hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of cognition
The evolution of cognition is the process by which life on Earth has gone from organisms with little to no cognitive function to a greatly varying display of cognitive function that we see in organisms today. Animal cognition is largely studied by observing behavior, which makes studying extinct species difficult. The definition of cognition varies by discipline; psychologists tend to define cognition by human behaviors, while ethologists have widely varying definitions. Ethological definitions of cognition range from only considering cognition in animals to be behaviors exhibited in humans, while others consider any action involving a nervous system to be cognitive.

Animal cognition
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals, including insect cognition. The study of animal conditioning and learning used in this field was developed from comparative psychology. It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology;  the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used. Many behaviors associated with the term animal intelligence are also subsumed within animal cognition.

Researchers have examined animal cognition in mammals (especially primates, cetaceans, elephants, bears, dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cattle, raccoons and rodents), birds (including parrots, fowl, corvids and pigeons), reptiles (lizards, crocodilians, snakes, and turtles), fish and invertebrates (including cephalopods, spiders and insects).
Chilean destroyer Ministro Portales
Ministro Portales was a Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer purchased by Chile in 1974 from the United States that had been upgraded to FRAM II.  Built and commissioned as USS Douglas H. Fox (DD-779) in 1944, the ship saw service during World War II and the Korean War. Between 1975 and 1976, the vessel was refitted with an extension on the flight deck for Alouette-III Helicopters.

Ministro Portales participated in the counteractive measures to the Operation Soberanía during the Beagle conflict in 1978. In this period, all the Chilean navy ships were camouflaged.

The vessel served the navy of Chile until it was taken off active duty and towed from Talcahuano to Puerto Williams, arriving at the wharf on 18 September 1991. There, it was a static support vessel for the local torpedo boat fleet until their replacement by missile boats.

On 11 November 1998, Ministro Portales was used as a target and sunk during a practice exercise.

Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization
The Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program of the United States Navy extended the lives of World War II-era destroyers by shifting their mission from a surface attack role to that of a submarine hunter. The FRAM program also covered cruisers, aircraft carriers,  submarines, amphibious ships, and auxiliaries. The United States Coast Guard also used this term in the 1980s for the modernization of its Hamilton-class cutters.
Harald Servus
Harald Servus (born 13 June 1965) is an Austrian politician of the People's Party serving as a member of the National Council since 2024. He has served as director of Wirtschaftsbund Niederösterreich since 2012.

National Council (Austria)
The National Council (Austrian German: Nationalrat, pronounced [nat͡si̯oˈnaːlˌʁaːt] ⓘ) is one of the two houses of the Austrian Parliament and is frequently referred to as the lower house. The constitution endows the National Council with far more power than the Federal Council.
Edvard Schiffauer
Tomáš Edvard Schiffauer (born 26 March 1942), more commonly known as Edvard Schiffauer, is a Czech composer of classical music. He is mainly a composer of music for theatre. He moreover composed vocal pieces like operas, an oratorio, a mass and others, along with chamber music, such as sonatas, sonatinas, a string quartet, pieces for a brass quintet, a wind octet, a string trio and more.

Sonata
In music, a sonata (/səˈnɑːtə/; pl. sonate) is a piece that consists of 3 or 4 movements that can be for different musical instruments.: 17  The term evolved through the history of music, designating a variety of forms until the Classical era, when it took on increasing importance. Sonata is a vague term, with varying meanings depending on the context and time period. By the early 19th century it came to represent a principle of composing large-scale works. It was applied to most instrumental genres and regarded—alongside the fugue—as one of two fundamental methods of organizing, interpreting and analyzing concert music. Though the musical style of sonatas has changed since the Classical era, most 20th- and 21st-century sonatas maintain the overarching structure.

The term sonatina, pl. sonatine, the diminutive form of sonata, is often used for a short or technically easy sonata.
Alexander Halliday
Sir Alexander Norman Halliday FRS (born 11 August 1952) is a British geochemist and academic who is the Founding Dean Emeritus of the Columbia Climate School, and Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University. He joined the Earth Institute in April 2018, after spending more than a decade at the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oxford, during which time he was dean of science and engineering. He is also a professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University.

The Earth Institute
The Earth Institute was a research institute at Columbia University created in 1995 for addressing complex issues facing the planet and its inhabitants, with a focus on sustainable development. With an interdisciplinary approach, this includes research in climate change, geology, global health, economics, management, agriculture, ecosystems, urbanization, energy, hazards, and water. The Earth Institute's activities are guided by the idea that science and technological tools that already exist could be applied to greatly improve conditions for the world's poor, while preserving the natural systems that support life on Earth.
Benjamin Northey
Benjamin Northey (born 1970) is an Australian conductor, musician and arranger. He is currently Professor of Conducting at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. He has been chief conductor of the Christchurch Symphony Orchestra in New Zealand since 2015. He is also the Principal Guest Conductor of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (MSO) having previously been principal conductor-in-residence from 2020 to 2023. He was previously the associate conductor of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra from 2010 to 2019. From 2025 he has been appointed conductor-in-residence of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. He is also the artistic director of the Australian Conducting Academy, a national training program for Australian and New Zealand conductors.

Wynton Marsalis
Wynton Learson Marsalis (born October 18, 1961) is an American trumpeter, composer, and music instructor, who is currently the artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. He has been active in promoting classical and jazz music, often to young audiences. Marsalis has won nine Grammy Awards, and his 1997 oratorio Blood on the Fields was the first jazz composition to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music. Marsalis is the only musician to have won a Grammy Award in both jazz and classical categories in the same year.
Benjamin Schwartz (linguist)
Benjamin Schwartz (died 1981) was an American linguist, specializing in ancient languages and texts from the Middle East.

He taught for a time at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. His main interests were Indoeuropean languages, Anatolian texts and languages (such as Hittite and Luwian), Judaeo-Greek hymns, and the Phaistos disk.

He died on December 26, 1981.

Luwian language
Luwian (/ˈluːwiən/ LOO-wee-ən), sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. The ethnonym Luwian comes from Luwiya (also spelled Luwia or Luvia) – the name of the region in which the Luwians lived. Luwiya is attested, for example, in the Hittite laws.

The two varieties of Luwian are known after the scripts in which they were written: Cuneiform Luwian (CLuwian) and Hieroglyphic Luwian (HLuwian). There is no consensus as to whether these were a single language or two closely related languages.
Madhira railway station
Madhira railway station (station code:MDR) is a fifth grade non-suburban (NSG–5) category Indian railway station in Secunderabad railway division of South Central Railway zone. It is located in Hyderabad of the Indian state of Telangana. It was selected as one of the 21 stations to be developed under Amrit Bharat Stations scheme.

The station is situated on the Kazipet-Vijayawada section of the New Delhi-Chennai main line and is an important halt for several express and passenger trains. The station code of Madhira railway station is "MDR". The station has two platforms and serves 29 halting trains. However, there are no trains that originate or terminate at this station.

New Delhi – Chennai main line
The New Delhi–Chennai line, earlier known as Delhi–Madras line, is an Indian railway line connecting New Delhi and Chennai Central. It is one of the seven major trunk routes of the Indian Railways. It traverses about 2,182 km (1,356 mi) across the states of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. The line forms part of the planned Diamond Quadrilateral rail network. The route is used by the Grand Trunk Express and as such is referred to as the Grand Trunk Route.
David Parkes Masson
Sir David Parkes Masson CIE VD FRPSL (1847 – 30 December 1915) was a British philatelist, who was one of the "Fathers of Philately" entered on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921. He was a wealthy banker in India, owned large estates in Malaysia, served as a British military officer, and held a number of important public offices in British India.

Order of the Indian Empire
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria on 1 January 1878. The Order includes members of three classes:

Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)

Knight Commander (KCIE)

Companion (CIE)

Appointments terminated after 1947, the year that British India became the independent Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. With the death of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja Meghrajji III of Dhrangadhra, the order became dormant in 2010.
The motto of the Order is Imperatricis auspiciis, (Latin for "Under the auspices of the Empress"), a reference to Queen Victoria, the first Empress of India. The Order is the junior British order of chivalry associated with the British Indian Empire; the senior one is The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India.
KRKQ
KRKQ (95.5 FM) is a privately owned commercial radio station licensed to Mountain Village, Colorado and serving the Telluride, Colorado area.  The station is branded as "Mountain Chill." It broadcasts an eclectic music format focusing on current independent music from around the world and a relaxed "chilled-out" vibe. KRKQ's studios are located in Ouray.

Genres featured include Chill-out music, downtempo, dub, reggae, Latin, and electronica music. Ambient music is also featured late at night. KRKQ is the only broadcast radio station in the United States to play electronica and chill-out music full-time, and the second after KLBU/Santa Fe, New Mexico, who broadcast the format from 2003 to 2013.

Artists played on Mountain Chill include Thievery Corporation, ODESZA, Tosca (band), Bonobo (musician), Pretty Lights, Parov Stelar, and Bebel Gilberto.

Ouray, Colorado
Ouray (/ˈjʊəreɪ/ YOOR-ay) is a home rule municipality that is the county seat of Ouray County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 898 as of the 2020 census. The Ouray Post Office has the ZIP Code 81427. Located at an elevation of 7,792 feet (2,375 m), Ouray's climate, natural alpine environment, and scenery have earned it the nickname "Switzerland of America".
Bhatasa
Bhatasa is a village and a Panchayat in Dewas district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Bhatasa Village is a major agricultural production area in Madhya Pradesh. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.As of 2001 India census,

Dewas district
Dewas district (Hindi pronunciation: [d̪eːʋaːs]) is a district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The town of Dewas is the district headquarters. It belongs to Ujjain Division.

The Dewas District roughly corresponds to the territories of the twin Maratha princely states of Dewas - Junior & Senior. The district straddles the Vindhya Range; the northern portion of the district lies on the Malwa plateau, while the southern portion lies in the valley of the Narmada River. The Narmada forms the southern boundary of the district. The district is bounded to the east by Sehore District, to the south by the Harda and Khandwa districts, to the west by the Khargone and Indore districts, and to the north by the Ujjain and Shajapur districts. Dewas District is part of Ujjain Division. Devsaal Rawats of Uttarakhand are said to have their origins in Dewas at the time of legendary king Vikramāditya. Dewas is about 152 kilometres (94 mi) from Bhopal and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Indore by road.
Botataung Pagoda
The Botataung Kyaik De Att Pagoda (Burmese: ဗိုလ်တထောင်ကျိုက်ဒေးအပ်ဆံတော်ရှင်စေတီတော် [bòtətʰàʊɰ̃ pʰəjá]; also spelled Botahtaung; literally "1000 military officers") is a famous pagoda located in downtown Yangon, Myanmar, near the Yangon river. The pagoda was first built by the Mon around the same time as was Shwedagon Pagoda—according to local belief, over 2500 years ago, and was known as Kyaik-de-att in Mon language. The pagoda is hollowed within, and houses what is believed to be a sacred hair of Gautama Buddha.

The Botataung Pagoda was destroyed during World War II and was rebuilt after the war.

Mon language
The Mon language, formerly known as Peguan and Talaing, is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Mon people. Mon, like the related Khmer language, but unlike most languages in mainland Southeast Asia, is not tonal. The Mon language is a recognised indigenous language in Myanmar as well as an indigenous language of Thailand.

Mon was classified as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO's 2010 Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. The Mon language has faced assimilative pressures in both Myanmar and Thailand, where many individuals of Mon descent are now monolingual in Burmese or Thai respectively. In 2007, Mon speakers were estimated to number between 1,800,000 and 2 million. In Myanmar, the majority of Mon speakers live in Southern Myanmar, especially Mon State, followed by Tanintharyi Region and Kayin State.
District 22 (Chamber of Deputies of Chile)
District 22 (Spanish: Distrito 22) is one of the 28 multi-member electoral districts of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the National Congress, the national legislature of Chile. The district was created by the 2015 electoral reform and came into being at the following general election in 2017. It consists of the province of Malleco, and the communes of Galvarino, Lautaro, Melipeuco, Perquenco and Vilcún in the province of Cautín in the region of Araucanía. The district currently elects four of the 155 members of the Chamber of Deputies using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2021 general election the district had 286,162 registered electors.

Vilcún
Vilcún (Mapudungun for "lizard") is a Chilean town and commune in Cautín Province, Araucanía Region. The town is an important gateway for tourists visiting Conguillío National Park and Llaima volcano.

The commune also includes the localities of Cherquenco, San Patricio, General López and Cajón.
Maid Lena
Maid Lena (Danish: Jomfru Lene af Søndervand; German: Jungfer Lene von Söndervand; English: "Maiden Lene from Sondervand") is a Danish folktale collected by author Svend Grundtvig. It features versions of the swan maiden, a mythic female character that alternates between human and animal shapes.

The story is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 400, "The Man on a Quest for the Lost Wife", in a form of the narrative that, according to scholars, appears in Northern Europe, namely, in Scandinavia and in the Baltic Sea.

Svend Grundtvig
Svend Hersleb Grundtvig (9 September 1824 – 14 July 1883) was a Danish literary historian and ethnographer. He was one of the first systematic collectors of Danish traditional music, and he was especially interested in Danish folk songs. He began the large project of editing Danish ballads. He also co-edited Icelandic ballads. He was the son of N. F. S. Grundtvig.
Mitre Peak, Pakistan
Mitre Peak (Urdu: مائٹر چوٹی) is a mountain in the Karakoram mountain range near Concordia in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

Mitre Peak marks the confluence of the branches of the Baltoro Glacier with the Gasherbrum branch arriving from the SE and the Godwin Austin branch arriving from the NE. It sits across from Broad Peak, the 12th highest mountain on Earth.

The peak has been climbed only once, in the summer of 1980, by the Italian-French mountaineer Ivano Ghirardini.

Mitre Peak from Concordia Camp, June 2014

Concordia (Karakoram)
Concordia (Balti: ཅོནྕོརདིཨ།; Urdu: کونکورڈیا) is the confluence of the Baltoro Glacier and the Godwin-Austen Glacier in the Karakoram mountain range of Pakistan. It is located in the Baltistan region of Pakistan, at 4,691 metres (15,390 ft) above sea level. The area is often used as a base camp for mountaineering expeditions on K2 and other nearby peaks, and is also a popular destination for trekkers and backpackers.

The name was first applied by English mountaineer Aleister Crowley during the 1902 Eckenstein/Crowley attempt on K2, and comes from the location's similarity to another glacial confluence, also named Concordia, in the Bernese Oberland of the Central Alps.

Robert Lerco was the first person to report reaching Concordia, in 1890, followed by William Martin Conway in 1892.

35°44′N 76°31′E﻿ / ﻿35.733°N 76.517°E﻿ / 35.733; 76.517
Richard Sargent
Richard “Dick” Sargent (1911 – 1978 or 1979) was an American painter, muralist, and illustrator. He is best known for his illustrations for The Saturday Evening Post, Fortune, American Magazine, Photoplay and Woman's Day during the 1950s and early 1960s.  In 1934, one of his works was selected by Eleanor Roosevelt for display at the White House.

The American Magazine
The American Magazine was a periodical publication founded in June 1906, a continuation of failed publications purchased a few years earlier from publishing mogul Miriam Leslie. It succeeded Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (1876–1904), Leslie's Monthly Magazine (1904–1905), Leslie's Magazine (1905) and the American Illustrated Magazine (1905–1906). The magazine was published through August 1956.
High Ridge, Maryland
High Ridge is an unincorporated community in Howard County, Maryland, United States. A postal stop operated from May 25, 1892, through December 1895 and until May 1899 as "Highridge".

The community is roughly bounded by the Patuxent River boundary between Howard and Prince George's County, Maryland Route 216, and Interstate 95. The modern community is mostly residential, with the installation of high-tension power lines and infill development leading local concerns.

Patuxent River
The Patuxent River is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the state of Maryland.  There are three main river drainages for central Maryland:  the Potomac River to the west passing through Washington, D.C., the Patapsco River to the northeast passing through Baltimore, and the Patuxent River between the two.  The 908-square-mile (2,352 km2) Patuxent watershed had a rapidly growing population of 590,769 in 2000. It is the largest and longest river entirely within Maryland, and its watershed is the largest completely within the state.
Edlinger
Edlinger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carina Edlinger (born 1998), Austrian Paralympic cross-country skier

Johann Georg Edlinger (1741–1819), Austrian portrait painter

Patrick Edlinger (1960–2012), professional French free climber

Rudolf Edlinger (1940–2021), Social Democratic Party of Austria politician and a former Austrian Minister of Finance (1997–2000)

Johann Georg Edlinger
Johann Georg Edlinger (1 March 1741 – 15 September 1819) was an Austrian portrait painter.

Edlinger was born at Graz in 1741. He was a pupil of Desmarées, and became court painter at Munich, where he died in 1819. His portraits are well painted, and show a leaning towards the works of Rembrandt. Some of his portraits of eminent Bavarians, engraved by Friedrich John, appeared in 1821 under the title Sammlung von Bildnissen denkwürdiger Männer.

Family portrait, ca. 1800, now in the Neue Pinakothek

Heinrich Zimmermann, a companion of Captain Cook on his travels around the world
Paris Sonata
Paris Sonata (Simplified Chinese: 巴黎恋歌; Traditional Chinese: 巴黎戀歌) is a 2006 Chinese television series starring Ruby Lin, Ren Quan and Leanne Liu in the lead roles, and it premiered on Guangdong Television on July 2, 2006.

Ren Quan
Ren Quan (Chinese: 任泉; pinyin: Rén Quán; born 4 March 1975) is a Chinese actor, investor and businessman. One of his most prominent roles was as Gongsun Ce in Young Justice Bao and its sequel Young Justice Bao II, alongside Zhou Jie, Li Bingbing and Lu Yi. Other notable credits include All the Misfortunes Caused by the Angel and The Nation Under The Foot.
Grey Troender
The Grey Troender (Norwegian: Grå Trøndersau) is an endangered Norwegian breed of domestic sheep. It originated in – and is named for – the Trøndelag region of central Norway, and is thought to derive from cross-breeding in the late nineteenth century of local feral sheep of the area with stock of the now-extinct Tautra.

The sheep are usually grey, in varying shades, with black face and legs and a small distinctive white marking under each eye; other colours including black, brown and white are seen in about 20% of the population.: 817

Rare breed
In modern agriculture, a rare breed is a breed of poultry or livestock that has a very small breeding population, usually from a few hundred to a few thousand. Because of their small numbers, rare breeds may have a threatened conservation status, and they may be protected under regional laws. Many countries have organizations devoted to the protection and promotion of rare breeds, for which they each have their own definition. In botany and horticulture, the parallel to rare animal breeds are heirloom plants, which are rare cultivars.
Trängslet Dam
The Trängslet Dam is a rock-filled embankment dam on the Dal River near the town of Trängslet in Dalarna, Sweden. At 125 m (410 ft) in height, it is the tallest dam in the country. Its reservoir, with a capacity of 880,000,000 m3 (710,000 acre⋅ft), is also the largest artificial lake in Sweden. The dam was constructed between 1955 and 1960. Its hydroelectric power station has an installed capacity of 330 MW. It is owned by Fortum.

Embankment dam
An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a water-resistant natural covering for its surface, and may feature a dense, watertight core to resist surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance.
Bilioso
The Bilioso is a river in the province of Matera in the Basilicata region of Italy. Its source is near Tricarico and San Chirico Nuovo and the border with the province of Potenza. The river flows southeast and curves northeast before again flowing southeast. It flows north of Grassano before entering the Bradano as a right tributary near Lago di San Giuliano (shortly after the Basentello does the same).

Tricarico
Tricarico (Lucano: Trëcàrëchë IPA: [trəˈkæːrəkə]; Greek: Τριακρικόν, romanized: Triakrikon) is a town and comune in the province of Matera, Basilicata, southern Italy.

It is home to one of the best preserved medieval historical centres in Lucania.