hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eric Ledell Smith
Eric Ledell Smith (1949 – 2008) was an American historian and author. He served as Commissioner for the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. He was part of a presentation on Frederick Douglass aired on C-SPAN.

Smith was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was inspired by his grandmother, poet Florence Brown. At the time of his death he was working on the Trailblazers: Innovative African Americans in Pennsylvania History project writing profiles of historical figures.

He has written about Pennsylvania and African American history including books on Bert Williams, Black Opera, African American theaters, the State Museum of Pennsylvania, civil rights movement in Pennsylvania, and an article on the Chester Race Riot.

1917 Chester race riot
The 1917 Chester race riot was a race riot in Chester, Pennsylvania, that took place over four days in July 1917.  Racial tensions increased greatly during the World War I industrial boom due to white hostility toward the large influx of southern blacks who moved North as part of the Great Migration. The riot began after a black man walked in a white neighborhood with his girlfriend and bumped into another couple. This led to a fight in which the black man stabbed and killed the white man. In retaliation, white gangs targeted and attacked blacks throughout the city. Four days of violent melees involving mobs of hundreds of people followed. The Chester police along with the Pennsylvania National Guard, Pennsylvania State Police, mounted police officers and a 150-person posse finally quelled the riot after four days.  The riot resulted in 7 deaths, 28 gunshot wounds, 360 arrests and hundreds of hospitalizations.
Salix phylicifolia
Salix phylicifolia, the tea-leaved willow, is a species of willow native to Northern Europe including Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, and Western Siberia. It was the first bush found on the new volcanic island of Surtsey near Iceland.

Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
Lübbenau (Spreewald) station
Lübbenau (German: Bahnhof Lübbenau) is a railway statiion located in Lübbenau, Germany. The station is located on the Berlin–Görlitz railway and Lübbenau–Kamenz railway. The train services are operated by DB Regio Nordost and Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn (ODEG).

In the 2026 timetable the following lines stop at the station:

Until mid-December 2014 the station was also served by EuroCity "Wawel", which used to run once daily between Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Wrocław Główny.

Lübbenau
Lübbenau (German pronunciation: [lʏbəˈnaʊ] ⓘ, Lower Sorbian: Lubnjow [ˈlubnʲɔw]; officially Lübbenau/Spreewald, L.S. Lubnjow/Błota [ˈbwɔta] (meaning Lübbenau/Spree Forest) is a town in the Upper Spree Forest-Lusatia District of Brandenburg, Germany. It is located in the bilingual German/Sorbian region of (Lower) Lusatia, on the river Spree, where this forms a large inland delta surrounded by woodland, called "Spree Forest", about 82 km (51 mi) southeast of Berlin. The town is best known through the incorporated villages of Lehde/Lědy and Leipe/Lipje, villages where there just exist anabranches of the Spree River instead of streets.
Cody Wilson
Cody Rutledge Wilson (born January 31, 1988) is an American gun rights activist and crypto-anarchist. He started Defense Distributed, a non-profit organization which develops and publishes open source gun designs, so-called "wiki weapons" created by  3D printing and digital manufacture. Defense Distributed gained international notoriety in 2013 when it published plans online for the Liberator, the first widely available functioning 3D-printed pistol.

Right to keep and bear arms in the United States
In the United States, the right to keep and bear arms is a fundamental right protected by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, and by the constitutions of most U.S. states. The Second Amendment declares:

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Stemming from English common law tradition, the concept of a right to keep and bear arms was recognized prior to the creation of a written national constitution.
Donald Kenney
Donald James Kenney (born August 9, 1938) is an American Republican politician. He served in District 19 of the Arizona House of Representatives from 1977 to 1991. He was charged with corruption in the 1991 AzScam undercover sting operation, which forced his resignation. He served 14 months in prison after he was convicted. Following his conviction, he was disbarred in Arizona, and his real estate licence was revoked.

In 2012, it was discovered by San Diego Union-Tribune Watchdog that Kenney had moved to Carlsbad, California and was working as a real estate broker in San Diego County, and had re-obtained a licence using his son's identity. He was charged with perjury and forgery upon the discovery.

The San Diego Union-Tribune
The San Diego Union-Tribune is a metropolitan daily newspaper published in San Diego, California, that has run since 1868. Its name derives from what were San Diego's two major daily newspapers, the morning San Diego Union and the San Diego Evening Tribune, which had the same publisher beginning in 1901 and were frequently referred to collectively as the Union-Tribune; they were merged into a single edition under that name in 1992.

The name was changed to U-T San Diego in 2012 but returned to The San Diego Union-Tribune in 2015.

In 2015, the newspaper was acquired by Tribune Publishing. In February 2018, it was announced it would be sold, along with the Los Angeles Times, to Patrick Soon-Shiong's investment firm Nant Capital LLC for $500 million plus $90 million in pension liabilities. The sale was completed on June 18, 2018. In July 2023, Soon-Shiong sold the paper to Digital First Media, a company owned by Alden Global Capital.
United Arab Emirates dirham
The Emirati dirham (symbol: ; currency code: AED; /ˈdɪər(h)əm/;) Arabic: درهم إماراتي, abbreviation: د.إ in Arabic, Dh; is the official currency of the United Arab Emirates. The dirham is subdivided into 100 fils (فلس). It is pegged to the United States dollar at a constant exchange rate of approximately 3.67 AED to 1 USD. In March 2025, the UAE Central Bank announced the creation of a Dirham currency symbol, , derived from the Latin letter D crossed with two horizontal lines.

Eastern Arabic numerals
The Eastern Arabic numerals, also called Indo-Arabic numerals, or Arabic-Indic numerals, as known by Unicode, are the symbols used to represent numerical digits in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world) and the Arabian Peninsula, and the variants in other countries that use the Persian numerals on the Iranian plateau and in Asia.

The early Hindu–Arabic numeral system used a variety of shapes. It is unknown when the Western Arabic numeral shapes diverged from those of Eastern Arabic numerals; it is considered that 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 are related in both versions, but 6, 7 and 8 are from different sources.
Geophilus becki
Geophilus becki is a species of soil centipede in the family Geophilidae found in Cabrillo Beach, California near San Pedro under rocks and kelp at the water's edge. It grows up to 50 millimeters long and is generally orange-yellow in color with clear yellow legs and 61–63 leg pairs.

Geophilidae
Geophilidae (from Ancient Greek γεω- (geo-), meaning "earth", and φίλος (phílos), meaning "lover") is a family of soil centipedes in the superfamily Geophiloidea and the order Geophilomorpha. In 2014, a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular data found this family to be polyphyletic. To avoid this polyphyly, authorities dismissed the families Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, and Macronicophilidae, which are now deemed to be junior synonyms for Geophilidae. Authorities also moved some genera from Geophilidae to form the family Zelanophildae in order to avoid the polyphyly of the family Geophilidae. The family Geophilidae now includes more than 650 species in more than 120 genera. This family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species found almost worldwide.
2024 URBA Top 12 final
The 2024 URBA Top 12 final was the final of the 125th. edition of Torneo de la URBA, the regional rugby union competition organised by Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires (URBA). It is the oldest rugby competition in South America and one of the oldest club competitions in the world.

The match was contested by Alumni and Belgrano A.C., and was held in Estadio del CASI. Since the URBA implemented the playoffs system in 1998, it was the 8th. final contested by Alumni (with only one of them being victorious, in 2018 vs Hindú) while Belgrano played their 3rd. final, with one title won in 2016.

Alumni won the match 20–17 with a sudden death drop goal by Joaquín Díaz Luzzi (chosen as player of the match), winning their 7th. league title.

Hindú Club
Hindú Club is an Argentine amateur sports club based in the Don Torcuato district of Tigre Partido. The institution is mostly known for its rugby union team, which currently competes in the Top 14, the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires (URBA) league system. Hindú has become one of the most successful rugby teams of Argentina, having won 22 titles since 1996 to present days.

Apart from rugby, the club hosts other sports such as field hockey, football, futsal, tennis, gymnastics, golf and swimming.
Marder (submarine)
Marder (pine marten) was a German midget submarine developed from the Neger. The craft was 8.3 metres (27 ft 3 in) long and unlike the Neger included a flooding tank in the nose allowing it to dive. Another improvement was the dome through which the pilot viewed the outside world that also served as the craft's entrance and exit was made openable from the inside. Maximum diving depth was about 25 metres (82 ft).

The submarine's first operations took place on the night of 2 August 1944, when Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine's Small Battle Units made their largest effort of the war. 58 human torpedoes of the Neger-type and 22 Linse vessels were launched against Allied shipping off Normandy as part of a combined operation with Negers and explosive Linse boats.  One Royal Navy destroyer escort, HMS Quorn was sunk by a human torpedo along with one minesweeper, HMS Gairsay, and one landing craft by the German motor boats; at a cost of 41 Neger and 22 Linsen craft.

HMS Quorn (L66)
HMS Quorn was a Hunt-class destroyer of the Royal Navy, built in 1940 and sunk off the Normandy coast on 3 August 1944. The class were named after British fox and stag hunts, in this case, the Quorn Hunt, which was originally based in Quorn Leicestershire.

Quorn was built by J. Samuel White and Co. at Cowes, Isle of Wight. A Type 1 Hunt-class destroyer, she was launched on 27 March 1940 and completed on 21 September 1940 with the pennant number L66. She was adopted by the civil community of Rushden, Northamptonshire, as part of Warship Week in 1942.
WEFM (FM)
WEFM (95.9 MHz) is an FM radio station in Michigan City, Indiana, east of the Chicago metropolitan area. It is a member of the Indianapolis Colts affiliates radio network, the flagship station of the Gary SouthShore RailCats, and an affiliate of the Chicago White Sox.

Gary SouthShore RailCats
The Gary SouthShore RailCats are a professional baseball team based in Gary, Indiana, in the United States. The RailCats are members of the American Association of Professional Baseball, an official Partner League of Major League Baseball. The RailCats started as a member of the Northern League in 2002, operating as a travel team for a season before moving in to U.S. Steel Yard in 2003, where they have played since. In 2011, the team became a member of the modern American Association.

During their time in the Northern League, the RailCats were the only team to ever reach the championship series five years in a row (2005–2009). The RailCats won Northern League championships in 2005 and 2007, and the American Association championship in 2013.
Doug A. Ringler
Doug A. Ringler is the Michigan Auditor General.

Ringler was appointed by the Michigan Legislature effective June 9, 2014. Ringler has held positions in state government for 26 years as of 2019. Ringer was named "Internal Auditor of the Year" by the Institute of Internal Auditors.

Institute of Internal Auditors
The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) is an international professional association.  The IIA offers professional certifications and provides education, research, and guidance for the internal audit profession.
Center City Tower (Philadelphia)
Center City Tower was the working name of a formerly proposed skyscraper in downtown Philadelphia.

Designed and proposed by the firm now known as KlingStubbins (designers of Philadelphia's Penn Center and Bell Atlantic Tower), the building would have risen to a height of 1,050 feet (320 m) and 75 stories, making it the tallest building in The United States outside New York and Chicago, surpassing the height of the Bank of America Plaza in Atlanta. With a floor area of 1,700,000 square feet (160,000 m2), it is one of the largest in Center City.

The building was designed with an oblate footprint and several setbacks to the top culminating in a spire. Renderings depict it being sheathed in blue glass with studios/media center on the ground level.

Penn Center, Philadelphia
Penn Center is the heart of Philadelphia's central business district. It takes its name from the nearly five million square foot office and retail complex it contains. It lies between 15th and 19th Streets, and between John F. Kennedy Boulevard and Market Street. It is credited with bringing Philadelphia into the era of modern office buildings.
Hansen Mountains
68°16′S 58°47′E﻿ / ﻿68.267°S 58.783°E﻿ / -68.267; 58.783Hansen Mountains (Norwegian: Hansenfjella) is a large group of nunataks rising to about 300 m (980 ft) above the Antarctic plateau. The mountains are approximately 89 km (55 mi) south of Stefansson Bay and they extend 40 km (25 mi) from northwest to southeast in Kemp Land, East Antarctica. The Hansen Mountains were first mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the 1936–1937 Lars Christensen Expedition. They were named for H.E. Hansen, the Norwegian cartographer who compiled the maps for this and other Norwegian Antarctic expeditions.

Standing at 1,700 m (5,600 ft), their highest peak is Mount Gjeita, known in Australian sources as Mount Banfield. Their northernmost peak is called Fram Peak, named "Framfjellet" (the forward peak) by the personnel of the Lars Christensen Expedition.

Stefansson Bay
Stefansson Bay is a bay indenting the coast for 16 kilometres (10 mi) between Law Promontory and Fold Island. Mawson of the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) applied the name to a sweep of the coast west of Cape Wilkins which he observed on about February 18, 1931. Exploration by DI personnel on the William Scoresby, 1936, and the Lars Christensen expedition 1936–37, defined this section of the coast more accurately. It was named for Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Arctic explorer.

67°20′S 59°8′E﻿ / ﻿67.333°S 59.133°E﻿ / -67.333; 59.133
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Stefansson Bay". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Troilus and Cressida
The Tragedy of Troilus and Cressida, often shortened to Troilus and Cressida (/ˈtrɔɪlʌs ... ˈkrɛsɪdə/ or /ˈtroʊ.ɪlʌs/), is a play by William Shakespeare, probably written in 1602.

At Troy during the Trojan War, Troilus and Cressida begin a love affair. Cressida is forced to leave Troy to join her father in the Greek camp. Meanwhile, the Greeks endeavour to lessen the pride of Achilles.

The tone alternates between bawdy comedy and tragic gloom. Readers and theatre-goers have frequently found it difficult to understand how they are meant to respond to the characters. Frederick S. Boas has labelled it one of Shakespeare's problem plays. It is the subject of lively critical debate.

Priam
In Greek mythology, Priam (/ˈpraɪ.əm/; Ancient Greek: Πρίαμος, pronounced [prí.amos]) was the legendary and last king of Troy during the Trojan War. He was the son of Laomedon. His many children included notable characters such as Hector, Paris, and Cassandra.
Jameh Mosque of Damghan
The Jāmeh Mosque of Damghan (Persian: مسجد جامع دامغان, romanized: Masjid-i Jami' (Damghan); Arabic: جامع دامغان) is a Shi'ite Friday mosque (jāmeh), located in Damghan, in the province of Semnan, Iran. Commenced during the Abbasid Caliphate era, the mosque was renovated during the Seljuq and Qajar eras. The mosque is notable for its 11th-century minaret.

The mosque was added to the Iran National Heritage List on 6 January 1932, administered by the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran.

Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts
The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Iran (Persian: وزارت میراث فرهنگی، گردشگری و صنایع دستی ایران, romanized: Vezârat-e Mirâs-e Farhangi, Gardeshgari va Sanâye'-e Dasti-ye Irân) is an educational and research institution overseeing numerous associated museum complexes throughout Iran. It is administered and funded by the Government of Iran.

It was first established in 1985 by legislation from the Majlis merging 11 research and cultural organizations. In 2019, the Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO) was converted into the Ministry. The current Minister has been Reza Salehi Amiri since 21 August 2024.
Andrew Jackson Downing
Andrew Jackson Downing (October 31, 1815 – July 28, 1852) was an American landscape designer, horticulturist, writer, prominent advocate of the Gothic Revival in the United States, and editor of The Horticulturist magazine (1846–1852). Downing is considered to be a founder of American landscape architecture.

Landscape design
Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining  nature and  culture.  In contemporary practice, landscape design bridges the space between landscape architecture and garden design.
Hungary at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Hungary competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The nation returned after the Soviet bloc boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. 188 competitors, 152 men and 36 women, took part in 135 events in 20 sports.

Judit Csabai (swimmer)
Judit Csabai (born 5 March 1973 in Nyíregyháza) is a former freestyle swimmer from Hungary, who competed at the Summer Olympics for her native country in 1988.

At the European Championships she won a bronze medal in 1987 in 800 metre freestyle.
Clyve
Clyve is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

John Clyve, English Gothic architect

John Clyve (MP) for Bristol (UK Parliament constituency)

Richard de Clyve, English medieval university chancellor

Geoffrey de Clyve (died 1119), English bishop

Richard de Clyve
Richard de Clyve was an English medieval university chancellor.

Richard de Clyve was at Merton College, Oxford. He was elected as Chancellor of the University of Oxford between 1297 and 1300. He may have been Abbot of Abingdon.
Revenue Act of 1978
The United States Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, 92 Stat. 2763, enacted November 6, 1978, amended the Internal Revenue Code by reducing individual income taxes (widening tax brackets and reducing the number of tax rates), increasing the personal exemption from $750 to $1,000, reducing corporate tax rates (the top rate falling from 48 percent to 46 percent), increasing the standard deduction from $3,200 to $3,400 (joint returns), increasing the capital gains exclusion from 50 percent to 60 percent (effectively reducing the rate of taxation on realized capital gains to 28%), and repealing the non-business exemption for state and local gasoline taxes.

United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).
St Andrew's Church, Folkingham
The Church of St Andrew in Folkingham, Lincolnshire, England, is Grade I–listed Anglican church. Originating in the late 12th century, it was largely completed by the late 15th, with restorations carried out in 1825, 1858 and 1860. It has early Decorated style arcades and a mainly Early English chancel, with a Norman pier where there was an opening into a chantry chapel. On the south side of the church are the remains of stocks and a whipping-post.

The churchyard contains the war graves of two army personnel of the First World War.

The church is a prominent feature of the village, but is inconspicuous from the Market Place. In 2006 it was damaged when gale force winds blew down two of the four pinnacles, one of which fell onto the roof causing damaging costing more than £100,000 to repair.

Folkingham is part of the Parish of South Lafford in the Deanery of Lafford, Diocese of Lincoln.

Pillory
The pillory is a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, used during the medieval and renaissance periods for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse. The pillory is related to the stocks.
Pseudorhombus quinquocellatus
Pseudorhombus quinquocellatus, the five-eyed flounder, is a species of flatfish in the large-tooth flounder family, Paralichthyidae. It is a demersal fish that lives in tropical waters, inhabiting deep waters on the continental shelf of the western Pacific Ocean, from Taiwan in the north to Australia in the south.

Like the rest of the large-tooth flounders, it has both eyes on the left side of its head. It grows to around 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length. It is brownish in colour, with five dark rings on its ocular side, as suggested by its common name.

Demersal fish
Demersal fish, also known as groundfish, live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes (the demersal zone). They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters, they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters, they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.

Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish, which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column.
Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four per cent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 per cent.