hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
CBC News: Country Canada
CBC News: Country Canada (until January 2006 titled Country Canada) was a Canadian television series broadcast on CBC Television.  It was produced by CBC Winnipeg, and profiled rural and country life in Canada.

Sandy Cushon was Country Canada's host between 1975 and 2000. In its final years it was hosted by Reg Sherren.

Country Canada began on February 20, 1955 as Country Calendar, and was also produced by CBWT.

On April 4, 2007, CBC announced the cancellation of Country Canada at the end of that season, after 54 years. The last broadcast was Sept. 16, 2007.

In 2001, the CBC and Corus Entertainment launched a digital television channel fashioned after Country Canada. Now the service is called Cottage Life and is owned by Blue Ant Media. Programming on the channel includes the long-running British soap opera Emmerdale.

Blue Ant Media
Blue Ant Media Corporation is a Canadian multinational media company founded in 2011 by former Alliance Atlantis executive Michael MacMillan. Headquartered in Toronto, it has offices in Los Angeles, New York, Miami, Sydney, Halifax, and Ottawa.

The company has interests in domestic and international television production, broadcasting (including multiple Canadian specialty channels), streaming, and publishing, with most of its properties being focused primarily on factual content.

Blue Ant Media has expanded primarily via acquisitions, with its earliest investments including Glassbox Television and High Fidelity HDTV. In 2025, it acquired Boat Rocker Media (excluding the Boat Rocker divisions) and went public as part of a reverse takeover.
Barfabad-e Sofla
Barfabad-e Sofla (Persian: برف ابادسفلي, also Romanized as Barfābād-e Soflá) is a village in Howmeh-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 101, in 20 families.

Eslamabad-e Gharb County
Eslamabad-e Gharb County (Persian: شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب) or Shahabad- Ghrb County (Persian: شهرستان شاه‌آباد غرب) is in Kermanshah Province, Iran, part of what is unofficially referred to as Iranian Kurdistan. Its capital is the city of Eslamabad-e Gharb.
Chinese Pidgin English
Chinese Pidgin English (Cantonese: 廣東番話) (also called Chinese Coastal English, Pigeon English, or Chinese Coast Pidgin) was a pidgin language lexically based on English, but influenced by a Chinese substratum. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, there was also Chinese Pidgin English spoken in Cantonese-speaking portions of China. Chinese Pidgin English is heavily influenced by a number of varieties of Chinese with variants arising among different provinces (for example in Shanghai and Ningbo).

Lexicon
A lexicon (pl. lexicons, rarely lexica) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).  In linguistics, a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes. The word lexicon derives from Greek word λεξικόν (lexikon), neuter of λεξικός (lexikos) meaning 'of or for words'.

Linguistic theories generally regard human languages as consisting of two parts: a lexicon, essentially a catalogue of a language's words (its wordstock); and a grammar, a system of rules which allow for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. The lexicon is also thought to include bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone as words (such as most affixes). In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions, collocations and other phrasemes are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries are lists of the lexicon, in alphabetical order, of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included.
Charles Nesson
Charles Rothwell Nesson (born February 11, 1939) is an American legal scholar. He is the William F. Weld Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and the founder of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society and of the Global Poker Strategic Thinking Society. He is the author of Evidence, with Murray and Green, and has participated in several cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, including the landmark case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals.

In 1971, Nesson defended Daniel Ellsberg in the Pentagon Papers case. He was co-counsel for the plaintiffs in the case against W. R. Grace and Company that was made into the book A Civil Action, which was, in turn, made into the film of the same name. Nesson's nickname in the book, Billion-Dollar Charlie, was given to him by Mark Phillips, who worked with him on the W.R. Grace case.

As of 2011, Nesson was currently "interested in advancing justice in Jamaica, the evolution of the Internet, as well as [the United States'] national drug policy."

A Civil Action
A Civil Action is a 1995 non-fiction book by Jonathan Harr about a water contamination case in Woburn, Massachusetts, in the 1980s.  The book became a best-seller. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award for nonfiction.

It is based on the case of Anderson v. Cryovac. The first reported decision in the case is at 96 F.R.D. 431 (denial of defendants' motion to dismiss).

A 1998 film of the same name, starring John Travolta as plaintiff's lawyer Jan Schlichtmann and Robert Duvall as Beatrice Foods attorney Jerome Facher, was based on the book.
Erdős–Moser equation
In number theory, the Erdős–Moser equation is

where m and k are restricted to the positive integers—that is, it is considered as a Diophantine equation.  The only known solution is 11 + 21 = 31, and Paul Erdős conjectured that no further solutions exist. Any further solutions must have m > 10109.

Throughout this article, p refers exclusively to prime numbers.

Leo Moser
Leo Moser (11 April 1921, Vienna – 9 February 1970, Edmonton) was an Austrian-Canadian mathematician, best known for his polygon notation.

A native of Vienna, Leo Moser immigrated with his parents to Canada at the age of three. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Manitoba in 1943, and a Master of Science from the University of Toronto in 1945. After two years of teaching he went to the University of North Carolina to complete a PhD, supervised by Alfred Brauer. There, in 1950, he began suffering recurrent heart problems.  He took a position at Texas Technical College for one year, and joined the faculty of the University of Alberta in 1951, where he remained until his death at the age of 48.

In 1966, Moser posed the question "What is the region of smallest area which will accommodate every planar arc of length one?"  Rephrased to consider the planar arc a "worm", this became known as Moser's worm problem and as of 2024 remains an open problem.
1812 in birding and ornithology
Academy of Natural Sciences founded in Philadelphia. It  is the first natural science research institution and museum in the New World.

Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring describes Ornithocephalus antiquus now known as Pterodactylus.The animal was described as being both a mammal, a bat, and a form in between mammals and birds. George Cuvier and provided a lengthy description in which he restated his previous view that the fossil animal was a reptile.

Ongoing events

George Shaw General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History (1809-1826) Species described in this work in 1812 include blue-tufted starthroat, red-tailed comet, greater vasa parrot, copper sunbird,  glittering-bellied emerald and purple-banded sunbird.

Alexander Wilson Ornithology of America (1808–1814) Species described in this work in 1812  include fish crow, whip-poor-will and Connecticut warbler

Red-tailed comet
The red-tailed comet (Sappho sparganurus) is a medium-sized hummingbird belonging to tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae, the "coquettes". It is found in Argentina and Bolivia and possibly Chile and Peru.
Joe Lane (Arizona politician)
Joseph James Lane III (August 3, 1935 – March 6, 2014) was an American politician.

Lane was born in Roswell, New Mexico. In 1940, he moved to Arizona where his grandfather has his ranch O Bar O Ranch near Willcox, Arizona, in Bonita, Arizona. Lane went to elementary school in Willcox, Arizona and to the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell, New Mexico. He received his bachelor's degree in agriculture from the University of Arizona. Lane served in the United States Army, from 1957 until 1960, and was commissioned a first lieutenant. Lane owned cattle ranches in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona. He served in the Arizona House of Representatives, as a Republican, from 1979 to 1989 and was speaker from 1987 to 1989. He died in Tucson, Arizona from Parkinson's disease.

Arizona House of Representatives
The Arizona House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arizona Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. The upper house is the Senate. The House convenes in the legislative chambers at the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix. Its members are elected to two-year terms, with a term limit of four consecutive terms (eight years). Each of the state's 30 legislative districts elects two state house representatives and one state senator, with each district having a population of at least 203,000.

The last election occurred on November 5, 2024, with the Republican Party securing a majority in the House.
Strange Phenomena (song)
"Strange Phenomena" is a song written and recorded by English musician Kate Bush. It was released as a single only in Brazil in June 1979, and was the fifth and final single from her debut album, The Kick Inside (1978).

"Strange Phenomena" speaks about déjà vu, synchronicity and how coincidences sometimes cluster together in seemingly meaningful ways. It has been described as "a frank paean to menstruation" by The Guardian.

This, and a number of other early Brazilian singles, were pressed at 33.3 rpm. Brazil is one of few countries that released singles at this speed, along with Argentina.

The Kick Inside
The Kick Inside is the debut studio album by the English singer-songwriter Kate Bush. Released on 17 February 1978 by EMI Records, it includes her UK No. 1 hit, "Wuthering Heights". The album peaked at No. 3 on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Several progressive rock musicians were involved in the album including Duncan Mackay, Ian Bairnson, David Paton, Andrew Powell, and Stuart Elliott of the Alan Parsons Project and David Gilmour of Pink Floyd.
Penn Tower
First National Bank Building commonly referred to as Penn Tower is a low-rise commercial building located in downtown Williamsport, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1913 and at the time it was the tallest in the city.

Downtown
Downtown is a term primarily used in American and Canadian English to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business district (CBD). It may also be a center for shopping and entertainment. Downtowns typically contain a small percentage of a city's employment but are concentrated in services, including high-end services (office or white-collar jobs). Sometimes, smaller downtowns include lower population densities and lower incomes than nearby suburbs. It is often distinguished as a hub of public transit and culture.
Assumption of the Virgin with Saint John the Baptist and Saint Catherine of Alexandria
Assumption of the Virgin with Saint John the Baptist and Saint Catherine of Alexandria is an oil-on-panel painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Fra Bartolomeo, created c. 1516, commissioned by the church of Santa Maria in Castello in Prato. To the left of the Virgin's tomb is John the Baptist, whilst to the right is Catherine of Alexandria. It is now in the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples.

It was confiscated from San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome in 1800 and acquired by Domenico Venuti for the Bourbon collection.

San Luigi dei Francesi
The Church of St. Louis of the French (Italian: San Luigi dei Francesi, French: Saint Louis des Français, Latin: S. Ludovici Francorum de Urbe) is a Catholic church near Piazza Navona in Rome. The church is dedicated to the patron saints of France:  Virgin Mary, Denis of Paris, and King Louis IX of France.

The church was designed by Giacomo della Porta and built by Domenico Fontana between 1518 and 1589, and completed through the personal intervention of Catherine de' Medici, who donated to it some property in the area. It is the national church in Rome of France. It is also a titular church.
Sujata Madhok
Sujata Madhok is an Indian activist and developmental journalist specializing in women's issues. She started her career at the Democratic World Weekly. She also worked for the Youth Times,  the Children's Book Trust, and The Statesman. She then moved on to the Hindustan Times.

Children's Book Trust
Children's Book Trust (CBT) is an Indian children and young adult book publisher.  It was founded by cartoonist K. Shankar Pillai, popularly known as Shankar, in 1957 and was inaugurated by the President of India Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. It is housed in Nehru House along with the Shankar's International Dolls Museum. Today, CBT comprises the Shankar's International Dolls Museum, the Dolls Designing and Production Center, Dr. B.C. Roy Memorial Children's Library and Reading Room and Library, and the Indraprastha Press.
Investigator Group Conservation Park
Investigator Group Conservation Park was a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on islands within the Investigator Group of islands off the west coast of Eyre Peninsula about 562 kilometres (349 mi) north-west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south-west of the town of Elliston.

Eyre Peninsula
The Eyre Peninsula is a triangular peninsula in South Australia. It is bounded by the Spencer Gulf on the east, the Great Australian Bight on the west, and the Gawler Ranges to the north.

Earlier called Eyre's Peninsula, it was named after explorer Edward John Eyre, who explored parts of the peninsula in 1839–41. The coastline was first charted by the expeditions of Matthew Flinders in 1801–02 and French explorer Nicolas Baudin around the same time. Flinders also named the nearby Yorke's Peninsula and Spencer's Gulph on the same voyage.

The peninsula's economy is primarily agricultural, with growing aquaculture, mining, and tourism sectors. The main towns are Port Lincoln in the south, Whyalla and Port Augusta in the northeast, and Ceduna in the northwest. Port Lincoln (Galinyala in Barngarla), Whyalla and Port Augusta (Goordnada) are part of the Barngarla Aboriginal country.: 230  Ceduna is within Wirangu country.
Margaret Burnham Geddes
Margaret Burnham Geddes (née Kelly; September 26, 1907 – February 18, 1995) was an American architect, urban planner, and activist who worked in Providence, Rhode Island. She designed several early modernist houses in southern New England with partner J. Peter Geddes and worked as a planner for the Providence Redevelopment Agency.

College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island
College Hill is a historic neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island, and one of six neighborhoods comprising the city's East Side. It is roughly bounded by South and North Main Street to the west, Power Street to the south, Governor Street and Arlington Avenue to the east and Olney Street to the north. The neighborhood's primary commercial area extends along Thayer Street, a strip frequented by students in the Providence area.

College Hill is the most affluent neighborhood in Providence, with a median family income of nearly three times that of the whole city.

Portions of College Hill are designated local and national historic districts for their historical residential architecture. In 2011, the American Planning Association designated the neighborhood one of the "Great Places in America".
Richard Lee I
Richard Lee I (c. 1618 – 1 March 1664) was an English-born merchant, planter and politician who was the first member of the Lee family to live in America. Poor when he arrived in the colony of Virginia in 1639, Lee may have been both the colony's wealthiest inhabitant and as its largest landholder by the time of his death, owning 15,000 acres (23 sq mi) in Virginia and Maryland. In addition to holding several important government and military posts, he became a merchant, planter and politician and served a term in the House of Burgesses. He managed to negotiate several major political upheavals for his economic gain.

Mount Pleasant (Hague, Virginia)
Mount Pleasant is a historic home located at Hague, Westmoreland County, Virginia. It was built in 1887.

Mount Pleasant is a three-story, Queen Anne style frame dwelling.  It features a wraparound porch with turned posts and sawn brackets, four brick chimneys, and a central projecting tower with a pyramidal roof.  Also on the property are a contributing smokehouse, a carriage barn, and a well house.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
Anjunabeats Volume 9
Anjunabeats Volume 9 is the ninth instalment in the Anjunabeats Volume compilation series mixed and compiled by British trance group Above & Beyond. It was released in the United Kingdom on 13 November 2011 by Anjunabeats.

Anjunabeats
Anjunabeats (/ænˈdʒuːnəˌbiːts/, an-JOO-nə-beets) is a British record label started in 2000 by producers Jonathan "Jono" Grant and Paavo Siljamäki of Above & Beyond. Initially, Anjunabeats was only a trance music label, and it started releasing trance-edged house in 2011. The name Anjuna comes from the name of a beach in Goa, India.
Aquacidia
Aquacidia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ectolechiaceae. It has three species, which occur in Europe and North America.  Lichens in this genus can form thalli that cover vast areas of substrate. For example, in Holland, the lichens can form large colonies in sheltered rock crevices between boulders in dikes.

Xanthone
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O2. It is a white solid.

In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide.  Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. It can also be used as a photocatalyst.
Penkiv
Penkiv (Ukrainian: Пеньків) is a village in Kostopil urban hromada, Rivne Raion, Rivne Oblast, Ukraine, but was formerly administered within Kostopil Raion. As of the year 2001, the community had 292 residents. Postal code: 35020.

Rivne Raion
Rivne Raion (Ukrainian: Рівненський район) is a raion in Rivne Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Rivne. Population: 625,543 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Rivne Oblast was reduced to four, and the area of Rivne Raion was significantly expanded.  The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 92,981 (2020 est.).
Lena Oberdorf
Lena Sophie Oberdorf (born 19 December 2001) is a German professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and the Germany national team. A versatile player who can play in various positions ranging from centre-back, left-back, defensive midfielder, and central midfielder, Oberdorf is considered one of the most promising young talents in women's football.

UEFA Women's Championship
The UEFA European Women's Championship, also called the UEFA Women's Euro, is the main competition in women's association football between national teams of the UEFA confederation. It is held every four years, one year after the men's. It was first held in 1984. The reigning champions are England, who won the tournament in 2022 and 2025. The most successful nation in the history of the tournament is Germany, with eight titles.
Chemorepulsion
Chemorepulsion is the directional movement of a cell away from a substance. Of the two directional varieties of chemotaxis, chemoattraction has been studied to a much greater extent. Only recently have the key components of the chemorepulsive pathway been elucidated. The exact mechanism is still being investigated, and its constituents are currently being explored as likely candidates for immunotherapies.

Stromal cell-derived factor 1
The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), is a chemokine protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL12 gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. Stromal cell-derived factors 1-alpha and 1-beta are small cytokines that belong to the chemokine family, members of which activate leukocytes and are often induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, TNF, or IL1. The chemokines are characterized by the presence of 4 conserved cysteines that form 2 disulfide bonds. They can be classified into 2 subfamilies. In the CC subfamily, the cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. In the CXC subfamily, they are separated by an intervening amino acid. The SDF1 proteins belong to the latter group. CXCL12 signaling has been observed in several cancers. The CXCL12 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Alexandre Yersin
Alexandre Émile John Yersin (22 September 1863 – 1 March 1943) was a Swiss-French physician and bacteriologist. He is remembered for his work as a pioneer in microbiology and immunology. Yersin is the co-discoverer of both the Diphtheria and Tetanus toxins (1890 with Émile Roux) and of the bacillus responsible for the bubonic plague or pest (1894, with Kitasato Shibasaburō). The bacteria was later named in his honour: Yersinia pestis. Yersin also demonstrated for the first time that the same bacillus was present in the rodent as well as in the human disease, thus underlining the possible means of transmission.

Bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology— a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing. Alongside human and animal healthcare providers, they may carry out various functions as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, pathologists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals. Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use as well as public health guidelines for restaurants and businesses.
Linux Kodachi
Linux Kodachi is a derivative of Ubuntu 18.04.6 focused on computer security, countering forensics and enabling anonymous browsing with minimized command-line usage designed by Warith Al Maawali. It is a Live distribution and can be operated directly from a USB drive or DVD, but can be installed on any compatible drive if needed.

Tor (network)
Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well as by millions of users who route their internet traffic via random paths through these relays. This technique is called onion routing.

Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's internet activity by preventing any single point on the internet (other than the user's device) from being able to view both where traffic originated from and where it is ultimately going to at the same time. This conceals a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or traffic analysis from any such point, protecting the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially.