hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Medical Repository
The Medical Repository was the first American medical journal, founded in 1797 and published quarterly, with some interruptions, through 1824. It was printed by T. & J. Swords, printers to the physics faculty at Columbia College in New York City.

The journal's founding editors were Elihu Hubbard Smith, Samuel L. Mitchill, and Edward Miller. Smith edited the journal until his death in 1798, and Miller until his death in 1812, with Mitchill leaving his editorship after 1821; the final volumes were edited by James R. Manley and Charles Drake. The journal filled a vacuum in medical literature in the early United States, as most medical publications were European and difficult to obtain; the great demand for the journal is attested by the fact that its first two volumes were each reprinted twice, in 1800 and 1804.

Columbia College, Columbia University
Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college of Columbia University, a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.

Columbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by alumni Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

Columbia College is distinctive for its comprehensive Core Curriculum and is among the most selective of American colleges, with an admission rate of 3.85% in 2024.
Hillside, Pennsylvania
Hillside is an unincorporated community in Derry Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located along Pennsylvania Route 217 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northwest of Derry. Hillside does not have a post office.

Pennsylvania Route 217
Pennsylvania Route 217 (PA 217) is a 21-mile-long (34 km) state highway located in Westmoreland and Indiana counties in Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at U.S. Route 30 (US 30) near Latrobe.  The northern terminus is at PA 286 near Jacksonville.
CDV Software
CDV Software Entertainment AG (formerly CDV Software GmbH, stylized as cdv) was a German publisher of video games founded 1989 in Karlsruhe. In April 2000 CDV became a Frankfurt stock market traded company. In the beginning of the 2000s, CDV was the biggest German publisher in the German video game market. As of the 2006 annual financial statements, the company also reported balance sheet over-indebtedness of EUR 1.9 million, which is, however, covered by a subordinated loan taken out in 2005 in the amount of EUR 3.8 million. The company's financial position is based on a balance sheet of EUR 1.9 million. They opened a UK office in 2008. In 2010, VG247 reported that they filed for preliminary insolvency when SouthPeak Games failed to pay a settlement. After only a few employees were still working in the company and the share price had been tumbling for some time, CDV filed for bankruptcy on 12 April 2010.

Gamer Network
Gamer Network Limited (formerly Eurogamer Network Limited) is a British digital media company based in London. Founded in 1999 by Rupert and Nick Loman, it owns brands—primarily editorial websites—relating to video game journalism and other video game businesses. Its flagship website, Eurogamer, was launched alongside the company. It began hosting the video game trade show EGX in 2008. ReedPop acquired Gamer Network in 2018 and sold it to IGN Entertainment in 2024.
Greater Sudbury City Council
Greater Sudbury City Council (French: Conseil municipal du Grand Sudbury) is the governing body of the City of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

The council consists of the mayor plus a twelve-person council. The city is divided into twelve wards; each ward is represented by one councillor. The council meets at Tom Davies Square.

The city was created by amalgamating the former City of Sudbury with six suburban municipalities on January 1, 2001. Initially, the council structure consisted of six wards, each represented by two councillors. Ward boundaries in the new city were drawn by grouping former suburban municipalities with adjacent neighbourhoods in the former city. For the 2006 municipal election, council was reorganized into twelve single-member wards.

Past mayors of the city and the former suburban municipalities are listed at List of mayors of Sudbury, Ontario.

Copper Cliff
Copper Cliff is a community and former company town in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Incorporated in 1901, Copper Cliff was a separate municipality until it was annexed by the City of Sudbury in 1973 as part of the creation of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury.
Chicago Fire season 12
The twelfth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on April 10, 2023, by NBC. The season premiered on January 17, 2024. The season concluded on May 22, 2024 and contained 13 episodes. The season was affected by strikes undertaken by the Writers Guild of America (which began on May 2, 2023 and ended on September 27, 2023) and SAG-AFTRA (which began on July 14, 2023 and ended on November 9, 2023).

Taylor Kinney
Taylor Jackson Kinney (born January 15, 1981) is an American actor and model. He played Jared in Zero Dark Thirty, Phil in The Other Woman, and Chicago Fire Department Lieutenant Kelly Severide on the American drama Chicago Fire. He also played Craig, one of Fiona's love interests, on Shameless.
Leo I, Prince of Armenia
Leo I (Armenian: Լևոն Ա), also Levon I or Leon I, (unknown – Constantinople, February 14, 1140) was the fifth lord of Armenian Cilicia (1129/1130–1137).

He expanded his rule over the Cilician plains and even to the Mediterranean shores. In his time, relations between the Armenians and the Franks (the Crusaders), two former allies, were not always as courteous as before: a major cause of dissension between them was the ownership of the strongholds of the southern Amanus, and on the neighboring coasts of the Gulf of Alexandretta.

Leo was captured after being invited to a meeting by the Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus, who had sworn a false promise of peace.

Nur Mountains
The Nur Mountains (Turkish: Nur Dağları, "Mountains of Holy Light"), formerly known as Alma-Dağ, the ancient Mount Amanus (Ancient Greek: Ἄμᾱνος), medieval Black Mountain, or Jabal al-Lukkam in Arabic, is a mountain range in the Hatay Province of south-central Turkey. It begins south of the Taurus Mountains and the Ceyhan river, runs roughly parallel to the Gulf of İskenderun,  and ends on the Mediterranean coast between the Gulf of İskenderun and the Orontes (Asi) river mouth.
Burdette Park
Burdette Park is a recreational facility in Vanderburgh County, Indiana.  It is the only municipal park in Vanderburgh County not operated by the City of Evansville. Burdette Park provides a recreational and educational environment consisting of approximately 170 acres of wooded hills in Southwestern Indiana.

Southwestern Indiana
Southwestern Indiana is an 11-county region of southern Indiana, United States located at the southernmost and westernmost part of the state. As of the 2010 census, the region's combined population is 474,251. Evansville, Indiana's third-largest city, is the primary hub for the region, as well as the primary regional hub for a tri-state area that includes Kentucky and Illinois. Other regional hubs include Jasper, Vincennes, and Washington. Although part of a Midwestern state, certain parts of the region, largely along the Ohio River, may reflect some similarities with the neighboring Upland South (such as Kentucky or Tennessee), rather than the rest of the Midwest; the area is Midwest with occasional Southern influence, rather than Southern with a Midwest influence.
GD Benfica de Santa Cruz
Grupo Desportivo Benfica de Santa Cruz, sometimes as Grupo Desportivo Benfica, is a professional football club that plays in the Santiago Island North League in Cape Verde. It is based in the town of Calheta de São Miguel in the island of Santiago and plays at Estádio Municipal 25 de Julho located northwest of the city center. Since the implementation of the two tier regional system in 2015, the club are one of ten unrelegated clubs of northern Santiago.

The club is an affiliate to Portugal's S.L. Benfica of Lisbon. It is the only one affiliated to in the North Zone and one of the three on the island. The others are Praia's CD Travadores and Benfica FC da Praia.

Santiago, Cape Verde
Santiago (Portuguese for “Saint James”) is the largest island of Cape Verde, its most important agricultural centre and home to half the nation's population. Part of the Sotavento Islands, it lies between the islands of Maio (26 km (16 mi) to the east) and Fogo (55 kilometres (34 miles) to the west). It was the first of the islands to be settled: the town of Ribeira Grande (now Cidade Velha and a UNESCO World Heritage Site) was founded in 1462. Santiago is home to the nation's capital city of Praia.
1936 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1936 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College as an independent during the 1936 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Gil Dobie, the Eagles compiled a record of 6–1–2. Boston College played home games at Alumni Field in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and Fenway Park in Boston.

1936 college football season
The 1936 college football season was the first in which the Associated Press writers' poll selected a national champion. The first AP poll, taken of 35 writers, was released on October 20, 1936. Each writer listed his choice for the top ten teams, and points were tallied based on 10 for first place, 9 for second, etc., and the AP then ranked the twenty teams with the highest number of points.   In the first poll, Minnesota received 32 first place votes, and 3 votes for an additional 25 points, for a total of 345 altogether. Of the seven contemporary math system selectors, two chose Pittsburgh as the top team.

The 1936 season also saw the addition of another major New Year's Day bowl game, as Dallas hosted the first Cotton Bowl Classic.
Balanda (river)
Balanda (Russian: Баланда) is a river in Volgograd and Saratov Oblasts in Russia, a right tributary of the Medveditsa (a tributary of the Don. It is 164 kilometres (102 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 1,900 square kilometres (730 sq mi).

The river has its sources on the Volga Uplands in Saratov oblast, and flows in a southwesterly direction to its confluence with the Medveditsa in Volgograd Oblast. Most of the Balandas waters is from snow melting on the Volga Uplands.

The town of Kalininsk is situated by the Balanda.

Volga Upland
The Volga Upland, also known as the Volga Uplands, Volga Hills, or Volga Plateau (Russian: Приволжская возвышенность, romanized: Privolzhskaya vozvyshennost'), is a vast region of the  East European Plain in the European part of Russia that lies west of the Volga River and east of the Central Russian Upland.

The uplands lie in the cool continental climate zone, characterised by large fluctuations in seasonal temperatures and generally little rainfall. Outside of the cities in the region, population density is generally between 28 and 129 inhabitants per square mile.
Goldene Aue
The Goldene Aue (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɔldənə ˈʔaʊə], "golden lowland", also " ... bottom" or " ... meadow" / " ... pasture", with "Au[e]" referring to a low-lying area, often a wetland) is a valley in eastern Germany, in the states Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt.

It is situated between the towns Nordhausen in the west, and Sangerhausen in the east. It is bordered by the mountain ranges Harz in the north, and Windleite and Kyffhäuser in the south. The river Helme flows through the Goldene Aue.

Sangerhausen
Sangerhausen (German pronunciation: [zaŋɐˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ) is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, central Germany, capital of the district of Mansfeld-Südharz. It is situated southeast of the Harz, approx. 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of Nordhausen, and 50 km (31 mi) west of Halle (Saale). About 26,000 people live in Sangerhausen (2020).
Just Walking
Just Walking (Spanish: Sólo quiero caminar; transl. 'I Only Want to Walk'), also known as Walking Vengeance, is a 2008 Spanish-Mexican crime thriller film directed and written by Agustín Díaz Yanes. Its cast includes Ariadna Gil, Diego Luna, Victoria Abril, Pilar López de Ayala, Elena Anaya, and José María Yazpik.

The film was nominated for eleven Goya Awards, winning one (Best Cinematography).

23rd Goya Awards
The 23rd Goya Awards honouring the best in Spanish filmmaking of 2008 were presented on 1 February 2009 at the Madrid's Palacio Municipal de Congresos. The gala was hosted by Carmen Machi, also featuring Muchachada Nui.

Camino was the big winner of the night, winning 6 awards out 7 nominations, including Best Film, Actress, Director and Original Screenplay.
Beta-alanyl-CoA ammonia-lyase
The enzyme β-Alanyl-CoA ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.6) catalyzes the chemical reaction

β-alanyl-CoA  acryloyl-CoA + NH3

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically ammonia lyases, which cleave carbon-nitrogen bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is β-alanyl-CoA ammonia-lyase (acryloyl-CoA-forming). This enzyme is also called β-alanyl coenzyme A ammonia-lyase.  This enzyme participates in β-alanine metabolism and propanoate metabolism.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Arrangement
In music, an arrangement is a musical adaptation of an existing composition. Differences from the original composition may include reharmonization, melodic paraphrasing, orchestration, or formal development. Arranging differs from orchestration in that the latter process is limited to the assignment of notes to instruments for performance by an orchestra, concert band, or other musical ensemble. Arranging "involves adding compositional techniques, such as new thematic material for introductions, transitions, or modulations, and endings. Arranging is the art of giving an existing melody musical variety". In jazz, a memorized (unwritten) arrangement of a new or pre-existing composition is known as a head arrangement.

Performance
A performance is an act or process of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other forms of entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function.
Kata guruma
Kata guruma (肩車) is one of the traditional forty throws of judo as developed by Kano Jigoro. Kata guruma belongs to the third group of the traditional throwing list in the Gokyo no waza of the Kodokan Judo.  It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo.  Because the technique is not a sweep nor a trip and requires tori to pull uke into a carry, it is categorized as a hand throwing technique (tewaza).

Uke (martial arts)
Uke (受け) (IPA: [ɯke]) is in Japanese martial arts the person who "receives" a technique. The exact role of uke varies between the different arts and often within the art itself depending on the situation.  For instance, in aikido, judo kata, and bujinkan ninjutsu, uke initiates an attack against their partner, who then defends, whereas in competition judo, there is no designated uke.

An uke typically partners with a partner or nominal opponent. The latter person may be referred to by any of several terms, again depending on the art or situation. They include nage (投げ, "thrower"), tori (取り, "grabber"), seme (攻め, "attack") and shite (仕手, "doer").
North Zone mine
The North Zone mine is a large open pit mine located in the eastern part of Canada in York County, New Brunswick. North Zone represents one of the largest tin reserves in Canada having estimated reserves of 15.2 million tonnes of ore grading 0.38% tin, 0.86% zinc and 0.006% indium. The mine produces around 3,200 tonnes of tin/year, 40 tonnes of indium/year and 4,000 tonnes of zinc/year.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Monterey, Pennsylvania
Monterey, Pennsylvania, is an unincorporated community which was added to the USGS Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979.   After the site was surveyed c. 1839 for the never-completed Tapeworm Railroad, the summit community was settled on the Emmitsburg & Waynesboro Turnpike  east of the Nichol's Gap Road intersection near the Toll Gate and Brown's Spring and later bypassed by the 20th century Pennsylvania Route 16 highway.

As with the Pen Mar Park to the south, Monterey was the site of numerous resort facilities such as the Clermont House, 1887 Monterey Hotel, the Monterey House, the Monterey Inn, the Monterey Academy, and the Monterey Country Club.  The community's post office established in the late 19th century was named Charmian (another PA post office already was named Monterey),: 7  and the Charmian station of the Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway was established after the Western Extension was laid in 1888–1889 (cf. Monterey Station in 1872).

Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway
The Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway was a railroad that operated in Maryland and Pennsylvania in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The 59 miles (95 km) main line ran from Emory Grove, Maryland to Orrtanna, Pennsylvania, with a 6 miles (9.7 km) branch from Valley Junction, Pennsylvania (east of Hanover) to Hanover Junction, Pennsylvania; and later extensions to Highfield, Maryland and York, Pennsylvania.

The railroad was formed from a merger of the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad, the Bachman Valley Railroad and the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad in 1886. It was acquired by the Western Maryland Railway in 1917.
August 1856 Cumberland (South Riding) colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Cumberland South Riding on 21 August 1856 because Elias Weekes resigned in August 1856 after winning his appeal against his defeat in Northumberland Boroughs.

Electoral district of Northumberland Boroughs
Northumberland Boroughs was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1856 to 1859, including the towns of Morpeth, East Maitland, and West Maitland, and named after Northumberland County. It elected two members simultaneously, with voters casting two votes and the first two candidates being elected.
Wilhelm Omsted
Wilhelm Omsted (born 24 May 1939) is a Norwegian lawyer and judge.

He graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1967, and worked as a deputy judge in Hardanger and a secretary in the Ministry of Justice. From 1971 he was a lawyer, since 1973 in his own lawyer's firm. In 1976 he received his barrister's license, with permission to work with Supreme Court cases. From 1985 to 1988 he was a board member of the Norwegian Bar Association. In 1988 he became a presiding judge in Eidsivating Court of Appeal. When Borgarting Court of Appeal was created out of Eidsivating in 1995, he became a presiding judge there. He has also held lectures at the University of Oslo.

He resides in Frogner.

Borgarting Court of Appeal
The Borgarting Court of Appeal (Norwegian: Borgarting lagmannsrett) is one of six intermediate courts of appeal in Norway. The Court is located in the city of Oslo. The court has jurisdiction over the counties of Oslo, Buskerud, and parts of Akershus and Østfold. These areas constitute the Borgarting judicial district (Norwegian: Borgarting lagdømme). This court can rule on both civil and criminal cases that are appealed from one of its subordinate district courts. Court decisions can be, to a limited extent, appealed to the Supreme Court of Norway. The court has 62 judges and 45 administrative staff. The chief judicial officer of the court (Norwegian: førstelagmann) is currently Marianne Vollan. The court is administered by the Norwegian National Courts Administration.
Taku River Tlingit First Nation
The Taku River Tlingit First Nation are the band government of the Inland Tlingit in far northern British Columbia, Canada and also in Yukon.  They comprise two ḵwaan (tribes) of the Tlingit people, who are otherwise coastal, the Áa Tlein Ḵwáan of the Atlin Lake area and the Deisleen Ḵwáan of Teslin Lake, whose main focus is the Teslin Tlingit Council in Teslin, Yukon.  Their band offices are in Atlin, British Columbia, but follow Yukon Time (Mountain Standard Time (MST) UTC−07:00) year-round.

Teslin, Yukon
The community of Teslin (/'tɛs.lɪn/ TESS-lin) (Tlingit: Desleen) includes the Village of Teslin in Yukon, Canada. Teslin is situated at historical Mile 804 on the Alaska Highway along Teslin Lake. The Hudson's Bay Company established a small trading post at Teslin in 1903 (i.e. Teslin Post).

Teslin is home to the Teslin Inland Tlingit First Nations. The name Teslin came from a Tlingit word "Teslintoo." Teslin has one of the largest Native populations in Yukon. Much of the community's livelihood revolves around traditional hunting, trapping and fishing.
Uffculme School
Uffculme School is a mixed secondary school located in Uffculme in the English county of Devon. It is part of the Blackdown Education Partnership Trust, a multi-academy trust.

Previously a community school administered by Devon County Council, Uffculme School was converted to academy status on 1 September 2010. However the school continues to co-ordinate admissions with Devon County Council. As of 2014, pupils were normally admitted from Burlescombe CE Primary School, Culmstock Primary School, Hemyock Primary School, Kentisbeare CE Primary School, Sampford Peverell CE Primary School, Uffculme Primary School, Uplowman CE Primary School and Webber's CE Primary School.

Uffculme School offers GCSE, BTEC and Cambridge Nationals courses as programmes of study for pupils. In addition, the school offers a range of vocational courses in conjunction with Petroc College and Bicton College. It is a specialist maths, computing and applied learning college.

Burlescombe
Burlescombe (/bərˈlɛskəm/, bur-LES-kəm) is a village and civil parish in the Mid Devon district of Devon, England. The parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Holcombe Rogus, Culmstock, Uffculme, Halberton and Sampford Peverell. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 911. The village is about 5 miles (8.0 km) south west of Wellington in Somerset. The ruins of the 12th century Canonsleigh Abbey are nearby. Burlescombe is part of the electoral ward of Canonsleigh. The population of this ward was 3,218 at the 2011 Census.