hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Iliad Glacier
Iliad Glacier (64°27′S 63°27′W﻿ / ﻿64.450°S 63.450°W﻿ / -64.450; -63.450) is a glacier flowing northeast from the central highlands of Anvers Island between the Achaean Range and the Trojan Range into Lapeyrere Bay, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was surveyed in 1955 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Homer's Iliad.

Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition
The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and the Antarctic Peninsula which took place in the 1955–56 and 1956–57 southern summers.

Funded by the Colonial Office and organized by Peter Mott, the survey was carried out by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.  The expedition was based at Deception Island and utilized the Oluf Sven, two Canso flying-boats, and several helicopters.

The photographic collection, held by the British Antarctic Survey as the United Kingdom Antarctic Mapping Centre, comprises about 12,800 frames taken on 26,700 kilometers of ground track.
James P. Kirkwood
James Pugh Kirkwood (27 March 1807 – 22 April 1877) was a 19th-century American civil engineer, and general superintendent of the Erie Railroad in the year 1849–1850. He left the Erie to go to the southwest to construct railroads, and he made the first survey for the Pacific Railroad (later the Missouri Pacific Railroad) west from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. The towns of Kirkwood, Missouri and Kirkwood, New York are named in his honor. He served as president of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) from 1867 to 1868.

Missouri Pacific Railroad
The Missouri Pacific Railroad (reporting mark MP), commonly abbreviated as MoPac, was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers. In 1967, the railroad operated 9,041 miles of road and 13,318 miles of track, not including DK&S, NO&LC, T&P, and its subsidiaries C&EI and Missouri-Illinois.

Union Pacific Corporation, the parent company of the Union Pacific Railroad, agreed to buy the Missouri Pacific Railroad on January 8, 1980. Lawsuits filed by competing railroads delayed approval of the merger until September 13, 1982. After the Supreme Court denied a trial to the Southern Pacific, the merger took effect on December 22, 1982. However, due to outstanding bonds of the Missouri Pacific, its full merger into the Union Pacific Railroad did not become official until January 1, 1997.
Kallikratis
Kallikratis (Greek: Καλλικράτης) is a small village belonging to the municipality of Sfakia, in southwest Crete, Greece.

According to tradition, it was named after the admiral (droungarios) Manoussos Kallikratis, who in March 1453 led a campaign to reinforce the defense of Constantinople with 5 ships and 1500 Cretan volunteers. As reported by Sphrantzes in his Chronicle, these volunteers manned three towers on the walls of Constantinople and continued to fight bravely even after the city had fallen. In recognition of their gallantry, sultan Mehmed allowed them to safely sail back to Crete, retaining their weapons.

Alexander Ypsilantis
Alexandros Ypsilantis (12 December 1792 – 31 January 1828) was a Greek nationalist politician who was member of a prominent Phanariot Greek family, a prince of the Danubian Principalities, a senior officer of the Imperial Russian cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars, and a leader of the Filiki Etaireia, a secret organization that coordinated the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.
Sharm Scheuerman
Milton "Sharm" Scheuerman (May 16, 1934 – August 30, 2010) was an American college basketball player and coach for the University of Iowa.

Scheuerman was born in Moline, Illinois, and grew up in Rock Island, one of the Quad Cities. He was born to Milton Scheuerman and Lois Anderson. He had one younger brother Thomas. After a strong high school basketball career at Rock Island High School, Scheuerman chose to play college basketball for coach Bucky O'Connor at Iowa. There, he was started for some of the most successful teams in program history, winning two Big Ten Conference titles and advancing to the national Final Four in 1955 and 1956. The starting unit for these teams were known as the "Fabulous Five" as they started as a unit from their sophomore to their senior seasons.

Rock Island High School
Rock Island High School, also known as "Rocky", is a public four-year high school located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. Rocky is within the Rock Island–Milan School District 41, and the school colors are crimson and gold. The school's principal is Patty Ulrich.
Direct School Admission
Direct School Admission (DSA) is a scheme in Singapore introduced in 2004 that allows students to be recognised for their strengths in specific talent areas, such as sports, performing arts, or leadership, alongside their academic performance. The scheme enabled students to secure early admission to schools of their choice. For students entering secondary school in 2005, the scheme was categorised as DSA-Secondary (DSA-Sec), primarily for those applying to the Integrated Programme (IP). In 2005, the Ministry of Education (MOE) extended the scheme to include students seeking direct admissions into junior college, categorising it as DSA-Junior College (DSA-JC).

A sub-category of DSA-Sec, known as the School-Based Excellence initiative, or informally the 'Niche Scheme', was also introduced. This initiative allowed schools to recognise students with aptitude in non-academic areas.

Nanyang Girls' High School
Nanyang Girls' High School (NYGH) is an independent girls' secondary school in Bukit Timah, Singapore. Founded in 1917, it is one of the oldest schools in the country. NYGH offers a six-year Integrated Programme, which allows students to skip the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations and proceed to take the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examinations at the end of Year 6. Students would study in NYGH from Years 1 through 4, before proceeding to the College section of Hwa Chong Institution in Years 5 and 6.
Sérgio (footballer, born 1970)
Sérgio Luís de Araújo, usually known as Sérgio (born 11 May 1970 in Kaloré, Paraná), is a Brazilian football player who played as goalkeeper. Sergio retired in 2013 after playing for Taboão da Serra.

He played for Palmeiras, Portuguesa and Vitória in the Campeonato Brasileiro.

Associação Portuguesa de Desportos
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, commonly referred to as Portuguesa or Lusa, is a Brazilian professional football club based in the district of Pari, São Paulo, that competes in the Campeonato Paulista, the top tier of the São Paulo state football league, and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D. It is part of a sports club, founded on 14 August 1920, by the Portuguese population of the city.
B2 1521+28
B2 1521+28 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation of Corona Borealis. The redshift of the galaxy is (z) 0.082 and it was first discovered as an astronomical radio source in 1967 by E.T. Olsen at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. In 1972, C. Hazard and D.L. Jauncey identified the source to be associated with an elliptical galaxy which is a member of the galaxy cluster ZW 1521.0+2835.

Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galaxies, heated gas, and dark matter. They are the biggest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe. They were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. Together, galaxy groups and clusters form superclusters.
Peggy Sonntag
Peggy Sonntag (born 13 January 1999) is a German Paralympic swimmer who competes in international level events. Her highest achievement is reaching two finals at the 2019 World Para Swimming Championships in London and reaching fourth place in the women's 50m freestyle S5 at the 2018 World Para Swimming European Championships in Dublin.

2018 World Para Swimming European Championships
The 2018 World Para Swimming European Championships, known for sponsorship reasons as the 2018 World Para Swimming Allianz European Championships took place in Dublin, Ireland from 13 to 19 August 2018. It was the 5th edition of the Championships, the first under the new World Para Swimming branding, and the first time Ireland had hosted. Ukraine topped the medal table for the fourth time in a row.

Formerly the IPC Swimming European Championships, this was the first edition of the championships since IPC undertook a rebrand of all sports for which they are the governing body, including the 'World Para' title for the committees running each sport. IPC Swimming was rebranded World Para Swimming in 2016; its first World Para Swimming Championships were held in 2017, and the European Championships followed suit in 2018.
Juscelino Filho
José Juscelino dos Santos Rezende Filho (born 6 November 1984) is a Brazilian physician and politician who had served as Minister of Communications in the cabinet of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva from 2023 to 2025. Affiliated with the Brazil Union party, he has served as a federal deputy for Maranhão since 2015.

Brazil Union
The Brazil Union (Portuguese: União Brasil, UNIÃO) is a liberal-conservative political party in Brazil. The party was founded on 6 October 2021 through the merger of the Democrats (DEM), thus tracing its lineage to ARENA, the governing party of Brazil’s military dictatorship, and the Social Liberal Party (PSL). The merger resulted in the biggest party in Brazil, and was approved by Brazil's Superior Electoral Court on 8 February 2022.

The party is generally split on opposition to Jair Bolsonaro and is most often in opposition to the policies of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, nominating Soraya Thronicke for president in 2022 Brazilian general election. In 2022, it was reported the party was in talks with the Progressistas to form the largest bloc in Congress. The formation of the alliance, the Progressive Union, was approved in April 2025, making the broader federation, the largest bloc in Congress.
Notre-Dame-des-Sept-Douleurs, Quebec
Notre-Dame-des-Sept-Douleurs (French pronunciation: [nɔtʁədam de sɛt dulœʁ], meaning "Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows") is an island municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Rivière-du-Loup Regional County Municipality. It is located on and contiguous with Île Verte (French for "Green Island") in the Estuary of St. Lawrence, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of Rivière-du-Loup. The name Île Verte was given in 1621 by Samuel de Champlain written "Isle Verte".

With a population of only 71 persons, Notre-Dame-des-Sept-Douleurs is one of the smallest municipalities in Canada. It is home to the oldest lighthouse in Quebec (built in 1809).

The main economic activities are fishing and tourism. Many fish smokehouses are present on the island. In addition to the oldest lighthouse in Quebec, its pastoral character, skeleton museum, many artists and heritage homes also attract tourists.

Estuary of St. Lawrence
The St. Lawrence River Estuary is an estuary at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It stretches 655 km from west to east, from the outlet of Lake Saint Pierre to Pointe-des-Monts, where it becomes the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in Quebec, Canada.

The estuary is divided into 3 parts: the fluvial estuary, the middle estuary and the maritime estuary.  The waters coming from the north shore of the St. Lawrence and Labrador come mainly from the Canadian Shield.

Among the deepest and largest estuaries in the world, the St. Lawrence maritime estuary extends nearly 250 km before it widens at Pointe-des-Monts into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This enclosed sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle-Isle.
Bowling at the 2017 SEA Games
The bowling competitions at the 2017 SEA Games in Kuala Lumpur were held at Sunway Mega Lanes in Selangor.

The 2017 Games will feature competitions in eleven events (men 5 events, women 5 events and mixed 1 events).

2017 SEA Games
The 2017 Southeast Asian Games (Malay: Sukan Asia Tenggara 2017), officially known as the 29th Southeast Asian Games, or the 29th SEA Games, and commonly known as Kuala Lumpur 2017, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event that took place from 19 to 30 August 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This was the sixth time that Malaysia hosted the Games and its first time since 2001. Previously, it had also hosted the 1965, 1971, 1977 and 1989 editions of the Games. The 2017 edition is most notable for being the first edition to include winter sports.

The Games were held from 19 to 30 August 2017, although several events had commenced from 14 August 2017. Around 4,646 athletes participated at the event, which featured 404 events in 38 sports. It was opened by the King of Malaysia, Muhammad V at the Bukit Jalil National Stadium.

Hosts Malaysia led the final medal tally, followed by Thailand and Vietnam. Several games and national records were broken during the games.
Diaziridine
A diaziridine is a heterocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms in a three-membered ring. Diaziridines can be considered as strained hydrazines. Unlike most amine types of structures, the nitrogen atoms of diaziridines are configurationally stable because the ring strain prevents Walden inversion. As a result, there can be various stereoisomeric forms of this structure.

They are usually synthesized by treating a carbonyl compound with an aminating reagent like hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid and either ammonia or a primary aliphatic amine under slightly basic conditions. The final step is based on the intramolecular cyclization of an aminal.

Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid
Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA) or aminosulfuric acid is the inorganic compound with molecular formula H3NO4S that is formed by the sulfonation of hydroxylamine with oleum.  It is a white, water-soluble and hygroscopic, solid, commonly represented by the condensed structural formula H2NOSO3H, though it actually exists as a zwitterion and thus is more accurately represented as +H3NOSO3−.  It is used as a reagent for the introduction of amine groups (–NH2), for the conversion of aldehydes into nitriles and alicyclic ketones into lactams (cyclic amides), and for the synthesis of variety of nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
Heinrich Stromer
Heinrich Stromer (c. 1476 – 1542) was a physician of the German Renaissance, professor  rector at the University of Leipzig and founder of  Auerbachs Keller.

Born in Auerbach in der Oberpfalz, he enrolled at Leipzig University in 1497, receiving the title of magister in 1501 and a professorship in philosophy as well as the office of rector in 1508.
He graduated in medicine in 1511, and was professor of pathology from 1516 and dean of the medical faculty from 1523. He was popularly known as Dr. Auerbach after his native town.

He married  Anna Hummelshain, daughter of a rich Leipzig patrician, in 1519. He built Auerbachs Hof during 1530–1538

Stromer was personal physician to several noblemen, including George, Duke of Saxony, Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg and Albert of Brandenburg.
During the Protestant Reformation he was in correspondence with Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchthon, Ulrich von Hutten and Erasmus von Rotterdam.

Albert of Brandenburg
Albert von Brandenburg (German: Albrecht von Brandenburg; 28 June 1490 – 24 September 1545) was a German cardinal, elector, Archbishop of Mainz from 1514 to 1545, and Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545.

Through his notorious sale of indulgences, he became the catalyst for Martin Luther's Reformation and its staunch opponent.
Juan José Roman
Juan José Román Mangas (born December 23, 1962) is a Spanish sprint canoer who competed from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. He won a complete set of medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (K-2 500 m: 1991), a silver (K-2 1000 m: 1991), and a bronze (K-2 500 m: 1993).

Román also competed in four Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fourth in the K-2 500 m event at Barcelona in 1992.

As of 2009, Román is President of the Royal Spanish Canoe Federation and organizing committee chair of the 2009 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships held in La Seu d'Urgell, Spain.

2009 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 2009 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held on 9–13 September 2009 at Parc Olímpic del Segre in La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 32nd edition. La Seu d'Urgell hosted the event previously in 1999. A demonstration event for women's single canoe (C1W) took place that was swept by Australia. Slovakia was the top medal winner with six, including three golds. Germany and Great Britain each won four medals with a gold medal each. Host nation Spain won their first medals ever at the championships with four (none gold).
Exclusive (TV series)
Exclusive  (Chinese: 独家追辑) is a 2008 Malaysian Chinese-language drama television series. It was co-produced by Double Vision and ntv7, and was broadcast every Monday to Thursday, at 9:45 pm on Malaysia's ntv7 channel.

12-hour clock
The 12-hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods: a.m. (from Latin ante meridiem, translating to "before midday") and p.m. (from Latin post meridiem, translating to "after midday"). Each period consists of 12 hours numbered: 12 (acting as 0), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The 12-hour clock has been developed since the second millennium BC and reached its modern form in the 16th century.

The 12-hour time convention is common in several English-speaking nations and former British colonies, as well as a few other countries. In English-speaking countries: "12 p.m." usually indicates noon, while "12 a.m." means midnight, but the reverse convention has also been used (see § Confusion at noon and midnight). "Noon" and "midnight" are unambiguous.
Strict-feedback form
In control theory, dynamical systems are in strict-feedback form when they can be expressed as

where

with ,

are scalars,

is a scalar input to the system,

vanish at the origin (i.e., ),

are nonzero over the domain of interest (i.e.,  for ).

Here, strict feedback refers to the fact that the nonlinear functions  and  in the  equation only depend on states  that are fed back to that subsystem. That is, the system has a kind of lower triangular form.

Origin (mathematics)
In mathematics, the origin of a Euclidean space is a special point, usually denoted by the letter O, used as a fixed point of reference for the geometry of the surrounding space.

In physical problems, the choice of origin is often arbitrary, meaning any choice of origin will ultimately give the same answer. This allows one to pick an origin point that makes the mathematics as simple as possible, often by taking advantage of some kind of geometric symmetry.
Ken Gray (American football)
Kenneth Don Gray (March 10, 1936 – November 25, 2017) was an American professional football player who was a guard for 13 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals and the Houston Oilers. He played college football for three seasons with the Howard Payne Yellow Jackets.

St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)
From 1960 to 1987, the professional American football team now known as the Arizona Cardinals played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Cardinals.

The team moved from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960, and played their first home game there on October 2 at Busch Stadium against the New York Giants. Their last home game in St. Louis, played at Busch Memorial Stadium on December 13, 1987, was also against the Giants. Their last game as a St. Louis–based club was on December 27, 1987, at the Dallas Cowboys.

During the Cardinals' 28 years in St. Louis, they advanced to the playoffs just four times (1964, 1974, 1975, and 1982), and never hosted a playoff game. Their only postseason win came in the 1964 Playoff Bowl.

Their winning percentage of .481 during their time in St. Louis—187 victories, 202 losses, and 13 ties—is better than those in the other two cities the Cardinals have called home.

The team moved to Tempe, Arizona, in 1988.
Moscow City Duma District 32
Moscow City Duma District 32 is one of 45 constituencies in Moscow City Duma. Currently the constituency covers outer parts of South-Western Moscow.

The district has been represented since 2024 by United Russia faction leader Aleksandr Semennikov, a six-term member, who was redistricted from District 34.

Moscow City Duma
55°45′52″N 37°37′02″E﻿ / ﻿55.764503°N 37.61722°E﻿ / 55.764503; 37.61722

The Moscow City Duma (Russian: Московская городская дума, romanized: Moskovskaya gorodskaya duma, commonly abbreviated to Мосгордума, Mosgorduma) is the regional parliament (city duma) of Moscow, a federal subject and the capital city of Russia. As Moscow is one of three federal cities, the city duma's legislation can only be overridden by the mayor and the federal government.
Hermas Deslauriers
Hermas Deslauriers (21 October 1879 – 28 May 1941) was a Canadian politician and physician. Delauriers served in the House of Commons of Canada, initially as one of the Laurier Liberals then as a Liberal member.

He was born in Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu, Quebec and became a physician as a career.

Deslauriers attended seminary in Sainte-Hyacinthe then studied at Université Laval.

He was first elected to Parliament at the St. Mary riding in the 1917 general election under the Laurier Liberals party banner. He was re-elected as a Liberal in 1921, and won successive terms in 1925, 1926, 1930, 1935 and 1940. Deslauriers died on 28 May 1941 before completing his term in the 19th Canadian Parliament.

1925 Canadian federal election
The 1925 Canadian federal election was held on October 29, 1925, to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 15th Parliament of Canada. The Conservative party took the most seats in the House of Commons, although not a majority. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberal Party was invited to form a minority government. Unlike the Conservative party, King's Liberals had the conditional support of the many Farmer/Progressive MPs. As a result, this is the only election in which the party that won the most seats did not get to form a government afterward.

The government fell the following year. Governor General Baron Byng of Vimy offered the Conservatives under Meighen a chance to form government. This too fell in short order. Byng's action in refusing King's request became the main issue of the 1926 election under the name "King–Byng Affair".