hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Madison County, Illinois
Madison County is located in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a part of the Metro East in southern Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 264,776, making it the eighth-most populous county in Illinois and the most populous in the southern portion of the state. The county seat is Edwardsville, and the largest city is Granite City.

Madison County is part of the Metro East region of Greater St. Louis. The pre-Columbian city of Cahokia Mounds, a World Heritage Site, was located near Collinsville. Edwardsville is home to Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. To the north, Alton is known for its abolitionist and American Civil War-era history. It is also the home of the Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine. Godfrey, the village named for Captain Benjamin Godfrey, offers Lewis and Clark Community College formerly the Monticello Female Seminary.

Monticello Seminary
Monticello Seminary (also Monticello Female Seminary), founded in 1835, was an American seminary, junior college and academy in Godfrey, Illinois. The 215 acres (87 ha) campus was the oldest female seminary in the west, before it closed in 1971. The buildings are now part of Lewis and Clark Community College.
Artsvi Vaspurakan
Artsvi Vaspurakan (in Armenian Արծուի Վասպուրական) was an Armenian periodical. It was published monthly, then weekly, in Constantinople and Varagavank from 1855 to 1874 by Mkrtich Khrimian and M. Ananian.

It was the first periodical published in the territory of Western (Turkish) Armenia, and was dedicated to religious life, moral questions and the history of Armenia. It was a source of propaganda for the works of Mesrop Mashtots, Movses Khorenatsi and others, and supported the idea of realization of the National constitution in the territory of Western Armenia. Contributors to the periodical included Garegin Srvandztiants and Raffi.

Mesrop Mashtots
Mesrop Mashtots (listenⓘ; Armenian: Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց, romanized: Mesrop Maštoc' 362 – 17 February 440 AD) was an  Armenian linguist, composer, theologian, statesman, and hymnologist. He is venerated as a saint in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet c. 405 AD, which was a fundamental step in strengthening Armenian national identity. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and, possibly, the Georgian script, though it is disputed.
Taimyr–Central Siberian tundra
The Taimyr-Central Siberian tundra ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1111) is an ecoregion that broadly covers the Taymyr Peninsula in the Russian Far North. It ranges from the delta of the Yenisei River in the west, across the Taymyr Peninsula and Khatanga Gulf, to the Lena River delta in the east. The region is an important area for breeding birds. It is in the Palearctic realm in the tundra biome, and is mostly located in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai. It has an area of 954,670 square kilometres (368,600 sq mi).

Taymyr Peninsula
The Taymyr Peninsula (/taɪˈmɪər/ ty-MEER) is a peninsula in the Far North of Russia, in the Siberian Federal District, that forms the northernmost part of the mainland of Eurasia. Administratively it is part of the Krasnoyarsk Krai Federal subject of Russia.
Shibu (film)
Shibu  is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by duo directors Arjun Prabhakaran and Gokul Ramakrishnan, written by Praneesh, and produced by Kaargo Cinemas. It features Karthik Ramakrishnan, Anju Kurian, Lukman Avaran, Salim Kumar, and Biju Kuttan in lead roles. Sachin Warrier composed the music for the film. It was released on 19 July 2019. Film is loosely based on a hard-core fan of Actor Dileep.

Salim Kumar
Salim Kumar (born 10 October 1969) is an Indian actor, comedian, director and writer in Malayalam cinema. Mostly known for his comic and comedy roles, Salim Kumar is considered one of the best and most prominent comedians in the history of Malayalam cinema.

In his later career, Salim Kumar also found success in playing character roles and won the National Film Award for Best Actor in 2010 for his role in Adaminte Makan Abu (which also won the year's Kerala State Film Award). His directorial film Karutha Joothan won the 2017 Kerala State Film Award for Best Story. He has also won the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor for Achanurangatha Veedu (2005) and a Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor (2013).
Guillermo Cervantes
Guillermo Cervantes Vásquez (?, Peru – after 1922, possibly Ecuador or Peru) was a Peruvian captain and leader of the Peruvian army. He formed the group of Veterans of Caquetá that fought in the 1911 Battle of La Pedrera against Colombia, but is better remembered for his insurrection in 1921 where he proclaimed the Third Federal State of Loreto, one of many attempts to transform Peru into a federal state.

Battle of La Pedrera
The Battle of La Pedrera was a conflict between Peru and Colombia that took place from 10–12 July 1911 in a disputed area surrounding the Putumayo River as part of a larger territorial dispute between both countries.
Parallel programming model
In computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality: how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different architectures, and its performance: how efficiently the compiled programs can execute. The implementation of a parallel programming model can take the form of a library invoked from a programming language, as an extension to an existing languages.

Consensus around a particular programming model is important because it leads to different parallel computers being built with support for the model, thereby facilitating portability of software. In this sense, programming models are referred to as bridging between hardware and software.

Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
Whitey's Lindy Hoppers
Whitey's Lindy Hoppers was a professional performing group of exceptional swing dancers that was first organized in the late 1920s by Herbert "Whitey" White in the Savoy Ballroom and disbanded in 1942 after its male members were drafted into World War II. The group, taking on many different forms and sub-groups, including Whitey's Hopping Maniacs, Harlem Congeroo Dancers, and The Hot Chocolates, were inspired by the choreography of Frankie Manning. In addition to touring nationally and internationally, the group appeared in several films and Broadway theatre productions. Dorothy Dandridge and Sammy Davis Jr. were among the group's celebrity regulars.

1937 in film
The year 1937 in film involved some significant events, including the Walt Disney production of the first American full-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Jean Harlow's final movie, Saratoga, was domestically the year's top grossing film but internationally, Maytime surpassed it with initial box office of over 4 million dollars.
Senusret IV
Senusret IV Seneferibre was an ancient Egyptian Theban king during the late Second Intermediate Period that is attested only through finds from Upper Egypt. The chronological position of Senusret IV is unclear and even the dynasty to which he belongs is debated.

Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt (Arabic: صعيد مصر Ṣaʿīd Miṣr, shortened to الصعيد, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [es.sˤe.ˈʕiːd], locally: [es.sˤɑ.ˈʕiːd]) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel North. It thus starts at Beni Suef and stretches down to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).
KUMT
KUMT (107.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Randolph, Utah, United States, and serving the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The station's transmitter is located on Humpy Peak in the Uinta Mountain range. Under the previous calls, KUDD and prior, the stations transmitter was located near Promontory Point, Utah, in Box Elder County.

Box Elder County, Utah
Box Elder County is a county at the northwestern corner of Utah, United States. At the 2020 United States census, the population was 57,666, up from the 2010 figure of 49,975. Its county seat and largest city is Brigham City. The county was named for the box elder trees that abound in the county.

Box Elder County is part of the Ogden-Clearfield, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Salt Lake City-Provo-Orem, UT Combined Statistical Area.

Box Elder County is home to two regional campuses of Utah State University (located in Brigham City and Tremonton).
Shanker
Shanker is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Shanker (1928–1997), president of the American Federation of Teachers

Baggy Shanker, British politician

Natarajan Shankar, Computer scientist at SRI International, USA

Ram Shanker (born 1985), Singaporean footballer

Sasi Shanker (1957–2016), Indian film director

S. Shankar or S. Shanker (born 1963), Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter

Sasi Shanker
Sasi Shanker (1957 – 10 August 2016) was an Indian film director. He directed a total of twelve films including ten Malayalam films and two Tamil films. He won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues in 1993 for his directorial debut film Naaraayam.
Mighty Fatherland
Mighty Fatherland, also known as Mighty Homeland or Powerful Homeland (Armenian: Հզոր Հայրենիք, romanized: Hzor Hayrenik) is a political party in Armenia. The founder of the party was Vardan Vardapetyan, but since 2006 has been led by the vice-chairman of the party, Shirak Torosyan. Torosyan is also the President of the Javakhk Patriotic Union.

Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti (Georgian: ჯავახელი სომხები Javakheli Somkhebi, Armenian: Ջաւախահայեր Jawakhahayer) are ethnic Armenians of Georgian nationality living in the Samtskhe–Javakheti region of the Republic of Georgia. The southern part of the region (Javakheti) borders Armenia to the south. Here, ethnic Armenians form the great majority of the population with minorities of Georgians, Russians and Caucasus Greeks. Among Armenians of Samtskhe–Javakheti, Armenian is the common language spoken.
Håkon Olsrud
Håkon Grønsveen Olsrud (born 11 April 1985) is a Norwegian Paralympic cross-country skier. He has competed at the Winter Paralympics in 2014 and in 2018. Håkon Olsrud claimed his first Paralympic medal, a bronze medal in the men's 20km free standing cross-country skiing event during the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

Paralympic cross-country skiing
Paralympic cross-country skiing is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing is one of two Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games; the other is biathlon. Competition is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu
The Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu is a mosque and khanqah, located on Saliba Street, in Islamic Cairo, Egypt. Completed in 1349 and 1355 respectively, the mosque and khanqah were founded by Sayf al-Din Shaykhu al-Nasiri, the Grand Emir under the rule of Sultan an-Nasir Hasan.

Sufi lodge
A Sufi lodge is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or tariqa and is a place for spiritual practice and religious education. They include structures also known as khānaqāh, zāwiya, ribāṭ, dargāh and takya depending on the region, language and period (see § Terminology). In Shia Islam, the Husayniyya has a similar function.

The Sufi lodge is typically a large structure with a central hall and smaller rooms on either side. Traditionally, the Sufi lodge was state-sponsored housing for Sufis. Their primary function is to provide them with a space to practice social lives of asceticism. Buildings intended for public services, such as hospitals, kitchens, and lodging, are often attached to them. Sufi lodges were funded by Ayyubid sultans in Syria, Zangid sultans in Egypt, and Delhi sultans in India in return for Sufi support of their regimes.
2024 Queen's Club Championships
The 2024 Queen's Club Championships (also known as the Cinch Championships for sponsorship reasons) was a men's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the Queen's Club in London, United Kingdom from 17 to 23 June 2024. It was the 121st edition of the event and is classified as an ATP Tour 500 tournament on the 2024 ATP Tour.

Queen's Club
The Queen's Club is a private sporting club in Barons Court, West Kensington, London, England. The club hosts the annual Queen's Club Championships grass court lawn tennis tournament (currently known as the "HSBC Championships" for sponsorship reasons). It has 28 outdoor courts and ten indoor. With two courts, it is also the national headquarters of real tennis, hosting the British Open every year except in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic. The Queen's Club also has rackets and squash courts; it became the headquarters for both sports after the closure of the Prince's Club in 1940.
Kosvinsky Kamen
Mount Kosvinsky Kamen, Kosvinsky Mountain, Kosvinski Mountain, Kosvinsky Rock or Rostesnoy Rock (Russian: Косвинский камень, Косьвинский камень, Ростесной  камень) is a mountain in the northern Urals, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia.

Its summit is bare of vegetation with an uneven rocky surface and small lakes fed by melting snow. The Kosva River flows from the mountain, hence the name.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia describes Kosvinsky Rock as "mountain massif" of height 1,519 m. Its constitution is pyroxenites and dunites of lower and middle Paleozoic era. The slopes are covered with conifers with some birch up to 900–1,000 m, with alpine tundra above.

Alpine tundra
Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation, with an associated harsh climate. As the latitude of a location approaches the poles, the threshold elevation for alpine tundra gets lower until it reaches sea level and merges with polar tundra.

The high elevation causes an adverse climate, which is too cold and windy to support tree growth. Alpine tundra transitions to sub-alpine forests below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra ecotone are known as krummholz. With increasing elevation it ends at the snow line where snow and ice persist through summer.

Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by dwarf shrubs close to the ground. The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by adiabatic cooling of air, and is similar to polar climate.
2024 Chennai Open Challenger – Doubles
Jay Clarke and Arjun Kadhe were the defending champions but only Kadhe chose to defend his title, partnering Hsu Yu-hsiou. Kadhe lost in the quarterfinals to Toshihide Matsui and Kaito Uesugi.

Saketh Myneni and Ramkumar Ramanathan won the title after defeating Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli and Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha 3–6, 6–3, [10–5] in the final.

Ramkumar Ramanathan
Ramanathan Ramkumar (born 8 November 1994) is an Indian professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 111 in singles by the ATP, which he achieved in July 2018, and in doubles at No. 58, achieved in August 2022. He has represented India in the Davis Cup.
US error coins
US error coins are error coins produced by the US government. There are three categories of error coins as provided by the American Numismatic Association. Metal usage and striking errors referred to widely as planchet errors, die errors, and mint striking errors. This does not include the varieties that the US Mint has issued over the years.

Since the inception of coin collecting there has been much controversy over what constitutes a true mint error. An organization of coin collectors named the Combined Organizations of Numismatic Error Collectors of America (CONECA) was created that specifically deals with mint errors.

United States Mint
The United States Mint is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. The U.S. Mint is one of two U.S. agencies that manufactures physical money. The other is the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which prints paper currency. The first United States Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and was soon joined by other centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.
Hypereides
Hypereides or Hyperides (Ancient Greek: Ὑπερείδης, Hypereidēs; c. 390 – 322 BC; English pronunciation with the stress variably on the penultimate or antepenultimate syllable) was an Athenian logographer (speech writer).  He was one of the ten Attic orators included in the "Alexandrian canon" compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace in the third century BC.

He was a leader of the Athenian resistance to King Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. He was associated with Lycurgus and Demosthenes in exposing pro-Macedonian sympathizers. He is known for prosecuting Philippides of Paiania for his pro-Macedonian measures and his decree in honoring Alexander the Great.

Aristophanes of Byzantium
Aristophanes of Byzantium (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοφάνης ὁ Βυζάντιος Aristophánēs ho Buzántios; Byzantium c. 257 BC – Alexandria c. 185–180 BC) was a Hellenistic Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, particularly renowned for his work in Homeric scholarship, but also for work on other classical authors such as Pindar and Hesiod. He soon moved to Alexandria and studied under Zenodotus, Callimachus, and Dionysius Iambus. He succeeded Eratosthenes as head librarian of the Library of Alexandria at the age of sixty. His students included Callistratus, Aristarchus of Samothrace, and perhaps Agallis. He was succeeded by Apollonius "The Classifier" (not to be confused with Apollonius of Rhodes, a previous head librarian of Alexandria). Aristophanes' pupil, Aristarchus of Samothrace, would be the sixth head librarian at the Library of Alexandria.
2009 Proton Malaysian Open
The 2009 Malaysian Open (also known as the 2009 Proton Malaysian Open for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 1st edition of the Malaysian Open, and was classified as an ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It was played at the Bukit Jalil Sports Complex in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The inaugural edition was scheduled to take place from 26 September to 4 October 2009.

KL Sports City
The KL Sports City (formerly known as Bukit Jalil National Sports Complex; Kompleks Sukan Negara in Malay) in Malaysia is the largest sports complex in the country. It is located in Bukit Jalil, 20 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Described as the "sports complex in a park", it was the only one of its kind in the country or region when it was fully developed. It was officially inaugurated by the then-Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad on 11 July 1998 ahead of the 1998 Commonwealth Games in which it staged the Games' opening ceremony. The complex was upgraded to KL Sports City in 2017 for the 2017 Southeast Asian Games.
Brachyspira
Brachyspira is a genus of bacteria classified within the phylum Spirochaetota.

Brachyspira species include pathogens in pigs, birds, dogs, and humans.

B. pilosicoli colonizes millions of humans worldwide, leading to human intestinal spirochaetosis, a chronic, intermittent watery diarrhea vastly underdiagnosed  because of the lack of a simple diagnostic tool for clinicians. Multiplex qPCRs are promising diagnostic tools, as Brachyspira do not grow on conventional media.

B. pilosicoli also cause avian spirochetosis: birds might be considered as the natural reservoir.

B. hyodysenteriae leads to diarrheal disease in growing pigs worldwide, causing the so-called swine dysentery, typhlocolitis or porcine intestinal spirochaetosis, which contributes to major "production losses" in agrobusiness.

Some species like B. innocens or B. intermedia seem to be less virulent.

Valnemulin
Valnemulin, sold under the brand name Econor among others, is a pleuromutilin antibiotic used to treat swine dysentery, ileitis, colitis, and pneumonia. It is also used for the prevention of intestinal infections of swine. Valnemulin has been observed to induce a rapid reduction of clinical symptoms of Mycoplasma bovis infection, and eliminate M. bovis from the lungs of calves.
Rąbień
Rąbień [ˈrɔmbʲɛɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów Łódzki, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south of Aleksandrów Łódzki, 11 km (7 mi) south-west of Zgierz, and 11 km (7 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Zgierz County
Zgierz County (Polish: powiat zgierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Zgierz, which lies 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź. The county contains four other towns: Ozorków, lying 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Zgierz, Aleksandrów Łódzki, lying 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Zgierz, Głowno, 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and Stryków, 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Zgierz.

The county covers an area of 853.71 square kilometres (329.6 sq mi). As of 2016, its total population is 165,206, out of which the population of Zgierz is 56,929, that of Ozorków is 19,809, that of Aleksandrów Łódzki is 21,380, that of Głowno is 14,534, that of Stryków is 3,477, and the rural population is 49,077.
1998 Tour de Langkawi
The 1998 Tour de Langkawi was the third edition of the Tour de Langkawi, a cycling stage race that took place in Malaysia. It started on 18 February in Langkawi and ended on 1 March in Kuala Lumpur. The race was sanctioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) as a 2.5 category race.

Italian Gabriele Missaglia won the race, Giuliano Figueras second and Niklas Axelsson third. Fred Rodriguez also won the points classification and Douglas Ryder won the mountains classification of the race. Mapei–Bricobi won the team classification of the race.

Fred Rodriguez
Fred "Freddie" Rodriguez (born September 3, 1973) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. His nickname, Fast Freddie, is due to his reputation as a sprint specialist. Rodriguez won the United States National Road Race Championships four times, and won four stages at the Tour de Georgia. He competed in the men's individual road race at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Other notable results include high stage finishes in all three Grand Tours as well as second places in both in both Milan–San Remo and Gent–Wevelgem in 2002. Rodriguez participated in all three Grand Tours including the Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España one time each where he had multiple stage podiums in the Vuelta and won stage 9 of the 2004 Giro d'Italia. He started the Tour de France seven times finishing it twice, and while he never won any stages he was often competitive on sprint stages with several top 5's.

Rodriguez retired at the end of the 2015 season.