hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Mas Deu
The Battle of Mas Deu or Battle of Mas d'Eu on 19 May 1793 saw the French Revolutionary Army of the Eastern Pyrenees under Louis-Charles de Flers fighting Bourbon Spain's army of Catalonia led by Antonio Ricardos.

The Spanish drove the outnumbered French soldiers out of their camp near Mas Deu and compelled them to retreat to Perpignan. The victory enabled the Spanish forces to lay siege to the Fort de Bellegarde, which dominated the best road through the Pyrenees from Barcelona into France. For the next month, Ricardos was preoccupied by the Siege of Bellegarde. Mas Deu is a former Knights Templar establishment east of the town of Trouillas in Pyrénées-Orientales. The action was fought during the War of the Pyrenees, part of the War of the First Coalition.

Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales (French: [piʁene ɔʁjɑ̃tal] ⓘ; Catalan: Pirineus Orientals [piɾiˈnɛwz uɾiənˈtals]; Occitan: Pirenèus Orientals [piɾeˈnɛwz uɾjenˈtals]; lit. 'Eastern Pyrenees'), also known as Northern Catalonia, is a department of the region of Occitania, Southern France, adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It borders the departments of Ariège to the northwest and Aude to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east and the Spanish province of Girona in Catalonia to the south and the country of Andorra to the west. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish exclave of Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain. In 2019, it had a population of 479,979. Some parts of the Pyrénées-Orientales (like the Cerdagne) are part of the Iberian Peninsula. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range. Historically, most of the department corresponds with the northern part of the medieval and early modern Principality of Catalonia.
Kiewit
Kiewit (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkiʋɪt]) is a Belgian parish and village within the northernmost extension of the Flemish municipality of Hasselt. It also borders on the municipality of Zonhoven to the north and Genk to the east, with Kuringen, another part of Hasselt, to the west.

Flemish Region
The Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest, pronounced [ˌvlaːms xəˈʋɛst] ⓘ), usually simply referred to as Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen [ˈvlaːndərə(n)] ⓘ), is one of the three regions of Belgium—alongside the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region. Covering the northern portion of the country, the Flemish Region is primarily Dutch-speaking. With an area of 13,626 km2 (5,261 sq mi), it accounts for only 45% of Belgium's territory, but 58% of its population. It is one of the most densely populated regions of Europe with around 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi).

The Flemish Region is distinct from the Flemish Community: the latter encompasses both the inhabitants of the Flemish Region and the Dutch-speaking minority living in the Brussels-Capital Region. It borders the Netherlands and France.
Arbeiterpolitik
Arbeiterpolitik, Wochenzeitschrift für wissenschaftlichen Sozialismus (English: Labor Politics, The Weekly Journal for Scientific Socialism) was a German scientific socialist weekly newspaper, published by Johann Knief and others for a radical left-wing group of Social-Democrats, the Bremer Linksradikale, in Bremen from 1916 to 1919. Among its notable contributors were Antonie Pannekoek and Otto Rühle.

The journal mostly wrote against the right wing and non-revolutionary tendencies of the SPD.

The magazine welcomed and defended the October Revolution. In 1918 individual chapters from The State and Revolution and from The Military Program of the Proletarian Revolution were published by Vladimir Lenin in the newspaper.

In 1919, the group behind Arbeiterpolitik joined the Communist Party of Germany.

The State and Revolution
The State and Revolution: The Marxist Doctrine of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution (Russian: Государство и революция. Учение марксизма о государстве и задачи пролетариата в революции, romanized: Gosudarstvo i revolyutsiya. Ucheniye marksizma o gosudarstve i zadachi proletariata v revolyutsii) is a book written by Vladimir Lenin and published in 1917 which describes his views on the role of the state in society, the necessity of proletarian revolution, and the theoretical inadequacies of social democracy in achieving revolution to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.
MI 09
The MI 09 (French: Matériel d'Interconnexion de 2009, lit. 'interconnection rolling stock of 2009') is a double-deck, dual-voltage electric multiple unit trainset operated on line A of the Réseau Express Régional (RER), a hybrid suburban commuter and rapid transit system serving Paris and its surrounding Île-de-France region.

A total of 140 five-car trainsets were built by a consortium of Alstom and Bombardier. Based on the earlier MI 2N series and part of Alstom's X'Trapolis Duplex platform, the MI 09 units were assembled at Alstom's factory in Valenciennes factory and Bombardier's facility in Crespin between 2010 and 2017. The first train entered service on 5 December 2011.

The MI 09 fleet replaced the older MS 61 rolling stock, which was retired in April 2016, and allowed the redeployment of MI 84 units to the RER B by early 2017.

Consortium
A consortium (pl. consortiums or consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations, or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal. Consortia are generally nonprofit with a goal to help its members improve their competitiveness in the specific field.

Consortium is a Latin word meaning "partnership", "association", or "society", and derives from consors ("shared in property"), itself from con- ("together") and sors ("fate").
Junction City, Oregon
Junction City is a city in Lane County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, it has a population of 6,747.

The Junction City area is notable for its Scandinavian heritage, with the city's Scandinavian Festival attracting over 100,000 visitors annually. Junction City was previously a center of recreational vehicle manufacturing.

Recreational vehicle
A recreational vehicle, often abbreviated as RV, is a motor vehicle or trailer that includes living quarters designed for accommodation. Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, coaches, caravans (also known as travel trailers and campers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers, and truck campers.

Typical amenities of an RV include a kitchen, a bathroom, and one or more beds. RVs can range from utilitarian – containing only sleeping quarters and basic cooking facilities – to luxurious, with features like air conditioning (AC), water heaters, televisions and satellite receivers, and quartz countertops.
Dennis Thiessen
Dennis Thiessen (born April 20, 1961, in Crystal City, Manitoba) is a Canadian wheelchair curler who was part of the winning team in wheelchair curling for Canada at the 2014 Winter Paralympics. He played on the winning Canadian team at the 2013 World Wheelchair Curling Championship. His disability is that at seventeen he lost his leg. He is the only Manitoban on the team and lives in Sanford, Manitoba.

He was inducted into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame in 2019.

Wheelchair curling
Wheelchair curling is an adaptation of curling for athletes with a disability affecting their lower limbs or gait. Wheelchair curling is governed by World Curling, and is one of the sports in the Winter Paralympic Games.
Hunter Boot Ltd
Hunter Boot Limited is a British footwear manufacturing company that is known for its rubber Wellington boots. Originally established in 1856 as the North British Rubber Company, the firm is headquartered in Edinburgh, Scotland. It also has offices in London, New York and Düsseldorf. In addition to rubber boots and other footwear, Hunter sells products such as bags, socks and accessories. It previously made tyres, conveyor belts, combs, golf balls, hot water bottles and rubber flooring. Hunter holds several Royal Warrants as suppliers of waterproof footwear. Green Wellington boots, now manufactured in China, are its best known product.

Comb
A comb is a tool consisting of a shaft that holds a row of teeth for pulling through the hair to clean, untangle, or style it.  Combs have been used since prehistoric times, having been discovered in very refined forms from settlements dating back to 5,000 years ago in Persia.

Weaving combs made of whalebone dating to the middle and late Iron Age have been found on archaeological digs in Orkney and Somerset.
De'Broski R. Herbert
De’Broski. R. Herbert is an immunologist, parasitologist, academic, and biomedical researcher. He ẁas appointed professor of immunology in 2021, and Penn Presidential Professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. He is also the associate director for Institute of Infectious and Zoonotic Disease (PennVet), and an affiliated Scientist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center.

Herbert has contributed to the fields of mucosal immunology, intestinal and pulmonary inflammation and host defense against different parasite species using both human and mouse systems. His scientific interests focus on exploring the regulatory networks that control immunity, inflammation and tissue repair at the mucosal interface.

Biomedical scientist
A biomedical scientist is a scientist trained in biology, particularly in the context of medical laboratory sciences or laboratory medicine. These scientists work to gain knowledge on the main principles of how the human body works and to find new ways to cure or treat disease by developing advanced diagnostic tools or new therapeutic strategies. The research of biomedical scientists is referred to as biomedical research.
Otto Smiseth
Otto Armin Smiseth (born 26 July 1949) is a Norwegian professor of medicine.

Hailing from Asker, he took his cand.med. degree at the University of Oslo in 1975 and his dr.med. degree at the University of Tromsø in 1993. His speciality is cardiac physiology. In 1995 he became a professor at the University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Asker Municipality (1838–2020)
Asker (Norwegian: Asker), also called Asker proper (Askerbygda or gamle Asker in Norwegian), is a district and former municipality in Akershus, Norway, located approximately 20km southwest of Oslo. From 2020 it is part of the larger administrative municipality Asker (also known as Greater Asker) together with the traditional Buskerud districts Røyken and Hurum; Asker constitutes the northern fourth and is part of the Greater Oslo Region. The administrative center was the town of Asker, which remains so for the new larger municipality. Asker was established as a parish in the Middle Ages and as a municipality on 1 January 1838.
Windsor Forest and Great Park
Windsor Forest and Great Park is a 1,778.9-hectare (4,396-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Berkshire and Surrey, located south of Windsor. It is a Special Area of Conservation and Windsor Forest is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I. Landscaped woodland gardens are Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. Windsor Great Park is a Royal Park of 2,020 hectares (5,000 acres), including a deer park,

This large site has woodland with many ancient trees and large areas of parkland. It is second only to the New Forest for the diversity of its invertebrates, including many Red Data Book beetles and flies. There is an internationally important population of the violet click beetle. The fungi species are very diverse, including some which are extremely rare.

Violet click beetle
The violet click beetle (Gambrinus violaceus, formerly Limoniscus violaceus) is a black beetle, 12 mm (0.5 in) long, with a faint blue/violet reflection. It gets its name from the family habit of springing upwards with an audible click if it falls on its back. It occurs in Europe.
Naked Dave
Naked Dave (The Naked Dave Project) refers to a series of paintings created by Laura Molina, inspired by her relationship with illustrator and Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens (1955-2008). A five-month-long relationship between the artists ended in early December 1978 after she miscarried their child at eleven weeks. Molina started the series in 1993 after an attempted reconciliation initiated by Stevens failed to settle things between them.

Stevens protested the use of his likeness, but Molina argued in her website commentary that she was protected from legal ramifications, citing Polydoros v. Twentieth Century Fox Film (67 Cal. App.4th 318, 1997), in which Michael Polydoros contended that David Mickey Evans, the writer-director of the movie The Sandlot had violated his privacy by including a character based on him. The courts ruled in favor of Twentieth Century Fox, stating the film was protected free speech.

The Sandlot
The Sandlot (released in some countries as The Sandlot Kids) is a 1993 American coming-of-age sports comedy film written by David Mickey Evans and Robert Gunter. Evans also directed the film and served as a narrator. It tells the story of a diverse group of young baseball players during Summer 1962. It stars Tom Guiry, Mike Vitar, Karen Allen, Denis Leary, and James Earl Jones. The film is set in the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, California and the filming locations were in Midvale, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, Utah.

The film was released on April 7, 1993, by 20th Century Fox. It grossed over $34 million worldwide. It was followed by two direct-to-video sequels The Sandlot 2 (2005) and The Sandlot: Heading Home (2007).
Black persimmon
Black persimmon can refer to two dark-fruited species of the persimmon and ebony genus Diospyros:

Diospyros nigra (Black sapote) from Central America

Diospyros texana (Texas persimmon) from the lower Rio Grande region of Texas and Mexico

Diospyros
Diospyros is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. Individual species valued for their hard, heavy, dark timber, are commonly known as ebony trees, while others are valued for their fruit and known as persimmon trees.  Some are useful as ornamentals and many are of local ecological importance. Species of this genus are generally dioecious, with separate male and female plants.
Helvetiaplatz (Zurich)
The Helvetiaplatz (lit. 'Helvetia square') is a public square located in Aussersihl (district 4) at the corner of Langstrasse and Stauffacherstrasse in Zurich.

The first project of pastor Ernst Sieber's Sozialwerke Pfarrer Sieber for homeless people started at Helvetiaplatz in winter 1963; the foundation is still based in Zürich-Aussersihl. The place is well known because of demonstrations on 1 May and against the World Economic Forum. Otherwise peaceful and multicultural events or demonstrations take place there. In 2006 and 2007 there was a great champion celebration after FC Zürich won the Swiss Axpo Super League. Every Tuesday and Friday from 6 to 11 o'clock you can find a market with a wide range of food products.

Directly at the Helvetiaplatz you can find the Volkshaus where there are regular events such as concerts or parties. Next to the Helvetiaplatz is the Kanzleiareal with a schoolhouse, the cultural centre called Kanzlei and the alternative cinema and bar named Xenix.

Ernst Sieber
Ernst Sieber (German pronunciation: [ɛʁnst ˈziːbɐ] ⓘ; 24 February 1927 – 19 May 2018) was a Swiss pastor, social activist and politician who served one term as a member of the National Council (Switzerland) for the Evangelical People's Party. Sieber was one of the most popular and best known personalities associated with the Swiss Reformed Church. He was ordained in the Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Zürich.

In 1963 he initiated the basis for the relief organisation Sozialwerke Pfarrer Sieber, founded in 1988 for "disadvantaged people, to help to alleviate the hardships around addiction, disease, violence and homelessness". This was primarily financed by his activities as an author.
Paraphrasing (computational linguistics)
Paraphrase or paraphrasing in computational linguistics is the natural language processing task of detecting and generating paraphrases. Applications of paraphrasing are varied including information retrieval, question answering, text summarization, and plagiarism detection. Paraphrasing is also useful in the evaluation of machine translation, as well as semantic parsing and generation of new samples to expand existing corpora.

Evaluation of machine translation
Various methods for the evaluation for machine translation have been employed. This article focuses on the evaluation of the output of machine translation, rather than on performance or usability evaluation.
1972 South Korean constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in South Korea on 21 November 1972. President Park Chung-hee had suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly in October.  Work began almost immediately on a new constitution.  The finished product, the Yushin Constitution, was a severely authoritarian document that dramatically expanded the president's powers and allowed him to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. For all intents and purposes, the document concentrated all governing power in Park's hands.

According to official figures, the new document was approved by 92.3% of voters, with a turnout of 91.9%. The adoption of the constitution upon the announcement of the official referendum results ushered in the Fourth Republic of South Korea.

Constitution of South Korea
The Constitution of the Republic of Korea is the supreme law of South Korea. It was promulgated on July 17, 1948, and was amended nine times with the last revision of the constitution amended on October 29, 1987.

The constitution consists of ten chapters and 130 articles and codifies South Korea's basic principles on politics, economy, culture and national defense, the basic rights and duties of the country's citizens, the organization of the South Korean government and the country's national symbols.
USCGC Healy
USCGC Healy (WAGB-20) is the United States' largest and most technologically advanced icebreaker as well as the US Coast Guard's largest vessel. She is classified as a medium icebreaker by the Coast Guard. She is homeported in Seattle, Washington, and was commissioned in 1999. On 6 September 2001 Healy visited the North Pole for the first time. The second visit occurred on 12 September 2005. On 5 September 2015, Healy became the first unaccompanied United States surface vessel to reach the North Pole, and Healy's fourth Pole visit (and her second unaccompanied visit) happened on 30 September 2022.

USCGC Polar Sea
USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11) is a United States Coast Guard heavy icebreaker.  Commissioned on 23 February 1978, the ship was built by Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company of Seattle along with her sister ship, Polar Star (WAGB-10). Her home port is Seattle, Washington.

Polar Sea has been out of service as of 2010 due to failure of five of her six Alco main diesel engines. Between 2010 and 2023, Polar Sea has been used as a parts donor for sister ship Polar Star. In 2024, the ship was towed to and placed in mothball status in Suisun Bay, California.
Au Chun-wah
Ray-Joshua Au Chun-wah (Chinese: 區鎮樺, 1 October 1980 - 17 March 2024) was a member of the Tai Po Central constituency of the Tai Po District Council in Hong Kong, and formerly member of the Kwong Fuk and Plover Wu constituency of the Tai Po District Council in Hong Kong. He was a member of The Frontier, the Democratic Party, and the District Government Alliance vice-convener.

Au died on 17 March 2024.

The Frontier (Hong Kong)
The Frontier was a pro-democracy political group in Hong Kong. It was founded on 26 August 1996 by a group of Legislative Council members and democratic activists headed by Convenor Emily Lau. It was merged into the Democratic Party, the pro-democracy flagship party on 23 November 2008. A new party bearing the same name was established in 2010 by former members who opposed the previous Frontier joining the Democratic Party.
Devavesm Palace
Devavesm Palace (Thai: วังเทวะเวสม์ RTGS: Wang Thewawet [tʰeː.wá.wêːt]) is a former royal residence in Thailand located on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya river near the counterpart Bang Khun Phrom Palace.

Chao Phraya River
The Chao Phraya River (Thai: แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา) is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand.
West Liberty Foods
West Liberty Foods, L.L.C. is a farmer-owned food company headquartered in West Liberty, Iowa. Recognized as one of the top-50 protein processors in North America, the company has the capacity to produce over 650 million pounds of food products per year across four facilities. According to the National Provisioner, West Liberty Foods is the 34th-largest meat and poultry processor in the United States.

West Liberty Foods meat and poultry products can be found in grocery stores and restaurant chains nationwide, and has four locations: West Liberty, Iowa; Mount Pleasant, Iowa; Tremonton, Utah; and Bolingbrook, Illinois.

Mount Pleasant, Iowa
Mount Pleasant is a city in and the county seat of Henry County in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 9,274 in the 2020 census, an increase from 8,668 in the 2010 census. It was founded in 1835 by pioneer Presley Saunders.
Isaquias Queiroz
Isaquias Queiroz dos Santos (born 3 January 1994), also known as Isaquias Guimarães Queiroz, is a Brazilian sprint canoeist who has competed since 2005. He is the first Brazilian athlete to ever win three medals in a single edition of the Olympic Games, and the second most decorated Brazilian athlete with five medals overall, including a gold medal.

ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships are an international event in canoe racing, one of two top-tier Summer Olympic sport events organized by the International Canoe Federation (the other being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships). They are usually held every non-Olympic year and have officially included paracanoe events since 2010; paracanoe-specific editions of this event (named ICF Paracanoe World Championships) are usually held in Summer Paralympic years.

Prior to November 2008, canoe sprint was known as flatwater racing.
Greenfield Hebrew Academy
Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (GHA), founded in 1953, was the first Jewish day school in Metro Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It was located in Sandy Springs. GHA was also the first Jewish day school in the country to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS), and has been honored twice as a National School of Excellence by the Council for American Private Education.

As of July 1, 2014, the school officially merged with the modern Orthodox high school, Yeshiva Atlanta, founded in 1971, and the combined school is called Atlanta Jewish Academy. In November 2017 it had a ribbon cutting for the opening of a $9 million, 19,000-square-foot (1,800 m2) addition to its Northland Drive campus in Sandy Springs.

Sandy Springs, Georgia
Sandy Springs is a city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, within the  Atlanta metropolitan area. The city's population was 108,080 at the 2020 census, making it Georgia's 7th-most populous city. It is the site of several corporate headquarters, including UPS, Newell Brands, Inspire Brands, Focus Brands, Cox Enterprises, and Mercedes-Benz USA's corporate offices.