hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MEMS electrothermal actuator
A MEMS electrothermal actuator is a microelectromechanical device that typically generates motion by thermal expansion. It relies on the equilibrium between the thermal energy produced by an applied electric current and the heat  dissipated into the environment or the substrate. Its working principle is based on resistive heating. Fabrication processes for electrothermal actuators include deep X-ray lithography, LIGA (lithography, electroplating, and molding), and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). These techniques allow for the creation of devices with high aspect ratios. Additionally, these actuators are relatively easy to fabricate and are compatible with standard Integrated Circuits (IC) and MEMS fabrication methods. These electrothermal actuators can be utilized in different kind of MEMS devices like microgrippers, micromirrors, tunable inductors and resonators.

Thermal energy
The term "thermal energy" is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. It can denote several different physical concepts, including:

Internal energy: The energy contained within a body of matter or radiation, excluding the potential energy of the whole system.

Heat: Energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work and transfer of matter.

The characteristic energy kBT, where T denotes temperature and kB denotes the Boltzmann constant; it is twice that associated with each degree of freedom.

Mark Zemansky (1970) has argued that the term "thermal energy" is best avoided due to its ambiguity. He suggests using more precise terms such as "internal energy" and "heat" to avoid confusion. The term is, however, used in some textbooks.
Josef Rauvolf
Josef Rauvolf (born 2 January 1953) is a Czech translator, journalist and writer from Cheb. He has translated many Beat Generation novels into Czech, such as Junkie, Naked Lunch and Queer by William S. Burroughs and Visions of Cody, The Dharma Bums and Good Blonde & Others by Jack Kerouac. He also translated Uptight about The Velvet Underground. He was awarded the Josef Jungmann Award for his translation of Visions of Cody. In addition to his translation work, he also wrote a book about Czech singer-songwriter Jaromír Nohavica.

Josef Jungmann Award
The Josef Jungmann Award (Czech: Cena Josefa Jungmanna) is an annual literary award for the best original translation into Czech. It was inaugurated in 1992 (for the year 1991) and is conferred by the Czech Literary Translators Guild. It is named after Josef Jungmann, a prominent Czech linguist and translator of the early 19th century. The prize is announced every year on International Translation Day (30 September, the day of Saint Jerome, who is the patron saint of translators), awarded to the best translation published during the previous year.
Listed buildings in Raynham, Norfolk
Raynham is a village and civil parish in the North Norfolk district of Norfolk, England. It contains 40 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these two are grade I, two are grade II* and 36 are grade II.

This list is based on the information retrieved online from Historic England.

Raynham, Norfolk
Raynham is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk, consisting of the villages of South, East and West Raynham.
It covers an area of 16.75 km2 (6.47 sq mi) and had a population of 257 in 113 households at the 2001 census, increasing to 330 at the Census 2011.
For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of North Norfolk.

The name 'Raynham' means 'Regna's homestead/village' or 'Regna's hemmed-in land'.
Jessie Hetherington
Jessie Isabel Hetherington (2 January 1882 – 28 February 1971) was a New Zealand headmistress, lecturer and school inspector. She was born in Thames, Thames/Coromandel, New Zealand on 2 January 1882.

Hetherington was the first New Zealand woman graduate to teach at an English secondary school, which she did 1913–14, and was also the first woman secondary school Inspector in New Zealand, a role she filled from 1926 to 1942.

Coromandel Peninsula
36°50′S 175°35′E﻿ / ﻿36.833°S 175.583°E﻿ / -36.833; 175.583

The Coromandel Peninsula (Māori: Te Tara-o-te-Ika-a-Māui) on the North Island of New Zealand extends 85 kilometres (53 mi) north from the western end of the Bay of Plenty, forming a natural barrier protecting the Hauraki Gulf and the Firth of Thames in the west from the Pacific Ocean to the east. It is 40 kilometres (25 mi) wide at its broadest point. Almost its entire population lives on the narrow coastal strips fronting the Hauraki Gulf and the Bay of Plenty. In clear weather the peninsula is clearly visible from Auckland, the country's biggest city, which lies on the far shore of the Hauraki Gulf, 55 kilometres (34 mi) to the west. The peninsula is part of the Thames-Coromandel District and the Waikato Region.
Orrefors Glassworks
Orrefors Glassworks (also known as just Orrefors) is a glassworks in the Swedish village of Orrefors in Småland. Orrefors manufactured crystal glassware and art glass. The range consisted of crystal stemware, barware, vases, and sculptures and lighting products in crystal. The glassworks in Orrefors closed in 2012.

Orrefors is a part of the Swedish glassworks group Orrefors Kosta Boda.

Glassblowing
Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a blowpipe (or blow tube). A person who blows glass is called a glassblower, while the head of a glassblowing workshop is known as a gaffer. A lampworker (often also called a glassblower or glassworker) manipulates glass with the use of a torch on a smaller scale, such as in producing precision laboratory glassware out of borosilicate glass.
Hani Nasira
Hani Nasira (Arabic: هاني نسيرة) is an Egyptian author and journalist who specializes in ideological movements. He is currently a Research Unit Director at the Dubai based think tank, the Al Mesbar Studies and Research Centre.

His recent work includes research projects on development and democratic transformations and cognitive and political currents in the Arab world and is published regularly by Al Arabiya News Channel, Al-Hayat, The Jamestown Foundation and Arab Insight as well as Al Mesbar's own publications.

Jamestown Foundation
The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington, D.C.–based non-partisan defense policy think tank. Founded in 1984 as a platform to support Soviet defectors, its stated mission is to inform and educate policy makers about events and trends, which it regards as being of current strategic importance to the United States. Jamestown publications focus on China, Russia, Eurasia, and global terrorism.
Sylvester Croom Sr.
Reverend Sylvester Croom Sr. (June 26, 1926 – January 2, 2000) served for years after integration as chaplain for University of Alabama athletes. He was an All-American football player at Alabama A&M. He also later served as a pastor and community leader in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and has been recognized by the University of Alabama as one of the 40 pioneers of civil rights in the state. He was also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha.

His son, Sylvester Croom Jr., was a successful football player at the University of Alabama under coach Paul "Bear" Bryant, later becoming head coach at Mississippi State University.

Alabama A&M University
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University (Alabama A&M or AAMU) is a public historically black land-grant university in Normal, Alabama, United States, a part of Huntsville. Founded in 1875 as a state-run "normal school", it took its present name in 1969. AAMU is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University Historic District, also known as Normal Hill College Historic District, has 28 buildings and four structures listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places. Alabama A&M's athletic teams, known as the Bulldogs, compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC).
Abu Sayyaf beheading incidents
Abu Sayyaf was a radical Sunni Islamist group that has aggressively attacked civilians since the 1990s. It was notorious for beheading both military and civilian captives, especially when kidnap-for-ransom demands are not met. The victims included Filipinos, as well as foreign nationals. Abu Sayyaf primarily operated in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago of the southern Philippines.

Foreign national
A foreign national is any person (including an organization) who is not a national of a specific country. For example, in the United States and in its territories, a foreign national is something or someone who is neither a citizen nor a national of the United States. The same applies in Canada.
Theme for a Trucker
Theme for a Trucker is a limited edition double 7" vinyl EP by alternative country band Whiskeytown, released by Bloodshot Records in 1997.  According to the Bloodshot Records website, only 2000 copies were pressed.

Alejandro Escovedo
Pedro Alejandro Escovedo (born January 10, 1951) is an American rock musician, songwriter, and singer, who has been recording and touring since the late 1970s. His primary instrument is the guitar. He has played in various rock genres, including punk rock, roots rock and alternative country, and is most closely associated with the music scene in Austin, Texas but also San Francisco and New York. He comes from a family of musicians.
Schoonhoven
Schoonhoven (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈsxoːnˌɦoːvə(n)] ⓘ) is a city and was a former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Since 2015 it has been a part of the municipality of Krimpenerwaard, before it had been an independent municipality.

The former municipality had a population of data missing in 2021, and covered an area of 6.92 km2 (2.67 sq mi) of which 0.65 km2 (0.25 sq mi) water. From 2010 to 2014, it was the smallest municipality in the Netherlands in land area, following the merger of Rozenburg into Rotterdam.

The first winner of the Dutch version of Pop Idol, Jamai Loman, is from this city. Also Jan-Arie van der Heijden, football player for Feyenoord, lives in Schoonhoven.

South Holland
South Holland (Dutch: Zuid-Holland [ˌzœyt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ⓘ) is a province of the Netherlands with a population of over 3.8 million as of January 2023 and a population density of about 1,410/km2 (3,700/sq mi), making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas. Situated on the North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of 3,308 km2 (1,277 sq mi), of which 609 km2 (235 sq mi) is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. The provincial capital is the Dutch seat of government The Hague, while its largest city is Rotterdam. The Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta drains through South Holland into the North Sea. Europe's busiest seaport, the Port of Rotterdam, is located in South Holland.
Ogea Driki
Ogea Driki (pronounced [oˈŋea ˈndriki]) is a coral atoll covering approximately 4 square kilometres (990 acres) in Fiji's Southern Lau Group.  It is 2.7 kilometres (1.7 miles) south of Ogea Levu and 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) east of Fulaga.

A 1,830 hectares (4,500 acres) area covering both Ogea Driki and Ogea Levu is the Ogea Important Bird Area. The Important Bird Area covers the entire range of the near threatened Ogea monarch.

It is the farming and fishing ground for the Ogean villagers who own the island and subdivided into farming lots as well as beaches. It has no residential house but are always used by the Ogeans as a place to sleep overnight for fishing purposes or any other means. It has a rich bundled fish corals and reef.

Near-threatened species
A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify for the threatened status.

The IUCN notes the importance of reevaluating near-threatened taxa at appropriate intervals.

The rationale used for near-threatened taxa usually includes the criteria of vulnerable which are plausible or nearly met, such as reduction in numbers or range. Those designated since 2001 that depend on conservation efforts to not become threatened are no longer separately considered conservation-dependent species.
HMCS Spitfire
HMCS Spitfire was a 65-ton sail gunboat built at Cuthberts Shipyard, Port Jackson, Australia and launched on 3 April 1855 for the Colony of New South Wales. Her hull was sheathed with 22-ounce copper. She was the first warship built in Australia for a Colonial government. Spitfire was given to the Colony of Queensland in 1859 and she was used as the pilot cutter on Moreton Bay. In 1860, she was used as part of an expedition to find the mouth of the Burdekin River. She was to become the pilot boat for Cooktown, until sold out of service in 1885 and purchased by Captain Alex Mathewson, for use as a fishing vessel. She was sold in 1892 to Dan Moynahan and S.B. Andreassen and during a cyclone in 1896 she was damaged off Hinchinbrook Island.

Cooktown, Queensland
Cooktown is a coastal town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, the Endeavour, for repairs in 1770. Both the town and Mount Cook (431 metres or 1,415 feet) which rises up behind the town were named after James Cook.

Cooktown is one of the few large towns in the Cape York Peninsula and was founded on 25 October 1873 as a supply port for the goldfields along the Palmer River. It was called "Cook's Town" until 1 June 1874.

In the 2021 census, the locality of Cooktown had a population of 2,746 people.
Sinding
Sinding is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christian Sinding (1856–1941), Norwegian composer

Otto Sinding (1842–1909), Norwegian painter

Stephan Sinding (1846–1922), Norwegian sculptor, brother of Christian and Otto

Tore Sinding (1903–1969), Norwegian pianist and composer

Tore Sinding
Tore Sinding (1903 in Stavern – 1969 in Solbukta, Frogn) was a Norwegian pianist and composer.

He studied piano with Mary Barratt Due and Nils Larsen and organ with Arild Sandvold. Sinding also studied in Berlin, Vienna and Paris. His debut as a piano player was in 1922, as an organ player was in 1933 and as a composer was in 1945. He composed almost seventy songs, several piano pieces and the music of a ballett «Mot ballade» (after a short story by Hans E. Kinck). He was a well-respected pianist and piano teacher in his day.
Lo Chen-jung
Lo Chen-Jung (Chinese: 羅振榮; pinyin: Luó Zhènróng; born 30 November 1961 in Chiayi, Taiwan) is a retired Taiwanese left-handed baseball pitcher. He had been a member of the amateur Taiwan Power Company Baseball Team throughout his career. He was widely regarded as the best left-handed Taiwanese pitcher of his generation and was a frequent member of the Chinese Taipei national baseball team between mid-1980s and early 1990s, competing in the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics where he won a silver medal in 1992.

Despite hearty invitation from the Jungo Bears and Uni-President Lions,  after the 1992 Olympics Lo opted to retire from baseball field and became the only member in the 1992 Olympics Chinese Taipei national baseball team who did not later join professional baseball. He has since run some business in his hometown Chiayi, and occasionally coaches local Little or Youth League baseball teams.

Baseball at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Baseball at the 1988 Summer Olympics was a demonstration sport for the seventh time. It would become an official sport four years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Eight teams competed in Jamsil Baseball Stadium in the baseball tournament. The format used was the same as the tournament of four years earlier. Five teams that competed in the 1984 tournament returned. Cuba originally qualified but withdrew as a result of the boycott.
Intermezzo (opera)
Intermezzo, Op. 72, is a comic opera in two acts by Richard Strauss to his own German libretto, described as a Bürgerliche Komödie mit sinfonischen Zwischenspielen (bourgeois comedy with symphonic interludes). It premiered at the Dresden Semperoper on 4 November 1924, with sets that reproduced Strauss' home in Garmisch. The first Vienna performance was in January 1927.

Semperoper
The Semperoper (German pronunciation: [ˈzɛmpɐˌʔoːpɐ] ⓘ) is the opera house of the Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden (Saxon State Opera) and the concert hall of the Staatskapelle Dresden (Saxon State Orchestra). It is also home to the Semperoper Ballett. The building is located on the Theaterplatz near the Elbe River in the historic centre of Dresden, Germany.

The opera house was originally built by the architect Gottfried Semper in 1841. After a devastating fire in 1869, the opera house was rebuilt, partly again by Semper, and completed in 1878. The opera house has a long history of premieres, including major works by Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.
Sergei Smolin
Sergei Borisovich Smolin aka Smok (November 22, 1962, Moscow) — Russian producer famous for his work with the band Kvartal, Andrey Makarevich, Igor Butman, Vadym Kholodenko, Aishwarya Majmudar, Clint Eastwood, Billy Gibbons and others.

Smolin has worked with numerous Russian bands and musicians over the years: Zemfira, Mashina Vremeni, Chaif, Splean, and Bi-2.

He is the founder and creative director of Arena Marketing Communications, the communication company ЁШ Agency and the film company AMALGAMA Studios.

He is the mastermind and one of the authors of the international cultural initiative India Inside.

Bi-2
Bi-2 is a Belarusian pop-rock band, formed in 1988 in Babruysk, Belarusian SSR. During their career, Bi-2 achieved international success in Eastern Europe.

Bi-2 was named the Best Rock Act  at the MTV Russian Music Awards in 2007. They also received other Russian and international prizes, including ZD Awards and World Music Awards. In 2015, Bi-2 was named the best Russian rock band according to Music Box. Included in the Top Hit Music Awards Hall of Fame, along with such performers as Svetlana Loboda and Andrey Makarevich.

Participant of many Russian and European music festivals, including the festival “Christmas Meetings of Alla Pugacheva” and others.

In 2023, the band members emigrated to Israel.
Jack Houston
John William Houston (30 December 1919 – 27 October 2008) was an Australian politician. He was the Labor member for Bulimba in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1957 to 1980. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the Queensland Parliament from 11 October 1966 to 22 July 1974.

Queensland Labor Party
The Queensland Labor Party, officially known as the Australian Labor Party (State of Queensland) and commonly referred to as Queensland Labor or simply Labor, is the branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in the state of Queensland. It has functioned in the state since the 1880s. The Queensland branch of the Australian Labor Party was the first Labour Party to win government in the world, when, in December 1899, following the resignation of the Dickson ministry, Queensland Labour leader Anderson Dawson accepted an offer by Lieutenant-Governor Samuel Griffith to form a government.
Lewis S. Hemphill
Lewis Simpson "Sim" Hemphill (March 9, 1853 - March 10, 1924) was an American politician and farmer. A Democrat, he served in both houses of the Mississippi Legislature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Mississippi Legislature
The Mississippi Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Mississippi. The bicameral Legislature is composed of the lower Mississippi House of Representatives, with 122 members, and the upper Mississippi State Senate, with 52 members. Both representatives and senators serve four-year terms without term limits. The Legislature convenes at the Mississippi State Capitol in Jackson.
Wurmberg Gondola Lift
The Wurmberg Gondola Lift (German: Wurmbergseilbahn) is a monocable gondola lift with a length of 1.7 miles (2.7 km), built in 1963, leading from the Braunlage tourist resort within the Harz mountain range on the top of the 3,185 feet (971 m) high Wurmberg mountain.

The lift is considered as the longest in Northern Germany, with a vertical height of 1,312 feet (400 m). It does not soar high above the trees, in contrast to the nearby Bode Valley Gondola Lift and differs from other lifts in that it has a central station, which one can ride through without disembarking.

The Wurmberg is the highest mountain of Lower Saxony and the second highest in the Harz after the Brocken. It offers a ski jump and a wide range of skiing and snow-boarding slopes.

Gondola lift
A gondola lift (cable car) is a means of cable transport and type of aerial lift which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of steel wire rope that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a bullwheel in a terminal, which is typically connected to an engine or electric motor. It is often considered a continuous system since it features a haul rope which continuously moves and circulates around two terminal stations. In contrast, an aerial tramway operates solely with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals.

The capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically depending on the combination of cables used for support and haulage and the type of grip (detachable or fixed). Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alps, the Italian: Cabinovia and French: Télécabine are also used in English-language texts.
Marten Jozef Geeraerts
Marten Jozef Geeraerts or Martinus Josephus Geeraerts (before 7 April 1707, Antwerp, Habsburg Netherlands – 16 February 1791, Antwerp) was a Flemish history painter and art teacher and director.  He excelled in trompe-l'œil paintings of bas-reliefs executed in grisaille.

Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp)
The Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp (Dutch: Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Antwerpen) is an art academy located in Antwerp, Belgium. It is one of the oldest of its kind in Europe. It was founded in 1663 by David Teniers the Younger, painter to the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm and Don Juan of Austria. Teniers was master of the Guild of St Luke—which embraced arts and some handicrafts—and petitioned Philip IV of Spain, then master of the Spanish Netherlands, to grant a royal charter to establish a Fine Arts Academy in Antwerp. It houses the Antwerp Fashion Academy.
Salem, Arkansas
Salem is the name of several places in the U.S. state of Arkansas:

Salem, Fulton County, Arkansas, a city in northern Arkansas

Salem, Ouachita County, Arkansas

Salem, Pike County, Arkansas

Salem, Saline County, Arkansas, a census-designated place in central Arkansas

Witcherville, Arkansas, Sebastian County, formerly Salem

Salem, Saline County, Arkansas
Salem is a census-designated place (CDP) in Saline County, Arkansas, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 2,544. It is part of the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area.