hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wilhelm Junghans
Wilhelm Junghans (3 May 1834 – 27 January 1865) was a German historian who was a native of Lüneburg.

He studied under Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (1806-1876) at the University of Bonn, and with Georg Waitz (1813-1886) at the University of Göttingen. In 1862 he was appointed professor at the University of Kiel, a position he held until his death in 1865 at the age of 30. At Kiel he was also secretary of the Schleswig-Holstein Historical Society.

Junghans is remembered for his 1856 work involving the Merovingian kings Childeric I and Clovis I, titled "Die Geschichte der fränkischen Könige Childerich und Chlodovech, kritisch untersucht". This book was later translated into French by historian Gabriel Monod (1844-1912) and published as "Histoire critique des règnes de Childerich et de Chlodovech".

Childeric I
Childeric I (died 481 AD) was a Frankish leader in the northern part of imperial Roman Gaul, and an ancestor of the Merovingian dynasty. He is described as a king (rex), both on his Roman-style seal ring, which was buried with him, and in fragmentary later records of his life. Childeric served as a military leader of Frankish forces under the Roman emperor Majorian, and after his fall, also under the Gallo-Roman military leader Aegidius. He was the father of Clovis I, who acquired effective control over all or most Frankish kingdoms, and a significant part of Roman Gaul.
2022 Florida House of Representatives election
The 2022 Florida House of Representatives elections took place on November 8, 2022, as part of the 2022 United States elections. Florida voters elected state representatives in all 120 of the state's house districts. The 120 State Representatives serve two-year terms in the Florida House of Representatives. A primary election on August 23, 2022, determined which candidates appeared on the November 8 general election ballot.

Following the 2020 state House of Representatives elections, Republicans maintained effective control of the House with a majority of 78 members. Democrats held 42 seats following the 2020 elections. Republicans expanded their House majority to 85, up from 78 in the last election, giving them a supermajority in the House. The concurrently held Senate elections also resulted in a supermajority, giving Republicans supermajority control of the legislature.

Omari Hardy
Omari J. Hardy (born November 28, 1989) is an American politician and former member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 88th district. He assumed office on November 3, 2020, and left on January 10, 2022, following an unsuccessful run for congress.
Lost Creek (Koshin River tributary)
Lost Creek is a tributary of the Koshin River in northwest part of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It flows generally northwest for roughly 26 km (16 mi) to join the Koshin River just north of Hatin Lake, and about 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Callison Ranch. Lost Creek's watershed covers 70.0 km2 (27.0 sq mi), and its mean annual discharge is estimated at 1.07 m3/s (38 cu ft/s). The mouth of Lost Creek is located about 90 km (56 mi) north of Telegraph Creek, British Columbia, about 102 km (63 mi) west of Dease Lake, British Columbia, and about 163 km (101 mi) east of Juneau, Alaska. Lost Creek's watershed's land cover is classified as 46.3% shrubland, 31.5% conifer forest, 12.2% barren, and small amounts of other cover.

Lost Creek is in the traditional territory of the Tlingit Taku River Tlingit First Nation and the Tahltan First Nation, of the Tahltan people.

Taku River Tlingit First Nation
The Taku River Tlingit First Nation are the band government of the Inland Tlingit in far northern British Columbia, Canada and also in Yukon.  They comprise two ḵwaan (tribes) of the Tlingit people, who are otherwise coastal, the Áa Tlein Ḵwáan of the Atlin Lake area and the Deisleen Ḵwáan of Teslin Lake, whose main focus is the Teslin Tlingit Council in Teslin, Yukon.  Their band offices are in Atlin, British Columbia, but follow Yukon Time (Mountain Standard Time (MST) UTC−07:00) year-round.
Dancing in the Courthouse
"Dancing in the Courthouse" is a rap song by American singer-songwriter Dominic Fike. It was released as a single on April 14, 2023, and is about Fike and his life growing up in Naples, Florida. It also mentions his troubles with law enforcement, and his life growing up with in the city while being "tongue-in-cheek" about the subject matter. The song also discusses reception of his debut album, What Could Possibly Go Wrong. The song was produced by Kenny Beats and received a 7/10 rating from Intersect Magazine. Additional songwriters were Kid Harpoon, Jeff Gitty, and Kenneth Charles Blume III.

He performed the song as a debut during the first weekend of Coachella along with another song he created titled "Mama's Boy".

Kid Harpoon
Thomas Edward Percy Hull (born 20 April 1982), known professionally as Kid Harpoon, is a British songwriter, record producer, and musician. In 2023, he won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and the Brit Award for Songwriter of the Year for his work on Harry's House by Harry Styles. He co-produced the best-selling global single of 2022, "As It Was" and the best-selling global single of 2023, "Flowers". The latter won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year.
Muhammad Hazi
Muhammad Hazi (Arabic: محمد حازي) is an Algerian writer. He graduated from École Normale Supérieure, University Of Science And Technology Houari Boumediene, and Universities of Paris VI and XI (Center of Orsay). He is an associate professor at the National School of Public Works of Kouba, the Polytechnic School of El Harrach, and the Ecole Normale Supérieure of Laghouat. He also worked at the Community College of Rafha in Saudi Arabia. He was a former director of studies and training at École Normale Supérieure in El-Kobba. He was also previously the head of the mathematics department at the same school and still works there as a teacher.

El Harrach
El Harrach (Berber languages: ⵍⵃⴻⵔⵔⴰⵛ, romanized: Lḥerrac, Arabic: الـحرّاش, romanized: Alḥrrāsh; formerly Maison-Carrée) is a suburb of the Algerian capital Algiers.

The town is home to USM El Harrach football club and the Higher National Veterinary School is located in the area.
Pariser schnitzel
Pariser schnitzel (from German  Pariser Schnitzel 'Parisian cutlet') is a schnitzel variation from French cuisine. Unlike Wiener schnitzel, it does not incorporate bread crumbs. The name dates as far back as from the World Exhibition in Paris 1889.

Pariser schnitzel is prepared from a thin slice of veal, salted, which is dredged in flour and then dipped in beaten egg. It is then fried in a pan heated to 160–170 °C (320–338 °F), in clarified butter or lard until the outside of the schnitzel turns golden brown.  Though not traditional, and providing slightly different results, many modernised recipes substitute vegetable oil, typically canola, for the butter or lard.

Rapeseed oil
Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from rapeseed, the seed of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae (mustards). The term "rapeseed" applies to oilseeds from the species Brassica napus and Brassica rapa, while the term canola refers to specific rapeseed varieties bred to produce oil for use in human and animal foods. In manufacturing, the edible varieties of canola are required to contain less than 2% erucic acid in Canada, the United States, European Union, and many other countries.

Canola is produced as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

In commerce, non-food varieties are typically called colza oil. In 2022, Canada, Germany, China, and India were the leading producers of rapeseed oil, accounting together for 41% of the world total.
Koloman Moser
Koloman Moser (German: [ˈkoːloman ˈmoːzɐ]; 30 March 1868 – 18 October 1918) was an Austrian artist who exerted considerable influence on twentieth-century graphic art. He was one of the foremost artists of the Vienna Secession movement and a co-founder of Wiener Werkstätte.

Moser designed a wide array of art works, including books and graphic works from postage stamps to magazine vignettes; fashion; stained glass windows, porcelains and ceramics, blown glass, tableware, silver, jewelry, and furniture.

Leopold Museum
The Leopold Museum is a modern art museum housed in the Museumsquartier in Vienna, Austria. It was founded in 2001 by art collector Rudolf Leopold. It is home to one of the largest collections of modern Austrian art, featuring artists such as Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, and Richard Gerstl. It contains the world's largest Egon Schiele Collection.
D. C. Riddy
Donald Charles Riddy CBE (10 September 1907 – 20 November 1979) was a British linguist and educationalist. After the Second World War, he was the British Controller-General of the Education Branch, Control Commission for German - British Element, tasked with assisting the de-nazification of Germany through a process of re-education. He was later co-ordinator of the Council of Europe Modern Languages Programme and, for most of his career, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Modern Languages in Schools. He was described as a man of ‘wide administrative experience and enormous energy, for whom material difficulties were a challenge which he met with enthusiasm’.

Bedford
Bedford is a market town in Bedfordshire, England. At the 2021 Census, the population of its urban area was 167,446. Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire and seat of the Borough of Bedford local government district.

Bedford was founded at a ford on the River Great Ouse and is thought to have been the burial place of King Offa of Mercia, who is remembered for building Offa's Dyke on the Welsh border. Bedford Castle was built by Henry I, although it was destroyed in 1224. Bedford was granted borough status in 1166 and has been represented in Parliament since 1265. It is known for its large population of Italian descent.
Mariano Zabaleta
Mariano Zabaleta (born 28 February 1978) is a retired professional male tennis player from Argentina. He had an unusual but effective service motion. His best shot was his forehand and his favourite surface was clay. Zabaleta's career highlights include reaching the quarter-finals of the 2001 US Open and the final of the 1999 Hamburg Masters. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 21.

Båstad
Båstad (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈbôːsta(d)]) is a locality and the seat of Båstad Municipality, Scania County, Sweden, with approximately 5,000 permanent residents. It is however one of Sweden's most typical summer resorts. The population is presumably more than twice as large between April and September, and even larger during July. Its municipality follows a similar pattern: some 15,000 permanent residents, but more than 30,000 during July. Some villages within the municipality are almost empty during the winter, but have more than 2,000 "summer guests" during July. Torekov is a good example of this.

Within Sweden, Båstad is well known for tennis. The largest centre court in Sweden is located in the town's centre, and can take more than 5,000 attendants. Several top national players, such as Björn Borg, Mats Wilander and Stefan Edberg, have played tennis in Båstad.
Azad Kashmir Regiment
The Azad Kashmir Regiment (AK Regt) is one of the six infantry regiments in the Pakistan Army named after Azad Kashmir (Pakistan Administered Kashmir). It holds the distinction of being the only Battle Born Regiment in South Asia, formed by locals of Azad Kashmir to fight against Dogra Raj, and the first regiment raised after Pakistan's independence. With the Regimental Centre at Mansar Camp in Attock District, the Regiment has participated in all operations and wars fought by the Pakistan Army.

Attock District
Attock District (Punjabi and Urduضلع اٹک :), known as Campbellpur District during the British Raj, is a district in northwestern Punjab, Pakistan. Located on the Pothohar Plateau, it was created in April 1904.

According to 2023 Pakistani census population of Attock District is 2,133,005 (2.1 million), making it the 23rd most populous district of the province behind Rajanpur district and the 37th most populous district in Pakistan.
Towel animal
A towel animal is a depiction of an animal created by folding small towels. It is conceptually similar to origami, but uses towels rather than paper. Some common towel animals are elephants, snakes, rabbits and swans.

Carnival, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Disney Cruise Line, Royal Caribbean, Disney Hotels and Holland America Line cruises will often place towel animals on a patron's bed as part of their nightly turndown service. Towel animals are also appearing in higher-end hotels and resorts such as Grupo Vidanta's Grand Luxxe Residence Clubs in Nuevo Vallarta and Riviera Maya.

Norwegian Cruise Line
Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) is an American cruise line founded in Norway in 1966, headquartered in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and incorporated in the Bahamas. It is the fourth-largest cruise line in the world by passengers, controlling about 8.6% of the total worldwide share of the cruise market by passengers as of 2021. It is wholly owned by parent company Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings.
Financial News (China)
Financial News (China) (simplified Chinese: 金融时报; traditional Chinese: 金融時報; pinyin: Jīnróng Shíbào), or Financial Times (China), is a state-run daily newspaper in China that specializes in financial and economic reporting. It is published under the supervision of the People’s Bank of China and serves as an authoritative source of information on monetary policy, banking regulation, and macroeconomic developments. Financial News is listed in the "2017 National Top 100 Newspapers and Periodicals" and the "2024 Chinese Newspapers with High Academic Influence".

China Insurance Regulatory Commission
The China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC) was an agency of China authorized by the State Council to regulate the Chinese insurance products and services market and maintain legal and stable operations of insurance industry.
Robert Giguère
Robert Giguère dit Despins (March 9, 1616 – August 1709) was an early pioneer in New France, one of the founders of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec and the progenitor of virtually all the Giguères in North America.

Tourouvre
Tourouvre (French pronunciation: [tuʁuvʁ] ⓘ) is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Tourouvre au Perche.

The first photovoltaic road in the world was under construction in Tourouvre in November–December 2016. It was built by Société Nouvelle Aeracem (SNA), and dedicated by the French Minister of Ecology, Ségolène Royal on 25 October 2016.  In 2019, Le Monde declared the experiment a failure.
Sinacaban
Sinacaban, officially the Municipality of Sinacaban (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Sinacaban; Tagalog: Bayan ng Sinacaban), is a municipality in the province of Misamis Occidental, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 20,176 people.

Misamis Occidental
Misamis Occidental (Cebuano: Kasadpang Misamis; Subanen: Sindepan Mis'samis; Maranao: Sedepan Misamis; Filipino: Kanlurang Misamis), officially the Province of Misamis Occidental, is a province located in the region of Northern Mindanao in the Philippines. Its capital is the city of Oroquieta while Ozamiz is the most-populous city. The province borders Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur to the west and is separated from Lanao del Norte by Panguil Bay to the south and Iligan Bay to the east.
Oxacillin
Oxacillin (trade name Bactocill) is a narrow-spectrum second-generation beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class developed by Beecham.

It was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1962.

Β-Lactam antibiotic
β-Lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are antibiotics that contain a β-lactam ring in their chemical
structure. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins and cephamycins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems. Most β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics. Until 2003, when measured by sales, more than half of all commercially available antibiotics in use were β-lactam compounds. The first β-lactam antibiotic discovered, penicillin, was isolated from a strain of Penicillium rubens (named as Penicillium notatum at the time).

Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics can be given with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.
Piezophototronics
Piezo-phototronic effect is a three-way coupling effect of piezoelectric, semiconductor and photonic properties in non-central symmetric semiconductor materials, using the piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) that is generated by applying a strain to a semiconductor with piezoelectricity to control the carrier generation, transport, separation and/or recombination at metal–semiconductor junction or p–n junction for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices, such as photodetector, solar cell and light-emitting diode. Prof. Zhong Lin Wang at Georgia Institute of Technology proposed the fundamental principle of this effect in 2010.

Photodetector
Photodetectors, also called photosensors, are devices that detect light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation and convert it into an electrical signal. They are essential in a wide range of applications, from digital imaging and optical communication to scientific research and industrial automation. Photodetectors can be classified by their mechanism of detection, such as the photoelectric effect, photochemical reactions, or thermal effects, or by performance metrics like spectral response. Common types include photodiodes, phototransistors, and photomultiplier tubes, each suited to specific uses. Solar cells, which convert light into electricity, are also a type of photodetector. This article explores the principles behind photodetectors, their various types, applications, and recent advancements in the field.
Muthill
Muthill (pronounced /ˈmjuːθɪl/) is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The name derives from Scottish Gaelic Maothail meaning “soft-ground”.

The village lies 3 miles (5 kilometres) south of Crieff, just west of the former railway line connecting Crieff with Gleneagles.

Perth and Kinross
Perth and Kinross (Scots: Pairth an Kinross; Scottish Gaelic: Peairt agus Ceann Rois) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. It is bordered by Highland and Aberdeenshire to the north, Angus, Dundee, and Fife to the east, Clackmannanshire to the south, and Stirling and Argyll and Bute to the west.

Geographically the area is split by the Highland Boundary Fault into a more mountainous northern part and a flatter southern part. The northern area is a popular tourist spot, while agriculture makes an important contribution to the southern part of the area.

The area is run by Perth and Kinross Council, which is based in Perth.
2023 in Latin music
The following is a list of events and new Spanish and Portuguese-language music that happened in 2023 in the Latin music industry, namely music released in Ibero-America. Ibero-America encompasses Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the Latino population in Canada and the United States.

Mamiii
"Mamiii" is a song recorded by American singer Becky G and Colombian singer Karol G. It was released by Kemosabe and RCA Records on February 10, 2022, as the third single from Gomez's second Spanish studio album Esquemas (2022). It was written by Gomez, Giraldo, Elena Rose and Daniel Echavarría Oviedo and produced by the latter. The cover art was shot by photographer Alfredo Flores. It is Gomez and Giraldo's second collaboration, following "Mi Mala (Remix)" released in February 2018. The single reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs, peaked at number four on the Global 200, and peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100.
Titanium(IV) hydride
Titanium(IV) hydride (systematically named titanium tetrahydride) is an inorganic compound with the empirical chemical formula TiH4. It has not yet been obtained in bulk, hence its bulk properties remain unknown. However, molecular titanium(IV) hydride has been isolated in solid gas matrices. The molecular form is a colourless gas, and very unstable toward thermal decomposition. As such the compound is not well characterised, although many of its properties have been calculated via computational chemistry.

Computational chemistry
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses methods of theoretical chemistry incorporated into computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules, groups of molecules, and solids.  The importance of this subject stems from the fact that, with the exception of some relatively recent findings related to the hydrogen molecular ion (dihydrogen cation), achieving an accurate quantum mechanical depiction of chemical systems analytically, or in a closed form, is not feasible. The complexity inherent in the many-body problem exacerbates the challenge of providing detailed descriptions of quantum mechanical systems. While computational results normally complement information obtained by chemical experiments, it can occasionally predict unobserved chemical phenomena.
Morocco at the Africa Cup of Nations
Morocco is one of Africa's major forces in the Africa Cup of Nations.

Historically, Morocco participated in the AFCON much later than other North African states. However, once Morocco made their debut in 1972, Morocco emerged and became a fearsome power of the tournament, becoming the second North African side to win the AFCON in 1976 However, ever since the win, Morocco's best performance was runners-up in 2004 and 2025,  Morocco has reached the Africa Cup of Nations final three times. Morocco has participated in the Africa Cup of Nations 20 times, winning 32, losing 20, and drawing 27, scoring 95 goals. They won the title only once, despite their many achievements in various national teams and categories.

Morocco was initially scheduled to host the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, but was later ruled out after the fear of Ebola outbreak controversy.

2015 Africa Cup of Nations
The  2015 Africa Cup of Nations, known as the Orange Africa Cup of Nations, Equatorial Guinea 2015 for sponsorship reasons, was the 30th staging of the Africa Cup of Nations, the international men's football championship of Africa. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and was held from 17 January to 8 February.

The tournament was initially scheduled to be hosted by Morocco who later demanded postponement of the event because of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; subsequently Morocco was ruled out as a host country and replaced by Equatorial Guinea.

Ivory Coast won the tournament for their second Africa Cup of Nations title, defeating Ghana 9–8 in a penalty shoot-out after the final finished goalless following extra time. The DR Congo came third and the hosts Equatorial Guinea fourth, while defending champions Nigeria had failed to qualify for the tournament.