hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Balkans Since 1453
The Balkans Since 1453  is a book by the Greek-Canadian historian L.S. Stavrianos published in 1958. It is a large, synthetic work which encompasses the major political, economic and cultural events of the Balkans from the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the late 1940s.

Stavrianos paid particular attention to the national awakening and the nation-building process in the Balkans. The book was highly acclaimed by many historians of the Balkans, including Traian Stoianovich and Mark Mazower.

Mark Mazower
Mark Mazower (/məˈzaʊ.ər/; born 20 February 1958) is a British historian. His areas of expertise are Greece, the Balkans, and more generally, 20th-century Europe. He is Ira D. Wallach Professor of History at Columbia University in New York City.
Anglican dioceses of Burundi
The Anglican dioceses of Burundi are the Anglican presence in Burundi; together they form the Province of the Anglican Church of Burundi. The Anglican churches of the area were under the authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury until 1965, when the Province of Uganda and Ruanda-Urundi (later of Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Boga-Zaire) was created; Burundi was then part of the Province of Rwanda, Burundi, and Boga-Zaire from 1980 until its own church province was erected in 1992.

Yohana Nkunzumwami
Jean (Yohana in kirundi) Nkunzumwami was the first Anglican bishop in Burundi. He was married to Myriam Basabakwinshi and they had 12 children.
Myriam was the director of Mother’s Union till her death in June 2001.

In Kirundi, Nkunzumwami means “I love the king” (nkunzu = I cling to, I love; mwami = the king). This name was given to him after the Burundian king Mwambutsa IV offered land to his father, Rugobe.

Nkunzumwami was educated at Warner Memorial Theological College, Ibuye, Burundi and ordained deacon in 1956 and priest in 1957. He served the church in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. He was consecrated the first Bishop of Burundi in 1965.
RO-0282425
RO-0282425 is a melanocortin MC4 receptor agonist which was under development for the treatment of erectile dysfunction but was never marketed. Its route of administration was unspecified. The drug was under development by Roche. It reached phase 2 clinical trials by 2005 but its development was subsequently discontinued. The chemical structure of RO-0282425, and whether it is a small molecule or a peptide, do not appear to have been disclosed.

Route of administration
In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.

Routes of administration are generally classified by the  location at which the substance is applied.  Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is.  Action may be topical (local), enteral (system-wide effect, but delivered through the gastrointestinal tract), or parenteral (systemic action, but is delivered by routes other than the GI tract). Route of administration and dosage form are aspects of drug delivery.
Bauhinia Garden
Bauhinia Garden (Chinese: 寶盈花園) is a Home Ownership Scheme and Private Sector Participation Scheme court in Tseung Kwan O, New Territories, Hong Kong near Tseung Kwan O Plaza, The Grandiose and MTR Tseung Kwan O station. It was jointly developed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and Shui On Group, and has a total of eight blocks built on reclaimed land and was completed in 2001.

Land reclamation in Hong Kong
The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land in the territory. The first reclamations can be traced back to the early Western Han dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD), when beaches were turned into fields for salt production. Major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid-19th century. By 1996, a total of approximately 60 square kilometres (37 square miles) of land had been created through the process.
Jacob Jizchak Biderman
Jacob Jizchak Biderman (born 1957 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli rabbi, the chief Chabad emissary in Vienna, Austria, since 1981, a member of the European Jewish Rabbinical Council, and a lecturer in Jewish philosophy. He founded numerous Jewish educational and communal institutions, synagogues and community centers, including the Lauder Business School, a private university in Vienna, where he serves as vice president.

Ronald Lauder
Ronald Steven Lauder (born February 26, 1944) is an American businessman. He is the sole heir to The Estée Lauder Companies, founded by his parents Estée Lauder and Joseph Lauder in 1946, following the death of his brother Leonard Lauder in 2025.

According to Forbes, Lauder had a net worth of $4.7 billion as of May 2025 (number 796 on Forbes' list of billionaires). Lauder is a longtime Republican Party donor and supporter of Donald Trump. He ran in the Republican primary for mayor of New York City in 1989.

A long-time friend of President Donald Trump, Lauder has been credited with planting the idea of annexing Greenland in Trump's mind.
Jeanneke Pis
Jeanneke Pis (pronounced [ˌʑɑnəkə ˈpɪs]; Dutch for 'Little Pissing Joan') is a modern fountain sculpture in central Brussels, Belgium. It was commissioned by Denis-Adrien Debouvrie in 1985 and erected in 1987 as a counterpoint to the city's famous Manneken Pis. The 50-centimetre (20 in) bronze statue depicts a naked little girl with short pigtails, squatting and urinating on a blue-grey limestone base.

Jeanneke Pis is located north of the Grand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square), on the eastern side of the Impasse de la Fidélité/Getrouwheidsgang (lit. 'Fidelity Alley'), a narrow cul-de-sac some 30 metres (100 ft) long leading northwards off the restaurant-packed Rue des Bouchers/Beenhouwersstraat. The sculpture is now protected from vandalism by iron bars.

Commission (art)
In art, a commission is the act of requesting the creation of a piece, often on behalf of another. Artwork may be commissioned by private individuals, by the government, or businesses. Commissions often resemble endorsement or sponsorship.

In classical music, ensembles often commission pieces from composers, where the ensemble secures the composer's payment from private or public organizations or donors.
Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos
Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos ("On the Indolence of the Filipinos" in Spanish) is a socio-political essay published in La solidaridad in Madrid in 1890. It was written by José Rizal as a response to the accusation of Indio or Malay indolence. He admits the existence of indolence among the Filipinos, but it could be attributed to a number of reasons. He traces its causes to factors such as the climate and social disorders. He defends the Filipinos by saying that they are by nature not indolent, because in fact, even before the arrival of Spaniards, Filipinos have been engaged in economic activities such as agriculture and trade. Indolence therefore has more deeply rooted causes such as abuse and discrimination.

A similar work was written by Syed Hussein Alatas, entitled The Myth of the Lazy Native.

Malay race
The concept of a Malay race was originally proposed by the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), and classified as a brown race. Malay is a loose term used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to describe the Austronesian peoples.

Since Blumenbach, many anthropologists have rejected his theory of five races, citing the enormous complexity of classifying races. The concept of a "Malay race" differs with that of the ethnic Malays centered on Malaya and parts of the Malay Archipelago's islands of Sumatra and Borneo.
Tonga at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Tonga participated in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom, from August 29 to September 9, 2012. Their participation marked their fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics appearance since their début at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney. Tonga was represented by the Tonga National Paralympic Committee, and was one of the 45 participating countries that sent only a single athlete. Tonga has always sent only a single athlete from Sydney 2000 to London 2012. Tonga National Paralympic Committee sent a delegation of three people, including one athlete. The sole athlete to represent the nation was ʻAloʻalo Liku, who participated in javelin and discus throw. Liku was the country's flag-bearer during the Games' opening ceremony. Tonga did not win a medal at these Games, however Liku finished with seasonal bests in both the events.

2000 Summer Paralympics
The 2000 Summer Paralympic Games or the XI Summer Paralympics were held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, between 18 and 29 October. The Sydney Paralympics was the last time that the Summer Paralympics were organised by two different Organizing Committees. In this edition, a record 3,801 athletes from 123 National Paralympic Committees participated in 551 events in 18 sports. The 2000 Summer Paralympics were the second largest sporting event ever until that date held in Australia and in the Southern Hemisphere. Sydney was the eighth city to jointly host the Olympic and Paralympic Games. However, it was only the fourth to jointly organise both events in complete conjunction with the Olympics. This edition was also the first time that the Paralympics were held in Australia and Oceania.
Cat and Mouse (Grimm)
"Cat and Mouse" is the 18th episode of the supernatural drama television series Grimm of season 1, which premiered on April 20, 2012, on NBC. The episode was written by Jose Molina, and was directed by Felix Alcala.

Jose Molina (writer)
Jose Molina, born in 1971 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, is a television producer and screenwriter. He wrote the episodes "Trash" and "Ariel" for the American TV show Firefly, and multiple episodes for Dark Angel.
Westfield, Woking, Surrey
Westfield is an area in Woking borough, Surrey. Westfield marks the southern boundary of Woking altering from English archetypal suburban homes in the north to semi-rural homes, smallholdings, small woodlands and fields in the south, where it abuts areas of London's Metropolitan Green Belt.

Metropolitan Green Belt
The Metropolitan Green Belt is a statutory green belt around London, England. It comprises parts of Greater London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent and Surrey, parts of two of the three districts of Bedfordshire and a small area in Copthorne, Sussex. As of 2017/18, Government statistics show the planning designation covered 513,860 hectares (1,269,800 acres) of land.
Korea, Otwock County
Korea [kɔˈrɛa] is a part of the village of Sobienie Szlacheckie, in Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory, Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship in central Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 it was administratively located in Siedlce Voivodeship.

Otwock County
Otwock County (Polish: powiat otwocki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Otwock, which lies 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of Warsaw. The county also contains the towns of Józefów, lying 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Otwock, and Karczew, 4 km (2 mi) south of Otwock.

The county covers an area of 615.09 square kilometres (237.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 124,241, out of which the population of Otwock is 44,827, that of Józefów is 20,698, that of Karczew is 9,856, and the rural population is 48,860.
Beatty, South Australia
Beatty is a rural locality  in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's east within the Murray and Mallee region about 126 kilometres (78 mi) north-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 99 kilometres (62 mi) north  of the municipal seat of Mannum.

It was established in March 2003, when boundaries were formalised for the "long established local name".  It consists of approximately the northern half of the cadastral Hundred of Beatty.

Beatty  is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of Chaffey and the local government area of the  Mid Murray Council.

Regions of South Australia
In South Australia, one of the states of Australia, there are many areas which are commonly known by regional names. Regions are areas that share similar characteristics. These characteristics may be natural such as the Murray River, the coastline, desert or mountains. Alternatively, the characteristics may be cultural, such as common land use. South Australia is divided by numerous sets of regional boundaries, based on different characteristics. In many cases boundaries defined by different agencies are coterminous.
Yang Taifang
Yang Taifang (Chinese: 杨泰芳; 30 April 1927 – 17 July 2012) was a Chinese politician who served as minister of posts and telecommunications from 1984 to 1994, chairperson of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress from 1993 to 1998, and president of the All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese from 1994 to 1999.

He was an alternate member of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the 12th and 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress.

13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1987 to 1992. It held seven plenary sessions. It was preceded by the 12th Central Committee and succeeded by the 14th Central Committee. It elected the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1987.
Neela (film)
Neela is a 2001 Indian Kannada-language drama film directed by T. S. Nagabharana and written by Kotiganahalli Ramaiah. Featuring Gayatri Jayaraman in the lead protagonist role, it also stars Ananth Nag, Sarath Babu, Mayoori, Shivadhwaj, Jayanthi and Naveen Mayur in key roles.

The story is about a nomadic folk singer, Neela, who belongs to the "Neelagararu" tribe. She develops throat cancer and suddenly loses her voice. The story highlights her struggle to survive in her conservative society.

Neela was screened at the Indian Panorama international festival and won many accolades for the content. The film won the third best film at the Karnataka State Film Awards, and Gayatri Jayaraman won Best Actress at the Cinema Express Awards.

Karnataka State Film Awards
Karnataka State Film Awards are the most notable and prestigious film awards given for Kannada film industry in Karnataka, India. These are considered the highest awards for Kannada language films. They are given annually by the Government of Karnataka to honor the best talent and to provide encouragement and incentive to the Kannada film industry.

The awards are decided by a committee, headed by a panel of judges. The jury usually consists of eminent film personalities. The awards intend to promote films with artistic value and encourage artists, technicians and producers. The awards are declared by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

On 14 November 2016,Chief Minister of Karnataka Siddaramaiah declared that the State Government will present the Karnataka State Film Awards on 24 April, the birthday of thespian Dr. Rajkumar, every year henceforth.
Battle of Prosperous
The Battle of Prosperous was a military engagement between British Crown forces and United Irishmen rebels on 24 May 1798, during  that year's Irish Rebellion, in the town of Prosperous, County Kildare.

Prosperous was founded by Sir Robert Brooke in 1780 as a village for processing cotton produced in the Americas.

Robert Brooke (East India Company officer)
Robert Brooke (1744–1811) was a lieutenant-colonel in the army of Bengal and governor of the island of St Helena from 1788 to 1800. He married, in 1775, Anna Maria Mapletoft, daughter of Reverend Robert Mapletoft, assistant chaplain to the East India Company at St John's, Calcutta; they had five sons and two daughters.
Tarazak-e Kasan
Tarazak-e Kasan (Persian: ترازك كسان, also Romanized as Tarāzak-e Kasān) is a village in Howmeh-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 269, in 52 families.

Eslamabad-e Gharb County
Eslamabad-e Gharb County (Persian: شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب) or Shahabad- Ghrb County (Persian: شهرستان شاه‌آباد غرب) is in Kermanshah Province, Iran, part of what is unofficially referred to as Iranian Kurdistan. Its capital is the city of Eslamabad-e Gharb.
Edward Vollmer
Edward F. Vollmer (June 1, 1877 – November 4, 1939) was an American politician who was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in Wisconsin during the 1921 Session. He was a Republican.

Vollmer went to Spencerian Business School, learned telegraphy, and worked in his father's grocery business. He was the chief timekeeper at the Milwaukee plant to the Illinois Steel Company.

Illinois Steel Company
The Illinois Steel Company was an American steel producer with five plants in Illinois and Wisconsin. Founded through a consolidation in 1889, Illinois Steel grew to become the largest steel producer in the United States. In 1898, several other steel and transportation companies were merged into it to form the Federal Steel Company, itself merged into U.S. Steel in 1901.
VIL
VIL and similar can refer to:

Vertically integrated liquid, an estimate of the mass of precipitation within a cloud

Flanders Institute for Logistics (VIL), a non-profit organization by the Flemish government

The IATA code for Dakhla Airport

Vertically integrated liquid
Vertically integrated liquid (VIL) is an estimate of the total mass of precipitation in the clouds. The measurement is obtained by observing the reflectivity of the air which is obtained with weather radar.
Radio Kozara
Radio Kozara is a Bosnian local commercial radio station, broadcasting from Gradiška, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Radio station was launched on 17 July 2017.

This radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as music and local news. The owner of the radio station is the company GRUBEX RD d.o.o. Gradiška.

After BHRT has abandoned the launch of the BH Radio 2 program, reserved frequencies were allocated to other interested stations across Bosnia and Herzegovina through the competition where company GRUBEX RD d.o.o. Gradiška met the criteria and it received an additional FM frequency and increased their coverage.

The program is mainly produced in Serbian at two FM frequencies and it is available in the city of Gradiška and Banja Luka  as well as in nearby municipalities in Croatia.

Estimated number of listeners of Radio Kozara is around 93,357.

Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Radiotelevizija Bosne i Hercegovine (abbr.  BHRT), or Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is the national public broadcaster of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the only member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the central institution of the public broadcasting system of BiH, a unique structure that also includes the entity-level broadcasters Radio and Television of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (RTVFBiH) and Radio and Television of Republika Srpska (RTRS). As of February 2026, it employs 700 staff.
Desmond Surfleet
Desmond Ford Surfleet (5 February 1912, in Drumcondra, Dublin, Ireland – 13 May 2006, in Los Altos, California) was an Irish cricketer and schoolmaster.

He was educated at University College School (UCS), Hampstead, and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he qualified as a doctor. He created an impression for UCS in schools cricket and also in club cricket for Finchley.

He represented Cambridge University and Middlesex in 14 first-class matches between 1931 and 1933 as a defensive top-order batsman and off-spinner. He scored 86 on his Freshman's debut versus against the New Zealand tourists in 1931. He scored 337 runs at an average of 16.85 and took seven catches. After entering teaching, he took part in no further county cricket.

He was the second oldest surviving Middlesex cricketer at the time of his death in May 2006.

Los Altos, California
Los Altos (/lɔːs ˈæltoʊs/ ⓘ; Spanish for "The Heights") is a city in Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 31,625 according to the 2020 census.

Most of the city's growth occurred between 1950 and 1980. Originally an agricultural town with many summer cottages and apricot orchards, Los Altos is a bedroom community on the western edge of Silicon Valley, serving as a major source of commuters to other parts of Silicon Valley. Los Altos strictly limits commercial zones to the downtown area and small shopping and office parks lining Foothill Expressway and El Camino Real.
Tomáš Čáp
Tomáš Čáp (born 21 November 1978 in Hranice na Moravě) is a Czech footballer. In Austria, Čáp played for the Kärnten in the 3rd Division, called "Regionalliga Mitte", from 18 July 2008. His contract finished 3 March 2009.

Hranice (Přerov District)
Hranice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈɦraɲɪtsɛ]; German: Mährisch Weißkirchen) is a town in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 18,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone. The town is known for the Hranice Abyss, the deepest flooded pit cave in the world.
Sinister Street (TV series)
Sinister Street  is a British television series that originally aired on the BBC in six episodes between 10 May and 14 June 1969. It is based on the 1913 novel of the same title by Compton Mackenzie.

The cast included Jo Kendall, Kate Lansbury, David Collings, Jeanne Moody, Michael Osborne, Valerie Gearon, Joan Hickson, Elaine Taylor, Angela Baddeley, Arthur Hewlett and Jo Rowbottom.

Being the sole televised adaptation produced, all six episodes were wiped and are believed to be lost.

Arthur Hewlett
Arthur Reginald Hewlett (12 March 1907 – 25 February 1997) was a British actor.

Hewlett made his stage debut in 1930 at Plymouth Rep, and his theatre work included the original British production of George Bernard Shaw's Buoyant Billions at the Malvern Festival in 1949. In 1954 he appeared in the West End in William Douglas Home's political comedy The Manor of Northstead.

He is perhaps best remembered for his roles on television, including Quatermass and the Pit, Police Surgeon, The Avengers, The Saint, No Hiding Place, The Baron, The Troubleshooters, Follyfoot, The Changes, Blake's 7, Doctor Who (in the serials State of Decay and Terror of the Vervoids), Shoestring, Juliet Bravo, The Black Adder and Moondial. Arthur Hewlett also played Dr Grant in Emmerdale Farm in 1973, and the part of Mr Medwin in an episode of Doctor At Large entitled "Where There's A Will".
Handforth Dean
Handforth Dean is a retail park in Handforth, Cheshire, England; it opened in 1995, alongside the A34. It contains four superstores: Marks & Spencer, Tesco Extra, JD Sports and Boots. Large Next and Pets at Home stores are sited on a development adjacent to the retail park.

In 2002, the Marks & Spencer store was the company's most profitable outside London; it is also one of their largest stores in the country.

In 2007, the Tesco store had a second floor added to handle the number of customers that used it and was converted into a Tesco Extra. Tesco has described Handforth Dean as its "flagship store".

JD Sports
JD Sports Fashion plc, commonly known as JD Sports, JD or JD Group is a British multinational sports-fashion retail company based in Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. The Pentland Group owns 55% of the company.