hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Paradas method
The paradas method (Spanish: método de paradas, sistema de paradas) was a process to extract nitrate from caliche by leaching. In this method caliche was boiled in water in large pans called "paradas". It was a firewood and labour-intensive process, and it required the frequent relocation of the mining camps. The paradas method was phased out in the 1850s by a new system invented by Pedro Gamboni which required less fuel and labour.

The paradas method led to a massive deforestation of Pampa del Tamarugal around La Tirana and Canchones and some areas to the south of these localities.

Pampa del Tamarugal
Pampa del Tamarugal ("Plateau of the Tamarugal") is a vast plain encompassing a significant portion of the Norte Grande, Chile, and originally named for the Prosopis tamarugo trees that used to cover its surface. It is located between the parallels 19°30’ and 22°15’ south latitude. Sometimes it is considered part of the Atacama Desert, however historically it wasn't. It is bounded on the west by the Chilean Coastal Range and on the east by the western slopes of the Andes.  The plain occupies a surface area of 12,500 km2 with an average elevation of 1,100 m.
Cruywagen
Cruywagen is an Afrikaans surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Riaan Cruywagen (born 1945), South African television news reader and voice artist

Willem Adriaan Cruywagen (1921–2013), South African politician, academic, and author

Riaan Cruywagen
Riaan Cruywagen (born 5 October 1945) is a South African television news reader and voice artist who has been associated with the South African Broadcasting Corporation since its first television broadcasts in 1975. Cruywagen continued to present the Afrikaans news on the SABC network every weeknight until his final broadcast on SABC 2 on 26 November 2012 at 7pm CAT. He has made approximately 7000 news broadcasts.
Serrano dialect
The Serrano dialect is an Asturleonese dialect spoken in Sierra de Francia, Salamanca (Spain).

Speech in Sierra de Francia is split up into two forms: northern dialects, which are closer to Castilian, and southern dialects, with more Extremaduran characteristics. Serrano dialects form part of Eastern Astur-Leonese, which are transitional varieties between Asturleonese and Castilian.

Sierra de Francia (comarca)
The Sierra de Francia is a comarca located at the southern end of Salamanca Province, Castile and León, Spain. It is located about 70 km from Salamanca city. It borders with the Las Hurdes and Las Batuecas comarcas of Extremadura to the south; the Campo Charro to the north and the Sierra de Béjar to the east. The region is sparsely inhabited and its few towns have great cultural value.
John B. Chapin
John B. Chapin (John Basset Chapin) M.D. (1829-1918) was an American physician and mental hospital administrator.  He was an advocate for the removal of mentally ill patients from the almshouses in New York State to a hospital setting and helped to pass a state law that provided hospital care for the patients.

Thomas Jefferson University
Thomas Jefferson University is a private research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Established in its earliest form in 1824, the university officially combined with Philadelphia University in 2017. The university is named for U.S. Founding Father and president Thomas Jefferson. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

To signify its heritage, the university sometimes carries the nomenclature Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University) in its branding.
Local involvement network
Local involvement networks (LINks)  were launched by England's National Health Service in April 2008 following the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007.  They replaced the Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (CPPIH) and patient and public involvement forums and existed in every local authority area with a responsibility for NHS health care and social services.

There were 151 LINks and the Government committed £84 million in funding to them until March 2011. They were abolished at the end of March 2013.

Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007
The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 (c. 28) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The Act allows for the implementation of many provisions outlined in the Government white paper Strong and Prosperous Communities including changes to local government in England. One provision is that civil parishes may now be established in the London boroughs.
Herman Hertzberger
Herman Hertzberger (born 6 July 1932) is a Dutch architect, and a professor emeritus of the Delft University of Technology. In 2012 he received the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Delft
Delft (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdɛl(ə)ft] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. It is located between Rotterdam, to the southeast, and The Hague, to the northwest. Together with them, it is a part of both the Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area and the Randstad.

Delft is a popular tourist destination in the Netherlands, famous for its historical connections with the reigning House of Orange-Nassau, for its blue pottery, for being home to the painter Jan Vermeer, and for hosting Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). Historically, Delft played a highly influential role in the Dutch Golden Age. In terms of science and technology, thanks to the pioneering contributions of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Martinus Beijerinck, Delft can be considered to be the birthplace of microbiology.
Linos Makwaza
Linos Makwaza (born 4 December 1965) is a Zambian former footballer who played as a midfielder. He made 34 appearances for the Zambia national team from 1988 to 1995. He was also named in Zambia's squad for the 1990 African Cup of Nations tournament.

Zambia national football team
The Zambia national football team represents Zambia in men's association football and is governed by the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ). During the 1980s, they were known as the KK 11, after founding president Dr. Kenneth Kaunda ("KK") who ruled Zambia from 1964 to 1991. After the country adopted multiparty politics, the side was nicknamed Chipolopolo which means the "Copper Bullets". The team won an Africa Cup of Nations title in 2012. This team has also become the most successful team in the COSAFA Cup, surpassing Zimbabwe after winning the 2023 edition.
Spanish Synagogue (Venice)
The Spanish Synagogue (Italian: Scola Ponentina; or Italian: Sinagoga Scuola Spagnola) is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, that is located in the Jewish Ghetto of Venice, Italy. Designed by Baldassare Longhena in the Baroque style, the synagogue was completed in 1580, and it is one of five synagogues that were established in the ghetto.

The synagogue is open for services from Passover until the end of the High Holiday season.

High Holy Days
In Judaism, the High Holy Days, also known as High Holidays or Days of Awe (Yamim Noraim; Hebrew: יָמִים נוֹרָאִים‎, Yāmīm Nōrāʾīm) consist of:

strictly, the holidays of Rosh Hashanah ("Jewish New Year") and Yom Kippur ("Day of Atonement");

by extension, the period of ten days including those holidays, known also as the Ten Days of Repentance (עשרת ימי תשובה); or,

by a further extension, the entire 40-day penitential period in the Jewish year from Rosh Chodesh Elul to Yom Kippur, traditionally taken to represent the forty days Moses spent on Mount Sinai before coming down with the second ("replacement") set of the Tablets of Stone.

The High Holy Days also are also considered to extend through the festival season of Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret, and Simchat Torah.
G. Lynn Nelson
G. Lynn Nelson was an American author and academic notable for his advocacy of young adult writing programs and the implementation of alternative approaches to language study informed by Native American concepts. Nelson began teaching at Arizona State University in 1973 and served as the director of the regional Greater Phoenix Area Writing Project (GPAWP), a regional site of the National Writing Project (NWP), until 2004. He co-founded the Young Adult Writing Project (YAWP) in 1996. Nelson died November 6, 2014.

Youth
Youth is the time of life when one is young. The word, youth, can also mean the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity), but it can also refer to one's peak, in terms of health or the period of life known as being a young adult. Youth is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one, who is young". Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined chronologically as a stage that can be tied to specific age ranges; nor can its end point be linked to specific activities, such as taking unpaid work, or having sexual relations.

Youth is an experience that may shape an individual's level of dependency, which can be marked in various ways according to different cultural perspectives. Personal experience is marked by an individual's cultural norms or traditions, while a youth's level of dependency means the extent to which they still rely on their family emotionally and economically.
2012 Internationaux de Strasbourg
The 2012 Internationaux de Strasbourg was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 26th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 WTA Tour. It took place in Strasbourg, France between 19 May and 26 May 2012. Second-seeded Francesca Schiavone won the singles title.

Anastasija Sevastova
Anastasija Sevastova (born 13 April 1990) is a Latvian professional tennis player. She achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 11 in October 2018, after reaching a Premier Mandatory final at the China Open. Sevastova has won four singles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as 13 singles and four doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

Sevastova is best known for her success at the US Open, particularly during the second half of her career. In 2016, she defeated the reigning French Open champion and world No. 3, Garbiñe Muguruza, as well as Australian Open semifinalist Johanna Konta, en route to her first major quarterfinal. In 2018, she reached her first major semifinal, defeating defending champion and world No. 3, Sloane Stephens (whom she had lost to at that same stage in 2017), in the quarterfinals, before losing to Serena Williams.
Kuo Hsing-chun
Kuo Hsing-chun (Chinese: 郭婞淳; pinyin: Guō Xìngchún; Amis name: Tana; born 26 November 1993) is a Taiwanese Amis weightlifter, Olympic gold medalist, five time world champion, two time Universiade champion, Asian Games champion, and five time Asian champion, competing in the 58 kg division until 2018 and 59 kg starting in 2018 after the International Weightlifting Federation reorganized the categories. She has set 11 senior world records in her career.

2017 Summer Universiade
The 2017 Summer Universiade (Chinese: 2017年夏季世界大學運動會; pinyin: Èr líng yī qī Nián Xiàjì Shìjiè Dàxué Yùndònghuì), officially known as the XXIX Summer Universiade (Chinese: 第二十九屆夏季世界大學運動會; pinyin: Dì èrshíjiǔ jiè xiàjì shìjiè dàxué yùndònghuì) and commonly called Taipei 2017 (Chinese: 台北2017; pinyin: Táiběi Èr líng yī qī), was a multi-sport event, sanctioned by the International University Sports Federation (FISU), held in the city of Taipei, Taiwan. It took place from August 19 to August 30, 2017.
Matang, Perak
Matang (Jawi: ماتڠ; Chinese: 峇登) is a mukim in Larut, Matang and Selama District, Perak, Malaysia. It has many small towns and villages and is located near Taiping, Simpang, Kamunting and Kuala Sepetang. Historical fort Kota Ngah Ibrahim is situated there.

Mukim
A mukim is a type of administrative division used in Brunei, the Indonesian province of Aceh (see Mukim (Aceh)), Malaysia and Singapore. The word mukim is a loanword in English. However, it was also originally a loanword in Malay from the Arabic word: مقيم (meaning resident). The closest English translation for mukim is township.
Martur
Martur, also known as Marturu, is a village in Bapatla district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Martur mandal in Bapatla revenue division. As of 2011 Census of India, Martur had a population of 21,437 with average literacy rate of 67.48%. Martur is famous for granite polishing industries, vegetable market and also an educational hub for surrounding villages.

Bapatla district
Bapatla district is a district in coastal Andhra in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (AP) established on 4 April 2022. The administrative headquarters are in Bapatla. It has an Indian Air Force station and several universities.
Hemant Brijwasi
Hemant Brijwasi (born 1997 or 1998), nicknamed 'Hemu',  is an Indian singer. In 2009, he won the television contest for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs. In 2018, he won the television contest Rising Star 2. He has performed as a playback singer for films Soorma (2018) and Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi (2019). He has connoisseur of music and a talented singer Lokmat Sur Jyotsna National Music Award 2018 in the hand of Maharashtra Chief Minister Shri Devendra Fadnavis.

Playback singer
A playback singer, as they are usually known in South Asian cinema, or ghost singer in Western cinema, is a vocalist whose performance is pre-recorded for use in film. Playback singers record songs for soundtracks, and the actors lip-sync the songs for camera; the actual playback singer does not get filmed or appear on screen. Generally, to synchronise with the emotional situation of the song or complete film, the playback singer is given an idea or emotional context of that part of the film so that they can interpret by taking the right moves in their vocals.
Early 21st Century Blues
Early 21st Century Blues is an album by the Canadian alt-country band Cowboy Junkies, released in 2005. The album features two original songs and covers of material by Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan, John Lennon, George Harrison and Richie Havens. The record has a very strong anti-war message, while also protesting public apathy towards the political process.

Anti-war movement
An anti-war movement is a social movement in opposition to one or more nations' decision to start or carry on an armed conflict. The term anti-war can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts, or to anti-war books, paintings, and other works of art. Some activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict or to prevent one from arising.
Cabinet Weil III
The third Weil cabinet was the state government of Lower Saxony from 8 November 2022 to 20 May 2025, after Stephan Weil was elected as Minister-President of Lower Saxony by the members of the Landtag of Lower Saxony. It was the 30th Cabinet of Lower Saxony.

It was formed after the 2022 Lower Saxony state election by the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE). Excluding the Minister-President, the cabinet comprises ten ministers. Six are members of the SPD and four are members of the Greens.

Stephan Weil
Stephan Weil (born 15 December 1958) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony. On 20 January 2013, the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat.  On 19 February 2013, he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance '90/The Greens.
From 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany. In November 2017, he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU.
Perivitelline fluid
The perivitelline fluid is an extracellular fluid found in the eggs of most gastropods and constitutes the main source of nutrition and defense for their embryos. It replaces the egg yolk of other animals, which in snail eggs is reduced to non-nutritive proteinaceous granules with putative enzymatic function.

During embryonic development the perivitelline fluid is ingested macropinocytotically by the embryos and the resulting phagosomes fuse with β-granules containing hydrolytic enzymes, which digest the perivitelline fluid components.

Pomacea
Pomacea is a genus of freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails. The genus is native to the Americas; most species in this genus are restricted to South America.

In the aquarium trade these snails are sometimes called Pomacea or incorrectly Ampullarius, and in English as 
"[color] mystery snail" or "apple snail".

Some species have been introduced outside their native range and are considered invasive because of their voracious appetite for plants. Because of this, imports involving this genus are restricted in some regions (including the United States) and are entirely banned in others (including the EU).
Ahmed Addami
Ahmed Addami (born 14 July 1997) is a Tunisian professional basketball player for US Monastir and the Tunisian national team.

He represented Tunisia at the FIBA AfroBasket 2021, where the team won the gold medal.

FIBA AfroBasket 2021
FIBA AfroBasket 2021 was the 30th edition of the FIBA AfroBasket, a men's basketball continental championship of Africa. The tournament was hosted by Rwanda for the first time. It was originally scheduled to take place between 17 and 29 August 2021, but it was moved back a week due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to 24 August to 5 September 2021.

The tournament featured 16 teams, with South Sudan debuting at the AfroBasket stage. Tunisia was the defending champion, having won the 2017 tournament and they defended their title with a final win over Ivory Coast, while Senegal won the bronze medal.
Sergio Armando Chávez Davalos
Sergio Armando Chávez Dávalos (born 31 October 1974) in Tonalá, Jalisco, México, is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). 
In the 2012 general election he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent Jalisco's 7th district during the 62nd session of Congress. He also served in the Chamber during the 59th session.

The municipal president of Tonalá, Jalisco, for the 2024-2027 administration, is Sergio Armando Chávez Dávalos. He presides over the current municipal government of Tonalá, along with his team of officials and council members.

LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LIX Legislature (59th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 2003 to August 2006. All members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) were elected in the elections of July 2003 while members of the upper house (Senate) were elected in the elections of July 2000.
Wolfgang Gunkel
Wolfgang Gunkel (15 January 1948 – 20 May 2020) was an East German rower who mostly competed in coxed pairs together with Jörg Lucke. In this event he won the European title in 1971, the Olympic gold medal in 1972, and the world title in 1975. His crew placed fourth at the 1968 Olympics. Gunkel won another world title in the men's eight in 1977. In February 1978, he was given the sports awards Honoured Master of Sports.

In the early 1970s, he married fellow international rower Renate Boesler.

Coxed pair
A coxed pair, abbreviated as a 2+, is a racing shell used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for two persons who propel the boat with sweep oars and is steered by a coxswain (cox).

The crew consists of two rowers, each having one oar, and a cox. One rower is on the port side and other is on the starboard side. The cox steers the boat using a rudder and may be seated at the stern of the boat (from where there is a view of the crew) or in the bow (known as a bowloader). With a bowloader, amplification is needed to communicate with the crew which is sitting behind, but the cox has a better view of the course, and the weight distribution may help the boat go faster. When there is no cox, the boat is referred to as a  "coxless pair".
Beverley Skeggs
Beverley Skeggs is a British sociologist, noted as one of the foremost feminist sociologists in the world. Currently, she works as a "Distinguished Professor" in the Sociology Department at Lancaster University, developing a Center for Social Inequalities in the North West of England. She continues to run the "Economics of Care" theme at the International Inequalities centre at the London School of Economics (LSE) and is a visiting professor at Goldsmiths University.  She has been the head of two of the UK's leading Sociology Departments, at the University of Manchester and Goldsmiths, as well as co-director of Lancaster's Women's Studies. In addition, she played a part in transforming Britain's oldest sociology journal, The Sociological Review, into an independent foundation devoted to opening up critical social science and supporting social scientists.

The Sociological Review
The Sociological Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of sociology, including anthropology, criminology, philosophy, education, gender, medicine, and organization. The journal is published by SAGE Publishing; before 2017 it was published by Wiley-Blackwell. It is one of the three "main sociology journals in Britain", along with the British Journal of Sociology and Sociology, and the oldest British sociology journal.

The journal also publishes a monograph series that presents scholarly articles on issues of general sociological interest, and a themed monthly magazine that "present[s] timely insights grounded in sociological thinking and [...] writing for a broad readership".
National Aviary
The National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is the only independent indoor nonprofit aviary in the United States. The facility is also the country's largest indoor aviary, and the only one accorded honorary "National" status by the United States Congress.

The Aviary is home to more than 500 birds, other animals, and reptiles representing more than 150 species. The aviary has been a member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) since 1984.

Association of Zoos and Aquariums
The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), originally the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA), is an American 501(c)(3)
nonprofit organization founded in 1924 and dedicated to the advancement of zoos and public aquariums in the areas of conservation, education, science, and recreation. AZA is headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland, and accredits zoos. There were 238 accredited zoos and aquariums as of 2025, primarily in the US, with a handful in twelve other countries; additionally, the AZA network contains 14 accredited related facilities.
Iljine
Iljine is a surname, eg. a romanised form of Russian: Ильин. Notable people with the surname include:

Diana Iljine (born 1964), German communication scientist, director of Filmfest München

Nicolas Iljine (born 1944), French and Russian author, editor, curator, and art consultant

Diana Iljine
Diana Iljine (born September 13, 1964 in Frankfurt) is the director of Filmfest München, Munich's international film festival, and the Munich International Festival of Filmschools. She has held this post since August 2011 when she took over from Andreas Ströhl.