hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dubitative mood
Dubitative mood (abbreviated DUB) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, that indicates that the statement is dubious, doubtful, or uncertain. It may subsist as a separate morphological category, as in Bulgarian, or else as a category of use of another form, as of the conditional mood of Italian or French:

Il a été amené à l'hôpital. "He was taken to hospital."

Il aurait été amené à l'hôpital. "He was apparently/He is said to have been/We believe he was/The information we have is that he was taken to hospital."

An example can be taken from Ojibwe, an Algonquian language of North America. Verbs in Ojibwe can be marked with a dubitative suffix, indicating that the speaker is doubtful or uncertain about what they are saying.

aakozi "he is sick"

aakozidog "he must be sick; I guess he's sick; maybe he's sick; he might be sick."

Algonquian languages
The Algonquian languages (/æl.ˈɡɒŋ.k(w)i.ən/ al-GONG-k(w)ee-ən; also Algonkian) are a branch of the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Indigenous Ojibwe language (Chippewa), which is a senior member of the Algonquian language family. The term Algonquin has been suggested to derive from the Wolastoqey word elakómkwik (pronounced [ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]), meaning 'they are our relatives/allies'.

Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America to the Rocky Mountains. The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend, Proto-Algonquian, was spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. There is no scholarly consensus about where this language was spoken.
Chahar Meleh-ye Olya
Chahar Meleh-ye Olya (Persian: چهارمله عليا, also romanized as Chahār Meleh-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Chahār Meleh-ye Akbar, Chahār Meleh-ye Bālā, and Chār Meleh-ye Akbar) is a village in Mansuri Rural District, Homeyl District, Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 58, in 16 families.

Eslamabad-e Gharb County
Eslamabad-e Gharb County (Persian: شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب) or Shahabad- Ghrb County (Persian: شهرستان شاه‌آباد غرب) is in Kermanshah Province, Iran, part of what is unofficially referred to as Iranian Kurdistan. Its capital is the city of Eslamabad-e Gharb.
Sanggar Mustika
Sanggar Mustika is the eighth studio album from Malaysian pop singer Siti Nurhaliza released in 2002.

Sanggar Mustika also pay tribute to the late Tan P. Ramlee with his song "Bunga Melor" and Toh Puan Rafeah Buang "Bisikan Hati". This song has been recorded by Siti Nurhaliza dedicated especially for her beloved mother, Siti Salmah Bachik. Among the most popular and well accepted song in the album are "Badarsila", "Nirmala" and "Kurik Kundi". Both "Nirmala" and "Kurik Kundi" were composed by the same composer (Pak Ngah). With his magical touch in traditional songs he made those two songs became popular and accepted by listeners with the touch of catchy beats blended with Samrah.

Samrah
Samrah (Arabic: السمرة) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located northeast of Hama city. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Samrah had a population of 1,018 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are Alawites.
Missouri Valley Conference women's basketball tournament
The Missouri Valley Conference women's basketball tournament, currently promoted as Hoops in the Heartland, is an annual basketball tournament which features the women's basketball teams of each of the Missouri Valley Conference member universities.  The tournament determines which MVC team receives an automatic bid to the NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament.

First held at the end of the 1982–83 basketball season, the tournament was originally conducted by the Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference, a women's sports conference formed in that school year by six MVC members plus four members of what is now known as the Summit League. In 1985, the Gateway took on football as its only men's sport. Following the 1991–92 school year, the MVC absorbed the women's side of the Gateway (which by that time had eight MVC members) and spun off its football side into what is now the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The MVC maintains all historic records of Gateway women's sports.

Missouri Valley Football Conference
The Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC), formerly the Gateway Football Conference, is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern United States. It participates in the NCAA's Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) as a football-only conference.
Sandy Bay, Cape Town
Sandy Bay is a beach just south of Llandudno. It is on the west side of the Karbonkelberg,  and cannot be seen from the main road to Hout Bay, which turns inland above Llandudno.

Sandy Bay is not easily accessible. There are two ways to get the beach, one follow the path from the car park at the southern end of Llandudno or take a 20-minute walk from the car park at the northern end of Hout Bay. The car parks are rather small and parking is often insufficient – the only solution is getting there early or having to walk a little further.

Hout Bay
Hout Bay (Afrikaans: Houtbaai, meaning "Wood Bay") is a seaside and harbour town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is situated in a valley of the Cape Peninsula, and is part of the City of Cape Town metro area. The name "Hout Bay" can refer to the town, the bay on which it is situated, or the entire valley.

The area was originally made up of two farms, which were slowly subdivided to make way for urban expansion. While still maintaining its rural atmosphere, the area of Hout Bay has more than 5,960 residences inhabited by a population of at least 17,900 people (as of 2011).
Daniel Conahan
Daniel Owen Conahan Jr. (born May 11, 1954) is an American convicted murderer, rapist, and suspected serial killer. Conahan was convicted of one murder, but has been linked to a dozen murders, mostly of transients seeking employment and gay men in the Charlotte County, Florida area in what came to be known as the Hog Trail Murders. Conahan has also been named the prime suspect in the additional murders of eight men, collectively referred to as the Fort Myers Eight, who were discovered in a mass grave site in 2007.

U.S. Route 41
U.S. Route 41, also U.S. Highway 41 (US 41), is a major north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs from Miami, Florida, to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Until 1949, the part in southern Florida, from Naples to Miami, was US 94. The highway's southern terminus is in the Brickell neighborhood of Downtown Miami at an intersection with Brickell Avenue (US 1), and its northern terminus is east of Copper Harbor, Michigan, at a modest cul-de-sac near Fort Wilkins Historic State Park at the tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula. US 41 is closely paralleled by Interstate 75 (I-75) from Naples, Florida, all the way through Georgia to Chattanooga, Tennessee.
The Shulamite (film)
The Shulamite, also known as The Folly of Desire, a 1915 British silent drama film directed by George Loane Tucker and starring Norman McKinnel, Manora Thew and Gerald Ames. It is based on the 1906 play of the same name by Edward Knoblock. Prints and/or fragments were found in the Dawson Film Find in 1978.

Edward Knoblock
Edward Knoblock (born Edward Gustavus Knoblauch; 7 April 1874 – 19 July 1945) was a playwright and novelist, originally American and later a naturalised British citizen. He wrote numerous plays, often at the rate of two or three a year, of which the most successful were Kismet (1911) and Milestones (1912, co-written with Arnold Bennett). Many of his plays were collaborations, with, among others, Vicki Baum, Beverley Nichols, J. B. Priestley and Vita Sackville-West.

After serving in the British armed forces during the First World War, he combined his theatrical career with work on films, both in Hollywood and the UK. He lived most of his adult life in London, where he died in 1945 at the age of 71.
National Chicken Council
The National Chicken Council (NCC) is a non-profit trade association based in Washington, D.C. that represents the interests of the United States chicken industry to the United States Congress and United States federal agencies. The association changed its name to the NCC from the National Broiler Council in 1999.

Members of the NCC include chicken producers and processors, poultry distributors, and industry firms. Chicken producers and processors in the NCC account for approximately 95% of the chickens produced in the United States. Issues important to the council include biosecurity in the poultry industry and avian influenza. The council sponsors EatChicken.com, a website providing chicken recipes, cooking tips, and food safety information. In October 2011, Lampkin Butts, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Sanderson Farms, was named the Chairman of the National Chicken Council. He served for one year.

Biosecurity
Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction or spread of harmful organisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria, plants, animals etc.) intentionally or unintentionally outside their native range or within new environments. In agriculture, these measures are aimed at protecting food crops and livestock from pests, invasive species, and other organisms not conducive to the welfare of the human population. The term includes biological threats to people, including those from pandemic diseases and bioterrorism. The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a recent example of a threat for which biosecurity measures have been needed in all countries of the world.
Percy Howard
Percy Lenard Howard (born January 21, 1952) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He was an unlikely star for the Cowboys in Super Bowl X. He played college basketball for the Austin Peay Governors.

Austin Peay State University
Austin Peay State University (APSU; /piː/) is a public university in Clarksville, Tennessee, United States. Standing on a site occupied by a succession of educational institutions since 1845, the precursor of the university was established in 1927 and named for then-sitting Governor Austin Peay, who is further honored with "Governors", the name of the university's athletic teams. Affiliated with the Tennessee Board of Regents, it is now governed by the Austin Peay State University Board of Trustees as of May 2017. The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) and, in 2012, was the fastest-growing university in Tennessee. In 2025, Austin Peay State University hit 11,185 registered students for the fall semester.
Aedes mitchellae
Aedes mitchellae mosquitoes were originally collected in southern Georgia and Florida in 1905 by entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar, Jr. The species' range extends through the coastal plains from the southeastern United States, north to New York and west to New Mexico with the greatest abundance in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains.

Harrison Gray Dyar Jr.
Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the growth of insect parts, is named after him. He was also noted for eccentric pursuits which included digging tunnels under his home. He had a complicated personal life and along with his second wife he adopted the Baháʼí Faith.
Evo 2024
The 2024 Evolution Championship Series (commonly referred to as Evo 2024 or EVO 2024) was a fighting game event held in Las Vegas from July 19 to 21, 2024 as part of the long-running Evolution Championship Series. The event marked the debuts of Granblue Fantasy Versus: Rising, Under Night In-Birth II [Sys:Celes] and Mortal Kombat 1. It also the return of Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike as a mainline game for the first time since 2009.

Under Night In-Birth
Under Night In-Birth is a fighting game series developed by French-Bread and Ecole Software. Initially published in arcades by Sega in 2012, Arc System Works assumed publishing duties after the game's first home console release in 2014.
Cosmopolitan nationalism
Cosmopolitan nationalism is a concept used to describe the dual tendency of combining local and global policy orientations in modern education studies. The concept describes the conflicting pressures within national education structures to promote internationalization and a global gaze, while also seeking to remain locally relevant and a primary contributor to national projects of economic development, social cohesion and nation building. The concept was developed for application in the context of education policy studies in 2020 by Claire Maxwell, Miri Yemini, Ewan Wright, Laura Engel, and Moosung Lee to analyze the complexities of modern educational policies and education reform agendas.

Internationalization
Internationalization or Internationalisation is the process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets, although there is no agreed definition of internationalization. Internationalization is a crucial strategy not only for companies that seek horizontal integration globally but also for countries that addresses the sustainability of its development in different manufacturing as well as service sectors especially in higher education which is a very important context that needs internationalization to bridge the gap between different cultures and countries. There are several internationalization theories which try to explain why there are international activities.
Calvados Offshore Wind Farm
49°27′22″N 0°29′53″W﻿ / ﻿49.456°N 0.498°W﻿ / 49.456; -0.498

Calvados Offshore Wind Farm (French: Parc éolien en mer du Calvados) is a wind farm currently under construction off the coast of Normandy, France, near Courseulles-sur-Mer in the Calvados department.

Courseulles-sur-Mer
Courseulles-sur-Mer (French pronunciation: [kuʁsœl syʁ mɛʁ] ⓘ, lit. 'Courseulles on Sea'), commonly known as Courseulles, is a commune in the Calvados department, Normandy, northwestern France. Until 1957, the town's name was simply Courseulles. It lies 3 km west of Bernières-sur-Mer and 18 km north of Caen.

It is a popular tourist destination not only with locals but also with international visitors who come to tour the Normandy landing beaches. The population of the town can reach 15,000 people in the summer months owing to the numerous summer homes, owned for the most part by Parisians. The town is split in two by the river Seulles.
Tashtypsky District
Tashtypsky District (Russian: Ташты́пский райо́н; Khakas: Тастып аймағы, Tastıp aymağı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eight in the Republic of Khakassia, Russia.  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Tashtyp. Population:  16,582 (2010 census); 34,686 (2002 census); 36,240 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Tashtyp accounts for 38.7% of the district's total population.

Khakassia
Khakassia (/xəˈkæsiə, kə-/), officially the Republic of Khakassia, is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. It is situated between Krasnoyarsk Krai to the north and the Altai Republic to the south.

The capital city of Khakassia is Abakan, and the region covers an area of about 61,900 square kilometres (23,900 sq mi). The population of Khakassia is approximately 537,000 people, with the majority of the population living in urban areas.

The region is known for its natural beauty, with numerous rivers, lakes, and mountains. The Khakassky Nature Reserve is located in the region, and it is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including brown bears, wolves, and sable. The region is also known for its traditional crafts, such as woodworking and embroidery, and for its traditional festivals and celebrations.

On July 3, 1991, the region was transformed into an autonomous republic within the RSFSR. It has had its current name since the beginning of 1992.
2024 Tide 150
The 2024 Tide 150 was the 5th stock car race of the 2024 ARCA Menards Series season, and the 5th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, May 4, 2024, at Kansas Speedway in Kansas City, Kansas, a 1.5 mile (2.4 km) permanent asphalt quad-oval shaped intermediate speedway. The race took the scheduled 100 laps to complete. Connor Mosack, driving for Pinnacle Racing Group, would make a late race pass on Tanner Gray for the lead in the final stages of the race, and led the final 12 laps to earn his second career ARCA Menards Series win, and his first of the season. Gray, who started on the pole, had dominated the majority of the race, leading a race-high 86 laps before being passed and finishing 2nd. To fill out the podium, Dean Thompson, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would finish in 3rd, respectively.

Venturini Motorsports
Venturini Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team that competed in the ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series East, and ARCA Menards Series West. Founded in 1982 by Bill Venturini Sr., Venturini Motorsports was the longest continually operated ARCA racing team in the United States. The team was based in Concord, North Carolina.

The team announced on April 18, 2025 that they will shut down their operations, transferring the ownership to Nitro Motorsports beginning on October 15.
Argentina at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Argentina competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Argentine athletes have competed in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games except for three occasions: the sparsely attended St. Louis 1904 and Stockholm 1912; and Moscow 1980 as part of the United States-led boycott.

On 3 July 2024, the Argentine Olympic Committee appointed the volleyball player Luciano De Cecco and the field hockey player Rocío Sánchez Moccia as the flag bearers to opening ceremony.

Rocío Sánchez Moccia
Rocío Sánchez Moccia (born 2 August 1988) is an Argentine field hockey player. She competed for the Argentina national team, winning two silver medals at the 2012 and 2020 Summer Olympics and a bronze at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

On 3 July 2024, the Argentine Olympic Committee appointed Sánchez Moccia and the volleyball player Luciano De Cecco as the flag bearers at the 2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.
Greenhouse gas monitoring
Greenhouse gas monitoring is the direct measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and levels.  There are several different methods of measuring carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, including infrared analyzing and manometry. Methane and nitrous oxide are measured by other instruments. Greenhouse gases are measured from space such as by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory and networks of ground stations such as the Integrated Carbon Observation System.

Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2
Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is an American environmental science satellite that measures carbon dioxide and plant growth on Earth. Launched on 2 July 2014 as a NASA mission, it is a replacement for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory, which was lost in a launch failure in 2009. It is the second successful high-precision (better than 0.3%) CO2 observing satellite, after GOSAT.
Burlesque (song)
"Burlesque" is a song written by Roger Chapman and John Whitney and performed by English rock band Family.

It was first released as a single by the Reprise Records in 1972 and entered the UK singles chart in September, reaching number 13 and staying for twelve weeks on the chart.

It is the opening track on Family's 1972 album Bandstand.

Family (band)
Family were an English rock band, active from late 1966 to October 1973, and again since 2013 for a series of live shows. Their style has been characterised as progressive rock, as their sound often explored other genres, incorporating elements of styles such as folk, psychedelia, acid rock, jazz fusion, and rock and roll. The band achieved recognition in the United Kingdom through their albums, club and concert tours, and appearances at festivals.

Family's rotating membership during their relatively short existence led to a diversity of sound on their various albums, with lead vocalist Roger Chapman the only member who stayed in the band throughout its existence. The group have been described as an "odd band loved by a small but rabid group of fans".
Kim Ji-won
Kim Ji-won (Korean: 김지원; born October 19, 1992) is a South Korean actress. She gained recognition through her roles in the television series The Heirs (2013) and Descendants of the Sun (2016), both written by Kim Eun-sook. She later established herself in leading roles in Fight for My Way (2017), Arthdal Chronicles (2019), My Liberation Notes (2022), and Queen of Tears (2024). These roles contributed to her prominence as a hallyu figure.

Hanwha Group
Hanwha Group (Korean: 한화그룹) is a South Korean business conglomerate (chaebol). Founded in 1952 as Korea Explosives Co. (한국화약주식회사; 韓國火藥株式會社), the group has grown into a large multi-profile business conglomerate, with diversified holdings stretching from explosives—their original business—to energy, materials, aerospace, mechatronics, finance, retail, and lifestyle services. In 1992, the company adopted its abbreviation as its new name: "Hanwha".
Asbri
Asbri (meaning Vivacity in English) was a Welsh language pop magazine started in 1969. It was the first Welsh pop magazine. The magazine was based in Carmarthen and was published on a monthly basis. It folded in 1978 after publishing a total of thirty-three issues.

Carmarthen
Carmarthen (UK: /kərˈmɑːrðən/ kər-MAR-dhən, locally /kɑːrˈ-/ kar-; Welsh: Caerfyrddin [kaːɨrˈvərðɪn], 'Merlin's fort' or possibly 'Sea-town fort') is the county town of Carmarthenshire and a community in Wales, lying on the River Towy 8 miles (13 km) north of its estuary in Carmarthen Bay. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 14,636, and the built up area had a population of 16,455. It stands on the site of a Roman town, and has a claim to be the oldest town in Wales. In the middle ages it comprised twin settlements: Old Carmarthen around Carmarthen Priory and New Carmarthen around Carmarthen Castle. The two were merged into one borough in 1546. It was the most populous borough in Wales in the 16th–18th centuries, described by William Camden as "chief citie of the country". It was overtaken in size by the mid-19th century, following the growth of settlements in the South Wales Coalfield.
Rosa Camuna
Rosa Camuna (Lombard: Roeusa Camuna) is an Italian mild semi-hard paste cheese made with partially skimmed cow's milk.  Its shape and name come from the Camunian rose of Val Camonica where the cheese is produced.  It has an ivory white color inside with uniformly spaced tiny eyes, and a soft bloomy rind.  It has a mild taste and melts very well.

Lombard language
The Lombard language (Lombard: lombard, lumbard, lumbart or lombart, depending on the orthography; pronunciation: [lumˈbaːrt, lomˈbart]) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages. It is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland.  These include most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden. The language is also spoken in Santa Catarina in Brazil by Lombard immigrants from the Province of Bergamo, in Italy.