hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jamraya
Jamraya or Jemraya (Arabic: جمرايا) is a village in the Qudsaya District of Rif Dimashq (Damascus Countryside) in southern Syria. It lies 3 miles (5 km) to the northwest of the Syrian capital of Damascus city, beyond Mount Qasioun, and is now an outlying suburb of greater Damascus. It is between al-Hamah and Qudsaya town to the south, and Ashrafiyat al-Wadi to the north. It is about 10 miles (15 km) from the Lebanese border. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 1,156 in the 2004 census.

Rif Dimashq Governorate
Rif Dimashq Governorate (Arabic: محافظة ريف دمشق, romanized: Moḥaafaẓat Reef Demashq, lit. "Damascus Countryside" or "Damascus Suburbs") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and Suwayda in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The capital is the city of Douma.

The Governorate completely surrounds the city and governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census).

The Governorate was a major site of fighting in the Syrian Civil War in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign.
Sideritis elica
Sideritis elica is a plant species in the genus Sideritis, endemic to Bulgaria. The species was discovered and described by Associate Prof. Ina Aneva and Senior Assistant Prof. Georgi Bonchev of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, as well as by Prof. Petar Zhelev of the University of Forestry in Sofia.

The molecular analysis supports the morphological data about the divergence between the more widespread Sideritis scardica and Sideritis elica. The studied populations of the two taxa were found to be genetically distant.

The species is only known from the northern foothills of the central Rhodope Mountains, where it grows in the Chervenata Stena Reserve near Asenovgrad and Bachkovo Monastery.

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (abbreviated BAS; Bulgarian: Българска академия на науките, romanized: Bŭlgarska akademiya na naukite, abbreviated БАН) is the National Academy of Bulgaria, established in 1869.

The Academy, with headquarters in Sofia, is autonomous and consists of a Society of Academicians, Correspondent Members and Foreign Members. It publishes and circulates different scientific works, encyclopaedias, dictionaries and journals, and runs its own publishing house.

The activities are distributed in three main branches: Natural, mathematical and engineering sciences; Biological, medical and agrarian sciences and Social sciences, humanities and art. They are structured in 42 independent scientific institutes, and a dozen of laboratories and other sections.

Julian Revalski has been the president of the BAS since 2016. As of 2022, its budget was 119,860 million leva (€61.28 million).
Old High Court Building, Melbourne
The Old High Court Building is a Heritage Council of Victoria and National Heritage List listed building in Little Bourke Street, Melbourne. The High Court of Australia sat at the building from 1928 to 1980, and it was the location of its registry from 1928 to 1973.

Significant cases heard at the old High Court Building include:

the Bank Nationalisation Case in 1948

the Communist Party Case in 1951

Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth
Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth, also known as the Communist Party Case, was a legal case in the High Court of Australia in 1951 in which the court declared the Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 unconstitutional and invalid as being beyond the power of the Parliament. Notable Australian academic George Winterton described the case as "undoubtedly one of the High Court's most important decisions".
ORION (research and education network)
The Ontario Research and Innovation Optical Network (ORION) is a high-speed optical research and education network in Ontario, Canada. It connects virtually all of Ontario's research and education institutions including every university, most colleges, several teaching hospitals, public research facilities and several school boards to one another and to the global grid of R&E networks using optical fibre.

Optical networking
Optical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded in light to transmit information in various types of telecommunications networks. These include limited range local-area networks (LAN) or wide area networks (WANs), which cross metropolitan and regional areas as well as long-distance national, international and transoceanic networks. It is a form of optical communication that relies on optical amplifiers, lasers or LEDs and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to transmit large quantities of data, generally across fiber-optic cables. Because it is capable of achieving extremely high bandwidth, it is an enabling technology for the Internet and telecommunication networks that transmit the vast majority of all human and machine-to-machine information.
2018 Turkmenistan Cup
The 2018 Turkmenistan Cup (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Kubogy 2018) is the 25th season of the Turkmenistan Cup knockout tournament. The cup winner qualifies for the 2019 AFC Cup.

The draw of the tournament was held on 11 July 2018.

Turkmenistan Cup
The Turkmenistan Cup (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Kubogy) is an  annual knockout competition in men's domestic football in Turkmenistan. The Football Federation of Turkmenistan is the organising body of this competition, which has been run every year since its inception in 1993. The competition's most successful performer is Köpetdag Aşgabat with 7 trophies.

The winner of the competition ordinarily got a spot in the AFC Challenge League (previously teams qualified for the AFC Cup) group stage. The cup winners play a match for the Turkmenistan Super Cup against the Ýokary Liga champions of the season.
Ernie Jorge
Ernest L. Jorge (October 7, 1914 – October 6, 1971) was an American football coach.  He served as the head football coach at the College of the Pacific—now known as the University of the Pacific—in Stockton, California from 1951 to 1952, compiling a record of 13–8–1.  Jorge led the Pacific Tigers to consecutive appearances in the Sun Bowl.  Jorge played high school football at Turlock High School in Turlock, California and college football at Saint Mary's College of California.  He began his coaching career at Christian Brothers High School in Sacramento, California and later moved to Modesto High School in Modesto, California.  He joined the coaching staff at Pacific in 1947 as line coach under Larry Siemering.  Jorge was found dead at a Holiday Inn in Kent, Ohio, on October 6, 1971.  He was working as a college scout for the Houston Oilers of the National Football League (NFL) at the time of his death.

Christian Brothers High School (Sacramento, California)
Christian Brothers High School is a private, Catholic, college-preparatory high school in the Oak Park neighborhood of Sacramento, California, United States. It is located within the Diocese of Sacramento and was founded by the De La Salle Christian Brothers in 1876. As of 2021, the school enrolled 1,150 students drawn from approximately 75 local parochial, private, and public elementary and middle schools.
Shahid Uddin Khan
Shahid Uddin Khan is a retired Bangladesh Army officer who was forced into exile following a business dispute with Tarique Ahmed Siddique, Defence and Security adviser to the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina. He is living in the United Kingdom. He was sentenced to nine years imprisonment in a tax evasion case.

Bangladesh Army
The Bangladesh Army (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনী, romanized: Bāṅlādēś shēnābāhinī) is the principal land warfare branch of the Bangladesh Armed Forces responsible for defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bangladesh. Operating under the Ministry of Defence, the army is tasked with national defense, disaster response, and supporting civil authorities during emergencies. Established officially after the 1971 Liberation War, the Bangladesh Army has since evolved into a professional, modern force engaged in peacekeeping missions under the United Nations as well as national security operations.

The Bangladesh Army is also constitutionally obligated to assist the government, during times of domestic or national emergencies. This additional role is commonly referred to as "aid to civil administration" or, using the Latin form, "Protectio, Transparentia, Reintegratio".
2015 Sun Belt Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2015 Sun Belt Conference men's basketball tournament was held in New Orleans, Louisiana from March 12 to March 15 at Lakefront Arena. The tournament winner received an automatic bid into the 2015 NCAA tournament. Opening round games were televised on ESPN3, with the championship game on ESPN2, on Sunday March 15.

ESPN3
ESPN3 (formerly ESPN360 and ESPN3.com) was an online streaming service owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company (which operated the network, through its 80% controlling ownership interest) and Hearst Communications (which held the remaining 20% interest). It provided live streams and replays of global sports events to sports fans in the United States.

The service quietly closed December 2, 2025, after its content was merged into ESPN's self-titled streaming service in full.
Carmen Coulombe
Carmen Coulombe (1946 – January 24, 2008) was a Canadian artist.

Born in Courcelles, Quebec, Coulombe studied art at the École des Beaux-Arts in Quebec City until 1971. She became a certified teacher in 1972 while attending Laval University. Known mostly for her small-scale prints and drawings, she exhibited mostly in Montreal, but she came to wider attention in the early 1980s due to her participation in a group show of feminist art. In 1972 she was among the artists who cofounded the print workshop Engramme; she was the first to have a solo exhibit there.

Her work is included in the collection of the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

Université Laval
Université Laval is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institution of higher education in Canada and the first North American institution to offer higher education in French. The university, which was founded in Old Québec, moved to a new campus in the 1950s in the suburban borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is ranked among the top 10 Canadian universities in research funding and holds four Canada Excellence Research Chairs.
Smeegol Linux
Smeegol Linux is a MeeGo and openSUSE Linux-based open source mobile operating system made available from Novell and their openSUSE Goblin Team under the name Smeegol Linux.

This Linux distribution combines openSUSE with MeeGo's netbook oriented user interface to get a new Linux distribution  designed for netbooks. What makes Smeegol Linux unique when compared to the upstream MeeGo or openSUSE is that this distribution is at its core based on openSUSE but has the MeeGo User Experience as well as a few other changes such as adding the Mono-based Banshee media player, NetworkManager-powered network configuration, a newer version of Evolution Express, and a range of social networking features for Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Flickr and Digg, plus Firefox and Chromium web browsers already pre-installed. Any end-users can also build their own customized Smeegol Linux OS using SUSE Studio.

Mono (software)
Mono is a free and open-source software framework that aims to run software made for the .NET Framework on Linux and other OSes. Originally by Ximian which was acquired by Novell, it was later developed by Xamarin which was acquired by Microsoft. In August 2024, Microsoft transferred ownership of Mono to WineHQ.
Yangpu Ancient Salt Field
The Yangpu Ancient Salt Field (simplified Chinese: 洋浦千年古盐田; traditional Chinese: 洋浦千年古鹽田; pinyin: Yángpǔ qiānnián gǔ yántián) is an archeological heritage site in Yantian village, on the Yangpu Peninsula in Hainan, China. The site is an example of salt's various roles in Chinese history. The area comprises more than 1,000 stones, cut flat on top, with a trough and narrow rim, which are used to evaporate seawater to produce salt.

Yangpu Peninsula
The Yangpu Peninsula (simplified Chinese: 洋浦半岛; traditional Chinese: 洋浦半島; pinyin: Yángpǔ Bàndǎo) is a peninsula located in Danzhou, on the northwestern coast of Hainan Province, China. It has a 110 km (68 mi) coastline containing many natural harbors. An expressway connects the peninsula to Haikou, the capital of the province, which is 140 km (87 mi) to the east.
James W. and Ida G. Bowman House
The James W. and Ida G. Bowman House is a historic building located in Marion, Iowa, United States. The Bowmans hired the Cedar Rapids architectural firm of Dieman & Fiske, and specifically partner Charles Dieman, to design this two-story wood-frame house that combines American Craftsman and Prairie School influences. Local contractor Charles I. Wilson completed construction in 1910 in a neighborhood populated by prominent citizens. The wide overhanging eaves with exposed rafter ends reflects the Craftsman style, while the square massing and horizontal emphasis of the siding and roofline of the porch are typical of the Prairie School style. The house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. At the same time it was included as a contributing property in the Pucker Street Historic District.

Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Cedar Rapids is a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States, and the county seat. The population was 137,710 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 137,904 in 2024. making it the second-most populous city in Iowa. The city lies on both banks of the Cedar River, 20 miles (32 km) north of Iowa City and 128 miles (206 km) northeast of Des Moines, the state's capital.

Cedar Rapids is the economic hub of Eastern Iowa, located at the core of the Interstate 380 corridor. The population of the three-county Cedar Rapids metropolitan area, which includes the nearby cities of Marion and Hiawatha, was 276,520 in 2020. The Cedar Rapids metropolitan area is also part of a combined statistical area with the Iowa City metropolitan area.
Bronze mannikin
The bronze mannikin or bronze munia (Spermestes cucullata) is a small passerine (i.e. perching) bird of the Afrotropics. This very social estrildid finch is an uncommon to locally abundant bird in much of Africa south of the Sahara Desert, where it is resident, nomadic or irruptive in mesic savanna or forest margin habitats. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 8,100,000 km2. It is the smallest and most widespread of four munia species on the African mainland, the other being black-and-white, red-backed and magpie mannikin. It co-occurs with the Madagascar mannikin on the Comoro Islands, and was introduced to Puerto Rico. Especially in the West Africa, it is considered a pest in grain and rice fields. It is locally trapped for the pet bird trade.

Madagascar mannikin
The Madagascar mannikin (Lepidopygia nana) is a common species of estrildid finch native to Madagascar. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 100,000 to 1,000,000 km2. Other names for this species include Madagascar munia, bibfinch, African bibfinch, African parsonfinch, and dwarf mannikin.

It is found in subtropical and tropical dry forest, grassland, shrubland and even artificial landscapes. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Little Agda and Olof the Silent
Little Agda and Olof the Silent (Swedish: Liten Agda och Olof Tyste) (fl. 1526), refers to a legend about a young couple in Sweden between the very first years of King Gustav Vasa (1523) and the last years of before the Lutheran Reformation (1527).

The title Liten Agda och Olof Tyste translates literally as: Little Agda and Olof the Silent. The title Agda Michelsdotter translates literally as: Agda, Michel's daughter; Olof is her boyfriend. After being kept from Olof by her father, she joins the Vadstena Abbey, a convent, instead of marrying a wealthy nobleman. She escapes from the convent and elopes with Olof, banished by the Church until the King grants the couple a reprieve.

Their story was told in Förr och nu i Wadstena (Past and present in Vadstena) by Constans Pontin. It bears similarities to the fate of Ingeborg Jönsdotter (d. 1524), a merchant's daughter from Vadstena who was forced to enter the same convent in 1495 after a love affair with a young noble.

Gustav Vasa
Gustav Eriksson Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560), also known as Gustav I, was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560. He was previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm (Riksföreståndare) from 1521, during the Swedish War of Liberation against King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Gustav rose to lead this war following the Stockholm Bloodbath, where his father was executed. Gustav's election as king on 6 June 1523 (the future National Day of Sweden) and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union.

During his reign, Gustav initiated the Protestant Swedish reformation, transformed the country from an elective to a hereditary monarchy and established a standing army and navy.
Alal
In Mesopotamian myths, the alal was a kind of demon that, to tempt men, came out of the Underworld and took various forms, temptations that the inhabitants of Babylonia were able to reject by means of amulets.

The Chaldean-Assyrian art represents these spirits in the form of horrible monsters, as in the bas-reliefs of the Palace of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (now Iraq), today in the British Museum) and in small bronzes and clay tablets cooked in the shape of a cylinder, cone, or stamp.

Generally these demons are seen as theriocephalous, with a human body and the head of a lion with open jaws, the ears of a dog and mane of a horse. The feet are frequently replaced by bird claws of prey.

Mesopotamian mythology
Mesopotamian mythology refers to the myths, religious texts, and other literature that comes from the region of ancient Mesopotamia which is a historical region of Western Asia, situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system that occupies the area of present-day Iraq. In particular the societies of Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria, all of which existed shortly after 3000 BCE and were mostly gone by 400 CE. These works were primarily preserved on stone or clay tablets and were written in cuneiform by scribes. Several lengthy pieces have survived erosion and time, some of which are considered the oldest stories in the world, and have given historians insight into Mesopotamian ideology and cosmology.
Sümer, Dargeçit
Sümer (Kurdish: Deywan) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Dargeçit, Mardin Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,430 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is populated by Kurds of the Erebiyan tribe.

Mardin Province
Mardin Province (Turkish: Mardin ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Mêrdîn; Arabic: محافظة ماردين; Classical Syriac: ܡܪܕܝܢ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ) is a province and metropolitan municipality in Turkey. Its area is 8,780 km2, and its population is 870,374 (2022). The largest city in the province is Kızıltepe, while the capital Mardin is the second largest city.
Dani Couture
Danielle (Dani) Couture (born 1978) is a Canadian poet and novelist.

In 2011, Couture's second book of poetry, Sweet, was shortlisted for the Trillium Book Award in English for Poetry and won the ReLit Award for Poetry. In 2011, she also received an Honour of Distinction from the Writers' Trust of Canada's Dayne Ogilvie Prize.

She is also the literary editor at This Magazine.

Trillium Book Award, English
The following is a list of winners and nominees in English-language categories for the Trillium Book Award, a Canadian literary award presented by Ontario Creates to honour books published by writers resident in the province of Ontario. Separate awards have been presented for French-language literature since 1994; for the winners and nominees in French-language categories, see Trillium Book Award, French.
Glenn Macaskill
Glenn Macaskill is an author currently living in South Africa, formerly a long-serving member of the BSA Police in Zimbabwe (previously Rhodesia). His works often contain strong political undertones, exemplified at times by graphic descriptions of atrocities committed by Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade.

Currently, Macaskill has only one published work: King's Gold (ISBN 0-620-31002-2).

5th Brigade (Zimbabwe)
The 5th Brigade is an infantry brigade of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA). The 5th Brigade was created in 1981 from three former battalions of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA). It later incorporated over 3,000 ex-ZANLA guerrillas from various units. The brigade was based in Gweru and participated in the Mozambican Civil War as well as a genocide known as the Gukurahundi which targeted Ndebele civilians and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) guerrillas.

The 5th Brigade was reactivated in 2006 following a prolonged period of inactivity.
Golden Horse Award for Best Animated Feature
The Golden Horse Award for Best Animated Feature (Chinese: 金馬獎最佳動畫長片) is an award presented annually at the Golden Horse Awards by the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival Executive Committee, though for some editions, both nominees and winner were absent. Yee Chih-yen is the latest winner, winning for City of Lost Things at the 57th Golden Horse Awards in 2020.

Yee Chih-yen
Yee Chih-yen (Chinese: 易智言; pinyin: Yì Zhìyán; born 21 November 1959) is a Taiwanese film director, screenwriter, critic, instructor, and writer. He was born in Taipei, Taiwan. His works include Blue Gate Crossing (2002), Dangerous Mind (2006)--Yee Chih-yen's television debut for the Taiwan Public Television Service that won Best Television Series at the Golden Bell Awards, Meeting Dr. Sun (2014) that won Best Original Screenplay at the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards, as well as City of Lost Things (2020) that won Best Animated Feature at the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards.
Krishna Nath Sarmah
Krishna Nath Sarmah (1887–1947) was a renowned nationalist and social reformer from Assam. He was born in a Brahmin family. After graduating with degrees in science and law, he started a legal practice in 1917. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, he joined the freedom struggle instead. Along with Tarun Ram Phukan, Nabin Chandra Bardoloi and Gopinath Bardoloi, he was one of the forerunners in the Indian freedom struggle in Assam. Upon hearing about Gandhi's mission, Sarmah invited him to open his Namghar and thus the events of April 1934 happened. Following this event, he even opened 12 schools for the Dalit community.

Reformism (historical)
Reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements which reject those old ideals, in that the ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in socialist (specifically, social democratic) or religious concepts. Some rely on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self-sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. Reactionary movements, which can arise against any of these, attempt to put things back the way they were before any successes the new reform movement(s) enjoyed, or to prevent any such successes.