hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Elobey Grande
Elobey Grande, or Great Elobey, is an island of Equatorial Guinea, lying at the mouth of the Mitémélé River. It is sparsely inhabited. Elobey Chico is a smaller island offshore, now uninhabited but once the colonial capital of the Río Muni. The island is located in the Gulf of Guinea.

Spanish Guinea
Spanish Guinea (Spanish: Guinea Española) was a set of insular and continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in Central Africa. It gained independence in 1968 as Equatorial Guinea.
Ordered subset expectation maximization
In mathematical optimization, the ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) method   is an iterative method that is used in computed tomography.

In applications in medical imaging, the OSEM method is used for positron emission tomography (PET), for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and for X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) scans.

The OSEM method is related to the expectation–maximization (EM) method of statistics. The OSEM method is also related to methods of filtered back projection.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Giovanni Emanuele Bidera
Giovanni Emanuele Bidera (or Bideri) (4 October 1784 – 8 April 1858) was an Italian writer.

He is primarily known as the librettist of Gaetano Donizetti's operas Gemma di Vergy and Marino Faliero, but he also wrote many other librettos for lesser known composers as well as plays, essays, books about Naples, and a treatise on acting. Bidera was born in the small Sicilian town of Palazzo Adriano and spent most of his career in Naples. In 1850 he retired to Palermo where he died at the age of 73.

Saverio Mercadante
Giuseppe Saverio Raffaele Mercadante (baptised 17 September 1795 – 17 December 1870) was an Italian composer, particularly of operas. While Mercadante may not have retained the international celebrity of Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti or Gioachino Rossini beyond his own lifetime, he composed as prolifically as any of them, and his development of operatic structures, melodic styles and orchestration contributed significantly to the foundations upon which Giuseppe Verdi built his dramatic technique.
Furcodontichthys
Furcodontichthys is a monospecific genus of freshwater ray-finned fish is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, and the subfamily Loricariinae, the armored suckermouth catfishes. The only species in the genus is Furcodontichthys novaesi.

This species is endemic to Brazil where it is known from the middle Amazon at Lake Tefé and from the upper Juruá River drainage in the Solimões River basin. F. novaesi inhabits sandy substrates.

Furcodontichthys novaesi reaches a length of 10.2 centimetres (4.0 in) SL. As with closely related genera, males of Furcodontichthys show a hypertrophied development of the lips suggesting that this genus is a lip brooder. The presence of conspicuous fringed barbels at the lip corners
is unique among the Loricariinae subfamily.

Solimões River
Solimões (Portuguese pronunciation: [soliˈmõjs]) is the name often given to upper stretches of the Amazon River in Brazil from its confluence with the Rio Negro upstream to the border of Peru. The Solimões flows for about 1,600 km (1,000 miles) through a floodplain about 80 km (50 miles) wide.
French brig Milan (1807)
Milan was a French brig built at Saint Malo, from plans designed by François Pestel that had already served for Curieux in 1800 and for Palinure in 1804. She served in the French Navy for four years before HMS Surveillante and Seine captured her. She became HMS Achates in the Royal Navy and served until after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

François Pestel
François Timothée Benjamin Pestel (13 December 1763 in Honfleur – 1828) was a French naval engineer of the Age of Sail. He was the younger brother of the French ship builder and naval architect Jean-Louis Pestel.
The Hostage Gang
The Hostage Gang (French: Le gang des otages) is a 1973 French-Italian crime drama film directed by Édouard Molinaro and starring Daniel Cauchy, Bulle Ogier and Gilles Ségal. It was shot at the Billancourt Studios in Paris and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Louis Le Barbenchon.

Billancourt Studios
Billancourt Studios was a film studio in Paris which operated between 1922 and 1992. Located in Boulogne-Billancourt, it was one of the leading French studios. It was founded in the silent era by Henri Diamant-Berger. During the Second World War the studio was used by Continental Films, a company financed by the German occupiers. They are also known as the Paris-Studio-Cinéma. They should not be confused with the nearby Boulogne Studios.
Mamangam (film)
Mamangam (transl. Festival) is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language period action film directed by M. Padmakumar, and produced by Kavya Film Company. Sajeev Pillai was the director in the first schedule, but was replaced by M. Padmakumar. It stars Mammootty in the lead role, with Unni Mukundan, Achuthan and Siddique. The film is about the Mamankam festival of the 18th century on the banks of the Bharathappuzha at Tirunavaya, in the Malabar region. The film follows Chaaverukal who plots to overthrow the Samoothiri.

Songs are composed by M. Jayachandran. Originally shot in Malayalam, it was dubbed in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi and simultaneously released worldwide on 12 December 2019. The film received mixed reviews from the critics and underperformed at the box office.

Tirunavaya
Tirunavaya, also spelled as Thirunavaya, is a town in Tirur Malappuram, Kerala. Situated on the northern bank of Bharatappuzha (River Ponnani/Nila or Perar), it is one of the major Hindu pilgrimage centres in Kerala. Tirunavaya, home to Tirunavaya Temple (Navamukunda/Vishnu Temple) and temples of Siva and Brahma (Cherutirunavaya Brahma Temple and Siva Temple/Tirunavaya Mahadeva Temple), is one of the most prominent places for bali tarpana on Karkitaka vavu in Kerala.
Ministry for Interior and Sports of Lower Saxony
The Ministry for Interior and Sports of Lower Saxony is one of 10 ministries in Lower Saxony. The office is located at the Lavesallee 6 in Hanover.

The current Minister is Daniela Behrends (SPD) who has been the Minister since 19 January 2023. The current state secretary is Stephan Manke who was appointed by Boris Pistorius on 19 February 2013.

Politics of Lower Saxony
The politics of Lower Saxony takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Lower Saxony. Since 1948 politics in the state has been dominated by the rightist Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party. Lower Saxony was one of the origins of the German environmentalist movement in reaction to the state government's support for underground nuclear waste disposal. This led to the formation of the German Green Party in 1980.
1992 Individual Long Track World Championship
The 1992 Individual Long Track World Championship was the 22nd edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship. The event was held on 13 September 1992 in Pfarrkirchen, Germany.

The world title was won by Marcel Gerhard of Switzerland.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.
Bert Hollingdale
Bert Hollingdale (1889–11 February 1961) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Swansea Rugby Football Club and was capped for Wales on two occasions. His younger brother, Tom also played rugby, though he played for rival club Neath and had a more successful international career, representing Wales six times.

Hollingdale made his Welsh international debut on 14 December 1912 against the touring South African team. He would face the South Africans twelve days later as part of the Swansea team that achieved a tight victory over the tourists. His second and final cap was during the 1913 Five Nations Championship when he was selected to face England. The Welsh team lost badly, and Hollingdale was one of eight players from the side that would not represent Wales again.

International matches played Wales

England 1913

South Africa 1912

Swansea RFC
Swansea Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team which plays in the Super Rygbi Cymru. The club play at St Helen's Rugby and Cricket Ground in Swansea and are also known as The Whites, in reference to their home kit colours.
Dominik Leder
Dominik Leder (born 4 October 1964) was a Swiss footballer who played in the 1980s. He played as goalkeeper.

Leder played his youth football with Concordia Basel and advanced to their first team during the 1983–84 season to the 1st League, the third tier of Swiss football.

Leder joined FC Basel's first team for their 1984–85 season under head-coach Ernst August Künnecke and Emil Müller. During his first two seasons with Basel Leder played only in test games. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob Stadium on 23 May 1987 as Basel were beaten 2–4 by Luzern.

Between the years 1984 and 1987 Leder played a total of 17 games for Basel. Four of these games were in the Nationalliga A and 13 were friendly games.

St. Jakob Stadium
The St. Jakob Stadium was a football stadium in Basel, Switzerland and the former home of Swiss club FC Basel. It was built in view of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and as well as serving as a club stadium, it hosted several important matches, including some FIFA World Cup matches in 1954 and four European Cup Winners' Cup finals.

After closing in 1998, St. Jakob-Park was built in its place. It was nicknamed "Joggeli" (a diminutive of "Jakob" in the local dialect) by Basel supporters.
George Arents
George Arents Jr. (born 1875 - December 13, 1960) was an American businessman who directed the American Tobacco Company and was the treasurer for the American Machine and Foundry as well as the International Cigar Machinery. He was in one race, which was the 1904 Vanderbilt Cup Races where his Mercedes overturned, causing a serious head injury and Carl Mensel, his driving mechanic, to die.

American Tobacco Company
The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter, Goodwin & Company, and Kinney Brothers. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".
Songbird (Ellen Benediktson song)
"Songbird" is a song sung by Swedish singer-songwriter Ellen Benediktson and written by Sharon Vaughn, Johan Fransson, Tim Larsson and Tobias Lundgren. The song is best known for being performed by Benediktson at Melodifestivalen 2014. It qualified for the final from the first semifinal held in Malmö placing second out of eight. In the final, the song placed seventh out of ten.

On 6 April 2014, the song entered Svensktoppen.

Svensktoppen
Svensktoppen (Swedish: [ˈsvɛ̂nːskˌtɔpːɛn]) is a weekly record chart airing on Sveriges Radio. Until January 2003, the songs had to be in the Swedish language. Svensktoppen has aired since 1962, except for the years 1982–1985. In the years leading up to the January 2003 change, the programme was strongly dominated by dansband music.

The first number-one hit song was "Midnattstango" performed by Swedish crooner Lars Lönndahl.

New rules on 17 January 2016 restricted the maximum length for a song to chart to one year.
Lacon D. Stockton
Lacon D. Stockton (1814 – June 9, 1860) was a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from June 3, 1856, until his death on June 9, 1860, appointed from Des Moines County, Iowa, by Governor James W. Grimes.

Stockton was the first Iowa Supreme Court justice to die in office.

Des Moines County, Iowa
Des Moines County is located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,910, and was estimated to be 38,411 in 2024. The county seat and largest city is Burlington. It is one of Iowa's two original counties along with Dubuque County; both were organized by the Michigan Territorial legislature in 1834. Des Moines County is part of the Burlington micropolitan statistical area.

Des Moines County sits on Iowa's eastern border alongside the Mississippi River. The city of Des Moines is in Polk County in central Iowa. Both places derive their name from the Des Moines River, which flows through the city of Des Moines and originally flowed through the county. When the county was divided early in Iowa's history, the river ended up further west, forming the border between Lee County, Iowa and the state of Missouri.
Morris USHM engines
The Morris USHM engine series was a family of 918 cc inline-four side-valve petrol engines produced by Morris Motors from the late 1930s until the early 1950s.  
They were developed from the earlier UB-series engine and were fitted to the Morris Eight (Series E) and early Morris Minor (Series MM), as well as used in auxiliary and stationary roles.

Three main variants (USHM1, USHM2 and USHM3) were produced, differing mainly in their cooling, lubrication, and ancillary fittings.

Morris Eight
The Morris Eight is a small family car produced by Morris Motors from 1935 to 1948. It was inspired by the sales popularity of the Ford Model Y, styling of which the Eight closely followed. The success of the car enabled Morris to regain its position as Britain's largest motor manufacturer.
Quriwayrachina, Anta
Quriwayrachina or Quri Wayrachina (Quechua quri gold, wayrachina a special oven for smelting metal, "oven for smelting gold") is an archaeological site with agricultural terraces in Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Anta Province. The terraces lie about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of the terraces of Zurite.

Hiram Bingham III visited the site in April 1915, and by Paul Fejos in 1940

Terrace (earthworks)
A terrace in agriculture is a flat surface that has been cut into hills or mountains to provide areas for the cultivation for crops, as a method of more effective farming. Terrace agriculture or cultivation is when these platforms are created successively down the terrain in a pattern that resembles the steps of a staircase. As a type of landscaping, it is called terracing.

Terraced fields decrease both erosion and surface runoff, and may be used to support growing crops that require irrigation, such as rice. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras have been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of the significance of this technique.
The Wise Man of the East
The Wise Man of the East is a 1799 comedy play by the British writer Elizabeth Inchbald, inspired by an earlier German work by  August von Kotzebue. It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 30 November 1799 and was performed thirteen times that season. The original cast included Joseph Shepherd Munden as Ava Thoanoa, William Thomas Lewis as Claransforth, Charles Murray as Metland, Henry Erskine Johnston as Ensign Metland, Thomas Knight as Timothy Starch, John Waddy as Lawley, George Davenport as Bankwell, Charles Klanert as Waitby, Mary Ann Davenport as Lady Mary Diamond, Isabella Mattocks as Rachel Starch and Nannette Johnston as Ruth Starch.

August von Kotzebue
August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (German: [ˈaʊɡʊst fɔn ˈkɔtsəbuː], Russian: Евстафий Леонтьевич Коцебу, romanized: Yevstafiy Leontyevich Kotsebu; 3 May [O.S. 22 April] 1761 – 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1819) was a German playwright, who had also worked as a Russian diplomat.

In 1817, one of Kotzebue's books was burned during the Wartburg festival. He was murdered in 1819 by Karl Ludwig Sand, a militant member of the Burschenschaften. This murder gave Metternich the pretext to issue the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which dissolved the Burschenschaften, cracked down on the liberal press, and seriously restricted academic freedom in the states of the German Confederation.
Aunty (film)
Aunty is a 1995 Indian Telugu language romantic comedy drama film directed by Mouli. The film stars Jayasudha, Nassar, Anand, Chinna and Raja Ravindra. It is remade into Kannada in 2001 as Aunty Preethse.

Nassar (actor)
Nassar (born Muhammad Hanif; 5 March 1958) is an Indian actor, director, producer, voice artist, singer and politician who mainly works in the Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam film industries. He has also worked in a few Kannada,  English, Hindi  and Bengali films. He is the incumbent president of the Nadigar Sangam, a trade union for film, television, and stage actors in Tamil Nadu.
David Rosen (entomologist)
David Rosen (Hebrew: דוד רוזן; 20 April 1936 - 8 January 1997) was an Israeli entomologist known for his work on pest control. He was also a specialist on the taxonomy of the Chalcidoidea. He served as Vigevani Professor of Agriculture and Professor of Entomology at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Rosen was born to Josef and Fela in Tel-Aviv where he went to high school. He later studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and studied under Zvi Avidov followed by Ph.D. studies under Israel Cohen on biological control in citrus. He was awarded the Jacobson Prize for citrus research in 1965. His postdoctoral studies were with Paul DeBach at the University of California, Riverside after which he returned to Israel to work at the Hebrew University. He died of cancer in 1997.

Chalcid wasp
Chalcid wasps (/ˈkælsɪd/, from Greek  khalkos 'copper', for their metallic colour) are insects within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, part of the order Hymenoptera. The superfamily contains some 22,500 known species, and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species, meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described. The name "chalcid" is often confused with the name "chalcidid", though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family, the Chalcididae, rather than the superfamily as a whole; accordingly, most recent publications (e.g.,) use the name "chalcidoid" when referring to members of the superfamily.

Most chalcid wasps are parasitoids of other insects, though other life styles are known, with the herbivorous fig wasps acting as pollinators. Various species are used as biological pest control agents or in scientific research.
MyGate
Mygate is an app created to manage security, finances and community living in housing societies. The app was launched in 2016, and as of November 2021, it claimed to serve over 25,000 housing societies across 27 cities in India. Mygate is owned by Vivish Technologies and headquartered in Bangalore.

Urban Company
Urban Company Limited (formerly known as UrbanClap) is an Indian multinational home services provider that connects individuals with professionals for various home services. The company was founded in 2014 by Abhiraj Singh Bhal, Varun Khaitan, and Raghav Chandra, and is headquartered in Gurgaon. In January 2020, UrbanClap rebranded itself as Urban Company.

As of March 2025, Urban Company reported having approximately 40,000 registered professionals globally.
Keith Drury (artist)
Keith Drury (born 1964) is a Northern Ireland artist initially known for oil paintings and for cityscapes created by 3D modelling. Many of his early oil on canvas artworks gained national media attention. He is now best known for his intricate and highly coloured urban landscapes.

3D modeling
In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of a surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software by manipulating edges, vertices, and polygons in a simulated 3D space.

Three-dimensional (3D) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of data (points and other information), 3D models can be created manually, algorithmically (procedural modeling), or by scanning. Their surfaces may be further defined with texture mapping.
Günther Wilke
Günther Wilke (23 February 1925 – 9 December 2016) was a German chemist who was influential in organometallic chemistry.  He was the director of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research (Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung) from 1967–1992, succeeding Karl Ziegler in that post.  During Wilke's era, the MPI made several discoveries and achieved some financial independence from patents and a gift from the Ziegler family.  The institute continued as a center of excellence in organometallic chemistry.

Wilke's own area of interest focused on homogeneous catalysis by nickel complexes. His group discovered or developed several compounds including Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2, Ni(allyl)2, Ni(C2H4)3.  Some of these complexes are useful catalysts for the oligomerization of dienes. He died in 2016 at the age of 91.

Ethylene
Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula C2H4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colourless, flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon–carbon double bonds).

Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry, and its worldwide production (over 225 million tonnes in 2022) exceeds that of any other organic compound. Much of this production goes toward creating polyethylene, which is a widely used plastic containing polymer chains of ethylene units in various chain lengths. Production emits greenhouse gases, including methane from feedstock production and carbon dioxide from any non-sustainable energy used.

Ethylene is also an important natural plant hormone and is used in agriculture to induce ripening of fruits. The hydrate of ethylene is ethanol.