hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Hour of Decision
The Hour of Decision: Germany and World-Historical Evolution (German: Jahre der Entscheidung. Deutschland und die weltgeschichtliche Entwicklung) is a 1933 book by the German writer Oswald Spengler. Spengler argued that Western culture, and its basis in aristocratic social structures, was under serious threat from two directions: "downward" and "outward", with which he meant class and ethnicity. The book was published in English translation by Charles Francis Atkinson in 1934.

The book was heavily criticised by the National Socialists, who came to power shortly before it was published. Johann von Leers condemned it as counter-revolutionary and an expression of "ice-cold contempt for the people". In a 2024 book, the historian Volker Weiß argues that the arguments in the book are typical for the kind of Spenglerian thought the European New Right appreciates.

Volker Weiss
Volker Weiss (born 1972) is a German historian, writer, and commentator on extreme right movements. His research focus is the extreme right and German history in the 19th and 20th century. Volker Weiss is a Fellow of the Center for Research on Antisemitism in Berlin.
Seminar Studies in History
Seminar Studies in History is a book series for undergraduate and younger students that aims to bridge the gap between the monograph and the full size university textbook. The series was established in 1968 by history teacher Patrick Richardson, and was one of the first series of academic history books to include documentary sources as standard.

Book series
A book series, or a novel series, is a sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group. Book series can be organized in different ways, such as written by the same author, or marketed as a group by their publisher.
Pacifier
A pacifier is a rubber, plastic, or silicone nipple substitute given to an infant and toddler to suckle on between feedings to quiet their distress by satisfying the need to suck when they do not need to eat. Pacifiers normally have three parts: an elongated teat, a handle, and a mouth shield that prevents the child from swallowing or choking on it.

Pacifiers have many informal names: binky or nookie (American English), dummy (Australian and British English, in which it is standard), dokey (informal Scots), soother (Canadian English), and dodie (Hiberno-English).

Teat
A teat is the projection from the mammary glands of mammals from which milk flows or is ejected for the purpose of feeding young.  In many mammals, the teat projects from the udder. The number of teats varies by mammalian species and often corresponds to the average litter size for that animal. In some cases, the teats of female animals are milked for the purpose of human consumption.

The quality of some domesticated animals is determined by the establishment of desired characteristics, such as teat size and placement.
2009 NPF Draft
The 2009 NPF Senior Draft is the sixth annual NPF Draft.  It was held February 17, 2009 7:00 PM EST, hosted by the Akron Racers at the Cambria Suites Akron-Canton Airport location for the 2009 season.  It was streamed live on TheSoftballChannel.com.  The first selection was Arizona State's Kaitlin Cochran, picked by the Akron Racers.Athletes are not allowed by the NCAA to sign professional contracts until their collegiate seasons have ended.

After the draft, but before the season began, the Washington Glory ceased operations for financial reasons.  Subsequently, NPF and United States Specialty Sports Association(USSSA) began a partnership, which resulted in the expansion team USSSA Pride inheriting the Glory's player contracts and draft choices.

National Pro Fastpitch
National Pro Fastpitch (NPF), formerly the Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL), was a professional women's softball league in the United States. The teams battled for the Cowles Cup.

The WPSL was founded in 1997 and folded in 2001; the NPF revived the league in 2004 and disbanded in 2021 after two cancelled seasons due to COVID-19.  A new softball league, the Women's Professional Fastpitch (WPF), launched in 2022.
Fifehead Wood
Fifehead Wood is a woodland in Dorset, England, near the village of Fifehead Magdalen.  Owned and maintained by the Woodland Trust, Fifehead Wood covers a total area of 20.36 hectares (50.31 acres), and is situated upon a ridge of Corallian Limestone within the depths of Blackmoor Vale. 
The name 'Fifehead' is thought to originate with an assessment made during the Domesday census of 1086, the village at that time comprising 'five hides' of land.

Fifehead Magdalen
Fifehead Magdalen is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies within the Blackmore Vale, about three miles (five kilometres) south-southwest of Gillingham and five miles (eight kilometres) west of Shaftesbury. It is sited on Corallian limestone soil and surrounded by Oxford Clay, about 1⁄4 mile (400 metres) from the west bank of the River Stour. Its name means "the place of five hides dedicated to [St] Magdalene". In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 80. The village was a venue for stave dances.
Marambaia Formation
The Marambaia Formation (Portuguese: Formacão Marambaia) is a geological formation of the Santos Basin offshore of the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina. The predominantly shale and marl formation dates to the Tertiary period and has a maximum thickness of 2,700 metres (8,900 ft). The formation is a seal and reservoir rock of the Atlanta and Oliva Fields in the Santos Basin.

Tertiary period
The Tertiary (/ˈtɜːrʃəri/ TUR-shər-ee, US also /ˈtɜːrʃi.ɛri/ TUR-shee-err-ee) is an obsolete geologic period spanning 66 million to 2.6 or 1.8 million years ago. The period began with the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start of the Cenozoic Era, and extended to the beginning of the Quaternary glaciation at the end of the Pliocene Epoch. The Tertiary has not been recognised by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) since the late 1980s, with the timespan of the Tertiary now being split into the earlier Paleogene and the more recent Neogene periods, though the Tertiary continues to be used in some scientific publications.
Vitaly Shulakov
Vitaly Shulakov (born May 9, 1983, in Angarsk) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for Olimp Riga in the Latvian Hockey League (LHL). He last played in the  Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) with the now VHL club, HC Yugra. He first played in the top Russian tier with Amur Khabarovsk in 2004.

Amur Khabarovsk
Hockey Club Amur (Russian: Хоккейный клуб Амур), commonly referred to as the Amur Khabarovsk, is a professional ice hockey club based in Khabarovsk, Russia. It is a member of the Chernyshev Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Located in the Russian Far East, the team takes its name from the Amur River, and plays its home games at the Platinum Arena.
Lowther baronets
There have been seven baronetcies created for members of the Lowther family, one in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia, two in the Baronetage of England, two in the Baronetage of Great Britain and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Two of the creations are extant as of 2026.

Lowther baronets, of Lowther (c. 1638): see Earl of Lonsdale

Lowther baronets of Whitehaven (1642)

Lowther baronets of Marske (1697)

Lowther baronets of Swillington (first creation, 1715)

Lowther baronets of Little Preston (1764)

Lowther baronets of Swillington (second creation, 1824)

Lowther baronets of Belgrave Square (1914): see Sir Gerard Lowther, 1st Baronet (1858–1916)

Lowther baronets of Little Preston (1764)
The Lowther baronetcy, of Little Preston in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 22 August 1764 for Reverend William Lowther. He was the great-grandson of Sir William Lowther, and the nephew of Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Swillington. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the 2nd Baronet. In 1802 he succeeded his third cousin once removed James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale, who was a great-grandson of Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Lowther, as 2nd Viscount Lowther according to a special remainder in the letters patent. In 1807 the earldom of Lonsdale was revived in his favour.
As-Sura
as-Sura is a Palestinian village located fifteen kilometers south-west of Hebron. The village is in the Hebron Governorate Southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 3,941 in 2017. The primary health care facilities for the village are obtained at Imreish where they are designated by the Ministry of Health as level 1.

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS; Arabic: الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء الفلسطيني, romanized: al-Jihāz al-Markazī lil-Iḥṣāʼ al-Filasṭīnī) is the official statistical institution of Palestine. Its main task is to provide credible statistical figures at the national and international levels. It is a state institution that provides service to the governmental, non – governmental and private sectors in addition to research institutions and universities. It is established as an independent statistical bureau. The PCBS publishes the Statistical Yearbook of Palestine and the Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook annually.

The head office of the agency is in Ein Munjed Quarter, Ramallah.
Neritic squid rice noodles
Neritic squid rice noodles (Chinese: 小卷米粉; Tongyong Pinyin: Siǎo juǎn mǐ fěn; Tâi-lô: sió-kńg-bí-hún) is a traditional Taiwanese noodle dish originating in Tainan, Taiwan. It consists of neritic squids served in a clear seafood-based broth with thick rice noodles (大箍米粉), typically garnished with celery and white pepper. The dish is considered a regional specialty of Tainan and is most commonly found around Guohua Street in the city.

Compared with similar southern Taiwanese dishes such as milkfish rice noodles or pomfret rice noodles, which more commonly use thin rice vermicelli, neritic squid rice noodles are notable for their use of thicker rice noodles, which are more resistant to overcooking and have a firmer texture. Some variations of the dish may include minor seasoning adjustments, but the dish is generally characterized by minimal additional ingredients.

Rice noodles
Rice noodles are noodles made with rice flour and water as the principal ingredients. Sometimes ingredients such as tapioca or corn starch are added in order to improve the transparency or increase the gelatinous and chewy texture of the noodles. Rice noodles are most common in the cuisines of China, India and Southeast Asia. They are available fresh, frozen, or dried, in various shapes, thicknesses and textures. Fresh noodles are also highly perishable; their shelf life may be just several days.
Władysław Oleszczyński
Władysław Oleszczyński (17 December 1807 in Końskowola – 11 April 1866 in Rome) was a Polish sculptor who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań and the tombstone of Juliusz Słowacki at the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris.

Końskowola
Końskowola pronounced [kɔɲskɔˈvɔla] is a town in eastern Poland (historic Lesser Poland region), located between Puławy and Lublin, near Kurów on the Kurówka River. It is the seat of a separate commune (gmina) within Puławy County in Lublin Voivodeship, called Gmina Końskowola; population: 2,188 inhabitants (as of 2005).
St. Gerard Church, The Valley
St. Gerard Church is a religious building located in the town of The Valley, capital of the British overseas territory of Anguilla,  in the Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea.

The temple follows the Roman or Latin rite and depends on the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint John's – Basseterre (Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis Imatellurana) which was created in 1971 by Pope Paul VI by the Bull "Cum nobis" and is headquartered in the city of St. John's in Antigua and Barbuda.

The Catholic community organised in this place dates back to 1948 when a small chapel was built; the structure was destroyed by a hurricane in 1961. Catholics gathered at the site known as Wallblake House until 1966 when the present church was completed.

Anguilla
Anguilla is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles (26 kilometres) long by 3 miles (5 km) wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles (91 km2), with a population of approximately 15,753 in 2021.
Canonical criticism
Canonical criticism, sometimes called canon criticism or the canonical approach, is a way of interpreting the Bible that focuses on the text of the biblical canon itself as a finished product.

Brevard Childs (1923–2007) popularised this approach, though he personally rejected the term. Whereas other types of biblical criticism focus on the origins, structure and history of texts, canonical criticism looks at the meaning which the overall text, in its final form, has for the community which uses it.

James Barr (biblical scholar)
James Barr FBA (20 March 1924 – 14 October 2006) was a Scottish Old Testament scholar, known for his critique of the notion that the vocabulary and structure of the Hebrew language may reflect a particular theological mindset. At the University of Oxford, he was the Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture from 1976 to 1978, and the Regius Professor of Hebrew from 1978 to 1989.
Rolls-Royce Experimental Machine Gun
The Rolls-Royce Experimental Machine Gun was a prototype British heavy machine gun, designed by Rolls-Royce during World War II.

Britain wanted to equip aircraft with the Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun by buying direct from America, but since this was the main heavy caliber machine gun of the U.S. Army and its Air Corps none could be spared for export. Thus Rolls-Royce commenced design of a heavy machine gun in early 1940, intended for use in aircraft. The result was a recoil-operated weapon firing .50 Browning cartridges.  This was evaluated in March 1941 and proved prone to stoppages. A revised gas-operated weapon was designed and built to try to solve these problems.

As well as the .50-inch versions, it was planned to modify the gas-operated gun to fire the more powerful .55-inch ammunition used in the Boys anti-tank rifle.

All work on the Rolls-Royce machine guns was abandoned in 1942, by which time supply of the M2 Browning from the U.S.A. had started.

.50 BMG
The .50 BMG (.50 Browning Machine Gun), also known as 12.7×99mm NATO, and designated as the 50 Browning by the C.I.P., is a .50 in (12.7 mm) caliber cartridge developed for the M2 Browning heavy machine gun in the late 1910s, entering official service in 1921. Under STANAG 4383, it is a standard service cartridge for NATO forces. The cartridge itself has been made in many variants: multiple generations of regular ball, tracer, armor-piercing (AP), incendiary, and saboted sub-caliber penetrator rounds. The rounds intended for machine guns are made into a continuous ammunition belt using metallic links.

The .50 BMG cartridge is also used in anti-materiel rifles. A wide variety of ammunition is available, and the availability of match grade ammunition has increased the usefulness of .50 caliber rifles by allowing more accurate fire than lower-quality rounds.
2014 Topshelf Open – Women's doubles
Irina-Camelia Begu and Anabel Medina Garrigues were the defending champions, but chose not to participate together.  Begu played alongside Vania King, but lost in the first round to Michaëlla Krajicek and Kristina Mladenovic.   Medina Garrigues teamed up with Yaroslava Shvedova, but lost in the semifinals to Krajicek and Mladenovic.
Marina Erakovic and Arantxa Parra Santonja won the title, defeating Krajicek and Mladenovic in the final, 0–6, 7–6(7–5), [10–8].

Michaëlla Krajicek
Michaëlla Krajicek (Czech: Michaela Krajíčková; born 9 January 1989) is a Dutch former professional tennis player. She has won three singles and five doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as one WTA 125 doubles title, and 14 titles in singles and 24 in doubles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 11 February 2008, she reached her highest WTA singles ranking of world No. 30. On 23 March 2015, she peaked at No. 23 in the doubles rankings.
Te Paea Tīaho
Te Paea Tīaho  (c. 1820s – 22 January 1875), sometime known by Pākehā as Princess Sophia, was a daughter of the first Māori King, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, and a leader in the Māori King Movement in New Zealand. A member of the Ngāti Mahuta tribe, she was probably born in the Waikato in the early 1820s. When her father died in 1860, Te Paea was one of the individuals put forward to succeed him as leader of the King Movement, but her brother Matutaera (Tāwhiao) was chosen instead. She continued to play a leadership role within the King Movement. Te Paea Tīaho's husband was Ēpiha Pūtini, a prominent Ngāti Tamaoho chief.

Ngāti Mahuta
Ngāti Mahuta is a sub-tribe (or hapū) of the Waikato tribe (or iwi) of Māori in the North Island of New Zealand. The territory (rohe) of Ngāti Mahuta is the Kawhia and Huntly areas of the Waikato region.
Echis pyramidum
Echis pyramidum, known as the Northeast African carpet viper, Egyptian saw-scaled viper, and by other common names, is a species of viper endemic to Northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Like all other vipers, it is venomous. Three subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.

This species, along with the closely related Echis ocellatus (both of the Carpet viper species) cause the most cases of snakebite deaths in the world. Two antivenoms are available to counteract snakebites from this species: Polyvalent Anti-viper Venom by VACSERA in Egypt and SAIMR Echis antivenom by South African Vaccine Producers.

Venomous snake
Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey. The venom is typically delivered by injection using hollow or grooved fangs, although some venomous snakes lack well-developed fangs. Common venomous snakes include the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Atractaspididae, and some of the Colubridae. The toxicity of venom is mainly indicated by murine LD50, while multiple factors are considered to judge the potential danger to humans. Other important factors for risk assessment include the likelihood that a snake will bite, the quantity of venom delivered with the bite, the efficiency of the delivery mechanism, and the location of a bite on the body of the victim. Snake venom may have both neurotoxic and hemotoxic properties. There are about 600 venomous snake species in the world.
Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen
The Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen (German: Provinziallandtag des Großherzogthums Posen, Polish: Sejm Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego) was the parliament in the 19th century Grand Duchy of Posen and the Province of Posen, seated in Poznań/Posen. It existed from 1823 to 1918. In the history of the Polish parliament, it succeeded the general sejm and local sejmik on part of the territories of the Prussian partition. Originally retaining a Polish character, it acquired a more German character in the second half of the 19th century.

Province of Posen
The Province of Posen (German: Provinz Posen; Polish: Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1848 to 1920, occupying most of the historical Greater Poland. The province was established following the Poznań Uprising of 1848 as a successor to the Grand Duchy of Posen, which in turn was annexed by Prussia in 1815 from Duchy of Warsaw. It became part of the German Empire in 1871. After World War I, Posen was briefly part of the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany, but was dissolved in 1920 after the Greater Poland Uprising broke out and most of its territory was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic. The remaining German territory was re-organized into Posen-West Prussia in 1922.

Posen (present-day Poznań, Poland) was the provincial capital.
Cayco (Cusco)
Cayco (possibly from Quechua for a type of hunt) is a 5,108-metre-high (16,759 ft) mountain in the Vilcabamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province, on the border of the districts of Santa Teresa and Vilcabamba. Cayco lies southwest of Choquetacarpo and northeast of Pumasillo and a lake named Pumasillococha (possibly from in the Quechua spelling Pumasilluqucha).

Vilcabamba District, La Convención
13°03′50″S 72°56′02″W﻿ / ﻿13.064°S 72.934°W﻿ / -13.064; -72.934

Vilcabamba District is one of fourteen districts of the La Convención Province in the Cusco Region in Peru.
The capital of the province is the Centro Poblado Lucma, which has an elevation of 2,943 metres (9,656 ft). Vitcos was an important city of the Neo-Inca State (1537-1572).  Its ruins are now preserved as Rosaspata and Nusta Hisp'ana (the "White Rock").

The capital of the Neo-Inca state, also called Vilcabamba, is located in neighboring Echarate District.  Its ruins are also known as Espiritu Pampa.
.cym
.cym is a GeoTLD reserved for eventual assignment to the Cayman Islands. The primary top-level domain used by the Cayman Islands is .ky. The Islands already have the international three letter code, CYM. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) plans to increase the number of generic top-level domains, and it is through this process that a .cym top-level domain might be awarded.

The Cayman Islands were previously in competition with Wales over use of the top-level domain. A campaign named "dot.CYM", not overly supported at government level, sought to have the .cym suffix for websites concerning Wales (Welsh: Cymru), the Welsh language (Welsh: Cymraeg) and Welsh culture. However, .cym was eventually assigned to the Cayman Islands because ICANN's policy states that new applications for 3-letter domains will not be accepted if they match existing ISO 3-letter codes. Wales was eventually granted the domain .cymru.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the two-letter alpha-2 codes (the third set of codes is numeric and hence offers no visual association). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
John Cole (fl. 1372–1394)
John Cole or Culle, of Wilton, Wiltshire, was an English coroner and Member of Parliament.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Wilton in 1372, 1381, October 1382, October 1383, April 1384, 1393 and 1394.

Wilton (UK Parliament constituency)
Wilton  was the name of a parliamentary borough in Wiltshire. It was represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1295 to 1707, then in the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and finally in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It had two Members of Parliament (MPs) until 1832, but from 1832 to 1885 only one member, as a result of the Reform Act 1832 where it also absorbed the former rotten borough of Old Sarum. In 1885 the borough was abolished, but the name of the constituency was then transferred to a new county constituency electing one Member from 1885 until 1918.