hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jorge Nocedal
Jorge Nocedal (born 1952) is an applied mathematician, computer scientist and the Walter P. Murphy professor at Northwestern University who in 2017 received the John Von Neumann Theory Prize. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2020.

Nocedal specializes in nonlinear optimization, both in the deterministic and stochastic setting. The motivation for his current algorithmic and theoretical research stems from applications in image and speech recognition, recommendation systems, and search engines. In the past, he has also worked on equilibrium problems with application in robotics, traffics, and games, optimization applications in finance, as well as PDE-constrained optimization.

PDE-constrained optimization
PDE-constrained optimization is a subset of mathematical optimization where at least one of the constraints may be expressed as a partial differential equation. Typical domains where these problems arise include aerodynamics, computational fluid dynamics, image segmentation, and inverse problems. A standard formulation of PDE-constrained optimization encountered in a number of disciplines is given by:where  is the control variable and  is the squared Euclidean norm and is not a norm itself. Closed-form solutions are generally unavailable for PDE-constrained optimization problems, necessitating the development of numerical methods.
Jemadia
Jemadia is a Neotropical genus of firetips in the family Hesperiidae.

A genus of robust butterflies where it can be difficult to distinguish between the various species due to the strong resemblance between members of different lineage. There are two general forms of body markings, one exhibiting four white dots on their prothorax, the other with a white transverse streak instead, according to Mabille's division of them into "punctati" and "lineati". In general Jemadia have white or blue marking and hyaline (glass-like) spots. The hindwings are often remarkably small, in the males often with tooth-like projections on the inner-marginal and lower median vein, above them mostly with a deeply concave excision, and between the upper radial and subcostal vein often with an obtuse projection. More rarely, the hindwings are quite round. The middle radial vein is absent, the lower one comes from the lower cell-angle, the upper median vein below it separately.

Paul Mabille
Paul Mabille (1835 – 6 April 1923) was a French naturalist mainly interested in Lepidoptera and botany.

Mabille was born in 1835 in Tours, France. He was a member and President (1876–1877) of the Société entomologique de France and a member of the Société entomologique de Belgique. His Madagascar collections, once in the Charles Oberthur collection, are now in the Natural History Museum, London.

He wrote many papers on Neotropical Hesperiidae with Eugène Boullet. From 1865 to 1868 he edited the exsiccata Herbarium Corsicum. Mabille died in April 1923 in Perreux, Loire.
Renunciates of Darkover
Renunciates of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley. The stories are set in Bradley's world of Darkover. The book was first published by DAW Books (No. 844) in March 1991.

DAW Books
DAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim,  with his wife, Elsie B. Wollheim, following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was the 1972 short story collection Spell of the Witch World by Andre Norton.
Venacio Coñoepán
Venacio Coñoepán or simply Coñoepán was a Mapuche chief active in the Mapuche resistance to the Occupation of Araucanía (1861-1883). At the founding of Temuco in 1881 in the northern shores of Cautín River Venacio Coñoepán and other chiefs from Choll-Choll met with minister Manuel Recabarren and asked him to not advance further. Later in the same year Venacio Coñoepán headed a parliament that united different Mapuche factions against Chile. Nevertheless, he subsequently fought on the side of the Republic of Chile against Mapuche rebels during the Mapuche uprising of 1881.

Cautín River
The Cautín (Rio Cautín) is a river in Chile. It rises on the western slopes of the Cordillera de Las Raíces and flows in La Araucanía Region. The river's main tributary is the Quepe River. The city of Temuco is located on the Cautín River.
Lázně Bludov
Lázně Bludov or Bludovské lázně is a spa situated in Bludov, Czech Republic. Strongly alkaline hypotonic thermal mineral water containing sulphates, chlorides and sodium is used for curing child obesity, kidney, urinary tract and musculoskeletal diseases, and respiratory problems.

Musculoskeletal disorder
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and structures that support limbs, neck and back. MSDs can arise from a sudden exertion (e.g., lifting a heavy object), or they can arise from making the same motions repeatedly (repetitive strain), or from repeated exposure to force, vibration, or awkward posture. Injuries and pain in the musculoskeletal system caused by acute traumatic events like a car accident or fall are not considered musculoskeletal disorders. MSDs can affect many different parts of the body including upper and lower back, neck, shoulders and extremities (arms, legs, feet, and hands). Examples of MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, epicondylitis, tendinitis, back pain, tension neck syndrome, and hand-arm vibration syndrome.
Bois d'Eraine massacre
49°27′44″N 2°34′14″E﻿ / ﻿49.46222°N 2.57056°E﻿ / 49.46222; 2.57056

The Bois d'Eraine massacre was a war crime carried out by the German Wehrmacht in June 1940 during the German invasion of France. On 11 June 1940, soldiers of the Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland executed around 74 prisoners belonging to the 4e Division d'Infanterie Coloniale of the French army near the town of Cressonsacq in the Oise Department. The massacre followed the killing of 150-500 captured French soldiers, mostly black tirailleurs from French West Africa, in the towns of Angivilliers, Erquinvilliers and Lieuvilliers between 9 and 11 June. It is believed that between 1,500 and 3,000 soldiers from the French colonies were killed in war crimes carried out by the Wehrmacht in 1940.

French West Africa
French West Africa (French: Afrique-Occidentale française, AOF) was a federation of eight French colonial territories in West Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and Niger. The federation existed from 1895 until 1958. Its capital was Saint-Louis in Senegal until 1902, and then Dakar until the federation's collapse in 1960.

With an area of 4,689,000 km2, French West Africa was eight times the size of Metropolitan France. French Equatorial Africa had an additional area of 2,500,000 km2.
Skjervøy Bridge
The Skjervøy Bridge or Skattørsundet Bridge (Norwegian: Skjervøyabrua / Skattørsundet bru) is a beam bridge in Skjervøy Municipality that crosses the Skattørsundet strait between the islands of Kågen and Skjervøya in Troms county, Norway. The 804-metre-long (2,638 ft) bridge has 40 spans, the longest of which is 32 metres (105 ft). Skjervøy Bridge was opened in 1971. Together with the Maursund Tunnel, it connects the village of Skjervøy to the mainland.

Strait
A strait is a water body connecting two seas or water basins. The surface water is, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and can flow through the strait in either direction, although the topography generally constricts the flow somewhat. In some straits, there is a dominant directional current. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow channel that lies between two land masses. Straits are loci for sediment accumulation, with sand-sized deposits usually occurring on the two strait exits, forming subaqueous fans or deltas. Some straits are not navigable because they are too narrow, too shallow, or due to the presence of a reef or archipelago.
Portrait of Frederick, Duke of York (Wilkie)
Portrait of Frederick, Duke of York is an 1823 portrait painting by the British artist David Wilkie.  It depicts Frederick, Duke of York, the second son of George III and the long-standing Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. York was at the time heir to the throne of his brother George IV.

The painting was commissioned by James Willoughby Gordon, the Duke's Military Secretary in 1818, although work did not begin until May 1822. Wilkie was a noted genre painter of the Regency era, who enjoyed great success with his Chelsea Pensioners reading the Waterloo Dispatch that year, but also produced occasional portraits Although the sittings took place at Wilkie's studio in Kensington, the Duke is shown at the desk in his study at York House.
The work was displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1823 at Somerset House. Today it is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery on Trafalgar Square, having been acquired in 1938.

Somerset House
Somerset House is a large neoclassical building complex situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge. The Georgian era quadrangle is built on the site of a Tudor palace ("Old Somerset House") originally belonging to the Duke of Somerset. The present Somerset House was designed by Sir William Chambers, begun in 1776, and was further extended with Victorian era outer wings to the east and west in 1831 and 1856 respectively. The site of Somerset House stood directly on the River Thames until the Victoria Embankment was built in the late 1860s.

The great Georgian era structure was built to be a grand public building housing various government and public-benefit society offices. Its present tenants are a mixture of various organisations, generally centred around the arts and education.
Split Works
Split Works is a China-based music company founded in 2006 by Archie Hamilton and Nathaniel Davis. It is a subsidiary of Split United, one of China's most influential music industry organizations, with offices in both Shanghai and Beijing. Split Works organizes the annual JUE | Music + Art Festival in Beijing and Shanghai, the Concrete & Grass Music Festival in Shanghai, and co-presents the "Contemporale" concert series with the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra.

Black Star (rap duo)
Black Star is an American hip hop duo from Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1996, the duo is composed of rappers Yasiin Bey (formerly known as Mos Def) and Talib Kweli. The duo is named after The Black Star Line, a shipping company founded by Marcus Garvey. Their critically acclaimed debut album, Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star, was released on September 29, 1998. After decades of only releasing singles and appearing on compilations, Black Star released their sophomore studio album, No Fear of Time, May 3, 2022 on the podcasting platform Luminary.
John McManus (author)
John McManus is an American novelist and short story writer. He is the author of a novel, Bitter Milk, and the short story collections Born on a Train, Stop Breakin Down, and Fox Tooth Heart. In recognition of Stop Breakin Down, McManus became the youngest ever recipient of the Whiting Award. In 2019 he received a Literature Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

McManus is a contributing editor for literary publisher Fiddleblack. He teaches creative writing at Old Dominion University and Goddard College.

In 2013, McManus contributed an essay to a limited edition of Clive Barker's novella, Cabal.

Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University (ODU) is a public research university in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. Established in 1930 as the two-year Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary, the school became an independent college in 1962 and attained university status in 1969. In 2023, it had an enrollment of 23,494 students, and its main campus covers 250 acres.

The university's name is derived from one of Virginia's state nicknames, "The Old Dominion", given by King Charles II of England in recognition of its loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War. ODU offers 175 undergraduate and graduate degree programs from seven colleges and three schools. It has a Carnegie Classification of "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" with "Higher Access, Medium Earnings". Old Dominion has approximately 165,000 alumni in all 50 US states and 67 countries.
Alex Berman
Alex Berman (February 7, 1914 – June 29, 2000) was professor emeritus of history and of historical studies in pharmacy at the University of Cincinnati. He was a specialist in the history of French pharmacy. His papers are kept at the Lloyd Library and Museum. He was the recipient of the Kremers Award for excellence in the history of pharmacy.

Berman received a pharmacy degree from Fordham University in the 1930s. He served as a pharmacist with the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He then studied the history of pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin where he earned his Ph.D. in 1954.

Lloyd Library and Museum
Lloyd Library and Museum is an independent research library located in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. Its core subject and collection focus is medicinal plants, with emphasis on botany, pharmacy, natural history, alternative medicine, and the history of medicine and science.
Co-simulation
In co-simulation, the different subsystems that form a coupled problem are modeled and simulated in a distributed manner. Hence, the modeling is done on the subsystem level without having the coupled problem in mind. Furthermore, the coupled simulation is carried out by running the subsystems in a black-box manner. During the simulation, the subsystems will exchange data. Co-simulation can be considered as the joint simulation of the already well-established tools and semantics; when they are simulated with their suitable solvers. Co-simulation proves its advantage in validation of multi-domain and cyber-physical systems by offering a
flexible solution that allows consideration of multiple domains with different time steps, at the same time. As the calculation load is shared among simulators, co-simulation also enables the possibility of large-scale system assessment.

System
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of systems theory and other systems sciences.

Systems have several common properties and characteristics, including structure, function(s), behavior and interconnectivity.
Extinction(s)
Extinction(s) is the seventh studio album by American metalcore band Unearth, released on November 23, 2018, via Century Media. This is their first album to feature bassist Chris O'Toole and the last to feature rhythm guitarist Ken Susi.

Adam Dutkiewicz
Adam Jonathan Dutkiewicz (born April 4, 1977) is an American musician and record producer. He is the lead guitarist of the metalcore bands Killswitch Engage, Aftershock and Times of Grace, as well as the guitarist and co-lead vocalist for the melodic death metal supergroup Serpentine Dominion. He has also produced and engineered albums for several other metal bands.
Nagidos
Nagidos (Ancient Greek: Νάγιδος; Latin: Nagidus) was an ancient city of Cilicia. In ancient times it was located between Anemurion to the west and Arsinoe to the east. Today its ruins are found on the hill named Paşabeleni at the mouth of the Sini Cay (Bozyazı Dere) near Bozyazı in Mersin Province, Turkey. It lies at a distance of ca. 20 km to the east of Anamur. Like its eastern neighbor Kelenderis, it was a colony of Samos. The small island of Nagidoussa is opposite Nagidos; on it are the ruins of an Ottoman fortress.

Anamur
Anamur is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,430 km2, and its population is 66,851 (2022). It is the westernmost district of that province, bordering on Antalya Province. Anamur contains Anatolia's southernmost point, It is a coastal resort known for its bananas and peanuts.
...Off the Bone
...Off the Bone is the first compilation album of previously released material by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released in 1983 in the United Kingdom on Illegal Records. The original release had an anaglyph on the cover and a pair of paper red and blue "3D glasses" inside the sleeve for viewing it.

Illegal Records
Illegal Records was an independent record label, founded in 1977 by Miles Copeland III with his younger brother Stewart Copeland and the manager of The Police, Paul Mulligan. The label released The Police's debut single, "Fall Out".

Copeland went on to sign more artists and started several other indie sublabels including: Deptford Fun City Records, Step-Forward Records and Total Noise Records. He also launched the foreign divisions, France & Netherlands, that released some of the same titles with different catalogue numbers, and some exclusive titles as well.

In 1979, after Copeland started I.R.S. Records, Illegal became its distributor in UK and Europe. It continued its operations until 1988, when it merged its operations with I.R.S.
Davy Portrait Award
The Davy Portrait Awards were set up in 2008 with the aim of celebrating the exacting art of portraiture and the Irish artists who practise it. It is open to artists based in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland working in traditional and non-digital media. In addition Irish artists based outside Ireland are also eligible to apply. The best entries are exhibited at the Naughton Gallery in Belfast, and at Farmleigh House in Dublin. The awards offer a first prize of £10,000 or €11,500. Currently the awards appear to be held on a biennial basis.

The awards take their name from the primary sponsor, Davy, a Dublin-based stockbroking, wealth management and financial advisory company. The awards are also supported by Arts & Business who help business people to support the arts.

The Naughton Gallery at Queen's
The Naughton Gallery at Queen's, also known as The Naughton Gallery, is an art gallery and museum at Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland. Opened in 2001, the gallery is named after its benefactors, Martin and Carmel Naughton, who donated £500,000 to the university in 2002. Located on the first floor of the Queen's University's Lanyon building, the gallery displays six exhibitions per year presenting local and international contemporary artists. Among the talks and events organised in conjunction with the exhibitions, the Naughton Gallery occasionally organises screenings with the Queen's Film Theatre, which is also a cultural institution under the auspices of Queen's University.
3-transposition group
In mathematical group theory, a 3-transposition group is a group generated by a conjugacy class of involutions, called the 3-transpositions, such that the product of any two involutions from the conjugacy class has order at most 3.

They were first studied by Bernd Fischer (1964, 1970, 1971) who discovered the three Fischer groups as examples of 3-transposition groups.

Order (group theory)
In mathematics, the order of a finite group is the number of its elements. If a group is not finite, one says that its order is infinite. The order of an element of a group (also called period length or period) is the order of the subgroup generated by the element. If the group operation is denoted as a multiplication, the order of an element a of a group, is thus the smallest positive integer m such that am = e, where e denotes the identity element of the group, and am denotes the product of m copies of a. If no such m exists, the order of a is infinite.

The order of a group G is denoted by ord(G) or |G|, and the order of an element a is denoted by ord(a) or |a|, instead of  where the brackets denote the generated group.

Lagrange's theorem states that for any subgroup H of a finite group G, the order of the subgroup divides the order of the group; that is, |H| is a divisor of |G|. In particular, the order |a| of any element is a divisor of |G|.
Train Advise Assist Command – East
Train Advise Assist Command – East (TAAC – East) was a multinational military formation, part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission within Afghanistan. Until 2014 it was designated Regional Command East, part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The United States Army provided the force headquarters. The command headquarters was located in Laghman Province.

TAAC-East included the provinces of Kapisa, Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Nuristan, Panjshayr and Parwan.  It shared a portion of the border with Pakistan.

Task Force White Eagle
Task Force White Eagle (in Polish referred as Polskie Siły Zadaniowe (Polish Task Force)) was a brigade sized detachment of Polish Land Forces in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. The brigade was under the command of the US 1st Cavalry Division. 30 October 2008 Polish forces taking over responsibility for Ghazni province. Throughout the activity of the Polish contingent in Afghanistan occurred fighting with the Taliban and other rebels. Polish troops took part in many military operations. During the mission 44 Polish soldiers were killed.
Irma Khetsuriani
Irma Khetsuriani (Georgian: ირმა ხეცურიანი; born in 18 September 1985 in Sukhumi, Georgian SSR) is a Georgian wheelchair fencer. She won the world championship in October 2015, which was held in France, and again in 2017 in Rome, and in 2018 in Warsaw, Poland. She won silver in the sabre B discipline in the world championships held in Eger, Hungary, in 2015.

She is the first wheelchair fencer in Georgia, and took up the sport after it was suggested to her by the country's paralympic committee. She has a spinal disease.

At the 2015 International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation world cup event she competed in all three fencing disciplines of épée, sabre and foil, while most other competitors competed in only one discipline.

Wheelchair fencing
Wheelchair fencing (also called Parafencing) is a version of fencing for athletes with a disability. Wheelchair fencing is governed by the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation, which is a federation of the International Paralympic Committee, and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games take place every four years in different countries.
Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki
Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki (忠臣蔵 花の巻 雪の巻, Chushingura: Story of Flower, Story of Snow) is a 1962 Japanese jidaigeki epic film directed by Hiroshi Inagaki, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. Produced and distributed by Toho Studios, it is based on the story of the forty-seven rōnin. The film stars Toshiro Mifune as Genba Tawaraboshi, along with Matsumoto Hakuō I, Yūzō Kayama, Tatsuya Mihashi, Akira Takarada, Yosuke Natsuki, Makoto Satō, Tadao Takashima, and Setsuko Hara in her final film role.

Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki was released theatrically in Japan on 3 November 1962. It was released under the title 47 Samurai in the United States.

Tadao Takashima
Tadao Takashima (高島忠夫, Takashima Tadao) (27 July 1930 – 26 June 2019) was a Japanese actor and jazz musician. He appeared in more than 100 films, including the Toho productions King Kong vs. Godzilla, Atragon, and Frankenstein vs. Baragon. He also performed in stage musicals such as My Fair Lady and appeared in several television shows.