hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abin ha-Gadol
Rabbi Abin (or Abun) ha-Gadol (the Great; d. circa 970) was one of the most important French rabbis of the 10th century, flourishing at the same time as Rav Sherira Gaon in Babylon. Solomon Luria wrote that, "He was renowned as a great Torah scholar, for his immense wealth and for his knowledge of the hidden secrets. He could expound upon every letter in 49 facets."

Solomon Luria
Shlomo Luria (1510 – November 7, 1573) (Hebrew: שלמה לוריא) was one of the great Ashkenazic poskim (decisors of Jewish law) and teachers of his time. He is known for his work of Halakha, Yam Shel Shlomo, and his Talmudic commentary Chochmat Shlomo. Luria is also referred to as "Maharshal" מהרש"ל‎ (Hebrew abbreviation: Our Teacher, Rabbi Solomon Luria), or "Rashal" רש"ל‎ (Hebrew abbreviation: Rabbi Solomon Luria).
Tope (film)
Tope (lit. 'The Bait') is a 2016 Indian Bengali-language psychological drama film directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta and produced by Pawan Kanodia. The film is based on a same name short story of Narayan Gangopadhyay. The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 5 May 2017 under the banner of Ava Film Productions Pvt. Ltd.

Narayan Gangopadhyay
Narayan Gangopadhyay (born Taraknath Gangopadhyay; 4 February 1918–8 November 1970) was an Indian writer and academic, noted for his contributions to modern Bengali literature. He wrote novels, short stories, essays, plays, and children's literature. He is best known for creating the fictional character Tenida, a popular figure in Bengali juvenile fiction. He wrote under the pen name "Narayan."

He was awarded the literary awards Basumati Literary Prize (1968).
Mid-county Memo
The Mid-county Memo was a monthly newspaper serving the Gateway and Parkrose neighborhoods of east Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was published from May 1985 to January 2019. The Oregonian frequently picked up stories from the Memo, and Willamette Week credited the Memo's coverage on several occasions. Other publications interviewed its publisher Tim Curran for his views on East Portland. Starting around 2011, the Memo was part of The Oregonian's "Oregonian News Network," The network included news outlets The Oregonian identified as providing "daily original reporting that brings new information to the public" and cover "hyperlocal or niche focused news and information."

Parkrose, Portland, Oregon
Parkrose is a neighborhood in the Northeast section of Portland, Oregon. It is bordered by Sumner to the west, the Columbia River to the north, Argay to the east, and Parkrose Heights and the city of Maywood Park to the south. Sandy Boulevard crosses the neighborhood, with a primarily industrial area prevailing to the north and primarily residential area to the south.

There is a Parkrose/Sumner Transit Center, which is served by the Red Line of TriMet's MAX Light Rail. A bridge at the transit center spans Interstate 205. C-Tran serves the transit center and travels into Washington. There is also a Parkrose School District.
Housing for Older Persons Act
The Housing for Older Persons Act of 1995 (HOPA) (Pub. L. 104–76 (text) (PDF), 109 Stat. 787, enacted December 28, 1995) amends Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act).  The consolidated Act is administered by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The law was signed by President of the United States Bill Clinton on December 28, 1995.

HOPA amends the Fair Housing Act as follows:

eliminates the requirement that qualified housing for persons age 55 or older have "significant facilities and services" designed for the elderly

provides "good faith reliance" immunity from damages to persons who in good faith believe and rely on a written statement that a property qualifies for the 55 or older exemption, unaware that the property is ineligible for the exemption.

Good faith
In human interactions, good faith (Latin: bona fidēs) is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction. It is an important concept within law and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, mala fides (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense).
Räni
Räni (German: Renningshof) is a small borough in Kambja Parish, Tartu County in southern Estonia, it is located on the southwestern side of the city of Tartu. It has a population of 466 (as of 1 September 2010).

Tartu County
Tartu County (Estonian: Tartu maakond or Tartumaa) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.

It is located in eastern Estonia, and it borders Põlva County, Valga County, Viljandi County, and Jõgeva County.

The area of Tartu County is 2,992.74 km2 (1,155.50 sq mi), which covers 6.9% of the territory of Estonia. In 2022 Tartu County had a population of 157,758 – constituting 11.9% of the total population in Estonia. The city of Tartu is the centre of the county located at a distance of 186 km (116 mi) from Tallinn. Tartu County is divided into 8 local governments – 1 urban and 7 rural municipalities.
Henri van Laun
Henri van Laun (1820 – 19 January 1896) was a writer, translator and teacher of French. Born in the Netherlands and educated in France, he lived most of his life in England. He originally thought of being a journalist but found he preferred teaching. He was a friend of Hippolyte Taine and translated his History of English Literature into English. Van Laun also translated works by Molière, Alain-René Lesage and Jean de La Bruyère.

Van Laun is buried in Brookwood Cemetery and his tomb is a grade II listed building designed by the sculptor Emmeline Halse.

Hippolyte Taine
Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French historian, critic and philosopher. He was the chief theoretical influence on French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism. Literary historicism as a critical movement has been said to originate with him. Taine is also remembered for his attempts to provide a scientific account of literature.

Taine had a profound effect on French literature; Maurice Baring wrote in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica that "the tone which pervades the works of Zola, Bourget and Maupassant can be immediately attributed to the influence we call Taine's." Out of the trauma of 1871, Taine has been said by one scholar to have "forged the architectural structure of modern French right-wing historiography."
Long Trail State Forest
Long Trail State Forest protects 9,529 acres (38.56 km2) around a portion of the Long Trail, a 271 miles (436 km) hiking trail in Vermont. The forest runs through Belvidere, Eden, Lowell, Johnson, Montgomery, Waterville and Westfield in Franklin, Lamoille and Orleans counties. The forest is managed by the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation in partnership with the Green Mountain Club.

Lamoille County, Vermont
Lamoille County (/ləˈmɔɪl/) is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,945, and it is the third-least populous county in Vermont. Its shire town (county seat) is the town of Hyde Park, while Morristown is the county's largest town by population as well as its main commercial center. The county was created in 1835 from portions of Orleans, Franklin, Washington, and Chittenden Counties and organized the following year.
Chargeback
A chargeback is a return of money to a payer of a transaction, especially a credit card transaction. Most commonly the payer is a consumer. The chargeback reverses a money transfer from the consumer's bank account, line of credit, or credit card. The chargeback is ordered by the bank that issued the consumer's payment card. In the distribution industry, a chargeback occurs when the supplier sells a product at a higher price to the distributor than the price they have set with the end user. The distributor submits a chargeback to the supplier so they can recover the money lost in the transaction. 45% of chargebacks are fraud-related, with first-party at 23% and third-party at 22%

Consumer
A consumer is a person or a group who intends to order, or use purchased goods, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, household and similar needs, who is not directly related to entrepreneurial or business activities.  The term most commonly refers to a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.
David Edwards (Oregon politician)
David W. Edwards (born 1966) is a former Democratic member of the Oregon House of Representatives, representing District 30 from 2007 to 2010. He graduated Hillsboro High School and earned bachelor's and master's degrees in English literature from the University of Southern California and a master's in public affairs from the University of Oregon. Edwards attended the University of Southern California's film school and turned to filmmaking after leaving the legislature, writing, directing and producing a supernatural thriller, Nightscape. He also produced a tie-in video game, Nightscape: Phantom Fast Racing, available via iTunes and an original Nightscape novel, Nightscape: The Dreams of Devils. Edwards is also the founder and former CEO of Zanthus, a marketing research company in Portland, Oregon.

Oregon House of Representatives
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, the upper house being the Oregon State Senate. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, each with a population of approximately 65,000. The House meets in the west wing of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992), that had restricted State Representatives to three terms (six years) on procedural grounds.

In the current legislative session, Democrats have 37 seats, a slim 2 seat supermajority, while the Republicans have a minority of 23 seats.
Fekete's lemma
In mathematics, and in particular in calculus, Fekete’s lemma (also called Fekete's subadditive lemma) is a lemma concerning the limit of subadditive sequences. The lemma provides an estimate for the linear growth rate of such sequences.

The lemma is named after the Hungarian–Israeli mathematician Michael Fekete, who proved it in 1923.

Lemma (mathematics)
In mathematics and other fields, a lemma (pl.: lemmas or lemmata) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used to prove a larger statement. For that reason, it is also known as a "helping theorem" or an "auxiliary theorem". In many cases, a lemma derives its importance from the theorem it aims to prove; however, a lemma can also turn out to be more important than originally thought.
2012 New Zealand Television Awards
The 2012 New Zealand Television Awards were the new name of the New Zealand television industry awards, following the demise of the Aotearoa Film and Television Awards. The awards were held on Saturday 3 November at The Great Room of the Langham hotel in Auckland, New Zealand, with highlights screening on TV ONE on Sunday 4 November. The New Zealand Television Awards took a similar format to the previous Qantas Television Awards, honouring excellence in New Zealand television and television journalism. This was the final New Zealand television awards presentation organised by Think TV, after Television New Zealand withdrew its support in 2013.

Campbell Live
Campbell Live is a half-hour-long New Zealand current affairs programme that was broadcast from 2005–2015 on Mondays–Fridays at 7 pm (following 3 News) on TV3 and was hosted by John Campbell. Campbell Live conducted interviews of various notable personalities, including Al Gore, Robert Fisk, Tony Blair, as well as an array of celebrities, including Adam Lambert and Metallica.
Gjøvik Line
The Gjøvik Line (Norwegian: Gjøvikbanen) is a Norwegian railway line between Oslo and Gjøvik. It was originally named the North Line (Nordbanen) and ran between Grefsen and Røykenvik. The line was completed to Gjøvik in 1902. The Gjøvik Line was one of the first lines of the Norwegian railway system which was to be contracted on public service obligation, but it was the state owned Norges Statsbaner which won, operating it through its subsidiary Vy Gjøvikbanen.

Rail transport in Norway
The Norwegian railway system comprises 4,109 km of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge) track of which 2,644 km is electrified and 274 km double track.  There are 697 tunnels and 2,760 bridges.

The Norwegian Railway Directorate manages the railway network in Norway on behalf of the Ministry of Transportation. Bane NOR is a state enterprise which builds and maintains all railway tracks, while other companies operate them. These companies include Vy and subsidiaries Vy Gjøvikbanen and CargoNet, Flytoget, Go-Ahead, SJ Norge, Green Cargo, Grenland Rail and Hector Rail.

Norway is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Norway is 76.
Coedffranc Central
Coedffranc Central is an electoral ward of Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales.  Coedffranc Central is a part of the Coedffranc community and is in the Senedd constituency of Aberavon and the UK constituency of Neath and Swansea East.

Coedffranc Central is bounded by the wards of Coedffranc West to the southwest; Coedffranc North to the north; Dyffryn to the east; and Neath East and Briton Ferry West to the south east.  Almost all the ward is built up consisting of residential areas and shopping streets covering the centre of the village of Skewen.

Coedffranc Central was an electoral ward of West Glamorgan until 4 May 1989, when Coedffranc Central and Coedffranc West became a Coedffranc ward under The County of West Glamorgan (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1989. Coedffranc Central and Coedffranc West were recreated for the 1995 elections.

Aberavon (Senedd constituency)
Aberavon (Welsh: Aberafan) is a constituency of the Senedd. It elects one Member of the Senedd by the first past the post method of election. Also, however, it is one of seven constituencies in the South Wales West electoral region, which elects four additional members, in addition to seven constituency members, to produce a degree of proportional representation for the region as a whole.
Colt Dragoon Revolver
The Colt Model 1848 Percussion Army Revolver is a .44 caliber revolver designed by Samuel Colt for the U.S. Army's Regiment of Mounted Rifles. The revolver was also issued to the Army's "Dragoon" regiments. This revolver was designed as a solution to numerous problems encountered with the Colt Walker. Although it was introduced after the Mexican–American War, it became popular among civilians during the 1850s and 1860s and was also used during the American Civil War.

.44 caliber
.44 caliber is a family of large-caliber firearm cartridges and firearms, particularly revolvers. The most well-known is the .44 Magnum which uses a 0.429 to 0.430 inch diameter bullet, depending on jacket or cast. Though less common than the smaller .38 caliber family of cartridges, the caliber is popular with many shooters and the .44 Magnum in particular facilitated the rise of handgun hunting. Its role as the most powerful handgun cartridge has been superseded by various recently developed .45 caliber and .50 caliber handgun chamberings.

The caliber was also common in American Civil War-era cap & ball revolvers such as the Colt Army Model 1860 and the Remington Model 1858, offering more stopping power than the .36 caliber revolvers of the time. Notably, the derringer that John Wilkes Booth used to assassinate Abraham Lincoln was .44 caliber.
Mackenzie Brannan
Mackenzie Eryn Brannan (born May 17, 1996, in Austin, Texas) is a former American artistic gymnast. She won the Senior competition at Nastia Liukin Cup in 2014 in Greensboro, NC with McKenna Kelley. She currently competes in college gymnastics for the Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics team.

Her college gymnastics debut came in 2015 with her school University of Alabama.

Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics
The Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics is a Division I gymnastics team representing the University of Alabama in NCAA competition. The Tide hosts its home matches in Coleman Coliseum on the university's Tuscaloosa, Alabama campus.  One of only eight gymnastics teams to win the national title, the Crimson Tide has won six NCAA championships, ten SEC championships, and an NCAA-record 32 Regional championships.  The team is led by head coach Ashley Priess-Johnston, who succeeded Dana Duckworth following the 2022 season.
Sardar Muhammad (wrestler)
Sardar Muhammad (born 2 March 1944) is a Pakistani former wrestler and the 1970 Commonwealth Games Bantamweight wrestling champion. He competed in the men's freestyle 57 kg at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Sardar also represented Pakistan at the 1970 Asian Games, where he won the bronze  medal in the 57 kg division.

Wrestling at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 57 kg
The Men's Freestyle bantamweight at the 1968 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Insurgentes Ice Rink. The bantamweight was the second-lightest weight class, allowing wrestlers up to 57 kilograms.
Philip Stanhope (Royalist officer)
Philip Stanhope was Colonel of the Shelford Manor Royalist forces in the English Civil War. He was the 10th son of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield (1584-1656) and his wife Catherine, daughter of Francis Hastings, Baron Hastings.

Part of a network protecting the key Royalist position of Newark on Trent, Shelford was stormed on 3 November 1645 by Parliamentarian forces under John Hutchinson and Sydenham Poyntz. Catholic or Irish troops captured by Parliament were liable to summary execution, and the war was being fought with increasing bitterness, including the alleged death of 700 civilians when Royalist troops took Leicester in May. The garrison of 160 included a number of Catholics, and the majority were killed when the house was stormed, including Stanhope.

John Hutchinson (Roundhead)
Colonel John Hutchinson (18 September 1615 – 11 September 1664) was an English politician and army officer who played a significant role during the English Civil War. He was a Member of the House of Commons of England from 1648 to 1653 and briefly in 1660. Hutchinson was a prominent Puritan leader and served in the parliamentary army. As a member of the high court of justice in 1649, he was the 13th of 59 Commissioners who signed the death warrant of Charles I of England.

After the 1660 Stuart Restoration, he was exempted from the general pardon, barring him from holding public office. Accused of involvement in the Farnley Wood Plot in 1663, he was imprisoned and died in custody. He invested very successfully in buying paintings from the art collection of Charles I after his execution, spending very large amounts relative to his wealth. After a few years, he resold them for substantial profits.
Diana Petrynenko
Diana Hnativna Petrynenko (Ukrainian: Діана Гнатівна Петриненко; née Palyvoda; 8 February 1930 – 17 November 2018) was a Soviet and Ukrainian singer (lyric and coloratura soprano) and pedagogue. People's Artist of the USSR (1975).

Ukrainian National Academy of Music
The Ukrainian National Academy of Music (Ukrainian: Національна музична академія України, romanized: Natsionalna muzychna akademiia Ukrainy), is a national music tertiary academy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Its courses include postgraduate education.

From 1940 until December 2025 the conservatory was named Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky Academy of Music (Ukrainian: Національна музична академія України імені П. Чайковського, romanized: Natsionalna muzychna akademiia Ukrainy imeni P. Chaikovskoho). On 30 December 2025 the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine removed the name of the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky from the name of the institution. Formerly it went by the name Kyiv Conservatory.
Zemlyachestvo
In late 19th century Russia, a zemlyachestvo (Russian: землячество, IPA: [zʲɪˈmlʲæt͡ɕɪstvə]) was a society of men living away from their home regions. Found among students, traveling traders and migrant workers, the zemlyachestvo united those with a common geographical origin when they were far from home.

Zemlyachestvo is defined by Tavadov G.T. in his book Ethnology as 1) a sense of unity among people sharing a homeland they were born in; 2) an association of natives of one locality, region, territory, country; 3) other various forms of association of citizens according to the territorial principle: soldiers and officers serving in one unit, students studying in the same university, etc.

The pre 1860s reform time period can be considered the beginning of community associations in Russia.

The noted Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin joined the zemlyachestvo for his home region, Simbirsk, when he was studying at the University of Kazan.

Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk, known as Simbirsk until 1924, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River 705 kilometers (438 mi) east of Moscow. Ulyanovsk has been the only Russian UNESCO City of Literature since 2015.

The city was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (born Ulyanov), for whom it was renamed after his death in 1924; and of Alexander Kerensky, the leader of the Russian Provisional Government which Lenin overthrew during the October Revolution of 1917. It is also famous for its writers such as Ivan Goncharov, Nikolay Yazykov and Nikolay Karamzin, and for painters such as Arkady Plastov and Nikas Safronov.
Lockheed Martin X-56
The Lockheed Martin X-56 is an American modular unmanned aerial vehicle that is being designed to explore High-Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) flight technologies for use in future military unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.

Modularity
Modularity is the degree to which a system's components may be separated and recombined, often with the benefit of flexibility and variety in use. The concept of modularity is used primarily to reduce complexity by breaking a system into varying degrees of interdependence and independence across and "hide the complexity of each part behind an abstraction and interface". However, the concept of modularity can be extended to multiple disciplines, each with their own nuances. Despite these nuances, consistent themes concerning modular systems can be identified.

Composability is one of the tenets of functional programming.  This makes functional programs modular.
Stan, Mirna
Stan (pronounced [ˈstaːn]) is a settlement in the hills to the southeast of Mirna in the Municipality of Mirna in southeastern Slovenia. The municipality is included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola.

Municipality of Mirna
The Municipality of Mirna (Slovene: Občina Mirna) is a municipality in the traditional region of Lower Carniola in southeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Mirna. Mirna became a municipality in 2011.