hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adjoint
In mathematics, the term adjoint applies in several situations. Several of these share a similar formalism: if A is adjoint to B, then there is typically some formula of the type

(Ax, y) = (x, By).

Specifically, adjoint or adjunction may mean:

Adjoint of a linear map, also called its transpose in case of matrices

Hermitian adjoint (adjoint of a linear operator) in functional analysis

Adjoint endomorphism of a Lie algebra

Adjoint representation of a Lie group

Adjoint functors in category theory

Adjunction (field theory)

Adjunction formula (algebraic geometry)

Adjunction space in topology

Conjugate transpose of a matrix in linear algebra

Adjugate matrix, related to its inverse

Adjoint equation

The upper and lower adjoints of a Galois connection in order theory

The adjoint of a differential operator with general polynomial coefficients

Kleisli adjunction

Monoidal adjunction

Quillen adjunction

Axiom of adjunction in set theory

Adjunction (rule of inference)

Kleisli category
In category theory, a Kleisli category is a category naturally associated to any monad T. It is equivalent to the category of free T-algebras. The Kleisli category is one of two extremal solutions to the question: "Does every monad arise from an adjunction?" The other extremal solution is the Eilenberg–Moore category. Kleisli categories are named for the mathematician Heinrich Kleisli.
Sam Boodram
Samdeo "Sam" Boodram (14 July 1933 – 30 June 2020) was a Trinidadian Chutney, Bhajan, Indian classical and folk singer, Kabir Panthi mahant, and cocoa farmer. He recorded over 6,000 songs over the span of his career.

Kabir panth
Kabir Panth (transl. Path of Kabir) is a Sant Mat denomination and philosophy based on the teachings of the 15th century saint and poet, Kabir. It is based on devotion to him as one guru as a means to salvation. The adherents of Kabir Panth are from many religious backgrounds as Kabir never advocated change of religions but highlighted their limitations. According to some scholars, this tradition belongs to the Hindu denomination of Vaishnavism with Sufi and universalist leanings. In respect of Kabir, his followers celebrate Kabir Jayanti.
Alex Zunger
Alex  Zunger is a theoretical physicist, research professor, at the University of Colorado Boulder. He has authored more than 150 papers in Physical Review Letters and Physical Reviews B Rapid Communication, has an h-index over 150, number of citations over 113,000 (Google Scholar). He co-authored one of the top-five most cited papers ever to be published in the Physical Review family in its over 100 years' history.

Physical Review
Physical Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The journal was established in 1893 by Edward Nichols. It publishes original research as well as scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of physics. It is published by the American Physical Society (APS). The journal is in its third series, and is split in several sub-journals each covering a particular field of physics. It has a sister journal, Physical Review Letters, which publishes shorter articles of broader interest.
Ermal Island
41°35′43″N 8°07′47″W﻿ / ﻿41.595279°N 8.129736°W﻿ / 41.595279; -8.129736
Ermal Island (Portuguese, Ilha do Ermal) is a peninsula situated in the Ermal Dam, parish of Mosteiro, municipality of Vieira do Minho, Portugal, about 25 km (16 mi) north of Braga.

The hard rock – heavy metal music festival "Festival da Ilha do Ermal" takes place in Ermal. The bands which have performed at Ermal include Slipknot, Sepultura and Angra. In addition, the festival has earned enduring fame for the 2002 stoning of Nickelback.  Beyond music, this event provides varied activities: rural tourism, climbing, Handle Ski, boating, horse rides etc.

Vieira do Minho
Vieira do Minho (Portuguese pronunciation: [viˈɐjɾɐ ðu ˈmiɲu] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Braga, in the north of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 12,997, in an area of 216.44 km2.

The present mayor is António Cardoso, elected by a coalition between PSD and the CDS–PP.
Toliszczek
Toliszczek [tɔˈliʂt͡ʂɛk] (Kashubian: Toliszczk) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewino, within Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Kashubian language
Kashubian (/kəˈʃuːbiən/) or Cassubian (/kəˈsuːbiən/; endonym: kaszëbsczi jãzëk; Polish: język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.

Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language. It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and the extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages.

The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education.
Kesa Van Osch
Kesa Van Osch (born December 12, 1991, in Nanaimo, British Columbia) is a Canadian curler from Parksville, British Columbia. She was the skip of the winning team at the 2014 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts, and finished 5th in the 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts.

Van Osch also represented British Columbia at the 2012 Canadian Junior Curling Championships where she led her team to a third-place finish.

Nanaimo
Nanaimo (/nəˈnaɪmoʊ/ nə-NY-moh) is a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. "The Harbour City" was previously known as the "Hub City", which was attributed to its original layout design with streets radiating from the shoreline like the spokes of a wagon wheel, and to its relatively central location on Vancouver Island. Nanaimo is the headquarters of the Regional District of Nanaimo.

Nanaimo is served by the Island Highway along the east coast, the BC Ferries system, and its regional airport. It is also on the dormant Island Rail Corridor.
Basellaceae
Basellaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family comprises 19 known species of herbaceous plants in four genera:

Anredera – 12 species

Basella – 5 species

Tournonia – 1 species

Ullucus – 1 species

All the species are climbing or trailing vines. Two species cultivated as food – Basella alba (Malabar spinach) and Ullucus tuberosus (ulluco) – have been bred to a more erect, compact form. Three species grow tubers – Anredera cordifolia and A. vesicaria produce them in the leaf axils or at the base of the stem and U. tuberosus at the end of stolons. Leaf blades vary in shape between species, within species, and even on an individual plant.

The two cultivated species are of economic importance.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies.

As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor).

APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system.
Lansac
Lansac is the name of several communes in France:

Lansac, in the Gironde department

Lansac, in the Hautes-Pyrénées department

Lansac, in the Pyrénées-Orientales department

Lansac, a hamlet part of the commune of Tarascon, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department

Tarascon
Tarascon (French pronunciation: [taʁaskɔ̃]; Occitan: Tarascon), sometimes referred to as Tarascon-sur-Rhône, is a commune situated at the extreme west of the Bouches-du-Rhône department of France in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Inhabitants are referred to as Tarasconnais or Tarasconnaises. The patron saint of the city is Martha of Bethany, whose motto is "Concordia Felix".
Bang Sin-bong
Bang Sin-Bong (born (1975-02-06)6 February 1975) is a former South Korean male volleyball player. He was part of the South Korea men's national volleyball team. He competed with the national team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, finishing 9th.

South Korea men's national volleyball team
The South Korea men's national volleyball team (Korean: 대한민국 남자 배구 국가대표팀; recognized as Korea by FIVB) represents South Korea in international volleyball competitions and friendly matches, governed by Korea Volleyball Association. The Republic of Korea (ROK) has competed in the Olympic Games eight times, but has not featured since the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. The national team's best performance at the Olympic Games was 5th place at the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, California, United States. The national team  at the FIVB World Championship competed nine times, with their best result at 4th place in 1978. On continental level, The national team won three gold medals at the Asian Games in 1978, 2002 and 2006. And at the Asian Championship, the national team won four gold medals, two of these was at home in 1989 Seoul and 2001 Changwon and the other two are in 1993 and 2003. The national team now ranks 26th in the FIVB World Rankings.
2023–24 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season
The 2023–24 season was the 129th in Oldham Athletic's history, and the club's second season since dropping out of the Football League. The club competed in the National League, the FA Cup and the FA Trophy.

Micky Mellon
Michael Joseph Mellon (born 18 March 1972) is a Scottish professional football coach and former player who is the manager of EFL League Two club Oldham Athletic. As a player, he was a midfielder for clubs including Bristol City, West Bromwich Albion, Blackpool, Tranmere and Burnley.

Mellon began his managerial career with Fleetwood Town, where he took the club into the Football League for the first time in their history by winning the 2011–12 Football Conference title. He has overseen six promotions in total as a manager with Fleetwood, Shrewsbury Town, Tranmere and Oldham. After a year with Scottish Premiership club Dundee United, Mellon returned to Tranmere in June 2021 but was dismissed in March 2023. In October 2023, he was appointed as Oldham Athletic manager.
Stuart Barclay
Stuart Barclay (4 October 1949 – April 2025) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Recruited from Gisborne, Barclay was a member of the 1968 Essendon reserves premiership team. A defender, Barclay was used initially as a back pocket but became a half-back. He played 38 league games for Essendon, from 1969 to 1973, then accepted an offer to captain-coach Launceston club City-South, which competed in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association.

Barclay was runner-up in the Hec Smith Medal and led City-South to a premiership in 1974, the first of his four seasons as coach. While in Tasmania, Barclay also coached the state team.

From 1978 to 1981, Barclay played in Queensland for Windsor-Zillmere and also represented Queensland. He retired after playing in Windsor-Zillmere's 1981 premiership, which they won with a grand final win over Kedron.

Stuart Barclay died in April 2025.

South Launceston Football Club
The South Launceston Football Club is an Australian rules football club currently competing in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association. They were formed through a merger between City-South and East Launceston in 1986, clubs in the former Northern Tasmanian Football Association (which is not related to the current NTFA). South Launceston was in the TFL Statewide League from 1986 to 1997, then the Northern Tasmanian Football League until 2008, then in the Tasmanian Football League until 2013.

The club is nicknamed The Bulldogs, a name which was adopted upon the merger. City-South were the Redlegs and East Launceston had been known as the Demons. For their club colours they took City-South's red and white as well as the blue from East Launceston's guernsey to give them their current royal blue, red and white club colours.
Ambla War of Independence Monument
The Ambla War of Independence Monument (Estonian: Ambla Vabadussõja mälestussammas) is a monument in Ambla Cemetery in Ambla, Estonia. It is dedicated to the soldiers from Ambla Parish that fell in the First World War and the Estonian War of Independence. The memorial was first unveiled in 1925.

Ambla
Ambla (German: Ampel) is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Järva County, in Järva Parish, in central Estonia. It was the administrative centre of Ambla Parish. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 299.
Vanessa Dobos
In 2003, Airman 1st Class Vanessa Dobos became the first female aerial gunner in the U.S. Air Force. This position was previously closed to women. She trained with the 58th Training Squadron at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico. Her first duty station was at Nellis AFB in Nevada, and she served with distinction in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Nellis Air Force Base
Nellis Air Force Base ("Nellis" colloq.) is a United States Air Force installation in southern Nevada. Nellis hosts air combat exercises such as Exercise Red Flag and close air support exercises such as Green Flag-West flown in "Military Operations Area (MOA) airspace", associated with the nearby Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR).  The base also has the Combined Air and Space Operations Center-Nellis.
Timothy Darvill
Timothy Darvill OBE FSA (22 December 1957 – 5 October 2024) was an English archaeologist and author, best known for his publications on prehistoric Britain and his excavations in England, Wales, and the Isle of Man. He was Professor of Archaeology in the Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University in England. In April 2008, he co-directed excavations within Stonehenge, together with Geoffrey Wainwright and Miles Russell, to examine the early stone structures on the site. The work featured heavily in a BBC Timewatch programme which examined the theory that Stonehenge was a prehistoric centre of healing. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to archaeology.

Geoffrey Wainwright
Geoffrey Wainwright (1939 – 17 March 2020) was an English theologian. He spent much of his career in the United States and taught at Duke Divinity School. Wainwright made major contributions to modern Methodist theology and Christian liturgy, and played a significant role on producing the text Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, as a member of the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches (WCC).
Gheorghe Pogea
Gheorghe Pogea (born 21 December 1955) is a Romanian engineer and politician. A member of the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet he was Minister of State Co-ordinating the Economic Domain from August 2005 to June 2006, and in the Emil Boc cabinet, he was Minister of Finance from 2008 to 2009, also serving as interim Minister of Labour in 2009.

He is married and has two children.

Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)
The Democratic Liberal Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat-Liberal, PDL) was a liberal-conservative political party in Romania. The party was formed on 15 December 2007, when the Democratic Party (PD) merged with the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD). On 17 November 2014 the PDL officially merged into the National Liberal Party (PNL), ceasing to exist. The PDL was associated with Traian Băsescu, who was previously leader of the PD and President of Romania from 2004 to 2014.
Grangärde
Grangärde is a locality situated in Ludvika Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 351 inhabitants in 2010.

Grangärde Court District, or Grangärde tingslag, was a district of Dalarna in Sweden. The court district (tingslag) served as the basic division of the rural areas in Dalarna, except for one district that was a hundred (härad). The entire province had once been a single hundred, called Dala hundare.

Heavy metal musician, Peter Tägtgren, was born in Grangärde.

Dalarna County
Dalarna County (Swedish: Dalarnas län) is a county or län in central Sweden (Svealand). It borders on the counties of Uppsala, Jämtland, Gävleborg, Västmanland, Örebro and Värmland. It also borders on the Norwegian counties of Hedmark and Trøndelag to the west. It was formerly known as Kopparberg County (Swedish: Kopparbergs län) until the name was changed to that of the provincial region on 1 January 1997. The province of Dalarna is slightly larger than the county, as the westernmost part of Ljusdal Municipality belongs to it. Prince Gabriel, the son of Prince Carl Philip, is Duke of Dalarna.

The term Dalarna County is mainly used for administrative purposes; it is further divided into municipalities (kommuner). Dalarna County encompasses nearly all of the cultural and historical province of Dalarna (literally, "the valleys"). For the most part sparsely populated and with extensive tracts of wilderness, Dalarna County is almost as large as Belgium in terms of land area.
Southwest High School (El Centro, California)
Southwest High School (known as Southwest or SHS) is a 4 year public high school in El Centro, California that serves approximately 2,085 students to its diverse population. Southwest is one of the 3 high schools within the Central Union High School District. It has been a California Distinguished School.

High school students living on post at Naval Air Facility El Centro (dependents of military personnel) attend Southwest HS.

California Distinguished School
California Distinguished School is an award given by the California State Board of Education to public schools within the state that best represent exemplary and quality educational programs. Approximately 5-10% of California schools are awarded this honor each year following a selection process. It is one of many programs in the California School Recognition Program (CSRP) and is funded by CSRP sponsors.
Creti
Creti is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Donato Creti (1671–1749), Italian painter

Marcello Creti (1922–2000), Italian inventor, gem prospector, and reported healer

Vasco Creti (1874–1945), Italian film actor

Marcello Creti
Marcello Creti (16 April 1922, in Rome – 1 January 2000, in Sutri) was an Italian inventor, gem prospector, and reported healer who for a time led a group in a farm called Sapientia. In youth he was hailed for his inventions and in 1940 won the Gold Medal of the Fascist Syndicate of Inventors. One of these inventions involved the automobile. Later in life he became known for his eccentric views and was included in The Big Book of Weirdos by Carl A Posey and Gahan Wilson.
Sascha Binder
Sascha Binder (born 4 March 1983) is a German politician serving as a member of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg since 2011. He has served as secretary general of the Social Democratic Party of Baden-Württemberg since 2018. He also serves as his party's chief whip in the Landtag since 2021.

Chief Whip
The Chief Whip is a political leader whose task is to enforce the whipping system, which aims to ensure that legislators who are members of a political party attend and vote on legislation as the party leadership prescribes.
AdventHealth Shawnee Mission
Shawnee Mission Medical Center Inc doing business as AdventHealth Shawnee Mission, is a non-profit hospital campus in Merriam in Johnson County, Kansas, United States owned by AdventHealth. The medical facility is a tertiary, psychiatric hospital, and teaching hospital that has multiple specialties. The hospital operates facilities in Lenexa, Olathe, Overland Park and Shawnee. It became part of Adventist Health System Sunbelt Healthcare Corporation in November 2002. In 2017, Shawnee Mission Health became a member of MD Anderson Cancer Network, becoming its 17th and first member in Kansas.

Merriam, Kansas
Merriam /ˈmɛriəm/ is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States, and part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 11,098.  Merriam is included in the Shawnee Mission postal designation. It is also the headquarters of Seaboard Corporation.
Prohegetotherium
Prohegetotherium is an extinct genus of hegetotheriid notoungulates from the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Deseadan-Santacrucian in the SALMA classification) of the Agua de la Piedra, Mariño & Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, the Petaca and Salla Formations of Bolivia, and Fray Bentos Formation of Uruguay.

South American land mammal age
The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.

The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.
Oros of Alexandria
Oros of Alexander (Ancient Greek: Ὦρος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, also called Orus) was a late classical/Byzantine lexicographer and grammarian active in the mid-5th century. According to the Suda he was born in Alexandria and taught in Constantinople.  The Suda lists ten titles by him, but little of his work survives.

Fragments of his lexicon of Attic usages are preserved in later lexica. This work sought to counter the hyperatticist doctrine favoured by some contemporary lexicographers, who were inspired by the works of the 2nd-century grammarian Phrynichus. Oros' work was influential in the later Byzantine lexicographical tradition.

The codex Messinensis graecus 118 contains a fragment of a work on orthography concerning the use of the iota subscript. This is sometimes styled the Lexicon Messanense.

Fragments of two other works survive, one a list of words with more than one meaning, the other a list of toponyms and their supposed etymologies.

Phrynichus Arabius
Phrynichus Arabius (/ˈfrɪnɪkəs/; Ancient Greek: Φρύνιχος Ἀράβιος, lit. 'Phrynichus the Arab') or Phrynichus of Bithynia (Ancient Greek: Φρύνιχος ὁ Βιθυνός) was a grammarian of the Greek language who flourished in 2nd century Bithynia, writing works on proper Attic usage. His name is also transliterated as Phrynichos or Phrynikhos. His ethnic background is disputed, mainly between an Arab and Bithynian Greek descent.
Henry Nevil Payne
Henry Nevil Payne (died 1710?) was a dramatist and agitator for the Roman Catholic cause in Scotland and England. He wrote The Fatal Jealousy (1672), The Morning Ramble (1672), and The Siege of Constantinople (1675). After he finished writing plays, he was heavily involved in the Montgomery Plot in 1689, and was captured and put to two days torture on 10 December 1690, in the last legal use of "judicial torture" in the United Kingdom. According to the Earl of Crawford, who supervised the torture and wrote about it to the Earl of Melville later in the week, Payne was subjected to the thumbscrews and to "the boot" but revealed no information.  He was finally released in February 1701, and commenced further plotting. His fate is unknown; Montague Summers's The Works of Aphra Behn suggests 1710 for his death date, but offers no cite.

Thumbscrew (torture)
The thumbscrew, (also known as devils handshake) is a torture instrument which was first used in early modern Europe. It is a simple vise, sometimes with protruding studs on the interior surfaces. Victims' fingers or toes were placed in the vice and slowly crushed. The crushing bars were sometimes lined with sharp metal points to puncture the nails. While the most common design operated upon a single thumb or big toe, variants could accommodate both big toes, all five fingers of one hand, or all ten toes.