotin. He writes a monthly column on poetry for The National Post and lives in Toronto, Ontario.

National Post
The National Post is a Canadian English-language broadsheet newspaper and the flagship publication of the American-owned Postmedia Network. It is published Mondays through Saturdays, with Monday released as a digital e-edition only. The newspaper is distributed in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia. Weekend editions of the newspaper are also distributed in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

The newspaper was founded in 1998 by Conrad Black in an attempt to compete with The Globe and Mail. In 2001, CanWest completed its acquisition of the National Post. In 2006, the newspaper ceased distribution in Atlantic Canada and the Canadian territories. Postmedia assumed ownership of the newspaper in 2010, after the CEO of the National Post's, Paul Godfrey, assembled an ownership group to acquire CanWest's chain of newspapers.
José Jacinto Milanés
José Jacinto Milanés y Fuentes (born August 16, 1814 Matanzas Cuba – November 14, 1863), a self-educated and from humble origins, was a poet, linguist and writer who has been acclaimed as one of the best exponents of Cuban literature with the publication of his magnum opus El Conde Alarcos (1838) (The Count Alarcos). Milanés is also considered the best playwright of Cuba. Some of his other works include El poeta en la Corte, Por el puente o por el río, and A buena hambre no hay pan duro.

Matanzas
Matanzas (Latin American Spanish: [maˈtansas]; Lucumi: Ayá Áta) is the capital of the Cuban province of Matanzas. Known for its poets, culture, and Afro-Cuban folklore, it is located on the northern shore of the island of Cuba, on the Bay of Matanzas (Spanish Bahia de Matanzas), 102 kilometres (63 mi) east of the capital Havana and 32 kilometres (20 mi) west of the resort town of Varadero.

Matanzas is called the City of Bridges, for the seventeen bridges that cross the three rivers that traverse the city (Rio Yumuri, San Juan, and Canimar). For this reason it was referred to as the "Venice of Cuba." It was also called "La Atenas de Cuba" ("The Athens of Cuba") for its poets.

Matanzas is known as the birthplace of the music and dance traditions danzón and rumba.
Lyapunov equation
The Lyapunov equation, named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov, is a matrix equation used in the stability analysis of linear dynamical systems.

In particular, the discrete-time Lyapunov equation (also known as Stein equation) for  is

where  is a Hermitian matrix and  is the conjugate transpose of , while the continuous-time Lyapunov equation is

.

Linear dynamical system
Linear dynamical systems are dynamical systems whose evolution functions are linear.  While dynamical systems, in general, do not have closed-form solutions, linear dynamical systems can be solved exactly, and they have a rich set of mathematical properties.  Linear systems can also be used to understand the qualitative behavior of general dynamical systems, by calculating the equilibrium points of the system and approximating it as a linear system around each such point.