hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George Henry Caton Haigh
George Henry Caton Haigh (1860 – 11 February 1941) FZS, MBOU, DL, was a world authority on Himalayan flowering trees and exotic plants. He was also a famous ornithologist and his manuscript collection is lodged in The Natural History Museum.

He was the eldest of five sons and three daughters of George Henry Haigh DL JP (1829–1887), of a Lincolnshire landed gentry family of Scottish origin, and Emma Jane Adelaide (1828–1919), daughter of politician Sir Robert Way Harty, 1st Baronet, of Dublin.

He was appointed High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1912.

Zoological Society of London
The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is a charity and organization devoted to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. It was founded in 1826. Since 1828, it has maintained London Zoo, and since 1931 Whipsnade Zoo.
Squiggle operator
In formal semantics, the squiggle operator  is an operator that constrains the occurrence of focus. In one common definition, the squiggle operator takes a syntactic argument  and a discourse salient argument  and introduces a presupposition that the ordinary semantic value of  is either a subset or an element of the focus semantic value of . The squiggle was first introduced by Mats Rooth in 1992 as part of his treatment of focus within the framework of alternative semantics. It has become one of the standard tools in formal work on focus, playing a key role in accounts of contrastive focus, ellipsis, deaccenting, and question-answer congruence.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
Vyacheslav Samoylenko
Vyacheslav Samoylenko (Ukrainian: В'ячеслав Юрійович Самойленко; born 8 September 1992 in Kirovohrad, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. in the Liga Leumit.

Samoylenko is a product of the Youth Sportive School Kirovohrad and UFK Kharkiv. His first trainer was Vitaliy Dyadenko.

He spent majority of his career in the Ukrainian First League.

Hapoel Jerusalem F.C.
Hapoel Jerusalem Football Club (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הפועל ירושלים, Mo'adon Kaduregel Hapoel Yerushalayim) is an Israeli professional football club based in Jerusalem. It competes in the Israeli Premier League, the top flight of Israeli football. Founded in 1926, their home ground is the Teddy Stadium.
As a protest against the conduct of the club's owners since the 1990s, the Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem football club was established in 2007, the first football club in Israel owned by its fans. The club was named after Katamon Stadium, which was formerly used by Hapoel Jerusalem. The club existed in parallel with Hapoel Jerusalem for 12 years.

In 2019 Hapoel Jerusalem was disbanded and in August 2020, Hapoel Katamon acquired the rights to the name Hapoel Jerusalem and officially became Hapoel Jerusalem. Since then, the club is owned by its fans and is managed by a board of seven members.

The team's record achievement is winning the State Cup and third place in the First League in 1973.
Bassignana
Bassignana (in Piedmontese dialect Bassgnan-na) is a municipality in the Province of Alessandria, Piedmont, northern Italy. The village is situated near the confluence of the Po River and the Tanaro river.

Main sights include remains of the castle, dating to Lombard times, and a Romanesque pieve (10th century) with 12th century Byzantine frescoes.

Province of Alessandria
The province of Alessandria (Italian: provincia di Alessandria; Piedmontese: provincia ëd Lissandria; in Piedmontese of Alessandria: provinsa ëd Lissändria) is an province of the region of Piedmont in Italy. The capital is the city of Alessandria. It has a population of 407,029 across its 187 municipalities as of 2025.

With an area of 3,558.83 square kilometres (1,374.07 mi2) it is the third largest province of Piedmont after the province of Cuneo and the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the north it borders on the province of Vercelli and to the west on the Metropolitan City of Turin and the province of Asti. It shares its southern border with Liguria (province of Savona and the Metropolitan City of Genoa). Its south-east corner touches the Province of Piacenza in Emilia-Romagna, while to the east it borders on the Lombard province of Pavia.
J. H. Kwabena Nketia
Joseph Hanson Kwabena Nketia FGA GM MSG (22 June 1921 – 13 March 2019) was a Ghanaian ethnomusicologist and composer. Considered Africa's premier musicologist, during his lifetime, he was called a "living legend" and "easily the most published and best known authority on African music and aesthetics in the world", with more than 200 publications and 80 musical compositions to his credit.

Orders, decorations, and medals of Ghana
There are four orders in Ghana: Order of the Star of Ghana, Order of the Volta, Medal for Gallantry and Grand Medal. These were instituted in 1960 as a replacement for the British honours system that was conferred under the Gold Coast and the Dominion of Ghana. The first National Honours and Awards ceremony under the new system was administered by Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah.

President John Kufuor added a controversial Grand Order of the Star and Eagles of Ghana in June 2008.
Raguhn (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)
Raguhn was a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the Anhalt-Bitterfeld district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Raguhn. It was disbanded on 1 January 2010.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Raguhn consisted of the following municipalities:

Altjeßnitz

Jeßnitz

Marke

Raguhn

Retzau

Schierau

Thurland

Tornau vor der Heide

Thurland
Thurland (German pronunciation: [ˈtuːɐ̯lant]) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Raguhn-Jeßnitz.
Mathieu Gnanligo
Mathieu Gnanligo (born 13 December 1986) is a Beninese sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. His personal best time is 45.88 seconds, achieved in the heats of the 2008 African Championships in Addis Ababa.

He won a bronze medal at the 2007 All-African Games and finished seventh at the 2008 African Championships. He also competed at the 2007 World Championships and the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games without reaching the final round.

2007 World Championships in Athletics
The 11th World Championships in Athletics, (Japanese: 2007年世界陸上競技選手権大会) under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), were held at Nagai Stadium in Osaka, Japan from 24 August to 2 September 2007. 200 of the IAAF's 212 member federations entered a total of 1,978 athletes, the greatest number of competitors at any World Championships to date. Sarah Brightman, the world's best-selling soprano, performed her single Running at the opening ceremony.
Gorodishche, Gorodishchensky District, Penza Oblast
Gorodishche (Russian: Городи́ще) is a town and the administrative center of Gorodishchensky District in Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Yulovka River (Sura's tributary) 48 kilometers (30 mi) east of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 8096.

Sura (river)
The Sura (Russian: Сура́, Chuvash: Сăр, Săr) is a river in Russia, a north-flowing right tributary of the Volga. Its mouth on the Volga is about halfway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. It flows through Penza Oblast, Mordovia, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Chuvashia and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. It is 841 kilometres (523 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 67,500 square kilometres (26,100 sq mi). It is navigable for 394 km from the mouth.

The city of Penza, and smaller towns Alatyr, Shumerlya, Yadrin lie along the Sura. At the confluence with the Volga lies the settlement of Vasilsursk.

The principal tributaries of the Sura are the Penza, the Pyana, and the Alatyr.
Country Mice
Country Mice (formerly We Are Country Mice) is an indie-rock band formed in Brooklyn, NY in 2008. The band released its debut album, Twister, on Wao Wao Records, an imprint of Kanine Records in 2011. Twister received positive reviews, including an 8/10 rating from Spin Magazine, and was supported with extensive touring. In 2013, Country Mice released a second album, recorded in Los Angeles with producer Doug Boehm (Girls, Dr. Dog, Drive By Truckers, The Whigs), titled Hour of the Wolf. Country Mice has been compared Wilco, Neil Young, Dinosaur Jr., and Sonic Youth.

Drive-By Truckers
Drive-By Truckers are an American rock band based in Athens, Georgia. Two of five current members (Patterson Hood and Mike Cooley) are originally from The Shoals region of northern Alabama and met as roommates at the University of North Alabama. The group also has roots in Richmond, Virginia.

The band currently consists of Mike Cooley (lead vocals, guitar, banjo), Patterson Hood (lead vocals, guitar), Brad Morgan (drums), Jay Gonzalez (keys, guitar, accordion, backing vocals), and Matt Patton (bass guitar, backing vocals). The line-up has undergone multiple changes since the band's formation, with Cooley and Hood serving as the sole constants throughout. The band's constant touring has developed a dedicated following.
Belk (surname)
Belk is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Bill Belk (born 1946), American football defensive lineman

Darren Belk, English songwriter, bassist, and guitarist

Habib Belk (born 1989), Moroccan gnawa singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist

Irwin Belk (1922–2018), American businessman and politician

J. Blanton Belk, Up With People founder and chairman emeritus

John M. Belk (1920–2007), head of a department store chain

Mary Gardner Belk (born 1956), politician

Paul Belk (born 1977), former competitive swimmer

Rocky Belk (1960–2010), American football wide receiver

Russell W. Belk, American business academic

Tim Belk (born 1970), baseball player

Rocky Belk
Anthony Lovett "Rocky" Belk (June 20, 1960 – July 15, 2010) was an American professional football wide receiver who played one season with the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Browns in the seventh round of the 1983 NFL draft after playing college football at the University of Miami.
Bringin' It Down
Bringin' It Down is an LP released by the New York hardcore band Judge. It was released on Revelation Records in 1989. The original recording of the album was released under the title Chung King Can Suck It (with two additional tracks that did not make it onto Bringin' It Down). This recording, which had been made at Chung King Studios, was rejected by the band after thousands of dollars had been spent on it. Since there had been substantial pre-orders of Bringin' It Down the label printed 110 copies of the rejected recording under its alternate title, to satisfy demand until the band could re-record it at a different studio. The popularity of Judge in the hardcore straight edge scene, and the severely limited release, has made Chung King Can Suck It likely the most sought after and expensive hardcore record ever (though Revelation Records never profited from it). Copies, when they are sold, sell for over a thousand dollars.

Chung King Studios
Chung King Studios was a recording studio that operated in New York City under that name from 1986 to 2015. It was founded by producer John King and engineer Steve Ett with financial backing from the Etches brothers, occupying three locations during that era. Countless notable hip hop acts recorded music at Chung King Studios over the years, including Run-DMC, LL Cool J, Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, Busta Rhymes, Notorious B.I.G., Tupac Shakur, Lauryn Hill, Outkast, ODB, Method Man, Nas, Jay-Z, Hell Razah, Lil Wayne, and Kanye West. The studio became one of the most important recording spaces in the history of hip hop, pioneering commercial production of rap music. Beyond hip hop, notable groups like Aerosmith, Amy Winehouse, Beyoncé, Blondie, David Bowie, Depeche Mode, Destiny's Child, Fergie, Lady Gaga, Maxwell, Moby and Phish also recorded there.
J.O. Michel Maisonneuve
Lieutenant-General J.O. Michel Maisonneuve, CMM, MSC, CD is a former Canadian Army officer who has served as the Assistant Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff of Canada and Chief of Staff of NATO's Allied Command Transformation in Norfolk. He is also the 30th recipient of the Vimy Award.

Order of Military Merit (Canada)
The Order of Military Merit (French: Ordre du mérite militaire) is a military honour for merit that is, within the Canadian system of honours, the second highest order administered by the Governor in Council on behalf of the Canadian monarch.

Created in 1972 to replace a grouping within the Order of Canada, the order was established to recognize members of the Canadian Forces—either regular or reserve personnel—who have demonstrated dedication and devotion beyond the call of duty, achieving conspicuous merit and exceptional military service. The three tiers of the order are Commander, Officer, and Member; deserving non-Canadians may also receive honorary appointments to the order.
Battle of El Espinillo
The battle of El Espinillo was a naval engagement between warships of the Argentine Navy that took place on 29 September 1893 on the Paraná River, along El Espinillo Island, Entre Ríos, on the opposite bank from the city of Rosario, Santa Fe. The action was the result of a rebellion against the National Government led by the Radical Civic Union (UCR) party, known as the Argentine Revolution of 1893. It was the largest battle involving armoured naval units in Argentina.

Argentine Navy
The Argentine Navy (ARA; Spanish: Armada de la República Argentina) is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the Army and the Air Force.

The Argentine Navy day is celebrated on May 17, anniversary of the victory in 1814 at the Battle of Montevideo over the Spanish fleet during the war of Independence.
Deaths in September 1998
The following is a list of notable deaths in September 1998.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year.

As the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel (awarded 1918–1947), it was one of the original Pulitzers; the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year (no Novel prize was awarded in 1917, the first one having been granted in 1918).

The name was changed to the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948 and eligibility was expanded to the broader "distinguished fiction published in book form". The Advisory Board wanted to give the award to James A. Michener's Tales of the South Pacific, which required expanding the category criteria and lifting the ban on short stories.

Finalists have been announced since 1980, usually a total of three.
Young tableau
In mathematics, a Young tableau (/tæˈbloʊ, ˈtæbloʊ/; plural: tableaux) is a combinatorial object useful in representation theory and Schubert calculus. It provides a convenient way to describe the group representations of the symmetric and general linear groups and to study their properties.

Young tableaux were introduced by Alfred Young, a mathematician at Cambridge University, in 1900. They were then applied to the study of the symmetric group by Georg Frobenius in 1903. Their theory was further developed by many mathematicians, including Percy MacMahon, W. V. D. Hodge, G. de B. Robinson, Gian-Carlo Rota, Alain Lascoux, Marcel-Paul Schützenberger and Richard P. Stanley.

Marcel-Paul Schützenberger
Marcel-Paul "Marco" Schützenberger (24 October 1920 – 29 July 1996) was a French mathematician and Doctor of Medicine.  He worked in the fields of formal language, combinatorics, and information theory. In addition to his formal results in mathematics, he was "deeply involved in [a] struggle against the votaries of [neo-]Darwinism", a stance which has resulted in some mixed reactions from his peers and from critics of his stance on evolution. Several notable theorems and objects in mathematics as well as computer science bear his name (for example Schutzenberger group or the Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy). Paul Schützenberger was his great-grandfather.

In the late 1940s, he was briefly married to the psychologist Anne Ancelin Schützenberger.
Miguel António de Melo
Miguel António de Melo (Lisbon; 25 December 1766 - Lisbon; 7 August 1836), a nobleman, colonial administrator (as the fifth Captain-general of the Azores) and the 1st Count of Murça. He was young nobleman who exercised a position in the Royal court of Portugal, 14th Lord of Murça and Castro Daire, squire of Figueira, commander of Santa Maria de Freixas in the Order of Christ and honorary member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, in addition to holding several political offices, including that of governor and captain-general of Angola, minister and peer of the realm, appointed to a commission, by King John VI of Portugal, to draft a constitution for Portugal, minister and peer of the realm.

Lisbon Academy of Sciences
The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon (Portuguese: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Portugal's most prestigious scientific authorities and the official regulator of the Portuguese language in Portugal, through its Class of Letters.
Griffo
Griffo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Francesco Griffo (1450–1518), Venetian punchcutter

Jack Griffo (born 1996), American actor and singer

Joseph Griffo (born 1956), American politician

Young Griffo (1871–1927), Australian boxer

Francesco Griffo
Francesco Griffo (1450–1518), also called Francesco da Bologna, was a fifteenth-century Italian punchcutter. He worked for Aldus Manutius, designing the printer's more important humanist typefaces, including the first italic type. He cut Roman, Greek, Hebrew and the first italic type. Aldus gives Griffo credit in the introduction of the Virgil of 1501. However, as Manutius had achieved a monopoly on italic printing and Greek publishing with the permission of the Venetian government, he had a falling-out with Griffo. Griffo then went to work for Gershom Soncino, whose family were Hebrew printers. It was with Soncino that Griffo's second italic type was cut in 1503. In 1516 he returned to Bologna where he began print publishing. In 1518 Griffo was charged with the murder of his son-in-law, who had been beaten to death with an iron bar. This is his last appearance in the historical record. He is presumed to have been executed.
2007 United Kingdom petrol contamination
The 2007 United Kingdom petrol contamination problem arose on 28 February 2007, when motorists in South East England reported that their cars were breaking down. This was caused by silicon contaminated unleaded petrol, sold by several supermarkets, that damaged the lambda sensors in engine management systems.

Engine control unit
An engine control unit (ECU), also called an engine control module (ECM), is a device that controls various subsystems of an internal combustion engine. Systems commonly controlled by an ECU include the fuel injection and ignition systems.

The earliest ECUs (used by aircraft engines in the late 1930s) were mechanical-hydraulic units; however, most 21st-century ECUs operate using digital electronics.
Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 15 kilometre skiathlon
The women's 15 kilometre skiathlon cross-country skiing competition at the 2014 Sochi Olympics took place at 14:00 (MSK) on 8 February 2014 at Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex.

The defending champion was Marit Bjørgen from Norway, who also became the 2014 Olympic champion. The 2010 silver medalist Anna Haag did not participate, and the 2010 bronze medalist, Justyna Kowalczyk, finished sixth. Charlotte Kalla from Sweden became the silver medalist, and Heidi Weng from Norway took bronze.

A large group of skiers kept together at the classical part of the course, but in the free skiing part soon a group of five skiers took the lead. The group included Bjørgen, Kalla, Weng, Therese Johaug, and Aino-Kaisa Saarinen. Shortly before the finish, Kalla escaped but was overtaken by Bjørgen at the finish line.

Anna Jönsson Haag
Anna Margret Jönsson Haag (born 1 June 1986 as Anna Hansson) is a Swedish retired cross-country skier who competed between 2003 and 2018. At the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Haag won gold in the 4 × 5 km relay, earning Sweden the first gold medal in the women's relay event since 1960.
Bad Salzig
Bad Salzig (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈzaltsɪç]) is a small town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the west bank of the Rhine. It is part of the municipality of Boppard. It is near the city of Koblenz and the Lorelei. It is a spa town, with a spring which dispenses slightly salty water. It is linked to other towns by a railway which runs form the town's railway station.

Lorelei
The Lorelei (/ˈlɒrəlaɪ/ ⓘ LORR-ə-ly; German: Loreley or Lorelei, pronounced [loːʁəˈlaɪ̯] ⓘ or [ˈloːʁəlaɪ̯]; also found as Loreleï, Lore Lay, Lore-Ley, Lurley, Lurelei and Lurlei throughout history) is a 132-metre-high (433 ft), steep slate rock on the right bank of the River Rhine in the Rhine Gorge (or Middle Rhine) at Sankt Goarshausen in Germany, part of the Upper Middle Rhine Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. The 1930s Loreley Amphitheatre is on top of the rock.

It has been an infamous fluvial disaster site since its first records during the 10th century, with a varied mythos, ranging from dwarfs to a siren trying to explain the high number of ship wrecks and the loud echo inside the passage.