hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tukey's trend test
Tukey's trend test (or the Tukey-Ciminera-Heyse trend test) is a non-parametric or semi-parametric statistical hypothesis test used to detect a dose–response relationship between a discrete independent variable (such as dosage level) and a continuous dependent variable.

First proposed by John Tukey, Joseph Ciminera, and John Heyse in 1985, the test was developed to address the limitations of simple linear regression when the exact functional form of the dose-response curve is unknown. It is frequently applied in toxicology and pharmacology to determine if increasing exposure to a substance correlates with a monotonic increase or decrease in a biological response.

Dose–response relationship
The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship describes the magnitude of the response of a biochemical or cell-based assay or an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. Dose–response relationships can be described by dose–response curves, or concentration-response curves. This is explained further in the following sections. A stimulus response function or stimulus response curve is defined more broadly as the response from any type of stimulus, not limited to chemicals.
File Explorer
File Explorer, previously known as Windows Explorer, is a file manager application and default desktop environment that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onwards. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems, as well as user interface elements such as the taskbar and desktop.

The application was renamed from "Windows Explorer" to "File Explorer" in Windows 8; however, the old name of "Windows Explorer" can still be seen in the Windows Task Manager.

Interface (computing)
In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices, such as a touchscreen, can both send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse or microphone may only provide an interface to send data to a given system.
Ireland Baldwin
Ireland Eliesse Baldwin (born October 23, 1995), also known as Ireland Basinger Baldwin, is an American fashion model and actress. Baldwin started modeling and acting in 2013 and  appeared in the film Grudge Match and in editorials for magazines such as Grazia. Baldwin is also a vocal advocate for animal rights and posed for PETA 24 years after her mother, Kim Basinger, did.

Joe Zee
Joe Zee (born November 23, 1968) is a Hong Kong-born Canadian fashion stylist, journalist, and producer, known for Entertainment Tonight (1981), FABLife (2015) and Celebrity Style Story (2012). Zee served as creative director of Elle for seven years. He became editor-in-chief and executive creative officer of Yahoo! Style in April 2014. He resigned from Yahoo in June 2017.
Summer Mood
Summer Mood (foaled 1981 in Ontario) is a retired Canadian Thoroughbred racemare who won the Sovereign Award as the 1985 Canadian Champion Sprint Horse of either sex. A daughter of 1980 leading sire in North America, Raja Baba, she was bred and raced by Kinghaven Farms. During her career, Summer Mood won races in Canada and the United States.

Trained by American John J. Tammaro Jr. through 1984, Roger Attfield took over in 1985.

Summer Mood died at age twenty-two in April 2003 as a result of complications during pregnancy.

Glossary of North American horse racing
The following is a glossary of North American horse racing.

Additional glossaries at:

Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting

Glossary of equestrian terms

Parimutuel betting#Parimutuel bet types
Upper Brooklyn
Upper Brooklyn or Brooklyn Heights is a neighborhood on South Hill in Minot, North Dakota.  The neighborhood consists of the sections of the Brooklyn Addition that are not part of Downtown Minot.  The High Third neighborhood, the Lower Brooklyn neighborhood and the area around the Minot Municipal Auditorium, which were part of the Brooklyn Addition, are considered part of the downtown area.  Upper Brooklyn is bordered by downtown and the BNSF railroad tracks to the north, Minot High School's Magic City Campus to the west, Eleventh Avenue SW to the south and South Broadway and Lower Brooklyn to the east.  The neighborhood is approximately 0.46 square kilometers.  The neighborhood is home to the Scandinavian Heritage Park and Jim Hill Middle School.

Minot High School
Minot High School (MHS) is a public high school in Minot, North Dakota, and serves the majority of the city. A second public high school, 
Minot North, opened in August 2024 with students from the northern portion of the city and Minot Air Force Base, thirteen miles (21 km) north.

Previously, MHS was divided between two main campuses: Magic City (1974, grades 11–12) and Central (1918, grades 9–10). Its enrollment was among the largest in the state, drawing from the entire city and the air base. Magic City is now Minot High School (9–12) and Central is the district's fourth middle school. MHS also includes an alternative campus: Souris River Campus.
Rainbow Ethiopia: Movement for Democracy and Social Justice
The Rainbow Ethiopia: Movement for Democracy and Social Justice (RE:MDSJ), also known as Keste Damena Ethiopia, was a political party in Ethiopia. At the 2005 legislative elections, the party was part of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy in the Council of People's Representatives, which later became Unity for Democracy and Justice. In an electoral upset that year, the city council of Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa was taken by the opposition coalition, including Rainbow Ethiopia.

The founding chairman was Dr. Berhanu Nega. The public relations head of the party was Professor Mesfin Woldemariam.

House of Peoples' Representatives
The House of Peoples' Representatives is the lower house of the Ethiopian Federal Parliamentary Assembly. Located in the capital Addis Ababa, the House has 547 members. All are elected in theory for five-year term in single-seat constituencies. The proceedings in the chamber are led by Speaker of the House of Peoples' Representatives. Of the 547 seats, 74 are vacant.
Salvatore di Pietro
Salvatore di Pietro, (15 June 1830 – 23 August 1898) was an Italian Bishop in the Catholic Church. He served as the first Vicar Apostolic of Belize from 1893 to 1898. He is widely regarded as the most important figure in consolidating the Catholic presence in Belize in the second half of the 19th century.

Corozal Town
Corozal is a town in Belize, capital of Corozal District. Corozal is located about 84 miles north of Belize City, and 9 miles from the border with Mexico.  The population of Corozal, according to the main results of the 2010 census, is 9,871.

Corozal was a private estate before becoming a town in the 1840s, mostly settled by Maya Mestizo refugees from the Caste War of Yucatán.  Much of the town was built over an ancient Maya city, sometimes known as Santa Rita; this may have been the original Pre-Columbian town called Chactemal, which extended from present day Corozal to Chetumal, Mexico. Corozal Town was badly damaged by Hurricane Janet in 1955 and was substantially rebuilt afterward.
Cytisus
Cytisus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to open sites (typically scrub and heathland) in Europe, western Asia and North Africa. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and is one of several genera in the tribe Genisteae which are commonly called brooms. They are shrubs producing masses of brightly coloured, pea-like flowers, often highly fragrant. Members of the segregate genera Calicotome, Chamaecytisus, and Lembotropis are sometimes included in Cytisus.

Genisteae
Genisteae is a tribe of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in the subfamily Faboideae of the family Fabaceae. It includes a number of well-known plants including broom, lupine (lupin), gorse and laburnum.

The tribe's greatest diversity is in the Mediterranean, and most genera are native to Europe, Africa, the Canary Islands, India and southwest Asia. However, the largest genus, Lupinus, is most diverse in North and South America. Anarthrophytum and Sellocharis are also South American and Argyrolobium ranges into India.
Daniel O'Donoghue (Irish politician)
Daniel O'Donoghue (1833 – 7 October 1889) was an Irish politician. He served in the British Parliament from 1857 to 1865 as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tipperary, and from 1865 to 1885 as MP for Tralee.

There is a tomb inside Muckross Abbey near Killarney in County Kerry which bears the inscription "O'Donoghue of the Glens": this may be Daniel O'Donoghue's final resting place.

Tralee (UK Parliament constituency)
Tralee is a former borough constituency in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, returning one Member of Parliament (MP) for the parliamentary borough of Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland from 1801 to 1885.
Banska
The Banska river  (Bulgarian: Банска река), also known as Dobrichka reka  (Bulgarian: Добричка река)  is a river in Haskovo Province, southeastern Bulgaria. The river is 37 kilometres (23 mi) long.

The Banska springs out from the base of St.Elias Peak(801.3 m)  at 686 m altitude in the Eastern Rhodopes. It passes through  the villages of Susam, Tatarevo, Garvanovo, Klokotnitsa, Kasnakovo and Dobrich. Between Tatarevo and Garvanovo it forms the Boaza Gorge. The river flows into the Maritsa near Dimitrovgrad as a right tributary.

In 1230 the Battle of Klokotnitsa occurred near the banks of the river.

The Banska River is inhabited by a large number of fish species, including the Mullet, Danube Bleak, the Carassius, Vimba and the Common Nase.

Vimba vimba
Vimba vimba, called also the vimba bream, vimba, zanthe, or zarte, is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, the daces, Eurasian minnows and related species. This species is found in Europe and Western Asia, where it largely lives in brackish water but makes an annual migration up-river each year to breed.
Ryan Gerard
Ryan Gerard (born August 2, 1999) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. He won the 2024 BMW Charity Pro-Am on the Korn Ferry Tour en route to earning his full card for the 2025 PGA Tour season. He had previously spent the majority of the 2023 PGA Tour Season on the PGA Tour as a Special Temporary Member.

Official World Golf Ranking
The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of professional golfers. It was started in 1986. The rankings are based on a player's position in individual tournaments (i.e. not pairs or team events) over a "rolling" two-year period. New rankings are calculated each week. During 2018, nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system. All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings. In 2026, 25 tours factored into the world rankings. As well as being of general interest, the rankings have an additional importance, in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments.

The chair of the OWGR is former world number twelve and 2008 Masters Tournament champion Trevor Immelman.
Fressingfield
Fressingfield is a village in Suffolk, England, 12 miles (19 km) east of Diss, Norfolk. In 2015 it had a population of 1021, with one shop (Mace), a medical centre, public house, restaurant, primary school, and three churches, with Anglican, Baptist and Methodist congregations. A vineyard, Oak Hill Wines, is also located nearby.

The parish of Fressingfield contains 4,618 acres (18.69 km2). Of the more than 500 parishes in Suffolk, Fressingfield is the 16th largest.

Diss, Norfolk
Diss is a market town, civil parish and electoral ward in South Norfolk, England; it is near the boundary with Suffolk. It had a population of 7,572 in 2011. It lies in the valley of the River Waveney, round a mere covering 6 acres (2.4 ha) and up to 18 feet (5.5 m) deep, although there is another 51 feet (16 m) of mud.
Forest Nenets language
Forest Nenets (Neshan) is a Samoyedic language spoken in northern Russia, around the Agan, Pur, Lyamin and Nadym rivers, by the Nenets people. It is closely related to the Tundra Nenets language, and the two are still sometimes seen as simply being dialects of a single Nenets language, despite there being low mutual intelligibility between the two. The next closest relatives are Nganasan and Enets, after them Selkup, and even more distantly the other Uralic languages.

Samoyedic languages
The Samoyedic (/ˌsæməˈjɛdɪk, -mɔɪ-/) or Samoyed languages (/ˈsæməˌjɛd, -mɔɪ-/) are spoken around the Ural Mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by approximately 25,000 people altogether, accordingly called the Samoyedic peoples. They derive from a common ancestral language called Proto-Samoyedic, and form a branch of the Uralic languages. Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC, they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an outgroup, branching off first from the other Uralic languages.
Ryland Dillard Tisdale
Commander Ryland Dillard Tisdale (November 15, 1894 – May 23, 1942) was an American naval officer who served during both World War I and II. He was awarded the Navy Cross and posthumously the Silver Star.

Executive officer
An executive officer is a person who is principally responsible for leading all or part of an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization.

In many militaries and police forces, an executive officer (XO) is the second-in-command, reporting to the commanding officer (CO). The XO is typically responsible for the management of day-to-day activities, freeing the commander to concentrate on strategy and planning the unit's next move.
2 Preludes through all the Major Keys (Beethoven)
2 Preludes through all the Major Keys, Op. 39, is a set of two preludes by Ludwig van Beethoven. Composed in 1789, they were published in December 1803, along with his Romance No. 1 for Violin and Orchestra, Op. 40, and a Serenade for Piano and Flute, Op. 41. Although the original autograph is lost, a copy from Artaria still exists in Berlin.

The first prelude is 6 minutes long, which gives a substantial amount of time for key changes. Each key occupies between 2 and 26 measures in length, starting and ending in C major. The original ending to this prelude is now its own composition, catalogued as Hess 310. The second prelude is highly virtuosic, as it cycles through all the keys twice in less time than the first prelude, starting and ending in C major.

Not much has been written about the preludes. Barry Cooper writes about how they "...attempt to outdo Bach’s famous sets of preludes in every key, by modulating rapidly through every major key within the space of about 100 bars."

Romance No. 1 (Beethoven)
The Romance for violin and orchestra No. 1 in G major, Op. 40, was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven, one of two such compositions, the other being Romance No. 2 in F major, Op. 50. It was written about 1801, after the second Romance, and was published 1803, two years before the publication of the second. Thus, this romance was designated as Beethoven's first.

The Romance, Op. 40, is scored for violin solo and an orchestra of strings, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns and flute. The duration is about 8 minutes.

The unaccompanied opening bars for the solo violin
Hop Island
Hop Island is one of the largest of the Rauer Islands, lying 2 km (1.2 mi) west-south-west of Filla Island. It was charted by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37), who gave the name Hopoy. They charted the feature as being even larger, including a southern arm enclosing a cove. The feature was more accurately delineated by John H. Roscoe in 1952 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47). The name Hop Island has been retained for the largest segment of the feature as suggested by Roscoe.

Operation Highjump
Operation HIGHJUMP, officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946–1947, (also called Task Force 68), was a United States Navy (USN) operation to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV. The operation was organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN, Officer in Charge, Task Force 68, and led by Rear Admiral Ethan Erik Larson, USN, Commanding Officer, Task Force 68. Operation HIGHJUMP commenced 26 August 1946 and ended in late February 1947. Task Force 68 included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and 33 aircraft.
Adeyemo
Adéyẹmọ ⓘ is a Yoruba given name and surname meaning "the crown or royalty befits a child." People with this name include:

Given name

Adeyemo Alakija (1884–1952), Nigerian lawyer, politician and businessman

Adeyemo Fatai, Nigerian former table tennis player

Surname

Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Nigerian physician-scientist and genetic epidemiologist

Adewale Wally Adeyemo (born 1981), Obama Foundation President and Biden Administration Deputy Treasury Secretary

Alhaji Abdul Azeez Kolawole Adeyemo (1941–2002), Nigerian Yoruba politician

Ola Adeyemo (born 1995), Nigerian footballer

Olanike Adeyemo (born 1970), Nigerian professor of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine at University of Ibadan

Abdul Azeez Kolawole Adeyemo
Abdul Azeez Kolawole AdeyemoListenⓘ (14 June 1941 – 12 March 2002), popularly known as 'Alhaji how are you', was a Nigerian politician. He joined the Western Region campaign of Egbe Omo Oduduwa founded by Chief Jeremiah Obafemi Awolowo. He was also a front-line member of Action Group political party which later metamorphosed into Unity Party of Nigeria. His main legacy was securing democracy and good governance in post-independent Nigeria.
Priconodon
Priconodon (meaning "saw cone tooth") is an extinct genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur (perhaps nodosaurid), mainly known from its large teeth. Its remains have been found in the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian age) Arundel Formation of Muirkirk, Prince George's County, Maryland, USA, and possibly the Potomac Group, also located in Maryland. As an ankylosaur, Priconodon would have been a large armored quadrupedal herbivore, though no size estimation has been done due to the scarcity of described remains.

Muirkirk, Maryland
Muirkirk is an unincorporated community in northern Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, located between Baltimore and Washington in the central part of the state.

It is located along U.S. Route 1 between Beltsville and Laurel. It has a stop on the MARC commuter rail (on the Camden line), and hosts a dinosaur park.

Many Muirkirk residents work for government agencies such as NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the Food and Drug Administration and the headquarters of the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission.
Northwest Oregon
Northwest Oregon is a geographic and cultural region of the U.S. state of Oregon, composed of Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook counties. The region encompasses the northernmost parts of the state along the lower
Columbia River.

David Thompson (explorer)
David Thompson (30 April 1770 – 10 February 1857) was a British fur trader, surveyor, and cartographer, known to some native people as "Koo-Koo-Sint" or "the Stargazer". Over Thompson's career, he travelled 90,000 kilometres (56,000 mi) across North America, mapping 4.9 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) of the continent along the way. For this historic feat, Thompson has been described as the "greatest practical land geographer that the world has produced".: xxxii
Alan Alborn
Alan Jacob Alborn (born December 13, 1980) is an American former ski jumper. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, he finished 11th in the team large hill and 11th in the individual normal hill events.

Alborn's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 23rd in the individual normal hill event at Lahti in 2001. He finished 32nd in the individual event at the 2002 Ski-flying World Championships in Harrachov.

Alborn's best individual World Cup finish was fourth in a large hill event in Switzerland in 2001. His best individual career finish was second twice in lesser events (2001, 2004).

He held the North American distance record with 221.5 meters (achieved in Planica in 2002) till it was broken by Kevin Bickner in 2017.

Harrachov
Harrachov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈɦaraxof]; German: Harrachsdorf) is a town in Jablonec nad Nisou District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic, close to the border with Poland. It has about 1,400 inhabitants. It is known as one of the most popular Czech ski resorts.
Serpentine Prison
Serpentine Prison is the debut solo studio album by Matt Berninger, lead singer and co-songwriter of The National, released on October 16, 2020. It was produced by Booker T. Jones and released on Book Records, a new imprint of Concord Records formed by Berninger and Jones.

Serpentine Prison was nominated for Best Recording Package at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards. The album was designed and art directed by Dale Doyle at Holotype, and painted by Michael Carson.

Concord Records
Concord Records is an American record label owned by Concord and based in Los Angeles, California. Concord Records was launched in 1995 as an imprint designed to reach beyond the company's foundational Concord Jazz label. The label's artists have won 14 Grammy Awards and 88 Grammy nominations.

The original logo, a stylized eighth note incorporating the C and J of "Concord Jazz", was created by Bay Area graphic designer Dan Buck, who also worked on several album covers for the company.
Puvočiai
Puvočiai is a village in Marcinkonys Eldership, Varėna district municipality, Alytus County, southeastern Lithuania. According to the 2001 census, the village had a population of 71 people. At the 2011 census, the population was 57.

Puvočiai village is located c. 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Varėna, 34 kilometres (21 mi) from Druskininkai, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Trasninkas (the nearest settlement).

Varėna
Varėna (pronunciationⓘ) is a city in Dzūkija, southern Lithuania. It is the capital of the district of Varėna. Currently, there are 7,794 residents. The Varėna district is the largest and most forested municipality of Lithuania as more than 50% of the district's territory is covered with forests.
Little Rock National Cemetery
Little Rock National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery, located approximately two miles (3 km) south-east of the Arkansas State Capitol Building, being within the city of Little Rock, and Pulaski County, Arkansas. It encompasses 31.7 acres (12.8 ha), and as of the end of 2005, had 25,172 interments. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it is currently closed to new interments.

Pulaski County, Arkansas
Pulaski County is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. With a population of 399,125 as of the 2020 United States census, it is the most populous county in Arkansas. The county is included in the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway metropolitan area. Its county seat is Little Rock, which is also Arkansas's capital and largest city.

Pulaski County is Arkansas's fifth county, formed on December 15, 1818, alongside Clark and Hempstead Counties. Pulaski County is named for Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, a Polish-born Continental Army officer who was killed in action at the Siege of Savannah during the Revolutionary War. The county was the site of the Battle of Bayou Fourche on September 10, 1863. The Union army took control the same day and occupied Pulaski County until the end of the Civil War. The county was home to Willow Springs Water Park, one of the oldest water parks in the nation, which opened in 1928 and closed in 2013.