hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot
The 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot was an Irish infantry regiment of the English Army and then the British Army, formed in 1689. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers in 1881.

Siege of Badajoz (1812)
In the siege of Badajoz (16 March – 6 April 1812), also called the third siege of Badajoz, an Anglo-Portuguese Army under the command of the Arthur Wellesley, the Earl of Wellington (who was later made Duke of Wellington) besieged Badajoz, Spain, and forced the surrender of the French garrison. The siege was one of the bloodiest in the Napoleonic Wars and was considered a costly victory by the British, with some 4,800 Allied soldiers killed or wounded in a few short hours of intense fighting during the storming of the breaches as the siege drew to an end. Enraged at the huge number of casualties they suffered in seizing the city, the troops broke into houses and stores consuming vast quantities of alcohol with many of them then going on a rampage, threatening their officers and ignoring their commands to desist, and even killing several. It took three days before the men were brought back into order. When order was restored, an estimated 200–300 civilians had been killed or injured.
Silichy
Silichy or Silichi (Russian: Силичи, Belarusian: Сілічы) is a ski resort situated in Lahojsk (or Logoysk), Belarus, located 30 km (18.64 mi) away from Minsk. Silichy was opened on January 29, 2005. The length of 3 routes for skiing is 2.5 km (1.55 mi), and it has a 4-chair elevator.

The mountain skiing season starts in December and lasts until March (until there is no snow).

This resort is open all year round, with other activities than skiing.

Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area–a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In North America, it is more common for ski areas to exist well away from towns, so ski resorts usually are destination resorts, often purpose-built and self-contained, where skiing is the main activity.
Midrash Vayosha
Midrash Vayosha   (Hebrew: מדרש ויושע) is an 11th-century CE midrash, one of the smaller midrashim. It is based on Exodus 14:30-15:18. It is an exposition in the style of the later aggadah, and seems to have been intended for Shabbat Shirah or for the seventh day of Passover.

Adolf Jellinek
Adolf Jellinek (Hebrew: אהרן ילינק Aharon Jelinek; 26 June 1821 in Drslavice, Moravia – 28 December 1893 in Vienna) was an Austrian rabbi and scholar. After filling clerical posts in Leipzig (1845–1856), he became a preacher at the Leopoldstädter Tempel in Vienna in 1856.
Pawtuckaway River
The Pawtuckaway River is a 3.6-mile-long (5.8 km) river in southeastern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Lamprey River, part of the Great Bay and Piscataqua River watershed leading to the Atlantic Ocean.

The river forms the south outlet of Pawtuckaway Lake, a 900-acre (360 ha) lake in the town of Nottingham, New Hampshire. The river travels southeast through a wooded valley, passing under New Hampshire Route 156, entering the town of Raymond briefly, then crossing into Epping, where it joins the Lamprey River near the village of West Epping.

Epping, New Hampshire
Epping is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 7,125 at the 2020 census, up from 6,411 at the 2010 census.

The main village, where 2,693 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the Epping census-designated place (CDP), along New Hampshire Route 27 just west of New Hampshire Route 125.
Hangchow University
Hangchow University (traditional Chinese: 之江大學; simplified Chinese: 之江大学), also spelled as Zhijiang University and formerly known as Hangchow Christian College, Hangchow College, and Hangchow Presbyterian College, is a defunct Protestant missionary university in China, which is one of the predecessors of Zhejiang University. Founded as the Ningpo Boys' Boarding School by Divie Bethune McCartee and colleagues of Northern Presbyterian Church in Ningbo in 1845, the university was one of the oldest missionary schools in China before it was shut down in 1952. The university was merged into Zhejiang University and other universities in China. Its campus was taken over by Zhejiang University as its Zhijiang Campus in 1961, which became a major nationally protected historic site in 2006.

Christian college
A Christian college is an educational institution or part of an educational institute dedicated to the integration of Christian faith and learning in traditional academic fields. Unlike Bible colleges, Christian colleges offer degrees in liberal arts and science alongside religious degrees, though still emphasizing a Christian worldview.
Prayer Bells
Prayer Bells is a choral concert piece by Tasmanian (Australian) composer Constantine Koukias featuring dozens of handbells cast for the celebration of Australia's 2001 Centenary of Federation (see below). Also comprising three solo cantors and a small male choir, the one-hour work premiered at the Federation Festival of Melbourne in 2001. Since then it has been performed in Australia in Launceston, Canberra, Adelaide, Melbourne, Hobart, Wollongong and Sydney. It had its USA premiere at the Chicago Cultural Center.

Handbell
A handbell is a bell designed to be rung by hand. To ring a handbell, a ringer grasps the bell by its slightly flexible handle – traditionally made of leather, but often now made of plastic – and moves the arm to make the hinged clapper strike the inside of the bell. An individual handbell can be used simply as a signal to catch people's attention or summon them together, but handbells are also often heard in tuned sets.
Yōhei Ōshima
Yōhei Ōshima (大島 洋平, born November 9, 1985) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Chunichi Dragons in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. Ōshima has 9 golden glove awards which is the most by any player in Chunichi Dragons history.

Chunichi Dragons
The Chunichi Dragons (中日ドラゴンズ, Chūnichi Doragonzu) are a professional baseball team based in Nagoya, the chief city in the Chūbu region of Japan. The team plays in the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball. They have won the Central League pennant nine times (most recently in 2011) and the Japan Series twice (in 1954 and 2007). They were also champions in the 2007 Asia Series.
2023 Szczecin Open – Doubles
Dustin Brown and Andrea Vavassori were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Andrew Paulson and Vitaliy Sachko won the title after defeating Zdeněk Kolář and Sergio Martos Gornés 6–1, 7–6(8–6) in the final.

Andrea Vavassori
Andrea Vavassori (Italian pronunciation: [anˈdrɛːa vavasˈsoːri]; born 5 May 1995) is an Italian professional tennis player. He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 6, achieved on 14 October 2024, and a singles ranking of world No. 128, achieved on 19 June 2023. Vavassori is a mixed doubles Grand Slam champion with Sara Errani, lifting the titles at the 2024 US Open, at the 2025 French Open, and at the 2025 US Open. He also reached three major finals with Simone Bolelli at the 2024 and the 2025 Australian Open, and at the 2024 French Open. Vavassori was part of the Italian team that won the 2024 and 2025 Davis Cups.
Terra Nova—The Peninsulas
Terra Nova—The Peninsulas (formerly Bonavista—Burin—Trinity) is a federal electoral district on Newfoundland Island in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2015.

Bonavista—Burin—Trinity was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and has been legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 2015 Canadian federal election, held October 19, 2015. It was created out of parts of the electoral districts of Random—Burin—St. George's (41%), Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor (37%) and Avalon (22%).

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, this riding was renamed Terra Nova—The Peninsulas, and gained the east coast of Placentia Bay from Avalon, while losing Salmon Cove to Avalon.

Placentia Bay
Placentia Bay (French: Baie de Plaisance) is a body of water on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada. It is formed by Burin Peninsula on the west and Avalon Peninsula on the east. Fishing grounds in the bay were used by native people long before the first European fishermen arrived in the 16th century. For a time, the French controlled the bay. They built their capital at Placentia on the east coast. The British gained Placentia during the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The town and nearby Castle Hill are national historic sites. English settlement followed in the bay and today the main communities are Burin, Marystown, and Placentia.

On 14 August 1941, US Naval Station Argentia, in Little Placentia Sound, was the site of the Atlantic Conference for the Atlantic Charter. Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt met face to face there for the first time since both had taken office.
Maghar, Israel
Maghar (Arabic: المغار; Hebrew: מע'אר) also al-Maghar or Mghar, is a city of mixed population of Muslims, Christians, and Druze in the Northern District of Israel, with an area of 19,810 dunams. Maghar was given the status of a local council in 1956, and of a city in 2021. In 2023 it had a population of 23,184. Its population consists of 56.9% Druze, 21.8% Muslims, and 21.3% Christians.

City council (Israel)
A city council (Hebrew: עִירִיָּה, Iriya) is the official designation of a city within Israel's system of local government.

City status may be granted by the Interior Minister to a municipality, usually a local council and whose character is urban, defined as having areas zoned for distinct land use like residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

City mayors and members of the city councils are elected every five years. In 2021, there were 12 Arab city councils in Israel.
Wang Yuan (palaeontologist)
Wang Yuan (Chinese: 王原) is a Chinese paleontologist who has served as director of the Paleozoological Museum of China (PMC) since 2004. This natural history museum is affiliated to the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).

Wang graduated from Peking University in 1991 and received his master's degree from the University of Kansas. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and IVPP in 2002. His doctoral advisor was Zhang Miman.

Wang is a Research Professor at IVPP and graduate school of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with research work mainly on fossil amphibians and lizards.

Natural history museum
A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more.
1942–43 Division 2 season (Swedish ice hockey)
The 1942–43 Division 2 season was the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden in for the 1942–43 season.  The league operated a system of promotion and relegation, to the first-tier Svenska Serien and to district-level hockey leagues.  The league consisted of four groups, two with seven clubs (north and east) and two with six (central and south), giving a total of 26 clubs.  The group winners, Brynäs IF (north), IF Aros (central), Nacka SK (east), and Årsta SK (south) won their groups, and continued to play in a qualifier for promotion to Svenska Serien, which resulted in Brynäs and Nacka being promoted to the 1943–44 Svenska Serien.  IFK Stockholm finished last in Division 2 North, and as a result were relegated to their local level hockey league.

Svenska Serien
Svenska Serien (literally, "The Swedish Series", also Svenska Fotbollserien, "The Swedish Football Series") was the highest league in Swedish football and was played since 1910–1917, 1920–1921, and 1922–1924. It was then replaced by the current-day league Allsvenskan. Despite being the highest league, the winner of Svenska Serien did not become Swedish Champions; instead that title was awarded to the winner of the cup tournament Svenska Mästerskapet between 1896 and 1925.
U.S. War Machine
U.S. War Machine is an American comic book series which was published by Marvel Comics. It was one of the launch titles for the company's mature readers Max imprint, and used an experimental format - it featured no adverts, black-and-white art and was a weekly title. While based on extant Marvel characters, the series was reimagined by writer-artist Chuck Austen and took place outside the regular Marvel Universe. A second three-issue mini-series followed in 2003, using computer-generated art by Christian Moore.

Marvel Universe
The Marvel Universe is a fictional shared universe where the stories in most American comic book titles and other media published by Marvel Comics take place. Superhero teams such as the Avengers, the X-Men, the Fantastic Four, the Guardians of the Galaxy, and many Marvel superheroes live in this universe, including characters such as Spider-Man, Wolverine, the Hulk, Captain America, and Iron Man. It also contains well-known supervillains such as Doctor Doom, Magneto, the Green Goblin, Loki, and Thanos. It also contains antiheroes such as Deadpool, Ghost Rider, the Punisher, Elektra, and Black Cat.

The Marvel Universe is further depicted as existing within a "multiverse" consisting of thousands of separate universes, all of which are the creations of Marvel Comics and all of which are, in a sense, "Marvel universes". In this context, "Marvel Universe" is taken to refer to the mainstream Marvel continuity, which is known as Earth-616 or Prime Earth.
Keystream
In cryptography, a keystream is a stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext).

The "characters" in the keystream can be bits, bytes, numbers or actual characters like A-Z depending on the usage case.

Usually each character in the keystream is either added, subtracted or XORed with a character in the plaintext to produce the ciphertext, using modular arithmetic.

Keystreams are used in the one-time pad cipher and in most stream ciphers. Block ciphers can also be used to produce keystreams. For instance, CTR mode is a block mode that makes a block cipher produce a keystream and thus turns the block cipher into a stream cipher.

Plaintext
In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually refers to data that is transmitted or stored unencrypted.
Liwa (music)
Līwa (Arabic: ليوه / ALA-LC: laywah) is a Khaleeji traditional dance of African origin performed in Eastern Arabia (Arab states of the Persian Gulf), mainly within communities of descendants of people from the Swahili Coast (Tanzania and Zanzibar). It is also performed by the African-descended Sheedi community, as well as the Baloch of Makran Coast and Karachi area.

Makran
Makran (Balochi: مکران), also mentioned in some sources as Mecran and Mokrān, is the southern coastal region of Balochistan. It is a semi-desert coastal strip in the Balochistan province in Pakistan and in Iran, along the coast of the Gulf of Oman. It extends westwards, from the Sonmiani Bay to the northwest of Karachi in the east, to the fringes of the region of Bashkardia/Bāšgerd in the southern part of the Sistan and Baluchestan province of modern Iran. Makrān is thus bisected by the modern political boundary between Pakistan and Iran. In January 2025, a government spokesperson informed that Iran is investigating the possibility of moving its capital to the Makran region.
2006 European Mountain Running Championships
The 2006 European Mountain Running Championships were held in north-eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic, between 8 July and 9 July 2006. They were that year's area championships for mountain running, held by the European Athletic Association.

Teams arrived in Trutnov, at the Hotel Patria on 7 July and the competition officially began on 8 July in Malé Svatoňovice at the bottom of the Jestřebí Mountains (16 km from Trutnov, 5 km from Úpice).

Malé Svatoňovice
Malé Svatoňovice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmalɛː ˈsvatoɲovɪtsɛ]; German: Klein Schwadowitz) is a municipality and village in Trutnov District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants. It is known as the birthplace of writer Karel Čapek.
Brigitte de Prémont
Brigitte de Prémont (25 October 1935 – 11 February 2024) was a French politician of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).

De Prémont served as Mayor of Bellebrune from 1971 to 2014 and was a Deputy of the National Assembly from 1995 to 1997, serving in place of Philippe Vasseur for Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency.

De Prémont died on 11 February 2024, at the age of 88.

Philippe Vasseur
Philippe Vasseur (born 31 August 1943) is a French politician.

Vasseur began his career as a journalist on newspapers and TV. From 1986 to 1999, he was a French Member of Parliament, and, from 1995 to 1997, the French Minister of Agriculture.
Song of Paris
Song of Paris  is a 1952 British comedy film directed by John Guillermin and starring Dennis Price, Anne Vernon and Hermione Baddeley. It was shot at Walton Studios outside London. It was distributed in the United States by Lippert Pictures as Bachelor in Paris.

Hermione Baddeley
Hermione Youlanda Ruby Clinton-Baddeley (13 November 1906 – 19 August 1986) was an English actress of theatre, film, and television. She typically played brash, vulgar characters, often referred to as "brassy" or "blowsy". She found her milieu in revue, in which she played from the 1930s to the 1950s, co-starring several times with English actress Hermione Gingold.

Baddeley was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and BAFTA Award for Best British Actress for her performance in Room at the Top (1959) and a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore in 1963. She portrayed Mrs. Cratchit in the 1951 film Scrooge and Ellen the Maid in the 1964 Disney film Mary Poppins. She voiced Madame Adelaide Bonfamille in the 1970 Disney animated film, The Aristocats. In 1975, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series for her portrayal of Nell Naugatuck on the TV series Maude.
John Hambley (producer)
John Hambley is a British producer and screenwriter. He was executive producer for television series such as Minder, The Wind in the Willows, Danger Mouse and Count Duckula. He also produced the film The BFG, a movie for which he wrote the script.

Minder (TV series)
Minder is a British comedy-drama series about the London criminal underworld. Initially produced by Verity Lambert, it was made by Euston Films, a subsidiary of Thames Television, and shown on ITV for ten series between 29 October 1979 and 10 March 1994.

The series was revived by Channel 5 in 2009 but was discontinued after only six episodes. It was nominated three times for Best Drama Series or Serial at the British Academy Television Awards.
August 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
August 23 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - August 25

All fixed commemorations below are observed on September 6 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For August 24, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on August 11

Kosmas the Aetolian
Kosmas the Aetolian, sometimes Cosmas the Aetolian or Patrokosmas "Father Kosmas" (Greek: Κοσμᾶς ὁ Αἰτωλός, Kosmas Etolos; c. 1714 – 24 August 1779) was a monk, who is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is recognized as one of the originators of the twentieth-century religious movements in Greece. He is also noted for his prophesies.

Saint Kosmas, the "Equal to the Apostles," was officially proclaimed a Saint by the Orthodox Church of Constantinople on 20 April 1961 under the tenure of Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras. His feast day is celebrated on 24 August, the date of his martyrdom.
Stephen Peterman
Stephen Frederick Peterman (born January 11, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Lions. He played college football for the LSU Tigers.

LSU Tigers football
The LSU Tigers football program, also known as the Fighting Tigers, represents Louisiana State University in college football. The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

LSU ranks 16th best in winning percentage in NCAA Division I FBS history and claims four national championships (1958, 2003, 2007, and 2019), 16 conference championships, and over 40 consensus All-Americans. Three players for the Tigers have won the Heisman Trophy: Billy Cannon (1959), Joe Burrow (2019), and Jayden Daniels (2023).

The team plays on the university's campus at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The program's current head coach is Lane Kiffin.
Henry Snaith
Henry James Snaith (born 1978) FRS is a professor in physics in the Clarendon Laboratory at the University of Oxford. Research from his group has led to the creation of a new research field, based on halide perovskites for use as solar absorbers. Many individuals who were PhD students and postdoctoral researchers in Snaith's group have now established research groups, independent research portfolios and commercial enterprises. He co-founded Oxford Photovoltaics in 2010 to commercialise perovskite based tandem solar cells.

Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based not-for-profit learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, research and application.

It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide membership of over 20,000. The IOP is the Physical Society for the UK and Ireland and supports physics in education, research and industry. In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council; it also holds its own separate Royal Charter. The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes 85 academic titles.
The Moon and Other Lovers
The Moon and Other Lovers (German: Der Mond und andere Liebhaber) is a 2008 German tragicomic film written and directed by Bernd Böhlich. It was entered into the 30th Moscow International Film Festival.

Tragicomedy
Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often seen in dramatic literature, the term can describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending. Tragicomedy, as its name implies, invokes the intended response of both the tragedy and the comedy in the audience, the former being a genre based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis and the latter being a genre intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter.