hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Psychological barriers to effective altruism
In the philosophy of effective altruism, an altruistic act such as charitable giving is considered more effective, or cost-effective, if it uses a set of resources to do more good per unit of resource than other options, with the goal of trying to do the most good. In a book written by effective altruism scholars Stefan Schubert and Lucius Caviola, the effectiveness of helping is defined by how many lives you save or how much good you otherwise do with a given amount of resources.

Following this definition of effectiveness, researchers in psychology and related fields have identified psychological barriers to effective altruism that can cause people to choose less effective options when they engage in altruistic activities such as charitable giving. These barriers can include evolutionary influences as well as motivational and epistemic obstacles.

Martin Nowak
Martin Andreas Nowak (born April 7, 1965) is an Austrian-born professor of mathematics and biology at Harvard University. He is known for his work in evolutionary dynamics, focusing on evolutionary theory and viral dynamics.

Nowak held faculty positions at Oxford University and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, before beginning a post at Harvard in July 2003.

Nowak was one of the primary recipients of funding from Jeffrey Epstein on the Harvard faculty.
Metakha Gewog
Metakha Gewog (Dzongkha: སྨད་སྟབས་ཁ་, Metabkha Gewog) is a gewog (village block) of Chukha District, Bhutan. Metakha Gewog was established in 2016, and it is one of the smallest gewogs in Chukka Dzongkhag. The 100-km² gewog contains fifteen villages, 119 households and has a population of 1,036.

Metakha is considered a rural gewog and currently doesn’t have any blacktopped roads, making travel in and out of the area difficult. The People’s Democratic Party (PDP) promised to build blacktopped roads and maintain them if elected in December 2023. The PDP were elected in 2024.

As of May 2023, Metakha gewog does not have an agriculture extension officer to oversee agriculture-related plans.

Dzongkha
Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་ [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]), also known by its exonym Bhutanese, is a Tibeto-Burman language in the Sino-Tibetan language family that is primarily spoken by the Bhutanese people. It is the official and national language of Bhutan, and is written using the Tibetan script.

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan.
Vladan Radonjić
Vladan Radonjić (Serbian Cyrillic: Владан Радоњић; born 15 June 1979) is a Serbian professional basketball strength and conditioning coach for Crvena zvezda of the EuroLeague and the ABA League. Further, he worked as a volleyball coach.

KK Igokea
Košarkaški klub Igokea (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошаркашки клуб Игокеа), commonly referred to as KK Igokea or as Igokea m:tel due to sponsorship reasons, is a Bosnian professional basketball club based in Aleksandrovac, near Laktaši, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club plays in the Bosnian League and the ABA League. The club is a founding member and shareholder of the Adriatic Basketball Association.
Mulan Jr.
Mulan Jr. is a one-act stage musical based on the 1998 Disney animated film Mulan, which in turn was based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan and the story "Fa Mulan" by Robert D. San Souci. The adaptation mixes songs featured in the 1998 film as well as deleted songs from the film, including the revival of songs written by Stephen Schwartz, who was the original composer for the 1998 film before leaving to work on The Prince of Egypt. The musical is G-rated, any mature content from the sources it is based on having been deleted in the adaptation. The cast includes 26 roles plus an ensemble. The show was taken down from MTI's website in the summer of 2020, but it's being considered as a re-release but no date is currently set for if that does happen.

Stephen Schwartz
Stephen Lawrence Schwartz (born March 6, 1948) is an American musical theatre composer and lyricist. In a career spanning over five decades, Schwartz has written hit musicals including Godspell (1971), Pippin (1972), and Wicked (2003). He has contributed lyrics to successful films including Pocahontas (1995), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), The Prince of Egypt (1998, music and lyrics), Enchanted (2007), Disenchanted (2022), and the two-part adaptation of Wicked (2024–2025, music and lyrics).

Schwartz has earned numerous accolades including three Grammy Awards, three Academy Awards, and a Golden Globe Award. He has received nominations for six Tony Awards, and a Laurence Olivier Award. He received the Tony Award's Isabelle Stevenson Award in 2015.
His son, Scott, directed The Hunchback of Notre Dame (musical).
Tuma, Russia
Tuma (Russian: Тума) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Tuma, Ryazan Oblast, a work settlement in Klepikovsky District of Ryazan Oblast

Abolished localities

Tuma, Vladimir Oblast, a rural locality (a selo) in Yuryev-Polsky District of Vladimir Oblast; abolished in February 2011

Klepikovsky District
Klepikovsky District (Russian: Клепико́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,235 square kilometers (1,249 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Spas-Klepiki. Population: 25,476 (2010 Census);  29,391 (2002 Census); 34,766 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Spas-Klepiki accounts for 23.2% of the district's total population.
Gashua
12°52′5″N 11°2′47″E﻿ / ﻿12.86806°N 11.04639°E﻿ / 12.86806; 11.04639

Gashua is a town in Yobe State in northeastern Nigeria, on the Yobe River a few miles below the convergence of the Hadejia River and the Jama'are River. Average elevation is about 299 m. The population in 2006 was about 125,000.
The hottest months are March and April with temperature ranges of 38-40o Celsius. In the rainy season, June–September, temperatures fall to 23-28o Celsius, with rainfall of 500 to 1000mm.

Jama'are River
The Jama'are River, also known as the Bunga River in its upper reaches, starts in the highlands near Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria and flows northeast through Bauchi State and Yobe State before joining the Hadejia River to form the Yobe River. There has recently been controversy over a plan to build the Kafin Zaki Dam on this river, with concerns over the effect on seasonal flooding and the water table.
Gharibabad-e Allah Dad
Gharibabad-e Allah Dad (Persian: غريب ابادالله داد, also Romanized as Gharībābād-e Allah Dād; also known as Moḩammadābād; also known as Gharībābād) is a village in Nazil Rural District, Nukabad District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 39, in 12 families.

Nazil Rural District
Nazil Rural District (Persian: دهستان نازيل) is in Nazil District of Taftan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Bahrabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Nazil.
Airmageddon
Airmageddon is a children's technological game show that aired on CBBC from 20 February to 18 December 2016. It was hosted by Will Best and Rachel Stringer. The show involves teams of children using radio-controlled drones.

CBBC
CBBC (short for Children's BBC) is a British free-to-air public broadcast children's television channel owned and operated by the BBC. It is also the brand used for all BBC content for children aged from 6 to 12. Its sister channel, CBeebies, is aimed at children aged 6 and under. It broadcasts every day from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm, timesharing with BBC Three.
Grittar
Grittar (1973 - 1998) was a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in National Hunt racing.

In 1982 he won the Grand National as the 7/1 favourite being ridden by amateur jockey Dick Saunders, who at the age of 48 became, and remains, the oldest jockey to have won the Grand National.

National Hunt racing
National Hunt Racing, also known as Jump Racing, is a form of horse racing particular to many European countries, including, but not limited to:  France, Great Britain and Ireland. Jump Racing requires horses to jump over fences and ditches.

In the UK, National Hunt Racing is divided into two major distinct branches: Hurdling and Steeplechase, as well as flat races called “Bumpers”. Hurdling involves horses jumping over Hurdles, while Steeplechase involves the horses jumping over a variety of different obstacles that includes fences, water jump or an open ditch. Some of the biggest National Hunt events of the year in the UK are the Grand National and the Cheltenham Gold Cup.
Nico Ihle
Nico Ihle (born 2 December 1985 in Karl-Marx-Stadt) (since 1990 renamed Chemnitz) is a German speed skater. He competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in the 500 meters and 1000 meters events and also at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.

Pyeongchang County
Pyeongchang (American English: /ˌpjʌŋˈtʃɑːŋ/ pyung-CHAHNG, Korean: [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋ]; in full, Pyeongchang-gun [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋɡun]) is a county in the state of Gangwon, South Korea, located in the Taebaek Mountains region. It is home to several Buddhist temples, including Woljeongsa. It is about 180 km (110 mi) east southeast of Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and connected by expressways and high-speed passenger railways. Pyeongchang's slogan, "Happy 700 Pyeongchang", is taken from its average elevation of approximately 700 metres (2,300 ft).

Pyeongchang hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics. It was officially rebranded as "PyeongChang" (with a capital 'C') for the purposes of the 2018 Games, in order to avoid confusion with Pyongyang in North Korea.
Cerro Miscanti
Cerro Miscanti (also known as Ipira) is a mountain of volcanic origin located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile, immediately south of Chiliques and north of Miñiques. It towers over Laguna Miscanti. Rock samples from Cerro Miscanti are of andesitic composition, but andesite-containing dacites have also been found.

The edifice covers an area of 38 square kilometres (15 sq mi) and bears traces of a westward collapse, which exposed the internal sector of the volcano. A new volcano grew inside the collapse scar. Miscanti may be either extinct or may have erupted in the Pleistocene-Holocene. Renewed eruptions are likely to consist of lava flows, which could impact the northern shores of Laguna Miscanti.

An Inka sanctuary has been reported from Cerro Miscanti.

Dacite
Dacite (/ˈdeɪsaɪt/) is a volcanic rock formed by rapid solidification of lava that is high in silica and low in alkali metal oxides. It has a fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. It is composed predominantly of plagioclase feldspar and quartz.

Dacite is relatively common, occurring in many tectonic settings. It is associated with andesite and rhyolite as part of the subalkaline tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series.
Stuntmen's Association of Motion Pictures
The Stuntmen's Association of Motion Pictures (SAMP) is an honorary society of motion picture stunt coordinators, stuntmen, and second unit directors. It was founded in 1961 by Loren Janes, who worked as a stunt double for Steve McQueen, and Richard Geary, who doubled for Robert Vaughn. Membership is by “invitation only” and applicants must be a member of the Screen Actors Guild. It is an exclusively male group, which has named a number of honorary stuntwomen, although they are not listed as full members on the site. Previous 'honorary' members include Lucille Ball, Barbara Stanwyck, Kathleen Nolan, Marie Windsor, Julie Andrews and Kaye Wade.

Marie Windsor
Marie Windsor (born Emily Marie Bertelsen; December 11, 1919 – December 10, 2000) was an American actress known for her femme fatale characters in the classic film noir features Force of Evil, The Narrow Margin and The Killing. Windsor's height (5'9", 175 cm) created problems for her in scenes with all but the tallest actors. She was the female lead in so many B movies that she became dubbed the "Queen" of the genre.
Brahmaea hearseyi
Brahmaea hearseyi  is a species of moth of the family Brahmaeidae. It is found in N.E. Himalaya, Burma, Western China, Sundaland and the Philippines.

The wingspan ranges up to 200 mm.

The larvae feed on Ligustrum, Syringa, and Fraxinus species.

Fraxinus
Fraxinus (/ˈfræksɪnəs/), commonly called ash, is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae, and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees, most of which are deciduous (dropping their leaves in autumn), although some subtropical species are evergreen. The genus is widespread throughout much of Europe, Asia, and North America.

The leaves are usually opposite, and mostly pinnately compound (divided into leaflets in a feather-like arrangement). The seeds, known as "keys", are botanically fruits of the type called samara. Some species are dioecious, having male and female flowers on separate plants.

Ash wood is strong and elastic, and used for the handles of tools. Musical instrument makers use it for electric guitars and for drum shells. The Morgan Motor Company makes the frames of sports cars from ash wood. In Greek mythology, the Meliae were the nymphs of ash trees.
Navin Stewart
Navin Derrick Stewart (born 13 June 1983) is a Tobagonian first-class cricketer, who plays for Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team. He also played for Guyana Amazon Warriors in 2014, and for Barbados Tridents in the 2015 Caribbean Premier League. In June 2021, he was selected to take part in the Minor League Cricket tournament in the United States following the players' draft.

Barbados Royals
The Barbados Royals (previously known as the Barbados Tridents) are the representative franchise cricket team of Barbados in the Caribbean Premier League. They are one of the six teams specifically created in 2013 for the inaugural season of the tournament. Hollywood actor Mark Wahlberg had an equity interest in the team since 2013 after he was introduced to the game by his friend Ajmal Khan, the club's chairman and CPL architect.

In 2014 CPL they qualified for the champions league. They were out of the tournament in the group stage managing to win only one of their four matches. On 30 July 2021, it was announced that the team name would be changed from the Barbados Tridents to the Barbados Royals.

Barbados Royals as part of the Royals Sports Group, are two-time Caribbean Premier League champions, lifting the trophy in 2014 and 2019. In 2022, Barbados Royals continue its journey in CPL and managed to closed some sponsorship deals like MCW Sports.
Olu Benson Lulu-Briggs
High Chief Olu Benson Lulu-Briggs, OON (1930–2018) was a Nigerian statesman and businessman of  Ijaw heritage. A traditional aristocrat, Lulu-Briggs was the "Iniikeroari V" of the Kalabari Kingdom and the Paramount Head of the Oruwari Briggs House. According to the 2012 Forbes magazine Africa's 40 Rich List, Lulu-Briggs, the founder and one-time chairman of Moni Pulo petroleum development limited, was the 31st richest man in Africa.

O.B. Lulu-Briggs was among the few Ijaws who secured Oil Mining Licenses (OML) early on and retained them. Instead of selling his license, he transformed it into Moni Pulo Petroleum Development Company (MPPDC), now Moni Pulo Limited (MPL), an oil exploration and production company.

Nigerian Chieftaincy
The Nigerian Chieftaincy is the chieftaincy system that is native to Nigeria. Consisting of everything from the country's monarchs to its titled family elders, the chieftaincy as a whole is one of the oldest continuously existing institutions in Nigeria and is legally recognized by its government.
Kroj
Kroj (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkroj]; plural: kroje) is a folk costume worn by Czechs and Slovaks. Gothic influence is seen in tying shawls and kerchiefs on the head. Fine pleats and gathered lace collars typify the Renaissance era. From Baroque bell-shaped skirts to delicate Slavic patterns, these folk costumes show the complex growth of Czech and Slovak traditions.

Moravian Slovakia
Moravian Slovakia, also called Slovácko (Czech: Slovácko, older Moravské Slovensko) is a cultural region in the southeastern part of the Czech Republic. It lies in the historical region of Moravia, on the border with Slovakia (the Slovak region of Záhorie) and Austria. It is known for its characteristic folklore, music, wine, costumes and traditions. The area forms part of both the Zlín and South Moravian administrative regions.

Its main centre is the town of Uherské Hradiště which is located on the Morava River. Other important towns include Uherský Brod, Břeclav, Hodonín, Strážnice and Kyjov. In the 9th century the region of Moravian Slovakia was the centre of the Great Moravian empire.
2021 Chile Open – Singles
Cristian Garín defeated Facundo Bagnis in the final, 6–4, 6–7(3–7), 7–5 to capture the men's singles tennis title at the 2021 Chile Open.

Thiago Seyboth Wild was the defending champion, but chose not to defend his title.

Alejandro Tabilo
Alejandro Tabilo Álvarez (born 2 June 1997) is a Canadian-born Chilean professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 19 achieved on 1 July 2024 and a best doubles ranking of No. 106, reached on 27 January 2025. He is the current No. 1 singles player from Chile.

Tabilo has won four ATP Tour titles combined, three in singles and one in doubles. He represents Chile at the Davis Cup.
336th Military Intelligence Brigade (Expeditionary)
The 336th Military Intelligence Brigade (Expeditionary) is a unit of the US Army Reserve and is a part of the Military Intelligence Readiness Command.   The unit was created in 2016 and is assigned to Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst.

Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst
Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst (JB MDL) is a United States military facility located 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Trenton, New Jersey. The base is the only tri-service base in the United States Department of Defense and includes units from all six armed forces branches.

The facility is an amalgamation of the United States Air Force's McGuire Air Force Base, the United States Army's Fort Dix and the United States Navy's Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst, which were merged on 1 October 2009.

It was established in accordance with congressional legislation implementing the recommendations of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The legislation ordered the consolidation of the three facilities which were adjoining, but separate military installations, into a single joint base, one of 12 formed in the United States as a result of the law.

The installation commander is Air Force Colonel Anthony L. Smith.
Yuh-Line Niou
Yuh-Line Niou (/juliːn nioʊ/; Chinese: 牛毓琳; pinyin: Niú Yùlín; born July 15, 1983) is an American politician who served as a member of the New York State Assembly for the 65th district. The Lower Manhattan district, which is heavily Democratic and over 40% Asian American, includes Chinatown, the Financial District, Battery Park City, and the Lower East Side. Niou is the first Asian American elected to the State Assembly for the district. She was a candidate for Congress in New York's newly redrawn 10th congressional district in 2022.

Abortion clinic
An abortion clinic or abortion provider is a medical facility that provides abortions. Such clinics may be public medical centers, private medical practices or nonprofit organizations such as Planned Parenthood.
Helmut Pflugradt
Helmut Pflugradt (7 February 1949 – 10 November 2024) was a German civil servant and politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Union, he served in the Bürgerschaft of Bremen from 1975 to 2009.

Pflugradt died in Bremen on 10 November 2024, at the age of 75.

Bürgerschaft of Bremen
The State Parliament of Bremen (Bremische Bürgerschaft, lit. 'Bremish Citizenry'  or 'Citizenry of Bremen') is the legislative branch of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen in Germany. The state parliament elects the members of the Senate (executive), exercises oversight of the executive, and passes legislation. It currently consists of 87 members from six parties. The current majority is a coalition of the Social Democratic Party, Alliance 90/The Greens and The Left, supporting Mayor and Senate president Andreas Bovenschulte. The 72 delegates of the city of Bremen also form the Stadtbürgerschaft (the local parliament of the city), while Bremerhaven has its own local parliament.
Wat Chedi Ai Khai
Wat Chedi (Ai Khai) (วัดเจดีย์ (ไอ้ไข่)), commonly known as Wat Chedi Ai Khai, is a Buddhist temple located in Chalong Subdistrict, Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. The temple’s name “Ai Khai” derives from a boy who accompanied the revered monk Luang Pu Thuat (หลวงปู่ทวด) on his journey from Songkhla Province to the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

Nakhon Si Thammarat province
Nakhon Si Thammarat province (Thai: จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช, pronounced [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː tʰām.mā.râːt]) is a province (changwat) of Thailand, on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand.  As of 2018, it was the most populous province of Southern Thailand, with a population of approximately 1.5 million. Neighboring provinces are (from south clockwise) Songkhla, Phatthalung, Trang, Krabi and Surat Thani.
AEX index
The AEX index, derived from Amsterdam Exchange index, is a stock market index composed of Dutch companies that trade on Euronext Amsterdam, formerly known as the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Started in 1983, the index is composed of a maximum of 25 of the most frequently traded securities on the exchange. It is one of the main national indices of the stock exchange group Euronext alongside Euronext Brussels' BEL20, Euronext Dublin's ISEQ 20, Euronext Lisbon's PSI-20, the Oslo Bors OBX Index, and Euronext Paris's CAC 40.

Brussels Stock Exchange
The Brussels Stock Exchange (French: Bourse de Bruxelles [buʁs də bʁysɛl]; Dutch: Beurs van Brussel [ˈbøːrs fɑm ˈbrʏsəl]), abbreviated to BSE, is a stock exchange founded in Brussels, Belgium, by decree of Napoleon in 1801. In 2000, the BSE merged with the Amsterdam, Lisbon and Paris stock exchanges into Euronext, renaming the BSE Euronext Brussels. The benchmark stock market index on the BSE is the BEL 20.

The former Brussels Stock Exchange building, known as the Bourse Palace (French: Palais de la Bourse; Dutch: Beurspaleis) and usually shortened to la Bourse (in French) or de Beurs (in Dutch), is located on the Place de la Bourse/Beursplein along the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan. The BSE is now headquartered in the Marquis building. It can be accessed from Brussels-Central railway station.
Battle of Doro Passage
The Battle of Doro Passage was a naval engagement during the United States Navy's operation against Greek pirates in the Aegean Sea. On October 16, 1827 a British merchant ship was attacked by pirates in Doro Passage off the islands of Andros and Negroponte but was retaken by American sailors.

Andros
Andros (Greek: Άνδρος, pronounced [ˈanðros]) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about 10 km (6 mi) southeast of Euboea, and about 3 km (2 mi) north of Tinos. It is nearly 40 km (25 mi) long, and its greatest breadth is 16 km (10 mi). It is for the most part mountainous, with many fruitful and well-watered valleys. The municipality, which includes the island Andros and several small, uninhabited islands, has an area of 380 km2 (147 sq mi). The largest towns are Andros, Gavrio, Batsi, and Ormos Korthiou.

Palaeopolis, the ancient capital, was built into a steep hillside, and the breakwater of its harbor can still be seen underwater. At the village of Apoikia, there is the notable spring of Sariza, where the water flows from a sculpted stone lion's head. Andros also offers hiking options with many new paths being added each year.