hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Haut-Katanga District
11°40′S 027°28′E﻿ / ﻿11.667°S 27.467°E﻿ / -11.667; 27.467

Haut-Katanga District (Upper Katanga District) is a former district located in the former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 
The copper mining centers of Lubumbashi and Likasi were surrounded by the district but were administratively separate.

Lubumbashi
Lubumbashi (UK: /ˌluːbʊmˈbæʃi/ LOO-buum-BASH-ee, US: /ˌluːbuːmˈbɑːʃi/ LOO-boom-BAH-shee), formerly Élisabethville ([elizabɛtvil]; Dutch: Elisabethstad [eːˈlisaːbɛtstɑt] ⓘ), is the second-largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the country's southeasternmost part, near the border with Zambia. The capital and principal city of the Haut-Katanga Province, Lubumbashi is the center of mining in the region, acting as a hub for many of the country's largest mining companies. No definite population figures are available, but the population of the city's urban area is estimated to be around 2,584,000 in 2021.
ISF International School Frankfurt Rhein-Main
The ISF International School Frankfurt Rhein-Main is a private school in Sindlingen, a borough of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Accredited by the Council of International Schools, the school offers IGCSE, International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme and AP examinations.

The International School of Frankfurt Rhein-Main was founded in 1995 as a public-private partnership in schools within Germany by the Frankfurt Chamber of Commerce, the State of Hesse, the Frankfurt Economic Development GmbH and with financial support of international companies in the region. The school opened in September 1995 with 65 students enrolled in Kindergarten throughout Grade 8. 10 years later it had an enrollment of around 900 students from 49 nations from preschool up through grade 12.

Sindlingen
Sindlingen (German pronunciation: [ˈzɪntlɪŋən]) is a quarter of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the Ortsbezirk West and is subdivided into the Stadtbezirke Sindlingen-Süd and Sindlingen-Nord.

Frankfurt Sindlingen station provides access to the Rhine-Main S-Bahn line S1.
Paul Gourdet
Paul Gourdet (French: Paul Louis Stanislas Lionel Gourdet) was a French architect. He is credited for designing numerous major buildings in Kazakhstan including the Voznesensky Cathedral (Ascension Cathedral), the Pokrovskaya Church, and other significant contributions to the architectural development of Almaty. Gourdet was born in Burgundy, and resided in Verny. In 1870 he travelled to the Turkestan region.

Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan, is a historical name for the region of Asia lying between the Caspian Sea to the west, Siberia to the north, the Gobi Desert to the east, and Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tibet to the south. Turkestan is primarily inhabited by Turkic peoples, as well as Russian and Tajik-Persian minorities. It is subdivided into West Turkestan, which historically belonged to the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, and East Turkestan (identified either with the Tarim Basin/Southern Xinjiang or with Xinjiang as a whole), which forms part of China.

Throughout history, the region has been exposed to the invasion of several different groups and kingdoms, including the Huns, Hepthalites, Bactrians, Imperial China, Arab Caliphate,  Hellenistic Macedonian Empire, Achaemenid Empire,  as well as various Turkic states and the Mongol Empire. The Qara Khitai also briefly controlled a significant bulk of Turkestan.
Bottlenose (company)
Bottlenose.com, also known as Bottlenose, is an enterprise trend intelligence company that analyzes big data and business data to detect trends for brands. It helps Fortune 500 enterprises discover, and track emerging trends that affect their brands. The company uses natural language processing, sentiment analysis, statistical algorithms, data mining, and machine learning heuristics to determine trends, and has a search engine that gathers information from social networks. KPMG Capital has invested a "substantial amount" in the company.

Bottlenose processed 72 billion messages per day, in real-time, from across social and broadcast media, as of December 2014.

Heuristic
A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

Heuristic reasoning is often based on induction, or on analogy ... Induction is the process of discovering general laws ... Induction tries to find regularity and coherence ... Its most conspicuous instruments are generalization, specialization, analogy. [...] Heuristic discusses human behavior in the face of problems [... that have been] preserved in the wisdom of proverbs.
Brahesborg
Brahesborg is a manor house situated northeast of Assens on the island of Funen, Denmark. The main building was constructed for Jørgen Brahe in the middle of the 17th century, but owes its current appearance to a renovation undertaken by Christian Rantzau in 1756. The estate was acquired by Frederik Wilhelm Treschow in 1828 and remained in the hands of members of the Treschow family until 1951. The main building was listed on the Danish register of protected buildings and places in 1918.

The estate currently covers 1,407 hectares of land (including Wilhelmsborg).

Treschow family
The Treschow family is a noble family originating in Denmark and with branches in Norway and Sweden. The family name means "wooden shoe-maker" and the family later counted many merchants in the 17th century and priests in the 18th century. A member of the family, Michael Treschow, bought the status of untitled (lower) nobility in Denmark in 1812. One of his sons settled in Norway, where the concept of nobility only was abolished a few years later. Members of this family have been industrialists and landowners, notably in Vestfold.
Napoleone Orsini (condottiero)
Napoleone Orsini (c. 1420 – September 1480) was an Italian condottiero.

The son of Orso Orsini of Bracciano, he fought for Pope Eugene IV against Francesco Sforza in 1443. Later, in the 1450s, he flanked Ferdinand of Aragon in the struggle between the Kingdom of Naples and the Duchy of Milan. Subsequently, Orsini fought against the rival baronial families of the Colonna and the Anguillara in the Lazio.

In July 1461 Orsini, leading a contingent of Papal troops, was defeated by Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta at Castelleone di Suasa. The following year he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Papal Army and warred against Roberto Malatesta, lord of Rimini, being wounded in the course of the campaign.

Orsini did not take part in any relevant military feat thenceforth.

Castelleone di Suasa
Castelleone di Suasa is a town and comune within the Province of Ancona, in the Marche region of Italy.

It is well known for the archaeological park of Suasa, an ancient Roman town.

Rising on a hill near the river Cesano, Castelleone di Suasa is also called "green town" because of its flourishing nursery activity.
Below the medieval castle there are the remains of the Roman municipality of Suasa, that rose along the branch of the via Flaminia that led to Sena Gallica (Senigallia).

Since 1987 the Archaeological Superintendence of the Regione of Marche, has started a programme of excavations that has allowed the discovery of the ancient basalt street, the commercial forum, two sepulchre areas, the amphitheatre and, above all, the rich patrician dwelling that has become Archaeological Park.
Harold Fishleigh
Harold Ferguson Fishleigh (May 11, 1903 – September 23, 1998) was a Canadian politician who was a Member of Provincial Parliament in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1951 to 1959. He represented the riding of Woodbine as a Progressive Conservative member. Born in Wingham, Ontario, he worked as a pharmacist and realtor. He died in 1998.

Wingham, Ontario
Wingham (2016 census population 2,934) is a community located in the municipality of North Huron, Ontario, Canada, which is located in Huron County. Wingham became part of North Huron in 2001 when the Ontario government imposed amalgamation on the former township of East Wawanosh, the village of Blyth, and the town of Wingham.

Wingham is located at the intersection of County Roads 4 and 86.  Most of Wingham is located between County Road 86 to the south and the Maitland River to the north.
Makotuku River
The Makotuku River is a river of the west of New Zealand's North Island. It flows southwest from Tūroa ski field, on the slopes of Mount Ruapehu, and passes through the town of Raetihi before its confluence with the Mangawhero River. It has been affected by several lahars over the last 160,000 years.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "white heron stream" for Mākōtuku.

Mount Ruapehu
Mount Ruapehu (Māori: [ˈɾʉaˌpɛhʉ]; English /ˈruːəˌpeɪhuː/) is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone and North Island volcanic plateau in New Zealand. It is 23 km (14 mi) northeast of Ohakune and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupō, within Tongariro National Park. The North Island's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes.

Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, has the highest point in the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m). The deep, active crater is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions, being known as Crater Lake (Māori: Te Wai ā-moe). The name Ruapehu means "pit of noise" or "exploding pit" in Māori.
2025–26 Mumbai Super League
The 2025–26 Mumbai Super League represents the 3rd tier of the Maharashtra football league system and the 7th tier of the Indian football pyramid. It is part of the Mumbai Football League, run by the Mumbai Football Association. The top three teams at the end of the playoffs are promoted to the Mumbai Premier League.

Mumbai Soccer Prodigies were crowned champions after the 2024–25 season. Waves FC and Mumbai Ultras finished second and third and were promoted to the 2025–26 Mumbai Premier League.

The MFA Independence Cup opened the 2025-26 Mumbai Super League season. The final of the men's editions, played on 15 August, was won by KSA Juniors. Bombay Gymkhana won the inaugural women's edition.

2024–25 Mumbai Super League
The 2024–25 Mumbai Super League was the football league of the Mumbai Football League, run by the Mumbai Football Association. It represents the 3rd tier of the Maharashtra football league system. The top three teams at the end of the playoffs are promoted to the Mumbai Premier League.

Mumbai City U19 were crowned champions last season, followed by India On Track FC and Bombay Gymkhana in second and third place. These teams were promoted to the 2024–25 Mumbai Premier League season. JMJ FC was demoted to the Super League after withdrawing mid-season.

The 2024-25 MFA Super League season was prefixed by the MFA Independence Cup which included 16 Super League teams. The final, which was played on 15 August, was won by Mumbai Ultras FC.
Höllentalanger Hut
The Höllentalanger Hut (1,381 m) is a managed hut owned by the German Alpine Club in the Wetterstein Mountains of Bavaria, in the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The hut lies in a narrow defile between the Höllental-Blassen and Waxenstein-Riffelwand crest and is open from the end of May to mid-October. It has more than 80 bedspaces.

Its predecessor, with 80 bedspaces, was demolished in September 2013 in order to make way for an entirely new hut. It was built in 2014/15 and opened on 23 August 2015.

German Alpine Club
The German Alpine Club (German: Deutscher Alpenverein, DAV for short) is the world's largest climbing association and the eighth-largest sporting association in Germany. It is a member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation and the competent body for sport and competition climbing, hiking, mountaineering, hill walking, ice climbing, mountain expeditions, as well as ski mountaineering. It is an association made up of local branches known as 'sections'.
Secret Story 6 (Portuguese season)
Secret Story - Casa dos Segredos 6 is the sixth season of the Portuguese reality television show Secret Story. It is based on the French version of Secret Story, which itself is based on the international format, Big Brother. The reality show is being broadcast on TVI. The castings were opened on May 21, 2016. The launch was on September 11, 2016. Lasting 112 days, the season ended on December 31, 2016, and Helena was the winner.

Vila Nova de Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia (European Portuguese: [ˈvilɐ ˈnɔvɐ ðɨ ˈɣajɐ] ⓘ), or simply Gaia, is a city and a municipality in Porto District in Norte Region, Portugal. It is located south of the city of Porto on the other side of the Douro River.  The city proper had a population of 178,255 in 2001. The municipality has an area of 168.46 square kilometres (65.04 mi2) and a population of 303,824 inhabitants in 2021, making it the most populous municipality in Norte Region, and the third most populous in the country, after Lisbon and Sintra. Gaia along with Porto and 16 other municipalities make up the Porto metropolitan area.

The city contains many cellars (locally known as "caves") where port wine is stored and aged. These cellars have become a major tourist attraction.
Cashew House
The Cashew House in Mundakkal, Kollam city, is the headquarters of Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited in Kerala, India. It is very closely related with the history of ancient Quilon and the Cashew business of Kollam city.

Mundakkal
Mundakkal, also spelt Mundackal, is an important residential area and industrial hub situated in the city of Kollam, Kerala, India. The place is considered as the capital of India's cashew processing activities. Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited(KSCDC) and Cashew Export Promotion Council of India(CEPCI) are headquartered at Mundakkal in Kollam city. It is an important tourist place in the city and a part of Downtown Kollam which gained in significance because of the presence of a flourishing beach. During 'Karkidaka Vavubali', thousands of devotees arrive on the beach to perform the Vavubali Tharpanam. Vavubali is an important ritual observed by Hindus in Kerala in the month of Karkidakam. The ritual involves people offering Bali to the departed souls. The ritual is performed by men, women, and children.
Pariah (band)
Pariah was an American hard rock band, formed in San Antonio, Texas, United States, while they knew each other in high school. The group consisted of Shandon Sahm son of Doug Sahm, brothers Kyle and Sims Ellison, Jared Tuten and David Derrick. Their influence was heavy metal and they were fans of Guns N' Roses.

Doug Sahm
Douglas Wayne Sahm (November 6, 1941 – November 18, 1999) was an American musician, singer-songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist from San Antonio, Texas.  He is regarded as a key Tex-Mex music and Texan Music performer.  San Antonio's conjunto and blues and later the hippie scene of San Francisco helped create his blend of music, with which he found success performing in 1970s Austin, Texas.

He made his recording debut as "Little Doug" in 1955. In 1965, Huey P. Meaux produced Sahm and the Sir Douglas Quintet's "She's About a Mover."  Atlantic Records signed Sahm and released his debut solo album Doug Sahm and Band in 1973.  In 1989, Sahm formed the supergroup the Texas Tornados with fellow Tex-Mex musicians Augie Meyers, Freddy Fender and Flaco Jiménez. The Texas Tornados toured successfully, and one of their releases earned a Grammy Award.  In 1999, Sahm died during a vacation trip.
Michał Janiszewski (politician, born 1954)
Michał Janiszewski (26 September 1954 – 14 January 2025) was a Polish politician. A member of the Confederation of Independent Poland, he served in the Sejm from 1991 to 1993 and again from 1997 to 2001.

Janiszewski died on 14 January 2025, at the age of 70.

Confederation of Independent Poland
Confederation of Independent Poland (KPN, Polish: Konfederacja Polski Niepodległej Polish pronunciation: [kɔnfɛdɛˈratsja ˈpɔlskʲi ɲɛpɔˈdlɛɡɫɛj]) was a Polish nationalist political party founded on 1 September 1979 by Leszek Moczulski and others declaring support for the pre-war traditions of Sanacja and Józef Piłsudski.

It was the first independent political party that was publicly proclaimed in the Eastern Bloc, it was however unrecognized by the communist People's Republic of Poland government and its chief activists were arrested several times. It didn't participate in the Polish Roundtable Negotiations with the communists.
Wildlife of Zambia
The wildlife of Zambia refers to the natural flora and fauna of Zambia. This article provides an overview, and outline of the main wildlife areas or regions, and compact lists of animals focusing on prevalence and distribution in the country rather than on taxonomy. More specialized articles on particular groups are linked from here.

Lake Mweru
Lake Mweru (also spelled Mwelu, Mwero)  (French: Lac Moero, Swahili: Ziwa Mweru) is a freshwater lake on the longest arm of Africa's second-longest river, the Congo. Located on the border between Zambia and Democratic Republic of the Congo, it makes up 110 kilometres (68 mi) of the total length of the Congo, lying between its Luapula River (upstream) and Luvua River (downstream) segments.

Mweru means 'lake' in a number of Bantu languages, so it is often referred to as just 'Mweru'.
Bruno Maynard
Bruno Maynard (born 25 February 1971) is a French former professional ice hockey player. He is currently the general manager of Corsaires de Nantes of the FFHG Division 1.

Maynard played for Yétis du Mont-Blanc, Hockey Club de Reims, Brûleurs de Loups, Chamonix HC, Ours de Villard-de-Lans, Dragons de Rouen and Brest Albatros Hockey. He also played in the 1993 World Ice Hockey Championships for the France national team.

Ours de Villard-de-Lans
Ours de Villard-de-Lans (Villard-de-Lans Bears) is a French ice hockey team based in Villard-de-Lans playing in the FFHG Division 2.

The team was founded in 1931 and plays home games at the Patinoire municipale de Villard-de-Lans.
Young Drunk Punk
Young Drunk Punk is a Canadian television sitcom, which debuted on City on January 21, 2015.

Created by Bruce McCulloch based on his autobiographical theatrical show of the same title, the series stars Tim Carlson as Ian McKay, a young punk rocker coming of age in Calgary, Alberta, with the series opening in 1980. The cast also includes McCulloch as Ian's father Lloyd, Tracy Ryan as his mother Helen, and Atticus Mitchell as his best friend Shinky.

The series was part of a production deal between City and CBC Television. Under the deal, the series had a second run on CBC Television in the fall of 2015, while City reciprocated by airing a second run of the CBC Television sitcom Mr. D.

In an interview with the Calgary Herald in May 2016, it was announced the show had not been picked up for a second season but McCulloch was working to find a new outlet for the series.

Calgary Herald
The Calgary Herald is a daily newspaper published in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Publication began in 1883 as The Calgary Herald, Mining and Ranche Advocate, and General Advertiser. It is owned by the Postmedia Network.
Jalal Chafai
Jalal Chafai-Alaoui (born 22 January 1980) is a Moroccan former professional tennis player.

Chafai, an Arab world junior champion from Salé, spent his early career in the United States playing collegiate tennis for the Drury Panthers, who were coached by Moroccan Amine Boustani. After graduating in 2001 he competed on the professional tour and reached a best singles world ranking of 546, with an ITF Futures title win in Algeria in 2003. His career included an ATP Tour doubles main draw appearance at the 2002 Grand Prix Hassan II in Casablanca. He has also played professional tennis for the Springfield Lasers in the World TeamTennis competition. Returning to Drury to complete a Master's degree, Chafai served for a period as a tennis assistant coach for the college.

World TeamTennis
World TeamTennis (WTT) was a mixed-gender professional tennis league played with a team format in the United States, which was founded in 1973.

The league's season normally took place in the summer months. Players from the ATP and WTA would often take a break from their tour schedules to partake in World TeamTennis.

WTT was the first professional sports league to grant equal status to each man and woman competing for their teams.

Many top tennis players have participated in the league over the years, including Billie Jean King, Rod Laver, Björn Borg, Ilie Nastase, Chris Evert, John McEnroe, Evonne Goolagong, Jimmy Connors, Martina Navratilova, Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, Michael Chang, Serena Williams, Venus Williams, Lindsay Davenport, Kim Clijsters, Martina Hingis, John Isner, Sam Querrey, Sloane Stephens, Naomi Osaka, and Frances Tiafoe.
Ernst Adolf Raeuschel
Ernst Adolf Raeuschel (1740–1800) was a German lichenologist, active between 1772 and 1797, specializing in bryophytes and spermatophytes. Sometimes spelled Rauschel.

He was the author of Nomenclator botanicus omnes plantas : ab illustr. Carolo a Linné descriptas aliisque botanicis temporis recentioris detectas enumerans. . : Lipsiae :apud I. G. Feind, 1797. (3rd ed.)  LCCN: agr05000967 OCLC: 15250876 Full text available . Some of the plant species described by Raeuschel include Allophylus cobbe, Callicarpa dichotoma and Elephantopus carolinianus. The Snow Lichen Stereocaulon ramulosum was described by Raeuschel in 1797.

Seed plant
A seed plant or spermatophyte (from Ancient Greek  σπέρμα (spérma) 'seed' and  φυτόν (phutón) 'plant'; lit. 'seed plant'), also called a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or a phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds. It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including the flowering plants and the gymnosperms, but not ferns, mosses, or algae.

The term phanerogam or phanerogamae is derived from  Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós), meaning "visible", in contrast to the term "cryptogam" or "cryptogamae" (from Ancient Greek  κρυπτός (kruptós) 'hidden', and γαμέω (gaméō), 'to marry'). These terms distinguish those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible ones (phanerogamae).