hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Real data type
A real data type is a data type used in a computer program to represent an approximation of a real number. Because the real numbers are not countable, computers cannot represent them exactly using a finite amount of information. Most often, a computer will use a rational approximation to a real number.

Countable set
In mathematics, a set is countable if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers. Equivalently, a set is countable if there exists an injective function from it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or that the elements of the set can be counted one at a time, although the counting may never finish due to an infinite number of elements.

In more technical terms, assuming the axiom of countable choice, a set is countable if its cardinality (the number of elements of the set) is not greater than that of the natural numbers. A countable set that is not finite is said to be countably infinite.

The concept is attributed to Georg Cantor, who proved the existence of uncountable sets, that is, sets that are not countable; for example the set of the real numbers.
Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District
The Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District is a national historic district that is located in Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Venango County, Pennsylvania
Venango County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50,454. Its county seat is Franklin. The county was created in 1800 and later organized in 1805. The county is part of the Northwest Pennsylvania region of the state.

Venango County comprises the Oil City, PA micropolitan statistical area. It is part of the Pittsburgh and Erie media markets (with Erie channels available to Comcast subscribers in the area).
Jamie King (curler)
Jamie King (born November 21, 1973, in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian curler.

King was the alternate for the Kevin Koe rink in 2010, where he won 2010 Tim Hortons Brier and 2010 Capital One World Men's Curling Championship. King played in just two games at the World Championships, against Denmark and Japan.  For much of that season, King skipped his own Edmonton-based rink. Following the season, King joined the Warren Hassall rink as third, and then skipped the rink the following season. In 2012, King left the team to form a new team with Blake MacDonald, Scott Pfeifer and Jeff Erickson.

Outside of curling, King is the Senior Vice President of Credit with Servus Credit Union.

2010 World Men's Curling Championship
The 2010 World Men's Curling Championship (branded as the Capital One World Men's Curling Championship 2010 for sponsorship reasons) was held from April 3–11, 2010 at the Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.
Proof compression
In proof theory, an area of mathematical logic, proof compression is the problem of algorithmically compressing formal proofs. The developed algorithms can be used to improve the proofs generated by automated theorem proving tools such as SAT solvers, SMT-solvers, first-order theorem provers and proof assistants.

Proof assistant
In computer science and mathematical logic, a proof assistant or interactive theorem prover is a software tool to assist with the development of formal proofs by human–machine collaboration. This involves some sort of interactive proof editor, or other interface, with which a human can guide the search for proofs, the details of which are stored in, and some steps provided by, a computer.

A recent effort within this field is making these tools use artificial intelligence to automate the formalization of ordinary mathematics.
Leninsky City District, Perm
Leninsky City District (Russian: Ле́нинский райо́н) is one of the seven city districts of the city of Perm in Perm Krai, Russia. Population:  48,520 (2010 Census); 57,569 (2002 Census); 74,622 (1989 Soviet census). It is the least populous city district of Perm.

Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, romanized: Permskiy kray, IPA: [ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj]; Komi-Permyak: Перем ладор, romanized: Perem lador) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Census).

The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.

The final period of the Paleozoic era, the Permian, is named after the Perm region.
2023 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix
The 2023 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix was a women's professional tennis tournament played on indoor clay courts at the Porsche Arena in Stuttgart, Germany, from 17 April until 23 April 2023. It was the 45th edition of the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix and is classified as a WTA 500 tournament on the 2023 WTA Tour. First-seeded Iga Świątek won the singles title.

Ingrid Neel
Ingrid Neel (born June 16, 1998) is an American-Estonian professional tennis player. She has specialized in doubles and has won four titles on the WTA Tour and three titles on the WTA Challenger Tour. In addition, she has won two singles and 14 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 6 May 2024, she achieved a career-high of No. 33 in the WTA doubles rankings.
Aaron Peskin
Aaron Dan Peskin (born June 17, 1964) is an American former elected official in San Francisco, California. He was a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors representing District 3 from 2001 to 2009, and again from 2015 to 2025.

District 3 includes the neighborhoods of North Beach, Chinatown, Telegraph Hill, North Waterfront, Financial District, Nob Hill, Union Square, Maiden Lane, Polk Gulch and part of Russian Hill.

At the end of his second set of two terms as Supervisor, Peskin ran as a candidate in the 2024 San Francisco mayoral election, where he placed third behind incumbent mayor London Breed and winner Daniel Lurie.

During his tenure on the Board of Supervisors, Peskin has been known both as a "neighborhood preservationist" by supporters or as a "NIMBY" by critics, as he has regularly sought to block new housing and other developments.

Polk Street
Polk Street (sometimes referred to by its name in German, Polkstrasse) is a street in San Francisco, California, that travels northward from Market Street to Beach Street and is one of the main thoroughfares of the Polk Gulch neighborhood traversing through the Tenderloin, Nob Hill, and Russian Hill neighborhoods. The street takes its name from former U.S. President James K. Polk.

The street also has bike lanes, which were approved in 2002. San Francisco bike route 25 runs along Polk Street, and is the only north–south route suitable for casual bicycle travel within at least a mile in either direction.
James Colbert (trader)
James Logan Colbert (c. 1720 – 7 January 1784) was a British trader who lived much of his life among the Chickasaw. He also served as an officer of the British Army who commanded an independent company in the Western Theater of the American Revolutionary War. In 1783, Colbert led an unsuccessful raid on the Franco-Spanish village of Arkansas Post, Louisiana (present-day U.S. state of Arkansas) in an attempt to capture Fort Carlos III.

Western theater of the American Revolutionary War
The western theater of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) was the area of conflict west of the Appalachian Mountains, the region which became the Old Northwest of the United States as well as what would become the states of Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, and Tennessee. The western war was fought between Indigenous peoples with their British allies in Detroit, and American settlers south and east of the Ohio River, and also the Spanish as allies of the latter.
So What? (While She Sleeps album)
So What? (stylised in all caps) is the fourth studio album by English metalcore band While She Sleeps. It was released on 1 March 2019, through the band's independent label Sleeps Brothers, in collaboration with Search and Destroy, Spinefarm Records, UNFD, and Universal Music. The album was produced by the band themselves and Carl Bown.

UNFD
UNFD (pronounced as an initialism [ /ˈjuːˈenˈefˈdiː/ ]) is an independent record label based in Melbourne, Australia. The label is home to a number of Australian artists including Thornhill, Ocean Grove, Hellions and In Hearts Wake, and international artists ERRA, Stray From the Path, Silverstein, Invent Animate, and more. The label has offices in London and Los Angeles.

UNFD is part of the UNIFIED Music Group, owned by Jaddan Comerford. Genres that the label lean towards include, but are not limited to; metalcore, electronicore, progressive metal and djent.
Capital punishment in the Soviet Union
Capital punishment in the Soviet Union was a legal penalty for most of the country's existence. The claimed legal basis for capital punishment was Article 22 of the Fundamental Principles of Criminal Legislation, which stated that the death penalty was permitted "as an exceptional measure of punishment, until its complete abolition".

According to Western estimates, in the early 1980s Soviet courts passed around 2,000 death sentences every year, of which two-thirds were commuted to prison terms. A 1991 Helsinki Watch report stated that in January of that year the Soviet Union for the first time published capital punishment data. It was disclosed that, in 1990, 445 individuals were given the death sentence, 195 people were executed and 29 death sentences were commuted. Execution took the form of a gunshot to the back of the head. The death penalty was not applied to minors or pregnant women.

Helsinki Watch
Helsinki Watch was a private American non-governmental organization established by Robert L. Bernstein in 1978, designed to monitor the former Soviet Union's compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Accords. Expanding in size and scope, Helsinki Watch began using media coverage to document human-rights violations committed by abusive governments. Since its inception, it produced several other watch committees dedicated to monitoring human rights in other parts of the world. In 1988, Helsinki Watch and its companion watch committees combined to form Human Rights Watch.
Bill Weld 2020 presidential campaign
On February 15, 2019, former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld announced the formation of an exploratory committee to consider running for the Republican nomination in the 2020 United States presidential election. On April 15, 2019, Weld officially announced he would be running for president, challenging incumbent Donald Trump. Weld previously was the 2016 Vice Presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party on the Gary Johnson ticket. Weld suspended his campaign on March 18, 2020. He subsequently endorsed Democratic nominee Joe Biden for president.

The Lead with Jake Tapper
The Lead with Jake Tapper is an American news broadcast hosted by news anchor Jake Tapper. The show has aired on CNN since March 18, 2013 in the network's pre-primetime timeslot.

The show currently airs weekdays live from 5:00 pm to 7:00 pm ET, and the 5:00 pm to 5:30 pm segment is also aired on CNN International.

The show contains a "lead" for different subjects. They are the National, Political, Money, Buried, Sports, World, Pop, Faith, Earth Matters, Tech, and Health leads.
William Richardson Linton
Rev. William Richardson Linton (2 April 1850 in Diddington, Huntingdonshire – 7 April 1908 in Ashbourne, Derbyshire), Corpus Christi College, M.A., was an English botanist and vicar of the parish of Shirley, Derbyshire. He was regarded as one of the leading batologists of his day.

Ashbourne, Derbyshire
Ashbourne is a market town in the Derbyshire Dales district in Derbyshire, England, 14 miles (23 km) west of Derby. Its population was measured at 8,377 in the 2011 census  and was estimated to have grown to 9,163 by 2019. It has many historical buildings and independent shops. The town offers a historic annual Shrovetide football match. Its position near the southern edge of the Peak District makes it the closest town to Dovedale, to which Ashbourne is sometimes referred to as the gateway.
A'Quonesia Franklin
A'Quonesia Krashun Franklin (born September 29, 1985), also known as Aqua, is an American basketball coach and former player. She played two seasons in the WNBA. She was a three-year captain of the Texas A&M team from the 2005–06 to 2007–08 seasons. She received All-America honorable mention honors from the Associated Press two times, and has also received all-Big 12 honors. In May 2019, she was named the head coach of the Lamar University women's basketball team.

Sacramento Monarchs
The Sacramento Monarchs were a professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California. They played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) from 1997 until folding on November 20, 2009. They played their home games at ARCO Arena.

The Monarchs were one of the WNBA's eight original franchises and were noted early on for standout players Ticha Penicheiro, Ruthie Bolton and Yolanda Griffith. They were the sister franchise of the Sacramento Kings National Basketball Association (NBA) team. They were one of the more successful WNBA franchises on the court, though they often trailed behind perennial Western Conference champions the Houston Comets and the Los Angeles Sparks. However, in 2005, the team brought Sacramento its first championship, winning the WNBA Finals for the only time.
1959 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1959 Philadelphia Phillies season was the 77th season in the history of the franchise. During spring training, manager Eddie Sawyer told the press, "We're definitely not a last place club... I think the biggest thing we've accomplished is getting rid of the losing complex. That alone makes us not a last place club." The Phillies finished in last place in 1959, seven games behind seventh-place St. Louis and 23 games behind the pennant and World Series winning Dodgers. They attracted 802,515 fans to Connie Mack Stadium, seventh in the eight-team league.

1959 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1959 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 78th season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 68th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 71–83 during the season and finished seventh in the National League, 16 games behind the NL pennant winner and World Champion Los Angeles Dodgers. They attracted 929,953 paying fans to Busch Stadium, fifth in the eight-team league.
GE BQ23-7
The GE BQ23-7 was a model of diesel locomotive manufactured by General Electric, a variant of the B23-7 built between 1978 and 1979 (the 'Q' stood for "crew Quarters"). It was mechanically identical to a regular B23-7, but equipped with an enlarged operating cab for accommodating the train crew, thus making a case for eliminating the caboose from the rear of freight trains. SCL no.5130-5139 were the only ones built. Following a practice dating back to ACL and SAL U30Bs of 1967, SCL's 10 BQ23-7s and 30 standard B23-7s were delivered riding on reconditioned Blomberg trucks from EMD trade-ins.

Only ten were built, all for the Seaboard Coast Line railroad, (originally no.5130–5139). CSX later inherited these locomotives, operating them into the late 1990s and early 2000s.

None of these locomotives survive today. All were scrapped in 2001.

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (reporting mark ACL) was a United States Class I railroad formed in 1900, though predecessor railroads had used the ACL brand since 1871. In 1967, it merged with long-time rival Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. Much of the original ACL network has been part of CSX Transportation since 1986.

The Atlantic Coast Line served the Southeast, with a concentration of lines in Florida. Numerous named passenger trains were operated by the railroad for Florida-bound tourists, with the Atlantic Coast Line contributing significantly to Florida's economic development in the first half of the 20th century.

At the end of 1925, ACL operated 4,924 miles of road, not including its flock of subsidiaries; after some merging, mileage at the end of 1960 was 5,570 not including A&WP, CN&L, East Carolina, Georgia, Rockingham, and V&CS. In 1960, ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles.
Executions in Rury Jezuickie
Executions in Rury Jezuickie were mass executions of Polish citizens carried out by German occupiers during the summer of 1940 near the village of Rury Jezuickie, located outside Lublin.

A nearby ravine, commonly known as "Doły", was selected by the Germans as the site for the executions of Polish political prisoners. Between 29 June and 15 August 1940, SS officers and Ordnungspolizei conducted five executions there, murdering at least 450 Poles transported from the prison at Lublin Castle. Among the victims were primarily members of the Polish political and intellectual elite from the Lublin Voivodeship, arrested as part of the so-called AB-Aktion.

Brigadeführer
Brigadeführer (German: [bʁiˈɡaːdəfyːʁɐ], lit. 'brigade leader') was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that was used between 1932 and 1945.  It was mainly known for its use as an SS rank. As an SA rank, it was used after briefly being known as Untergruppenführer in late 1929 and 1930.
Jerry Lin
Dr. Jerry Y.S. Lin is a Regents' Professor of Chemical Engineering in School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy at the Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona, US.  He publishes papers under the names “Y.S. Lin” or "Jerry Y.S. Lin".  From 2006 to 2009, he served as the Chemical Engineering Department Chair at Arizona State University, and now directs the Membrane and Energy Laboratory at ASU.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers
The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is a professional organization for chemical engineers. AIChE was established in 1908 to distinguish chemical engineers as professionals independent of chemists and mechanical engineers.

By 2024, AIChE had over 60,000 members from over 110 countries  (sources vary). There are over 350 active student chapters at universities worldwide. Student chapters aim to provide networking opportunities in academia and industry as well as increase student involvement locally and nationally.
Micropterix aureofasciella
Micropterix aureofasciella is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae which was described by Heath in 1986. It is only known from Algeria, where it occurs along the coastal belt from Algiers to Skikda (formerly known as Philippeville).

John Heath (entomologist)
John Heath (18 January 1922 – 6 July 1987) FRES was an English entomologist, specialising in lepidoptera. He helped to established data banks as a tool for conservation policy, both at a national and local level; was chief editor of The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland; and helped to develop the Heath Trap, a portable moth light used for recording moths at light.
Kuder–Richardson formulas
In psychometrics, the Kuder–Richardson formulas, first published in 1937, are a measure of internal consistency reliability for measures with dichotomous choices. They were developed by Kuder and Richardson.

Dichotomy
A dichotomy (/daɪˈkɒtəmi/) is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets). In other words, this couple of parts must be

jointly exhaustive: everything must belong to one part or the other, and

mutually exclusive: nothing can belong simultaneously to both parts.

If there is a concept A, and it is split into parts B and not-B, then the parts form a dichotomy: they are mutually exclusive, since no part of B is contained in not-B and vice versa, and they are jointly exhaustive, since they cover all of A, and together again give A.

Such a partition is also frequently called a bipartition. The two parts thus formed are complements. In logic, the partitions are opposites if there exists a proposition such that it holds over one and not the other. Treating continuous variables or multicategorical variables as binary variables is called dichotomization. The discretization error inherent in dichotomization is temporarily ignored for modeling purposes.
François-Pierre Blin
François-Pierre Blin or Pierre-François Blin, was born in Rennes on 8 June 1756, and died on 4 November 1834 in Chantenay-sur-Loire. He was a doctor and politician, and member of the Estates-General of 1789.

Estates General of 1789
The Estates General of 1789 (French: États Généraux de 1789) was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France.

Summoned by King Louis XVI, the Estates General of 1789 ended when the Third Estate, along with some members of the other estates, formed the National Assembly and, against the wishes of the king, invited the other two estates to join. This signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Arvachin Kavita
Arvachin Kavita (pronounced [ərvɑːtʃiːn kʌvɪtɑ]) is a 1946 critical work by Gujarati writer, poet and critic Tribhuvandas Luhar, pen-name 'Sundaram'. The book offers a historical and critical survey of modern Gujarati poetry from 1845 to 1945.

Gujarati literature
The history of Gujarati literature (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય, romanized: Gujarātī sāhitya) may be traced to 1000 AD, and this literature has flourished since then to the present. It is unique in having almost no patronage from a ruling dynasty, other than its composers.

Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Akademi and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Gujarat-based literary institutions promoting the Gujarati literature.
Corsi block-tapping test
The Corsi block-tapping test is a psychological test that assesses visuo-spatial short term working memory.  It involves mimicking a researcher as they tap a sequence of up to nine identical spatially separated blocks. The sequence starts out simple, usually using two blocks, but becomes more complex until the subject's performance suffers. This number is known as the Corsi Span, and average is about 5–6 for typically 'normal' human subjects.

Spatial visualization ability
Spatial visualization ability or visual-spatial ability is the ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures.  It is typically measured with simple cognitive tests and is predictive of user performance with some kinds of user interfaces.
Hazira Port
Hazira Port or Surat Port is a deep-water liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal and multi-cargo deep-water port about 20 miles southwest of Surat, India built by Essar Group. It was originally designed as a captive port for Essar Steel. The current container port has been acquired by Adani Group. The LNG facility is a joint venture between Shell Gas B.V (Shell) and Total Gaz Electricité Holdings France (Total). Shell has 74% stake in the venture, with Total holding the remainder.

Essar Steel
Essar Steel was a common name of the steel manufacturing companies of the Essar Group of Companies. Its main subsidiary was Essar Steel India Limited, a fully integrated flat carbon steel manufacturer based in Mumbai, which owned and operated a integrated steel plant in Hazira, Surat district of Gujarat state. In addition, it had also a beneficiation plant at Bailadilla, Chhattisgarh, and pellet plants at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, and Paradeep, Odisha. There was an integrated steel plant underconstruction in Paradeep.

After insolvency, Essar Steel India Limited was acquired by ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel India Limited.