hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Estelle Freedman
Estelle B. Freedman (born 1947) is an American historian.  She is the Edgar E. Robinson Professor Emerita in U.S. History at Stanford University  She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Barnard College in 1969 and her Master of Arts (1972) and PhD (1976) in history from Columbia University.  She has taught at Stanford University since 1976 and is a co-founder of the Program in Feminist Studies.  Her research has explored the history of women and social reform, including feminism and women's prison reform, as well as the history of sexuality, including the history of sexual violence.

Prison reform
Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, improve the effectiveness of a penal system, reduce recidivism or implement alternatives to incarceration. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes.

In modern times, the idea of making living spaces safe and clean has extended from the civilian population to include prisons, based on ethical grounds. It is recognized that unsafe and unsanitary prisons violate constitutional prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. In recent times prison reform ideas include greater access to legal counsel and family, conjugal visits, proactive security against violence, and implementing house arrest with assistive technology.
Michele Aboro
Michele Aboro (born 17 July 1967) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1995 to 2001. She retired an undefeated world champion, having held the WIBF super-bantamweight title from 2000 to 2001.

Michele Aboro, along with her countrywoman Michelle Sutcliffe and German Regina Halmich, became an important figure in European women's boxing, helping raise awareness about female participation in a traditionally male sport.

She was inducted into the International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame in 2020.

Women's boxing
Although women have participated in boxing for almost as long as the sport has existed, female fights have been effectively outlawed for most of boxing's history until recently, with athletic commissioners refusing to sanction or issue licenses to women boxers, and most nations officially banning the sport. Reports of women entering the ring go back to the 18th century.
Color clock
The color clock, or color timer, is a part of the video circuitry of computer graphics hardware that works with analog color television systems. The clock is timed to match the timing of the color standard it works with, typically NTSC or PAL, ensuring that the data being read from the computer memory to create the image on-screen is in sync with the display. Depending on the speed of the color clock, the product of the resolution and number of colors is defined. Slow color clocks of many early games consoles and home computers resulted in limited color palettes at the highest resolutions.

Palette (computing)
In computer graphics, a palette is the set of available colors from which an image can be made.  In some systems, the palette is fixed by the hardware design, and in others it is dynamic, typically implemented via a color lookup table (CLUT), a correspondence table in which selected colors from a certain color space's color reproduction range are assigned an index, by which they can be referenced. By referencing the colors via an index, which takes less information than needed to describe the actual colors in the color space, this technique aims to reduce data usage, including processing, transfer bandwidth, RAM usage, and storage. Images in which colors are indicated by references to a CLUT are called indexed color images.
25D/Neujmin
25D/Neujmin, otherwise known as Comet Neujmin 2, is a periodic comet in the Solar System discovered by Grigory N. Neujmin (Simeis) on February 24, 1916. It was last observed on February 10, 1927.

It was confirmed by George Van Biesbroeck (Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin, United States) and Frank Watson Dyson (Greenwich Observatory, England) on March 1.

A prediction by Andrew Crommelin (Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England) for 1921 was considered unfavourable and no observations were made. The comet was recovered in 1926. Searches in 1932 and 1937 were unsuccessful.

Consequently, this comet has remained a lost comet since 1927. As of 2019 and using the JPL Horizons nominal orbit, the comet is still expected to come to perihelion around 1.3 AU (190 million km) from the Sun.

George Van Biesbroeck
George A. Van Biesbroeck (or Georges-Achille Van Biesbroeck, /vænˈbiːzbrʊk/, January 21, 1880 – February 23, 1974) was a Belgian–American astronomer. He worked at observatories in Belgium, Germany and the United States. He specialized in the observation of double stars, asteroids and comets. He is notable for his long career as an observational astronomer.
Vimalananda
Vimalananda (also called Khagen Maharaj) (1872–1908) was an Indian spiritual writer who was one of the monastic disciples of Vivekananda and an early monk of the Ramakrishna Order. He was involved in the publication of Prabuddha Bharata. He was actively involved in running day-to-day operations of the Advaita Ashrama at Mayavati during the early days of the Ashrama. He also inaugurated the Ramakrishna Math at Ulsoor in Bangalore in 1906. He died in 1908 at the Mayavati Ashrama.

Prabuddha Bharata
Prabuddha Bharata Or Awakened India is an English-language monthly journal of the Ramakrishna Order, in publication since July 1896. It carries articles and translations by monks, scholars, and other writers on humanities and social sciences including religious, psychological, historical, and cultural themes. It has a section of book reviews where important publications from university presses from around the world are reviewed. It is edited from Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, Uttarakhand, and published and printed in Kolkata.
Prabuddha Bharata is India's longest running English journal.
Diocese of Whitehorse
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse (Latin: Dioecesis Equialbensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church that includes Yukon and the northern portion of British Columbia north of latitude 57 degrees.

As of 2003, the diocese contains 23 parishes, 4 active diocesan priests, 9 religious priests, and 9,000 Catholics.  It also has 8 women religious, 10 religious brothers, and 1 permanent deacon. The Diocese of Whitehorse is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Grouard-McLennan.

Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)
A metropolis, metropolitanate or metropolitan diocese is an episcopal see whose bishop is the metropolitan bishop or archbishop of an ecclesiastical province. Metropolises, historically, have been important cities in their provinces.
Counties 5 Kent
Counties 5 Kent (formerly Kent 3) is an English Rugby Union league that is the lowest RFU league for clubs in south-east London and Kent. Promoted teams go up to Counties 4 Kent and relegation is to the Kent RFU merit leagues.

Dwindling numbers of teams meant that Kent 3 folded at the end of the 2007–08 season, with all sides automatically promoted to what was then Kent 2. However, following a 15 year hiatus, and after the RFU's Adult Competition Review in 2022 - and the decision by Kent Rugby to allow reserve teams to participate in county leagues - from season 2023–24 it was resurrected and adopted its current name Counties 5 Kent.

Beckenham RFC
Beckenham Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club in Beckenham in South East London. The club was founded in 1894.

The men's first XV competes in Regional 2 South East – a league at the sixth tier of the English rugby union system – after gaining promotion as winners of the London 2 South East at the end of the 2021–22 season.

The Ladies first XV competes in the Women's Championship South 1 – a league at the second tier of the Women's English rugby union system after winning their league and promotion in the 2021–22 season. The Ladies 2nd XV competes in the Women's Challenge 2 South East (Central) league for the 2022–23 season.

The club has a thriving mini and youth section with teams for boys and girls from age 3 to U18 with over 700 young players.
Henry Lavender Adolphus Culmer
Henry Lavender Adolphus Culmer, sometimes referred to as Harry Culmer or Henry L. A. Culmer (25 March 1854, Davington, England - 10 February 1914, Salt Lake City) was a painter/scientist, illustrator, and educator.

L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library
The L. Tom Perry Special Collections is the special collections department of Brigham Young University (BYU)'s Harold B. Lee Library in Provo, Utah. Founded in 1957 with 1,000 books and 50 manuscript collections, as of 2016 the Library's special collections contained over 300,000 books, 11,000 manuscript collections, and over 2.5 million photographs, among many other rare and unique research materials. Since its inception, the special collections have been housed in numerous places including the crawl space of a university building and a wholesale grocery warehouse. Since 2016, the special collections have been located on the first floor of the Harold B. Lee Library and is considered to hold "the finest collection of rare books in the Intermountain West and the second finest Mormon collection in existence".
Alexandria Mediterranean Countries Film Festival
The Alexandria Mediterranean Countries Film Festival (AMCFF) is an annual film festival in Alexandria, Egypt. Founded in 1979, and originally run in September. The festival is one of few international festivals that has been focused on the film industry of the Mediterranean area. The festival is organized by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics (EAFWC).

The AMCFF aims to broaden film culture and strengthen the relationship between filmmakers throughout the world, with special attention given to Mediterranean countries. The festival regularly draws tens of thousands of visitors each year.

Film industry
The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking, i.e., film production companies, film studios, cinematography, animation, film production, screenwriting, pre-production, post-production, film festivals, distribution, and actors. Though the expense involved in making film almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies, advances in affordable filmmaking equipment, as well as an expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself, have allowed independent film production to evolve.

In 2019, the global box office was worth $42.2 billion. When including box office and home entertainment revenue, the global film industry was worth $136 billion in 2018. Hollywood is the world's oldest national film industry, and largest in terms of box-office gross revenue.
Fegen (locality)
Fegen (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈfêːɡɛn]) is a locality situated in Falkenberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 235 inhabitants in 2015. The village is located at the south shore of lake Fegen, close to the nature reserve Fegen. The country road 153, from Varberg to Värnamo, goes through the village.

The area around the village is dominated by forests, partly marshy and lakes.

Varberg
Varberg (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈvɑ̂ːrbærj])  is a locality and the seat of Varberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 35,782 inhabitants in 2019.

Varberg and all of Halland are well known for their "typical west coast" sandy beaches.  In Varberg the coast changes from wide sandy beaches to rocky terrain that continues north into the Bohuslän archipelago and as far as the North Cape. Varberg is ranked as one of Sweden’s most beautiful cities.
Stack machine
In computer science, computer engineering and programming language implementations, a stack machine is a computer processor or a process virtual machine in which the primary interaction is moving short-lived temporary values to and from a push-down stack. In the case of a hardware processor, a hardware stack is used. The use of a stack significantly reduces the required number of processor registers. Stack machines extend push-down automata with additional load/store operations or multiple stacks and hence are Turing-complete.

Rockwell Collins
Rockwell Collins, Inc. was a multinational corporation headquartered in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, providing avionics and information technology systems and services to government agencies and aircraft manufacturers. It was formed when the Collins Radio Company, facing financial difficulties, was purchased by Rockwell International in 1973. In 2001, the avionics division of Rockwell International was spun off to form the current Rockwell Collins, Inc., retaining its name.

It was acquired by United Technologies Corporation on November 27, 2018, and since then operates as part of Collins Aerospace, a subsidiary of the RTX Corporation (formerly Raytheon Technologies).
2011 Fed Cup World Group play-offs
The World Group play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group first round and the winning nations of the World Group II. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2012 World Group, while losing nations joined the 2012 World Group II.

2012 Fed Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Fed Cup competition in 2012. Eight nations competed in a three-round knockout competition. Czech Republic was the defending champion, and they successfully defended their title by defeating first-time finalists Serbia in the final.
Gebbie
Gebbie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bert Gebbie (born 1934), Scottish former professional footballer

Edene Gebbie (born 1995), Papua New Guinean rugby league footballer

Frederick Gebbie (1871–1939), British civil engineer

George Gebbie (1832–1892), Scottish American publisher

Katharine Gebbie (1932–2016), American astrophysicist and civil servant

Kristine Gebbie (born 1943), American academic and public health official

Luke Gebbie (born 1996), Filipino Olympic swimmer

Melinda Gebbie, American writer

Oswald Gebbie (1878–1956), Argentine rugby union footballer

Katharine Blodgett Gebbie
Katharine Blodgett Gebbie (July 4, 1932 – August 17, 2016) was an American astrophysicist and civil servant. She was the founding director of the Physical Measurement Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and of its two immediate predecessors, the Physics Laboratory and the Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, both for which she was the only Director. During her 22 years of management of these institutions, four of its scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2015, the NIST Katharine Blodgett Gebbie Laboratory Building in Boulder, Colorado was named in her honor.
Jan Arild Ellingsen
Jan Arild Ellingsen (born 9 October 1958 in Oslo) is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 2001, and has been re-elected on one occasion. Ellingsen is currently the Progress Party's spokesperson on matters relating to justice and crime. In 2005 Ellingsen accepted an Iraqi death sentence over a Norwegian Iraqi, drawing a sharp rebuke from fellow Progress Party MP André Kvakkestad.

In 2016, Ellingsen applauded the establishment of Soldiers of Odin, an anti immigration group, saying they should be "praised". Government and party leaders quickly distanced themselves from his comments, stating public security to be the responsibility of the police.

Ellingsen was a member of the municipal council of Saltdal Municipality from 1991 to 2003. From 1995 to 2001 he was also a member of Nordland county council.

Saltdal Municipality
Saltdal (Northern Sami: Sálát) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Salten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Rognan. Other villages in Saltdal include Røkland, Lønsdal, Langset, and Saksenvika.

The 2,216-square-kilometre (856 sq mi) municipality is the 26th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Saltdal Municipality is the 186th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,880. The municipality's population density is 2.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.7/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.1% over the previous 10-year period.
Women's Image Network Awards
Women's Image Network (WIN) is an organization that creates, applauds and shares women's stories. Since 1993, Women's Image Network has been promoting gender parity by producing The Women's Image Awards, which celebrate outstanding film and television that dispels stereotypes. The Women's Image Awards are produced just before the Hollywood awards season.

WIN was founded in 1993 by actress, writer and filmmaker Phyllis Stuart.

Alexis Martin Woodall
Alexis Martin Woodall (born June 30, 1980) is an American producer, executive producer and the president of Ryan Murphy Productions. Woodall has won three Primetime Emmy Awards for her producing work on The Normal Heart, American Crime Story: The People V. O.J. Simpson and American Crime Story: The Assassination of Gianni Versace. She has also won two Golden Globe Awards for executive producing The People V. O.J. Simpson and The Assassination of Gianni Versace.
James McDonald (Victorian Labor politician)
James McDonald (13 August 1889 – 11 January 1938) was an Australian politician.

Born in Wallan, Victoria, to storekeeper John Roderick McDonald and Marion Frances Menere, he grew up in Wallan and farmed in the Kyneton-Woodend area dating back to 1910. During World War I, he served for two years with the Australian Imperial Force, during which time he was seriously wounded; after his return, he became president of the Woodend Returned and Services League. In August 1923, he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in a by-election for the seat of Daylesford, representing the Labor Party, but in September, he was defeated in a recount. At the 1924 state election, he won the seat again, but it was abolished in 1927 and McDonald tried but failed to win Mildura. From 1929 on, he lived in Adelaide, where he died after a long period of poor health in 1938.

Kyneton
Kyneton (/ˈkaɪntən/ KYNE-tən) is a town in the Macedon Ranges region of central Victoria, Australia.  The Calder Freeway bypasses Kyneton to the north and east.

The town has three main streets: Mollison Street, Piper Street and High Street. Piper Street has the oldest streetscape of these, and still has many of its original buildings.  The railway station, about 86 kilometres (53 mi) from Melbourne on the Deniliquin railway line, is a terminus for two weekday peak-hour trains.  The town is the council seat of the Shire of Macedon Ranges.  At the 2021 census, Kyneton recorded a population of 7,513.
Hüttenbrennen
Hüttenbrennen (lit. "hut burning"), sometimes also referred to as Burgbrennen (lit. "castle burning"), is an old-fashioned bonfire custom in many part of the Eifel mountains in Germany. It is celebrated every year on "Straw Sunday" (German: Schafssonntag,  Moselle Franconian: Schoof-, Schoofs-, Schöf-, Schoaf-, Schaufs-, Scheifsunndich or Scheefsunndich, where Scheef means "truss of straw"), the first Sunday after Shrove Tuesday (Carnival Day or Fastnacht), also observed as Funkensonntag.

Eifel
The Eifel (German: [ˈaɪfl̩] ⓘ; Luxembourgish: Äifel, pronounced [ˈæːɪ̯fəl]) is a low mountain range in western Germany, eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. It occupies parts of southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate and the southern area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

The Eifel is part of the Rhenish Massif; within its northern portions lies the Eifel National Park. The Eifelian stage in geological history is named after the region because rocks of that period reach the surface in the Eifel at the Wetteldorf Richtschnitt outcrop.

The inhabitants of the Eifel are known as Eiflers or Eifelers.
Dalby, Isle of Man
Dalby (Manx: Delbee) is a small hamlet on the Isle of Man, near the western coast. It lies on the A27 Port Erin to Peel road, five miles south of Peel, in the parish of Patrick.

The hamlet looks out towards the Irish Sea from the western side of Dalby Mountain. The Raad ny Foillan long distance coastal footpath runs through Dalby.

Prior to its closure in 2007, the hamlet had a public house called the Ballacallin Hotel which was known for its views of the sunset over Niarbyl. The hotel later went up in flames on 9 February 2021 and was subsequently demolished. Niarbyl is home to a cafe and visitor centre, as well as some traditional Manx cottages. It can be accessed by car, with parking available at the cafe.

During World War II, a radar station was located at Dalby. The radar station consisted of a number of bunkers, still visible in the fields between Dalby and Niarbyl and now part of local farm land.

Long-distance trail
A long-distance trail (or long-distance footpath, way, greenway) is a longer recreational trail mainly through rural areas used for hiking, backpacking, cycling, equestrianism or cross-country skiing. They exist on all continents except Antarctica.

Many trails are marked on maps. Typically, a long-distance route will be at least 50 km (30 mi) long, but many run for several hundred miles, or longer.

Many routes are waymarked and may cross public or private land and/or follow existing rights of way. Generally, the surface is not specially prepared, and the ground can be rough and uneven in areas, except in places such as converted rail tracks or popular walking routes where stone-pitching and slabs have been laid to prevent erosion. In some places, official trails will have the surface specially prepared to make the going easier.
Niva (river)
The Niva (Russian: Нива, Northern Sami: Njavejohka) is a river in the Murmansk Oblast in Russia. It is 36 kilometres (22 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 12,830 square kilometres (4,950 sq mi). The Niva flows out of the Lake Imandra and into the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea. The town of Kandalaksha is located in the estuary of the Niva.

Its maximum depth is 24 feet (7.3 m).

Between 1936 and 1954 three hydroelectric power stations were built on the Niva. Total capacity is 240 MW and annual power production 1390 GWh.

Murmansk Oblast
Murmansk Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of 144,900 square kilometres (55,900 sq mi). Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409; however, at the 2021 Census, the population had declined to 667,744.
Moldovan Ground Forces
The Moldovan Ground Forces, known officially as Land Forces Command is the land armed-forces branch of the National Army of the Moldovan Armed Forces. The Moldovan Ground Forces date back to the dissolution of the Soviet Union between 1991 and 1992. As of 2018 the Moldovan Ground Forces consists of around 4,000 personnel.

Army
An army, ground force or land force is an armed force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch, or armed service of a nation or country. It may also include aviation assets by possessing an army aviation component. Within a national military force, the word army may also mean a field army.