hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Van Hove singularity
In condensed matter physics, a Van Hove singularity is a singularity (non-smooth point) in the density of states (DOS) of a crystalline solid. The wavevectors at which Van Hove singularities occur are often referred to as critical points of the Brillouin zone. For three-dimensional crystals, they take the form of kinks (where the density of states is not differentiable). The most common application of the Van Hove singularity concept comes in the analysis of optical absorption spectra. The occurrence of such singularities was first analyzed by the Belgian physicist Léon Van Hove in 1953 for the case of phonon densities of states.

Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).

A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation of the radiation; attenuation is the gradual reduction of the intensity of light waves as they propagate through a medium.

Although the absorption of waves does not usually depend on their intensity (linear absorption), in certain conditions (optics) the medium's transparency changes by a factor that varies as a function of wave intensity, and saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs.
Ferdinand Steinvorth
Ferdinand Steinvorth Neverman (born June 16, 1973) is a Costa Rican former slalom canoer who competed in the early-to-mid 1990s. He finished 43rd in the K-1 event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

Canoeing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's slalom K-1
These are the results of the men's K-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 1992 Summer Olympics. The K-1 (kayak single) event is raced by one-man kayaks through a whitewater course. The venue for the 1992 Olympic competition was at La Seu d'Urgell.
Myint Hlaing
Myint Hlaing (Burmese: မြင့်လှိုင်; born 13 August 1953) was the Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation of Myanmar (Burma) from 2011 to 2016. He is a retired lieutenant general in the Myanmar Army and Chief of the Air Defence Forces from May 2006 to August 2010. He also served as Commander of Northeast Regional Command based in Lashio, Shan State.

Myanmar Air Force
The Myanmar Air Force (Burmese: တပ်မတော် (လေ), romanised: Tatmadaw (Lay), lit. 'Armed Forces (Air Force)', pronounced [taʔmədɔ̀ (le)]) is the aerial branch of the Tatmadaw, the armed forces of Myanmar. The primary mission of the Myanmar Air Force (MAF) since its inception has been to provide air bases force protection, anti-aircraft warfare, close air support (CAS), logistical, and transport to the Myanmar Army in counterinsurgency operations. It is mainly used in internal conflicts in Myanmar, and, on a smaller scale, in relief missions, especially after the deadly Cyclone Nargis of May 2008.
Concealed carry
Concealed carry, or carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), is the practice of carrying a weapon (usually a sidearm such as a handgun), either in proximity to or on one's person in public places in a manner that hides or conceals the weapon's presence from surrounding observers. In the United States, the opposite of concealed carry is called open carry.

While most law enforcement officers carry their handguns in a visible holster, some officers such as plainclothes detectives or undercover agents carry weapons in concealed holsters.  In some countries and jurisdictions, civilians are legally required to obtain a concealed carry permit in order to possess and carry a firearm.  In others, a CCW permit is only required if the firearm is not visible to the eye, such as carrying the weapon in one's purse, bag, trunk, etc.

Covert operation
A covert operation, clandestine operation or undercover operation is a military or police operation involving a covert agent or troops acting under an assumed cover to conceal the identity of the party responsible.: 5–6
2023 BNP Paribas Primrose Bordeaux – Doubles
Rafael Matos and David Vega Hernández were the defending champions but chose to defend their title with different partners. Matos partnered Francisco Cabral but lost in the semifinals to Sadio Doumbia and Fabien Reboul. Vega Hernández partnered Diego Hidalgo but lost in the first round to Patrik Niklas-Salminen and Bart Stevens.

Lloyd Glasspool and Harri Heliövaara won the title after defeating Doumbia and Reboul 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

David Vega Hernández
David Vega Hernández (Spanish pronunciation: [daˈβið ˈβeɣa eɾˈnandeθ]; born 23 June 1994) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 28 achieved on 21 July 2014. He also has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 403 achieved on 13 February 2023. Hernández has won five ATP Tour doubles titles.  He competes mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour where he has won 13 doubles titles.
USS Estero (AG-134)
USS Estero (AG-134/AKL-5) was a Camano-class cargo ship in the United States Navy. She was named after Estero Island off the coast of Florida.

Estero, which originally served with the U.S. Army as USA FS-275, was acquired by the U.S. Navy in March 1947 and commissioned on 5 July.

Estero Island
Estero Island is an island located in Lee County, Florida, on the Gulf coast of Southwest Florida.  It is bordered by San Carlos Island to the north and Big Carlos Pass to the south.  The Matanzas Pass Bridge is on the northern end of the island and connects Estero Island over Matanzas Pass to San Carlos Island.  The Big Carlos Bridge (part of the Bonita Beach Causeway) connects the southern end of the island to Black Island (the northern limit of the city of Bonita Springs).
Frank A. Hooker
Frank A. Hooker (January 16, 1844 – July 10, 1911) was an American jurist.

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Hooker was trained to be a stonemason. He then studied at University of Michigan Law School and graduated in 1865. He practiced law in Bryan, Ohio and eventually settled in Charlotte, Michigan where he continued to practice law. Hooker served as superintendent of schools and as county attorney for Eaton County, Michigan. In 1878, Hooker was appointed a Michigan district court judge. Hooker served on the Michigan Supreme Court from 1893 until his death in 1911. Hooker was chief justice in 1893, 1902, and 1903. Hooker died suddenly of heart failure while at the New York Central Station in Auburn, New York. Hooker was on an automobile tour at the time of his death.

Bryan, Ohio
Bryan is a city in, and the county seat of, Williams County, Ohio, United States. It is located in the state's northwestern corner, 53 miles (85 km) southwest of Toledo. The population was 8,729 at the 2020 census.
Le Messager Ngozi FC
Le Messager Football Club, commonly referred to as Le Messager FC is a Burundian professional football club based in Ngozi, Ngozi Province of Burundi, that plays in Ligue A, the top division of Burundi football.

Founded in 2005, Le Messager have won three league titles and one Burundian Cup. The club plays its home matches at 5,000 capacity Stade Urukundo.

Penalty shootout
The penalty shootout is a method of determining a winner in sports matches that would have otherwise been drawn or tied. The rules for penalty shootouts vary between sports and even different competitions; however, the usual form is similar to penalty shots in that a single player takes one shot on goal from a specified spot, the only defender being the goalkeeper. If the result is still tied, the shootout usually continues on a "goal-for-goal" basis, with the teams taking shots alternately, and the one that scores a goal unmatched by the other team is declared the winner. This may continue until every player has taken a shot, after which players may take extra shots, until the tie is broken, and is also known as "sudden death".
Peter R. Adam
Peter Adam (29 May 1957 – 4 December 2023), better known by his professional name Peter R. Adam, was a German film editor. He worked on such films as An American Werewolf in Paris, Good Bye, Lenin!, and Anonymous. Adam was one of the first to use digital editing tools. He won the Deutscher Filmpreis for editing in 1998 for his work on Comedian Harmonists.

Adam was a founding member of the Deutsche Filmakademie. He died on 4 December 2023, aged 66.

German Film Award
The German Film Award (German: Deutscher Filmpreis),  also known as Lola after its prize statuette, is the national film award of Germany. It is presented at an annual ceremony honouring cinematic achievements in the German film industry. Besides being the most important film award in Germany, it is also the most highly endowed German cultural award, with cash prizes in its current 20 categories totalling nearly three million euros.

From 1951 to 2004 it was awarded by a commission, but since 2005 the award has been organized by the German Film Academy (Deutsche Filmakademie). The Federal Commissioner for Cultural and Media Affairs has been responsible for the administration of the prize since 1999. The awards ceremony is traditionally held in Berlin.
Gabriel Cole (Medal of Honor)
Gabriel Cole (March 22, 1831 – January 9, 1907) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry and the capture of the flag of the 45th Virginia Infantry Regiment during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864.

45th Virginia Infantry Regiment
The 45th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in the Commonwealth of Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly in the mountainous area that today encompasses the border regions of Virginia and West Virginia, and was part of Jubal Early's Army of the Valley during the Valley Campaigns of 1864.
Riehen Niederholz railway station
Riehen Niederholz railway station (German: Bahnhof Riehen Niederholz) is a railway station in the municipality of Riehen, in the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt. It is located on the standard gauge Wiese Valley Railway of Deutsche Bahn.

Basel S-Bahn
The Basel S-Bahn (German: Trinationale S-Bahn Basel, French: RER trinational de Bâle) has provided an S-Bahn-style rail service connecting the Basel metropolitan area since 1997 in Switzerland, Germany and France. It consists of eight suburban train lines, including four that operate across borders.

The S-Bahn is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS), its German subsidiary SBB GmbH, the German DB, and the French SNCF Voyageurs. The responsible transport authorities are the Swiss cantons of Basel-City, Basel-Country, Aargau, Solothurn; the German state of Baden-Württemberg and the French region of Grand Est. Since 2018, they coordinate under the name trireno the future extension of the S-Bahn.

The services connect with those of Aargau S-Bahn, Breisgau S-Bahn, Zurich S-Bahn and other regional train services (DB Regio Baden-Württemberg, TER Grand Est).
Azra Meadows
Azra Meadows OBE is a Scottish lecturer of Pakistani descent. is an Honorary Lecturer in the Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences at The University of Glasgow and is married to Professor Peter S. Meadows, along with whom she has carried out extensive work of an environmental, cultural and educational nature in both Scotland and Pakistan. Azra Meadows was born in Glasgow to Pakistani parents.

Professor Peter S. Meadows and Dr Azra Meadows are the editors of The Glasgow Naturalist, the annual publication of The Glasgow Natural History Society.

In addition to this, Azra Meadows is a Director of The Scottish Academy of Asian Arts, has previously held the post of chairperson of the Scottish Pakistani Society and, in 2006, was elected for a second term to the Council of the Zoological Society of London, of which she is also a Trustee.

High commissioner
High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.

The English term is also used to render various equivalent titles in other languages.
Erna Meyer
Erna Konstanze Fanny Karoline Meyer (née Pollack; 13 February 1890 – March 1975) was a German and Israeli home economist and sociologist. She was an active participant of the Women's International Zionist Organization in Palestine. She earned a doctorate in household economics and gained recognition for promoting efficient domestic work and modern home design. After emigrating to Palestine in 1933, she wrote articles and gave lectures and cooking classes. She authored two bestselling books: The New Household, which promoted the rationalization of housework, and How to Cook in Palestine, a cookbook aimed at German-Jewish immigrants.

Women's International Zionist Organization
The Women's International Zionist Organization (WIZO; Hebrew: ויצו Vitzo) is a volunteer organization dedicated to social welfare in all sectors of Israeli society, the advancement of the status of women, and Jewish education in Israel and the diaspora.
Pemuda Rawamangun (Transjakarta)
Pemuda Rawamangun is a Transjakarta bus rapid transit station located on Pemuda Street, Jati, Pulo Gadung, East Jakarta, Indonesia, serving Corridor 4. It is connected to the Velodrome LRT station that serves the Southern Line of the Jakarta LRT. The station is located near the Jakarta International Velodrome to the northwrst, and is named after the Pemuda Street and the area surrounding the station which is often considered part of Rawamangun.

Jakarta LRT
The Jakarta Light Rapid Transit or Jakarta LRT (Indonesian: Lintas Rel Terpadu Jakarta, lit. "Jakarta Integrated Rail Line") is one of the light rapid transit systems in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. It is conceived and built by the Jakarta provincial government. The first phase of the LRT, from Velodrome to Pegangsaan Dua, began commercial operations on 1 December 2019.

Jakarta LRT is operated by PT LRT Jakarta, a subsidiary of municipally owned property and infrastructure company PT Jakarta Propertindo (Jakpro).
Bay of Islands (New Zealand electorate)
Bay of Islands is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It existed during various periods between 1853 and 1993. It was thus one of the original 24 electoral districts, and New Zealand's first ever MP was elected, although unopposed, in the Bay of Islands; Hugh Carleton thus liked to be called the Father of the House.

National Library of New Zealand
The National Library of New Zealand (Māori: Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa) is charged with the obligation to "enrich the cultural and economic life of New Zealand and its interchanges with other nations" (National Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Mātauranga) Act 2003). Under the Act, the library's duties include collecting, preserving and protecting New Zealand's documentary heritage, supporting other libraries in New Zealand, and collaborating with peer institutions abroad. The library headquarters is on the corner of Aitken and Molesworth Streets in Wellington, close to the New Zealand Parliament Buildings and the Court of Appeal.

The National Library is New Zealand's legal deposit library, and the Legal Deposit Office is the country's agency for ISBN and ISSN. The library supports schools through its Services to Schools business unit, which has curriculum and advisory branches around New Zealand.
Velta Machine-Building Plant
Velta Machine-Building Plant (Russian: ОАО «Велта») was a company based in Perm, Russia.

Perm Velta was a large enterprise that produced electronics for the military. It also produced (among several types of consumer goods) bicycles, for which it had about 20% of the Russian market, and auto spare parts. It also exported some bicycles.

The company was established in June 1939 by order of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition. In 1946 production switched to civilian products such as gramophones, and ten years later, the production of bicycles.

In 1990 the plant became part of the Perm-Avto joint venture with Autokam and FSV International Ltd to produce Rickman Ranger cars under licence. The Velta plant went bankrupt in 2006.

Perm, Russia
Perm (Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ] ⓘ, IPA: [pʲerʲmʲ]; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым), originally known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and briefly as Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.
2-oxobutyrate synthase
In enzymology, a 2-oxobutyrate synthase (EC 1.2.7.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin  propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxobutanoate, CoA, and oxidized ferredoxin, whereas its 3 products are propanoyl-CoA, CO2, and reduced ferredoxin.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating). Other names in common use include alpha-ketobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 2-ketobutyrate synthase, alpha-ketobutyrate synthase, 2-oxobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propionylating).  This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Messe modale en septuor
Messe modale en septuor (Modal mass for septet), JA 136, is a modal mass for a septet by Jehan Alain completed in 1938. Inspired by a friend who was a flutist, he composed the setting of the Latin Mass ordinary for soprano, alto, flute and string quartet or organ. He wrote it for the church of Saint-Nicolas in Maisons-Laffitte where he was organist. It was published by Doblinger in 1965, after his death, initiated by his sister Marie-Claire Alain.

Maisons-Laffitte
Maisons-Laffitte (French pronunciation: [mɛzɔ̃ lafit] ⓘ) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the northern Île-de-France region of France. It is a part of the affluent outer suburbs of northwestern Paris, 18.2 km (11.3 mi) from its centre.

Maisons-Laffitte is famous for the Château de Maisons-Laffitte, built by architect François Mansart in the 17th century, and its horse racing track, the Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse. Église Saint-Nicolas  was built between 1867 and 1872.
XII Constitutional Government of Portugal
The XII Constitutional Government of Portugal (Portuguese: XII Governo Constitucional de Portugal) was the 12th government of the Third Portuguese Republic, in office from 31 October 1991 to 28 October 1995. It was formed by members of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and had Aníbal Cavaco Silva, leader of the PSD, as Prime Minister.

Third Portuguese Republic
The Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República Portuguesa) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic republic installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano. It was initially characterized by constant instability and was threatened by the possibility of a civil war during the early post-revolutionary years. A new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech declared, political prisoners were released and major Estado Novo institutions were closed. Eventually the country granted independence to its African colonies and began a process of democratization that led to the accession of Portugal to the EEC (today's European Union) in 1986.
Agberto Guimarães
Agberto João Conceição Guimarães (born August 18, 1957) is a former Brazilian middle distance runner who competed at the international level in the 1980s. He set a personal best 800 metres time of 1:43.63 min in Koblenz 1984, a performance which made him temporarily the second-fastest South American 800m runner ever.

Guimarães first participated in major international championships at the 1980 Moscow Olympics where he placed fourth in 800 metres (see, for example, "Moscow Olympic Book" / Moskovan Olympiakirja, Tapio Pekola et al., eds., Helsinki, Finland:  "Runner" / Juoksija magazine, 1980).

Guimarães came sixth in the 800 m final at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki. He won two gold medals and two bronze medals at the Pan American Games. Nowadays Guimarães works at the Brazilian Olympic Committee as its Olympic Solidarity Programme general manager.

1983 World Championships in Athletics
The 1st World Championships in Athletics (Finnish: Yleisurheilun maailmanmestaruuskilpailut 1983; Swedish: Världsmästerskapen i friidrott 1983) were run under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations and were held at the Olympic Stadium in Helsinki, Finland between 7 and 14 August 1983. Despite the existence of previously held championship events in both 1976 and 1980, this 1983 championship was marked as the inaugural World Championship.
Giovanni Sirovich
Giovanni Sirovich (born 8 September 1971) is an Italian sabre fencer. He competed in the men's team sabre at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal in the 1993 Summer Universiade and the same year a team silver medal in the World Championships. He became a fencing coach after his retirement as an athlete. He is now technical director for sabre at the Federazione Italiana Scherma.

Italian Fencing Federation
The Italian Fencing Federation (Italian: Federazione Italiana Scherma, FIS) is the national governing body for the fencing sport in Italy. The FIS is currently based in Rome. The FIS was founded in 1909 and was one of the nine founding nations of The Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE) in 1913. The FIS has in total achieved 219 medals at Euro Championships, 319 medals at the World Championships and 123 Olympic medals. FIS is funded mainly by sponsors among which are Kinder.
Japan Coast Guard
The Japan Coast Guard (Japanese: 海上保安庁, Hepburn: Kaijō Hoan-chō) is the coast guard responsible for the protection of the coastline of Japan under the oversight of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It consists of about 13,700 personnel. The Japan Coast Guard was founded in 1948 as the Maritime Safety Agency and received its current English name in 2000.

The motto of the Japan Coast Guard is "Righteous Benevolence" (正義仁愛, Seigi Jin'ai).

Motto
A motto (derived from the Latin muttum, 'mutter', by way of Italian motto, 'word' or 'sentence') is a sentence or phrase expressing a belief or purpose, or the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group, or organization. Mottos (or mottoes) are usually found predominantly in written form (unlike slogans, which may also be expressed orally), and may stem from long traditions of social foundations, or from significant events, such as a civil war or a revolution. One's motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world.