hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Knut T. Giæver
Knut Torvald Giæver (10 June 1926 – 4 March 2015) was a Norwegian publisher.

He was born in Oslo, and was a brother of Jo Giæver Tenfjord. He was assigned director of the book sales club Den norske Bokklubben from 1964 to 1991. During his period the number of club members (including subsidiaries) reached about 600,000. He chaired Norske Siviløkonomers Forening from 1970 to 1974, and has been chairman of the board of Norsk Form, and board member of Nationaltheatret.

Giæver died on 4 March 2015, at the age of 88.

Book sales club
A book sales club is a subscription-based method of selling and purchasing books. It is more often called simply a book club, a term that is also used to describe a book discussion club, which can cause confusion.
Maelia gens
The gens Maelia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of the early Republic, from just after the decemvirs down to the Samnite Wars.  The Maelii belonged to the equestrian order, and were among the wealthiest of the plebeians.  The most famous of the Maelii was probably Spurius Maelius, a wealthy merchant who purchased grain from the Etruscans during a famine in 440 BC, and sold it to the poor at a nominal price.  The following year, the patricians accused him of conspiring to make himself king, and when he resisted arrest he was slain by the magister equitum, Gaius Servilius Ahala.

Decemviri
The decemviri or decemvirs (Latin for "ten men") refer to official ten-man commissions established by the Roman Republic.

The most important were those of the two decemvirates, formally the decemvirate with consular power for writing laws (Latin: decemviri consulari imperio legibus scribundis) who reformed and codified Roman law during the Conflict of the Orders between ancient Rome's patrician aristocracy and plebeian commoners. Other decemviri include the decemviri for adjudging litigation (decemviri stlitibus judicandis), the decemviri for making sacrifices (decemviri sacris faciundis), and the decemviri for the assignment and giving of arable lands (decemviri agris dandis adsignandis).
Henry J. Spooner
Henry Joshua Spooner (August 6, 1839 – February 9, 1918) was a United States representative from Rhode Island.

Born in Providence, Rhode Island, Spooner attended the common schools and graduated from Brown University in 1860. During his undergraduate career Spooner became a member of Theta Delta Chi. After graduation, he studied law before entering the Union Army in 1862 as second lieutenant in the Fourth Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry. He served in the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James, mostly in the XVIII Corps.

Theta Delta Chi
Theta Delta Chi (ΘΔΧ) is a social fraternity that was founded in 1847 at Union College, New York, United States. While nicknames differ from institution to institution, the most common nicknames for the fraternity are TDX, TDC, Thete, Theta Delt, and Thumpers. Theta Delta Chi brothers refer to their local organizations as charges rather than using the common fraternity nomenclature of chapters.
The Essence of George Russell
The Essence of George Russell is an album by American jazz composer and pianist George Russell originally released on the Swedish Sonet label in 1971, and subsequently reissued on the Italian Black Saint label in 1983. The album featuring performances by Russell with a large ensemble, mostly Nordic musicians, including Stanton Davis, Jan Garbarek, Terje Rypdal, Arild Andersen, Jon Christensen and orchestra.

Black Saint/Soul Note
Black Saint and Soul Note are two affiliated Italian independent record labels. Since their conception in the 1970s, they have released albums from a variety of influential jazz musicians, particularly in the genre of free jazz.
Robin Casady
Robin Casady (died October 5, 2020) was the founder of Casady & Greene, a Macintosh software publisher and developer, in 1984 to publish fonts for the Macintosh 128K, the original Macintosh. After the closure of Casady & Greene, Casady worked with Mike Wright on updating and publishing the iData freeform database. Robin Casady was also involved in design and mfg. of high-end amateur astronomy gear, and pursuing a lifelong hobby in fine arts photography.

Macintosh 128K
The Macintosh, later rebranded as the Macintosh 128K, is the original Macintosh personal computer from Apple. It is the first successful mass-market all-in-one desktop personal computer with a graphical user interface, built-in screen and mouse. It was pivotal in establishing desktop publishing as a general office function. The motherboard, a 9 in (23 cm) CRT monochrome monitor, and a floppy drive are in a beige case with an integrated carrying handle; it has a keyboard and single-button mouse.

The Macintosh was introduced by a television commercial titled "1984" during Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, directed by Ridley Scott. Sales were strong at its initial release on January 24, 1984, at US$2,495 (equivalent to $7,700 in 2025), and reached 70,000 units on May 3, 1984. Upon the release of its successor, the Macintosh 512K, it was rebranded as the Macintosh 128K. The computer's model number is M0001.
Guangde
Guangde is a county-level city in the southeast of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, bordering the provinces of Jiangsu to the north and Zhejiang to the east. It is the easternmost county-level division of Anhui and is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city Xuancheng within Anhui Province. The city has a population of 510,000 and an area of 2,165 km2 (836 sq mi). The seat of government is at Taozhou Town.

Guangde has jurisdiction over six towns and ten townships.

Administrative divisions of China
The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since 1412, due to mainland China's large population and geographical area. In the People's Republic of China, the constitution provides for three levels of government. However in practice, there are five levels of local government; the provincial (province, autonomous region, municipality, and special administrative region), prefecture, county, township, and village.

Since the 17th century, provincial boundaries in mainland China have remained largely static. Major changes since then have been the reorganization of provinces in the northeast after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the formation of autonomous regions, based on Soviet ethnic policies. The provinces serve an important cultural role in China, as people tend to identify with their native province.
Lac de Malsaucy
Lac de Malsaucy is a lake in the Territoire de Belfort, Franche-Comté, France. The lake with a surface of is 0.64 km2 shared by three communes: Evette-Salbert, Lachapelle-sous-Chaux and Sermamagny.

The rock festival Eurockéennes is held each July on an isthmus on the lake.

Territoire de Belfort
The Territoire de Belfort (French pronunciation: [tɛʁitwaʁ də bɛlfɔʁ] ⓘ; lit. "Territory of Belfort") is a department in the northeastern French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. In 2020, the population was 140,120. The department, which spans a relatively small surface area of 609.4 km2 (235.3 sq mi), is situated just southwest of the European Collectivity of Alsace. It also shares a border with the Swiss canton of Jura to the southeast. Its prefecture is Belfort.
San Giorgio, Cascia
San Giorgio is a frazione of the comune of Cascia in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. It stands at an elevation of 915 metres above sea level. At the time of the Istat census of 2001 it had 69 inhabitants.

the church of San Giorgio

the church Madonna della Croce

Umbria
Umbria (/ˈʌmbriə/ UM-bree-ə; Italian: [ˈumbrja]) is a region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is Perugia. The region has 851,954 inhabitants as of 2025.

The region is characterized by hills, mountains, thick forests, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi), Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities.
Theodora Giareni
Theodora Giareni (born 3 March 1990 in Marousi, Athens, Greece) is a Greek swimmer. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed for the national team in the Women's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay.  The team finished in 16th (last) place in the heats, failing to reach the final.

Marousi
Marousi or Maroussi (Greek: Μαρούσι), also known as  Amarousio (Αμαρούσιο), is a city in the northeastern part of the Athens urban area, Greece. Marousi dates back to the era of the ancient Athenian Republic; its ancient name was Athmonon (Ἄθμονον) and it represented one of the 10 Athenian sub-cities. The area held a main ancient temple, where Amarysia Artemis, the goddess of hunting, was adored. Consequently the city's modern name derives from that of the goddess, Amarysia, which denotes the origin of the worship back in Amarynthos, Euboea. Its mayor is Theodoros Ampatzoglou, re-elected in 2023.
Brash (surname)
Brash is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alan Brash (1913–2002), Presbyterian minister in New Zealand

Alan Brash (pharmacologist) (born 1949), Scottish pharmacologist

Don Brash (born 1940), New Zealand politician

James Brash (1881–1961), Australian organist, adjudicator and composer

Jonathan Brash, British politician

Marion Brash (1931–2022), American actress

Matt Brash (veterinarian), British veterinarian and television presenter

Matt Brash (baseball), (born 1998), Canadian baseball player

Peter Brash (born 1954), American television soap opera writer

Thomas Brash (1874–1957), New Zealand dairy executive and Presbyterian

William W. Brash III (born 1951), American judge

Matt Brash (veterinarian)
Matthew Brash (born 1963) is a British veterinarian and television presenter. Brash began his career at the Flamingo Land zoo around 1991. He has been a TV presenter or star in the TV programmes Zoo Vet, Zoo Vet At Large, Vets to the Rescue, and Vets in the Country on BBC and ITV1. He wrote the book Zoo Vet about the situations he encountered as a veterinarian.
Haneen Ibrahim
Haneen Sami Bashir Ibrahim (Arabic: حنين سامي بشير إبراهيم; born 29 June 2000) is a Sudanese swimmer. She competed in the women's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where she ranked 84th with a time of 36.25 seconds. She did not advance to the semifinals. Ibrahim holds the national record in women's 50 metre freestyle.

In 2019, she represented Sudan at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea. She competed in the women's 50 metre freestyle and women's 100 metre freestyle events. In both events she did not advance to compete in the semi-finals. In 2021, she competed in the women's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan.

2019 World Aquatics Championships
The 2019 World Aquatics Championships were the 18th FINA World Aquatics Championships, held in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July 2019. The city had previously hosted the 2015 Summer Universiade aquatics events in the same venues.
Urim and Thummim
The Urim (Hebrew: אוּרִים‎ ʾŪrīm, "lights") and the Thummim (Hebrew: תֻּמִּים‎ Tummīm, "perfection" or "truth") in the Hebrew Bible are elements of the hoshen, the breastplate worn by the High Priest attached to the ephod, a type of apron or garment. The pair are used frequently in the Old Testament, in Exodus 28:30 and Leviticus 8:8 through God's instruction to Aaron on how to adorn his breastplate worn in the holy place; in 1 Samuel 14:41 by King Saul to determine who was at fault for breaking the army's fast; and Ezra 2 to determine whether those who claimed to be the descendants of the priests of Israel were truly of that class. The Urim and Thummim are sometimes connected by scholars with cleromancy (with divination by casting lots), although it is equally likely no casting was physically done, and the participants in the ritual waited for a sign to answer a question or reveal the will of God.

Ezra 2
Ezra 2 is the second chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, or the book of Ezra–Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book. Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra–Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles, but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books. The section comprising chapter 1 to 6 describes the history before the arrival of Ezra in the land of Judah  in 468 BCE. This chapter contains a list, known as the "Golah List", of the people who returned from Babylon to Judah following Cyrus's edict "by genealogy, family and place of habitation".
Column Five
Column Five Media (often referred to as Column Five) is a B2B marketing agency that specializes in brand and content marketing for SaaS companies, as well as content marketing, branding, strategy, data visualization, and multimedia production services. The company ranked #291 on the Inc. 500 2013 list of the fastest-growing media companies in the U.S.  The agency has also earned various accolades for its work, including awards from the Content Marketing Institute and Webby Awards, and is notable for creating and producing the viral video "Child of the 90s" on behalf of Internet Explorer. In 2023, Column Five also launched the Best Story Wins podcast, where they interview marketing industry leaders about how they build world-class brands.

Inc. (magazine)
Inc. is an American business media company founded in 1979 and based in New York City. Inc. publishes several print magazine issues per year, and is anchored by journalistic content online and on social media, focused on entrepreneurship and related news. Inc. also produces several live and virtual events yearly, including the Inc. 5000 conference.

Owned by Mansueto Ventures, Inc. is best known for its annual rankings of the fastest-growing privately held companies in the United States, called the "Inc. 5000" as well as its Best in Business, Female Founders, and Best Workplaces awards.
Willwerathia
Willwerathia is a genus of Devonian arthropod. It is sometimes classified as synziphosurine, a paraphyletic group of horseshoe crab-like fossil chelicerate arthropods, while some studies compare its morphology to an artiopod. Willwerathia known only by one species, Willwerathia laticeps, discovered in deposits of the Devonian period from the Klerf Formation, in the Rhenish Slate Mountains of Germany.

Deposition (geology)
Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass. Wind, ice, water, and gravity transport previously weathered surface material, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment.

This occurs when the forces responsible for sediment transportation are no longer sufficient to overcome the forces of gravity and friction, creating a resistance to motion; this is known as the null point hypothesis. Deposition can also refer to the buildup of sediment from organically derived matter or chemical processes. For example, chalk is made up partly of the microscopic calcium carbonate skeletons of marine plankton, the deposition of which induced chemical processes (diagenesis) to deposit further calcium carbonate. Similarly, the formation of coal begins with the deposition of organic material, mainly from plants, in anaerobic conditions.
East–West Link Expressway
The East–West Link Expressway (Malay: Lebuhraya Hubungan Timur–Barat), also known as the Salak Expressway, is an extension of Malaysia's Federal Highway from Seputeh to Taman Connaught in Cheras.  It should not be confused with the East–West Highway route 4 that runs from Gerik in Perak to Jeli in Kelantan. This expressway is part of the Kuala Lumpur Southeast Dispersal Link Scheme.

Some maps label the section of the expressway from Seputeh Interchange to Salak South Expressway as a part of the Federal Highway Route 2, but the appellation is incorrect as the East–West Link Expressway was acquired by ANIH Berhad (formerly known as Metramac Corporation Sdn Bhd (MetaCorp)) and not by the PLUS Malaysia Berhad which maintains most parts of the Federal Highway. In 2007, the expressway was coded as E37 with the Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway.

The Kilometre Zero is located at Seputeh Interchange.

Jeli District
Jeli is a district and a parliamentary constituency in western Kelantan, Malaysia. As of 2010, the district's population is estimated to be 42,150. Jeli is administered by the Jeli District Council. Jeli is bordered by Perak's Hulu Perak District to the west, the Thai district of Waeng to the north, Tanah Merah District to the northeast and Kuala Krai District to the southeast.

Most people in Jeli work as rubber tappers. The rubber plantations which belong to the local people also attract people from outside to come and work. Commonly families own a small plantation of 6 acres (24,000 m2) up to 50 acres (200,000 m2) in size. The history of Jeli began when the government encouraged the people around Kelantan to start a great area of agriculture.  This process began with a period of land clearing, or logging.
Sergio Ricossa
Sergio Ricossa (6 June 1927 – 2 March 2016) was an Italian economist.

Born in Turin, in 1949 Ricossa graduated in Economics at the Turin University. In 1961 he was nominated associate professor of economic policy and financial discipline in the same university, becoming ordinary professor in 1963.

A proponent of an economic liberalism without compromises, Ricossa's studies mainly focused on the theory of value. He collaborated with several magazines and with the newspapers Il Giornale and La Stampa, where his provocative articles often raised criticism and polemics.

Ricossa was a Vice President of the Mont Pelerin Society, a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, and the honorary president of the Bruno Leoni Institute.

Accademia dei Lincei
The Accademia dei Lincei, anglicised as the Lincean Academy, was an Italian accademia active from 1603 to 1651. It was established in Rome in 1603 by Federico Cesi, and was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the acuity that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. Cesi died in 1630, and the academy was dissolved in or before 1651.

During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Papal States and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, established in 1936, claims this heritage as the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynx-Eyed"), founded in 1847, descending from the first two incarnations of the Academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns.
Hungarian passport
Hungarian passports (Hungarian: Magyar útlevél) are issued to Hungarian citizens for international travel by The Central Data Processing, Registration and Election Office of the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior. Every Hungarian citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The passport, besides the national identity card allows for free rights of movement and residence in any of the states of the European Union, European Economic Area and Switzerland.

Ministry of Interior (Hungary)
The Ministry of Interior of Hungary (Hungarian: Belügyminisztérium [ˈbɛlyɟministeːrijum]) is a part of the Hungarian state organisation. Its head, the Minister of the Interior, is a member of the Hungarian cabinet. The ministry was established in 1848.

Between 2006 and 2010 the ministry was split into the Ministry of Local Government and the Ministry of Justice and Law. In 2010 the prior organization was restored.

During the existence of the Hungarian People's Republic, a number of security agencies were under the Ministry of Interior. These included the Internal Troops (Belső Karhatalom); the State Protection Authority (Államvelédelmi Hatoság, ÁVH)'s and the Border Guard, wearing army uniforms, 15,000 strong; and the Workers' Militia (Munkás Őrség, MO). By mid-1986 it was estimated that the Border Guard were 16,000 strong, with 11,000 conscripts, divided into 11 districts.
The Great Debasement
The Great Debasement (1544–1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as reasons for the policy's introduction. The main aim of the policy was to increase revenue for the Crown at the cost of taxpayers through savings in currency production with less bullion being required to mint new coins. During debasement gold standards dropped from the previous standard of 23 karat  to as low as 20 karat while silver was reduced from 92.5% sterling silver to just 25%. Revoked in 1551 by Edward VI, the policy's economic effects continued for many years until 1560 when all debased currency was removed from circulation.

Mint (facility)
A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins that can be used as currency.

The history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins. In the beginning, hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting, with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands. In modern mints, coin dies are manufactured in large numbers and planchets are made into milled coins by the billions.

With the mass production of currency, the production cost is weighed when minting coins. For example, it costs the United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter (a 25 cent coin), and the difference in production cost and face value (called seigniorage) helps fund the minting body. Conversely, a U.S. penny ($0.01) cost $0.015 to make in 2016.
Jason Smith (snowboarder)
Jason R. Smith (born January 11, 1982, in Aspen, Colorado) a student of Fort Lewis College, is an American snowboarder, primarily successful in the event Snowboard Cross, finishing Sixth place in the 2006 Torino Winter Games.

He was the roommate of Seth Wescott, eventual Gold Medalist in Snowboard X (SBX or Snowboard Cross).

He is the younger brother of Christy Smith, the first Deaf contestant on Survivor: The Amazon.

Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard that is always attached to a rider's feet. It features in the Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games.

Snowboarding was developed in the United States, inspired by skiing and skateboarding, which itself was inspired by surfing. Snowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century and was introduced as a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014. As of 2015, its popularity (as measured by equipment sales) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since.