hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Delaware Center for Horticulture
The Delaware Center for Horticulture (DCH) cultivates greener communities by inspiring appreciation and improvement of the environment through horticulture, education and conservation. Founded in 1977, the Center's headquarters in Wilmington's Trolley Square is an oasis in the city. The venue hosts many weddings and corporate events and includes a public demonstration garden that backs up to Brandywine Park, an art gallery, lecture hall, and a greenhouse.

The DCH plants thousands of trees and leads regional projects to enhance Delaware's urban forests; supports community gardens, urban farms, and school gardens; organizes city park improvement projects; beautifies Delaware's roadsides with native vegetation; maintains the landscaping of many traffic medians and streetscapes; and provides educational programs for families and adults. Members of The DCH and more than 700 active volunteers come from Delaware and the surrounding region.

Brandywine Creek State Park
Brandywine Creek State Park is a public recreation area located three miles (4.8 km) north of Wilmington, Delaware along the Brandywine Creek. The state park is 951.33 acres (384.99 ha) in area and much of the park was part of a Du Pont family estate and dairy farm before becoming a state park in 1965. It contains the first two nature preserves in Delaware, Tulip Tree Woods and Freshwater Marsh. Flint Woods is a satellite area of the park and has become the park's third nature preserve. Flint Woods is home to species of rare song birds and an old-growth forest.
Myopic crescent
A myopic crescent is a moon-shaped feature that can develop at the temporal (lateral) border of disc (it rarely occurs at the nasal border) of myopic eyes. It is primarily caused by atrophic changes that are genetically determined, with a minor contribution from stretching due to elongation of the eyeball. In myopia that is no longer progressing, the crescent may be asymptomatic except for its presence on ocular examination. However, in high-degree myopia, it may extend to the upper and lower borders, or form a complete ring around the optic disc and form a central scotoma.

The myopic crescent is commonly seen in pathological axial myopia. The condition sometimes described erroneously as myopic choroiditis, but myopic crescent is not an inflammatory process and does not run parallel to the degree of myopia. It usually tends to occur after mid adult life. Myopic crescent is often associated with some degree of retinal degeneration and occasionally vitreous degeneration.

Retinopathy
Retinopathy is any damage to the retina of the eyes, which may cause vision impairment. Retinopathy often refers to retinal vascular disease, or damage to the retina caused by abnormal blood flow. Age-related macular degeneration is technically included under the umbrella term retinopathy but is often discussed as a separate entity. Retinopathy, or retinal vascular disease, can be broadly categorized into proliferative and non-proliferative types. Frequently, retinopathy is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease as seen in diabetes or hypertension. Diabetes is the most common cause of retinopathy in the U.S. as of 2008. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working-aged people. It accounts for about 5% of blindness worldwide and is designated a priority eye disease by the World Health Organization.
Northville Central School District
Northville Central School District is a school district in New York State.

In Fulton County it includes sections of the towns of Bleecker, Mayfield, and Northampton. In Hamilton County it includes sections of the towns of Benson and Hope. The district extends into the Rown of Edinburg in Saratoga County.

In Fulton County it includes Northville Village. Its attendance boundary includes parts of Adirondack Park.

Bleecker, New York
Bleecker is a town in Fulton County, New York, United States. The population was 545 at the 2020 census. The name is from Barent Bleecker, one of the original landowners of the region.

Bleecker is north of the cities of Gloversville and Johnstown, in the northern part of the county.
Sac and Fox Reservation
The Sac and Fox Reservation of Sauk (Sac) and Meskwaki (Fox) people is a 23.639 sq mi (61.226 km2) tract located in southeastern Richardson County, Nebraska, and northeastern Brown County, Kansas.  It is governed by the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, and the headquarters for reservation is in Reserve, Kansas.  The tribal jurisdiction area is west of White Cloud, Kansas and northeast of Hiawatha, Kansas. It was created as a consequence of the Platte Purchase of 1836.

Other reservations associated with the Sac and Fox Nation:

Sac and Fox/Meskwaki Settlement -- located in central Iowa

Sac and Fox Nation in Stroud, Oklahoma, which is the largest domestic dependent nation associated with the Sauk (Sac) and Meskwaki (Fox) peoples, and covers Lincoln, Payne, and Pottawatomie counties in Oklahoma.

Domestic dependent nations
In the 1831 Supreme Court of the United States case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall wrote that Native American peoples in the United States were "domestic dependent nations" whose relationship to the United States is like that of a "ward to its guardian". The case was a landmark decision which led to the United States recognizing over 575 federally recognized tribal governments and 326 Indian reservations which are legally classified as domestic dependent nations with tribal sovereignty rights.
Mughal rule in Himachal Pradesh
Prior to the arrival of the Mughals in the Indian subcontinent, the first instance of Islamic conquest of the region was during the 10th century when Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra.
After the entry of the Mughals into the subcontinent, the region fell to Mughal authority as well. Later, due to internal conflicts within the Mughal dynasty the rulers of the hill provinces took complete advantage. Kangra regained its independence under Maharaja Sansar Chand who ruled for nearly 50 years. He was one of the most powerful administrators of the region. After he took the formal possession of Kangra fort, Maharaja Sansar Chand began to expand his territory. The states of Chamba, Suket, Mandi, and Guler, Jaswan, Siba and Datarpur came under the direct control of Maharaja Sansar Chand.

Chamba State
Chamba State was one of the oldest princely states in present-day Republic of India, having been founded during the late 6th century. It was part of the States of the Punjab Hills of the Punjab Province in India from 1859 to 1947. Its last ruler signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union of 15 April 1948.
Sir William Macgregor, 2nd Baronet
Sir William Macgregor, 2nd Baronet (1817 – 29 March 1846) was a British Army officer.

The eldest son of the physician Sir Patrick Macgregor, 1st Baronet, he succeeded him in his baronetcy in 1828. On 20 March 1835, he purchased an ensigncy in the 18th Regiment of Foot. On 29 March 1839, he purchased a lieutenancy in the regiment.

Macgregor fought in the First Opium War, and fell ill from sunstroke at the Battle of Chinkiang. He was promoted captain shortly thereafter, on 22 July, to replace Captain Collinson, killed at the battle. He later returned to China overland before fully recovering from his sunstroke, to which cause his death was attributed. On 19 April 1844, he exchanged into the 92nd Regiment of Foot.

Macgregor died at Gibraltar in 1846. He was attended by his brother-in-law, the Rev. Joseph Sortain.

Joseph Sortain
Joseph Sortain (1809–1860) was a British nonconformist minister, an evangelical Independent, philosophy tutor at Cheshunt College, and biographer of Francis Bacon. A reputed preacher of his time, he was called "the Dickens of the pulpit" by John Ross Dix.
Ouse Bridge (M62)
The Ouse Bridge is a reinforced concrete plate girder bridge that spans River Ouse between Goole and Howden in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It carries the M62 and is situated between junctions 36 and 37. It was built between 1973 and 1976 by Costain and was designed by Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners. The bridge was officially opened to traffic on 24 May 1976 by nine-year-old Martin Brigham.

Howden
Howden (/ˈhaʊdən/) is a market town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies in the Vale of York to the north of the M62, on the A614 road about 16 miles (26 km) south-east of York and 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Goole, which lies across the River Ouse. It is known for Howden Minster, one of the largest churches in the East Riding.

William the Conqueror gave the town to the Bishops of Durham in 1080. The wapentake of Howdenshire was named after the town, and remained an exclave of County Durham until as late as 1846. The original boundaries of the wapentake were used for the current two government wards of Howden and Howdenshire, which had a combined population of 19,753 at the 2011 census.
Rain chain
Rain chains (Japanese: 鎖樋, kusari-toi or kusari-doi, literally "chain-gutter") are  an alternative to downspouts and are widely used in Japan.  Their primary  purpose is  decorative, turning the flow of rainwater from the gutter into a  water feature as it travels downward to a drain or storage container.  (Rainwater is sometimes collected for household usage.)  They can also be found on temples.

Rain chains are typically either a series of metal cups, chained together with a hole in the bottom of each, or chain links that span vertically. Rain water run-off gets distributed from a rooftop gutter downward through the rain chain.

Rain chains have also been used in the West. Nordic vernacular architecture often used a simple stick as a rainwater guide, in similar fashion. They have also been used in the Modernist era, to juxtapose metal chains with a concrete or Portland stone facade.  They are often seen in cup-shape, link and loop style, as well as decorative.

Portland stone
Portland stone is a limestone geological formation (formally named the Portland Stone Formation) dating to the Tithonian age of the Late Jurassic that is quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. The quarries are cut in beds of white-grey limestone separated by chert beds. It has been used extensively as a building stone throughout the British Isles, notably in major public buildings in London such as St Paul's Cathedral and Buckingham Palace. Portland stone is also exported to many countries, being used for example at the United Nations headquarters in New York City.
Ken Novack
Ken Novack, a graduate of Dartmouth College and Harvard Law School, is an American lawyer who currently sits on the board of BBN Technologies and is a special advisor to General Catalyst Partners.  From 1998 until 2003, he served as Vice Chairman for America Online and then Time-Warner after the two companies merged.  Early in his career, from 1966 to 1998, Novack served as an attorney with the firm of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, PC ("Mintz").  Recently, however, Novack rejoined Mintz as Senior Counsel.

RTX BBN Technologies
RTX BBN Technologies  (originally Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. and formerly Raytheon BBN Technologies) is an American research and development company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In 1966 the Franklin Institute awarded the firm the Frank P. Brown Medal, in 1999 BBN received the IEEE Corporate Innovation Recognition, and on 1 February 2013 BBN was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, the highest honors that the U.S. government bestows upon scientists, engineers and inventors, by President Barack Obama. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of Raytheon in 2009.
Tridymite
Tridymite is a high-temperature polymorph of silica and usually occurs as minute tabular white or colorless pseudo-hexagonal crystals, or scales, in cavities in felsic volcanic rocks. Its chemical formula is SiO2. Tridymite was first described in 1868 and the type location is in Hidalgo, Mexico. The name is from the Greek tridymos for triplet as tridymite commonly occurs as twinned crystal trillings (compound crystals comprising three twinned crystal components).

Felsic
In geology, felsic is a modifier describing igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz. It is contrasted with mafic rocks, which are richer in magnesium and iron. Felsic refers to silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. Molten felsic magma  and lava is more viscous than molten mafic magma and lava. Felsic magmas and lavas have lower temperatures of melting and solidification than mafic magmas and lavas.

Felsic rocks are usually light in color and have specific gravities less than 3. The most common felsic rock is granite. Common felsic minerals include quartz, muscovite, orthoclase, and the sodium-rich plagioclase feldspars (albite-rich).
Philipp Strauch (scholar)
Philipp Strauch (1852–1934) was a German medievalist. A specialist in Middle High German literature, he was awarded a habilitation by the University of Tübingen in 1878, and became professor there in 1883. In 1893 he received a call to the University of Halle-Wittenberg, where he remained until his retirement in 1921, serving as professor ordinarius and as rector of the university.

Strauch published important research on Mechthild of the Palatinate as a patron of literature, on medieval German Mysticism including Meister Eckhart, and on the literature of the Teutonic Order. He was also of great importance as an editor. His critical edition of the chronicles of Jans der Enikel was published as part of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, and remains the standard text. He also edited Adelheid Langmann, Der Marner and others.

Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (German: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. MLU offers German and international (English) courses leading to academic degrees such as BA, BSc, MA, MSc, doctoral degrees, and habilitation.

The university was created in 1817 through the merger of the University of Wittenberg (founded in 1502) and the University of Halle (founded in 1694). MLU is named after Protestant reformer Martin Luther, who was a professor in Wittenberg. Today, the university campus is located in Halle, while  Leucorea Foundation in Wittenberg serves as MLU's convention centre.
El Alba Airport
El Alba Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto El Alba), (ICAO: SCAB) is an airport 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northwest of Melipilla, a city in the Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile.

There are hills southeast of the runway. The Melipilla non-directional beacon (Ident: PIL) is located 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km) east-southeast of the airport.

Melipilla
Melipilla (Mapudungun for "four Pillans") is a Chilean commune and capital city of the province of the same name. It is part of the Santiago Metropolitan Region and is a significant satellite city of the Chilean capital.

The Melipilla commune borders 10 other communes, María Pinto, and a portion of Curacaví to the north; San Pedro and Alhué to the south; Isla de Maipo, El Monte, Peñaflor, Padre Hurtado in the Talagante Province, and Paine in the Maipo Province to the east; and San Antonio in the Valparaíso Region. It has an area of 1,344.8 km2 (519 sq mi). According to the 2017 census, the commune alone has 123,627 residents and is projected to have 141,612 residents by 2020.
Tianshan Wool Textile
Xinjiang Tianshan Wool Textile Company (Chinese: 新疆天山毛纺织股份有限公司, 天山纺织), or Tianshan Wool Textile (SZSE: 000813), established in 1980 and previously named Xinjiang Tianshan Wool Tex Company, is a Chinese company with foreign joint venture primarily engaged in the production of cashmere and wool sweaters. It is among the first four foreign direct investments sanctioned during the initial phase of China's reform and opening up.

Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an ownership stake in a company, made by a foreign investor, company, or government from another country. More specifically, it describes a controlling ownership of an asset in one country by an entity based in another country. The magnitude and extent of control, therefore, distinguishes it from a foreign portfolio investment or foreign indirect investment. Foreign direct investment includes expanding operations or purchasing a company in the target country.
Gonne Małe
Gonne Małe [ˈɡɔnːɛ ˈmawɛ] (German: Gönne) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barwice, within Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Szczecinek County
Szczecinek County (Polish: powiat szczecinecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Szczecinek, which lies 143 kilometres (89 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Borne Sulinowo, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Szczecinek, Barwice, 23 km (14 mi) west of Szczecinek, and Biały Bór, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Szczecinek.

The county covers an area of 1,765.22 square kilometres (681.6 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 77,232, out of which the population of Szczecinek is 38,756, that of Borne Sulinowo is 4,224, that of Barwice is 3,838, that of Biały Bór is 2,127, and the rural population is 28,287.
Garabed Pashayan Khan
Garabed Pashayan (1864, Constantinople – 1915) was an Armenian medical doctor and public activist. He lived in the Ottoman Empire.

He completed his studies at the Medical College of Constantinople in 1888, then worked as a doctor in Balu and Malatia provinces. In 1890 he was arrested for the support of Armenian fedayee groups, was sentenced to death but then released after the mediation of the British consul's family. In 1895 he moved to Iran and became the Persian shah's doctor. For his efforts he was awarded the khan title. In 1903-1906 Pashayan lived in Alexandria, Egypt, where he founded an Armenian school and a printing house. In 1908 after the Young Turk revolution he returned to Constantinople and was elected as a member of the Ottoman parliament. In 1915 he was arrested among the other Armenian intellectuals and was sent to Ayash, where he was tortured and killed.

Pashayan is an author of literary and scientific works ("The Friends of the People", 1909).

Fedayeen
Fedayeen (Arabic: فدائيون fidāʻiyyūn Arabic pronunciation: [fɪ.daːʔɪj.juːn] "self-sacrificers")[a] is an Arabic term used to refer to various military groups willing to sacrifice themselves for a larger campaign or leader.
Castlederg
Castlederg (earlier Caslanadergy, from Irish Caisleán na Deirge, meaning 'castle on the Derg') is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It lies on the River Derg and is near the border with County Donegal, Ireland. It stands in the townlands of Castlesessagh and Churchtown, in the historic barony of Omagh West and the civil parish of Urney. The town has a ruined castle and two ancient tombs known as the Druid's Altar and Todd's Den. It had a population of 2,980 people at the 2021 census.

The town hosts some of the district's key events each year, including the Derg Vintage Rally, Dergfest music festival, Red River Festival and the traditional Apple Fair.

Castlederg was a traveller's stop along the ancient pilgrimage route to Station Island on Lough Derg. The town boasts ancient ruins and monastic settlements.

Lough Derg, County Donegal
Lough Derg or Loch Derg (Irish: Loch Dearg) is a lake in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. It is near the border with Northern Ireland and lies about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the border village of Pettigo. It is best known for St Patrick's Purgatory, a site of pilgrimage on Station Island in the lake. St. Patrick is said to have established the first Christian settlement here on Saint's Island. The pilgrimage was moved to Station Island in 1497.

The lake is about 8.9 square kilometres (3.4 square miles) in size, but is quite shallow, making it dangerous during bad weather.  It has stocks of pike, perch and brown trout for angling.
Uttukuli railway station
Uttukuli railway station (station code: UKL) is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Salem railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station in Uthukuli, in Tiruppur district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located between  Vijayamangalam and Tiruppur Kulipalayam.

Uthukuli
Uthukuli  is a panchayat town in Tiruppur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the 15 panchayat towns in the district, and the administrative headquarters of Uthukuli taluk. Spread across an area of 5.7 km2 (2.2 sq mi), it had a population of 10,130 individuals as per the 2011 census. The region is known for its dairy and butter industry.
Cinara cupressi
Cinara cupressi, the cypress aphid, is a brownish soft-bodied aphid. It sucks sap from twigs of conifers, and can cause damage to the tree, ranging from discoloring of the affected twig to the death of the tree. This insect appears to have originated in the Middle East and has been increasing its range and is considered to be an invasive species in Africa and Europe. It has been included in the List of the world's 100 worst invasive species.

100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species
100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species is a list of invasive species compiled in 2000 from the Global Invasive Species Database, a database of invasive species around the world. The database is run by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The ISSG acknowledges that it is "very difficult to identify 100 invasive species from around the world that really are 'worse' than any others. ... Absence from the list does not imply that a species poses a lesser threat." In 2013, the ISSG updated their list to supersede the recently eradicated † rinderpest virus, and a few genus and species names were altered.
NWA Pacific Northwest Television Championship
The NWA Pacific Northwest Television Championship was a professional wrestling championship sanctioned by the National Wrestling Alliance and defended in its member promotion Pacific Northwest Wrestling. It served as PNW's second-tier title, lasting from 1987 through 1990. As of March 2015, the championship was reactivated when Blue Collar Wrestling became the NWA's new Portland affiliate.

Professional wrestling championship
In professional wrestling, a championship or title is a recognition promoted by professional wrestling organizations. Championship reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches, in which competitors are involved in predetermined rivalries; these narratives create feuds between the various competitors, which usually cast them as either faces (heroes), heels (villains), or more rarely tweeners (morally ambiguous). The bookers in a company, who decide the winners and where the storyline goes, will place the title on the most accomplished performer or the one they believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership.