hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Clear channel assessment attack
A clear channel assessment attack or Queensland attack is a physical layer DoS attack against Wi-Fi networks.  The attack focuses the need of a wireless network to receive the "clear channel assessment"; which is a function within CSMA/CA to determine whether the wireless medium is ready and able to receive data, so that the transmitter may start sending it. The attack makes it appear that the airwaves are busy, which basically puts the entire system on hold.

The attack works only on 802.11b, and is not effective on the OFDM-based protocols 802.11g and 802.11a.  However, some hybrid 802.11b/g access points will hinder the 802.11g network when the 802.11b network is attacked.

Physical layer
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the electrical connectors, the frequencies to transmit on, the line code to use and similar low-level parameters are specified by the physical layer.

At the electrical layer, the physical layer is commonly implemented in a dedicated PHY chip or, in electronic design automation (EDA), by a design block. In mobile computing, the MIPI Alliance *-PHY family of interconnect protocols are widely used.
2008 French municipal elections
The French municipal elections of 2008 were held on 9 and 16 March to elect the municipal councils of France's 36,782 communes. The first task of each newly constituted municipal council was to elect a mayor.

Municipal councilors, and the mayors they elect, ordinarily serve a term of six years. However those who took office following the last municipal elections, held on 11 and 18 March 2001, had their terms extended to seven years by an Act of the French parliament designed to avoid an overloading of the electoral calendar in 2007.

Municipal council (France)
In France, a municipal council (French: conseil municipal, pronounced [kɔ̃sɛj mynisipal]) is an elected body of the commune responsible for "executing, in its deliberations, the business of the town" (translated).

The council must meet at least once a quarter, or at a request from at least one third of its members, but usually meets once a month. The council manages the smallest French territorial community with legal and financial autonomy, the commune.

Participation in the Municipal council vote as a candidate or as an elector is a privilege given only to European citizens. The British choice and decision to leave the European Union on 1 February 2020 had the consequence that  800 elected conseillers municipaux of British nationality were no longer eligible to be re-elected on 15 March 2020.
Magical Death
Magical Death is a documentary film by anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon, that explores the role of the shaman within the Yanomamo culture, the film also examines the close relationship shamanism shares with politics within their society.

Chagnon and frequent collaborator Tim Asch allegedly disagreed over the content of the film, when Asch objected to its graphic depictions of the Yanomami, engaging in symbolic death and cannibalism.

The film was awarded the American Film Festival Blue Ribbon.

Tim Asch
Timothy Asch (July 16, 1932 – October 3, 1994) was an American anthropologist, photographer, and ethnographic filmmaker. Along with John Marshall and Robert Gardner, Asch played an important role in the development of visual anthropology. He is particularly known for his film The Ax Fight and his role with the USC Center for Visual Anthropology.
Charles Tambling
Charles Finney Tambling (November 1, 1871 – May 6, 1958) was an American college football, college basketball, and college baseball coach. He served as the head football coach at Central Michigan Normal School—now known as Central Michigan University—from 1902 to 1905 and again in 1918. Tambling was the head basketball coach at Central Michigan from 1904 to 1910 and again from 1917 to 1919. He was the school's head baseball coach from 1901 to 1907. Tambling was also the head of the physiology and physical training department at Central Michigan. Tambling graduated from Oberlin College. He moved to Redlands, California in 1937. He resided there for ten years before moving to Cathedral City, California, where he died on May 6, 1958.

Central Michigan University
Central Michigan University (CMU, CMICH) is a public research university in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States. It was established in 1892 as a private normal school and became a state institution in 1895. CMU is one of the eight research universities in Michigan and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It has more than 14,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus. CMU offers 200 academic programs at the undergraduate, master's, specialist, and doctoral levels. The Central Michigan Chippewas compete in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six men's and ten women's sports.
MPEG-7
MPEG-7 is a multimedia content description standard. It was standardized in ISO/IEC 15938 (Multimedia content description interface). This description will be associated with the content itself, to allow fast and efficient searching for material that is of interest to the user. MPEG-7 is formally called Multimedia Content Description Interface. Thus, it is not a standard which deals with the actual encoding of moving pictures and audio, like MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. It uses XML to store metadata, and can be attached to timecode in order to tag particular events, or synchronise lyrics to a song, for example.

It was designed to standardize:

a set of Description Schemes ("DS") and Descriptors ("D")

a language to specify these schemes, called the Description Definition Language ("DDL")

a scheme for coding the description

The combination of MPEG-4 and MPEG-7 has been sometimes referred to as MPEG-47.

Synchronization
Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. For example, the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or in time. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync—and those that are not are asynchronous.

Today, time synchronization can occur between systems around the world through satellite navigation signals and other time and frequency transfer techniques.
Ermanno (given name)
Ermanno is an Italian masculine given name. It is a variant of the name Herman.

People bearing the name include:

Ermanno Stradelli (1852–1926), Italian explorer, geographer and photographer

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876–1948), Italian composer and teacher

Ermanno Aebi (1892–1976), Italian-Swiss footballer

Ermanno Bazzocchi (1914–2015), Italian aeronautical engineer and designer

Ermanno Randi (1920–1951), Italian film actor

Ermanno Gorrieri (1920–2004), Italian politician and economist

Ermanno Pignatti (1921–1995), Italian weightlifter

Ermanno Rea (1927–2016), Italian novelist, essayist and journalist

Ermanno Olmi (1931–2018), Italian film director and screenwriter

Ermanno Corsi (1939–2025), Italian journalist and writer

Ermanno Mauro (b. 1939), Italian-Canadian operatic tenor

Ermanno Fasoli (1943–2025), Italian boxer

Ermanno Daelli, Italian fashion designer

Ermanno Capelli (b. 1985), Italian road racing cyclist

Ermanno Stradelli
Ermanno Stradelli (1852 - 24 March 1926) was an Italian explorer, researcher and photographer. 
He was the first person to photograph the Amazon, arriving in Brazil in 1879. His journey has been captured in the book 'The Only Possible Life: Itineraries of Ermanno Stradelli in Amazonia' by Livia Raponi.
Escápate Conmigo (song)
"Escápate Conmigo" (transl. "Escape with Me") is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Wisin from his fourth studio album, Victory (2017). Featuring fellow Puerto Rican singer and rapper Ozuna, the track was released by Sony Music Latin on March 31, 2017. It was written by Ozuna, Marco Ramírez, Víctor Torres, Christian Linares-Carrasquillo, and Wisin, who also produced the song. The song peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. A remix featuring Bad Bunny, De la Ghetto, Arcángel, Noriel, and Almighty was released on July 7, 2017.

Hot Latin Songs
The Billboard Hot Latin Songs (formerly Hot Latin Tracks and Hot Latin 50) is a record chart in the United States for Latin songs, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Since October 2012, chart rankings are based on digital sales, radio airplay, and online streaming, and only predominantly Spanish-language songs are allowed to rank. The chart was established by the magazine on September 6, 1986, and was originally based on airplay on Latin music radio stations. Although the chart predominantly allows Spanish-language songs, songs in English and Portuguese have charted.

The first number one song of the Hot Latin Songs chart was "La Guirnalda" by Rocío Dúrcal on September 6, 1986. As of the issue dated February 28, 2026, the chart has had 468 different number one hits, while 192 artists have reached number one (as a lead or a featured act). The current number-one song on the chart is "DTMF" by Bad Bunny.
Obregon, California
32°51′29″N 114°47′21″W﻿ / ﻿32.85806°N 114.78917°W﻿ / 32.85806; -114.78917

Obregon (Spanish: Obregón) is an unincorporated community in Imperial County, California. It is located 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Ogilby, at an elevation of 663 feet (202 m). Obregon was a mining town in the Cargo Muchacho Mountains located near the American Girl Mine. The town was abandoned in 1939, when the mine was closed.

Cargo Muchacho Mountains
The Cargo Muchacho Mountains are located in the southeast Colorado Desert in the Lower Colorado River Valley, in Imperial County, California in the United States. Much of the range's geology was described by the geologist John T. Dillon.
4th Congress of the Philippines
The 4th Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikaapat na Kongreso ng Pilipinas), composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives, met from January 27, 1958, until December 13, 1961, during the second term of President Carlos P. Garcia.

Nacionalista Party
The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Nacionalista; lit. 'Nationalist Party,' NP) is a political party in the Philippines that is the oldest existing party in the country and in Southeast Asia. It was responsible for leading the country throughout most of the 20th century since its founding in 1907; it was the ruling party from 1935 to 1946 (under Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña), 1953 to 1961 (under Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia), and 1965 to 1978 (under Ferdinand Marcos), and also was one of the two dominant political parties (along with the Liberal Party) throughout the existence of the Third Republic.
Classic New Zealand Wine Trail
The Classic New Zealand Wine Trail is a 380-kilometre (240 mi) tourist road route in New Zealand that covers both the Hawke's Bay and Wairarapa regions of the North Island, as well as the Marlborough District of the South Island, connected by the Cook Strait ferry crossing. The route traverses the principal New Zealand wine regions of Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, and Marlborough, which together represent about 80 percent of the country's total production.

Hawke's Bay wine region
The Hawke's Bay wine region is New Zealand's oldest and second-largest wine-production region, on the east coast of the North Island. Production reached 41,000 tonnes in 2018 from 4,681 hectares (11,570 acres) of planted vines, representing 10.2% of total national production. Some of the oldest wineries still operating in New Zealand, including Te Mata Estate, Church Road, and Mission Estate, were established in the Hawke's Bay area in the late 19th century. Despite this, it was only established as a geographical indication (GI) in 2018. The GI protects any wine produced within the boundaries of the entire Hawke's Bay Region, but in practice the vineyards are chiefly concentrated in the plains and low hills surrounding the cities of Napier and Hastings.
George Zanias
Georgios P. Zanias (Greek: Γιώργος Π. Ζανιάς, pronounced [ˈʝorɣos zaˈɲas], born 16 August 1955 in Orchomenus) was briefly Minister of Finance in Greece from May to July 2012. In June 2012 he was due to be replaced by Vassilis Rapanos. Instead, he was replaced by economist Yiannis Stournaras.

Zanias was one of the chief negotiators of the bailout of Greece in 2011-2012.

Orchomenus (Boeotia)
Orchomenus (Ancient Greek: Ὀρχομενός; Modern Greek: Ορχομενός, Orchomenos) is a town and a municipality in Boeotia, Greece. It is best known today for its rich archaeological site, that was inhabited from the Neolithic through the Hellenistic periods and is the setting for many early Greek myths. It is often referred to as "Minyan Orchomenus", to distinguish it from a later city of the same name in Arcadia. It is located at the base of Akontion near snow-capped Mount Parnassos.
Manara, Israel
Manara (Hebrew: מנרה) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the Naftali Mountains of the Upper Galilee, near the Lebanese border and the city of Kiryat Shmona, it falls under the jurisdiction of Upper Galilee Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 311.

Upper Galilee Regional Council
The Upper Galilee Regional Council (Hebrew: מוֹעָצָה אֲזוֹרִית הַגָּלִיל הַעֶלְיוֹן, translit. Mo'atza Azorit HaGalil HaElyon) is a regional council in Israel's Upper Galilee region, bordered by the Mevo'ot HaHermon Regional Council and the Golan Regional Council, as well as a border with southern Lebanon.

The municipal area has a population of 15,500 and is headed by Giora Salz since December 2012, following 14 years by veteran Aharon Valenci. Its headquarters are located in Kiryat Shmona, an independent city not included in the council's jurisdiction.
Diploconger
Diploconger polystigmatus, or the headband conger, is a species of eel in the family Congridae. It is the only member of the genus Diploconger. It is only found in the Indian Ocean off the western Pacific Ocean at depths of 37–215 meters.

Congridae
The Congridae are the family of conger and garden eels. Congers are valuable and often large food fishes, while garden eels live in colonies, all protruding from the sea floor after the manner of plants in a garden (thus the name). The family includes over 220 species in 32 genera.

The European conger, Conger conger, is the largest of the family and of the Anguilliformes order that includes it; it has been recorded at up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and weighing 350 lb (160 kg).

Congrids are found in tropical, subtropical and temperate seas around the world. Clear distinguishing features among congrids are few; they all lack scales, and most possess pectoral fins. They feed on crustaceans and small fish.

The earliest known fossils of this group are otoliths from the Campanian of the United States.  A number of articulated specimens are known from the Paleogene of Europe.
Anton Kannemeyer
Anton Kannemeyer (born 1967) is a South African comics artist, who sometimes goes by the pseudonym Joe Dog. Kannemeyer has lectured the University of Pretoria, Technikon Witwatersrand, and was also a senior lecturer at the University of Stellenbosch.

Technikon Witwatersrand
The Technikon Witwatersrand was a technikon located in South Africa. On 1 January 2005, it merged with Rand Afrikaans University and the Soweto and East Rand campuses of Vista University to form the University of Johannesburg. The former Vista University East Rand Campus has subsequently been permanently closed.
Chadalawada Krishnamurthy
Chadalawada Krishnamurthy  (born 1 May 1948) is an Indian politician and social activist. He was an MLA in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Tirupati assembly constituency. He was the Chairman of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD) Board of Trustees. He belongs to the Balija social community.

Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) is an independent government trust in India managed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The trust primarily oversees the operations and finances of the richest and the most visited religious center Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. It is also involved in various social, religious, literary and educational activities. TTD is headquartered at  Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh, India and employs about 16,000 people.

Srivani trust was set up by TTD in 2019 to promote Sanātana Dharma by constructing temples in SC-ST-BC habitations, renovating ancient temples, and providing funds under Dhup-Deepa-Naivedyam Scheme to those temples facing financial difficulty. By January 2023, TTD has taken up construction of 2,068 temples in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry and Karnataka.

The total net worth of the organization in 2024 is ₹3 trillion (US$35 billion) (₹3 lakh crore), making it the richest Hindu temple board in the world.
Yoon Do-young
Yoon Do-young (Korean: 윤도영; born 28 October 2006) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as a winger for Eerste Divisie Club FC Dordrecht, on loan from Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion. He made his debut professional appearance in the 2024 K League 1 season with Daejeon Hana Citizen.

Eerste Divisie
The Eerste Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːrstə diˈvizi]; English: First Division), officially known as the Keuken Kampioen Divisie due to sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest tier of football in the Netherlands. It is linked with the top-level Eredivisie via promotion/relegation systems.
Justin Crosby
Justin Crosby is an American politician who was elected as a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives in 2025. A member of the Democratic Party, he defeated incumbent Republican Jon Ray Lancaster. Crosby graduated from Itawamba Community College, Delta State University and the University of Mississippi.

Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi, the upper house being the Mississippi Senate. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected for four-year terms. To qualify as a member of the House, candidates must be at least 21 years old, a resident of Mississippi for at least four years, and a resident in the district for at least two years. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
Wessington House
Wessington House is a historic home located at Edenton, Chowan County, North Carolina. It was built about 1851, and is a 3-story house with a full English basement, brick dwelling with a center hall plan.  The front facade features a two-tiered full-length porch with elaborate iron railings and balustrade.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Chowan County, North Carolina
Chowan County (/tʃoʊˈwɒn/ choh-WON) is one of the 100 counties located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,708. Its county seat is Edenton. The county was created between 1668 and 1671 as Shaftesbury Precinct and later renamed Chowan Precinct. It gained county status in 1739.
Next Up (organization)
Next Up, formerly known as The Bus Project, is a non-profit organization that aims to amplify the voices and leadership of diverse young people in Oregon, helping them improve the state. For over two decades, Next Up has collaborated with youth activists to work towards their stated goal of achieving a more just and equitable state through civic engagement.

Civic engagement
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Civic engagement includes communities working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and improve the quality of community life.

Civic engagement is "a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern" and is "instrumental to democracy". Underrepresentation in government can lead to the concerns of minority, low-income, and younger populations being overlooked. In turn, issues for higher voting groups are addressed more frequently, causing more bills to be passed to fix these problems.
Myrtis
Myrtis (Greek: Μύρτις) is the name given by archaeologists to an 11-year-old girl from ancient Athens, whose remains were discovered in 1994–95 in a mass grave during work to build the metro station at Kerameikos, Greece. The name was chosen from common ancient Greek names. The analysis showed that Myrtis and two other bodies in the mass grave had died of typhoid fever during the Plague of Athens in 430 BC.

The United Nations Regional Information Centre made Myrtis a friend of the Millennium Development Goals and used her in the UN campaign "We Can End Poverty".

Mass grave
A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial.  Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as war and crime, they may also be used after a famine, epidemic, or natural disaster. In disasters, mass graves are used temporarily for infection and disease control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and the individual disposal of each body.

The United Nations has defined a criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of execution, although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon.
2015 Kazakhstan Super Cup
2015 Kazakhstan Super Cup was a Kazakhstan football match that was played on 1 March 2015 between the champions of 2014 Kazakhstan Premier League, Astana, and the winner of the 2014 Kazakhstan Cup, Kairat.

This match was played on 1 March at the Astana Arena. Main and extra time of the match ended with goalless draw, and Astana won the 2015 Kazakhstan Super Cup by a penalty shootout (3:2).

Astana Arena
The Astana Arena (Kazakh: Астана Арена) is a football stadium in Astana, Kazakhstan. The stadium holds 30,000 and has a retractable roof. It serves as the national stadium for the Kazakhstan national football team. Astana Arena is the largest stadium in the country and it was built from 2006 to 2009 at a cost of $185 million USD, and was officially opened on 3 July 2009. It is also a home ground for FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League and FC Bayterek of the Kazakhstan First Division. The stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 7th Asian Winter Games on 31 January 2011. Astana Arena was one of the venues to bid to host UEFA Euro 2020 matches.