hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postcognitivism
Movements in cognitive science are considered to be post-cognitivist if they are opposed to or move beyond the cognitivist theories posited by Noam Chomsky, Jerry Fodor, David Marr, and others.

Postcognitivists challenge tenets within cognitivism, including ontological dualism, representational realism, that cognition is independent of processes outside the mind and nervous system, that the electronic computer is an appropriate analogy for the mind, and that cognition occurs only within individuals.

Researchers who have followed post-cognitive directions include James J. Gibson, Hubert Dreyfus, Gregory Bateson, Michael Turvey, Bradd Shore, Jerome Bruner, Vittorio Guidano, Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Deister-Süntel valley
52°12′N 9°18′E﻿ / ﻿52.200°N 9.300°E﻿ / 52.200; 9.300

The Deister-Süntel valley (German: Deister-Sünteltal) lies in the northeast Weser Uplands in the north German state of Lower Saxony between the ridges of the Bückeberg, Süntel and Deister in the districts of Schaumburg and Hameln-Pyrmont.

Bückeberg
The Bückeberg (German pronunciation: [ˈbʏkəˌbɛʁk] ⓘ; also the Bückeberge) is a small hill range, up to 375 metres (1,230 ft) high, in the Calenberg Uplands between the Harrl and the Deister in central Germany, and is often considered part of the Weser Uplands. It lies in the district of Schaumburg, and stretches for some 20 km (12 mi) from west to east from Bückeburg and the village of Bad Eilsen towards Bad Nenndorf.
Komoro Castle
Komoro Castle (小諸城, Komoro-jō) is a Japanese castle located in the city of Komoro, central  Nagano Prefecture, Japan. At the end of the Edo period, Komoro Castle was home to a junior branch of the Makino clan, daimyō of Komoro Domain. It was also known as Ana-jō (穴城, castle which is located in a place that is lower than jôkamachi) or Hakatsuru-jō (白鶴城, White Crane Castle). Today, it is open to public as Kaikoen (懐古園).

Jōkamachi
The jōkamachi (城下町, lit. 'castle city') were centres of the domains of the feudal lords in medieval Japan. The jōkamachi represented the new, concentrated military power of the daimyo in which the formerly decentralized defence resources were concentrated around a single, central citadel. These cities did not necessarily form around castles after the Edo period; some are known as jin'yamachi, cities that have evolved around jin'ya or government offices that are not intended to provide military services. Defined broadly, jokamachi includes jin'yamachi. It is also referred to as jōka, as was common before the early modern period.
Nastaliq
Nastaliq is one of the main calligraphic hands used to write Persian script and Arabic script and is used for significant Indo-Iranian languages (namely all of the Iranic and some of the Indo-Aryan), predominantly Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Urdu, Sindhi, Saraiki, Kashmiri and Punjabi. It is often used also for Ottoman Turkish, but rarely for Arabic (particularly in Iraq). Nastaliq developed in Iran from the combination of naskh and ta'liq, beginning in the 13th century and remains widely used in Iran, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and other countries for written poetry and as a form of art.

Kashmiri language
Kashmiri (English: /kæʃˈmɪəri/ kash-MEER-ee), also known by its endonym Koshur (Kashmiri: کٲشُر (Perso-Arabic, Official Script), pronounced [kəːʃur]), is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region, primarily in the Kashmir Valley and surrounding hills of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that territory. Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb-second word order.

Since 2020, it has been made an official language of Jammu and Kashmir along with Dogri, Hindi, Urdu and English. Kashmiri is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Pakistani-administrated Azad Kashmir's population.
Fernand Dorais
Fernand Dorais (March 8, 1928 – January 16, 2003) was a Canadian writer, Jesuit priest and academic. A professor of French literature and translation at Laurentian University in Sudbury, Ontario from 1969 to 1993, he was noted for his work as a key builder of Franco-Ontarian cultural identity, through both his academic research and his role in the development of many of the Franco-Ontarian community's contemporary cultural institutions.

Born in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Dorais was educated at the Université de Montréal, Columbia University and the Sorbonne. He taught at Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal and Collège Lionel-Groulx in Saint-Jérôme in the 1950s and 1960s before moving to Sudbury to join the faculty at Laurentian University.

Saint-Jérôme
Saint-Jérôme (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒeʁom]) (2021 population 80,213) is a suburban city located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Montreal on the Rivière du Nord. It is part of the North Shore sector of Greater Montreal. It is a gateway to the Laurentian Mountains and its resorts via the Autoroute des Laurentides.

The town is named after Saint Jerome (ca. 347 – September 30, 420), a church father best known as the translator of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. His translation is known as the Vulgate.
Susan F. Ferree
Susan F. Ferree (née, Nelson; January 14, 1844 - September 6, 1919) was an American journalist and social reformer from Iowa. Ferree served as a Washington, D.C. newspaper correspondent. She favored women's suffrage and women's rights. She was affiliated with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), Order of the Eastern Star, Woman's Relief Corps (WRC), and the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).

Order of the Eastern Star
The Order of the Eastern Star (OES) is a Masonic appendant body open to both men and women. It was established in 1850 by lawyer and educator Rob Morris, a noted Freemason, and adopted and approved as an appendant body of the Masonic Fraternity in 1873. The order is based on teachings from the Bible and is open to people of all religious beliefs. It has approximately 10,000 chapters in 18 countries and approximately 500,000 members under its General Grand Chapter.

Members of the Order of the Eastern Star are aged 18 and older; men must be Master Masons and women must be sponsored. Originally, a woman would have to be the daughter, widow, wife, sister, or mother of a Master Mason. The Order now allows other relatives as well as allowing Job's Daughters, Rainbow Girls and Members of the Organization of Triangles (in New York) to become members when of age.
Rhytiphora neglecta
Rhytiphora neglecta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1863, originally under the genus Symphyletes. It is known from Australia. It feeds on Acacia longifolia.

Acacia longifolia
Acacia longifolia is a species of Acacia native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, eastern and southern Victoria, southeastern South Australia, and Tasmania. Common names for it include long-leaved wattle, acacia trinervis, aroma doble, golden wattle, coast wattle, sallow wattle and Sydney golden wattle.

It is not listed as being a threatened species, and is considered invasive in Portugal, New Zealand and South Africa. In the southern region of Western Australia, it has become naturalised and has been classed as a weed due to its out-competing indigenous species. It can grow very quickly, reaching 7–10 m in five to six years.
Shumerlinsky District
Shumerlinsky District  (Russian: Шу́мерлинский райо́н; Chuvash: Ҫӗмӗрле районӗ, Śĕmĕrle rayonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west. The area of the district is 1,047.6 square kilometers (404.5 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 10,765 (2010 census); 13,298 (2002 Census); 16,187 (1989 Soviet census).

Sura (river)
The Sura (Russian: Сура́, Chuvash: Сăр, Săr) is a river in Russia, a north-flowing right tributary of the Volga. Its mouth on the Volga is about halfway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. It flows through Penza Oblast, Mordovia, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Chuvashia and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. It is 841 kilometres (523 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 67,500 square kilometres (26,100 sq mi). It is navigable for 394 km from the mouth.

The city of Penza, and smaller towns Alatyr, Shumerlya, Yadrin lie along the Sura. At the confluence with the Volga lies the settlement of Vasilsursk.

The principal tributaries of the Sura are the Penza, the Pyana, and the Alatyr.
Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo, Vol. 1
Concert at the Crescendo Vol. 1 is a 1955 jazz album by jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong. The label states: "Actually Recorded at the Crescendo, January 21, 1955". Released as part of Decca's 4-disc set, "The California Concerts."

Trummy Young
James "Trummy" Young (January 12, 1912 – September 10, 1984) was an American trombonist in the swing era. He established himself as a star during his 12 years performing with Louis Armstrong in Armstrong's All Stars. He had one hit with his version of "Margie", which he played and sang with Jimmie Lunceford's orchestra in 1937. During his years with Armstrong, Young modified his playing to fit Armstrong's approach to jazz.
Skirmish of Sporting Hill
The Skirmish of Sporting Hill was a relatively small skirmish during the Gettysburg campaign of the American Civil War, taking place on June 30, 1863, at various locations in present-day Camp Hill, East Pennsboro Township and Hampden Township in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. It is known as the northernmost engagement of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War.

Cumberland Valley
The Cumberland Valley is a northern constituent valley of the Great Appalachian Valley,  within the Atlantic Seaboard watershed in Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Appalachian Trail crosses through the valley.
New Zealand Film Commission
The New Zealand Film Commission (NZFC; Māori: Te Tumu Whakaata Taonga) is a New Zealand government agency formed to assist with creating and promoting New Zealand films. It was established under the New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 (as amended in 1981, 1985, 1988, 1994 and 1999).

Film commission
Film commissions are quasi-governmental, non-profit, public organizations that attract motion media production crews (including movies, television, and commercials) to shoot on location in their respective localities, and offer support so that productions can accomplish their work smoothly.
Business Ethics: A European Review
Business Ethics: A European Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons covering business ethics. The editor-in-chief is Dima Jamali (American University of Beirut). Occasionally, the journal publishes special issues on particular interdisciplinary themes. In 2020, the journal has been renamed as Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility (BEER).

American University of Beirut
The American University of Beirut (AUB; Arabic: الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت, romanized: al-Jāmiʿa l-Amērkiyya fī Bayrūt) is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its main campus in Beirut, Lebanon. AUB is governed by a private, autonomous board of trustees and offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, MD, and PhD degrees.

AUB has an operating budget of $423 million with an endowment of approximately $768 million. The campus is composed of 64 buildings, including the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC, formerly known as AUH – American University Hospital) (420 beds), four libraries, three museums and seven dormitories. Almost one-fifth of AUB's students attended secondary school or university outside Lebanon before coming to AUB. AUB graduates reside in more than 120 countries worldwide. The language of instruction is English. Degrees awarded at the university are officially registered with the New York Board of Regents.
Kasser Distillers
Kasser Distillers Products Corp. was an American alcoholic beverage company that operated from 1934 to 1989, producing and distributing wines, spirits, and cordials. The company handled over 200 different labels and at its peak accounted for more than 11 percent of all Pennsylvania state liquor sales. Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the company was one of the largest independent distillers in the state for over five decades.

E & J Gallo Winery
Gallo is an American wine producer and distributor. The company's headquarters are located in Modesto, California. Previously known as "E. & J. Gallo Winery," it was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo of the Gallo family and mainly exports California wines. It is the largest wine producer in the world by volume, producing more than 3% of the world's annual supply of 35 billion bottles and generating an annual revenue of $5.3 billion. It is also the largest family-owned winery in the United States, employing approximately 3,500 people in Modesto and 2,500 in other parts of the state, country, and world.
Hong Cheong
Hong Cheong (also Hung Chiong and Hung Chong) was a Chinese photographer who operated a photographic studio in Yokohama, Japan, between 1875 and 1885. In addition to his photographic work, he was an artist, chart copier, portrait painter, and dealer in picture frames. Cheong left Japan in 1885 and opened a studio in Hong Kong. His photographic works included large format hand-coloured albumen prints.

It is possible that Hong Cheong was related to Tong Cheong, the Chinese operator of another photographic studio in Yokohama known from an advertisement of 1884.

Albumen print
The albumen print, also called albumen silver print, is a method of producing a photographic print using egg whites. Published in January 1847 by Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, it was the first commercial process of producing a photo on a paper base from a negative, previous methods—such as the daguerreotype and the tintype—having been printed on metal. It became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the start of the 20th century, with a peak in the 1860–1890 period.  During the mid-19th century, the carte de visite became one of the more popular uses of the albumen method. In the 19th century, E. & H. T. Anthony & Company were the largest makers and distributors of albumen photographic prints and paper in the United States.
Julie K. Silver
Julie Kathleen Silver (born 1965) is an American medical researcher who is an Associate Professor in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the Harvard Medical School. Her research considers musculoskeletal disorders and cancer rehabilitation. Silver is involved with several initiatives to improve gender equity in medicine. She is the 2022 recipient of the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal.

Cancer rehabilitation
Cancer rehabilitation has been defined in the scientific literature as a distinct field of medicine that focuses on reducing or eliminating side-effects of cancer treatment and improving survivors' strength, ability to function and quality of life

This field is a subspecialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), also known as physiatry and/or rehabilitation medicine.
Les Lye
Leslie Ernest Lye (November 18, 1924 – July 21, 2009) was a Canadian actor, comedian, writer, radio personality and announcer and voice artist. He was an original cast member and played numerous roles on the children's program You Can't Do That on Television. He had a television and radio career spanning over half a century.

Television in Canada
Television in Canada officially began with the sign-on of the nation's first television stations in Montreal and Toronto in 1952. As with most media in Canada, the television industry, and the television programming available in that country, are strongly influenced by media in the United States and the United Kingdom, perhaps to an extent not seen in any other major industrialized nation. As a result, the government institutes quotas for "Canadian content". Nonetheless, new content is often aimed at a broader North American audience, although the similarities may be less pronounced in the predominantly French-language province of Quebec.
Aptos (typeface)
Aptos, originally named Bierstadt, is a sans-serif typeface in the neo-grotesque style developed by Steve Matteson. In 2023, it became the new default font for the Microsoft Office suite, replacing the previously used Calibri font.

Aptos, as well as its variants, Aptos Display, Aptos Narrow, Aptos Mono (a monospaced font), Aptos Serif (serif font), and Aptos Slab (Slab serif font) are available to Microsoft 365 subscribers via Microsoft's cloud service.

Serif
In typography, a serif (/ˈsɛrɪf/) is a small line or stroke regularly attached to the end of a larger stroke in a letter or symbol within a particular font or family of fonts. A typeface or "font family" making use of serifs is called a serif typeface (or serifed typeface), and a typeface that does not include them is sans-serif. Some typography sources refer to sans-serif typefaces as "grotesque" (in German, grotesk) or "Gothic" (although this often refers to blackletter type as well). In  German usage, the term Antiqua is used more broadly for serif types.

Serif typefaces can be broadly classified into one of four subgroups: Old-style, Transitional, Didone, and Slab serif, in order of first emergence.
Orville H. Hampton
Orville H. Hampton (May 21, 1917 – August 8, 1997) was an American screenwriter who worked mostly in low-budget films, particularly for producers Robert E. Kent and Edward Small. A screenplay that he and Raphael Hayes wrote for One Potato, Two Potato (1964) was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

The Atomic Submarine
The Atomic Submarine is a 1959 independent, American black-and-white science-fiction film directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet and starring Arthur Franz, Dick Foran, Brett Halsey, Joi Lansing and Jean Moorhead, with John Hilliard as the voice of the alien. The film was produced by Alex Gordon and distributed by Allied Artists Pictures Corporation.

The storyline of The Atomic Submarine concerns an alien invasion that begins when an underwater UFO (or USO – Unidentified Submerged Object) attacks the world's shipping for unknown reasons. The film showcases the then-new technology of nuclear submarines, and follows the crew and scientists aboard the atomic-powered USS Tigershark, which has been ordered to hunt down the mysterious underwater saucer and stop its disruption of sea commerce.
Camillo, Western Australia
Camillo is a southeastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Armadale and it was part of Kelmscott until 1978. It was named after Camillo Cyrus, the child of Gertrude Seeligson, a local property owner in the area in 1901. Until mid-2008, it was named Westfield, named after a siding on the Jandakot railway line.

City of Armadale
The City of Armadale is a local government area in the southeastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth, about 28 kilometres (17.4 mi) southeast of Perth's central business district. The City covers an area of 560 square kilometres (216 sq mi), much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east, and had a population of almost 80,000 as at the 2016 Census. At the 2021 census, the population had risen to 94,184.
1980 Bulgarian Cup final
The 1980 Bulgarian Cup final was the 40th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between Slavia Sofia and Beroe Stara Zagora on 13 May 1980 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Slavia won the final 3–1.

Bulgarian Cup
The Bulgarian Cup (Bulgarian: Купа на България, romanized: Kupa na Bŭlgariya) is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.

The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.

The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based clubs. They have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful clubs are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA Sofia 1–0 in the 2025 final.
Armin Reichel
Armin Reichel (born 31 January 1958 in Glan-Münchweiler) is a German former professional football goalkeeper.

Reichel started his professional career with 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the Bundesliga, where he made 63 first-team appearances. After spells with Tennis Borussia Berlin and 1. FC Saarbrücken in the 2. Bundesliga, Reichel moved to Wormatia Worms, where he spent a decade and played in 271 league games. He didn't retire until the age of 51, after having played for TuS Altleiningen in the Landesliga.

Wormatia Worms
VfR Wormatia 08 Worms is a German association football club that plays in Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate. The club and its historical predecessors were regular participants in regional first-division football competition until the formation of the national top-flight Bundesliga in 1963.
Palpitomonas
Palpitomonas is a genus of biflagellated protists within the phylum Cryptista, a clade of basal eukaryotes. This genus is especially significant for understanding the early evolution of mitochondria, flagella, and the broader cryptist lineage. Palpitomonas is a key model organism for studying the phylogenetic origins of mitochondria and eukaryotic motility structures, such as flagella. One of the most common species in the genus of Palpitomonas is Palpitomonas bilix, which has been used in genomic and phylogenetic studies due to its special mitochondrial genome structure and basal phylogenetic position.

Nutrient cycle
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include the carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into productive ecological nutrition.