hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Expectation–maximization algorithm
In statistics, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method to find (local) maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which creates a function for the expectation of the log-likelihood evaluated using the current estimate for the parameters, and a maximization (M) step, which computes parameters maximizing the expected log-likelihood found on the E step. These parameter-estimates are then used to determine the distribution of the latent variables in the next E step. It can be used, for example, to estimate a mixture of gaussians, or to solve the multiple linear regression problem.

Multivariate normal distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the multivariate normal distribution, multivariate Gaussian distribution, or joint normal distribution is a generalization of the one-dimensional (univariate) normal distribution to higher dimensions.  One definition is that a random vector is said to be k-variate normally distributed if every linear combination of its k components has a univariate normal distribution. Its importance derives mainly from the multivariate central limit theorem. The multivariate normal distribution is often used to describe, at least approximately, any set of (possibly) correlated real-valued random variables, each of which clusters around a mean value.
Hatzav
Hatzav (Hebrew: חָצָב, lit. 'Squill') is a moshav in central Israel. Located on Highway 40 between Gedera and Be'er Sheva, it covers 3,200 dunams and falls under the jurisdiction of Be'er Tuvia Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 1,525.

Be'er Tuvia Regional Council
Be'er Tuvia Regional Council (Hebrew: מועצה אזורית באר טוביה, Mo'atza Azorit Be'er Tovia), is a regional council in the Southern District of Israel.

It borders Yoav and Nahal Sorek regional councils in the east; Hof Ashkelon regional council, the Mediterranean Sea, the city of Ashdod and Gan Yavne local council in the west; Gederot, Hevel Yavne regional councils and Gedera, Bnei Aish local councils in the north; Shafir regional council in the south. The town of Kiryat Malakhi is enclaved in the middle.

Be'er Tuvia was incorporated as a regional council in 1950, with a land-area of approximately 140,000 dunams (140 km2). According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the regional council had a population of 18,600.
Karon language
The Karon or Kalɔɔn language is an endangered language of Senegal and Gambia.  It belongs to the Bak branch of the Niger–Congo language family, and is particularly closely related to the Mlomp language.

Karon is spoken in a coastal area north of the mouth of the Casamance River. A person is called alɔɔn in the language, and speakers refer to their own language as kägup kɔlɔɔnay.

Casamance River
The Casamance River (French: Fleuve Casamance) in Senegal flows westward for the most part into the Atlantic Ocean along a path about 200 miles (320 km) in length. However, only 80 miles (130 km) are navigable.  The Casamance is the principal river of the Kolda, Sédhiou, and Ziguinchor Regions in the southern portion of Senegal. It is located between the Gambia River to the north and the Cacheu and Geba rivers to the south.

There is a bridge at Ziguinchor, one of the most important towns on the river, that connects it to Bignona on the north bank.  Other important settlements on its banks include Goudomp, Sedhiou, Diattakounda, Tanaff, and Kolda.

The river is named after the Kasa Mansa, or king of the precolonial Kasa kingdom.
Hollandia Hut
The Hollandia Hut (German: Hollandiahütte) is a mountain hut of the Swiss Alpine Club, located east of Blatten in the canton of Valais. The hut lies at a height of 3,240 metres above sea level, just above the Lötschenlücke, the glacier pass connecting the Lötschental from the Aletsch Glacier. All accesses to the hut involve glacier crossing.

The Hollandia Hut is a starting point for the ascents of the Ebnefluh, Mittaghorn, Aletschhorn, Sattelhorn, Gletscherhorn and Anungrat.

Blatten (Lötschen)
Blatten (German pronunciation: [ˈblatn̩]) is a village and municipality in the Lötschental in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, which was almost entirely destroyed by a cataclysmic landslide on 28 May 2025. It is part of the district of Westlich Raron, and much of its area lies within the Jungfrau-Aletsch protected area, a World Heritage Site. In addition to the main village of Blatten, the municipality includes the settlements of Eisten, Fafleralp, Ried and Weissenried.

The Belalp ski resort and village of Blatten bei Naters lie some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the south-east in a direct line, or about 50 kilometres (31 mi) by road.
Hannah Thurber Fairfield
Hannah Thurber Fairfield Nichols (January 26, 1808 – July 15, 1894) was an American portrait painter.

Hannah Thurber Fairfield was born in Woodstock, Windham County, Connecticut, the daughter of David and Hannah Thurber Fairfield.  She studied painting under Francis Alexander and Alexander Robinson.  She was active as a portrait painter in New York City from around 1835 to 1839.  Her portraits were large, often of children, and featured a bright palette.

In 1839, she married businessman Franklin Nichols. They moved to Norwalk, Connecticut and her painting career likely ended at that point.

Norwalk, Connecticut
Norwalk is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The city, part of the New York Metropolitan Area, is the sixth-most populous city in Connecticut as of the 2020 census, with a population of 91,184.

Norwalk is on the northern shore of Long Island Sound and was first settled in 1649.
Pseudovespicula
Pseudovespicula is a genus of venomous ray-finned fishes, waspfishes belonging to the subfamily Tetraroginae, which is classified as part of the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. It has been considered to be a monotypic genus, containing only the type species, Pseudovespicula dracaena, but some authorities classify three species within the genus. The genus is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

Scorpaenidae
The Scorpaenidae (also known as scorpionfish) are a family of mostly marine fish that includes many of the world's most venomous species. As their name suggests, scorpionfish have a type of "sting" in the form of sharp spines coated with venomous mucus. They are widespread in tropical and temperate seas, especially in the Indo-Pacific region. They should not be confused with the cabezones, of the genus Scorpaenichthys, which belong to a separate, though related, family, Cottidae.
Imma uranitis
Imma uranitis is a moth in the family Immidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It is found on Sulawesi in Indonesia.

The wingspan is 25–26 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous, slightly purplish tinged and with a moderate ochreous-yellow rather oblique median fascia. There is a triangular ochreous-yellow spot on the costa before the apex and a very fine irregular ochreous-whitish line along the upper part of the termen. The hindwings are dark fuscous with a large undefined lighter patch occupying most of the disc, with strong bright blue reflections.

Immidae
Immoidea is a superfamily of pantropical moths containing only the family Immidae comprising ten genera with around 250 species, over half of them in the genus Imma. Many are brightly coloured and diurnal. The position of this group is currently uncertain within the group Obtectomera . The larvae feed on the leaves of dicotyledons and conifers including Podocarpus (Dugdale et al. 1999).
Gonystylus macrophyllus
Gonystylus macrophyllus is a species of plant in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia, the Nicobar Islands, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, the Solomon Islands, and possibly the Philippines.

Thymelaeaceae
The Thymelaeaceae /ˌθɪmɪliːˈeɪsiː, -siˌaɪ/ are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants composed of 50 genera (listed below) and 898 species. It was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The Thymelaeaceae are mostly trees and shrubs, with a few vines and herbaceous plants, the latter including some annual species.
Living Tribunal
The Living Tribunal is a cosmic entity appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Strange Tales #157 (June 1967) and was created by Stan Lee, Marie Severin, and Herb Trimpe.

Herb Trimpe
Herbert William Trimpe (/trɪmp/; May 26, 1939 – April 13, 2015) was an American comics artist and occasional writer, best known as the seminal 1970s artist on The Incredible Hulk and as the first artist to draw for publication the character Wolverine, who later became a breakout star of the X-Men.
Dolph Camp, Bussey and Peace Halls Historic District
The Dolph Camp, Bussey and Peace Halls Historic District encompasses three historic buildings on the campus of Southern Arkansas University in Magnolia, Arkansas.  Dolph Camp, Bussey Hall, and Peace Hall are brick buildings constructed between 1949 and 1957, and are well-preserved local examples of academic Colonial Revival architecture.  All three buildings were designed by Wittenberg, Delony & Davidson.  The buildings were listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

Wittenberg, Delony & Davidson
Wittenberg, Delony & Davidson is an American architectural firm. It was founded 106 years ago in 1919 in Little Rock, Arkansas as Wittenberg & Delony by architects George H. Wittenberg and Lawson L. Delony. Wittenberg's son, Gordon G. Wittenberg, assumed control of the firm in 1959 and under the leadership of him and his successor, Thomas A. Gray, the firm was well known for its high standards of design. The firm has since moved to North Little Rock and is active under the name WDD Architects.
Duria Antiquior
Duria Antiquior, a more ancient Dorset is the first pictorial representation of a scene of prehistoric life based on evidence from fossil reconstructions, a genre now known as paleoart.

The first version was a watercolour painted in 1830 by the English geologist Henry De la Beche based on fossils found in Lyme Regis, Dorset, mostly by the professional fossil collector Mary Anning. This is now in the National Museum Cardiff. De la Beche had the professional artist Georg Scharf produce lithographic prints based on the painting, which he sold to friends to raise money for Anning's benefit.

It was the first depiction of a scene from deep time to see even limited publication. The print was used for educational purposes and widely circulated in scientific circles; it influenced several other such depictions that began to appear in scientific and popular literature. Several later versions were produced.

Lyme Regis
Lyme Regis (/ˌlaɪm ˈriːdʒɪs/ LYME REE-jiss) is a town in west Dorset, England, 25 miles (40 km) west of Dorchester and east of Exeter. Sometimes dubbed the "Pearl of Dorset", it lies by the English Channel at the Dorset–Devon border. It has noted fossils in cliffs and beaches on the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site and heritage coast. The harbour wall, known as The Cobb, appears in Jane Austen's novel Persuasion, the John Fowles novel The French Lieutenant's Woman and the 1981 film of that name, partly shot in the town.

A former mayor and MP was Admiral Sir George Somers, who founded the English colonial settlement of Somers Isles, now Bermuda, where Lyme Regis is twinned with St George's. In July 2015, Lyme Regis joined Jamestown, Virginia in a Historic Atlantic Triangle with St George's. The 2011 census gave the urban area a population of 4,712, estimated at 4,805 in 2019.
Silver fish (fish)
Fishes with a common name of silver fish or silverfish may include:

Aphareus rutilans

Argentina sphyraena

Argyrozona argyrozona

Labeobarbus bynni

Enteromius mattozi

Callorhinchus milii

Elops saurus

Leptatherina presbyteroides

Megalops atlanticus

Pseudocaranx dentex

Raiamas senegalensis

Steindachnerina argentea

Trachinotus ovatus

Trichiurus lepturus

Ulaema lefroyi

Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum)

A Chinese-to-English translation of whitebait

Members of the family Salangidae ("dulong" in the Tagalog language).

Trachinotus ovatus
Trachinotus ovatus, the pompano which is also known as the derbio or silverfish, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Carangidae, the jacks. It has large, strong fins. It is common in the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Atlantic Ocean from the British Isles and Scandinavia, where it is a vagrant, to the Gulf of Guinea and Angola.
Gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's floor
These are the results of the women's floor competition, one of six events for female competitors in artistic gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.  The qualification and final rounds took place on July 30, August 1 and 5 at UCLA’s Pauley Pavilion.

Floor (gymnastics)
In gymnastics, the floor is a specially prepared exercise surface, considered an apparatus. The floor exercise (English abbreviation FX) is the event performed on the floor, in both women's and men's artistic gymnastics (WAG and MAG). The same floor is used for WAG FX and MAG FX, but rules and scoring differ; most obviously, a WAG FX routine is synchronised to a piece of recorded dance music, whereas MAG FX has no musical accompaniment.

A spring floor is used in all gymnastics to provide more bounce and help prevent potential injuries to gymnasts' lower extremity joints due to the nature of the apparatus, which includes the repeated pounding required to train it. Cheerleading also uses spring floors for practice. The sprung floor used for indoor athletics is designed to reduce bounce.
Rube Oldring
Reuben Henry Oldring (May 30, 1884 – September 9, 1961) was an American professional baseball player who played outfield in the major leagues from 1905 to 1918. He played for the Philadelphia Athletics and New York Yankees.

Bridgeton, New Jersey
Bridgeton is a city in Cumberland County, within the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is the county seat of Cumberland County and is located on the Cohansey River near Delaware Bay in the South Jersey region of the state.

As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 27,263, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 1,914 (+7.6%) from the 25,349 recorded at the 2010 census, which in turn reflected an increase of 2,578 (+11.3%) from the 22,771 counted in the 2000 census. Bridgeton and Vineland are the two principal cities of the Vineland-Bridgeton metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses those cities and all of Cumberland County for statistical purposes and which constitutes a part of the Delaware Valley (i.e. the Philadelphia metro area).

As of 2020, Bridgeton had the 13th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey with an equalized rate of 4.598% compared to 3.089% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%.
Egg of Columbus
An egg of Columbus or Columbus's egg (Italian: uovo di Colombo [ˈwɔːvo di koˈlombo]) refers to a seemingly impossible task that becomes easy once understood. The expression refers to an apocryphal story, dating from at least the 16th century, in which it is said that Christopher Columbus, having been told that finding a new trade route was inevitable and no great accomplishment, challenges his critics to make an egg stand on its tip. After his challengers give up, Columbus does it himself by tapping the egg on the table to flatten its tip.

The story is often alluded to when discussing creativity. The term has also been used as the trade name of a dissection puzzle and several mechanical puzzles.

Eggs as food
Humans and other hominids have consumed eggs for millions of years. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especially chickens. People in Southeast Asia began harvesting chicken eggs for food by 1500 BCE. Eggs of other birds, such as ducks and ostriches, are eaten regularly but much less commonly than those of chickens. People may also eat the eggs of reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Fish eggs consumed as food are known as roe or caviar.

Hens and other egg-laying creatures are raised throughout the world, and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. In 2012, the European Union banned battery husbandry of chickens.
1987 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's doubles
Brad Gilbert and Vince Van Patten were the defending champions but only Gilbert competed that year with Kevin Curren.

Curren and Gilbert lost in the quarterfinals to Andrés Gómez and Slobodan Živojinović. Paul Annacone and Christo van Rensburg won in the final 6–2, 6–4, 6–4 against Ken Flach and Robert Seguso.

Christo van Rensburg
Christo van Rensburg (born 23 October 1962) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa.

Van Rensburg turned professional in 1983. He won his first doubles title on ATP Tour later that year at Cleveland.

Van Rensburg won 20 top-level doubles titles during his career, including one Grand Slam men's doubles title at the Australian Open in 1985, partnering Paul Annacone. He also won two ATP singles titles at Orlando in 1987, and at Johannesburg in 1989. Van Rensburg's career-high rankings were world No. 19 in singles (achieved in 1988) and world No. 5 in doubles (achieved in 1987). He retired from the professional tour in 1995.

Van Rensburg is one of only two men to beat Pete Sampras in straight sets at Wimbledon (doing so in 1990, where Sampras was the No. 12 seed), the other being 1996 champion Richard Krajicek.
Seson-ji
Seson-ji (世尊寺) is a Buddhist temple located in the Hiso neighborhood of the town of  Ōyodo, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It belongs to the  Sōtō school of Japanese Zen and its honzon is a statue of Amida Nyorai. Founded by Prince Shōtoku, it is 7th of the Historical Sites of Prince Shōtoku and the temple precincts have been designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1927.

Japanese Zen
See also Zen for an overview of Zen, Chan Buddhism for the Chinese origins, and Sōtō, Rinzai and Ōbaku for the three main schools of Zen in Japan

Japanese Zen refers to the Japanese forms of Zen Buddhism, an originally Chinese Mahāyāna school of Buddhism that strongly emphasizes dhyāna, the meditative training of awareness and equanimity. This practice, according to Zen proponents, gives insight into one's true nature, or the emptiness of inherent existence, which opens the way to a liberated way of living.
Vidadi Rzayev
Vidadi Rzayev (Azerbaijani: Vidadi Rzayev; born 4 September 1967) is a retired football midfielder from Azerbaijan. On 31 August 1996, Rzayev's goal gave to Azerbaijan the first victory ever in European qualifying tournament, when Azerbaijan defeated Switzerland 1–0 in Baku. He currently works for FC Gabala as a scout.

Azerbaijan national football team
The Azerbaijan national football team (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan milli futbol komandası) is the national football team of Azerbaijan and is controlled by Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan. It represents Azerbaijan in international football competitions. The majority of Azerbaijan's home matches are held at the national stadium, Baku Olympic Stadium, with friendly matches sometimes hosted at club stadiums.

The Azerbaijan national football team has taken part in qualification for each major tournament since Euro 1996, but has never qualified for the finals tournament of any World Cup or European Championships. Azerbaijan was the first Caucasus country to host a major football tournament, the UEFA Euro 2020.
Torrey Lake Petroglyph District
The Torrey Lake Petroglyph District extends for about 3.2 miles (5.1 km) along Torrey Creek in Fremont County, Wyoming. The site includes about 175 petroglyphs, as well as eleven lithic scatters and a sheep trap. The petroglyphs are in the Interior Line Style, or Dinwoody style, consistent with other rock art in central Wyoming. Site investigations have uncovered a number of petroglyphs that had previously been hidden under lichen. The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1993.

Petroglyph
A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art. The term generally refers to rock engravings of ancient origin, often associated with prehistoric peoples. The oldest petroglyphs in the world are deemed to be those at Murujuga in Western Australia, which are 40,000–50,000 years old. Some petroglyphs are classified as protected monuments and some have been added to the list of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, or such status has been applied for.
Air Raid (text)
Air Raid (German: Der Luftangriff auf Halberstadt am 8. April 1945, lit. 'The Airstrike on Halberstadt on 8 April 1945') is a text by the German writer Alexander Kluge about an episode from World War II. Published in 1977 in the book Neue Geschichten, it is a mixture of report and memoir that includes photographs, drawings and diagrams to give an account of the destruction of Kluge's hometown of Halberstadt, which he observed at the age of 13. The town had no military function or strategic importance, but due to unexpected clouds, a squadron of American bomb planes aborted its original mission and dropped the bombs on a civilian target.

The text has been compared to Hans Erich Nossack's The End: Hamburg 1943 (1943), which gives an account of the bombing of Hamburg. These texts address the destruction of German cities during World War II, which became a national trauma and a taboo subject in the post-war period.

Hans Erich Nossack
Hans Erich Nossack (30 January 1901 – 2 November 1977) was a German writer. Among his works are An Offering for the Dead (1947), Spätestens im November (1955), Der jüngere Bruder (1958) and Ein glücklicher Mensch (1975). In 1961 Nossack was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize. One of his most famous works is The End: Hamburg 1943, written 3 months after the bombing of Hamburg by the allies during the Second World War. W. G. Sebald, in his book On the Natural History of Destruction wrote, "Indeed, it seems that no German writer, with the exception of Nossack, was ready or able to put any concrete facts down on paper about the progress or repercussions of this gigantic, long-term campaign of destruction."
In 2006, when The End was published for the first time in English, by the University of Chicago Press, Publishers Weekly wrote that "Nossack's remarkable witnessing has real and urgent value."
Schreckensteinia felicella
Schreckensteinia felicella is a moth of the  family Schreckensteiniidae. It is found in western North America, including and possibly limited to California.

The wingspan is 10–12 mm.

The larvae feed on Castilleja affinis.

Castilleja affinis
Castilleja affinis is a species of Castilleja known by the common name coast Indian paintbrush.

It is native to western North America from Washington to Baja California, where it grows on hills and mountains slopes along the coast and inland.
Harold Spina
Harold Spina (21 June 1906 – 18 July 1997) was an American composer of popular songs.  His best-known work happened in the early 1930s, when he collaborated with lyricists Johnny Burke and Joe Young on songs such as "Annie Doesn't Live Here Anymore", "You're Not the Only Oyster in the Stew", "My Very Good Friend the Milkman" (these two hits for Fats Waller), "Shadows on the Swanee", "The Beat of My Heart", "Now You've Got Me Doing It", and "I've Got a Warm Spot in My Heart for You". He also collaborated with lyricist John Elliot for several songs, including "It's So Nice To Have A Man Around The House" (made famous by Dinah Shore).

Joe Young (lyricist)
Joe Young (July 4, 1889 – April 21, 1939) was an American lyricist, born in New York City as Joseph Judewitz to immigrant Jewish parents. In 1911, he began his career as a singer and song-plugger for various music publishers. During World War I, he entertained U.S. troops and sang across Europe.