hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jutes
The Jutes (/dʒuːts/ JOOTS) were one of the Germanic tribes who settled in Great Britain after the departure of the Romans. According to Bede, they were one of the three most powerful Germanic nations, along with the Angles and the Saxons:

Those who came over were of the three most powerful nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in the province of the West Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to the Isle of Wight.

There is no consensus amongst historians on the origins of the Jutes. One hypothesis is that they originated from the Jutland Peninsula  but after a Danish invasion of that area, migrated to the Frisian coast. From the Frisian coast they went on to settle southern Britain in the later fifth century during the Migration Period, as part of a larger wave of Germanic migration into Britain.
They were possibly or probably related to the North Germanic tribe Geats.

End of Roman rule in Britain
Roman rule in Britain ended as Roman military forces withdrew to defend or seize the Western Roman Empire's continental core, leaving behind an autonomous post-Roman Britain. In 383, the usurper Magnus Maximus withdrew troops from northern and western Britain, probably leaving local warlords in charge. In 407, the usurper Constantine III took the remaining mobile Roman soldiers to Gaul in response to the crossing of the Rhine, and external attacks surged. The Romano-British deposed Roman officials around 410, and government largely reverted to city level. That year Emperor Honorius refused an appeal from Britain for military assistance. The following decades saw the collapse of urban life and the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.
Expenditure minimization problem
In microeconomics, the expenditure minimization problem is the dual of the utility maximization problem: "how much money do I need to reach a certain level of happiness?".  This question comes in two parts.  Given a consumer's utility function, prices, and a utility target,

how much money would the consumer need?  This is answered by the expenditure function.

what could the consumer buy to meet this utility target while minimizing expenditure?  This is answered by the Hicksian demand function.

Duality (optimization)
In mathematical optimization theory, duality or the duality principle is the principle that optimization problems may be viewed from either of two perspectives, the primal problem or the dual problem. If the primal is a minimization problem then the dual is a maximization problem (and vice versa). Any feasible solution to the primal (minimization) problem is at least as large as any feasible solution to the dual (maximization) problem. Therefore, the solution to the primal is an upper bound to the solution of the dual, and the solution of the dual is a lower bound to the solution of the primal. This fact is called weak duality.

In general, the optimal values of the primal and dual problems need not be equal. Their difference is called the duality gap. For convex optimization problems, the duality gap is zero under a constraint qualification condition. This fact is called strong duality.
Five Modern Noh Plays
Five Modern Noh Plays is a collection of plays written by Japanese writer Yukio Mishima. Mishima wrote these plays between 1950 and 1955 and presented them as modern plays in Tokyo. Of these five, only The Damask Drum was expressed in the traditional Noh fashion. The Lady Aoi was expressed as a Western-style opera. The plays take older Nō plots or traditional and foreign fairy tales and bring them to a modern setting.

Famed Japan scholar Donald Keene translated Five Modern Noh Plays.

Donald Keene
Donald Lawrence Keene (June 18, 1922 – February 24, 2019) was an American-born Japanese scholar, historian, teacher, writer, and translator of Japanese literature. He was Professor Emeritus and Shincho Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature at Columbia University, where he taught for over fifty years. Soon after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, he retired from Columbia, moved to Japan permanently, and acquired citizenship under the name Kīn Donarudo (キーン ドナルド) which is essentially his birth name in the Japanese name order. This was also his poetic pen name (雅号, gagō) and occasional nickname, spelled in the ateji form 鬼怒鳴門.
Thomas Elliott (footballer)
Thomas William Elliott (6 April 1890 – 4 May 1955) was an English professional footballer who made over 200 appearances as a forward in the Football League for Huddersfield Town, Brentford, Nottingham Forest, Durham City, Crewe Alexandra and Gainsborough Trinity. Either side of his League career, he played in non-League football.

Gainsborough Trinity F.C.
Gainsborough Trinity Football Club is a football club based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England. Established in 1873, the club became members of the Football League in 1893 and remained members of the Second Division until 1912, making Gainsborough one of the smallest towns in England to have had a Football League team. They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Premier Division, the seventh tier of English football, and play at the Northolme.
Fels
Fels is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Allan Fels AO (born 1942), Australian economist, lawyer and public servant

Anthony Fels (born 1964), former Australian politician

Edmond de Fels (1858–1951), French diplomat, writer and historian, built the castle "Château de Voisins" in 1903-06 by Rene Sergent

Florent Fels (1891–1977), French journalist, publisher and author

Joseph Fels (1853–1914), American soap manufacturer, millionaire, and philanthropist

Laurent Fels, writer and high school teacher in Luxembourg

Mary Fels (1863–1953), German-born, American philanthropist, suffragist, Georgist; wife of Joseph Fels

Samuel Simeon Fels (1860–1950), American businessman and philanthropist

Willi Fels CMG (1858–1946), New Zealand merchant, collector and philanthropist

Anthony Fels
Anthony James Fels (born 19 November 1964) is an Australian politician. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for the Agricultural Region from 2005 to 2009, representing the Liberal Party before defecting to the Family First Party in 2008.

Since leaving parliament, Fels has been a perennial candidate for public office and a member of at least six different political parties.
2023 New Jersey Senate election
The 2023 New Jersey State Senate elections were held on November 7, 2023. New Jersey voters elected state senators in all of the state's legislative districts for a four-year term to the New Jersey Senate. This was the first election after redistricting following the 2020 United States census. The winners of these elections were sworn in on January 9, 2024.

Democrats retained their 25–15 majority over Republicans. Democrats flipped one seat, the 3rd district. Republicans flipped the 12th district from an elected Republican who became a Democrat in February 2023.

New Jersey Democratic State Committee
The New Jersey Democratic State Committee (NJDSC) is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of New Jersey. LeRoy J. Jones Jr. is the chair and Peg Schaffer is the vice chair. Its main rival is the New Jersey Republican Party.

It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling every statewide office, including both of the state's U.S. Senate seats and the governorship, as well as 9 out of 12 U.S. House seats and both chambers of the state legislature.
Aquilo (Sierra)
Aquilo is an orchestral work written by the American composer Arlene Sierra. The work was first performed at Tokyo Opera City by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra on May 27, 2001, with Susanna Mälkki conducting.
A revised version of the work was published in 2001 by Cecilian Music and recorded by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales for Bridge Records in 2014.

Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra
The Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra (東京フィルハーモニー交響楽団, Tōkyō firuhāmonī kōkyō gakudan) is recognized as the oldest symphony orchestra in Japan. It was founded in 1911 and debuted at the original Matsuzakaya store in Nagoya as the Itō Textiles Shop Youth Band (いとう呉服店少年音楽隊, Itō gofukuten shōnen ongakutai). It relocated to Tokyo in 1938. As of 2024, it has 166 members.

The orchestra plays frequently at Tokyo Opera City in Shinjuku; Orchard Hall, part of the Bunkamura (文化村) shopping and entertainment complex in Shibuya; and Suntory Hall in Akasaka, Tokyo.
William Antônio Rodrigues
William Antônio Rodrigues (born 1928) is a Brazilian botanist.

Rodrigues was born in São João del Rei, Brazil in 1928. He was a faculty member of the Universidade Federal do Paraná.

He collected, and described plants from Brazil.  Part of his research focused on Myristicaceae. He is the authority for at least 88 taxa including: IPNI. List of plant names with authority W.A.Rodrigues.

International Plant Names Index
The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It includes basic bibliographical details associated with the names. Its goals include eliminating the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names.

The IPNI also maintains a list of standardized author abbreviations. These were initially based on Brummitt & Powell (1992), but new names and abbreviations are continually added.
Mohkam Chand
Diwan Mokham Chand (died 16 or 29 October 1814) was one of the chief commanders of the Sikh Empire. He conquered Attock from the Durrani Afghans in 1813 and subdued the Rajputs in the Hills of Himachal and in Jammu at Jasrota, Chamba, and Basohli. He also commanded one of the early Sikh expeditions to conquer Kashmir that ended in failure due to bad weather blocking the passes to the valley. Mokham Chand was born in a Hindu Khatri family.

Jammu
Jammu (/ˈdʒʌmuː/) is a city in Indian-administered  Jammu and Kashmir in the Jammu region. It is the winter capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.  It is the headquarters and the largest city in Jammu district. Lying on the banks of the river Tawi, the city of Jammu, with an area of 240 km2 (93 sq mi), is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the northern plains in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.
2010 Open Diputación Ciudad de Pozoblanco
The 2010 Open Diputación Ciudad de Pozoblanco was a professional tennis tournament played on hard court. This was the eleventh edition of the tournament which is part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Pozoblanco, Spain between 5 July and 11 July 2010.

2010 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2010 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprises 13 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Thru Your Phone
"Thru Your Phone" is a song recorded by American rapper Cardi B for her debut studio album Invasion of Privacy (2018). It was written by Cardi B, Jordan Thorpe, Justin Tranter, Alexandra Tamposi, and its producers Benny Blanco and Andrew Wotman, with additional production from Louis Bell. "Thru Your Phone" entered at number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 the week following the album's release. The song was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Ali Tamposi
Alexandra Leah Tamposi (born November 17, 1989) is an American songwriter from West Palm Beach, Florida. She is best known for co-writing Kelly Clarkson's song "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)," 5 Seconds of Summer's song "Youngblood", DJ Snake's "Let Me Love You" featuring Justin Bieber, Camila Cabello’s "Havana" featuring Young Thug, and Cabello's "Señorita" with Shawn Mendes.

Tamposi appeared on the final season of The X Factor as vocal coach and mentor to Simon Cowell's team, working alongside groups Restless Road, Sweet Suspense, and winners Alex & Sierra. She worked closely with Alex & Sierra on their debut album, writing four songs with the duo. In 2019, she won BMI Pop Songwriter of The Year.

She was featured on the Cedric Gervais single "Love Again".

She is the granddaughter of real estate developer Samuel A. Tamposi, himself born to Aromanian emigrants from Avdhella, Grevena, Greece.
Amorbia cacoa
Amorbia cacoa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica, Guatemala and Napo Province, Ecuador. It is found at altitudes between 1,000 and 1,400 meters.

The length of the forewings is 10.4–12 mm for males and 12.8–16 mm for females.

The larvae feed on Erechtites hieracifolia, Inga species (including Inga longispica), Xylosma chlorantha, Alfaroa guanacastensis, Beilschmiedia species, Ocotea species (including Ocotea veraguensis), Licaria species, Cinnamomum brenesii, Rosa sinensis, Meliosma glabrata and Chrysochlamys glauca. Full-grown larvae reach a length of 25 mm.

Napo Province
Napo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnapo]) is a province of Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province is named after the Napo River. The province is not well developed and does not have much industrial presence. The thick rainforest is home to many natives that remain isolated by preference, descendants of those who fled the Spanish invasion in the Andes, and the Incas years before. In 2000, the province was the sole remaining majority-indigenous province of Ecuador, with 56.3% of the province either claiming indigenous identity or speaking an indigenous language.

This province is one of the many located in Ecuador's section of the Amazon rainforest.

In Napo province are also Antisana Ecological Reserve, Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park, and Limoncocha National Biological Reserve.
Joan Alexander (soprano)
Joan Alexander (1 December 1912 – 25 December 2010) was a Scottish soprano well-known for her appearances on the Third Programme and regional radio stations.

Alexander was educated at Hyndland School, the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama and then from 1933 the Munich Conservatoire. She gave many acclaimed performances at the Edinburgh Festival and performed at a number of Proms. She appeared on BBC radio programmes from 1933 through to 1968. She appeared as 'Antonia's Mother' in the 1951 film The Tales of Hoffmann.  She performed Thea Musgrave's song cycle 'A Suite o Bairnsangs' (words by Maurice Lindsay).

Hyndland Secondary School
Hyndland Secondary School is a non-denominational state comprehensive school in the Hyndland area of Glasgow, Scotland.

The school provides secondary education for children from the local area, although there are many children from other areas of the city. The school is part of the Hyndland New Learning Community, which consists of the school, its feeder primaries and other local children's services, and of which the former Headmaster, John F Alexander, was the Principal. Hyndland is also the only school in Glasgow where wearing uniform is not required on a day-to-day basis.
James J. Keating
James Joseph Keating (April 20, 1895 – December 18, 1978) was a United States Marine Corps officer with the rank of brigadier general, who is most noted as commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, 11th Marines during the Battle of Guadalcanal and later as officer in charge of the Intelligence Section, Headquarters Marine Corps.

Executive officer
An executive officer is a person who is principally responsible for leading all or part of an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization.

In many militaries and police forces, an executive officer (XO) is the second-in-command, reporting to the commanding officer (CO). The XO is typically responsible for the management of day-to-day activities, freeing the commander to concentrate on strategy and planning the unit's next move.
Combe (surname)
Combe is a surname. It is similar to the surname Coombes. Notable people with the surname include:

Alan Combe (born 1974), Scottish footballer

Andrew Combe (1797–1847), Scottish physiologist

Carmela Combe (1898–1984), Peruvian aviator

David Combe (1943–2019), Australian political figure and wine industry executive

George Combe (1788–1858), Scottish writer on phrenology and education

Harvey Christian Combe (1752–1818), English brewer and Lord Mayor of London

Ivan Combe (1911–2000), American inventor

John Frederick Boyce Combe (1895–1967), British Army officer before and during World War II

Martha Combe (1806–1893), British philanthropist

Peter Combe (born 1948), Australian musician

Reginaldus de Combe (fl. 1300–1301), English Member of Parliament

Rose Combe (1883–1932), French writer

Thomas Combe (1796–1872), British printer and philanthropist

Alan Combe
Alan Combe (born 3 April 1974) is a Scottish football coach and former player who is goalkeeping coach. He played as a goalkeeper for Cowdenbeath, St Mirren, Dundee United, Bradford City and Kilmarnock. He has previously worked as a goalkeeping coach for Alloa Athletic, Heart of Midlothian, Hibernian, Cove Rangers and Dundee.
SS America (1939)
SS America was an ocean liner and cruise ship built in the United States in 1940 for the United States Lines and designed by the noted American naval architect William Francis Gibbs. It carried many names in the 54 years between its construction and its 1994 wreck: SS America (carrying this name three different times during its career); troop transport USS West Point; and SS Australis, Italis, Noga, Alferdoss, and American Star. It served most notably in passenger service as America and the Greek-flagged Australis.

Sold with the intention of being refitted to become a hotel ship, while being towed to Thailand she was wrecked as American Star at Playa de Garcey on Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands on 18 January 1994. The wreck deteriorated and completely collapsed into the sea. By 2024 it was no longer visible on the ocean surface and had become an artificial reef.

Naval architecture
Naval architecture, or naval engineering, is an engineering discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation (classification) and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage-control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements.
Macross Ace Frontier
Macross Ace Frontier (マクロス エース フロンティア, Makurosu Ēsu Furontia) is a shooting game developed by Artdink for the PlayStation Portable. The game is based on Studio Nue's popular Macross series, one of which is known in the West as the first generation of Robotech. It features original elements as well as characters, mechanics, episode plots and BGM borrowed from 1982's The Super Dimension Fortress Macross original  TV series, the 1994 Macross Plus OVA series, the 1994 Macross 7 TV series and the 2008 Macross Frontier TV series, as well as incorporating more elements from the 1984 Macross: Do You Remember Love? feature film and the 2002 prequel OVA series Macross Zero.

Shooter game
Shooter video games, or shooters, are a subgenre of action video games where the focus is on the defeat of the character's enemies using ranged weapons given to the player. Usually these weapons are firearms or some other long-range weapons, and can be used in combination with other tools such as grenades for indirect offense, armor for additional defense, or accessories such as telescopic sights to modify the behavior of the weapons. A common resource found in many shooter games is ammunition, armor or health, or upgrades which augment the player character's weapons.

Shooter games test the player's spatial awareness, reflexes, and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments. Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with a weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players.
Employment Relations Act 2004
The Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which amended UK law regarding trade union membership and industrial action. The Act also enabled the UK government to make funds available to trade unions and federations of trade unions to modernise their operations.

Industrial action
Industrial action (British English) or job action (American English) is a temporary show of dissatisfaction by employees—especially a strike or slowdown or working to rule—to protest against bad working conditions or low pay and to increase bargaining power with the employer and intended to force the employer to improve them by reducing productivity in a workplace. Industrial action is usually organized by trade unions or other organised labour, most commonly when employees are forced out of work due to contract termination and without reaching an agreement with the employer. Quite often it is used and interpreted as a euphemism for strike or mass strike, but the scope is much wider. Industrial action may take place in the context of a labour dispute or may be meant to effect political or social change. This form of communication tends to be their only means to voice their concerns about safety and benefits.
LG Tab-Book
LG Tab-Book (stylized as TAB-BOOK) is the branding used for personal computers and mobile computing devices produced by LG Electronics running the Windows 8 operating system.

The brand is first used in 2013 in LG's first forray  in the Tablet computer market with Windows 8 Operating System.   The first products to be introduced under the branding are the LG Tab-Book H160 and the LG Tab-Book Z160 which are both tablet with slide-out keyboard hybrids. Tablet-only versions would also be released under this LG brand in the future.

LG Electronics
LG Electronics Inc. (Korean: 엘지 전자; RR: Elji Jeonja) is a South Korean multinational major appliance and consumer electronics corporation headquartered in Yeouido-dong, Seoul, South Korea. LG Electronics is a part of LG Corporation, the fourth largest chaebol in South Korea, and often considered as the pinnacle of LG Corp with the group's chemical and battery division LG Chem. It comprises four business units: home entertainment, mobility, home appliances & air solutions, and business solutions. LG Electronics acquired Zenith in 1995 and is the largest shareholder of LG Display, the world's largest display company by revenue in 2020. LG Electronics is also the world's second largest television manufacturer behind Samsung Electronics. The company has 128 operations worldwide, employing 83,000 people.
2013 Israeli municipal elections
The 2013 Municipal elections in Israel were held on 22 October 2013. Turnout was low, with only 43% of those eligible voting, compared to 51% in 2008.

In Jerusalem, the incumbent Nir Barkat won re-election with 52% against challenger Moshe Lion, who gained 45%, as did Tel Aviv's Mayor, Ron Huldai, who won re-election against Member of the Knesset Nitzan Horowitz from the Meretz Party.

Nir Barkat
Nir Barkat (Hebrew: נִיר בַּרְקָת; born 19 October 1959) is an Israeli businessman and politician, currently serving as Minister of Economy. He previously served as mayor of Jerusalem from 2008 to 2018.