hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Val Ferrera
The Ferrera Valley (Romansh: Val Ferrera, German: Ferreratal) is a valley in the Swiss canton of Graubünden between Schams and Avers. It is 10 km long and is drained by the Avers Rhine. The only villages in the valley are Innerferrera and Ausserferrera. Administratively, the municipality of Ferrera coincides with the valley.

In the Early Modern period, the Ferrera Valley was known for its iron ore. The mining industry provided its inhabitants with a livelihood. The Schmelzra mine at the entrance of the valley, is now an industrial heritage site and has since 1972 been in the care of the cultural heritage management of the Canton of Graubünden.

Until the 20th century, a linguistic border separated the valley from Avers: in the Avers valley, people spoke a Walser German dialect, in the Ferrera Valley, people spoke Romansh. In both valleys, the dominant religion is the Swiss Reformed Church.

Walser German
Walser German (German: Walserdeutsch) and Walliser German (Walliserdeutsch, locally Wallisertiitsch) are a group of Highest Alemannic dialects spoken in parts of Switzerland (Valais, Ticino, Grisons), Italy (Piedmont, Aosta Valley), Liechtenstein (Triesenberg, Planken), and Austria (Vorarlberg).

Usage of the terms Walser and Walliser has come to reflect a difference of geography, rather than language. The term Walser refers to those speakers whose ancestors migrated into other Alpine valleys in medieval times, whereas Walliser refers only to a speaker from Upper Valais – that is, the upper Rhone valley. In a series of migrations during the Late Middle Ages, people migrated out of the Upper Valais, across the higher valleys of the Alps.
T. S. Ashton Prize
The T. S. Ashton Prize, established with funds donated by the late Professor T. S. Ashton (1889-1968), is awarded biennially by the Economic History Society to the author of the best article accepted for publication in the Economic History Review in the previous two calendar years, who satisfies at least one of the following conditions at time of submission:

The author is 35 years of age or younger.

The author is within 5 years of receipt of her/his PhD.

The author normally has no previous publication in the field of economic and/or social history, or a closely related field.

As of 2019, the prize is currently £1,500.

The Economic History Review
The Economic History Review is a peer-reviewed history journal published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Economic History Society. It was established in 1927 by Eileen Power and is currently edited by Sara Horrell, Jaime Reis and Patrick Wallis. Its first editors were E. Lipson and R. H. Tawney and other previous editors include M. M. Postan, H. J. Habbakuk, Max Hartwell (1960–1968), Christopher Dyer, Nicholas Crafts, John Hatcher, Richard Smith, Jane Humphries, Steve Hindle and Phillipp Schofield.
Murmansk train collision
The Murmansk train collision occurred on 18 December 2024, when a passenger train and a freight train collided in Zelenoborsky, Murmansk Oblast, Russia. Two people were killed and 31 people were injured.

Two trains were involved in a collision at Knyazhaya Station when one train ran into the side of another. Two passengers were killed and 31 others were injured. Passenger train #11 was travelling from Murmansk to Saint Petersburg with 337 passengers. Freight train #2013 was travelling from Titan, Murmansk Oblast to the south.

There was a derailment of four tail cars of the passenger train and 14 loaded cars from the tail of the freight train.

Murmansk Oblast
Murmansk Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of 144,900 square kilometres (55,900 sq mi). Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409; however, at the 2021 Census, the population had declined to 667,744.
Jayendra
Jayendra is a given name of Indian origin. People with that name include:

Jayendra Saraswathi (1935-2018), 69th Shankaracharya Guru and head or pontiff (Pïțhādhipati) of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

Jayendra Shekhadiwala (born 1952), Gujarati poet, critic and professor

Jayendra Thakur (born 1953), gangster from Vasai-Virar, Mumbai

Jayendra Saraswathi
Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Shankaracharya Swamigal (born Subrahmanyam S/O Mahadeva Iyer; 18 July 1935 – 28 February 2018) was the 69th Shankaracharya Guru and head or pithadhipati of the  Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham. Subramanyam Iyer was nominated by his predecessor, Chandrashekarendra Saraswati, as his successor and was given the pontifical title Sri Jayendra Saraswathi on 22 March 1954.

Sri Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal succeeded Mahaperiyava Chandrashekara Saraswati Swamigal in 1960, a fact not many people know. He conducted all the activities of the mutt with the oversight of his Guru out of reverence. His successor Sri Vijayendra Saraswati was anointed by the then Senior Pontiff Mahaperiyava during his lifetime in the early 1980s.
David Najar
David Najar was a rabbinical writer of Tunis, where he died at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He was the author of Ẓemaḥ Dawid, which was published after his death, together with the Admat Yehudah of Judah Cohen Tanugi (Leghorn, 1828), and which contains novellæ to some tractates of the Talmud and to some parts of Maimonides' Yad.

Tract (literature)
A tract is a literary work and, in current usage, often religious in nature. The notion of what constitutes a tract has changed over time; by the early 21st century, the term refers to a brief pamphlet with religious or political themes. Tracts are often either left for someone to find or distributed as a medium of mass communication in the context of proselytism. However, there have been times in history when the term also implied much longer, tome-like works. The derivative tractate of scripture or the Talmud is the equivalent in Hebrew literature to a chapter of the Christian Bible.
Zbigniew Tłuczyński
Zbigniew Stanisław Tłuczyński (born 16 February 1956 in Skierniewice) is a former Polish handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

In 1980 he was part of the Polish team which finished seventh in the Olympic tournament. He played all six matches and scored 14 goals.

Handball at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Handball at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by 2 events - a men's and a women's team competitions. They were held in two venues: in the Sokolniki Sports Palace (central part of Moscow) and in the Dynamo Sports Palace at Khimki-Khovrino (north-eastern part of Moscow). The schedule began on July 20 and ended on July 30.
100,493 spectators watched 51 matches of handball events at venues, mentioned above.
Fristoe, Missouri
Fristoe is an unincorporated community in Benton County, Missouri, United States. Fristoe is located at the junction of U.S. Route 65 and Supplemental Route CC, 10.45 miles (16.82 km) southeast of Warsaw.

The Pomme de Terre River arm of Harry S Truman Reservoir lies approximately four miles to the west along Missouri Route CC.

Missouri supplemental route
A supplemental route is a state secondary road in the U.S. state of Missouri, designated with letters. Supplemental routes were various roads within the state which the Missouri Department of Transportation was given in 1952 to maintain in addition to the regular routes, though lettered routes had been in use from at least 1932. The four types of roads designated as Routes are:

Farm to market roads

Roads to state parks

Former alignments of U.S. or state highways

Short routes connecting state highways from other states to routes in Missouri

Supplemental routes make up 19,064 miles (30,681 km) (59%) of the state highway system.
Åva
Åva is an island and village in the municipality of Brändö, Åland, Finland. As of 2020, Åva has 96 inhabitants. The island is connected to Brändö village in the south by road banks and a bridge, on the northern part of the island there is Åva harbour which is served by Ålandstrafiken ferries to Jurmo and to Vartsala (with a connection further to the Finnish mainland).

Jurmo
Jurmo is an island and a village in the municipality of Pargas in the outer islands  of the archipelago off of Turku, Finland.  Directly south of the island of Korpo and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northeast of the island of Utö, this elongated island is 5 km (3 mi) in length with an average width of 1 km (0.6 mi). The island has had its own church since 1846 and a bird observatory. Although there are dozen or so permanent residents on the island, they are joined by quite a few part-time residents come summertime.

The island of Jurmo was formed during the ice age and, as an island surrounded by large amounts of gravel, and not consisting of only rock like most other islands in the region, is actually a distant continuation of the Third Salpausselkä.
Andrew Voss
Andrew Voss (born 7 September 1966) is an Australian rugby league commentator and radio and television personality who works for Fox League.

Voss previously worked for the SKY Network Television as a commentator, and at the Nine Network, including Today, NRL Footy Show, The Sunday Footy Show and The Sunday Roast. He and Eddie Hemmings are the two commentators for the video game Rugby League Live 4.

Today (1982 TV program)
Today (also referred to as The Today Show) is an Australian breakfast television news and current affairs program, with an infotainment base, hosted by Karl Stefanovic and Sarah Abo and includes news and weather updates. It broadcast weekdays on the Nine Network, as part of Nine's News Division. The show also has a weekend edition called Weekend Today.

Today airs each weekday after Today Early News and runs from 5:30 am to 9:00 am before Today Extra, an extended light entertainment program, hosted by David Campbell and Sylvia Jeffreys. The show is broadcast from the Nine Network TCN studios in North Sydney, a suburb located on the North Shore of New South Wales. Although not affiliated with, the program shares a similar infotainment format and title of the long running American program of the same name.
Robert Breault
Robert Breault (born 1963) is an American operatic tenor.  Born in Michigan, he holds a B.M. degree (magna cum laude) from St. Norbert College (1985) from which he received a distinguished alumni award in 1997.  In addition, he holds a M.M. (1987), and a D.M.A. (1991) from the University of Michigan where he studied voice with soprano Lorna Haywood.  His early training also included two years of study at the San Francisco Merola Opera Program, and an internship with Michigan Opera Theatre.  He lives in Salt Lake City, Utah, where he teaches voice and serves as director of opera at the University of Utah School of Music.

St. Norbert College
St. Norbert College (SNC) is a private Norbertine liberal arts college in De Pere, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in October 1898 by Abbot Bernard Pennings, a Norbertine priest and educator, the school was named after Saint Norbert of Xanten. In 1952, the college became coeducational. As of April 2023, the school's enrollment is 2,009 students.
Soundcheck
A soundcheck is the preparation that takes place before a concert, speech, or similar performance to adjust the sound on the venue's sound reinforcement or public address system. The performer and the audio engineers run through a small portion of the upcoming show to ensure the venue's front of house and stage monitor systems are producing clear sound, are set at the proper volume,  and have the correct mix and equalization (the latter step using the mixing console). When applied to microphones exclusively, it is more commonly (and appropriately) called a mic check.

Sound checks are especially important for rock music shows and other performances that rely heavily on sound reinforcement systems.

Sound
Sound is a phenomenon in which pressure disturbances propagate through a transmission medium. In the context of physics, it is characterised as a mechanical wave of pressure or related quantities (e.g. displacement), whereas in physiological-psychological contexts it refers to the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. Though sensitivity to sound varies among all organisms, the human ear is sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Examples of the significance and application of sound include music, medical imaging techniques, oral language and parts of science.
Flat Top Mountain (Colorado)
Flat Top Mountain is the highest summit of the Flat Tops in the Rocky Mountains of North America.  The prominent 12,361-foot (3,768 m) peak is located in the Flat Tops Wilderness, 19.1 miles (30.7 km) south-southwest (bearing 201°) of the Town of Oak Creek, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide between Routt National Forest and White River National Forest.  The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point in Garfield County, Colorado.

Garfield County, Colorado
Garfield County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,685. The county seat is Glenwood Springs, and the largest community is Rifle. The county is named in honor of United States President James A. Garfield.

Garfield County is included in the Rifle-Glenwood Springs Micropolitan Statistical Area, which also includes neighboring Pitkin County and is home to nearly 80,000 residents. The county is also included in the Glenwood Springs-Edwards combined statistical area.
George Jeffery (cricketer)
George Ernest Jeffery (9 February 1853 – 8 April 1891) was an English cricketer active from 1872 to 1874 who played for Sussex. He was born in Eastbourne and died in Streatham Common. He appeared in 31 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled roundarm slow. He scored 808 runs with a highest score of 127 and took 68 wickets with a best performance of eight for 44.

Jeffery was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1873 before graduating LLB in 1875. He was called to the Bar in 1878.

Streatham Common
51°25′20″N 0°7′28″W﻿ / ﻿51.42222°N 0.12444°W﻿ / 51.42222; -0.12444

Streatham Common is a large open space on the southern edge of Streatham in the London Borough of Lambeth. The shallow sloping lower (western) half of the common is mostly mowed grass, and the upper (eastern) half is mostly woodland with some small areas of gorse scrub and acid grassland. The eastern half has been designated a Local Nature Reserve.
Ville Saxman
Ville Saxman (born 15 November 1989) is a Finnish former footballer.

He began his career at home town Kakkonen club FC YPA before joining MYPA of Veikkausliiga in 2010. He also played for RoPS and KuPS in the Finnish premier league before announcing his retirement in November 2020 at the age of 30.

Myllykosken Pallo −47
Myllykosken Pallo -47, also referred to as MyPa, is a Finnish football club based in Myllykoski, a part of the city of Kouvola. The club temporarily shut down after having ceased operations in 2015 due to financial difficulties, but returned in 2017 earning a place in the fourth tier. The club won back-to-back promotions to reach the second division in 2019. It then suffered consecutive relegations in 2020 and 2021, ending up in the fourth-tier of Finnish football league Kolmonen. Currently MyPa competes in Kakkonen, the fourth tier of Finnish football league system.
Maurizio Scaramucci
Maurizio Scaramucci (born 21 August 1970 in Ascoli Piceno) is an Italian retired footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He played from 1989 for Ascoli youth teams. He made his debut in Serie A on 18 April 1992 against Cagliari. At the end of the season, Genoa was relegated to Serie B, where Marcello played one match. He remained at Ascoli until 1993, and then he went to play in lower divisions.

Cagliari Calcio
Cagliari Calcio, commonly referred to as Cagliari (Italian: [ˈkaʎʎari] ⓘ), is a professional Italian football club based in Cagliari, Sardinia, that plays in Serie A, the first tier of Italian football. The club currently plays home matches at the 16,416-seat Unipol Domus.

Founded in 1920, they won their first and only Scudetto in 1969–70, when they were led by the Italian national team's all-time leading scorer, Gigi Riva. The triumph was also the first by a club from south of Rome. The club's best European performance was in the 1993–94 UEFA Cup, reaching the semi-finals before losing to eventual winners Internazionale.

As with the flag of its city, Cagliari's main colours are blue and red. The club badge incorporates the flag of Sardinia.
Epsilon Esports
Epsilon Esports is a professional esports organisation that has teams competing in Call of Duty,  FIFA, Gears of War and H1Z1. It is an organisation in console esports, with multiple championship Call of Duty championships achieved from 2011 to 2014. Epsilon's Smite team won the Smite World Championship 2016. The organisation is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, but individual teams are based across Europe and North America.

Smite (video game)
Smite is a 2014 free-to-play third-person multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game developed and published by Hi-Rez Studios for Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Amazon Luna. In Smite, players control a god, goddess or other mythological figure and take part in team-based combat, using their abilities and tactics against other player-controlled gods and non-player-controlled minions. In most gamemodes, victory is achieved by slaying the opposing team's titan before losing their own.

The game has multiple player versus player (PVP) modes, 130 playable gods, and has a successful esports scene with multiple tournaments, including the annual million-dollar Smite World Championship. As of 2020, Smite has attracted a total of 40 million players. A sequel, Smite 2, was first announced in January 2024, and entered Open Beta in January 2025.
Dompé Farmaceutici
Dompé farmaceutici is an italian biopharmaceutical company based in Milan. It was founded in 1940. The company specialises on the development and production of primary care drugs, in the biotechnological sector and in research on therapeutic solutions for the treatment of rare diseases.

Cenegermin
Cenegermin, sold under the brand name Oxervate, also known as recombinant human nerve growth factor, is a recombinant form of human nerve growth factor. Cenegermin is a peripherally selective agonist of the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NTR).

The most common side effects include eye pain and inflammation, increased lacrimation (watery eyes), pain in the eyelid and sensation of a foreign body in the eye.

It was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2017, and in the United States in 2018. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
Blake construction
Blake construction is a method of making shoes invented  in 1856 by Lyman Reed Blake.

It is especially popular in Italy.  In a Blake construction,  the outer sole is directly stitched  to the insole with a chain stitch. This allows more flexibility and  lighter weight compared to the sturdier Goodyear construction, which is more common among British shoemakers such Crockett & Jones and Sanders.

Crockett & Jones
Crockett & Jones is a British shoe manufacturing company that was established in 1879 by James Crockett and Charles Jones in Northampton, England. They were able to establish the company with a grant from the Thomas White Trust. The company specialises in the manufacture of Goodyear-welted footwear. It is currently being run by the great-grandson of its co-founder, Charles Jones. Crockett & Jones produces both men's and women's footwear, with three collections offered for men (Hand Grade Collection, Main Collection and Shell Cordovan Collection), and a limited range of boots and low-heeled shoes produced for women.
Stang Mongkolsuk
Stang Mongkolsuk (Thai: สตางค์ มงคลสุข, 15 July 1919 – 6 July 1971) was a Thai science educator. He was a professor in chemistry at the University of Medical Sciences, now Mahidol University, where he founded the Faculty of Science and was its first dean. He was instrumental in the faculty's development in its early years, and later also helped establish science education at Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen and Prince of Songkla universities, at the last of which he also served as president.

Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai University (CMU; Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่; Northern Thai: ᨾᩉᩣᩅᩥᨴᨿᩣᩱᩃ᩠ᨿᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉᩲ᩠ᨾ᩵) is a national public research university in northern Thailand founded in 1964. It has a strong emphasis on engineering, science, agriculture, and medicine. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional, and continuing education offered through resident instruction. Its main campus lies between central Chiang Mai and Doi Suthep in Chiang Mai province.

The university was the first institution of higher education in northern Thailand and the first provincial university in Thailand.
Hossack
Hossack is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Allison Hossack, Canadian actress

Anthony Hossack, English footballer

Darren Hossack, Australian race car driver

Graeme Hossack, Canadian lacrosse player

John Hossack, Scottish-American abolitionist

Michael Hossack, American musician

Norman Hossack, motor sport racing and electronics engineer

Graeme Hossack
Graeme Hossack (born July 22, 1992) is a Canadian professional lacrosse player who plays defense for the Halifax Thunderbirds of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) and Archers Lacrosse Club of the Premier Lacrosse League (PLL). In 2020, Hossack became the second player to be named the NLL Defensive Player of the Year for three consecutive years after Kyle Rubisch won four straight from 2012–15.
Copehill Down
Copehill Down is a Ministry of Defence training facility near Chitterne on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. It is a 'FIBUA' (Fighting In Built Up Areas) urban warfare and close quarters battle training centre, where exercises and tests are conducted. The site lies in open ground in the northeast of Chitterne parish, between Chitterne and Tilshead, at Ordnance Survey grid reference SU017453.

Tilshead
Tilshead (/ˈtɪlshɛd/) is a village and civil parish in the county of Wiltshire in  Southern England, about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of the town of Amesbury. It is close to the geographical centre of Salisbury Plain, on the A360 road approximately midway between the villages of Shrewton and West Lavington and is near the source of the River Till. Its population in 2011 was 358, down from a peak of 989 inhabitants in 1951.
Tokuo
Tokuo is a masculine Japanese given name and surname. It may be written:

With two kanji, the first read Toku (e.g. 徳 "virtue"; 督 "lead"; 篤 "sincere") and the second o

With three kanji, the first two respectively read To and ku (e.g. 十九 "nineteen"), and the third read o

In given names, o is written with kanji meaning "masculine" or "male" (e.g. 雄, 夫, 男), while in surnames o may be written with a variety of kanji (e.g. 尾 "tail").

Notable people with the given name include:

Tokuo Yamamoto (山本 徳生, 1905–1994), Japanese painter

Tokuo Kitani (木谷 徳雄, 1909–1947), Japanese speed skater

Tokuo Yamashita (山下 徳夫, 1919–2014), Japanese politician

Tokuo Takahashi (高橋 徳夫, born 1964), better known as Daizen Takahiro, Japanese sumo wrestler

Tokuo Kitani
Tokuo Kitani (Japanese: 木谷 徳雄; 15 February 1909 – January 1947) was a Japanese speed skater who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics.

In 1932 he participated in the 500 metres competition, in the 1500 metres event, in the 5000 metres competition, and in the 10000 metres event, but was eliminated in the heats in all four contests.