hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
R v Fellows; R v Arnold
R v. Fellows; R v. Arnold [1997] 1 Cr App R 244; [1997] 2 All E.R. 548, is a prominent English case on the statutory interpretation of section 1 of the Protection of Children Act 1978, and the Obscene Publications Act 1959, the definitions have since been amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. The Court of Appeal held that data on a computer that represents the original photograph is a copy of a photograph under the 1978 Act, therefore, downloading an indecent photograph from the internet constitutes making a copy or reproduction of an indecent photograph.

Criminal Appeal Reports
The Criminal Appeal Reports are a series of law reports of decisions of the Court of Criminal Appeal, the criminal division of the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords from 15 May 1908 onwards.

They are published by Sweet & Maxwell. Publication began in 1909 and have been edited by Daniel Janner since 1994. As of 2008, they were published ten times per year.

For the purpose of citation, their name may be abbreviated to "Cr App R", or to "CAR".

Glanville Williams criticised the layout of the index in each volume of these reports.

Volume 1 contains, in addition to the reports, a copy of the Criminal Appeal Act 1907, sections 9(5) and (6) of the Costs in Criminal Cases Act 1908, the Criminal Appeal (Amendment) Act 1908, section 11 of the Prevention of Crime Act 1908 and section 99(6) of the Children Act 1908 (8 Edw. 7. c. 67).
Pythio
Pythio (Greek: Πύθιο, Turkish: Kuleliburgaz), also referred to as Pythion (Πύθιον), is a village and community in the eastern part of Didymoteicho municipality, Evros regional unit, Greece. It is 16 km east of the centre of Didymoteicho, on the right bank of the river Evros, where it forms the border with Turkey. There is no road border crossing near Pythio

The community of Pythio consists of the villages of Pythio, Rigio and Pythion railway station (Greek: Σταθμός Πυθίου, romanized: Stathmos Pythiou). The nearest villages are Petrades to the south and Asimenio to the northwest.

Evros (regional unit)
Evros (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Έβρου, romanized: Perifereiakí enótita Évrou) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Its name is derived from the river Evros, which appears to have been a Thracian hydronym. Evros is the northernmost regional unit. It borders Turkey to the east, across the river Evros, and it borders Bulgaria to the north and the northwest.

Its capital is Alexandroupolis. Together with the regional units Rhodope and Xanthi, it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace. The population density was 32 per km2 (2021).
Mark Versfeld
Mark Andreas Cornelis Versfeld (born June 13, 1976) is a Canadian former competitive swimmer and backstroke specialist.  At the 2000 Summer Olympics, he finished in 26th position in the 100 m backstroke.  He won the same event and the 200 m backstroke two years earlier, at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.  At the 1998 Aquatic World Championships he won a silver in the 100-metre backstroke, and bronze in the 200-metre backstroke, breaking a Commonwealth record in the process.  He was named Canadian Male Aquatic Athlete of the Year in 1998.

1998 Commonwealth Games
The 1998 Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel 1998), officially known as the XVI Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel ke-16), were a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 1998 Games were the first to be held in Asia, and the last Commonwealth Games of the 20th century. For the first time ever, the Games included team sports. Around 3,638 athletes from 70 Commonwealth member nations participated at the Games, which featured 214 events in 15 sports with 34 of them collected medals.
Tom Marshall (actor)
Tom Marshall  is a British actor playing in the National Theatre, West End theatre, Royal Court Theatre, and Menier Chocolate Factory.

In July 2016 he was nominated for an Offie Award for It Is Easy To Be Dead.

His film credits include roles in There's a Girl in My Soup (1970), Revenge (1971) and the cult horror film Killer's Moon (1978). In 1972, Marshall appeared as William in an episode of Upstairs, Downstairs entitled "I Dies from Love".

Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)
Upstairs, Downstairs is a British drama television series produced by London Weekend Television (LWT) for ITV. It ran for 68 episodes divided into five series on ITV from 1971 to 1975.

Set in a large townhouse at 165 Eaton Place in Belgravia in central London, the series depicts the servants—"downstairs"—and their masters, the family—"upstairs"—between 1903 and 1930, and shows the slow decline of the British aristocracy. Great events feature prominently in each episode but minor or gradual changes are also noted. The show may be regarded as a fictional view of the social and technological changes that occurred during those 27 years, including the Edwardian period, women's suffrage, the First World War, the Roaring Twenties, and the Wall Street crash. It was a ratings success for ITV and received outstanding acclaim worldwide, winning multiple awards.

The BBC Wales and Masterpiece-produced continuation Upstairs Downstairs was broadcast by BBC One in 2010.
Benjamin Kayser
Benjamin Kayser (born 26 July 1984) is a French former rugby union player.

Kayser rejoined Stade Français at the end of the 2008/2009 season from Leicester Tigers in the Guinness Premiership, who he joined during the 2007–08 season. While at Leicester he played as a replacement as they won the 2009 Premiership final. Kayser signed for Castres Olympique for the 2010–11 Top 14 season. In February 2011, Kayser signed a 3-year contract with ASM Clermont Auvergne.

Kayser played for France at international level, winning his first cap in their summer tour against Australia in 2008.

In 2010, Kayser was selected in the French Barbarians squad to play Tonga on 26 November. Kayser played for the Barbarians in 2018, winning against England at Twickenham.

Tonga national rugby union team
The Tonga national rugby union team (Tongan: timi feohi ʻakapulu fakafonua ʻa Tonga) represents Tonga in men's international rugby union. The team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi (Sea Eagles) and is governed by the Tonga Rugby Union. Like their Polynesian neighbours, the Tongans precede their matches with a traditional challenge – the Sipi Tau. They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) along with Fiji and Samoa. The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19–14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but having lost to New Zealand and Canada, were unable to achieve what would have been their first-ever presence at the quarter-finals.
Square Joe
Square Joe is a boxing-themed American drama film released in 1922. The silent film was directed by J. Harrison Edwards and starred boxer Joe Jeanette with fellow boxer John Lester Johnson co-starring. It was produced by Colored Feature Photoplay Co. and opened in Harlem at the Roosevelt. It is about an innocent man convicted of killing a policeman during a raid on a gambling operation and features a boxing match.

The New York Age reported the film "thrills and holds the interest of spectators from beginning to end."

John Lester Johnson was in several more films afterwards. Jeanette later fought Jack Johnson who also appeared in films. Their fight appears in the 1970 documentary film Jack Johnson.

The film was Fredi Washington's debut on the big screen.

The New York Age
The New York Age was an American weekly newspaper established in 1887 in New York City. It was widely considered one of the most prominent African-American newspapers of its time. It also went by the names the New York Globe, the New York Freeman, and the New York Age Defender.
Nebi Safa
Nebi Safa, Nabi Safa, Neby Sufa, An Nabi Safa, An Nabi Safa' or En Nabi Safa also known as Mazraet Selsata or Thelthatha is a village in the Kfar Mishki municipality situated 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of Rashaya in the Rashaya District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon.

The village is situated in a gap in a ridge overlooking the Wadi Al-Taym between the Merj Shemiseh and is predominantly occupied by Druze. It was visited by Edward Robinson in 1852, who noted two sarcophagi (roman temples) in the area.

Rashaya District
Rashaya District (Arabic: قضاء راشيا) is an administrative district in the Beqaa Governorate of the Republic of Lebanon.

Most of Rachaya's population are Druze with a Sunni and Shia and Christian minority. Many people of Rachaya have left for larger cities in Lebanon such as Beirut. During the Lebanese civil war, Rachaya was not affected as much as other parts of Lebanon during the conflict.

Rachaya is known for its pottery and famous for the Church bells made in the town, the town is right next to the Anti-Lebanon mountain range in bordering Syria.

In 1943, several prominent nationalist politicians were imprisoned in Rashaya's Castle by the French Mandate administration. Finally yielding to mounting internal and international pressure, France released the prisoners on November 22, 1943; since then, this day has been celebrated as Independence Day.

In 1969, Rashaya witnessed clashes between Palestinian fedayeen and the Lebanese army Known as The. 1969 Rashaya Clashes
Front Page Sports: Baseball Pro '98
Front Page Sports: Baseball Pro '98 is a baseball sports video game released for Microsoft Windows in 1997. It was developed and published by Sierra On-Line, and is part of the Front Page Sports Baseball series.

Sports video game
A sports video game is a video game that simulates the practice of sports. Most sports have been recreated with video games, including team sports, track and field, extreme sports, and combat sports. Some games emphasize playing the sport (such as EA Sports FC, eFootball, EA Sports F1, EA Sports WRC, NBA 2K and TopSpin 2K25), whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management (such as Football Manager and Out of the Park Baseball). Some, such as Need for Speed, Arch Rivals and Punch-Out!!, satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive, just like real-world sports. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes. The sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history.
Nymphaeum (Bithynia)
Nymphaeum or Nymphaion (Ancient Greek: Νύμφαιον or Νυμφαῖον) was a town on the eastern coast of ancient Bithynia located on the Black Sea, at a distance of 30 stadia west of the mouth of the Oxines, or 45 stadia from Tyndaridae.

Its site is unlocated.

Bithynia
Bithynia (/bɪˈθɪniə/; Koine Greek: Βιθυνία, romanized: Bithynía) is a geographical region of northwestern Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It borders Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.

Hellenistic Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 3rd century BC. Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus (region) region as the province of Bithynia and Pontus.

In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme. It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333.
Grass jelly
Grass jelly, also known as leaf jelly or herbal jelly, is a jelly-like dessert originating in China. It is commonly consumed in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is created by using Chinese mesona (a member of the mint family) and has a mild, slightly bitter taste. Grass jelly was invented by the Hakka people who historically used the food to alleviate heat stroke after long days working in the field. The dish was introduced to Southeast Asia by the Chinese diaspora. It is served chilled, with other toppings, such as fruit, or in bubble tea or other drinks. Outside Asia, it is sold in Asian supermarkets.

Overseas Chinese
Overseas Chinese people or the Chinese diaspora are a diaspora people of Chinese origin who reside outside Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan). As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese. As of 2023, there were 10.5 million people living outside mainland China who were born in mainland China, corresponding to 0.7 percent of China's population. Overall, China has a low percent of its population living overseas.
Shisen-dō
Shisen-dō (詩仙堂) is a Buddhist temple located in Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan. It belongs to the Sōtō school of Japanese Zen and its honzon is an image of Merōfu Kannon. The temple's full name is Rorozan Shisen-dō Jōzan-ji (六六山 詩仙堂 丈山寺), with the temple name coming from the fact that it was originally the villa of the Edo period intellectual Ishikawa Jōzan (1583–1672), who established the temple in 1641. The temple was designated a National Historic Site in 1928.

Buddhist temples in Japan
Buddhist temples or monasteries are (along with Shinto shrines) the most numerous, famous, and important religious buildings in Japan. The shogunates or leaders of Japan have made it a priority to update and rebuild Buddhist temples since the Momoyama period (late 16th century). The Japanese word for a Buddhist monastery is tera (寺) (kun reading), and the same kanji also has the pronunciation ji (on reading), so temple names frequently end in -dera (voiced) or -ji. Another ending, -in (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. Examples of temple names that have these suffixes are Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji and Kōtoku-in.
Achtung, die Kurve!
Achtung, die Kurve!, also known as Curve Fever or simply Achtung, is a freeware, multiplayer snake game. Played by two to eight players simultaneously, players leave a trail and try to make the opponent hit a wall or trail first. The game is controlled by only two buttons to turn left or right, and players can turn and travel in any direction, not limited to the four cardinal directions. The game has several popular remakes.

Freeware
Freeware is software, often proprietary, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and reverse engineering are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others. Unlike with free and open-source software, which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is typically not made available. Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and shareware business models; or by collecting and selling user's personal data.
Patrick Wilson (architect)
Patrick Wilson (c.1798 – 6 February 1871) was a British architect with a long career spanning across the 19th century from the Georgian aesthetic to the Victorian. He was a strong advocate of purpose-built housing for the poor working closely with the Rev. Thomas Chalmers. Most of his works are in Edinburgh, the most notable of which is the first ever colony style housing in the city, the Shaw Colonies, a very innovative building form.

Colony houses
The colony houses of Edinburgh were built between 1850 and 1910 as homes for artisans and skilled working-class families by philanthropic model dwellings companies. The first development was the Pilrig Model Buildings, near Leith Walk. Later developments across the city were built by the Edinburgh Cooperative Building Company Limited, founded in 1861. The founders of this company were influenced by the Reverend Dr. James Begg and the Reverend Dr. Thomas Chalmers, ministers of the Free Church of Scotland, who campaigned to improve the housing conditions of the poor.
NGC 1624
NGC 1624, also known as Sh 2-212 in the Sharpless catalog, is a very young open cluster in the constellation Perseus inside an emission nebula. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel in 1790. Together with Sh 2-211, this nebula is part of the Tribble Nebulae.NGC 1624 is about 20,000 ly (6,000 pc) from Earth, and latest estimates give it an age of less than 4 million years. Its apparent magnitude is 11.8, and apparent diameter is about 3.0 arc minutes. Its celestial location is right ascension (α) 04h 40m 36.0s and declination (δ) +50° 27′ 42″. It is potentially an area of massive star formation.

According to Robert Trumpler's classification of open clusters, this cluster contains fewer than 50 stars (letter p) with a high concentration (I) and whose magnitudes are distributed over an average interval (number 2). The letter n at the end (I2pn) means that the cluster is inside a nebula.

Emission nebula
An emission nebula is a nebula formed of ionized gases that emit light of various wavelengths. The most common source of ionization is high-energy ultraviolet photons emitted from a nearby hot star. Among the several different types of emission nebulae are H II regions, in which star formation is taking place and young, massive stars are the source of the ionizing photons; and planetary nebulae, in which a dying star has thrown off its outer layers, with the exposed hot core then ionizing them.
Peter J. Fos
Peter John Fos (born 1949) was first president and sixth chief executive of the University of New Orleans (UNO) from 2012 to 2016.

Prior to accepting the presidency of UNO, Fos was provost and vice president for academic affairs at the University of Texas at Tyler.

Fos holds a baccalaureate degree in biological sciences from the University of New Orleans, a doctor of dental surgery from Louisiana State University's Health Sciences Center in New Orleans, and a doctor of philosophy in health care decision analysis from Tulane University. Prior to his presidency of UNO, he served in teaching, research, and administrative roles not only at UT-Tyler but also at Tulane, University of Southern Mississippi, and University of Nevada Las Vegas. In 2010 he was a finalist for the presidency of the University of Louisiana at Monroe. He is married to Lori Ann Lege Fos.

Provost (education)
A provost is a senior academic administrator. At many institutions of higher education, the provost is the chief academic officer, a role that may be combined with being deputy to the chief executive officer. In some institutions, they may be the chief executive officer of a university, of a branch campus of a university, or of a college within a university.
Artur Petrosyan (journalist)
Artur Petrosyan (Russian: Арту́р Петросья́н; born 21 September 1979 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is a Russian football journalist, editor-in-chief and football scout.

He is best known for his time at the oldest Russian sports magazine, Futbol, Russia-2 TV channel, Sport Express, daily and occasional contributions to such media outlets as The Guardian, ESPN FC, The New York Times, and the BBC.

Petrosyan represents Russia in the jury of the biggest media annual voting on the Player of the Year, held by The Guardian, since 2014.

He also scouts for young football talent in Russia and the CIS for the Guardian's annual feature.

ESPN FC
ESPN FC (formerly ESPN SoccerNet) is a website and a U.S. television studio program covering soccer that is broadcast daily over the streaming service ESPN+. ESPN FC's origin was a website owned by ESPN Inc. Originally established in 1995 as SoccerNet, the website was acquired by ESPN in 1999. The domain ESPNFC.com now redirects to soccer news coverage on ESPN.com.
Formations of the Soviet Army
Formations of the Soviet Army were organizational groups used to divide the armed forces of the Soviet Union after 1945. The largest organizational groups were teatr voennykh deistvii, ("theatres of military operations", TMOs, or Strategic Directions), which comprised large areas of the world. During war time, forces in these TVDs could be organised into various fronts (similar to army groups in other militaries), or armies during peacetime. Domestically, Soviet Army forces were assigned to various Military Districts. Lesser organizational groups include corps and divisions.

Soviet Air Defence Forces
The Soviet Air Defence Forces (Russian: войска ПВО, romanized: voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony, voyska PVO, V-PVO, lit. 'Anti-Air Defence Troops'; formerly: противовоздушная оборона страны, ПВО страны, romanized: protivovozdushnaya oborona strany, PVO strany, lit. 'Anti-Air Defence of the Country') was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces.

Formed in 1941, it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998. Unlike Western air defence forces, V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself, separate from the Soviet Air Force (VVS) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces. During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services, behind the Strategic Rocket Forces and the Ground Forces.
David Rees (organic chemist)
David Charles Rees (born 1958) CChem FRSC FMedSci is a chemist recognised internationally for his innovative use of chemistry in drug discovery. He is Chief Scientific Officer of biotechnology company Astex Pharmaceuticals, which is located in Cambridge, UK.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) is one of the most prestigious awards conferred by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in the United Kingdom. Existing Fellows include award winning scientists and Nobel prize winners.
Democratic Independent Party
Democratic Independent Party (DIP; Korean: 민주독립당) was a centrist political party in both North and South Korea. The party was established on 19 October 1947. Its initiators were An Jae-hong, Kim Byung-ro, Hong Myong-hui, Kim Ho, Pak Yong-hee, Yi Kuk-no and Kim Won-yong. Hong became chairman of the party.

The DIP opposed Syngman Rhee's single-candidate government and supported Kim Ku and Kim Kyu-sik's North-South negotiation position, but after the 1948 North-South Joint Conference, it split into pro-North and 'Yang Kim' factions, and after several mass defections from the party, it transformed into a minor pro-North party. It participated in elections in North Korea from 1948 until at least 1962.

1948 North Korean parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Soviet-occupied northern Korea on 25 August 1948 to elect the members of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly. Organised by the People's Committee of North Korea, the elections saw 572 deputies elected, of which 212 were from North Korea and 360 from South Korea.
War memorial locomotive
A war memorial locomotive is a locomotive dedicated as a war memorial and usually given an appropriate name.  The following examples come from Britain and the First World War:

London and North Western Railway - LNWR Claughton Class No. 1914 Patriot.  Name later removed and used on LMS Patriot Class No. (4)5500.

London, Brighton and South Coast Railway – LB&SCR L class No. 333 Remembrance.

Great Central Railway – GCR Class 9P (LNER Class B3) 4-6-0 No. 1165  (later LNER Nos 6165, 1496) Valour.  Name now carried by GB Railfreight Class 66 diesel locomotive 66715 Valour.

Great Central Railway
The Great Central Railway in England was formed when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name in 1897, anticipating the opening in 1899 of its London Extension. On 1 January 1923, the company was grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway.