hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Irregular matrix
An irregular matrix, or ragged matrix, is a matrix that has a different number of elements in each row. Ragged matrices are not used in linear algebra, since standard matrix transformations cannot be performed on them, but they are useful in computing as arrays which are called jagged arrays. Irregular matrices are typically stored using Iliffe vectors.

For example, the following is an irregular matrix:

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Bransford
Bransford is a village and civil parish in the Malvern Hills district of Worcestershire, England. It lies 3 miles (5 km) west of Worcester and 4 miles (6 km) north of Malvern. The village is on the A4103, the main road linking Worcester and Hereford. The River Teme forms the northern boundary of the parish. Bransford shares a grouped parish council with the neighbouring parish of Leigh.

River Teme
The River Teme (pronounced /tiːm/; Welsh: Afon Tefeidiad) rises in Mid Wales, south of Newtown, and flows southeast roughly forming the border between England and Wales for several miles through Knighton before entering England in the vicinity of Bucknell and continuing east to Ludlow in Shropshire. From there, it flows to the north of Tenbury Wells on the Shropshire/Worcestershire border on its way to join the River Severn south of Worcester. The whole of the River Teme was designated as an SSSI by English Nature in 1996.

The river is crossed by a number of historic bridges including one at Tenbury Wells that was rebuilt by Thomas Telford following flood damage in 1795. It is also crossed, several times, by the Elan aqueduct.
Royce Hunt
Royce Hunt (born 13 August 1995) is a Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Wests Tigers in the National Rugby League (NRL).

Hunt previously played for the Canberra Raiders and Cronulla Sharks in the NRL.

Samoa national rugby league team
The Samoa national rugby league team represents Samoa in rugby league football and has participated in international competition since 1986. Known as Western Samoa before 1997, the team is administered by Rugby League Samoa and are nicknamed Toa Samoa (English: Samoan Warriors).
Ritika Verma
Ritika Verma (born 4 November 1998) is an Indian social worker and National Service Scheme volunteer who has been awarded the prestigious National Service Scheme Award by Ram Nath Kovind, the president of India in 2021.

Ritika got this award due to her excellent services on various social issues and causes as an NSS volunteer. She is well known for her services for community sensitization during COVID-19 pandemic.

National Service Scheme
The National Service Scheme (NSS) is an Indian government sector public service program conducted by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of the Government of India aimed at developing the personality and civic responsibility of student volunteers through community service. With the motto "Not Me But You," it engages millions of students in higher education institutions and senior secondary schools across the country in regular and special camping activities focused on education, health, environment, disaster relief, and social welfare. Launched as a pilot in 1969 across 37 universities with 40,000 volunteers, NSS has grown to encompass over 39,000 units and approximately 3.6 to 4.3 million active volunteers in recent years, with more than 47.8 million students having participated since inception.
Err-Puigmal
Err-Puigmal or Puigmal is a winter sports resort in the Pyrenees massif located at the western end of the Pyrénées-Orientales department, in the Occitania region of France. The resort is about 2 km (1.2 mi) from the Spanish border. It takes its name from the summit that dominates it, the Puigmal which, at 2,910 m (9,550 ft) above sea level, is the second highest peak of the Cerdanya after Pic Carlit at 2,921 m (9,583 ft). The resort, located at an altitude of 1,835 m (6,020 ft), is one of the highest in the French Pyrenees. It is managed by the municipality of Err.

Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania (French: Occitanie [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ]; Catalan: Occitània [uksiˈtaniə]) is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, located in the south of the country, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016.

The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania, which corresponds with the southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2022, Occitania had a population of 6,080,731.
Master of the Rolls (Ireland)
The Master of the Rolls in Ireland was a senior judicial office in the Irish Chancery under English and British rule, and was equivalent to the Master of the Rolls in the English Chancery. Originally called the Keeper of the Rolls, he was responsible for the safekeeping of the Chancery records such as close rolls and patent rolls. The office was created by letters patent in 1333, the first holder of the office being Edmund de Grimsby. As the Irish bureaucracy expanded, the duties of the Master of the Rolls came to be performed by subordinates and the position became a sinecure which was awarded to political allies of the Dublin Castle administration. In the nineteenth century, it became a senior judicial appointment, ranking second within the Court of Chancery behind the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The post was abolished by the Courts of Justice Act 1924, passed by the Irish Free State established in 1922.

Dublin Castle administration
The Dublin Castle administration was the central executive government of Ireland under English, and later British, rule from the Middle Ages until the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. The name comes from Dublin Castle, which served as the administrative and ceremonial heart of British authority in Ireland. "Dublin Castle" is used metonymically to describe British rule in Ireland, particularly the executive and civil service that governed through the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and senior officials such as the Chief Secretary for Ireland and Under-Secretary for Ireland.

The administration operated alongside the Parliament of Ireland (which existed until 1801) and the Privy Council of Ireland, implementing policies and managing patronage, taxation, and the civil service. Over time, the Chief Secretary for Ireland became the key political manager, while the Lord Lieutenant largely served a ceremonial and representative role.
Trans-Saharan seaway
The Trans-Saharan seaway was a sea in the present-day Sahara in the Late Cretaceous period to the Early Eocene in present-day Libya, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria. It varied in size, but its largest was about 3000 km2 and approximately 50 m deep.

Ypresian
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between 56 and 48.07 Ma, is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian Age. The Ypresian is consistent with the Lower Eocene (Early Eocene).
Radio Bileća
Radio Bileća or Радио Билећа is a Bosnian local public radio station, broadcasting from Bileća, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was launched in 1992 by JU Centar za informisanje Bileća. This radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as music, sport, local news and talk shows.

Program is mainly produced in Serbian from 7 am to 6 pm. The estimated number of potential listeners of Radio Bileća is around 10,361. Radiostation is also available in municipalities of East Herzegovina and in neighboring Montenegro.

East Herzegovina
East Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Istočna Hercegovina, Источна Херцеговина) is the eastern part of the historical Herzegovina region in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It comprises six municipalities located around the Neretva river, as a part of the Republika Srpska entity. The area straddles a Mediterranean-influenced lowland and has a continental cool highland climate with contrasting seasonal patterns.
Transport in Ghana
Transport in Ghana is accomplished by road, rail, air and water. Ghana's transportation and communications networks are centered in the southern regions, especially the areas in which gold, cocoa, and timber are produced. The northern and central areas are connected through a major road system.

Increased transport investment helped to increase the number of new vehicle registrations and transportation alternatives include rail, road, ferry, marine and air.

Paga
Paga is a town in Upper East Region of Ghana, lying north of Bolgatanga. Paga is the capital of Kassena Nankana West District, a district in the Upper East Region in the northern part of Ghana. The town is located on the border of Burkina Faso and is 166 km south of Ouagadougou via the N5 highway, the main road linking Ghana and Burkina Faso. The majority of the people of Paga are of the Kassena tribe.
1909 Dumfries Burghs by-election
The 1909 Dumfries Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 20 July 1909. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

UK parliamentary by-elections
In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary by-election occurs following a vacancy arising in the House of Commons. They are often seen as a test of the rival political parties' fortunes between general elections.
Manettino dial
In automotive engineering, a manettino dial is a rotary switch part of some modern Ferrari cars first designed by Frank Stephenson, beginning with the Ferrari F430 in 2004. The adjustment dial is mounted on the steering wheel, usually just underneath the center of the wheel. The dial (Italian: manettino, lit. 'little lever') is inspired by the controls found on F1 steering wheels, but has a more polished appearance.

The dial allows for the quick and simple adjustment of the electronics governing car suspension settings, traction control, electronic differential, and change speed of electronic gearbox.

A similar control system was employed on the Ferrari Enzo, but with individual buttons for different settings rather than a single rotary switch.

Transmission (mechanical device)
A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication or reduction, in a machine.

A transmission can have a single, or fixed, gear ratio or it can have variable ratios; a variable-ratio transmission can have multiple discrete gear ratios or be continuously variable. Variable-ratio transmissions are used in many kinds of machinery, especially vehicles.
Calligra
Calligra Suite is a graphic art and office suite by KDE. It is available for desktop PCs, tablet computers, and smartphones. It contains applications for word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, databases, vector graphics, and digital painting.

Calligra uses the OpenDocument format as its default file format for most applications and can import other formats, such as Microsoft Office formats. Calligra relies on KDE technology and is often used in combination with KDE Plasma Workspaces.

Word processor
A word processor (WP) is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and output of text, often with some additional features.

Early word processors were stand-alone devices dedicated to the function, but current word processors are primarily word processor programs running on general purpose computers, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers, with dedicated hardware word processors being confined to a small niche market.

The functions of a word processor program are typically between those of a simple text editor and a desktop publishing program. Many word processing programs have gained advanced features over time providing similar functionality to desktop publishing programs.

Common word processor programs include LibreOffice Writer, Google Docs and Microsoft Word.
Miagliano
Miagliano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 4 kilometres (2 mi) northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 631 and an area of 0.7 square kilometres (0.27 mi2).

Miagliano borders the following municipalities: Andorno Micca, Sagliano Micca.

Andorno Micca
Andorno Micca (Piedmontese: Andorn) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 4 kilometres (2 mi) northwest of Biella.
David Balton
David Balton is a Senior Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, where he works with the Arctic Initiative, part of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. He is also an adviser to the Ocean Conservancy. From September 2021 to January 2025, Balton served in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy as the executive director of the Arctic Executive Steering Committee. He previously served for 32 years as a lawyer and diplomat in the U.S. Department of State, focusing primarily on issues pertaining to the ocean and the Polar Regions. He attained the rank of Ambassador in 2005, following Senate confirmation.

Ocean Conservancy
Ocean Conservancy (founded as The Delta Corporation) is a nonprofit environmental advocacy group based in Washington, D.C., United States. The organization seeks to promote healthy and diverse ocean ecosystems, prevent marine pollution, climate change and advocates against practices that threaten oceanic and human life.
Büyükbağ, Kahta
Büyükbağ (Kurdish: Bûtbax) is a village in the Kâhta District, Adıyaman Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kawan tribe and had a population of 363 in 2021.

The hamlet of Şahnekent is attached to the village.

Kâhta District
Kâhta District is a district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Kâhta. Its area is 1,274 km2, and its population is 127,534 (2021). On 12 October 2018, cave drawings which date back to the Paleolithic era, were discovered in the Kâhta district, due to the decline of Atatürk Reservoir waters by 10–15 meters.
Ammoniphilus oxalivorans
Ammoniphilus oxalivorans is a Gram-variable, spore-forming, haloalkalitolerant, rod-shaped, aerobic, obligately oxalotrophic and motile bacteria from the genus of Ammoniphilus with peritrichous flagella which has been isolated from the rhizosphere of the plant Rumex acetosa from a public garden in Helsinki in Finland.

Oxalotrophic
Oxalotrophic bacteria are bacteria capable of using oxalate as their sole source of carbon and energy. Oxalate is the anion of a salt of oxalic acid; oxalotrophs often consume calcium oxalate. Oxalotrophic bacteria are often facultative methylotrophs.
Hind Al-Fayez
Hind Al-Fayez (Arabic: هند الفايز) (born 1968) is a Jordanian journalist, politician and former member of the Parliament of Jordan, elected in 2013.

Al-Fayez is the daughter of  Hakem Al-Fayez.

She gained worldwide attention in 2015, after a Jordanian member of parliament told her to sit down after she interrupted him, she was featured on many western news channels such as CNN.

Parliament of Jordan
The Parliament of Jordan (Arabic: مجلس الأمة Majlis Al-Umma) is the bicameral Jordanian national assembly. Established by the 1952 Constitution, the legislature consists of two houses: the  Senate (Arabic: مجلس الأعيان Majlis Al-Aayan) and the House of Representatives (Arabic: مجلس النواب Majlis Al-Nuwaab).

The Senate has 69 members, all of whom are directly appointed by the king, while the House of Representatives has 138 elected members, with nine seats reserved for Christians, three for Chechen and Circassian minorities, and fifteen for women. The members of both houses serve for four-year terms.
White-naped pigeon
The white-naped pigeon (Columba albinucha) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is native to the Western High Plateau, the Adamawa and Bongo massifs and the Albertine Rift montane forests on the other.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat destruction.

Bongo Massif
The Bongo Massif (French: massif des Bongo), also known as the Tondou Massif, is a mountain range in north-eastern Central African Republic, near the Sudan border. The source of Bahr al-Arab is found within the massif. South of the massif is the Plateau of Ouadda (Coordinates: 08°40′0″N 22°25′0″E﻿ / ﻿8.66667°N 22.41667°E﻿ / 8.66667; 22.41667).
MP-68
The MP-68 (French: Matériel roulant sur Pneumatiques 1968) is the first rubber-tyred train model of the Mexico City Metro. It was designed and built by Alstom in France. In total, 60 trains were built (with 9 units each), of which 26 (234 units) correspond to the restoration  carried out in 1993. They run on lines 5 and B of the Mexico City Metro.

It is the fourth Rubber-tyred train model manufactured in series in France. Its succesive restorations, carried out between 1995 and 1998, have allowed it to remain in service for more than 50 years in the Mexico City Metro. Being a reliable model, the engineering has served as a basis for other rubber-tyred trains, both for Alstom and for other train manufacturers for Mexico.

Mexico City Metro Line 2
Line 2 is one of the 12 lines of the Mexico City Metro.

The 2 Line is the second oldest in the network, identified by the color blue and runs from West to East and then North to South, turning at the city center. It starts at the border of the city with Estado de México and ends South of the city.
Crowell Island
Crowell Island is one of the many uninhabited Canadian Arctic islands in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut. It is a Baffin Island offshore island located in Frobisher Bay, southeast of the capital city of Iqaluit. Other islands in the immediate vicinity include Anchorage Island, Dog Island, Kungo Island, Luella Island, and Quadrifid Island.

Frobisher Bay
Frobisher Bay is an inlet of the Davis Strait in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in the southeastern corner of Baffin Island. Its length is about 230 km (140 mi) and its width varies from about 40 km (25 mi) at its outlet into the Davis Strait to roughly 20 km (12 mi) towards its inner end.

The capital of Nunavut, Iqaluit, known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987, lies near the innermost end of the bay.
Rhodius
The Rhodius or Rhodios (Ancient Greek: Ῥόδιος) was a river of the ancient Troad, having its sources in Mount Ida, a little above the town of Astyra; it flowed in a northwestern direction, and after passing by Astyra and Cremaste, discharged itself into the Hellespont between Dardanus and Abydus. Strabo states that some regarded the Rhodius as a tributary of the Aesepus; but they must have been mistaken, as the river is mentioned on the coins of Dardanus. Pliny the Elder states that this ancient river no longer existed in his time; and some modern writers identify it with the Pydius mentioned by Thucydides. Strabo also writes that the towns of Cleandria and Gordus were located on this river.

Abydos (Hellespont)
Abydos (Ancient Greek: Ἄβυδος, Latin: Abydus) was an ancient city and bishopric in Mysia. It was located at the Nara Burnu promontory on the Asian coast of the Hellespont (the straits of Dardanelles), opposite the ancient city of Sestos, and near the city of Çanakkale in Turkey. Abydos was founded in c. 670 BC at the most narrow point in the straits, and thus was one of the main crossing points between Europe and Asia, until its replacement by the crossing between Lampsacus and Kallipolis in the 13th century, and the abandonment of Abydos in the early 14th century.

In Greek mythology, Abydos is presented in the myth of Hero and Leander as the home of Leander. The city is also mentioned in Rodanthe and Dosikles, a novel written by Theodore Prodromos, a 12th-century writer, in which Dosikles kidnaps Rodanthe at Abydos.
Rodolfo Albano III
Rodolfo "Rodito" Taguinod Albano III is a Filipino politician from Cabagan, Isabela, Philippines. He currently serves as the governor of Isabela. Albano was a congressman of the Isabela's 1st congressional district from 2013 to 2019.

Isabela's 1st congressional district
Isabela's 1st congressional district is one of the six congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Isabela. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 1987. The district consists of the capital city of Ilagan and the northern municipalities of Cabagan, Delfin Albano, Divilacan, Maconacon, San Pablo, Santa Maria, Santo Tomas and Tumauini. The municipality of Palanan was part of this district until it was redistricted to the 2nd district, effective in 2019. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by  Antonio T. Albano of the Lakas–CMD.
Cabinet of Czesław Kiszczak
Czesław Kiszczak was appointed Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Poland by President Wojciech Jaruzelski on 2 August 1989, replacing Mieczysław Rakowski.

Kiszczak, however, failed to win support in parliament and thus was unable to form a cabinet. During his brief premiership, he headed a cabinet previously headed but then vacated by Rakowski.

On 17 August Kiszczak resigned and Jaruzelski named Tadeusz Mazowiecki on 20 August. Kiszczak served in his successor cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Internal Affairs.

Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Tadeusz Mazowiecki (IPA: [taˈdɛ.uʂ mazɔˈvjɛt͡skʲi] ⓘ; 18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and politician, formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement, and the first non-communist Polish prime minister since 1946, having held the post from 1989 to 1991.

He was the founder and leader of Democratic Union and Freedom Union. Between 1991–2001, he was a member of the Polish Parliament. In the years 2010–2013, he served as advisor to President Bronisław Komorowski. He is the recipient of Poland's highest order of merit, the Order of the White Eagle.