hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Von Wartburg line
The von Wartburg line, also known as the Nantes–Épinal line, is the name commonly given to a language border highlighted by Walther von Wartburg in his 1939 study, Die Entstehung der romanischen Völker ('The Origins of the Romance Peoples'). This line enables a distinction between the northern and southern varieties of Gallo-Romance languages in the 9th century. It was identified for the first time by Jakob Jud.

According to Walther von Wartburg, this linguistic border is the result of Frankish settlement "north of the Loire River" and corresponds to the political and ethnic border that took form around the year 500 between the Frankish kingdom of Neustria in the north, and Aquitaine and Burgundy in the south. For other linguists, the Vulgar Latin spoken in northern Gaul was already different before the Franks' arrival.

With time, this line moved south until becoming the current border of Oïl languages, and Occitan and Franco-Provençal.

Language border
A language border or language boundary is the line separating two language areas. The term is generally meant to imply a lack of mutual intelligibility between the two languages. If two adjacent languages or dialects are mutually intelligible, no firm border will develop, because the two languages can continually exchange linguistic inventions; this is known as a dialect continuum.  A "language island" is a language area that is completely surrounded by a language border.
Manning Johnson
Manning Rudolph Johnson (December 17, 1908 – July 2, 1959) was a Communist Party USA African-American leader and the party's candidate for U.S. Representative from New York's 22nd congressional district during a special election in 1935.  Later, he left the Party and became an anti-communist government informant and witness.

Melvin Rader
Melvin Miller Rader (November 8, 1903 – June 14, 1981) was an American academic and civil rights advocate. He was a professor of philosophy at the University of Washington, teaching ethics, aesthetics and political philosophy. In the late 1940s, he was accused of being a Communist by the Canwell Committee, although he was later exonerated.
Kevin Cotter
Kevin M. Cotter (born September 26, 1977) is an American politician who represented the 99th District in the Michigan House of Representatives. He is a member of the Michigan Republican Party. He worked as an attorney in Mt. Pleasant before winning election to the state House in 2010. After serving as chair of the House Judiciary Committee and vice chair of the Elections and Ethics Committee, in November 2014 he was selected by the Republican caucus to serve as Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives for the 2015-16 legislative session. On September 8, 2016, a federal lawsuit was filed against Representative Cotter (and numerous other defendants) by former State Representative Todd Courser.

Michigan's 99th House of Representatives district
Michigan's 99th House of Representatives district (also referred to as Michigan's 99th House district) is a legislative district within the Michigan House of Representatives located in parts of Bay, Clare, and Gladwin counties, as well as all of the Arenac, Iosco, and Ogemaw counties. The district was created in 1965, when the Michigan House of Representatives district naming scheme changed from a county-based system to a numerical one. The district lines were redrawn to now consist of Iosco, Ogemaw and Arenac counties in their entirety and portions of Bay, Clare and Gladwin counties.
Parish of Silva (Tongowoko County)
Silva located 29°07′49″S 142°21′47″ halfway between Bulloo Downs, Queensland, and Tibooburra, New South Wales, is a cadastral parish of Tongowoko County New South Wales.

The parish is on Twelve Mile Creek just south of the Queensland border. The parish landscape is flat and arid scrubland  of the Channel Country. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert).

Channel Country
The Channel Country is a region of outback Australia mostly in the state of Queensland but also in parts of South Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales. The name comes from the numerous intertwined rivulets that cross the region, which cover 150,000 km². The Channel Country is over the Cooper and Eromanga geological basins and the Lake Eyre Basin drainage basin. Further to the east is the less arid Maranoa district.
Liang Kʻai (crater)
Liang Kʻai is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 140 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1979. Liang Kʻai is named for the Chinese artist Liang Kai, who lived from 1140 to 1210.

There is evidence of explosive volcanism on the floor of the crater.

To the southwest of Liang Kʻai is Wen Tianxiang crater.  To the south is Dostoevskij crater.  To the north is Gainsborough crater.

Liang Kʽai at low sun angle

Exaggerated color MESSENGER image with Liang Kʽai in upper right

Liang Kai
Liang Kai (Chinese: 梁楷; pinyin: Liáng Kǎi; c. 1140 - c. 1210) was a Chinese painter of the Southern Song Dynasty.  He was also known as Madman Liang because of his very informal pictures. He was born in Shandong and worked in Lin An (later Hangzhou). He is known to have studied with the master Jia Shigu. He was awarded the rank of Painter-in-Attendance at the court of Jia Tai (1201-1204 CE, Southern Song Dynasty) where he was known for mastery in painting figures, landscapes, and other minor subjects. He was also awarded the Golden Belt, however he left it behind when he left his position at court to practise Chan Buddhism.
John Bennett Tunbridge
John Bennett Tunbridge (17 November 1850 – 6 October 1928) was a notable British police officer who became the fourth Commissioner of Police for New Zealand. He also served in New Zealand as a local body politician.

He was born in New Romney, Kent, England, in 1850. He initially served in the Metropolitan Police in London in 1867-1868 and 1869-1895, rising to Chief Inspector in that force's central CID and frequently pursuing cases around the British Empire and Dominions.

While New Zealand premier Richard Seddon was in London for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, Tunbridge was recommended to him by Met Commissioner Sir Edward Bradford to head the New Zealand Police, the first professional police officer to do so (the first three had been former army officers).

New Romney
New Romney is a market town in Kent, England, on the edge of Romney Marsh, an area of flat, rich agricultural land reclaimed from the sea after the harbour began to silt up.  New Romney, one of the original Cinque Ports, was once a sea port, with the harbour adjacent to the church, but is now more than a mile from the sea. It is the headquarters of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway.
Sikorzyno
Sikorzyno [ɕikɔˈʐɨnɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stężyca, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Kartuzy County
Kartuzy County (Polish: powiat kartuski; Kashubian: kartësczi pòwiat) is a county in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with administrative seat and largest town being Kartuzy.

It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The only other town in the county is Żukowo. The county covers an area of 1,120.04 square kilometres (432.4 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 137,942, out of which the population of Kartuzy is 14,536, that of Żukowo is 6,691, and the rural population is 116,715.

Kartuzy County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kartuzy County is bordered by Wejherowo County to the north, the city of Gdynia to the north-east, the city of Gdańsk and Gdańsk County to the east, Kościerzyna County to the south, Bytów County to the west, and Lębork County to the north-west.
Irano-Anatolian
The Irano-Anatolian region is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International's Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, extending across portions of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. This hotspot covers the South-West portion of the Irano-Turanian floristic region, connecting the Mediterranean Basin with Western Asia.

It includes highlands of the central and eastern Anatolian Plateau as well as the Zagros, Alborz, and Kopet Dag mountain ranges.

The ecoregions included within the hotspot are:

Central Anatolian steppe

Central Anatolian deciduous forests

Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests

Eastern Anatolian montane steppe

Elburz Range forest steppe

Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe

Zagros Mountains forest steppe

Anatolian plateau
39°N 33°E﻿ / ﻿39°N 33°E﻿ / 39; 33

The Anatolian plateau (Turkish: Anadolu Platosu) is a plateau that occupies most of Turkey's surface area. The elevation of the plateau ranges from 600 metres (2,000 ft) in the west to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). Mount Erciyes near Kayseri, is the highest elevation at 3,917 metres (12,851 ft). Ankara, the capital of Turkey, is located in the northwestern part of this plateau.
Abdourahmane Cissé
Abdourahmane Cissé (born August 6, 1981, in Abidjan, Ivory Coast) is an Ivorian politician, engineer and economist. He was previously Secretary General of the Presidency, Petroleum, Energy and Renewable Energies Minister of Ivory Coast under Prime Minister Hamed Bakayoko and Budget Minister of Ivory Coast under Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan.

A graduate engineer from the Ecole Polytechnique de Paris (France, X 2001) and the Institut Français du Petrole, his appointment on November 19, 2013, at 32 years old, made him the youngest Minister in Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan's government.

As an awardee of the Young Global Leaders Class of 2017, he's part of 100, under the age of 40, who seek solutions to unsolved problems.

Daniel Kablan Duncan
Daniel Kablan Duncan (born 30 June 1943) is an Ivorian politician. He previously served as Prime Minister of Ivory Coast from 11 December 1993 to 24 December 1999 and again from November 2012 to January 2017. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 2011 to November 2012. He was also the first Vice President of Ivory Coast, after the recreation of this office, from January 2017 until 13 July 2020.
Xiaomi Mi 2A
Xiaomi Mi 2A (often referred to as Xiaomi Phone 2A, Chinese: 小米手机2A), is a high-end, Android smartphone produced by Xiaomi. The device features a dual-core 1.7 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro as its CPU. The device was initially sold in China for ¥1499.

Qualcomm
Qualcomm Incorporated (/ˈkwɒlkɒm/) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego, California, and incorporated in Delaware. It creates semiconductors, software and services related to wireless technology. It owns patents critical to the 5G, 4G, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards.

Qualcomm was established in 1985 by Irwin Jacobs and six others. Its early research into code-division multiple access (CDMA) wireless cell phone technology was funded by selling a two-way mobile digital satellite communications system known as Omnitracs. After a heated debate in the wireless industry, CDMA was adopted as a 2G standard in North America, with Qualcomm's patents incorporated. Afterwards, there was a series of legal disputes about pricing for licensing patents required by the standard.

Over the years, Qualcomm has expanded into selling semiconductor products in a predominantly fabless manufacturing model.
Vienna Symphonic Library
Vienna Symphonic Library GmbH (VSL) is a developer of sample libraries and music production software for classical orchestral music. The company is located in a landmark protected building, called Synchron Stage Vienna based in the Austrian capital's 23rd district.

The Vienna Symphonic Library provides virtual instruments and the digital recreation of the acoustics of famous concert halls such as the Konzerthaus and the Große Sendesaal at Austrian Public Radio ORF's broadcasting house, both in Vienna, and the Sage Gateshead concert hall in England. The technique used is impulse response resulting in an authentic digital convolution reverb. The virtual instruments are based on digital samples of solo voices and instruments as well as orchestral ensembles. The VSL software acts as an interface for the music composer to play the real instruments on a MIDI keyboard.

The Glasshouse, Gateshead
The Glasshouse is an international centre for musical education and concerts on the Gateshead bank of Quayside in northern England. Opened in 2004 as Sage Gateshead and occupied by North Music Trust, the venue's original name honours a patron: the accountancy software company The Sage Group.
Mihrak
Mihrak was a Parthian dynast, who was the ruler of Abarsas and Jahrom in the early 3rd century. He was the son of Anoshagzatan, and belonged to a family which traced their descent back to the Kayanids. He was defeated and killed in ca. 222 during a clash with the first Sasanian king Ardashir I (r. 224-242). Mihrak had a daughter named Gurdzad (probably Khwarranzem), who later married Ardashir's son Shapur and bore him Hormizd.

Kayanian dynasty
The Kayanians, also rendered Kiani, were an ancient dynasty in the Iranian national history. Originating from the ancient Avestan term for "warrior poet", the Kiani are the union of wisdom and power, and represent Iranian identity at its most militant and self-conscious.

The founding dynasty that preceded them, the Pishdadians, represented a Primordial Age where mankind itself was first emerging. By contrast, the Kiani mark the beginning of the Iranian Heroic Cycle--mythopoetic in nature, but believed by scholars to represent a genuine collective memory of real, living ancient Iranians.

The Kiani are the heroes both of the Avesta (the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism) and of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran. The Kiani Crown is a physical manifestation of that belief.
Pessamit Innu Band
The Pessamit Innu Band, which the official name is bande des Innus de Pessamit, is an Indian band of the Innu First Nations in Quebec, Canada. Its members primarily live on the Indian reserve of Pessamit in the Côte-Nord, the north shore of Saint Lawrence River, which is also the seat of the band. In 2017 it has a registered population of 3,953 members. It is governened by a band council called Conseil des Innus de Pessamit and it is affiliated with the Mamuitun Tribal Council. The band was previously known as Bersimis and Betsiamites.

Catholic Church in Canada
The Catholic Church in Canada is part of the worldwide Catholic Church and has a decentralised structure, meaning each diocesan bishop is autonomous but under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. As of 2021, it has the largest number of adherents to a Christian denomination or religion in Canada, with 29.4% of Canadians (10.8 million) being adherents according to the census in 2021.
Scott Hartley
Scott Hartley (born July 18, 1983) is a venture capitalist and an author. He previously worked for Silicon Valley technology companies such as Google and Facebook as well as Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society. He was a Presidential Innovation Fellow at the White House and a partner at Mohr Davidow Ventures, a firm on Sand Hill Road.

Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society
The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society is a research center at Harvard University that focuses on the study of cyberspace. Founded at Harvard Law School, the center traditionally focused on internet-related legal issues. On May 15, 2008, the center was elevated to an interfaculty initiative of Harvard University as a whole. It is named after the Berkman family. On July 5, 2016, the center added "Klein" to its name following a gift of $15 million from Michael R. Klein.
Rutronik Stars Keltern
The Rutronik Stars Keltern are the women's basketball department of the club FC Nöttingen in Remchingen, Germany. The game is played in the neighboring municipality of Keltern, and the venue for the home games is the sports hall in the Speiterlinghalle.

Women's basketball
Women's basketball is the team sport of basketball played by women. It was first played in 1892, one year after men's basketball, at Smith College in Massachusetts. It spread across the United States, in large parts via women's college competitions, and has since spread globally. As of 2020, basketball is one of the most popular and fastest growing sports in the world.

There are multiple professional leagues and tournaments for professional women basketball players. The main North American league is the WNBA. The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup and Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament feature top national teams from continental championships. In the US, the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship is also popular. The strongest European women's basketball clubs participate in the EuroLeague Women.
Coreboot
coreboot (formerly LinuxBIOS) is an open‑source project that provides lightweight firmware to initialize hardware and then load an operating system. It is designed to replace proprietary firmware (traditional BIOS or UEFI implementations) by performing the minimal tasks required to start a modern 32-bit or 64-bit operating system.

Because coreboot performs low‑level hardware initialization, it must be ported to each supported chipset and motherboard model; consequently, availability is limited to platforms for which support has been implemented.

One of the well‑known variants of coreboot is Libreboot, a software distribution that focuses on removing proprietary binary blobs from the firmware stack.

Chipset
In a computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components on one or more integrated circuits that manages the data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals. The chipset is usually found on the motherboard of computers. Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications between the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance. Sometimes the term "chipset" is used to describe a system on chip (SoC) used in a mobile phone.
Clarence Moore (baseball)
Clarence Lee Moore (January 3, 1908 – November 17, 1992), nicknamed "Cool Breeze", was an American Negro league first baseman in the 1920s.

A native of Eldorado, Arkansas, Moore attended Virginia Union University, Shaw University and North Carolina A & T State University.  He briefly played for the Bacharach Giants in 1928. He also played for Gilkerson's Union Giants in 1927, 1928 and again in 1934.  For two seasons, in 1935 and 1936, he was the captain of an integrated team in Page, North Dakota.  He later became the owner and manager of the Asheville Blues.

He died in Asheville, North Carolina in 1992 at age 84.

Gilkerson's Union Giants
Gilkerson's Union Giants were an independent semi-professional baseball team that barnstormed mainly in the Midwest from 1919 to 1935.  Consisting almost entirely of African American and Cuban players, the team was owned and managed by Robert Gilkerson, a former player and manager in the pre-Negro Leagues era.
Unpredictable Family
Unpredictable Family (Korean: 우당탕탕 패밀리) is a South Korean television series starring Nam Sang-ji, Lee Do-gyeom, Kang Da-bin and Lee Hyo-na. It premiered on KBS1 on September 18, 2023, and aired on every weekday at 20:30 (KST) for 131 episodes.

KBS1
KBS 1TV (Korean: KBS 제1텔레비전) is a South Korean free-to-air television channel that launched on 31 December 1961 and is owned by Korean Broadcasting System. The channel offers more serious programming than its sister channel KBS2, and airs with no commercials.
Zeta Canis Majoris
Zeta Canis Majoris is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Canis Major. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ζ Canis Majoris; it has the proper name Furud, pronounced /ˈfjʊərəd/. This system has a combined apparent visual magnitude of +3.0, making it one of the brighter stars in the constellation and hence readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos mission yield a distance estimate of around 362 ly (111 pc) from the Sun. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +32 km/s.

Naked eye
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying, light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope, or eye protection.

In astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers, and the brightest asteroids, including 4 Vesta. Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye.
Polites vibex
Polites vibex, or the whirlabout, is a grass skipper in the family Hesperiidae. The whirlabout gets its name from the landing and take off flight patterns of the adult – a circular or vortex or whirling motion. It is resident from the southeastern U.S. and West Indies to eastern Mexico through the tropics down to Argentina. During the warmer North American months, it can sometimes be found as far north as Ohio, Connecticut, and northeast Iowa.

The wingspan is 25–38 mm (0.98–1.50 in). North of the equator, it flies all year and migrates north in late summer and fall.

The larvae feed on grasses mainly at night. Eggs are white and laid one at a time on the host plants.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Sanmu incident
The Sanmu incident (三無事件, San mu jiken) was an attempted coup d'état in Japan that was foiled on December 12, 1961. During the raid undertaken by the National Police Agency, 13 conspirators were arrested. It was the first coup attempt in post-war Japan. The only other attempt in this period, led by Yukio Mishima, would follow in 1970. The Sanmu Jiken was originally called the Sanyū Jiken in Japan, and is still sometimes referred to as such.

National Police Agency (Japan)
The National Police Agency (Japanese: 警察庁, Hepburn: Keisatsu-chō) is the central coordinating law enforcement agency of the Japanese police system. Unlike national police in other countries, the NPA does not have any operational units of its own aside from the Imperial Guard; rather, it is responsible for supervising Japan's 47 prefectural police departments and determining their general standards and policies, though it can command police agencies under it in national emergencies or large-scale disasters. It is under the National Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office.

As of 2017, the NPA has a strength of approximately 7,800 personnel: 2,100 sworn officers, 900 guards, and 4,800 civilian staff.
2006 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2006 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships can refer to either or both of the following:

The 26th European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships (April 27–30, 2006)

The 27th European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships (May 4–7, 2006)

The championships were held in consecutive weeks in Volos, Greece.

2006 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 26th European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held from 27 April to 30 April 2006 in Volos, Greece.

Led by new senior Vanessa Ferrari, Italy became the first team besides Romania, Russia, and the Soviet Union to win the senior team title. Ferrari went on to win the All-Around gold medal for Italy at that year's world championships. Katja Abel's bronze medal on vault was the first medal for unified Germany at the European Championships.