hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lyng v. Castillo
Lyng v. Castillo, 477 U.S. 635 (1986), reversed a lower court's decision that the change in the statutory definition of a household violated the appellee's due process rights. The program rules for food stamps were changed in 1981 and 1982 which changed the definitions of households. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the District Court erred in using heightened scrutiny to analyze the validity of the household definition.

Earlier, the Supreme Court ruled in Department of Agriculture v. Moreno (1973) that a provision of the Food Stamp Act of 1971 was unconstitutional because a household, if an unrelated individual lived in it, would have its benefits reduced or eliminated.

Intermediate scrutiny
Intermediate scrutiny, in U.S. constitutional law, is the second level of deciding issues using judicial review.  The other levels are typically referred to as rational basis review (least rigorous) and strict scrutiny (most rigorous).

In order to overcome the intermediate scrutiny test, it must be shown that the law or policy being challenged furthers an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest.

Intermediate scrutiny may be contrasted with "strict scrutiny", the higher standard of review that requires narrowly tailored and least restrictive means to further a compelling governmental interest, and "rational basis review", a lower standard of review that requires the law or policy be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

This approach is most often employed in reviewing limits on commercial speech, content-neutral regulations of speech, and state actions discriminating on the basis of sex.
Stenoma fallax
Stenoma fallax is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877. It is found in the Amazon region of Brazil.

The wingspan is about 22 mm. The forewings are pale shining greyish brown with an abbreviated oblique darker line from the base of the costa, and a second line (not abbreviated), crossing the centre of the cell, angulated upon the median vein, where it runs very obliquely to near the external angle. The discocellulars, and a subapical costal spot are dark brown and the external area is rather paler than the rest of the wing. There is a series of marginal blackish dots. The hindwings are testaceous (reddish yellow).

Arthur Gardiner Butler
Arthur Gardiner Butler F.L.S., F.Z.S. (27 June 1844 – 28 May 1925) was an English entomologist, arachnologist and ornithologist. He worked at the British Museum on the taxonomy of birds, insects, and spiders.
Jasper Peak
Jasper Peak is a peak in northeastern Minnesota near Soudan.  It derives its current name from the red jasper which is the major constituent of the mountain's bedrock. A Minnesota Division of Forestry lookout tower built in 1934 is situated on the summit.

The mountain was once named Chester Peak in honor of Albert Huntington Chester, a graduate of the Columbia School of Mines and a professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and metallurgy at Hamilton College 1870–1891, and later at Rutgers College.  His survey of the Mesabi and Vermilion Iron Ranges was published in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Minnesota Geological Survey in 1882.

Hamilton College
Hamilton College is a private liberal arts college in Kirkland, New York, with a Clinton postal address. It was established as the Hamilton-Oneida Academy in 1793 and received its charter as Hamilton College in 1812, in honor of Alexander Hamilton, one of its inaugural trustees, following a proposal made after his death in 1804. Since 1978, Hamilton has been a coeducational institution, having merged with its sister school, Kirkland College.

Hamilton enrolled approximately 2,000 undergraduate students as of the fall of 2021. The curriculum offers 57 areas of study, including 44 majors, as well as the option to design interdisciplinary concentrations. The student body consists of 53% female and 47% male students, representing 45 U.S. states and 46 countries. The acceptance rate for the class of 2026 was 11.8%. Hamilton's athletic teams participate in the New England Small College Athletic Conference.
Mineral Fire (2020)
The Mineral Fire was a wildfire that burned in Coalinga Mineral Springs, west of Coalinga in Fresno County, California in the United States. The fire was first reported on July 13, 2020 and burned an estimated 29,667 acres (12,006 ha) and before being fully contained on July 26. The fire threatened the communities of Los Gatos Creek Road from Indian Springs to Union Carbide Road and Bingham Springs. It resulted in the mandatory evacuations of Los Gatos Creek Road and Bingham Springs and led to the complete closure of State Route 198 from Firestone Ave. to the Monterey County Line. They were subsequently lifted on July 20.

Fresno County, California
Fresno County (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ ⓘ), officially the County of Fresno, is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno, the fifth-most populous city in California. Fresno County comprises the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Fresno–Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno County's and the entire Central Valley's water security.
Calleagris krooni
Calleagris krooni, Kroon's flat or Kroon's skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in South Africa, it is only known from Afromontane forests of Mpumalanga.

The wingspan is 43–45 mm (1.7–1.8 in) for males and 47–51 mm (1.9–2.0 in) for females. There is one generation in late summer with peaks from February to April.

Afromontane
The Afromontane regions are subregions of the Afrotropical realm, one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms, covering the plant and animal species found in the mountains of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The Afromontane regions of Africa are discontinuous, separated from each other by lower-lying areas, and are sometimes referred to as the Afromontane archipelago, as their distribution is analogous to a series of sky islands.
Czech Republic at the UEFA European Championship
As the Czech Republic along with Slovakia are considered to be the successor team of Czechoslovakia by FIFA and UEFA, they have participated in eleven UEFA European Championships; three as Czechoslovakia and eight as the Czech Republic. As Czechoslovakia, they became European champions in 1976. As the Czech Republic, they have qualified for every European Championship that they have played qualifiers for and were runners-up at Euro 1996.

Czech Republic national football team
The Czech Republic men's national football team (Czech: Česká mužská fotbalová reprezentace), recognised by FIFA as Czechia, represents the Czech Republic in men's international football. The team is controlled by the Football Association of the Czech Republic (FAČR). Historically, the team participated in FIFA and UEFA competitions as Bohemia and Czechoslovakia.

Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the first international competition of the Czech Republic was UEFA Euro 1996, where they finished runners-up. They have taken part at every European Championship since. Following the separation, they have featured at one FIFA World Cup, the 2006 tournament.
Juanma López (footballer)
Juan Manuel López Martínez (born 3 September 1969) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mainly as a central defender (occasionally he could operate in the flanks).

López was prone to suspensions, often being considered overaggressive in his approach. Having spent his entire career with Atlético Madrid, he retired after sustaining a serious knee injury.

Knee
In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the human body. The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis.

It is often termed a compound joint having tibiofemoral and patellofemoral components. (The fibular collateral ligament is often considered with tibiofemoral components.)
William Knuckles
William Gene Knuckles (April 25, 1928 – June 4, 2016) was an American football and basketball coach. He served as head football coach at McPherson College in McPherson, Kansas from the 1969 to 1970 and at Rocky Mountain College in Billings, Montana from 1974 to 1975. Knuckles was also the head basketball coach at Whitworth College—now known as Whitworth University—in Spokane, Washington from 1957 to 1960, tallying a mark of 24–57. He was hired in 1977 as athletic director and basketball coach at Northwest Christian High School in Spokane.

McPherson College
McPherson College is a private college associated with the Church of the Brethren and located in McPherson, Kansas, United States. It was chartered in 1887 and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.
Mernda railway station
Mernda station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne and the terminus of the Mernda line, part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the north-eastern Melbourne suburb of Mernda in Victoria, Australia. Mernda is an elevated premium station, featuring an island platform with two faces. The original station opened on 23 December 1889. The station reopened on 26 August 2018 along with the duplication of track between South Morang and Mernda.

South Morang
South Morang (/məˈræŋ/ mor-ANG) is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 20 km north-east of Melbourne's central business district, located within the City of Whittlesea local government area. South Morang recorded a population of 24,989 at the 2021 census.

Originally known as Morang South, South Morang grew from a country area on the outskirts of Melbourne in the late 1990s/early 2000s to a suburban area with new estates being developed.
Ninnindale
Ninnindale (transl. Because of you) is a 2014 Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy drama film directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee, in his directorial debut in Kannada cinema, and produced by Vijay Kirgandur under Hombale Films. The film's title is inspired by the track called Ninnindale from Puneeth Rajkumar's earlier film Milana. It stars Puneeth Rajkumar and Erica Fernandes, alongside Vinayak Joshi, Sonia Deepti, All Ok, Sadhu Kokila, Avinash Sringeri, Thilak Shekar, Bramhanandam and Shankar Melkote. The music was composed by Mani Sharma, while cinematography and editing were handled by P. G. Vinda and Marthand K. Venkatesh.

Ninnindale was released on 16 January 2014 to mixed reviews from critics.

All Ok
Alok R. Babu (born 2 May 1989), known as All Ok, is an Indian Kannada rapper, singer, actor & music-producer. He is known for Kannada rap songs like Don't Worry, Yaakinge, Happy, Nan Kannadiga, Deja Vu, Urban Lads and many more.
Elateia (Epirus)
39°09′48″N 20°42′56″E﻿ / ﻿39.1632°N 20.7155°E﻿ / 39.1632; 20.7155

Elateia or Elatia (Greek: Ἐλάτεια), also Elatreia or Elatria (Ἐλατρία), was a town of the Cassopaei in Thesprotia, in ancient Epirus, mentioned by Strabo, along with Batiae and Pandosia. It is said to have been a colony of Elis (in the Peloponnese, Greece).

Its location is believed to be at the foot of Mount Zalongo, north of the modern village of Paliorophoro. This site was settled from prehistoric times. Archaeologists suggest that the settlement was fortified with a polygonal wall of 1,690 metres (5,540 feet) in circumference, which enclosed an area corresponding to a population of about 3,800.

Ancient Thesprotia
Thesprotis (Greek: Θεσπρωτίς, Thesprōtís), or Thesprotia (Θεσπρωτία, Thesprōtia), was an ancient region in Epirus in northwestern Greece. It encompassed the west-central part of Epirus, and it roughly included the territories of the present-day territorial units of Thesprotia and Preveza.
Sky-Hi Nunataks
The Sky-Hi Nunataks are a nunatak group 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) long, located 11 nautical miles (20 km; 13 mi) east of Grossman Nunataks and northeast of Merrick Mountains in Ellsworth Land, extending from Doppler Nunatak in the west to Arnoldy Nunatak in the east and including Mount Mende, Mount Lanzerotti, Mount Carrara, and Mount Cahill.

Nunatak
A nunatak (from Inuit nunataq) is the summit or ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain or ridge. They often form natural pyramidal peaks. Isolated nunataks are also called glacial islands, and smaller nunataks rounded by glacial action may be referred to as rognons.

The word is of Greenlandic origin and has been used in English since the 1870s.
William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1841)
William Edward Dowdeswell (13 June 1841 – 12 July 1893) was an English Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1865 and 1876.

Dowdeswell was the son of William Dowdeswell of Pull Court and his wife Amelia Letitia Graham daughter of Robert Graham of Cossington Hall, Somerset. His father was MP for Tewkesbury from 1835 to 1842. He was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford. He was a J.P. for Worcestershire, and captain of Worcestershire Yeomanry Cavalry.

At the 1865 general election Dowdeswell was elected Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury which he held until March 1866. In 1866 he was elected MP for West Worcestershire and held the seat until 1876.

West Worcestershire
West Worcestershire is a constituency in Worcestershire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Harriett Baldwin, a Conservative.

The constituency first existed from 1832 to 1885, formally known as the Western Division of Worcestershire, electing two MPs.

The current constituency, created in 1997, is considered a safe seat for the Conservatives, having been a marginal with the Liberal Democrats from 1997 to 2010. The constituency boundaries roughly correspond with the Malvern Hills District.
Sporobolus cynosuroides
Sporobolus cynosuroides is a species of grass known by the common names big cordgrass and salt reedgrass. It is native to the East Coast and Gulf Coast of the United States, where it grows in coastal habitat such as marshes, lagoons, and bays.

This species is a rhizomatous perennial grass which can grow up to 10 feet tall. The leaves are up to 24 inches long and up to an inch wide. The ligule is hairy. The stem can be ¾ of an inch in diameter at the base. The inflorescence contains up to 40 spikes each up to 3 inches long.

This grass grows in flooded saline soils such as those in salt marshes. It is associated with marsh-hay cordgrass (Spartina patens) and common reed (Phragmites australis).

Phragmites australis
Phragmites australis, known as the common reed, is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae. It is a wetland grass that can grow up to 20 feet (6 metres) tall and has a cosmopolitan distribution worldwide.
Brahmotsava
A brahmotsava (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मोत्सवम्, romanized: brahmōtsavam), also rendered mahotsava and tiruvila (Tamil: திருவிழா, romanized: tiruviḻā) is the principal festival of a Hindu temple.

Commonly held in South India, the murtis of a temple's deities are dressed in silk garments, decorated with ornaments, garlands, and other paraphernalia. They are carried from the sanctum to the streets upon palanquins or chariots by adherents, accompanied by musicians and crowds of devotees, who ritually venerate the deity. Brahmotsavas are held in a grand-scale in major temples of Tamil Nadu, such as the Ranganathaswamy Temple of Srirangam, the Nataraja Temple of Chidambaram, and the Meenakshi Temple of Madurai.

Srirangam
Srirangam is a neighbourhood in the city of Tiruchirappalli in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. A river island, Srirangam is bounded by the Kaveri River on one side and its distributary Kollidam on the other side. Considered as the first among the 108 Divya Desams, a group of Vishnu temples, it is famous for the Ranganathaswamy Temple, the largest temple complex in India and the biggest functioning Hindu temple in the world. Srirangam is also home to a significant population of adherents of the Sri Vaishnava tradition.
Gennadiy Feldman
Gennadiy Mykhailovych Feldman (Ukrainian: Геннадій Михайлович Фельдман; born October 15, 1947) is a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician, corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Science in Physics and Mathematics, Professor, Head of the Mathematical Division of B. Verkin  Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences  of Ukraine.

Mathematical Division of B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering
The Mathematical Division of B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering  
— is a part of Mathematical Division of NASU , 
one of the leading Ukrainian mathematical centers,  where fundamental research in mathematics is conducted.

The main research areas of the Mathematical Division are:

mathematical physics;

differential equations;

geometry;

function theory and functional analysis.
Arrondissement of Mont-de-Marsan
The arrondissement of Mont-de-Marsan is an arrondissement of France in the Landes department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It has 175 communes. Its population is 185,531 (2021), and its area is 6,048.4 km2 (2,335.3 sq mi). Its surface area of over 6,000 km2 is the largest of any arrondissement in Metropolitan France, its size being comparable to an entire département such as the Eure.

Arrondissements of France
An arrondissement (English: /əˈrɒndɪsmənt/, French: [aʁɔ̃dismɑ̃] ⓘ) is the third level of administrative division in France generally corresponding to the territory overseen by a subprefect. As of 2023, the 101 French departments are divided into 333 arrondissements (including 13 overseas).

The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. When an arrondissement contains the prefecture (capital) of the department, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The term arrondissement can be roughly translated into English as district.

Some municipalities in Quebec are divided into arrondissements, reflecting the province’s historical link to New France.
Gnosall Rural District
Gnosall was a rural district in Staffordshire, England from 1894 to 1934.  It was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 from that part of the Newport Rural Sanitary District which was in Staffordshire (the rest forming Newport Rural District in Shropshire).

It consisted of the parishes of Adbaston, Church Eaton, Forton, Gnosall, High Offley, Norbury and Weston Jones.

The district was abolished in 1934 under a County Review Order. Most of it became part of the Stafford Rural District, with part going to Cannock Rural District. In 1940, there was a statue erected to commemorate the district.

Gnosall
Gnosall (/noʊsəl/) is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Stafford, Staffordshire, England, with a population of 5,040 across 2,300 households (2021 census). It lies on the A518, approximately halfway between the towns of Newport (in Shropshire) and the county town of Staffordshire, Stafford. Gnosall Heath lies immediately south-west of the main village, joined by Station Road and separated by Doley Brook. Other nearby villages include Woodseaves, Knightley, Cowley, Ranton, Church Eaton, Bromstead Heath, Moreton, and Haughton.
Chigozie Agbim
Chigozie Agbim MON Listenⓘ is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

After a protracted transfer dispute, he joined Enugu Rangers from Warri Wolves F.C. in April 2013 for a fee of eight million naira (approx €39,300).

He joined Gombe United in February 2014  and rejoined Rangers in April 2015.

Nigerian naira
The naira (sign: ₦; code: NGN; Yoruba: náírà, Hausa: نَيْرَ, romanized: naira, Igbo: naịra, Tyap: nera) is the currency of Nigeria. One naira is divided into 100 kobo.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the designs, procurement, distribution and supply, processing, reissue and disposal or disintegration of bank notes and coins.

A major cash crunch occurred in February 2023 when the Nigerian government used a currency note changeover—delivering too few of the new notes into circulation—to attempt to force citizens to use a newly created government-sponsored central bank digital currency.  This led to extensive street protests.
Standard of living in China
Historically, the Chinese economy was characterized by widespread poverty, extreme income inequalities, and endemic insecurity of livelihood. Improvements since then saw the average national life expectancy rise from around forty-four years in 1949 to sixty-eight years in 1985, while the Chinese population estimated to be living in absolute poverty fell from between 200 and 590  million in 1978 to 70 million in 2017. Before the 19th century, China was one of the leading global powers.

Until the end of the 1970s, the fruits of economic growth were largely negated by population increases, which prevented significant advances in the per capita availability of food, clothing, and housing beyond levels achieved in the 1950s.

Household responsibility system
The household responsibility system (simplified Chinese: 家庭联产承包责任制; traditional Chinese: 家庭聯產承包責任制; pinyin: jiātíng liánchǎn chéngbāo zérènzhì), or contract responsibility system, was a practice in China, first adopted in agriculture in 1979 and officially established in 1982, by which households are held responsible for the profits and losses of an enterprise. This system, which came to replace collective farming, maintained public ownership of land and some of the means of production, but made production the responsibility of households. Households still had to contribute to state quotas but could make their own decisions about what to plant on contracted land and could sell via a multi-tier price system that included the lowest price for payment to the state up until the quota, a higher rate for above-quota sales to the state, and market price for crops allowed to be sold at fairs.
1996 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1996 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy (USNA) as an independent during the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Charlie Weatherbie.

This was the Midshipmen's first winning season since 1982, and their first bowl appearance since 1981, with their first bowl win since 1978.

1978 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1978 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy (USNA) as an independent during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by sixth-year head coach George Welsh.
Sürgücü, Savur
Sürgücü (Kurdish: Ewîna; Syriac: Awina) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Savur, Mardin Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,379 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is populated by Kurds of the Surgucu tribe. It is located in the historic region of Tur Abdin.

Kurdish tribes
Kurdish tribes are tribes of Kurdish people, an Iranian ethnic group from the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan in Western Asia.

The tribes are socio-political and generally also a territorial unit based on descent and kinship, real or putative, with a characteristic internal structure. They are naturally divided into a number of sub-tribes, and each of these sub-tribes again are divided into smaller units: clans, lineages and households.