hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spinel
Spinel (/spɪˈnɛl, ˈspɪnəl/) is the magnesium/aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals. It has the formula MgAl2O4 in the cubic crystal system. Its name comes from the Latin word spinella, a diminutive form of spine, in reference to its pointed crystals.

Cubic crystal system
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.

There are three main varieties of these crystals:

Primitive cubic (abbreviated cP and alternatively called simple cubic)

Body-centered cubic (abbreviated cI or bcc)

Face-centered cubic (abbreviated cF or fcc)

Note: the term fcc is often used synonymously for the cubic close-packed or ccp structure occurring in metals. However, fcc stands for a face-centered cubic Bravais lattice, which is not necessarily close-packed when a motif is set onto the lattice points. E.g. the diamond and the zincblende lattices are fcc but not close-packed.
Each is subdivided into other variants listed below. Although the unit cells in these crystals are conventionally taken to be cubes, the primitive unit cells often are not.
Bryn Forbes
Bryn Jerrel Forbes (born July 23, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for Aris of the Greek Basketball League. He played college basketball for Cleveland State and Michigan State, and became a reliable three-point shooter. He plays both guard positions.

Horizon League
The Horizon League is a collegiate athletic conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Headquartered in Indianapolis, the league's eleven member schools are located in and near the Great Lakes region and in part of the Southern United States.

The Horizon League founded in 1979 as the Midwestern City Conference. The conference changed its name to Midwestern Collegiate Conference in 1985 and then the Horizon League in 2001. The conference started with a membership of six teams and has fluctuated in size with 24 different schools as members at different times. The league currently has 11 members.

The Horizon League currently sponsors 19 sports and is a non-football conference.
Jennifer Knust
Jennifer W. Knust is a professor of religious studies at Duke University, who holds an affiliate appointment in the Department of Classical Studies. Since 2020, she has been director of undergraduate studies in the department of religious studies, director of the Elizabeth A. Clark Center for Late Ancient Studies, and Co-Director of the Manuscript Migration Lab at the Franklin Humanities Institute, all at Duke University. Knust has written about the importance of gendered discourses to the production of an early Christian identity.

Franklin Humanities Institute
The Franklin Humanities Institute (FHI) is an interdisciplinary humanities center at Duke University dedicated to supporting humanities, arts, and social science research and teaching. Named after the prominent African American historian and civil rights activist John Hope Franklin, who retired from Duke in 1985 as the James B. Duke professor of history, the institute has also made a commitment to promote scholarship that enhances social equity, especially through research on race and ethnicity.

The Franklin Humanities Institute is part of a consortium of interdisciplinary research centers and institutes at Duke University. It was formerly located at the John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies at Duke, and is now located in the historic Smith Warehouse on Duke's East Campus.
Amédée Faure
Amédée Faure or Victor-Amédée Faure (French pronunciation: [viktɔʁ amede fɔʁ]; 1801–1878) was a French painter and portraitist.  His portrait subjects include the brothers Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais and Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier, and he also specialised in historic scenes of the House of Orléans and the July Monarchy.

Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier
Louis Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier (French pronunciation: [lwi ɑ̃twan filip dɔʁleɑ̃]; 3 July 1775, in Palais-Royal, Paris – 18 May 1807, in Salthill, England) was a son of Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans (nom de rėvolution: "Philippe-Égalité") (1747–1793), and his duchess Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans. He was the younger brother of Louis Philippe, later King of the French. Antoine had a deep affection for him, and they were only ever separated during the Reign of Terror and the events that followed between 1793 and 1797.
Heneage Legge (St George's Hanover Square MP)
Colonel The Honourable Heneage Legge (3 July 1845 – 1 November 1911)
was a British soldier and Conservative politician.

Legge was the fifth son of William Legge, 4th Earl of Dartmouth, by his second wife the Honourable Frances, daughter of George Barrington, 5th Viscount Barrington. William Legge, 5th Earl of Dartmouth was his half-brother and the Right Reverend Augustus Legge his full brother.  He attended Eton from 1857 until 1860.

Legge was a Captain in the Coldstream Guards and a Colonel in the 9th Lancers. At the 1900 general election he was returned to parliament for St George's Hanover Square.
He was re-elected in January 1906, but resigned from the Commons on 11 June 1906 by accepting the post of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds.

Legge died unmarried in November 1911, aged 66.

9th Queen's Royal Lancers
The 9th Queen's Royal Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, first raised in 1715. It saw service for three centuries, including the First and Second World Wars. The regiment survived the immediate post-war reduction in forces, but was amalgamated with the 12th Royal Lancers to form the 9th/12th Royal Lancers in 1960.
Delta Air Lines Flight 723
Delta Air Lines Flight 723 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 twin-engine jetliner, from Burlington, Vermont, to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, with an intermediate stop in Manchester, New Hampshire. On July 31, 1973, at 11:08 a.m., while on an instrument landing system (ILS) instrument approach into Logan in low clouds and fog, the aircraft descended below the glidepath, struck a seawall, and crashed. All 89 of the occupants aboard were killed, including an initial survivor who died more than four months after the crash.

Glide path
In aviation, instrument landing system glide path, commonly referred to as a glide path (G/P) or glide slope (G/S), is "a system of vertical guidance embodied in the instrument landing system which indicates the vertical deviation of the aircraft from its optimum path of descent".
Krishna Babu
Krishna Babu is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language drama film, produced by Chanti Addala under the Srinivasa Productions banner and directed by Muthyala Subbaiah. It stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, Abbas, Meena, Raasi  and music composed by Koti. It was the 75th film of Balakrishna as an actor.

Abbas (actor)
Mirza Abbas Ali (born 21 May 1975) simply known as Abbas is an Indian actor known for his works predominantly in Tamil and Telugu films alongside a few Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi films.

Following a career as a fashion model, he made his film debut with Kathir's Kadhal Desam (1996), which became a great success and gave him instant recognition. Abbas went on to work in successful movies such as VIP (1997), Pooveli (1998), Padayappa (1999), Suyamvaram (1999), Malabar Police (1999), Kandukondain Kandukondain (2000), Minnale (2001), Aanandham (2001), Pammal K. Sambandam (2002), Adi Thadi (2004), Guru En Aalu (2009), and Ramanujan (2014).

He also appeared in notable Telugu films including Priya O Priya (1997), Rajahamsa (1998), Raja (1999), and Anasuya (2007). Abbas gained recognition in Malayalam films as well, notably in Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu (1999).
Apollonius the Apologist
Saint Apollonius the Apologist or Saint Apollonius of Rome (Greek: Ἀπολλώνιος; died 21 April 185) was a 2nd-century Christian martyr and apologist who was martyred in 185 under the Emperor Commodus (161–192).

Apologetics
Apologetics (from Ancient Greek  ἀπολογία (apología) 'speech in defense') is the religious discipline of  defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists. In 21st-century usage, apologetics is often identified with debates over religion and theology.
Tezz
Tezz (transl. Fast) is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Priyadarshan. It stars Anil Kapoor, Ajay Devgn, Kangana Ranaut, Zayed Khan, Sameera Reddy, Boman Irani with Mohanlal in an extended cameo appearance. The film revolves a team of Asians place a bomb on a high-speed train operating between London and Glasgow. The train will explode if it slows below a certain speed; unless a ransom is paid.

An unofficial adaptation of the 1975 Japanese film The Bullet Train, the film was released on 27 April 2012 and received mixed reviews, with praise for the premise and action sequences, and criticism for the writing. It emerged as a box-office bomb.

Boman Irani
Boman Irani (born 2 December 1959) is an Indian actor and comedian who worked primarily in Hindi-language films. He has featured in over 100 films, and is the recipient of a Filmfare Award and two IIFA Awards.

Some of his notable works include Munna Bhai MBBS (2003), Veer-Zaara, Main Hoon Na, Lakshya (all 2004), No Entry (2005), Lage Raho Munna Bhai, Don (both 2006), Khosla Ka Ghosla (2006), Heyy Babyy (2007), Dostana (2008), 3 Idiots (2009), Housefull (2010), Don 2 (2011), Housefull 2, Cocktail (both 2012), Jolly LLB (2013), PK, Happy New Year (both 2014), Dilwale (2015), Housefull 3 (2016), Sanju (2018), Total Dhamaal (2019), 83 (2021), Uunchai (2022) and Dunki (2023). He made his directorial debut with the self-starring drama The Mehta Boys (2025).
Rasul v. Bush
Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004), was a landmark decision  of the United States Supreme Court in which the Court held that foreign nationals held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp could petition federal courts for writs of habeas corpus to review the legality of their detention.  The Court's 6–3 judgment on June 28, 2004, reversed a D.C. Circuit decision which had held that the judiciary has no jurisdiction to hear any petitions from foreign nationals held in Guantanamo Bay.

The lead petitioner, British citizen Shafiq Rasul, was one of the Tipton Three. The U.S. transported the three men to the United Kingdom in March 2004 before the decision was handed down, and the government released them the next day.

Stephen F. Williams
Stephen Fain Williams (September 23, 1936 – August 7, 2020) was an American lawyer and jurist who was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1986 until his death from COVID-19 in 2020.
Paul Brewster (American football)
Joe Paul Brewster (October 26, 1935 – August 8, 2021) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Austin Peay State University from 1988 to 1989, compiling a record of 3–19. A native of Lenoir City, Tennessee, Brewster earned a bachelor's degree in 1958 and a master's degree in 1967 at East Tennessee State University. He came to Austin Peay in 1981 as an assistant coach under his predecessor as head coach, Emory Hale.

Brewster died on August 8, 2021.

Austin Peay State University
Austin Peay State University (APSU; /piː/) is a public university in Clarksville, Tennessee, United States. Standing on a site occupied by a succession of educational institutions since 1845, the precursor of the university was established in 1927 and named for then-sitting Governor Austin Peay, who is further honored with "Governors", the name of the university's athletic teams. Affiliated with the Tennessee Board of Regents, it is now governed by the Austin Peay State University Board of Trustees as of May 2017. The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) and, in 2012, was the fastest-growing university in Tennessee. In 2025, Austin Peay State University hit 11,185 registered students for the fall semester.
Fundamental rights of the people of Bangladesh
The fundamental rights of the people of Bangladesh have been guaranteed in Part III (Article 26-47) of the constitution of Bangladesh. Article 44 of the constitution guarantees the right of every citizen to move the High Court Division in accordance with clause (1) of Article 102 for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution. The jurisdiction of the High Court Division of the Supreme Court to enforce the fundamental rights is defined in Article 102 of Part Vl of the Constitution of 1972.

Supreme Court of Bangladesh
Supreme Court of Bangladesh (SCB) is the highest court of law in the country. It is composed of the High Court Division and the Appellate Division, and was established by Part VI, Chapter I (Article 94) of the Constitution of Bangladesh, adopted in 1972. This is also the office of the chief justice, Appellate Division judges, and High Court Division judges of Bangladesh. As of February 2026, the Appellate Division consists of 6 judges, while the High Court Division has 103 judges (77 are permanent and 26 are additional).
Sosnytsia Regiment
The Sosnytsia Regiment (Ukrainian: Сосницький полк, romanized: Sosnytskyi polk) was one the territorial-administrative subdivisions of the Cossack Hetmanate. The regiment's capital was the city of Sosnytsia, now an  urban-type settlement in Chernihiv Oblast of north-central Ukraine. The regiment existed from 1648 to 1649, it was disbanded after Treaty of Zboriv. In 1663 it was recreated and lasted until 1668 when again it was disbanded.

Sosnytsia
Sosnytsia (Ukrainian: Сocниця) is a rural settlement in Koriukivka Raion (district) of Chernihiv Oblast (province) in north-central Ukraine. It is located on the west bank of the Ubid River, a tributary of the Desna river, some 90 km (56 mi) from Chernihiv, the oblast center. It hosts the administration of Sosnytsia settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 6,589 (2022 estimate).

Sosnytsia was the birthplace of Alexander Dovzhenko, a prominent Ukrainian filmmaker; his original house has been preserved as a museum in Sosnytsia dedicated to his life and work.
YMCA Youth Parliament
The YMCA Youth Parliament is a YMCA run youth model parliament program. There is a YMCA youth parliament in every Australian State and Territory.

Participants spend time in committees developing bills, and then attend a week-long camp during which the legislation and other motions are debated in the state parliament. Successfully passed bills are handed to the state government and opposition for consideration.

Kate Ellis (politician)
Katherine Margaret Ellis (born 22 September 1977) is an Australian former politician, who represented the Division of Adelaide in the Australian House of Representatives for the Australian Labor Party from 2004 until 2019. She served in multiple portfolios in the outer ministry of the 2007–2013 federal Labor government and was in the shadow cabinet after that. In March 2017 Ellis announced that she would step down from shadow cabinet as of the next reshuffle and leave parliament at the 2019 federal election.
The Swimmer (short story)
"The Swimmer" is a short story by American author John Cheever. It was originally published in The New Yorker on July 18, 1964, and later in the short-fiction collections The Brigadier and the Golf Widow (1964) and The Stories of John Cheever (1978). Considered one of the author's most outstanding works, "The Swimmer" has received exhaustive analysis from critics and biographers.

In 1968, "The Swimmer" was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Burt Lancaster. This is the only literary work by Cheever that has appeared on screen. "The Swimmer" is also a crucial plot reference in Nanni Moretti's 2023 movie A Brighter Tomorrow (Il sol dell'avvenire).

Gale (publisher)
Gale is a global provider of research and digital learning resources. The company is based in Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States, west of Detroit. It has been a division of Cengage since 2007.

The company, formerly known as Gale Research and the Gale Group, is active in research and educational publishing for public, academic, and school libraries, and for businesses. The company is known for its full-text magazine and newspaper databases, Gale OneFile (formerly known as Infotrac), and other online databases subscribed by libraries, as well as multi-volume reference works, especially in the areas of religion, history, and social science.

Founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1954 by Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr., the company was acquired by the International Thomson Organization (later the Thomson Corporation) in 1985 before its 2007 sale to Cengage.
Sompal Shastri
Sompal Shastri or Sompal Singh Shastri (born 20 January 1942) is an Indian politician, came from Farmer-Jat family and began his career as a politician of Rashtriya Lok Dal from Uttar Pradesh India. He has been Minister for Agriculture for the national government and a member of the Planning Commission. He is Vice Chairman, State Planning Board, Madhya Pradesh.

Jats
The Jat people (Hindi: [dʒaːʈ], Punjabi: [dʒəʈː]), also spelt Jaat and Jatt, are a traditionally agricultural caste in Northern India and Pakistan. Originally pastoralists in the lower Indus river-valley of Sindh, many Jats migrated north into the Punjab region in late medieval times, and subsequently into the Delhi Territory, northeastern Rajputana, and the western Gangetic Plain in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan and the Pakistani regions of Sindh, Punjab and AJK.

By the 20th century, the landowning Jats became an influential group in several parts of North India, including Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi. Over the years, several Jats abandoned agriculture in favour of urban jobs, and used their dominant economic and political status to claim higher social status.
Tece
Tece (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈtɛdʒɛ]) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mezitli, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,407 (2022).

Tece is named after Tece Creek which is to the east of the neighbourhood. It is located on Turkish state highway D.400, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the center of Mersin.

Tece used to be a small village located in the citrus plantation, but due to its proximity to Mersin and housing projects in the 1990s, its population increased sharply and a municipality was established in Tece. However, in 2008, the municipality was disestablished and Tece was made a neighbourhood of Mezitli.

Tece is known for its ancient castle and its creek. The Mersin municipality now runs a project of coastal area. The project will include walking trails, bicycle roads, playgrounds, fitness centres, sport courts and coffeehouses between Mersin and Tece.

Mersin Province
Mersin Province (Turkish: Mersin ili), formerly İçel Province (İçel ili), is a province and metropolitan municipality in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. Its area is 16,010 km2, and its population is 1,916,432 (2022). The provincial capital and the biggest city in the province is Mersin, which is composed of four municipalities and district governorates: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir. Next largest is Tarsus, the birthplace of Paul the Apostle. The province is considered to be a part of the geographical, economical and cultural region of Çukurova, which covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Cirricaecula johnsoni
Cirricaecula johnsoni, known commonly as the Fringelip snake eel, is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Leonard Peter Schultz in 1953. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the Rongerik Atoll, Marshall Islands, in the western central Pacific Ocean. Males can reach a maximum total length of 40 centimetres.

Ophichthidae
Ophichthidae is a family of fish in the order Anguilliformes, commonly known as the snake eels. The term "Ophichthidae" comes from Greek ophis ("serpent") and ichthys ("fish"). Snake eels are also burrowing eels.  They are named for their physical appearance, as they have long, cylindrical, snake-like bodies. This family is found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from coastal shallows and even rivers, to depths below 800 m (2,600 ft). Most species are bottom dwellers, hiding in mud or sand to capture their prey of crustaceans and small fish, but some are pelagic.

These species range in total length from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) or more. Many species lack fins altogether, improving their ability to burrow into the substrate like worms. They are often spotted or striped in colour, mimicking the appearance of venomous sea snakes to deter predators. Often, they are washed ashore by large storms.
Ostoni
Ostoni is a manufacturer of plants, machines, dyes, accessories and spare parts used in pasta production operations.  The company produces, refurbishes and sells new and second-hand equipment worldwide and is known especially for its machines for filled products (such as ravioli, cappelletti, tortelloni, tortellini and pelmeni).  Ostoni began manufacturing pasta machines in 1958, in Milan, Italy, and has opened another workshop in Romania in 2006.

Tortelloni
Tortelloni is a type of stuffed pasta common in northern Italy, with a shape similar to tortellini, but larger and with a cheese-based filling. It is traditionally stuffed with ricotta, Parmesan, leafy herbs or vegetables such as parsley or spinach, egg, and nutmeg.
Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's rings
The men's rings competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics was held at Töölö Sports Hall, Exhibition Hall I from 19 to 21 July. It was the eighth appearance of the event. There were 185 competitors from 29 nations, with each nation sending up to 8 gymnasts. The Soviet Union, in its debut in the event, won a medal of every color but did not quite sweep the medals as there was a tie for third. Hrant Shahinyan was the winner, Viktor Chukarin took silver, and Dmytro Leonkin shared bronze with Hans Eugster of Switzerland.

Hrant Shahinyan
Hrant Shahinyan (Armenian: Հրանտ Շահինյան, 30 July 1923 – 29 May 1996), also known as Grant Shaginyan, was a Soviet Armenian gymnast. Specializing in the still rings and pommel horse, he is a two-time Olympic Champion, two-time World Champion and seven-time USSR Champion.

Shahinyan has awarded the honors Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1952, Honored Coach of Armenia in 1961 and Honored Worker of Physical Culture and Sports of the Armenian SSR in 1966.

From 1967 to 1969, he headed the Sports Committee of the Armenian SSR and from 1969 to 1975 he was the Deputy Chairman of the Sports Committee.
Samsung BlackJack
The Samsung SGH-i607, marketed as BlackJack, is a smartphone with a QWERTY keyboard released in 2006, that was available through AT&T in the United States and Telstra in Australia. On the other hand, the Samsung i600 was the model offered in Europe using different 3G frequencies.

Telstra
Telstra Group Limited is an Australian telecommunications company that builds and operates telecommunications networks and markets related products and services. It is a member of the S&P/ASX 20 stock index, and is Australia's largest telecommunications company by market share. As of June 2025, Telstra CEO Vicky Brady joined the board of the BCA (Business Council of Australia), one of Australia's most influential gas lobby groups.

Telstra has a long history in Australia, originating together with Australia Post as the Postmaster-General's Department upon federation in 1901. Telstra had transitioned from a state-owned enterprise to a fully privatised company by 2006.