hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Koolhoven
N.V. Koolhoven was an aircraft manufacturer based in Rotterdam, Netherlands. From its conception in 1926 to its destruction in the Blitzkrieg in May 1940, the company remained the second major Dutch aircraft manufacturer (after Fokker). Although many of its aircraft were as unsuccessful economically as they were brilliant from a design standpoint, the company managed to score several 'hits', amongst them the FK-58 single-seat monoplane fighter, the FK-50 twin-engine passenger transport, and the FK-41, built in England under licence by Desoutter.

KLM
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, or simply KLM (an abbreviation for their official name Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. [ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈlʏxtfaːrt ˌmaːtsxɑˈpɛi ˌɛnˈveː], lit. 'Royal Aviation Company'), is the flag carrier of the Netherlands. KLM’s headquarters are located in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM group and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the oldest operating airline still using its original name, having gone through significant changes in its ownership and legal structure over its history, including a period of majority government ownership. The company had a fleet of 110 aircraft (excluding subsidiaries) and 35,488 employees as of 2021. KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations.
Basumatary
Basumatary or Basumatari is a surname found among the majority Boro people of north-eastern India. Basumatary comes from the word Biswamutiyari, meaning Earth-folk. The members of the clan cannot bury their dead or erect a funeral pyre without paying a token amount to Mother Earth through Basumatarys. Basumatary is derived from the Hindu earth goddess Bwiswmuti (Bhudevi), consort of Varaha (third incarnation of Vishnu). She is the mythical mother of the Boro people.

The mythical dynasty of Boros, the Bhauma dynasty derived its name from Bhudevi/biswamuti. Bhauma dynasty was founded by mythical Bodo/Boro hari (including most of the tribes, e.g. Karbi, Naga, Rabha, Kok Borok, Mizo,Deuri and others)/Boro king Narakasura, the son of Baraha and Bwiswmuti. All Kamrupa kings drew their lineage from Narakasura and called themselves as Baro Raja(king of Boros).

Varaha
Varaha (Sanskrit: वराह, Varāha, "boar") is the avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu, in the form of a boar. Varaha is generally listed as third in the Dashavatara, the ten principal avatars of Vishnu.

In legend, when the demon Hiranyaksha steals the earth goddess Bhumi and hid her in the primordial waters, Vishnu appears as Varaha to rescue her. Varaha kills Hiranyaksha and retrieves the earth from the cosmic ocean, lifting her on his tusks, and restores her to her place in the universe.

Varaha is depicted as a boar or in an anthropomorphic form, with a boar's head and the human body. Varaha is often depicted lifting his consort Bhumi, the earth.
Kushalgarh Thikana
Kushalgarh Thikana was a Rajput princely thikana (feudal estate) in present-day Banswara district of Rajasthan, India. It was historically part of the Rajputana Agency during the British colonial period and was ruled by the Ramawat Rathores, a branch of the Rathore dynasty.

Rathore dynasty
The Rathore dynasty is an Indian dynasty belonging to the Rathore clan of Rajputs that has historically ruled over parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand. The Rathores trace their ancestry from the Suryavamsha (Solar dynasty) and to the Rashtrakutas and later to the Gahadavalas of Kannauj, migrating to Marwar region of Rajasthan after the fall of Kannauj.
Richard Coe Henders
Richard Coe Henders (July 6, 1853 – May 2, 1932) was a Canadian farmer, Methodist minister, and politician.

Born in Yelverton, Canada West, the son of Henry Henders and Frances Coe, Henders attended Bowmanville High School and Victoria University in Cobourg, Ontario. A Methodist minister for twenty years, he was a farmer in Winnipeg. He was President of the Manitoba Grain Growers' Association and Vice-President of the Canadian Council of Agriculture. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for Macdonald in 1917. A Unionist, he did not seek re-election in 1921.

He died in 1932 in Winnipeg.

Cobourg
Cobourg (/ˈkoʊbɜːrɡ/ KOH-burg) is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Southern Ontario 95 km (59 mi) east of Toronto and 62 km (39 mi) east of Oshawa. It is the largest town in and seat of Northumberland County. Its nearest neighbour is Port Hope, 7 km (4 mi) to the west. It is located along Highway 401 (exits 472 and 474) and the former Highway 2 (now Northumberland County Road 2). To the south, Cobourg borders Lake Ontario. To the north, east and west, it is surrounded by Hamilton Township.
Kölliken
Kölliken is a municipality in the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It was also home to one of the two most toxic hazardous waste landfills in all of Switzerland.   The other site is in Bonfol, Canton Jura.

Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is waste that must be handled properly to avoid damaging human health or the environment. Waste can be hazardous because it is toxic, reacts violently with other chemicals, or is corrosive, among other traits. As of 2022, humanity produces 300–500 million metric tons of hazardous waste annually. Some common examples are electronics, batteries, and paints. An important aspect of managing hazardous waste is safe disposal. Hazardous waste can be stored in hazardous waste landfills, burned, or recycled into something new. Managing hazardous waste is important to achieve worldwide sustainability. Hazardous waste is regulated on national scale by national governments as well as on an international scale by the United Nations (UN) and international treaties. A controlled waste is subject to legislative control in its handling or its disposal.
Stephen Conway (cricketer)
Stephen Lawrence John Conway (born 15 November 1974) is an English university manager and former first-class cricketer.

Conway was born at Stockton-on-Tees in November 1974. He studied chemistry at Jesus College, Oxford and completed a doctorate with Professor Malcolm Green. While at Oxford, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Oxford University against Essex at Chelmsford in 1999. Conway has held a number of senior roles in university management including at the University of Oxford and the Open University. He became a fellow of Jesus College, Oxford and in 2018 he was appointed to the post of executive director of Research Services at the University of Oxford.

County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford
The County Ground in Chelmsford, Essex, has been the official home ground of Essex County Cricket Club since 1967. It has been used for first-class cricket since 1925 and List A matches since 1969. The capacity is 6,500, mostly in single-tier seating with a single double-tiered stand. The pavilion was completed in the 1970s.
Andoniaina Andriamalala
Andoniaina Andriamalala (born March 8, 1985) is a Malagasy footballer currently plays for CNaPS. He represented the Madagascar national team during 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification and at the 2019 Indian Ocean Island Games.

2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
Qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations. Each confederation – the AFC (Asia), CAF (Africa), CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean), CONMEBOL (South America), OFC (Oceania), and UEFA (Europe) – was allocated a certain number of the 32 places at the tournament. A total of 205 teams entered the qualification competition, with South Africa, as the host, qualifying for the World Cup automatically. The first qualification matches were played on 25 August 2007 and qualification concluded on 18 November 2009. Overall, 2,338 goals were scored over 852 matches, scoring on average 2.74 per match.
Paul Hood (coach)
Paul Hood is a former Australian rules footballer and coach. He was the inaugural senior coach of the Geelong Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW).

Hood played for the Geelong Falcons in the TAC Cup as a junior. He won the 1995 Morrish Medal as the best and fairest player in the competition, receiving 26 votes. Hood went on to represent North Ballarat Football Club and Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL), and St Joseph's Football Club in the Geelong Football League.

He returned to the Falcons in 2010 as their coach and became Geelong's VFL coach for 2015. In 2016, he became the club's player development manager and visited Elcho Island to scout potential players. Hood was named coach of Geelong's new VFL Women's side for 2017 and oversaw the team through their transfer to the AFLW competition in 2019. In May 2021, after winning only one match in the 2021 AFL Women's season, Hood resigned from his position as head coach of Geelong.

Geelong Football Netball League
The Geelong Football Netball League is an Australian rules football and netball league in Victoria, Australia. It is widely regarded as the highest-standard Australian rules football league in regional Victoria, with several former AFL players now playing for a variety of clubs.
Witch trials in the early modern period
In the early modern period, from about 1400 to 1775, about 100,000 people were prosecuted for witchcraft in Europe and  British America. Between 40,000 and 60,000 were executed, almost all in Europe. The witch hunts were particularly severe in parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Prosecutions for witchcraft reached a high point from 1560 to 1630, during the Counter-Reformation and the European wars of religion. Among the lower classes, accusations of witchcraft were usually made by neighbors, and women and men made formal accusations of witchcraft. Magical healers or 'cunning folk' were sometimes prosecuted for witchcraft, but seem to have made up a minority of the accused. Roughly 80% of those convicted were women, most of them over the age of 40. In some regions, convicted witches were burnt at the stake, the traditional punishment for religious heresy.

Zaubererjackl witch trials
The Zaubererjackl trials ('Magician Jackls process') or Salzburg witch trials, which took place in the city of Salzburg in 1675–1690, was one of the largest and most famous witch trials in Austria, which had been relatively free from witch hunts due in large part to the tolerance of Emperor Maximilian II, but this attitude disappeared with the accession of the Jesuit Rudolf II who went on to codify the imperial practice of burning over the next forty years. It led to the execution of 139 people. It was an unusual witch trial, as the majority of its victims were males.
Carlson Sparrow
The Carlson Sparrow is a family of American, high wing, strut-braced, single engine, ultralight aircraft that was designed by Ernst W. Carlson and produced by Carlson Aircraft of East Palestine, Ohio and later Skyline Technologies of Salem, Ohio for amateur construction.

East Palestine, Ohio
East Palestine (/ˌpælɪˈstiːn/ PAL-ist-EEN) is a village in Columbiana County, Ohio, United States. The population was 4,761 at the 2020 census. It is located on the Ohio–Pennsylvania border, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Youngstown and 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Pittsburgh.

The village was home to industries in ceramics and tire manufacturing from the 1870s until the mid-1960s. East Palestine is located along the Norfolk Southern Railway and has a freight train station. In 2023, the village was near the site of a major train derailment that spilled vinyl chloride and triggered significant evacuations in the jurisdiction.
Gallarate
Gallarate (Italian: [ɡallaˈraːte]; Lombard: Galaraa) is a city and comune of Alto Milanese of Lombardy and of Milan metropolitan area, northern Italy, in the Province of Varese. It has a population of 52.886 people (Jan 2025)

It is the junction of railways to Varese, Laveno and Arona (for the Simplon). Some 10 kilometres (6 miles) to the west are the electric works of Vizzola, where 23,000 hp are derived from the river Ticino. Its territory is crossed by the river Arnetta and belongs to the Ticino Natural Park.

The city had a strong textile industry in the first part of the 19th century.

In common with other nearby cities, such as Casorate Sempione and Samarate, its name comes from Latin.

Samarate
Samarate is a town and comune (municipality) located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy.  It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on February 2, 2009.  The frazione of Cascina Costa houses the headquarters of the former AgustaWestland, merged into Leonardo since 2016, one of the world's largest producers of helicopters.
McKay Creek
McKay Creek (77°39′S 162°45′E﻿ / ﻿77.650°S 162.750°E﻿ / -77.650; 162.750) is a meltwater stream, 250 metres (270 yd) long, heading on Suess Glacier west-southwest of the west end of Lake Chad at about 100 metres (330 ft) elevation and flowing east-northeast into Lake Chad in Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1996 after Christopher P. McKay, a NASA planetary scientist, who conducted limnological research on Lake Hoare from 1982 and pioneered the use of year-round environmental data collection in dry valley ecosystems.

Victoria Land
Victoria Land is a region in eastern Antarctica which fronts the western side of the Ross Sea and the Ross Ice Shelf, extending southward from about 70°30'S to 78°00'S, and westward from the Ross Sea to the edge of the Antarctic Plateau. It was discovered by Captain James Clark Ross in January 1841 and named after Queen Victoria. The rocky promontory of Minna Bluff is often regarded as the southernmost point of Victoria Land, and separates the Scott Coast to the north from the Hillary Coast of the Ross Dependency to the south.
Someday My Prince Will Come (Miles Davis album)
Someday My Prince Will Come is a studio album by American jazz musician Miles Davis, released on December 11, 1961, by Columbia Records. Recorded at Columbia's 30th Street Studio in Manhattan, New York City, it marked the only Miles Davis Quintet studio recording session to feature saxophonist Hank Mobley.

Philly Joe Jones
Joseph Rudolph "Philly Joe" Jones (July 15, 1923 – August 30, 1985) was an American jazz drummer. He was noted for being able to adjust his style of playing to allow for any group or individual's needs.
Lord Edgware Dies (film)
Lord Edgware Dies  is a 1934 British mystery film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Austin Trevor, Jane Carr, and Richard Cooper. The film was based on the 1933 Agatha Christie novel Lord Edgware Dies.

Trevor reprised his role as Hercule Poirot for a third time, having previously played him in Alibi and Black Coffee, both released in 1931. Like them, it was filmed at Twickenham Film Studios. While the two earlier films are now lost, this production still survives.

During Julius Hagen's tenure at Twickenham, the studios had specialised in production of murder mysteries as quota quickies. Although Hagen undoubtedly had ambitions for this film to be a more prestigious production, with a larger budget, the similarities to the studio's more routine output led most cinemas to show it as a second feature. The film's sets were designed by the art director James Carter.

Cinematograph Films Act 1927
The Cinematograph Films Act 1927 (17 & 18 Geo. 5. c. 29) was an act of the UK Parliament designed to stimulate the declining British film industry. It received royal assent on 22 December 1927 and came into force on 1 April 1928.
Gryady, Kursk Oblast
Gryady (Russian: Гряды) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Platavsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Konyshyovsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:  72 (2010 Census); 109 (2002 Census);

Kursk Oblast
Kursk Oblast (Russian: Курская область, romanized: Kurskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [ˈkurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. As of the 2021 census, Kursk Oblast had a population of 1,082,458.
Jaques Étienne Gay
Jaques Étienne Gay (1786 in Switzerland – 1864) was a Swiss-French botanist, civil servant, collector and taxonomist. His name is associated with plants in standardised botanical nomenclature, e.g. Crocus sieberi J.Gay. He was the most famous of the students of botanist Jean François Aimée Gaudin with whom he began collecting plants at the age of 14. He was married to Rosalie Nillion.

The botanical genus Gaya was named in his honour, as 
well as the genus Neogaya belonging to the family Apiaceae. Also the species Potamogeton gayi A.Benn. in 1892.

Apiaceae
Apiaceae (/ˌeɪpiˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ ⓘ), also called Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.
Shovkra
Shovkra (Russian: Шовкра; Lak: Шавкӏул) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Shovkrinsky Selsoviet, Laksky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 581 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

Lak language
Lak (лакку маз, [lakːu maz]) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within the family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six official languages. It is spoken by about 157,000 people.
North American Association of Teachers of Polish
North American Association of Teachers of Polish (NAATPl) is a professional organization established by Polish language instructors and teachers in North America to promote the teaching, learning, and research of Polish as a second language. Among its main objectives are increasing the visibility of Polish language programs and centers in North America, fostering professional development among Polish as a foreign language professionals, encouraging research in Polish language pedagogy, providing a shared forum for experiences and ideas, and organizing Polish language events such as panels, roundtables, and workshops. NAATPl was founded in May 2015 and, as an affiliate of the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages (AATSEEL), holds its  annual general meetings in conjunction with AATSEEL conferences.

Second-language acquisition
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language.

SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives:

Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes.

Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social interaction and immersion

Linguistic studies examine the innate and learned aspects of language.

Individual factors like age, motivation, and personality also influence SLA, as seen in discussions on the critical period hypothesis and learning strategies. In addition to acquisition, SLA explores language loss, or second-language attrition, and the impact of formal instruction on learning outcomes.
Jaan Port
Jaan Port  (9 February 1891 in Raassilla, Holstre Parish (now, Viljandi Parish) – 24 January 1950 in Tartu) was an Estonian botanist.

He graduated from the University of Tartu in 1926. From 1927 to 1929 Port complemented his gardening knowledge in Germany. Between 1930 and 1937 he worked as the prime gardener in the Botanical Garden of the University of Tartu. In 1932 he received the PhD in botany. Later 1937–1940 Port served as the director of Tartu Teachers' Seminar.

Notable publications include Iluaiad ja kodu ümbruse kaunistus (1933), Aianduse õpperaamat (1940) and Ehisaiandus (1949)

Jaan Port's son was notable architect Mart Port and grandson is sports biologist Kristjan Port..

Jaan port is buried at the Tartu Maarja cemetery (part of Raadi cemetery).

Raadi cemetery
Raadi cemetery, (Estonian: Raadi kalmistu) is the oldest and largest burial ground in Tartu, Estonia, dating back to 1773. Many prominent historical figures are buried there. It is also the largest Baltic German cemetery in Estonia after the destruction of Kopli cemetery in Tallinn. Until 1841, it was the only cemetery in the town.

The cemetery currently includes several smaller graveyard sections, the oldest of which date back to 1773.
Shorapani
Shorapani (Georgian: შორაპანი [ʃo̞ɾäpʼän̪i]) is a small Georgian town, situated in the Zestaponi District, part of the region of Imereti. Founded in the 3rd century BC, it served as a residence of the eristavi (dukes) of Argveti (also known as the Duchy of Shorapani) in the Antiquity and the early Middle Ages.

Near the town are the ruins of a fortress, mentioned as Sarapana by Strabo and Sarapanis by Procopius as a strong position on the road that led from Colchis to Iberia.

Procopius
Procopius of Caesarea (/proʊˈkoʊpiəs/; Ancient Greek: Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς Prokópios ho Kaisareús; Latin: Procopius Caesariensis; c. 500 – 565) was a prominent late antique Greek scholar and historian from Caesarea Maritima. Accompanying the Roman general Belisarius in Emperor Justinian's wars, Procopius became the principal historian of the 6th century, writing the History of the Wars, the Buildings, and the infamous Secret History.
Laytongku
Laytongku or Lay Tong Ku (Thai: เลตองคุ, RTGS: Letongkhu)  in S'gaw Karen: Letawkho, is a Karen village on the south-western tip of Tambon Mae Chan Subdistrict of Umphang District in Thailand's Tak Province and the extreme north-western tip of Kanchanaburi Province. It is located in a valley of the Dawna Range, within the area of Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary and Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary. It is inhabited by an (orthodox) animist Talaku, 'S'gaw Karen', or (Telekhon) Karen Hill Tribe and is the location of the centuries long site of the principal animist shrine (sanctuary) for the Talaku (Telekhon) Karen faith.

Laytongku appeared in the news in 2017 because of an unauthorized removal of an ancient pair of elephant tusks held sacred by the villagers.

The village is located on the Thai-Myanmar border along the border of the Karen State of Burma.

Hill tribe (Thailand)
"Hill tribe" (Thai: ชาวเขา, pronounced [tɕʰāːw kʰǎw]; Northern Thai: จาวดอย, คนดอย, pronounced [tɕāːw dɔ̄ːj, kʰōn dɔ̄ːj]; 'mountain people/folk') is a term used in Thailand to encompass some of the ethnic groups who mostly inhabit the high mountainous northern and western regions of Thailand, including both sides of the border areas between northern Thailand, Laos and Burma, the Phi Pan Nam Range, the Thanon Range, the latter a southern prolongation of the Shan Hills, as well as the Tenasserim Hills in Western Thailand.