hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Periodizations of capitalism
A periodization of capitalism seeks to distinguish stages of development that help understanding of features of capitalism through time. The best-known periodizations that have been proposed distinguish these stages as:

Early / monopoly / state monopoly capitalism (Sweezy)

Free trade / monopoly / finance capitalism (Hilferding)

Early capitalism (primitive accumulation) / colonialism / imperialism (Hobson, Lenin, Bukharin)

Extensive stage / intensive stage / late capitalism (Aglietta)

The Marxist periodization of capitalism into the stages: agricultural capitalism, merchant capitalism, industrial capitalism and state capitalism.

Another periodization includes merchant capitalism, industrial and finance capitalism, and global capitalism.

State monopoly capitalism
The theory of state monopoly capitalism (also referred as stamocap) was initially a Marxist thesis popularised after World War II. Lenin had claimed in 1916 that World War I had transformed laissez-faire capitalism into monopoly capitalism, but he did not publish any extensive theory about the topic. The term refers to an environment where the state intervenes in the economy to protect larger monopolistic or oligopolistic businesses from threats.  
As conceived by Lenin in his pamphlet of the same name, the theory aims to describe the final historical stage of capitalism, of which he believed the Imperialism of that time to be the highest expression.
Night markets in Taiwan
Night markets in Taiwan (Chinese: 夜市; pinyin: yèshì) operate in urban or suburban areas between sunset and sunrise. A few, such as Huaxi Street Tourist Night Market (or Snake Alley), use purpose-built marketplaces, but most occupy either sidewalks or even entire streets that carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic by day. Some night markets in smaller side streets and alleys feature retractable roofs. Most night markets operate daily and feature a mixture of individual stalls selling clothing, consumer goods, xiaochi (similar to snacks or fast food), and specialty drinks. The atmosphere is usually crowded and noisy with hawkers shouting and fast-paced music playing over loudspeakers. Taiwanese night markets have evolved over the years from small, local gatherings to noisy streets lined with vendors, who must adhere to regulations placed on their activities by the Taiwanese government.

Night market
Night markets or night bazaars (Chinese: 夜市) are street markets which operate at night and are generally dedicated to more leisurely strolling, shopping, and eating than more businesslike day markets. The culture of night markets originates from China and have spread globally with overseas Chinese populations. They are typically open-air markets popular in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Chinatowns in several other regions of the world.
Storeton Hall
Storeton Hall was a country house in the village of Storeton, Wirral, Merseyside, England. It was built in the 14th century for the Stanley family and consisted of a H-shaped building including a great hall. Only the north wing, a wall of the great hall, and a block between them that contained a chapel, have survived, and have been incorporated into farm buildings. The remains of the hall are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.

Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
The Metropolitan Borough of Wirral is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, in North West England. It has a population of 328,873 (2024), and encompasses 62 square miles (161 km2) of the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula. Major settlements include Birkenhead, Wallasey, Bebington, Heswall, Hoylake and West Kirby. It is one of the six boroughs of the Liverpool City Region, a combined authority area with a population of more than 1.5 million.

Wirral is England's westernmost metropolitan borough, faced by the City of Liverpool to the northeast over the River Mersey.
Major State Highway 3 (Maharashtra)
Maharashtra Major State Highway 3, commonly referred to as MH MSH 3, is a major state highway that runs  through Solapur, Osmanabad, Latur, Nanded, Yavatmal, Wardha and Nagpur districts in the state of Maharashtra and State Highway 11 (Maharashtra). This state highway touches numerous cities and villages VIZ. Solapur, Tuljapur, Ausa, Latur, Chakur, Ahmedpur, Nanded, Umarkhed, Mahagaon, Arni, Yavatmal, Wardha -  Butibori - Via NH 7 Uptill Nagpur.

Latur district
Latur district (Marathi pronunciation: [laːt̪uːɾ]) is a district in Maharashtra state of India. Latur city is the district headquarters and is the 16th largest city in the state of Maharashtra. The district is primarily agricultural. Urban population comprises 25.47% of the total population.
Constantin Henriquez
Constantin Henriquez was a Haitian-born French rugby union footballer. He played as number eight, wing and centre.

Henriquez was the first known black athlete to compete in the Olympic Games, and the first to become an Olympic gold medallist, as he was a member of the French squad that won the Olympic title at the first Rugby Olympic Tournament.

He played at Olympique de Paris and Stade Français. He won as a Stade Français player the titles of French Champion, in 1897, 1898 and 1901.

He introduced football in his country of Haiti in 1904, and scored the first goal in Haiti during a competition. He co-founded with his brother Alphonse the Union Sportive Haïtienne. By 1950 he was a Senator.

Olympique de Paris
Olympique de Paris was a French association football team based in Paris which existed from 1908 to 1926. Founded with the name Olympique de Pantin, it won the Coupe de France in 1918 and played in the finals in 1919 and 1921. It merged with Red Star Saint-Ouen in 1926.
Harry M. Locke
Harry Metcalf Locke (February 20, 1902 – October 15, 1974) was a Republican state senator from Colorado, U.S. He served in the state senate for 23 years, from 1951 to 1974. Born in Trinidad, Colorado, he later moved to Hartsel, Colorado and worked first as a car salesman and later for the South Park Mercantile Company.

Colorado Senate
The Colorado State Senate is the upper house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Colorado. It is composed of 35 members elected from single-member districts, with each district having a population of about 123,000 as of the 2000 census. Senators are elected to four-year terms, and are limited to two consecutive terms in office. Senators who are term-limited become eligible to run again after a one-term (four year) respite.

The Colorado Senate convenes at the State Capitol in Denver.
Jack Swift
Jack Swift (born 8 August 1985) is an Australian athletics competitor and paratriathlete. He was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in athletics in the 400m and 4 × 100 m  events.

Para-athletics
Para-athletics is the sport of athletics practiced by people with a disability as a parasport. The athletics events within the parasport are mostly the same as those available to able-bodied people, with two major exceptions in wheelchair racing and the club throw, which are specific to the division. Certain able-bodied events are rarely contested as para-athletic events outside deaf sport; pole vault, triple jump, hammer (of which the club throw is sometimes considered the para-athletic equivalent) and the three hurdling events. The sport is known by various names, including disability athletics, disabled track and field and Paralympic athletics. Top-level competitors may be called elite athletes with disability.
Gus Nketia
Augustine K. Nketia (born 30 December 1970 in Kumasi, Ghana) is a former track and field competitor, specialising in sprinting events, who represented both his home country and New Zealand.

Nketia represented Ghana until 1991 including the 1990 Commonwealth Games. He competed for New Zealand at the 1994 Commonwealth Games and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. His New Zealand Olympic athlete number is 733. He set the New Zealand national 100m record of 10.11 in 1994 and held it for 28 years before it was eclipsed by his son Eddie Osei-Nketia in 2022, and won five national titles over that distance. He coaches his son Augustine Nketia Junior who competes internationally for Australia.

1994 Commonwealth Games
The 1994 Commonwealth Games (French: XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth) were held in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, between 18 and 28 August 1994. It was the 15th Commonwealth Games. These were the fourth and most recent Commonwealth Games to be hosted by Canada, after Hamilton 1930, Vancouver 1954, and Edmonton 1978.

The Games featured ten sports: athletics, aquatics (diving and swimming), badminton, boxing, cycling, gymnastics, lawn bowls, shooting, weightlifting and wrestling. Judo which had replaced wrestling in 1990 was dropped in favour of wrestling returning, the latter being dropped from the Games for the first time in 1990.
Reading Street, Ashford
Reading Street is a hamlet approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) south east of Tenterden in Kent, England. It is situated on the B2080 road between Tenterden and Appledore at a point where a bridge crosses the Reading Sewer, and tributary of the River Rother. The population of the hamlet is included in the civil parish of Wittersham.

Its church, dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, was originally moved from the nearby hamlet of Ebony in the 19th century.

Appledore, Kent
Appledore is a village and civil parish in the Ashford District of Kent, England. The village centre is on the northern edge of the Romney Marsh, 12 miles (19 km) south-west of Ashford town. The northerly part of this village is Appledore Heath.
Behn Meyer
Behn Meyer Holding AG (referred as bm) is a German chemical company and family business that was founded as an overseas trading company in Singapore in 1840, and now develops, manufactures and distributes speciality chemicals. The company headquarters are located in Hamburg  and the main focus of its business activities is Southeast Asia. The Group has more than 28 branches, 38 warehouses and several production facilities in more than 14 different countries in Asia, Europe and North America. Its main business activities are divided up into four divisions: AgriCare (fertilisers and crop protection), Ingredients (additives for the food industry, animal feed industry and personal care industry), Performance Chemicals (additives for the chemical industry) and Polymers (additives for the rubber and plastics industry).

Family business
Family business is a type of commercial organization in which management decisions are made or influenced by multiple generations of a family, related by blood, marriage or adoption, who have both the ability to influence the vision of the business and the willingness to use this ability to pursue distinctive goals. They are closely identified with the firm through leadership or ownership. Owner-manager entrepreneurial firms are not considered to be family businesses because they lack the multi-generational dimension and family influence that create the unique dynamics and relationships of family businesses.
Eurail
The Eurail Pass, introduced in 1959 and formerly known as Europass or Eurorail Pass, is a rail pass which permits travel on nearly all railroads and several shipping lines in 33 European countries. The Eurail Pass is available to non-European residents, whereas the Interrail Pass (introduced in 1972) is available to European residents. The passes, which provide access to 250,000 kilometres (160,000 mi) of European railway, are used by over 33,000 travellers annually.

The Eurail Group, based in Utrecht, is responsible for the marketing and management of the Eurail and Interrail passes. The company is owned by over 35 European railway and shipping companies.

Rail transport in Hungary
Rail transport in Hungary is mainly owned by the national rail company MÁV, with a significant portion of the network owned and operated by GySEV.

The railway network of Hungary consists of 7,893 km (4,904 mi), its gauge is 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge and 3,060 km (1,900 mi) are electrified.

Hungary is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC country code for Hungary is 55.
Op. 159
In music, Op. 159 stands for Opus number 159. Compositions that are assigned this number include:

Saint-Saëns – Hymne à la paix

Schubert – Fantasy for violin and piano

Wagner – Under the Double Eagle

Fantasy for violin and piano (Schubert)
Franz Schubert composed his Fantasy (German: Fantasie; French: Fantaisie) in C major for violin and piano, Op. posth. 159, D 934, in December 1827. It was the last of his compositions for violin and piano, and was premiered in January 1828 by the violinist Josef Slavik and the pianist Carl Maria von Bocklet at the Landhaussaal in Vienna.

The difficult work was "calculated to display Slavík's virtuoso [violin] technique" and is demanding for both instruments. According to pianist Nikolai Lugansky, the Fantasy "is the most difficult music ever written for the piano", and "more difficult than all of Rachmaninov’s [piano] concertos put together".

A typical performance lasts around 25 minutes.
I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen
"I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen" is a traditional pop song written by Thomas Paine Westendorf (1848–1923) in 1875. The music is loosely based on Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E Minor Opus 64 Second Movement. In spite of its German-American origins, it is widely mistaken to be an Irish ballad.

Westendorf, born in Bowling Green, Virginia of German parents, was then teaching at the reform school known as the Indiana House of Refuge for Juvenile Offenders in Hendricks County, Indiana. He wrote it for his wife (who was, however, named Jane Harrow), who had made a visit to her home state of New York due to homesickness. It is an answer song to a popular ballad of the time, "Barney, Take Me Home Again," composed by Westendorf’s close friend, George W. Brown, writing under the nom de plume of George W. Persley.

Traditional pop
Traditional pop (also known as pre-rock and roll pop) is Western popular music that generally pre-dates the advent of rock and roll and pop music in the mid-1950s. The most popular and enduring songs from this era of music are known as pop standards or American standards. The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the "Great American Songbook". More generally, the term "standard" can be applied to any popular song that has become very widely known within mainstream culture and recorded by many artists.

AllMusic defines traditional pop as "post-big band and pre-rock & roll pop music".
Île-Bigras station
Île-Bigras (French pronunciation: [ilbiɡʁa]) is a Réseau express métropolitain (REM) station that opened on 17 November 2025. It is located on and named after Île Bigras in Laval, Quebec, Canada.

The station first opened in 1995, following the electrification of the Deux-Montagnes commuter rail line, part of the Exo network. In May 2020, the station closed as part of the conversion of the line to become part of the REM. Some residents were unhappy that a station would be provided on the island.

Commuter rail in North America
Commuter rail services in the United States, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, and Costa Rica provide common carrier passenger transportation along railway tracks, with scheduled service on fixed routes on a non-reservation basis, primarily for short-distance (local) travel between a central business district and adjacent suburbs and regional travel between cities of a conurbation. It does not include rapid transit or light rail service.
The Convention Crasher
The Convention Crasher is the title of a documentary originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on 25 January 2007 on Channel 4. The one-off documentary followed Justin Lee Collins as he entered the world of celebrity lookalikes and attempted to become one himself before visiting a convention for them.

The show returned on 17 January 2008 for a series with Justin Lee Collins this time crashing three conventions, each on magic, ventriloquism and clowning.

Ventriloquism
Ventriloquism is the performance art of speaking or producing sounds so that the voice appears to come from a source other than the performer, most often a puppet or "dummy." Ventriloquists create the illusion of a separate character by manipulating the puppet and producing distinct voices, often for comedy, storytelling, or theatrical entertainment. The technique requires precise vocal control and minimal lip movement. Ventriloquism has historical roots in ancient cultures and theater, and it continues to be practiced in live performances, television, and media worldwide.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2110
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2110 is a United Nations Security Council resolution adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 24 July 2013, extending the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq until 31 July 2014 as stipulated in several previous resolutions (Resolution 1550 (2003), Resolution 1546 (2004), Resolution 1557 (2004), Resolution 1619 (2005), Resolution 1700 (2006), Resolution 1770 (2007), Resolution 1830 (2008), Resolution 1883 (2009), Resolution 1936 (2010), Resolution 2001 (2011), Resolution 2061 (2012) and Resolution 2107 (2013).) The resolution signaled its intention to review the original mandate, as stipulated in UNSC resolution 2061 within twelve months.

The resolution also goes on to emphasize the need for the Iraqi government to continue to provide security and logistical support for the United Nations personnel, declaring the "essential" for the UNAMI.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1550
United Nations Security Council resolution 1550, adopted unanimously on 29 June 2004, after considering a report by the Secretary-General Kofi Annan regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), the Council extended its mandate for a further six months until 31 December 2004.

The resolution called upon the parties concerned to immediately implement Resolution 338 (1973) and requested that the Secretary-General submit a report on the situation at the end of that period.

The Secretary-General's report pursuant to the previous resolution on UNDOF said that the situation between Israel and Syria had remained generally quiet, though the situation in the Middle East as a whole remained dangerous until a settlement could be reached.
Polish–Ottoman Wars
Polish–Ottoman Wars can refer to one of the several conflicts between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire:

Crusade of Varna (1443–1444)

Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)
Jan Olbracht's Moldavian expedition of 1497 and Ottoman's retribution raid a year later

Moldavian Magnate Wars, a period of near constant warfare at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century.
Jan Zamoyski's expedition to Moldavia

Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)

Polish–Ottoman War (1633–34)

Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–71)

Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)

As part of the Great Turkish War:
Polish–Ottoman War (1683–99)

Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)
The Polish–Ottoman War or the War of the Holy League was the Polish side of the conflict otherwise known as the Great Turkish War. The conflict began with a Polish victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, and ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz, restoring to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands lost in the previous Polish-Ottoman War (the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)). It was the last conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, and despite the Polish victory, it marked the decline of power of not only the Ottoman Empire, but also of the Commonwealth, which would never again interfere in affairs outside of its declining borders.
Keti Shitrit
Katrin "Keti" Shitrit-Peretz (Hebrew: קְטָרִין שִׁטְרִית-פֶּרֶץ; born 22 January 1960) is an Israeli politician currently serving as a member of the Knesset for Likud. She previously held the role from 2019 to 2022.

Beit Shemesh
31°44′44″N 34°59′12″E﻿ / ﻿31.74556°N 34.98667°E﻿ / 31.74556; 34.98667

Beit Shemesh (Hebrew: בית שמש, lit. 'House of the Sun') is a city located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District. A center of Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodoxy, Beit Shemesh has a population of 167,318 as of 2023.

The city is named after and located near the remains of ancient Beth Shemesh, a biblical city of the territory of Judah.
Juan Manuel Robles
Juan Manuel Robles (born 1978) is a Peruvian writer. He was born in Lima and obtained an MFA in Creative Writing in Spanish from New York University. His novel Nuevos juguetes de la guerra fría (Seix Barral, 2015) received critical acclaim, as did his more recent work No somos cazafantasmas (Seix Barral, 2018). In 2017, he was named as one of the Bogota39, a selection of the best young writers in Latin America.

He now lives in Lima, where he is a contributor to journals such as Gatopardo, Letras Libres, Etiqueta Negra,  and Courrier International.

Grupo Planeta
Planeta Corporación, S.R.L., doing business as Grupo Planeta (lit. 'Planet Group'), is a Spanish mass media conglomerate operating in Spain, Portugal, France and Latin America. It is headquartered in Madrid.

Editorial Planeta, founded in 1949, was the seed of Grupo Planeta, which includes many more publishing imprints as well as other media assets. Planeta is the primary shareholder of the media group Atresmedia (dominating alongside Mediaset España the free-to-air television landscape in Spain under a duopoly) and the publisher of the Conservative newspaper La Razón. Since 1952, Planeta awards the Premio Planeta de Novela literary prize.
Theodore Mann
Theodore Mann, birth name Goldman, (May 13, 1924 – February 24, 2012) was an American theatre producer and director and the Artistic Director of the Circle in the Square Theatre School.

Mann co-founded Circle in the Square Theatre, widely regarded as the birth of the off-Broadway theatre movement with José Quintero in 1951. Ten years later, he established the Circle in the Square Theatre School to provide training for aspiring actors. It presently offers a two-year program including courses in scene study, text analysis, speech, dance, and singing technique.

Theatrical producer
A theatrical producer is a person who is primarily responsible for providing or procuring financial resources for developing a theatre production. The producer oversees the managerial and financial aspects of the production such as budgeting and managing contracts with venues, personnel, and investors.
Meppayur Assembly constituency
Meppayur State assembly constituency was one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala in southern India, before the 2008 delimitation of constituencies. It was one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency until the 2008 delimitation. The last election to the constituency was conducted in 2006, and the MLA was K. K. Lathika of CPI(M).

After the delimitation in 2008, Kunnummal, Kuttiady, Purameri, Ayancheri, Thiruvallur, Maniyur, and Velom Gram Panchayats became a part of the newly formed Kuttiady Assembly constituency, whereas Cheruvannur and Meppayur were added to the Perambra Assembly constituency.

Cheruvannur Gram Panchayat
Cheruvannur is one of the 78 grama panchayats of Kozhikode district, Kerala, India. It lies between North Latitude 11° 32′ 37.11" and 11° 36′ 4.67", East Longitude 75° 40′ 26.32" and 75° 43′ 55.22". It has a total area of 21.61 square kilometers. The adjoining grama panchayats are Thiruvallur and Velom in the north, Perambra in the east, Nochad, Meppayur and Thurayur in the south, Maniyur and Thiruvallur in the west.