hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
31 Combat Engineer Regiment (The Elgin's)
31 Combat Engineer Regiment (31 CER or "The Elgin's"), is a combat engineer regiment of the Canadian Military Engineers. It is part of 31 Canadian Brigade Group of the 4th Canadian Division. It consists of two squadrons: 48 Engineer Squadron in Waterloo, Ontario, and 7 Engineer Squadron in St. Thomas, Ontario.

Waterloo, Ontario
Waterloo is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (formerly Waterloo County). Waterloo is situated about 94 km (58 mi) west-southwest of Toronto, but it is not considered to be part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Due to the close proximity of the city of Kitchener to Waterloo, the two together are often referred to as "Kitchener–Waterloo", "K-W", or "The Twin Cities". Nearby Cambridge, Ontario is also sometimes grouped in, creating KWC or "Tri-cities".

While several unsuccessful attempts to combine the municipalities of Kitchener and Waterloo have been made, following the 1973 establishment of the Region of Waterloo, less motivation to do so existed, and as a result, Waterloo remains an independent city. At the time of the 2021 census, the population of Waterloo was 121,436.
Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
In human population genetics, Y chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Men in the same haplogroup share a set of differences, or markers, on their Y-chromosome, which distinguish them from men in other haplogroups. These UEPs, or markers used to define haplogroups, are SNP mutations. Y-chromosome haplogroups all form family trees or phylogenies, with both branches or sub-clades diverging from a common haplogroup ancestor, and also with all haplogroups themselves linked into one family tree which traces back ultimately to the most recent shared male line ancestor of all men alive today, called in popular science Y Chromosome Adam.

Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. Along with the X chromosome, it is part of the XY sex-determination system, in which the Y is used for sex-determining as the presence of the Y chromosome typically causes offspring produced in sexual reproduction to develop phenotypically male. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene, which usually triggers the differentiation of male gonads. The Y chromosome is typically only passed from male parents to male offspring.
EDSA (company)
EDSA, Inc., (formerly known as Edward Durell Stone, Jr., and Associates), is an American firm specializing in planning, landscape architecture, and urban design. EDSA was founded in 1960 and is headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with additional offices in Orlando, Florida; Raleigh, North Carolina; New York, New York; Baltimore, Maryland; as well as Shanghai, China.

EDSA states that it prioritizes sustainability in its planning and design processes.

Urban design
Urban design is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes based on geographical location. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns, cities, and regional spaces, urban design considers 'bigger picture' issues of economic, social and environmental value and social design. The scope of a project can range from a local street or public space to an entire city and surrounding areas. Urban designers connect the fields of architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning to better organize local and community environments' dependent upon geographical location.

Some important focuses of urban design on this page include its historical impact, paradigm shifts, its interdisciplinary nature, and issues related to urban design.
Holborn District (Metropolis)
Holborn was a local government district in the metropolitan area of London to the north west of the City of London from 1855 to 1900.

The district was formed by the Metropolis Management Act 1855 from the following Middlesex civil parishes and places:

The Liberty of Glasshouse Yard

The Liberty of Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place

St Andrew Holborn Above the Bars with St George the Martyr

St Sepulchre Middlesex

Metropolis Management Act 1855
The Metropolis Management Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120), also known as the Metropolis (Management) Act 1855 or the Metropolis Local Management Act 1855, is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created the Metropolitan Board of Works, a London-wide body to co-ordinate the construction of the city's infrastructure. The act also created a second tier of local government consisting of parish vestries and district boards of works. The Metropolitan Board of Works was the forerunner of the London County Council.
Voltigeurs de Châteaubriant
Voltigeurs de Châteaubriant is a French association football club based in the commune of Châteaubriant, Loire-Atlantique. As of the 2020–21 season the men's team competes in the National 2, the fourth tier of French football, having won promotion in the truncated 2019–20 season. The club plays their home matches at the Stade de la Ville en Bois, which has a capacity of 3,000.

Loire-Atlantique
Loire-Atlantique (French pronunciation: [lwaʁ atlɑ̃tik] ⓘ; Gallo: Louére-Atantique; Breton: Liger-Atlantel; before 1957: Loire-Inférieure, Breton: Liger-Izelañ) is a department in Pays de la Loire on the west coast of France, named after the river Loire and the Atlantic Ocean. It had a population of 1,429,272 in 2019.
Iron Man: Sound Effects
Iron Man: Sound Effects is a one-issue comic book written by Marc Sumerak, published by Marvel Comics. It features Blue Ear, a character created in honor of Anthony Smith, a hard-of-hearing 4-year-old comic book fan from Salem, New Hampshire, USA. Smith has no hearing in his right ear and minimal hearing in his left because he has Mosaic trisomy 22.

Trisomy 22
Trisomy 22 is a chromosomal disorder in which  three copies of chromosome 22 are present rather than two. It is a frequent cause of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Progression to the second trimester and live births are rare. This disorder is found in individuals with an extra copy or a variation of chromosome 22 in some or all cells of their bodies.
Gene Leahy Mall
Gene Leahy Mall, also known locally as The Mall, is a 9.6-acre (39,000 m2) park located in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The park features two large slides, a sculpture garden, a remote-control boat cove, a large children's play area, and an amphitheater where outdoor concerts are held in the summer. The mall is decorated with thousands of lights during the winter holiday season. Connected on its eastern edge with the Heartland of America Park, it also borders the site of the Mutual of Omaha Headquarters Tower, the former Burlington Headquarters Building, the Old Market and the ConAgra campus.

Conagra Brands
Conagra Brands, Inc. (formerly ConAgra Foods) is an American consumer packaged goods holding company that makes and sells products under various brand names that are available in supermarkets, restaurants, and food service establishments. Based on its 2021 revenue, the company ranked 331st on the 2022 Fortune 500. Headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, Conagra was founded in Nebraska in 1919 and was originally called Nebraska Consolidated Mills.
Engelbert Schmid
Engelbert Schmid is a classical musician and horn maker.

After playing with the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra and the Berlin Philharmonic, solo-horn with the Munich Radio Orchestra for ten years,
in 1980 Engelbert Schmid exhibited his Horns for the first time.
In 1990 he established his own workshop. As a Master Craftsman he personally trained his present instrument makers.

Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
The Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin (DSO) is a German broadcast orchestra based in Berlin. The orchestra performs its concerts principally in the Philharmonie Berlin. The orchestra is administratively based at the Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB) Fernsehzentrum in Berlin.
Rokas
Rokas is a Lithuanian masculine given name. Notable people with the name include.

Rokas Čepanonis (born 1986), Lithuanian basketball player

Rokas Giedraitis (born 1992), Lithuanian basketball player

Rokas Guščinas (born 1991), Lithuanian artistic gymnast

Rokas Jokubaitis (born 2000), Lithuanian basketball player

Rokas Kostiuškevičius (born 1990), Lithuanian balloonist

Rokas Masiulis (born 1969), Lithuanian politician

Rokas Milevičius (born 1986), Lithuanian yacht sport sailor

Rokas Zaveckas (born 1996), Lithuanian alpine skier

Rokas Žilinskas (1972–2017), Lithuanian journalist and politician

Rokas Zubovas (born 1966), Lithuanian pianist

As a surname:

Efstathios Rokas (born 1984), Greek footballer

Rokas Masiulis
Rokas Masiulis (born 6 August 1969) is a senior manager and a Lithuanian politician. He is former Minister of Transport and Communications of Lithuania and Minister of Energy of Lithuania. He is the chief executive officer of Litgrid.
Sun Yueyang
Sun Yueyang (Chinese: 孙越扬; pinyin: Sūn Yuèyáng, born 27 June 2000) is a Chinese racing driver who last competed in the 2018 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship with Carlin. He was part of the Renault Sport Academy between 2016 and 2018.

2018 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship
The 2018 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship was a motor racing championship for open wheel, formula racing cars held across England, with one round in Belgium. The 2018 season was the third organised by the British Racing Drivers' Club in the United Kingdom. The championship featured a mix of professional motor racing teams and privately funded drivers, and also featured the 2-litre 230-bhp Tatuus-Cosworth single seat race car in the main series. The season commenced at Oulton Park on 31 March and ended on 14 October at Silverstone Circuit, after eight triple header events for a total of twenty-four races.
Tortilla chips
A tortilla chip is a snack food made from corn tortilla, which are cut into triangles and then fried or baked (alternatively they may be discs pressed out of corn masa then fried or baked). Corn tortillas are made of nixtamalized corn, vegetable oil, salt and water. Although first mass-produced commercially in the U.S. in Los Angeles in the late 1940s, tortilla chips grew out of Mexican cuisine, where similar items were well known, such as totopos and tostadas.

Though usually made of yellow corn, they can also be made of white, blue, or red corn. Tortilla chips intended to be dipped are typically only lightly salted, while others may be seasoned with a variety of flavors. Tortilla chips may be served as a garnish for soups or dishes such as chili con carne.

Blue corn
Blue corn (also known as Hopi maize, Yoeme Blue, Tarahumara Maiz Azul, and Rio Grande Blue) is a group of several closely related varieties of flint corn grown in Mexico, the Southwestern United States, and the Southeastern United States.  It is one of the main types of corn used for the traditional Southern and Central Mexican food known as tlacoyo.

It was originally developed by the Hopi, the Pueblo Indians of the Rio Grande in Arizona, and several Southeastern tribes, including the Cherokee. It remains an essential part of Hopi dishes like piki bread. Blue corn meal is a corn meal that is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. It is also a staple of New Mexican cuisine used commonly to make tortillas.

Blue corn contains anthocyanins, which give the corn its blue color.
Wilbur Rakestraw
Wilbur Rakestraw (June 6, 1928 – May 7, 2014) was an American racing car driver. He was born in Dallas, Georgia, into a family of racers. His career included racing in the SRE (Southeastern Racing Enterprises) organization as well as the 11 NASCAR Grand National Series and 30 Convertible races. Rakestraw was known for his toughness and thoughtfulness of other drivers due to one incident at Lakewood Speedway in 1957 when he drove through a fence and into the infield lake to avoid T-boning another driver who had crashed in front of him. After he retired from racing, Rakestraw went to work as a mechanic and later became a service manager for a local grading company.

Lakewood Speedway
Lakewood Speedway was a race track located south of Atlanta, Georgia, in Lakewood, just north of the eastern arm of Langford Parkway (formerly Lakewood Freeway). The track held many kinds of races between 1919 and 1979, including events sanctioned by AAA/USAC, IMCA, and NASCAR. It was a one-mile (1.6 km) dirt track which was located adjacent to Lakewood Fairgrounds. Lakewood Speedway was considered the "Indianapolis of the South" as it was located in the largest city in the Southern United States and it held an annual race of the Indy cars.
Tokyo 14th district
Tokyo's 14th district is a single-member electoral district of the Japanese House of Representatives, the lower house of the national National Diet.

It has been held by Midori Matsushima from the Liberal Democratic Party since 2012.

Single-member district
A single-member district or constituency is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district, which is represented by multiple officeholders.

In some countries, such as Australia and India, members of the  lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts, while members of the upper house are elected from multi-member districts. In some countries, such as Singapore, members of parliament are elected from both single-member and multi-member districts.
Kameyama Castle (Okayama)
Kameyama Castle (沼城, Kameyama-jō), also well known as Numa Castle, is the remains of a castle structure in Higashi-ku, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Its ruins have been protected as an Okayama City Designated Historic Site.

The castle was built by Nakayama Nobutada in the Tenbun period (1532–1555). In 1559, Ukita Naoie killed Nakayama Nobumasa by order of Uragami Munekage. Then Naoie moved Ukita clan's main bastion from Shinjōyama castle. Naoie expanded his territory based in the castle. In 1570, Naoie started remodeling Okayama castle and moved from the castle in 1573.

Soon after the Honnō-ji Incident, Hashiba Hideyoshi stopped and stayed in the castle on his way back to Kyoto to fight Akechi Mitsuhide's army.

Uragami Munekage
Urakami Munekage (浦上 宗景; 1511 - 1574) was a Japanese samurai and commander of the Sengoku period.

The Urakami clan had been in a position of chief retainer of the Akamatsu clan. After the fall of the Akamatsu clan, Munekage gradually gained power and ruled Bizen, Mimasaka and part of Harima.

Munekage gave Ukita Naoie an important position but the Urakami clan went into decline as Naoie's influence increased. When Munekage arranged an alliance with the Mori clan, Naoie was dissatisfied with the decision and launched a rebellion against Munekage. In the end, his Tenjinyama Castle was attacked and his power was overthrown by Naoie.
Kyle Janek
Kyle Janek (born January 10, 1958) is an American physician and former Republican member of the Texas Senate, having represented District 17 from November 2002 until June 2, 2008. The district includes portions of Harris, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston, and Jefferson counties. Janek was not a candidate for renomination to the state Senate in the Republican primary held on March 4.

Janek resigned the seat, and Governor Rick Perry called a special election to coincide with the regular November 4 general election to fill the two years remaining in the term. Republican Joan Huffman, a former felony court judge from Houston and Democrat Chris Bell, a former U.S. representative who was Perry's 2006 election opponent, led the field and went into a December 16 runoff. Huffman ultimately prevailed, 56-44 percent. She becomes the sixth woman serving in the state Senate.

Texas's 17th Senate district
District 17 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Colorado, Jackson, Matagorda, and Wharton counties, and portions of Brazoria, Fort Bend, Harris, and Waller counties in the U.S. state of Texas.

The current senator from District 17 is Joan Huffman.
Richmond Market Hall
Richmond Market Hall is a historic building in Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England.

The market hall was built in 1854 on the town's marketplace, in an 18th-century style.  The building was grade II listed in 1967.  It houses a market which runs seven days a week, and the town's tourist information centre.

The market hall is built of stone, with rusticated quoins and piers, and a Welsh slate roof. It has a front of three bays, each with a pediment and a dentilled cornice. Each bay contains a recessed round-headed arch with a triple keystone. The outer bays contain round-headed sash windows, and the middle bay has a doorway, over which is a large glazed fanlight.

Fanlight
A fanlight is a form of lunette window (transom window), often semicircular or semi-elliptical in shape, with glazing bars or tracery sets radiating out like an open fan. It is placed over another window or a doorway, and is sometimes hinged to a transom. The bars in the fixed glazed window spread out in the manner of a sunburst. It is also called a sunburst light. In federation housing it is also called a toplight or top light.
Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park
Mt. Olympus Water and Theme Park Resort is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. The resort is themed after Ancient Greece, particularly its mythology and gods, and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live. Mt. Olympus features an indoor and outdoor water park (home to America's first rotating waterslide and America's tallest waterslide) and amusement park rides, and the complex includes dozens of mom-and-pop motel buildings that were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel (Hotel Rome).

Reverse bungee
The reverse bungee (also known as catapult bungee, slingshot, or ejection seat) is a modern type of fairground ride.

The ride consists of two telescopic gantry towers mounted on a platform, feeding two elastic ropes down to a two-person passenger car constructed from an open sphere of tubular steel. The passenger car is secured to the platform with an electro-magnetic latch as the elastic ropes are stretched. When the electromagnet is turned off, the passenger car is catapulted vertically with a g-force of 3–5, reaching an altitude of between 50 metres (164 ft) and 80 metres (262 ft).
South Western railway line, Queensland
The South Western line is a narrow-gauge railway line in the southern part of the state of Queensland, Australia. It junctions from the Southern line immediately south of Warwick station and proceeded westwards for a distance of 413 km to the town of Dirranbandi. A western extension to Boomie in New South Wales, approved by the Queensland Parliament in 1914, was never constructed. The Thallon-to-Dirranbandi section was closed on 2 September 2010.

It services the small towns of Inglewood (junction of the now closed Texas branch) and Goondiwindi as well as the villages of Yelarbon and Thallon among others.

Boomi, New South Wales
Boomi is a town in north western New South Wales, Australia. The town is in the Moree Plains Shire local government area, 728 kilometres (452 mi) north west of the state capital, Sydney, on the border on the New South Wales side of the MacIntyre River. Boomi is west of the Queensland town of Goondiwindi and north of Moree in New South Wales. At the 2016 census, Boomi and the surrounding farming area had a population of approximately 200.
Felipe Mañón (activist)
Felipe Mañón (1848–1938) was a Dominican revolutionary who participated in the events of the   Dominican Restoration War at a young age. After the war, he held an active political career during the periods of the Second Dominican Republic.

Second Dominican Republic
The Second Dominican Republic was the predecessor of the Dominican Republic. It began with the restoration of the country in 1865 and culminated with the American intervention in 1916.

In the period of the Second Republic the political conflicts continued, now between the last government restored by Antonio Pimentel, who refused to rule from Santo Domingo, as it was commanded by the Congress, and José María Cabral who had to rule from Santo Domingo, answering to the lack of deputation of Pimentel. Cabral remained in power and adapted the constitution.

In the administration of Cabral, the parties of colours became the owners of the political stage, especially: the Reds and the Blues. The Red Party, the most powerful party, which ruled for six consecutive years, was led by Buenaventura Báez.

Afterwards there was a succession of governments until 1887, the beginning of the dictatorship of Lilís that lasted until 1899.
Latanoprostene bunod
Latanoprostene bunod, sold under the brand name Vyzulta, is an ophthalmic medication used for the reduction of intraocular pressure in people with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. It is a prostaglandin analog which, when broken down by esterases and other metabolism, produces latanoprost acid and eventually nitrous oxide. Latanoprost increases uveoscleral outflow while the nitrous oxide increases outflow via the trabecular meshwork.

The most common side effects include conjunctival (eye) redness, eye irritation, and eye discomfort (pain). Latanoprostene bunod may cause the iris (colored part of the eye) to become darker in color.

Latanoprostene bunod was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2017.

Ocular hypertension
Ocular hypertension is the presence of elevated fluid pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure), usually with no optic nerve damage or visual field loss.

For most individuals, the normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. It is estimated that approximately 2-3% of people aged 52-89 years old have ocular hypertension of 25 mmHg and higher, and 3.5% of people 49 years and older have ocular hypertension of 21 mmHg and higher.

Elevated intraocular pressure is an important risk factor and symptom of glaucoma. Accordingly, most individuals with consistently elevated intraocular pressures of greater than 21mmHg, particularly if they have other risk factors, are treated in an effort to prevent vision loss from glaucoma.
Atma Ram (politician)
Atma Ram was a Hindu minister in Khanate of Kunduz, in modern day Afghanistan, during the 1820s and 1830s. A Peshawari Hindu, he held the office of Diwanbegi in Kunduz under Murad Beg. He was said to have dominated trade between India and Turan in this period. A tax farmer, he purchased the right to collect taxes on the Kabul–Bukhara caravans. Unusually for a Hindu in an Islamic state, he was even permitted to own Muslim slaves.

There is a coloured lithograph of Atma Ram based on the work of James Rattray at the time of the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842).

Divan-begi
The Divan-begi (Persian: دیوان‌بیگی, romanized: Dīvān-beīgī) was a high-ranking official in Judicial system of Safavid Iran (1501–1736), who acted as chief justice of Safavid capital and all over the kingdom's courts. It was the Persian form of Turkic Diwan-begi office, also known as the Imperial Chief Justice or Lord High Justice. Divan-begis presided over an appeals court for the kingdom, except for cases involving military officers or religious officials. Divan-begis had deputies to assist them.