hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive grammar
In formal language theory and compiler design, an adaptive grammar is a type of formal grammar whose production rules can be modified during the process of parsing a sentence or generating language strings.

Unlike conventional grammars that operate with a fixed set of rules, adaptive grammars dynamically add, remove, or alter their rules based on the input being processed or the current state of the grammar. This self-modifying capability allows adaptive grammars to recognize and generate context-sensitive languages and handle complex linguistic phenomena such as agreement, scope, and cross-references that would require cumbersome or impossible constructions in traditional context-free grammars. Adaptive grammars find applications in natural language processing, extensible programming languages, and systems requiring runtime language modification.

Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
HSwMS Tordön
Several ships of the Swedish Navy have been named HSwMS Tordön or HSwMS Thordön, named after the Old Norse word for thunder:

Thordön (1761) was a bomb vessel launched in 1741 and decommissioned in 1784

HSwMS Thordön (1865) was a John Ericsson-class monitor launched in 1865 and decommissioned in 1925

HSwMS Tordön (P165) was a Hugin-class patrol boat launched in 1981 and sold in 2008

Swedish Navy
The Swedish Navy (Swedish: Svenska marinen) is the maritime service branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. It is composed of surface and submarine naval units – the Fleet (Flottan), formally sometimes referred to as the Royal Navy (Kungliga Flottan) – as well as marine units, the Amphibious Corps (Amfibiekåren).

Founded under King Gustav Vasa in 1522, the Swedish navy is one of the oldest continuously serving navies in the world, celebrating its 500th anniversary in 2022.
Enoch (surname)
Enoch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Enoch (born 1988), English actor

Craig T. Enoch (born 1950), American lawyer and judge

David Enoch (1901–1949), Israeli chess player

David Enoch (philosopher) (born 1971), Israeli philosopher

Don Enoch (1916–2010), American politician

Leeanne Enoch, Australian politician

Samuel Enoch (1814–1876), German rabbi

Suzanne Enoch, American writer

Suzy Enoch, Scottish writer and actress

Wesley Enoch (born 1969), Australian playwright

Samuel Enoch
Samuel Enoch (October 8, 1814 – December 31, 1876) was a German rabbi.

Samuel Enoch was born in Hamburg.  He attended the Johanneum Gymnasium and the Talmudic lectures of Ḥakam Isaac Bernays, entered the University of Würzburg, and also became a pupil of Rabbi Abraham Bing. He obtained his Ph.D. degree at Erlangen.

He continued his Talmudic studies with Levi Bodenheimer in Hildesheim, and R. Rohmann in Kassel; and founded in Altona a Jewish secondary school (Bürgerschule), which continued under his direction until he became (1855) rabbi of Fulda, where he remained until his death.

Enoch edited for several years, beginning 1845 and with Jacob Ettlinger, an Orthodox weekly entitled Der Treue Zionswächter (German title, Hebrew supplement Shomer Ziyyon ha-Ne'enan which was Enoch's contribution). He was also associated as editor with the Berlin Jüdische Presse, which position he occupied at his death.
Ramakrishna Math and Mission, Bhubaneswar
Ramakrishna Math and Mission, Bhubaneswar is a monastic organization for men brought into existence by Ramakrishna (1836–1886), a 19th-century saint of Bengal. The motto of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission is: "For one's salvation, and the welfare of the world". Sri Ramakrishna Math, Bhubaneswar is the first branch center of the Ramakrishna Order in Odisha. It was started in the year 1919 by Swami Brahmananda, one of the direct disciples of Ramakrishna. Besides Swami Brahmananda, Math was visited by Swami Shivananda, Swami Premananda, Swami Niranjanananda, and Swami Vijnanananda.

Shivananda
Swami Shivananda (1854–1934), born Tarak Nath Ghosal, was a Hindu spiritual leader and a direct disciple of Ramakrishna, who became the second president of the Ramakrishna Mission. His devotees refer to him as Mahapurush Maharaj (Great Soul). Shivananda and Subodhananda were the only direct disciples of Ramakrishna to be filmed. He was a Brahmajnani ("knower of Brahman or the Supreme Being"). 
Shivananda introduced the celebration of the birthdays of his brother-monks. He was known to have laid the foundation stone of Shri Ramakrishna Temple at Belur Math, which was designed by Vijnanananda.
Orangetree, Florida
Orangetree is a census-designated place (CDP) in Collier County, Florida, United States. The population was 5,896 at the 2020 census, up from 4,406 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Marco Island, Florida
Marco Island is a city and barrier island in Collier County, Florida, 20 miles (32 km) south of Naples on the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the largest barrier island in Southwest Florida's Ten Thousand Islands area, which extends southerly to Cape Sable. Marco Island is home to an affluent beach community with resort amenities.

Marco Island is a principal city of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,760 at the 2020 census, down from 16,413 at the 2010 census. The population more than doubles during the winter.

Parts of the island have scenic, high elevations relative to the generally flat south Florida landscape. The island has a tropical climate; specifically, a tropical wet and dry or savanna type (Aw under the Köppen system). It is known for its distinct wet and dry seasons, with most of the rainfall between June and October.
Palla's sign
Palla's sign is a clinical sign in which an enlarged right descending pulmonary artery is seen on the chest x-ray in patients with pulmonary embolism. It is of low sensitivity, and its specificity is not known. It exhibits as a "sausage" appearance on X-ray.  It is named after italian radiologist Antonio Palla. In 1983, he published his observations that close to 25% of patients with pulmonary embolism had a chest x-ray sign of enlarged right descending pulmonary artery.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are diagnostic indications of an illness, injury, or condition. While signs are objective and externally observable, symptoms are a person's reported subjective experiences.

A sign, for example, can be an elevated or lower than normal temperature or blood pressure; or an abnormal finding showing on medical imaging. A symptom is something out of the ordinary that is experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache or other pains in the body. Symptoms can be a result of the immune system's response to an infection, the physical manifestation of an abnormal body condition, or the effect of a consumed substance. Symptoms, though often indicative of a disease process, are not always diagnostically relevant, and can be idiopathic in nature.
Lankford v. Idaho
Lankford v. Idaho, 500 U.S. 110 (1991), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the petitioner, Bryan Lankford, had been unconstitutionally sentenced to death in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court held 5–4 that Lankford had not received adequate notice that he could be sentenced to death before the trial judge imposed such a sentence on him, and therefore reversed the prior ruling to the contrary by the Idaho Supreme Court.

Due Process Clause
A Due Process Clause is found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, which prohibit the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the federal and state governments, respectively, without due process of law.

The U.S. Supreme Court interprets these clauses to guarantee a variety of protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings); substantive due process (a guarantee of some fundamental rights); a prohibition against vague laws; incorporation of the Bill of Rights to state governments; and equal protection under the laws of the federal government.
Porfírio Pardal Monteiro
Porfírio Pardal Monteiro (1897–1957) was a Portuguese architect and university professor, considered one of the most important architects of the first half of the 20th century in Portugal. Along with other architects, who included Cottinelli Telmo, Carlos Ramos, Luís Cristino da Silva, Cassiano Branco, and Jorge Segurado, he led the development of modernist architecture in Portugal. He left his mark on Portugal's capital, Lisbon, having been responsible for many of its most important architectural achievements between the 1920s and 1950s.

Portuguese World Exhibition
The Portuguese World Exhibition (Portuguese: Exposição do Mundo Português) was held in Lisbon in 1940 to mark 800 years since the foundation of the country and 300 years since the restoration of independence from Spain.

The fair ran from 23 June to 2 December 1940, held on the Praça do Império, and was attended by 3 million people.
Harry Borghouts
Henricus Cornelius Johannes Lodewijk (Harry) Borghouts (born 7 February 1943) was the Queen's Commissioner in the province North Holland from 2002 till 2009. He is a member of the political party GreenLeft. He was the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Justice in the Netherlands from 1996 to 2002.

Harry Borghouts was born in Bergen op Zoom in the Netherlands. His father, who fought for the Dutch resistance during World War II, was State Secretary of Defence from 1965 to 1966. After his gymnasium education in Rotterdam, where he majored in arts, Borghouts studied to be a naval officer at the Royal Netherlands Naval College from 1961 to 1964. Afterwards, he studied Law at the University of Amsterdam, where he graduated in 1977.

Borghouts was made Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau on 28 April 2006.

Royal Naval College (Netherlands)
The Royal Naval College was the service academy of the Royal Netherlands Navy. From 2005 it is part of the Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine ("Royal naval institute" or KIM) as part of the Nederlandse Defensie Academie ("Netherlands defence academy") in Den Helder. It offers a program of four or five years and also a short course of 16 to 22 months. Upon the completion of the program a graduate is awarded a bachelor's degree and is commissioned in the Royal Netherlands Navy. The training of officers for the Royal Netherlands Army and Royal Netherlands Air Force is done by the Koninklijke Militaire Academie in Breda.
Jean de la Flèche
Jean de la Flèche, also known as Jean de Beaugency, Seigneur de la Flèche (c. 1030  – c. 1097) was an 11th-century nobleman. He was a younger son of Lancelin I de Beaugency and Adelberg de Maine and was born about 1030 in La Flèche, Sarthe.

Jean's father Lancelin I, was the first lord of both Beaugency and La Flèche. On his death, the older son Lancelin II was given Beaugency, while Jean became seigneur of La Flèche. In 1059, Jean married Paula of Maine, daughter of Herbert I, Count of Maine. Jean and Paula were the parents of Elias I, Count of Maine, who married Mathilde de Château-du-Loir. He was a great great grandfather of King Henry II.

Jean de la Fleche was given land in Yorkshire, England and this is where the name was first recorded. (source Betham in his 'Baronetage of England.') Fletcher is 'de la Fleche' anglicised.

Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt] ⓘ) is a department of the French region of Pays de la Loire, and the province of Maine, situated in the Grand-Ouest of the country. It is named after the river Sarthe, which flows from east of Le Mans to just north of Angers. It had a population of 566,412 in 2019.
2012 Fukuoka International Women's Cup – Doubles
Shuko Aoyama and Rika Fujiwara were the defending champions, but Fujiwara chose not to participate. Aoyama paired up with Junri Namigata but lost in the first round to Chan Chin-wei and Hsu Wen-hsin.

Monique Adamczak and Stephanie Bengson won the title, defeating Misa Eguchi and Akiko Omae in the final, 6–4, 6–4.

Akiko Omae
Akiko Omae (大前 綾希子, Ōmae Akiko; born 29 January 1993) is a Japanese former professional tennis player.

On 3 April 2017, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 188. On 21 November 2016, she peaked at No. 95 in the doubles rankings. Omae has won seven titles in singles and twenty-three in doubles on the ITF Circuit.

Her biggest title for Omae to date was when she won the doubles event at the 2015 Dunlop World Challenge, partnering with Peangtarn Plipuech.

Omae announced her retirement from professional tennis in September 2025.
Manfred Merkel
Manfred Merkel (born 3 November 1938) is a retired slalom canoeist who competed for East Germany.

Merkel was born in 1938 in Meuselwitz. He competed from the late 1950s to the late 1960s. He won seven gold medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (C-2: 1961, 1963, 1965; C-2 team: 1961, 1963, 1967; Mixed C-2: 1959).

1961 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1961 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Hainsberg, East Germany under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 7th edition. The women's folding K1 team event was not held at these championships after taking place in the previous one.
Aziz Diya
Abdul Aziz Zia al-Din Zahid Murad, also known as Aziz Diya (1914–1997), was a prominent Saudi writer, critic, translator, journalist and broadcaster. He was a member of the Culture and Arts Association, a founding member of the Jeddah Literary Club, co-founder of the Okaz newspaper, and worked with Saudi Radio as a political commentator. He joined the military in 1928, then transferred to general security. He assumed several governmental positions, the most prominent of which was his appointment as Director of Airlines during his tenure in the Ministry of Defence, Aviation and the General Inspectorate. He assumed as well the position of Deputy Director of Public Security for Investigation Affairs. Passports and Nationality at the Ministry of Interior.

Director of Public Prosecutions
The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) is the office or official charged with the prosecution of criminal offences in several criminal jurisdictions around the world. The title is used mainly in jurisdictions that are or have been members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Live Seeds
Live Seeds is the first official live album by Australian post-punk band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. The album was recorded live from 1992 to 1993 during various concerts throughout Europe and Australia in support of their 1992 studio album Henry's Dream. Frontman Nick Cave wanted to give the songs a raw feeling as originally intended before production problems occurred. Live Seeds includes a not previously studio-recorded track, "Plain Gold Ring", which is a cover of a song performed by Nina Simone.

Mick Harvey
Michael John Harvey (born 29 August 1958) is an Australian musician, singer-songwriter, composer, arranger and record producer. A multi-instrumentalist, he is best known for his long-term collaborations with Nick Cave, with whom he formed The Boys Next Door, The Birthday Party and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Harvey has also produced and contributed to multiple recordings by different artists and released several albums and soundtracks as a solo artist.
Sincopa
Sincopa is the fifth studio album from Cartel de Santa. It was released on May 25, 2010, by Sony BMG and Babilonia Music. The album has featured guests such as Mery Dee, Bicho Ramirez and Big Man. The album peaked number 67 on Billboard Latin Albums.

Sony BMG
Sony BMG Music Entertainment was an American record company owned as a 50–50 joint venture between Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann. The venture's successor, the revived Sony Music, is wholly owned by Sony, following their buyout of the remaining 50% held by Bertelsmann. BMG was instead rebuilt as BMG Rights Management on the basis of the remaining 200 artists.
Washabo
Washabo is a town in Suriname, located in the Kabalebo resort of Sipaliwini district. The town lies on a bend in the Corantijn river (Courantyne), on the border with Guyana. Washabo is an indigenous village of the Lokono tribe near Apoera. It has a population of about 600 people. According to the oral tradition, the village was founded in the 1920s by the Lingaard family.

The village generally does not allow non-tribal people to live in their village unless they are married to a member of the tribe. Washabo has a clinic and a school. Washabo can be reached from an unpaved road from the Southern East-West Link. The Washabo Airport is located in the village. Up to 1995, the villages of Apoera, Washabo and Section were governed by the same village chief due to their close proximity.

Lokono
The Lokono or Arawak are an Indigenous peoples from the northern coastal regions of South America. Today, approximately 10,000 Lokono live primarily along the coasts and rivers of Guyana, with smaller numbers in Venezuela, Trinidad, Suriname, French Guiana.

They speak the Arawak language, the eponymous language of the Arawakan language family, as well as various Creole languages, and English.
Queen's Way, Kochi
Queen's Way is a 1.8 km long walkway in the city of Kochi, Kerala. It is a fully automated musical walkway that stretches from the start of GIDA road to Chathyath Church. The walkway is situated at around 1.5 km from the High Court Junction and 2 km from Marine Drive. It was setup at an initial cost of ₹5 crore (US$590,000) allowed by the Tourism Department.

Goshree Islands Development Authority
Goshree Islands Development Authority (GIDA) is a government body established in 1994. It is responsible for the development planning of eight island gram panchayats in Ernakulam district and two wards (Thanthonnithuruthu and Fort Vypeen) of Kochi Municipal Corporation. The GIDA, alongside Greater Cochin Development Authority, are the two government bodies tasked with the development planning of Kochi city and surrounding island panchayats. Its area consists of Vypin Island, Vallarpadam, Bolgatty-Mulavukad Island, Thanthonnithuruthu, Kadamakkudy and islands in Vembanad Lake, covering an area of 100 km2.
Cuniculus (water channel)
A cuniculus, plural cuniculi, is a diversionary water channel, used by ancient civilizations on the Italian Peninsula. As the general ancient Italian use derives from the Etruscan use, the term has a special significance of Etruscan cuniculi. The city of Veii was noted for them. The Italian community of Formello to the north of Veii was named after the numerous cuniculi there.

Cuniculi could take any form from trenches to a complex system of tunnels. The uses were multiple: irrigation, drainage, diversion, supply, and so on. The Romans used the cuniculi of Veii to mine into the citadel.

Cuniculi have multiple purposes. One of them was to keep villages and cities safe from erosion. North-west of Rome 42 km of cuniculi have been discovered; more than 22 km in and around Veii.

Veii
Veii (also Veius; Italian: Veio) was an important ancient Etruscan city situated on the southern limits of Etruria and 16 km (9.9 mi) north-northwest of Rome, Italy. It now lies in Isola Farnese, in the comune of Rome. Many other sites associated with and in the city-state of Veii are in Formello, immediately to the north. Formello is named after the drainage channels that were first created by the Veians.

Veii was the richest city of the Etruscan League. It was alternately at war and in alliance with the Roman Kingdom and later Republic for over 300 years. It eventually fell in the Battle of Veii to Roman general Camillus's army in 396 BC. Veii continued to be occupied after its capture by the Romans.

The site is now a protected area, part of the Parco di Veio established by the regional authority of Lazio in 1997.
Tempting Fate (2015 film)
Tempting Fate is a 2015 Nigerian American film written, directed and produced by Kevin Nwankwor. The film stars Ramsey Nouah, Dan Davies and John Vogel. It first premiered at the 2015 Pan African Film Festival and also at the USA Indie Fest.

Ramsey Nouah
Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah Jr. (born 19 December 1970) is a Nigerian actor and film director. He won the Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 2010 for his performance in the movie The Figurine. He made his directorial debut with the film Living in Bondage: Breaking Free in 2019 and also went on to direct Nollywood classic Rattle Snake: The Ahanna Story which is a remake of Rattlesnake (1995).
Critter of the Week
Critter of the Week is a weekly RNZ National programme about endangered and neglected native plants and animals of New Zealand. The show aims to raise awareness of often overlooked native critters, while raising funds for conservation efforts via Critter Of the Week Merch alongside Joyya - an ethical merch manufacturer that empowers communities facing extreme poverty and modern slavery.

Beginning in 2015, Critter of the Week is an approximately 15-minute discussion between Nicola Toki (originally the Department of Conservation Threatened Species Ambassador) and RNZ Afternoons host Jesse Mulligan on an "uncharismatic and lovable" New Zealand species. Despite its name, the show features animals, plants, and fungi, with each species receiving an "attractiveness" score from 1 to 10. The show currently airs on Friday afternoons, and has a regular listenership of 100,000.

Flora of New Zealand
This article relates to the flora of New Zealand, especially indigenous strains. New Zealand's geographical isolation has meant the country has developed a unique variety of native flora.  However, human migration has led to the importation of many other plants (generally referred to as 'exotics' in New Zealand) as well as widespread damage to the indigenous flora, especially after the advent of European colonisation, due to the combined efforts of farmers and specialised societies dedicated to importing European plants and animals.
Dādābadī
A Dādābāḍī is a type of shrine, usually located near a Jain temple, and dedicated to one of the four Dādā Gurus revered by the Kharatara Gaccha sect of the Śvetāmbara Jains. The most notable shrines are in Ajmer, Malpura and Mehrauli. The four Dādā Gurus are Jinadatta Sūri (1075-1154 CE), Jinachandra Sūri Maṇidhārī (1140-1166 CE), Jinakuśala Sūri (1280-1332 CE) and Jinachandra Sūri II (1541-1613 CE).

Malpura
Malpura is a town with municipality in Tonk district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Malpura is known for its Dadabadi, built by the Khartargach Sect of Shewtambar Jain in memory of 3rd Dada Gurudev Shri Jinkushalsurishwarji. Also known for its Forts, Malpura is popular visiting palace in Rajasthan.
Desmond Beale-Browne
Brigadier General Desmond John Edward Beale-Browne DSO JP DL (4 July 1870–1953) was a British Army officer who commanded a cavalry brigade in the British Army during the First World War. He attended Eton College, before joining the 9th (Queen's Royal) Lancers, serving in the Second Boer War and the First World War, before retiring in 1920. In later life he became a justice of the peace and a deputy lieutenant of Sussex.

Brigadier (United Kingdom)
Brigadier (Brig) is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. Brigadier is the superior rank to colonel and subordinate to major-general. It corresponds to the rank of brigadier general in many other nations, although it is not considered to be a general officer rank in the United Kingdom.

The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-6, placing it equivalent to the Royal Navy commodore and the Royal Air Force air commodore ranks and the brigadier general (1-star general) rank of the United States military and numerous other NATO nations.