hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Critical brain hypothesis
In neuroscience, the critical brain hypothesis states that certain biological neuronal networks work near phase transitions. Experimental recordings from large groups of neurons have shown bursts of activity, so-called neuronal avalanches, with sizes that follow  a power law distribution. These results, and subsequent replication on a number of settings, led to the hypothesis that the collective dynamics of large neuronal networks in the brain operates close to the critical point of a phase transition. According to this hypothesis, the activity of the brain would be continuously transitioning  between two phases, one in which activity will rapidly reduce and die, and another where activity will build up and amplify over time. In criticality, the brain capacity for information processing is enhanced, so subcritical, critical and slightly supercritical branching process of thoughts could describe how human and animal minds function.

Phase transition
In physics, chemistry and biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature or pressure. This can be a discontinuous change; for example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to its boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The identification of the external conditions at which a transformation occurs defines the phase transition point.
Mauser M71/84
The Mauser Model 71/84, adopted as the Gewehr 71/84 or Infanterie-Gewehr 71/84, or "Infantry Rifle 71/84" ("I.G.Mod.71/84" was stamped on the rifles themselves), was the second rifle model in a distinguished line designed and manufactured by Paul Mauser and Wilhelm Mauser of the Mauser company and later mass-produced at Spandau arsenal.

Spandau Arsenal
The Spandau Gewehrfabrik (Spandau Rifle Factory), also known as Spandau Arsenal was the centre for development of military small arms for Imperial Germany from the Industrial Revolution until 1919.  Spandau engineered and tested improved infantry weapons.
Barkat Ahmad
Barkat Ahmad (1787 – 5 June 1858) was a sepoy mutineer and leading figure of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Barkat Ahmad led the army of Indian rebels in the Battle of Chinhat, in Awadh region. Barkat Ahmad was a highly trained  British sepoy. He led the rebels against the British officer Sir Henry Lawrence who was then located at the Residency.

Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)
Brigadier-General Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence (28 June 1806 – 4 July 1857) was a British military officer, surveyor, administrator and statesman in British India. He is best known for leading a group of administrators in the Punjab affectionately known as Henry Lawrence's "Young Men", as the founder of the Lawrence Military Asylums and for his death at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Hermann Park/Rice University station
Hermann Park/Rice U is a light rail station in south-central Houston, Texas, United States. The station serves the Red Line of the METRORail system. It is located on the western side of Hermann Park at the intersection of Fannin Street and Sunset Boulevard.

The station serves Hermann Park and the main entrance of Rice University. The station is adjacent to a stop on the Hermann Park Railroad, a narrow-gauge tourist train, as well as a BCycle bike-share kiosk.

BCycle
BCycle is a public bicycle sharing company owned by Bicycle Transit Systems and is based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It has 34 local systems operating in cities across the United States. However, in several cities it operates under a name other than BCycle (i.e., Indego Bike Share, Red Bike, GREENbike, etc.)
2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire
The 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire were held on November 4, 2008, to determine who would represent the state of New Hampshire in the United States House of Representatives during the 111th Congress from January 3, 2009, until January 3, 2011.  Both seats were held by Democratic incumbents before the election, which coincided with the 2008 presidential election, as well as the state's senatorial and gubernatorial elections.

The primary election was held on September 9, 2008.  Republicans selected Former Representative Jeb Bradley and newspaper columnist and radio show host Jennifer Horn to challenge incumbent Representatives Carol Shea-Porter and Paul Hodes.  Although CQ Politics had forecast the First Congressional District to be at risk for a change of party control, both incumbents were re-elected.

Congressional Quarterly
Congressional Quarterly, or CQ, is an American publication that is part of the privately owned publishing company CQ Roll Call, which covers the United States Congress. CQ was formerly acquired by the U.K.-based  Economist Group and combined with Roll Call to form CQ Roll Call in 2009.
Oxford University Innovation
Oxford University Innovation Limited (OUI) is a British technology transfer and consultancy company created to manage the research and development (R&D) of university spin-offs. OUI is a wholly owned subsidiary of the University of Oxford, and is located on Botley Road, Oxford, England. OUI was previously known as Isis Innovation (1988–2016) and Oxford University Research and Development Ltd (1987–1988).

Consultant
A consultant (from Latin: consultare "to deliberate") is a professional (also known as expert, specialist, see variations of meaning below) who provides advice or services in an area of specialization (generally to medium or large-size corporations). Consulting services generally fall under the domain of professional services, as contingent work.

The Harvard Business School defines a consultant as someone who advises on "how to modify, proceed in, or streamline a given process within a specialized field".
Journal of Biomedical Optics
The Journal of Biomedical Optics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by SPIE. It covers the application of optical technology to health care, biomedical research, and experimental medicine. The editor-in-chief is Muyinatu Bell (Johns Hopkins University).

Muyinatu Bell
Muyinatu "Bisi" A. Lediju Bell is the John C. Malone Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Computer Science at Johns Hopkins University. She is also the director of the Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Systems Engineering Laboratory.

She has received an Innovators Under 35 award, Sloan Research Fellowship, NSF CAREER Award, and the NSF Alan T. Waterman Award, which is the highest honor in the nation to early-career scientists and engineers.
Election ink
Electoral ink, indelible ink, electoral stain or phosphoric ink is a semi-permanent ink or dye that is applied to the finger of voters (usually the index finger) during elections in order to prevent electoral fraud such as double voting. It is used in countries where voter identity documents were not standardised or institutionalised. One of the more common ink is based on silver nitrate, which can produce a stain lasting several weeks. It was first used during the 1962 general election in India. The ink was developed by the National Physical Laboratory of India, a research institute under the Ministry of Science and Technology of India, and manufactured by Mysore Paints and Varnish Ltd. It is exported to more than 30 countries.

1962 Indian general election
General elections were held in India between 19 and 25 February 1962 to elect members of the third Lok Sabha. Unlike the previous two elections, each constituency elected a single member.

Jawaharlal Nehru won another landslide victory in his third and final election campaign. The Indian National Congress received 44.7% of the vote and won 361 of the 494 elected seats. This was only slightly lower than in the previous two elections and they still held over 70% of the seats in the Lok Sabha.
Kelso Branch
The Kelso Branch was a 23.5 miles (37.8 km) twin track branch railway in Northumberland, England and Roxburghshire, Scotland that ran from Tweedmouth on the  East Coast Main Line via seven intermediate stations to Kelso.

Coldstream railway station
Coldstream railway station served the town of Coldstream, in Berwickshire, Scotland; however, the station was sited across the River Tweed in Northumberland, England. It was a stop on both the Cornhill Branch, which ran from Alnwick to Cornhill Junction on the Kelso line near Coldstream, and the Kelso to Tweedmouth line.
Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life
Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life is a musical revue based on the life of Chita Rivera, with a book by Terrence McNally, original songs by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens, and additional songs from various other composers' catalogs. It earned Rivera her ninth Tony Award nomination (for Best Actress in a Musical).

Graciela Daniele
Graciela Daniele (born December 8, 1939) is an Argentine-American dancer, choreographer, and theatre director.

A stage musical based on her life, title The Gardens of Anuncia, premiered in 2021, created by Michael John LaChiusa.
Chuck season 5
The fifth and final season of the American action-comedy television series Chuck was announced on May 13, 2011. It included 13 episodes, which premiered on October 28, 2011, and concluded on January 27, 2012, with a two-hour finale.

Continuing from the eponymous cliffhanger ending of the fourth season finale, "Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger", the fifth season featured the series returning to its roots. With their new-found wealth, Chuck (Zachary Levi) and Sarah Bartowski (Yvonne Strahovski) own the fictional big-box store Buy More, as well as their new freelance spy organization, Carmichael Industries, which includes John Casey (Adam Baldwin) and Morgan Grimes (Joshua Gomez). Meanwhile, Morgan acts as the human possessor of the government database known as the Intersect, and Chuck is forced to act as Morgan's protector in the same way that Sarah and Casey were to Chuck in past seasons.

Action fiction
Action fiction is a genre in literature that focuses on stories involving high-stakes, high-energy, and fast-paced events. This genre includes a wide range of subgenres, such as spy novels, adventure stories, tales of terror, intrigue ("cloak and dagger"), and mysteries.  These kinds of stories utilize suspense, the tension that is built up when the reader wishes to know how the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist is going to be resolved or the solution to a mystery of a thriller.

The intricacies of human relationships or the nuances of philosophy and psychology are rarely explored in action fiction, typically being fast-paced mysteries that merely seek to provide the reader with an exhilarating experience.

Action fiction can also be a plot element of non-literary works such as graphic novels and film.
Serrano do Maranhão
Serrano do Maranhão is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.

The municipality contains a small part of the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area, a 1,775,035.6-hectare (4,386,208-acre) sustainable use conservation unit created in 1991 that has been a Ramsar Site since 2000. The 2022 Brazilian census revealed that the municipality of Serrano do Maranhão had a total population of 10,202 inhabitants, with 58.5% identifying as Black and 55.7% declaring themselves as quilombolas. This makes it the municipality in Brazil with the highest proportion of Black residents.

Quilombola
A Quilombola (Portuguese pronunciation: [kilõˈbɔlɐ]) is an Afro-Brazilian resident of quilombo settlements first established by left behind and escaped enslaved people in Brazil. They are the descendants of Enslaved Afro-Brazilians who fled from slave plantations or stay in abandoned lands that existed in Brazil until abolition in 1888. The most famous quilombola was Zumbi and the most famous quilombo was Palmares. Many Quilombolas live in poverty.
Punardeep Sawhney
Punardeep Singh Sawhney (born 1981) is an Indian politician from Delhi. He is a member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly from Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency in New Delhi district. He won the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election representing the Aam Aadmi Party.

Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency
Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency is one of the 70 Delhi Legislative Assembly constituencies of Delhi in northern India.
Chandni Chowk assembly constituency is a part of Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency).
Mie kocok
Mie kocok (lit. 'shaken noodle') is an Indonesian beef noodle soup, a specialty of Bandung City, West Java. The dish consists of noodles served in rich beef consommé soup, kikil (beef tendon or slices of cow's trotters), bean sprouts and bakso (beef meatball), kaffir lime juice, and sprinkled with sliced fresh celery, scallion, and fried shallot. Some recipes might add beef tripe.

In Indonesian the term kocok means "shake", and it refers to the method of softening and cooking the noodles by shaking the noodles placed in a handled porous tin container while being simmered in hot water. The dish uses flat yellow noodles.

To add taste and spiciness kecap manis (sweet soy sauce) and sambal might be added. A similar but slightly different chicken-based noodle dish from the neighboring city of Cirebon is called mie koclokcode: jav promoted to code: jv .

Sweet soy sauce
Sweet soy sauce (Indonesian: kecap manis; Indonesian pronunciation: [ˌket͡ʃap̚ ˈmanɪs]) is a sweetened aromatic soy sauce, originating in Indonesia, which has a darker color, a viscous syrupy consistency, and a molasses-like flavor due to the generous addition of palm sugar or jaggery. Kecap manis is widely used with satay. It is similar to, though finer in flavor than, Chinese Tianmian sauce (tianmianjiang). It is by far the most commonly employed type of soy sauce in Indonesian cuisine and accounts for an estimated 90 percent of the nation's total soy sauce production.
2011 Portimão Superbike World Championship round
The 2011 Portimão Superbike World Championship round was the thirteenth and final round of the 2011 Superbike World Championship. It took place on the weekend of October 14–16, 2011 at Autódromo Internacional do Algarve, Portimão, Portugal.

Portimão
Portimão (European Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾtiˈmɐ̃w] ⓘ) is a city and a municipality in the district of Faro, in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. The population in 2022 was 63,079 in an area of 182.06 km2. It was formerly known as Vila Nova de Portimão. In 1924, it was incorporated as a cidade and became known merely as Portimão. Historically a fishing and shipbuilding centre, it has nonetheless developed into a strong tourist centre oriented along its beaches and southern coast. The two largest population centers in the Algarve are Portimão and Faro.
Årets julklapp! från Mauro Scocco
Årets julklapp! was released on 5 November 2012, and is a Mauro Scocco Christmas album. It was only released to digital download, and for physical sales at Coop Forum. The album includes guest artists like Sarah Dawn Finer and Plura Jonsson. The album contains both new songs by Mauro Scocco himself, and recording of songs by other artists. The song Julkort från New York also appeared on his 2011 album Musik för nyskilda. In 2013 the album was rerelased with the additional title: "Andra utgåvan", containing the single "Vita vägen hem" acting as a bonus track bonusspår.

The album sold platina, and became the third most sold album in Sweden during 2012.

Mauro Scocco
Mauro Scocco (born 11 September 1962) is a Swedish pop musician of Italian descent. He has been described as "one of the sharpest songwriters in Sweden". Scocco was the singer for the pop group Ratata (1980–83) transformed into a duo with Johan Ekelund (1983–89). After Ratata, Scocco has continued as a solo artist since. In 2014, he cooperated with Plura Jonsson releasing a joint album as Mauro & Plura.
Spanakorizo
Spanakorizo (Greek: σπανακόρυζο, "spinach rice") is a Greek vegetarian dish of spinach and rice. A pilaf, it is described as a typical Greek country dish that may be eaten hot or cold.

A typical recipe includes long-grain rice and fresh spinach along with dill, fresh mint, salt, black pepper, onion, and olive oil, often served with feta cheese and lemon. Wine pairings that have been suggested are simple white wines such as Tsantali Agiorgitiko, Boutari Lac des Roches, or retsina.

Retsina
Retsina (Greek: ρετσίνα) is a Greek white (or rosé or very rarely red) resinated wine, which has been made for at least 2,000 years. Its unique flavor is said to have originated from the practice of sealing wine vessels, particularly amphorae, with Aleppo pine resin in ancient times. Before the invention of impermeable glass bottles, oxygen caused many wines to spoil within a year. Pine resin helped keep air out, while infusing the wine with resin aroma. The Romans began to use barrels in the 3rd century AD, removing any oenological necessity for resin, but the flavor itself was so popular that the style is still widespread.
2013 Generali Ladies Linz
The 2013 Generali Ladies Linz was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 27th edition of the Generali Ladies Linz, and part of the WTA International tournaments-category of the 2013 WTA Tour. It was held at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria, on 7–13 October 2013.

TipsArena Linz
TipsArena Linz (formerly Linzer Sporthalle and Intersport Arena) is an multipurpose indoor arena, located in Linz, Austria. It is used for concerts, events, various shows, and for all kinds of sport events like tennis, football and athletics. The arena can host a maximum of 8,755 people. It opened in March 2003.
Vusi Sibanda
Vusimuzi "Vusi" Sibanda (born 10 October 1983) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He has played international cricket for the Zimbabwe in all three formats of the game. He also played for Midlands in the Logan Cup.

Midlands cricket team
The Midlands cricket team was a first-class cricket team representing the Midlands province in Zimbabwe. They competed in the Logan Cup from 1999 until the competition was revamped after the 2004–05 season. The club played their home matches at the Kwekwe Sports Club.
Yelovo
Yelovo (Russian: Ело́во) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Yelovo, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Lukhsky District of Ivanovo Oblast

Yelovo, Perm Krai, a selo in Yelovsky District of Perm Krai

Yelovo, Krasnogorsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Vasilyevsky Selsoviet of Krasnogorsky District of the Udmurt Republic

Yelovo, Yarsky District, Udmurt Republic, a selo in Yelovsky Selsoviet of Yarsky District of the Udmurt Republic

Ivanovo Oblast
Ivanovo Oblast (Russian: Ива́новская о́бласть, romanized: Ivanovskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It had a population of 927,828 as of the 2021 Russian Census.

Its three largest cities are Ivanovo (the administrative center), Kineshma, and Shuya. The principal center of tourism is Plyos. The Volga River flows through the northern part of the oblast.
22nd Century Media
22nd Century Media  was an American media company based in the suburbs of Chicago. The company was founded in 2005 and at one time published 14 weekly community newspapers. The publications had roughly 160,000 subscribers.

It ceased operations April 7, 2020, citing "the economic impact of the coronavirus on all small businesses, from which we earn a large majority of our advertising base."

Subscription business model
The subscription business model is a business model in which a customer must pay a recurring price at regular intervals for access to a product or service. The model was pioneered by publishers of books and periodicals in the 17th century. It is particularly common now for digital products, which lend themselves more naturally toward a subscription model.

Subscriptions can be a more convenient, hassle-free transaction for consumers. However, due to inertia among some consumers, they may inadvertently pay for subscriptions that they no longer value because they do not realize that they are subscribed.
ViewSonic G Tablet
The ViewSonic G Tablet is an Android-based tablet produced by ViewSonic Corporation, a manufacturer and provider of visual technology. It first appeared for consumer purchase at Sears on 1 November 2010.

At release, it was equipped with Android 2.2 Froyo.

The tablet also features a 10.1-inch (257 mm) TFT-LCD touchscreen, Wi-Fi capability, a 1.0 GHz Nvidia Tegra 2 dual-core processor and 1.3 megapixel front-facing camera.

ViewSonic
ViewSonic Corporation is an American privately held multinational electronics company with headquarters in Brea, California, United States.

The company was founded in 1987 as Keypoint Technology Corporation by James Chu and was renamed to its present name in 1993, after a brand name of monitors launched in 1990. Today, ViewSonic specializes in visual display hardware—including liquid-crystal displays, projectors, and interactive whiteboards—as well as digital whiteboarding software. The company trades in three key markets: education, enterprise, and entertainment.
Doug Funderburk
Doug Funderburk (born May 17, 1956) is a Republican former member of the Missouri House of Representatives.  He represented part of St. Charles County, in the 12th and 103rd districts, from 2007 to 2015.

St. Charles County, Missouri
St. Charles County is located in the central eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 405,262, making it Missouri's third-most populous county. Its county seat is St. Charles. The county was organized October 1, 1812, and named for Saint Charles Borromeo, an Italian cardinal.

St. Charles County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area and contains many of the city's northwestern suburbs. The wealthiest county in Missouri, St. Charles County is one of the nation's fastest-growing counties.

St. Charles County includes a part of the Augusta AVA, an area of vineyards and wineries designated by the federal government in 1980 as the first American Viticultural Area. The county's rural outer edge along the south-facing bluffs above the Missouri River, is also part of the broader Missouri Rhineland.
Isang Dakot na Luha
Isang Dakot na Luha  (One Handful of Tears) is a 2012 Philippine television drama series broadcast by TV5. Directed by Eric S. Quizon, it stars Alice Dixson, Danita Paner, Jay Manalo, Glydel Mercado, Lianne Valentin and Daria Ramirez. It aired February 27 to June 15, 2012.

The series is all about a story of a mother, in her struggle to keep her children from being taken away from her, needs to deal with unfortunate circumstances. Amelia played by Alice Dixson and Mario played by Jay Manalo, an ill-fated couple who get estranged from each other and will soon lose their three children.

Philippine television drama
Philippine television drama, also known as teleserye is a form of melodramatic, serialized, televised fiction in the Philippines. Teleserye is derived from two Filipino words: "tele", short for "telebisyón" (television), and "serye" (series).

Teleseryes share characteristics with and have roots similar to soap operas and telenovelas. They have evolved into a genre with unique characteristics, however, and often reflect Filipino social reality. Teleseryes are aired in the afternoon and prime time, five days a week. Their audience crosses age and gender lines, and they have the highest advertising rates in the Philippine television industry. Series last from three months to a year or longer, depending on ratings.

Philippine TV dramas also include serials and anthologies, usually shown weekly. These dramas have a finite number of episodes and usually last one season, again depending on ratings.