hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carbon-dioxide laser
The carbon-dioxide laser (CO2 laser) was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed. It was invented by Kumar Patel of Bell Labs in 1964 and is still one of the most useful types of laser. Carbon-dioxide lasers are the highest-power continuous-wave lasers that are currently available. They are also quite efficient: the ratio of output power to pump power can be as large as 20%.
The CO2 laser produces a beam of infrared light with the principal wavelength bands centering on 9.6 and 10.6 micrometers (μm).

Laser pumping
Laser pumping is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser. The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited states in its atoms. When for a period of time the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in the ground state or a less-excited state, population inversion is achieved. In this condition, the mechanism of stimulated emission can take place and the medium can act as a laser or an optical amplifier. The pump power must be higher than the lasing threshold of the laser.

The pump energy is usually provided in the form of light or electric current, but more exotic sources have been used, such as chemical or nuclear reactions.
Spelman College Museum of Fine Art
33°44′42″N 84°24′41″W﻿ / ﻿33.74500°N 84.41139°W﻿ / 33.74500; -84.41139

The Spelman College Museum of Fine Art is a museum located on the Spelman College campus in Atlanta. Prior to 2025, the museum was only housed in the Camille O. Hanks Cosby Academic Center named after philanthropist Camille Cosby, who had two daughters attend Spelman College.  In 2025, the museum expanded to the newly constructed $96 million Center for Innovation & the Arts building. The museum states that it is the only museum in the nation dedicated to art by and about women of the African diaspora.

Some Black Women artists the museum has featured include Amy Sherald, Harmonia Rosales, Mickalene Thomas,  Beverly Buchanan,  Zanele Muholi, and Reneé Stout.  Each semester, the museum features a new exhibit.

Renee Stout
Renée Stout (born 1958) is an American sculptor and contemporary artist known for assemblage artworks dealing with her personal history and African-American heritage. Born in Kansas, raised in Pittsburgh, living in Washington, D.C., and connected through her art to New Orleans, her art reflects this interest in African diasporic culture throughout the United States. Stout was the first American artist to exhibit in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art.
Smart v HM Advocate
Smart v Her Majesty's Advocate 1975 JC 30 is a Scots criminal law case relating to consent as a defence to assault. The High Court of Justiciary held that if the assault was made with an evil intent, consent could not negate it.

The case saw the accused, William Smart, who was charged with assault, lodging the defence that his victim Issac Wilkie has consented to a "square go". Therefore Smart could not be charged with assaulting Wilkie or any injuries arising from the fight.

Criminal defenses
In the field of criminal law, there are a variety of conditions that will tend to negate elements of a crime (particularly the intent element), known as defenses. The label may be apt in jurisdictions where the accused may be assigned some burden before a tribunal. However, in many jurisdictions, the entire burden to prove a crime is on the prosecution, which also must prove the absence of these defenses, where implicated. In other words, in many jurisdictions the absence of these so-called defenses is treated as an element of the crime. So-called defenses may provide partial or total refuge from punishment.
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford
The Faculty of Philosophy is an academic department of the Humanities Division at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England, United Kingdom.

It was founded in 2001. The faculty is located next to Somerville College on Woodstock Road. As of 2021, it is ranked 1st in the UK and 2nd in the English-speaking world by the Philosophical Gourmet Report, as well as 4th in the world by the QS World University Rankings. It is additionally ranked first in the UK by the Complete University Guide, the Guardian, the Times, and the Independent.

Paul Snowdon
Paul F. Snowdon (20 October 1946 – 12 August 2022) was a leading British philosopher well known for his work on personal identity and perception. Snowdon published widely in philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and the history of 20th-century philosophy.
Bone cyst
A bone cyst, or geode, is a cyst that forms in bone. They are benign and can be found in various bones in the body. Bone cysts may or may not contain fluid. Although many types of bone cysts may be associated with trauma, the cause is often unknown. Types include simple bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts,  traumatic bone cysts, and epidermoid bone cysts.

Biopsy
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, an interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist. The process involves the extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is then fixed, dehydrated, embedded, sectioned, stained and mounted before it is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist; it may also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. An incisional biopsy or core biopsy samples a portion of the abnormal tissue without attempting to remove the entire lesion or tumor. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy. Biopsies are most commonly performed for insight into possible cancerous or inflammatory conditions.
Jostein Nilsen
Jostein Nilsen is a Norwegian orienteering competitor who competed in the 1960s and 1970s, and represented Norway at three world championships.

Nilsen competed at the 1966 World Orienteering Championships in Fiskars, Finland, where he placed 14th in the individual contest.  At the 1968 World Orienteering Championships in Linköping, Sweden, he placed 7th in the individual course, and at the 1970 World Championships in Friedrichroda, East Germany, he again placed 7th in the individual contest.

Friedrichroda
Friedrichroda (German pronunciation: [fʁiːdʁɪçˈʁoːda] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Gotha, Thuringia, Germany. It is situated at the north foot of the Thuringian Forest, 21 km by rail southwest of the town of Gotha. It is surrounded by fir-clad hills and possesses numerous handsome villa residences, a Kurhaus and a sanatorium. In the immediate neighborhood is the beautiful ducal hunting seat of Reinhardsbrunn, built out of the ruins of the famous Benedictine monastery founded in 1085. On 1 December 2007, the former municipalities Ernstroda and Finsterbergen were incorporated by Friedrichroda.
Tumanovsky
Tumanovsky (Russian: Тумановский) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Tumanovsky Selsoviet of Zavyalovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 525 as of 2016. There are 6 streets.

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Peter Eckersley (computer scientist)
Peter Daniel Eckersley (1978 or 1979 – 2 September 2022) was an Australian computer scientist, computer security researcher and activist. From 2006 to 2018, he worked at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, including as chief computer scientist and head of AI policy. In 2018, he left the EFF to become director of research at the Partnership on AI, a position he held until 2020. In 2021, he co-founded the AI Objectives Institute.

While at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Eckersley started projects including Let's Encrypt, Privacy Badger, Certbot, HTTPS Everywhere, SSL Observatory and Panopticlick. Eckersley was an outspoken advocate on topics including internet privacy, net neutrality and the ethics of artificial intelligence. In 2023, he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.

HTTPS Everywhere
HTTPS Everywhere is a discontinued free and open-source browser extension for Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Brave, Vivaldi and Firefox for Android, which was developed collaboratively by The Tor Project and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). It automatically makes websites use a more secure HTTPS connection instead of HTTP, if they support it. The option "Encrypt All Sites Eligible" makes it possible to block and unblock all non-HTTPS browser connections with one click. Due to the widespread adoption of HTTPS on the World Wide Web, and the integration of HTTPS-only mode on major browsers, the extension was retired in January 2023.
Chinh Chu
Chinh Chu is an American business executive. He is the founder and senior managing director of CC Capital, a firm based in New York City. Before establishing CC Capital, Chu spent 25 years at the Blackstone Group, where he was the firm's longest-serving dealmaker.

Blackstone Inc.
Blackstone Inc. is an American alternative investment management company based in New York City. It was founded in 1985 as a mergers and acquisitions firm by Peter Peterson and Stephen Schwarzman, who had previously worked together at Lehman Brothers. Blackstone's private equity business has been one of the largest investors in leveraged buyouts in the last three decades, while its real estate business has actively acquired commercial real estate across the globe. Blackstone is also active in credit, infrastructure, hedge funds, secondaries, growth equity, and insurance solutions. As of September 30, 2025, Blackstone has $1.2 trillion in total assets under management, making it the world's largest alternative investment firm.
Clonard Keating
Henry Edward Clonard Keating (13 December 1871 – 9 October 1898) was a Nova Scotian and celebrated military officer who served Royal West African Frontier Force on Niger River in Nigeria (British West Africa) during the Scramble for Africa. Clonard was killed in the line of duty.

Yelwa
Yelwa is a town in Kebbi State, Nigeria on the Niger River and the A1 highway. The town is often referred to as "Yelwa, Yauri", after the Emirate and Local Government Administration it is in, and is not the Yelwa where the Yelwa Massacre took place in 2004 in Plateau State. Yelwa is the capital and largest city of the Yauri Emirate. Yelwa has a population of 8,000 as of 2010, a majority of whom are Hausa Muslims.

Yelwa is the market center and trade hub of the Yauri Emirate. Besides trade, its economy centers around agriculture. Major export crops include onions, rice, and cotton, although Yelwa also produces considerable amounts of sorghum, millet, cowpeas, peanuts, sugarcane, shea nuts, tobacco, kola nuts, peppers, beans, fish, cattle, and guinea fowl. Most farmers (79.2 percent) in the Yelwa area are subsistence farmers, and most rent the land they farm or are sharecroppers.
Daughters (Nas song)
"Daughters" is a song by American rapper Nas, released on July 17, 2012, by Def Jam Recordings as the third single from his tenth studio album Life Is Good (2012). He wrote it as a reflection on the growth of his daughter Destiny Jones. It was produced by No I.D. and was one of the first songs recorded for the album.

"Daughters" features lyrics about raising a daughter and vignettes about fatherhood. Nas' lyrics address his daughter's behavioral problems and are self-critical of his parenting skills. No I.D.'s soul-influenced production incorporates samples of Cloud One's 1979 song "Dust to Dust" and Wayne McGhie and the Sounds of Joy's 1970 song "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye".

"Daughters" was released to positive reviews from music critics while charting at number 78 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. It also earned Nas two Grammy Award nominations, one for Best Rap Performance and another for Best Rap Song.

Vibe (magazine)
Vibe is an American music and entertainment magazine founded by producers David Salzman and Quincy Jones. The publication predominantly features R&B and hip hop music artists, actors and other entertainers. After shutting down production in the summer of 2009, it was purchased by the private equity investment fund InterMedia Partners, then issued bi-monthly with double covers and a larger online presence. The magazine's target demographic is predominantly young, urban followers of hip hop culture. In 2014, the magazine discontinued its print version.

The magazine features a broader range of interests than its closest competitors The Source and XXL, which focus more narrowly on rap music, or the rock- and pop-centric Rolling Stone and Spin. The May 1998 Vibe article "Racer X" by Ken Li is credited as the basis for the 2001 film The Fast and the Furious and the resulting franchise.
Jim Denny (footballer)
Jim Denny (born 13 March 1950 in Paisley, Scotland) is a Scottish retired professional footballer.

Denny joined Rangers in 1970 from junior side Yoker Athletic. He made his debut in the Scottish Cup final replay against Celtic on 12 May 1971. He deputised at right back in place of Sandy Jardine, but the team lost the match 2–1.

In total he made 54 appearances for Rangers including the first match of the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup campaign, a 1–1 draw with Stade Rennes. He left Ibrox in 1979 after seven seasons and joined Hearts. He was played more in Edinburgh in two seasons than he had in the seven he was at Rangers. His spell at Tynecastle was followed by a final season at Stirling Albion before left the senior ranks to join Irvine Victoria. He later joined Dalry Thistle before spending a final few seasons at Troon, where he was Player of the Year in 1984-85 under Manager Davie McIlroy.

Troon F.C.
Troon Football Club (also known as The Seasiders or The Seagulls) are a Scottish football team based in Ayrshire. They compete in the West of Scotland Football League.

Formed in 1946, they are based at Portland Park in the town of Troon in Ayrshire. The ground has a current capacity of 2,000 and is standing only. The club's colours are blue and black vertical stripes, similar to that of Inter Milan.
Lucignano
Lucignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Arezzo in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Florence and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Arezzo.

Lucignano borders the following municipalities: Foiano della Chiana, Marciano della Chiana, Monte San Savino, Rapolano Terme, and Sinalunga. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Rapolano Terme
Rapolano Terme is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Siena in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Florence and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Siena in the area known as the Crete Senesi.

Until 1949 it was known simply as Rapolano.

The municipality includes several minor towns, among which the village of Serre di Rapolano.
László Kardos
László Kardos (October 8, 1905 – April 11, 1962) was a Hungarian film director, screenwriter and editor. He spent the latter part of his film career in the United States where he worked under the pseudonym Leslie Kardos.

He was the son of the printing house owner Gábor Kardos (1860–1929) and Fanni Löbl (1866–1934).  His paternal grandparents were Lipót Klein and Rozália Donáth, his maternal grandparents were Mór Löbl and Amália Ebenspanger. His sister was Erzsébet Kardos, a vaudeville actress and the second wife of fellow Hungarian actor S. Z. Sakall.

His wife was Mária "Lenke" Paszternák, sister of the Hungarian-born American film producer Joe Pasternak. They were married on 24 March 1935 in Budapest.

Joe Pasternak
Joseph Herman Pasternak (born József Paszternák; September 19, 1901 – September 13, 1991) was a Hungarian-American film producer in Hollywood. Pasternak spent the Hollywood "Golden Age" of musicals at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, producing many successful musicals with female singing stars like Deanna Durbin, Kathryn Grayson and Jane Powell, as well as swimmer/bathing beauty Esther Williams' films. He produced Judy Garland's final MGM film, Summer Stock, which was released in 1950, and some of Gene Kelly’s early breakthrough roles. Pasternak worked in the film industry for 45 years, from the later silent era until shortly past the end of the classical Hollywood cinema in 1967.
Ashton-in-Makerfield
Ashton-in-Makerfield is a market town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Wigan. As of the 2021 census, there was a population of 26,380.

Historically part of Lancashire, Ashton-in-Makerfield was a township in the parish of Newton-in-Makerfield (as Newton-le-Willows was once known), Winwick and hundred of West Derby. With neighbouring Haydock, Ashton-in-Makerfield was a chapelry, but the two were split in 1845. The place has long been a centre for the manufacture of locks and hinges, and it also sits on the Lancashire Coalfield, and was a coal mining district.

National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)
The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) is a trade union for coal workers in Great Britain, formed in 1945 out of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB). The NUM took part in three national miners' strikes, in 1972, 1974 and 1984–85. Following the 1984–85 strike, and the subsequent closure of most of Britain's coal mines, it became a much smaller union. It had around 170,000 members when Arthur Scargill became leader in 1981, a figure which had fallen in 2023 to an active membership of 196.
Marne Intrieri
Marino Charles Intrieri (September 13, 1907 – February 5, 1969) was an American football guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Staten Island Stapletons and the Boston Redskins. Born in Steelton, Pennsylvania, he attended Loyola College in Maryland.

Staten Island Stapletons
The Staten Island Stapletons, also known as the Staten Island Stapes, were a professional American football team. Founded in 1915, they played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1929 to 1932. The team was based in the Stapleton section of Staten Island. They played under the shortened nickname the "Stapes" the final two seasons.

Jack Shapiro, a blocking back for the Stapletons, was the shortest player in NFL history, weighing between 119–126 pounds (54–57 kg) and just over 5 feet (1.5 m) tall.
Bhisho Airport
Bhisho Airport (Afrikaans: Bhisho-lughawe; IATA: BIY, ICAO: FABE), also known as Bulembu Airport, is a local airport in Eastern Cape, South Africa, which serves Bhisho and Qonce. The airport lies on the right side of the N2 national road toward Peddie. The airport was the hub of the short lived Ciskei International Airways from 1986 to 1989.

Bhisho Airport lies 594 m (1,950 ft) above sea level and has a runway (08/26) that is 2,500 m long.

N2 (South Africa)
The N2 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Cape Town through George, Gqeberha, East London, Mthatha, Port Shepstone and Durban to Ermelo. It is the main highway along the Indian Ocean coast of the country. Its current length of 2,255 kilometres (1,401 mi) makes it the longest numbered route in South Africa.

Prior to 1970, the N2 designation only applied to the route from Cape Town to Durban.

There are plans to realign the N2 national route from Port Shepstone to Mthatha along a shorter stretch of road that passes through Port Edward, Lusikisiki and Port St. Johns.

The project was initially scheduled for completion in 2024 and is expected to reduce the length of the route by 85 kilometres (53 mi). Combined with the existing N2 route from Mthatha to East London, the realigned route will form the Wild Coast Toll Route.
Ahmedin Škrijelj
Ahmedin Škrijelj (Serbian Cyrillic: Ахмедин Шкријељ; Albanian: Ahmedin Shkreli; born 8 August 1982) is a Serbian politician from the country's Bosniak community. He has been a member of Serbia's national assembly since February 2024 and was previously the deputy mayor of Novi Pazar from 2012 to 2013. Škrijelj is a member of the Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak (SDA).

Novi Pazar
Novi Pazar (Serbian Cyrillic: Нови Пазар) is a city located in the Raška District of southwestern Serbia. As of the 2022 census, the urban area has 71,462 inhabitants, while the city administrative area has 106,720 inhabitants. The city is the cultural center of the Bosniaks in Serbia and of Sandžak. A multicultural area of Muslims and Orthodox Christians, many monuments of both religions, like the Altun-Alem Mosque and the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, are located in the region which has a total of 30 protected monuments of culture.
Vinod Patel
Vinod Shankarbhai Patel (28 February 1939 – 5 January 2024) was a Fiji Indian businessman, football administrator and politician. He was the chairman of Vinod Patel and Company Limited which owns a chain of hardware shops throughout Fiji.

Vinod Patel was a strong supporter of the Ba football team and was their President and Fiji Team director.

Patel entered politics as a councillor in Ba Town Council. He was subsequently elected the mayor and served two successful terms before moving to national politics. He easily won the Ba Urban Indian Communal Constituency for the National Federation Party in the 1992 general election and was reelected in 1994. During the 1999 and 2001 elections he attempted to re-enter Parliament as a member for Ba West Indian Communal Constituency but was easily defeated by the Fiji Labour Party candidate.

Vinod Patel died on 5 January 2024, at the age of 84.

Ba West (Indian Communal Constituency, Fiji)
Ba West Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 52 seats, 27 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the western part of Ba Province.

The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Björn Johansson (ice hockey)
Björn Erik Johansson (born January 15, 1956) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman.  He was drafted in the first round of both the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft and the 1976 WHA Amateur Draft, by the California Golden Seals and Toronto Toros, respectively.  He played 15 games in the National Hockey League with the Cleveland Barons, scoring one goal and one assist.

1976 NHL amateur draft
The 1976 NHL amateur draft was the 14th NHL entry draft. It was held at the NHL office in Montreal, Quebec, on June 1, 1976. It is notable as featuring one of the weakest first rounds in draft history, as only two players (Rick Green and Bernie Federko) played more than 450 career NHL games.  In 2002, Federko was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame after playing fourteen seasons (1976–1990), with 13 of those with the St. Louis Blues.  The Cleveland Barons drafted as the California Golden Seals and the Colorado Rockies took part as the Kansas City Scouts. The two franchises would relocate to their new cities on July 15 of that year.

The last active player in the NHL from this draft class was Kent Nilsson, who played his last NHL game in the 1994–95 season.