hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem
In mathematics, the Chern theorem (or the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem after Shiing-Shen Chern, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Pierre Ossian Bonnet) states that the Euler–Poincaré characteristic (a topological invariant defined as the alternating sum of the Betti numbers of a topological space) of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold is equal to the integral of a certain polynomial (the Euler class) of its curvature form (an analytical invariant).

It is a highly non-trivial generalization of the classic Gauss–Bonnet theorem (for 2-dimensional manifolds / surfaces) to higher even-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. In 1943, Carl B. Allendoerfer and André Weil proved a special case for extrinsic manifolds. In a classic paper published in 1944, Shiing-Shen Chern proved the theorem in full generality connecting global topology with local geometry.

The Riemann–Roch theorem and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem are other generalizations of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem.

Curvature of Riemannian manifolds
In mathematics, specifically differential geometry, the infinitesimal geometry of Riemannian manifolds with dimension greater than 2 is too complicated to be described by a single number at a given point. Riemann introduced an abstract and rigorous way to define curvature for these manifolds, now known as the Riemann curvature tensor. Similar notions have found applications everywhere in differential geometry of surfaces and other objects.
The curvature of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold can be expressed in the same way with only slight modifications.
Holland Haven Marshes
Holland Haven Marshes is a 208.8-hectare (516-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-east of Clacton-on-Sea in Essex. It is an L-shaped site which stretches along the coast from Frinton-on-Sea to Holland-on-Sea, and then north along the Holland Brook. It includes Holland Haven Country Park, a 22.1 hectare Local Nature Reserve owned and managed by Tendring District Council.

A network of ditches radiates from Holland Brook, and these have several nationally scarce aquatic plant species, such as brackish water crowfoot and divided sedge. The site also has grasslands which are botanically important. There are also rare invertebrates, including the Red Book soldier fly  Stratiomys singularior. There are many breeding and wintering birds. The country park has a bird hide, parking, and toilets.

There is access to the country park from a coastal footpath, but much of the site is on private land with no public access.

Clacton-on-Sea
Clacton-on-Sea, often simply called Clacton,  is a coastal town in the county of Essex, on the east coast of England. It is located on the Tendring Peninsula and is the largest settlement in the Tendring District, with a population of 53,200 (2021). The town is situated around 77 miles (124 kilometres) northeast of London, 16 mi (26 km) southeast of Colchester and 16 mi (26 km) south of Harwich.

The area was historically in the parish of Great Clacton. The development of the seaside resort began in the 1870s and was called Clacton-on-Sea to distinguish it from the older village about 1 mile (1.6 km) inland. Great Clacton and Clacton-on-Sea were always administered together, forming a single urban district called Clacton between 1895 and 1974. The two settlements gradually merged into a single urban area during the twentieth century.

It lies within the United Kingdom Parliament constituency of Clacton.
18 Bronzemen
18 Bronzemen is a 1975 Hong Kong kung fu film directed by Joseph Kuo. It is a Shaolin-themed film concerning their battles against the Qing Dynasty.

A sequel, called Return of the 18 Bronzemen, followed and was released in the same year.

Shaolin kung fu
Shaolin kung fu (Chinese: 少林功夫; pinyin: Shàolín gōngfū), also called Shaolin Wushu (少林武術; Shǎolín wǔshù), or Shaolin quan (少林拳; Shàolínquán), is the largest and most famous style of kung fu. It combines Mahayana Buddhist, Chan philosophy and martial arts. 
It was developed in the Shaolin Temple in Henan, China during its 1500-year history. In Chinese folklore there is a saying, "Shaolin kung fu is the best under heaven", which indicates its superiority among martial arts, and "All martial arts under heaven originated from Shaolin", which indicates its influence on other martial arts. The name Shaolin is also used as a brand for the external styles of kung fu. Many styles in southern and northern China use the name Shaolin.
56th British Academy Film Awards
The 56th British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, took place on 23 February 2003 at the Odeon Leicester Square in London, honouring the best national and foreign films of 2002. Presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, accolades were handed out for the best feature-length film and documentaries of any nationality that were screened at British cinemas in 2002.

The Pianist won Best Film and Best Director for Roman Polanski. Daniel Day-Lewis won Best Actor for Gangs of New York and Nicole Kidman won Best Actress for The Hours. Christopher Walken won Best Supporting Actor for Catch Me If You Can and Catherine Zeta-Jones won Best Supporting Actress for Chicago. The Warrior, directed by Asif Kapadia, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2002.

Stephen Fry hosted the ceremony for the second consecutive year.

Odeon Luxe Leicester Square
The Odeon Luxe Leicester Square is a prominent cinema building in the West End of London. Built in the Art Deco style and completed in 1937, the building has been continually altered in response to developments in cinema technology, and was the first Dolby Cinema in the United Kingdom.

The cinema occupies the centre of the eastern side of Leicester Square in London, featuring a black polished granite facade and 120 feet (37 m) high tower displaying its name. Blue neon outlines the exterior of the building at night. It was built to be the flagship of Oscar Deutsch's Odeon Cinemas chain and still holds that position today. It hosts numerous European and world film premieres, including the annual Royal Film Performance.
Rod Jameson
Rod Jameson (born 30 June 1970) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was the Adelaide's leading goal kicker in 1991 before spending most of his later career in the midfield and backline. He was well known for his shaved head and superb long kicking and played in Adelaide's 1997 premiership win though he was injured during the first quarter of the game. He retired from the AFL at just 29 years of age.

He is now a pundit on ABC Radio on AFL matches held in Adelaide.

Radio National
ABC Radio National, more commonly known as Radio National or simply RN, is an Australian nationwide public service radio network run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). From 1947 until 1985, the network was known as ABC Radio 2.
From Newport to the Ancient Empty Street in L.A.
From Newport to the Ancient Empty Street in L.A is a bootleg recording of live performances by Bob Dylan. It contains recordings of Dylan performing at the Newport Folk Festival in July 1964 and July 1965. There are also recordings of Dylan performing at the Hollywood Bowl in September 1965. The album contains one performance omitted from the film The Other Side of the Mirror which records Dylan's Newport performances: a live version of "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" from July 1965.

The Other Side of the Mirror (film)
The Other Side of the Mirror: Bob Dylan at the Newport Folk Festival is a 2007 documentary film about Bob Dylan's appearances at the Newport Folk Festival in three successive years: 1963, 1964, and 1965, directed by Murray Lerner.

The film adds to the footage previously seen in Lerner's Festival! (1967), with full-length song performances. It includes Dylan's controversial electric set from 1965.

This film features previously unseen footage, chronicling the changes in Dylan's style when he appeared at Newport in three successive years. This film was broadcast by BBC Four on October 14, 2007. Director Murray Lerner commented: "Over the course of three Newport gigs, Dylan becomes more conscious of his power. His charisma is startling. With electricity and radio, he did what Yeats, T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound never achieved. He reached a mass audience with poetry."
Tyholttårnet
Tyholttårnet (lit. 'The Tyholt Tower') is a 124-metre (407 ft) tall radio tower with an observation deck in Trondheim, Norway. It was completed in 1985. The tower features the Egon revolving restaurant, at an altitude of 74 metres (243 ft), which makes one complete revolution per hour.

Radio masts and towers
Radio masts and towers are typically tall structures designed to support antennas for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. There are two main types: guyed and self-supporting structures. They are among the tallest human-made structures. Masts are often named after the broadcasting organizations that originally built them or currently use them.

A mast radiator or radiating tower is one in which the metal mast or tower itself is energized and functions as the transmitting antenna.
Just Right
Just Right is a breakfast cereal produced by Kellogg's. It was introduced in 1982 intended for health-conscious, athletic Australians, who are the world's third-biggest cereal eaters. The cereal is sold in the United Kingdom, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia but has been discontinued in other markets. A Canadian Just Right cereal, also manufactured by Kellogg's but with somewhat different ingredients, was available in Canada from 1985 to 2021.

Just Right is composed of whole wheat, corn, and rice flakes, with raisins (sultanas in Australia), date nuggets and sliced almonds. It is also labelled as vitamin-fortified and low-fat.

An early commercial for the cereal when sold in the United States has become an internet viral video due to it featuring a then-unknown Tori Amos.

Raisin
A raisin is a dried grape. Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in cooking, baking, and brewing. The word raisin is commonly used for the dried dark-colored seedless grape, while sultana is a golden-colored dried grape, and currant is a dried small Black Corinth seedless grape.
Design Tech High School
Design Tech High School, commonly referred to as d.tech, is a public charter high school in the San Francisco Bay Area. The school is located on the Oracle Corporation campus in Redwood City, California, and is part of the San Mateo Union High School District. Founded in 2014, the school has 567 students (as of December 2024) and focuses on implementing technology, self-direction, and the process of design thinking into its curriculum. A second Design Tech school in Rancho Cordova, California was scheduled to open for the 2023-2024 school year. This new campus has closed as of May 1.

Design thinking
Design thinking refers to the set of cognitive, strategic and practical procedures used by designers in the process of designing, and to the body of knowledge that has been developed about how people reason when engaging with design problems.

Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the innovation of products and services within business and social contexts.
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma is a neuroepithelial tumor which is believed to originate from oligodendrocytes, a cell type of the glia. In the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors, anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are classified as grade III. In the course of the disease, it can degenerate into highly malignant oligodendroglioma, grade IV. The vast majority of oligodendrogliomas occur sporadically, without a confirmed cause and without inheritance within a family.

Heredity
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics.
The Scarecrow (Hollywood Television Theatre)
The Scarecrow is a two-hour American television play that was broadcast on January 10, 1972, as part of the Hollywood Television Theatre series on PBS.  It was based on the classic Percy MacKaye play, The Scarecrow, which was in turn based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story, "Feathertop".

The cast included Pete Duel (his last role before his suicide in December 1971), Gene Wilder, Blythe Danner, Will Geer, Nina Foch, Joan Tompkins, Sian Barbara Allen and Norman Lloyd. Lewis Freedman was the producer, and Boris Sagal directed.

For her work on The Scarecrow, Jan Scott won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction or Scenic Design For a Dramatic Program or Feature Length Film Made for Television, a Single Program of a Series or a Special Program.

The television production fell into the United States public domain immediately upon release, because at the time a copyright notice needed to be visibly shown in the film, which the editors failed to provide.

Sian Barbara Allen
Sian Barbara Allen (July 12, 1946 – March 31, 2025) was an American actress who mainly appeared on television throughout the 1970s. A native of Reading, Pennsylvania, Allen studied at the Pasadena Playhouse before appearing in her first screen role on the series O'Hara, U.S. Treasury in 1971. She went on to appear in numerous television series in the ensuing years, including recurring appearances on The Waltons, Gunsmoke, and Ironside.

She starred in several television films, including Scream, Pretty Peggy (1973) and The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case (1976). In addition to her television credits, Allen starred in two feature films: the thriller You'll Like My Mother (1972) and the Western Billy Two Hats (1974). For her performance in You'll Like My Mother, Allen was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year.
Roger C. Heath
Roger C. Heath (January 21, 1943 – May 18, 2023) was an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the Carroll 3rd and 4th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. He also served as a member for the 3rd district of the New Hampshire Senate.

New Hampshire Senate
The New Hampshire State Senate is the upper house of the New Hampshire General Court, alongside the New Hampshire House of Representatives. The Senate has been meeting since 1784. The senate consists of 24 members representing Senate districts based on population. There are 16 Republicans and 8 Democrats currently serving in the senate.
Spend My Life with You
"Spend My Life with You" is a song by R&B singer Eric Benét featuring R&B singer Tamia. Released as the second single from Benét's second studio album A Day in the Life (1999), the song spent three weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 units. It also peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100.

A Day in the Life (Eric Benét album)
A Day in the Life is the second studio album by American R&B singer Eric Benét. It was released on April 27, 1999, on Warner Bros. Records. Benet's follow-up to his debut album, True to Myself (1996), it has sold close to 900,000 copies in the United States.
William R. Newman
William R. Newman (born March 13, 1955) is Distinguished Professor and Ruth N. Halls Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University. Most of Newman’s work in the History of Science has been devoted to alchemy and "chymistry," the art-nature debate, and matter theories, particularly atomism.  Newman is also General Editor of the Chymistry of Isaac Newton, an online resource combining born-digital editions of Newton’s alchemical writings with multimedia replications of Newton’s alchemical experiments. In addition, he was Director of the Catapult Center for Digital Humanities and Computational Analysis of Texts at Indiana University.  Newman is on the editorial boards of Archimedes, Early Science and Medicine, and HOPOS.

History of science and technology
The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history that examines the development of the understanding of the natural world (science) and humans' ability to manipulate it (technology) at different points in time. This academic discipline also examines the cultural, economic, and political context and impacts of scientific practices; it likewise may study the consequences of new technologies on existing scientific fields.
2009 Torneo Descentralizado
The 2009 Torneo Descentralizado de Fútbol Profesional (known as the Copa Cable Mágico for sponsorship reasons) was the 93rd season of Association Peruvian football. A total of 16 teams competed in the tournament. The season began on February 14 and concluded on December 13 with the victory of Universitario de Deportes over Alianza Lima in the second leg of the final Play-off, giving Universitario its twenty-fifth Peruvian title.

2010 Copa Sudamericana
The 2010 Copa Sudamericana de Clubes (officially the 2010 Copa Nissan Sudamericana de Clubes for sponsorship reasons) was the 9th edition of CONMEBOL's secondary international club tournament. The winner qualified for the 2011 Copa Libertadores, the 2011 Recopa Sudamericana, and the 2011 Suruga Bank Championship. LDU Quito was the defending champion.

Starting with this edition, each country gained an additional berth, with the exception of Argentina and Brazil. Boca Juniors and River Plate were no longer invited to the competition without merit.
Concert for Linda
The Concert for Linda was a benefit tribute to Linda McCartney, wife of Paul McCartney. It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 10 April 1999. Linda McCartney died after a long battle with cancer nearly a year earlier, when she was 56. They were married for 29 years.

The event was organised by two of their friends, Chrissie Hynde and Carla Lane. Comedian Eddie Izzard hosted the concert, with proceeds going to various animal rights charities. Chrissie Hynde and Linda had worked together supporting various animal rights groups, including PETA. Tickets to the show, with 5,000 people attending, sold out within an hour after going on sale.

Carla Lane
Romana Barrack (5 August 1928 – 31 May 2016), known by the pseudonym Carla Lane, was an English screenwriter and animal rights campaigner. Lane was known for creating or co-creating successful British sitcoms such as The Liver Birds (1969–1979), Butterflies (1978–1983), and Bread (1986–1991).

Described as "the television writer who dared to make women funny", much of Lane's work focused on strong female characters, including "frustrated housewives and working class matriarchs".
Artanes (Bithynia)
Artanes (Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάνης) was a coastal town of ancient Bithynia located on the Pontus Euxinus at the mouth of the Artanes River (the modern Türknil Nehri). There was a port and a temple of Venus.

Its site is located near Şile in Asiatic Turkey.

Bithynia
Bithynia (/bɪˈθɪniə/; Koine Greek: Βιθυνία, romanized: Bithynía) is a geographical region of northwestern Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It borders Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.

Hellenistic Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 3rd century BC. Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus (region) region as the province of Bithynia and Pontus.

In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme. It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333.
1945–46 Italian Football Championship
The 1945–46 Italian Football Championship officially known as 1945–46 Divisione Nazionale, was the forty-fourth edition of the Italian Football Championship. It was the twenty-first season from which the Italian Football Champions adorned their team jerseys in the subsequent season with a Scudetto. 1945-46 was the first Italian Football Championship held after the ravages of World War II. Hence the authorities resurrected a one season return to the Divisione Nazionale two region set up, instead of the nationwide Serie A brand introduced in 1929.

Torino FC were champions for the third time in their history. This was their third scudetto since the scudetto started being awarded in 1924 and their second 'non-Serie A' style win. This was their second of five consecutive Italian Football Championship wins, punctuated by a two-year break due to World War II.

Italian Football Federation
The Italian Football Federation (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, pronounced [federatˈtsjoːne itaˈljaːna ˈdʒwɔːko ˈkaltʃo]; FIGC [ˌfiddʒitˈtʃi]), known colloquially as Federcalcio (pronounced [federˈkaltʃo]), is the governing body of football in Italy. It is based in Rome and the technical department is in Coverciano, Florence.

It manages and coordinates the Italian football league system. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the Italy national football team (men's), women's, and youth national football teams. The Italy national futsal team also belongs to the federation.
Tom Boyd (Idaho politician)
Thomas Gregg Boyd (September 5, 1928 – July 27, 2015) was an American farmer and politician.

Born in Filer, Idaho, Boyd graduated from the Twin Falls High School in Twin Falls, Idaho and then received his bachelor's degree in business from University of Idaho. Boyd served in the United States Air Force and was stationed in California. Boyd and his family owned a farm in Genesee, Idaho. Boyd served on the Idaho Board of Education and the Genesee School Board. He also served on the Idaho Pea and Lentil Commission. Boyd served on the Idaho House of Representatives between 1977 and 1992 as a Republican and was speaker of the house. Boyd died at a hospital in Moscow, Idaho.

Idaho House of Representatives
The Idaho House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Idaho Legislature.

It consists of 70 representatives elected to two-year terms. The state is divided into 35 districts, each of which elects two representatives to separate seats. It meets at the Idaho State Capitol in Boise, Idaho, in the State Capitol Building.
White Otter Castle
White Otter Castle is an elaborate 3-storey log house built on the shore of White Otter Lake, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Ignace, Ontario, Canada, by hermit, trapper, and fisher James Alexander "Jimmy" McOuat. It is an example of typical log house construction at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, but remarkable "because of the uniqueness or ingenuity of the methods by which [it] came into existence."

Although within the Turtle River-White Otter Lake Provincial Park, the building is not recognized as a historic site.

Log house
A log house, or log building, is a structure built with horizontal logs interlocked at the corners by notching. Logs may be round, squared or hewn to other shapes, either handcrafted or milled. The term "log cabin" generally refers to a smaller, more rustic log house, such as a hunting cabin in the woods, that may or may not have electricity or plumbing.