hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Private equity in the 2000s
Private equity in the 2000s represents one of the major growth periods in the history of private equity and venture capital. Within the broader private equity industry, two distinct sub-industries, leveraged buyouts and venture capital expanded along parallel and interrelated tracks.

The development of the private equity and venture capital asset classes began to evolve in the middle of the 20th century through a series of boom-and-bust business cycles. By the end of the century, the dot-com bubble collapsed and the tremendous growth in venture capital that had marked the previous five years ended. Afterwards, a new "Golden Age" of private equity ensued as leveraged buyouts reached unparalleled size and private equity firms achieved new growth levels of scale and institutionalization, an example of which is found in The Blackstone Group's 2007 IPO.

RJR Nabisco
R. J. Reynolds Nabisco, Inc. was an American conglomerate, selling tobacco and food products, headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. R. J. Reynolds Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999. Both RJR (as R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company) and Nabisco (now part of Mondelēz International) still exist.
Hamastan
Hamastan (Hebrew: חמאסטן) is a pejorative neologism, blending Hamas, a Palestinian political party with a military wing, and -stan, a suffix of Persian origin meaning "home of/place of". The term Hamastan generally relates to the Hamas administration of Gaza.

The term emerged during the days of Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2005, and is suggestive of either Bantustans (the nominally self-governing black homelands created in apartheid-era South Africa; see Palestinian enclaves), or Hamas' religious policies (rhetorically likened to the Taliban's rule of Afghanistan) or, alternatively, political ties with Iran.

Pejorative
A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a term is regarded as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others or may be originally pejorative but later adopt a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa) in some or all contexts.
Versova–Bandra Sea Link
The Versova–Bandra Sea Link (VBSL), officially Swatantrya Veer Savarkar Sea Link, is an under-construction bridge in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India as a part of Coastal Road Phase-3 or Western Coastal Road. The 17.17-kilometre (10.67 mi) bridge will connect Versova, a neighbourhood in the suburb of Andheri to the Bandra–Worli Sea Link in Bandra, as part of the Coastal Road. The 8-lane sea link is expected to reduce congestion on the Western Express Highway and the Western Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

Western Express Highway
The Western Express Highway, abbreviated to WEH (officially Ali Yavar Jung Marg, after the former Governor of Maharashtra), is a major north–south 8-10 lane arterial road in Mumbai, India, stretching from the suburb of Mira Road to Bandra. The 25.33 km (15.74 mi) highway begins near the Mahim Creek and extends to the Kashimira, in the northern limit of the city, till it connects to the National Highway 48 at Ghodbunder village. The road connects the city of Mumbai to its suburbs, including the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.
Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1867)
John Hendry (1867 – 1917) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Notts County. Jack Hendry was responsible for the handball foul in the February 1891  FA Cup quarter final that is credited for changing opinion in English soccer about the legitimacy of penalty kicks. Hendry had denied Stoke an equaliser With only seconds of the game remaining by handling the ball on the goal-line. The resulting free-kick was lost denying Stoke chance of a place in the semi-final while Notts proceeded as far as the 1891 FA Cup Final.

1891 FA Cup final
The 1891 FA Cup final was contested by Blackburn Rovers and Notts County at the Kennington Oval. Blackburn won 3–1, their second consecutive FA Cup Final victory, with goals by Geordie Dewar, Jack Southworth and William Townley. James Oswald scored Notts County's goal.
Pomaderris tropica
Pomaderris tropica is a species of flowering plant in the family Rhamnaceae and is endemic to Walshs Pyramid in north Queensland. It is a shrub with softly-hairy branchlets, egg-shaped to elliptic leaves and clusters of white to cream-coloured flowers.

Walshs Pyramid
Walshs Pyramid is an independent peak with a distinct pyramidal appearance, 922 m (3,025 ft) high, located within Wooroonooran National Park about 20 km (12 mi) south of Cairns, Queensland, Australia. An annual footrace to its summit is held on the third Saturday in August. The "Pyramid race" starts at the nearby town of Gordonvale and attracts hundreds of competitors aiming to win the $1000 prize money.

For experienced hikers, the ascent and descent can take 4 to 6 hours. The vegetation on the mountain is fairly dense however, many rocks are open and exposed which make the surface very slippery after rain.
Portrait of Marguerite Gauthier-Lathuille
Portrait of Marguerite Gauthier-Lathuille or Young Woman in White is a half-length oil on canvas portrait by Édouard Manet, from c. 1878. It is held in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, which acquired it in 1902. The sitter never posed for the final work, which was instead based on sketches made by the artist. The painting was intended as a present for her father.

In the 1870s Manet regularly attended the cabaret run by the subject's father on the avenue de Clichy in the Batignolles quarter of Paris, near the Café Guerbois, a hub for the Impressionists. In 1879 he showed him in the background of Chez le père Lathuille (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tournai).

Café Guerbois
Café Guerbois, on Avenue de Clichy in Paris, was the site of late 19th-century discussions and planning amongst artists, writers and art lovers – the bohèmes (bohemians), in contrast to the bourgeois.

Centered on Édouard Manet, the group gathered at the café usually on Sundays and Thursdays.

Émile Zola, Frédéric Bazille, Louis Edmond Duranty, Henri Fantin-Latour, Emmanuel Chabrier,  Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley regularly joined in the discussions. Sometimes Paul Cézanne and Camille Pissarro also joined them. The group is sometimes called the Batignolles Group and many of the members are associated with Impressionism.

Conversations there were often heated. On one evening in February 1870, things became so heated that Manet, insulted by a review that Duranty wrote, wounded Duranty in a duel. The injury was not fatal, and the two remained friends.
Gerdy's tubercle
Gerdy's tubercle or anterolateral tibial tubercle, is a lateral tubercle of the tibia, located where the iliotibial tract inserts. It was named after French surgeon Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797–1856).

Gerdy's tubercle is a smooth facet on the lateral aspect of the upper part of the tibia, just below the knee joint and adjacent to the proximal tibio-fibular joint, where the iliotibial tract runs down the outside part of the thigh. It is the point of insertion for the iliotibial band of the lateral thigh.

It is used as a site for the insertion of a periosteal needle by which intramedullary fluids may be infused in neonates. It can be fractured along with the tibial tuberosity. It has been used as a source for bone grafts.

The peroneal nerve runs near to it.

Knee
In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the human body. The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis.

It is often termed a compound joint having tibiofemoral and patellofemoral components. (The fibular collateral ligament is often considered with tibiofemoral components.)
Buellia lichexanthonica
Buellia lichexanthonica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Caliciaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2017 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the authors near the Poço Azul (Riachão, Maranhão), at an altitude of about 450 m (1,480 ft); here, in Cerrado, it was found growing on sandstone. The lichen has a thin (0.1–0.2 mm), dull yellow thallus covered with xanthone crystals. Its ascomata are round and black, about 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter with a flat disc. The ascospores are dark brown with an ellipsoid shape, one septum, and measure 11–13 by 6–7.5 μm. The specific epithet lichexanthonica refers to the presence of 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone, a lichexanthone derivative that is found in the cortex of the thallus.

Xanthone
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O2. It is a white solid.

In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide.  Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. It can also be used as a photocatalyst.
Zivko Aeronautics
Zivko Aeronautics Inc. is an aeronautics manufacturer specializing in composite prototyping and design for aviation. The company was founded in 1987 by William and Judith Zivko and is located at the  Guthrie–Edmond Regional Airport northeast of Oklahoma City.

Zivko is best known for its Zivko Edge 540 aerobatic aircraft.  It also designs and manufactures a variety of housings for use in a range of aviation-related areas and provide design, fabrication and other services.

Guthrie–Edmond Regional Airport
Guthrie–Edmond Regional Airport (IATA: GOK, ICAO: KGOK, FAA LID: GOK) is a public use airport in Logan County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located two nautical miles (4 km) south of Guthrie and 7 miles (11 km) north of Edmond. The airport has been operated by both cities since 2005. It was formerly known as Guthrie Municipal Airport.

This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.
Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial
Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial commonly known as  Perry's Monument commemorates the Battle of Lake Erie that took place near Ohio's South Bass Island, in which American Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry led a United States Navy squadron to victory over a smaller Royal Navy squadron under Robert Heriot Barclay during the War of 1812.  Located on an isthmus on the island, the memorial also celebrates the lasting peace between Britain, Canada, and the United States that followed the war.

Isthmus
An isthmus (/ˈɪs(θ)məs/ ISS-məs, ISTH-məs; pl.: isthmuses or isthmi /-maɪ/ -⁠my; from Ancient Greek ἰσθμός isthmós 'neck') is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated. A tombolo is an isthmus that consists of a spit or bar, and a strait is the sea counterpart of an isthmus, a narrow stretch of sea between two landmasses that connects two larger bodies of water.
Blue Planet Eyes
Blue Planet Eyes is the debut studio album by Australian rock band the Preatures, released on 30 September 2014 through Mosy Recordings and Universal Music Australia.

Blue Planet Eyes debuted and peaked at number 4 on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold in 2018. The single version of the song "It Gets Better", retitled "Better Than It Ever Could Be", was featured in the online setlist for Guitar Hero Live in 2015.

The album includes their 2013 breakthrough single, "Is This How You Feel?".

Is This How You Feel?
"Is This How You Feel?" is a song recorded by Australian indie rock band the Preatures, released in May 2013 as the lead single from their second extended play of the same name (2013).

In January 2014, "Is This How You Feel?" was voted number 9 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2013, and following this result, debuted and peaked at number 46 on the ARIA Singles Chart in February 2014. It was certified platinum in Australia in 2018.

The song won first place at the 2013 Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition.
Zafaranlu
The Zafaranlu or Zaʿfarānlu (Persian: زعفرانلو) are the largest Kurdish tribe in Khorasan, living near the Turkmenistan border. The tribe is composed of several branches or clans. The tribe historically spoke Kurmanji Kurdish; however, due to mixing with Turkmens, the Zafaranlu mainly speak Turkic languages.

Kurmanji
Kurmanji (Kurdish: کورمانجی, romanized: Kurmancî, lit. 'Kurdish', pronunciationⓘ), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions. It is the most widely spoken form of Kurdish.

Kurmanji is also the common and ceremonial language of Yazidis. Their sacred book Mishefa Reş and all prayers are written and spoken in Kurmanji.

Ethnologue reports that the use of Kurmanji is declining in Turkey even when the language is used as a language of wider communication (LWC) by immigrants to Turkey, and that the language is threatened because it is losing speakers.
Nome River
Nome River is a waterway on the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. It has its source in a narrow valley in the southern margin of the Kigluaik Mountains, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Salmon Lake.

Kigluaik Mountains
The Kigluaik Mountains (Kiglawait in Inupiaq) are a 42-mile (68 km) mountain chain running east to west on western Alaska's Seward Peninsula.

Its highest point is the summit of Mount Osborn, at 4,714 feet (1,437 meters) above sea level. This remote range is home to numerous isolated mountain lakes which have been shown to contain unique subspecies of Arctic char.  Located in the Nome Census Area, Kigluaik Mountains are noted as the location of Grand Union Glacier, the only remaining active glacier in western Alaska.
Persuasive (song)
"Persuasive" is a song by American rapper and singer Doechii. It was released through Top Dawg on March 18, 2022. A remix featuring SZA was later released on July 22, 2022, as the second single to her second EP She / Her / Black Bitch. This version was featured in the 2023 video game MLB The Show 23.

MLB The Show 23
MLB The Show 23 is a baseball video game developed by San Diego Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The eighteenth installment in the MLB: The Show, it is available on the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. Miami Marlins player Jazz Chisholm Jr. is featured as the cover star, while The Captain Edition of the game features retired New York Yankees player Derek Jeter.

For the third consecutive year, the Xbox versions of the game are available for Xbox Game Pass subscribers at no additional cost.

Alex Miniak returns as public address commentator, with Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton returning as play-by-play commentators.
Joshua Bloom
Joshua Simon Bloom (born June 8, 1974 in Washington, D.C.) is an American astrophysicist and professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, and was the CTO and co-founder of the machine-learning company wise.io (acquired by General Electric, 2016). He received a Bachelor of Arts in astronomy and  astrophysics and physics from the Harvard College in 1996, an M.Phil from Cambridge University in 1997, and a PhD in astronomy from the California Institute of Technology in 2002. He was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows from 2002 to 2005.  He was the chair of the Astronomy Department at UC Berkeley from 2020 to 2023. His astronomy research focuses on gamma-ray bursts and other astrophysical transients such as supernovae and tidal disruption events. He is author of the book What Are Gamma-Ray Bursts? published by Princeton University Press in 2011.

Master of Philosophy
A Master of Philosophy (MPhil or PhM; Latin Magister Philosophiae or Philosophiae Magister) is a postgraduate degree. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated MPhil (or, at times, as PhM in other countries). With a few exceptions, MPhils are awarded to postgraduate students after completing at least two years of original research, normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation. In many fields, the completion of a MPhil is typically required for employment as experts, or researcher. MPhil may also serve as a provisional enrolment for a PhD programme.
Phyllodes consobrina
Phyllodes consobrina is a noctuoid moth in the family Erebidae and subfamily Calpinae. It was first described by John O. Westwood in 1848. The species can be found in Asia, including Thailand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Andamans and India.

John O. Westwood
John Obadiah Westwood (22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893) was an English entomologist and archaeologist noted for his artistic talents. He published several illustrated works on insects and antiquities. He was among the first entomologists with an academic position at Oxford University. He was a natural theologian, staunchly anti-Darwinian, and sometimes adopted a quinarian viewpoint. Although he never travelled widely, he described species from around the world on the basis of specimens, especially of the larger, curious, and colourful species obtained by naturalists and collectors in England.
Pukara (Yapu Qullu)
Pukara (Aymara for fortress, also named Pucara Grande) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia which reaches a height of approximately 4,260 m (13,980 ft). It is located in the Oruro Department, Mejillones Province, Carangas Municipality, north of Yapu Qullu.

Oruro Department
Oruro (Spanish pronunciation: [oˈɾuɾo]; Quechua: Uru Uru; Aymara: Ururu) is a department of Bolivia, with an area of 53,588 km2 (20,690 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Oruro. According to the 2012 census, the Oruro department had a population of 494,178.
1916 Campeonato Carioca
The 1916 Campeonato Carioca, the eleventh edition of that championship, kicked off on May 3, 1916 and ended on December 17, 1916. It was organized by LMSA (Liga Metropolitana de Sports Athleticos, or Metropolitan Athletic Sports League). Seven teams participated. América won the title for the 2nd time. No teams were relegated.

Campeonato Carioca
The Campeonato Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (English: Rio de Janeiro State Championship), most known as Campeonato Carioca and commonly as the Cariocão, is the top-flight professional state football league in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. It is run by the Rio de Janeiro State Football Federation (FERJ).

The first season of the Campeonato Carioca was played in 1906. Rivalries amongst four of the most prestigious Brazilian teams (Botafogo, Flamengo, Fluminense and Vasco da Gama) have marked the history of the competition. Flamengo leads the title count with 39, followed by Fluminense (33), Vasco da Gama (24), Botafogo (21), America (7), Bangu (2), São Cristóvão and Paissandu (1 each).
1908 Ontario general election
The 1908 Ontario general election was the 12th general election held in the province of Ontario, Canada.  It was held on June 8, 1908, to elect the 106 Members of the 12th Legislative Assembly of Ontario ("MLAs").

The Ontario Conservative Party, led by Sir James P. Whitney, was elected for a second term in government, increasing its majority in the Legislature significantly.

The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Alexander Grant MacKay, continued to lose seats.

Allan Studholme became the province's first Labour MLA as the result of a 1906 Hamilton East by-election. He was re-elected in the 1908 general election and would remain in the legislature until his death in 1919.

The four Toronto districts each elected two members in this election. Each seat was contested separately, with each voter in the district allowed to vote for a candidate in each contest.

Hamilton East (provincial electoral district)
Hamilton East is a former provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada. It was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1894 to 2007, when it was redistributed between the new ridings of Hamilton Centre and Hamilton East—Stoney Creek. It was originally created from the old riding of Hamilton, split in 1894 to create Hamilton East and Hamilton West.

It was considered a working class district.
The Dummy Talks
The Dummy Talks is a 1943 British crime film directed by Oswald Mitchell and starring Jack Warner, Claude Hulbert and Beryl Orde. It was written by Michael Barringer, and marked the film debut of Jack Warner.

Michael Barringer
Michael Barringer (30 July 1885 – ) was a British writer, screenwriter and playwright. He also occasionally served as film director, directing four films early in his career. His play Inquest was the first performed at the Windmill Theatre when it opened in 1931.

He was born in 1884, and died, aged 70, in 1954.
Khanpur Ghati
Khanpur Ghati is a village located in Nuh district in the state of Haryana, India]. The Khanpur Ghati village has a population of 4225 of which 2188 are males while 2037 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Khanpur Ghati village population of children with age 0-6 is 968 which makes up 22.91% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Khanpur Ghati village is 931 which is higher than Haryana state average of 879. Child Sex Ratio for the Khanpur Ghati as per census is 1000, higher than Haryana average of 834.

It is about 100km away from New Delhi, 72km away from Gurugram, 30km away from Dist. Headquarter Nuh, 1.7km away from its Block Pinangwan and 23km away from its Tehsil Firozpur Jhirka. Its coordinates are 27°54'23.93"N, 77°04'50.00"E. Khanpur Ghati is also a part of National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR), Situated at Major District Road 131 of Haryana.

Pinangwan
Pinangwan is a town and eponymous block in Nuh district of Haryana state of India. It lies in the Mewat region of Delhi NCR and Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor. It is located on the MDR131 to Punhana and is also adjacent to the Delhi–Mumbai Expressway.
Ashoka tree
Ashoka tree is a common name for two plants which are frequently confused with each other:

Saraca asoca, native to South Asia and western Myanmar

Saraca indica, native to eastern Myanmar and Southeast Asia

Monoon longifolium is sometimes called the "false ashoka"

Saraca asoca
Saraca asoca, commonly known as the ashoka tree (lit. "sorrow-less"), is a plant belonging to the Detarioideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family of plants (also referred to as the legume, pea, or bean family).

The tree is native to the Indian subcontinent, with its native range extending from Pakistan to the west, through India and Bangladesh to Myanmar in the east, and from Bhutan and Nepal in the north to Sri Lanka in the south. Within its native range, it is primarily growing in seasonally dry tropical forests.

It is an important tree to multiple cultural traditions across the Indian subcontinent and beyond.

The flower of ashoka tree is the state flower of Indian state of Odisha.