hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cotton–Mouton effect
In physical optics, the Cotton–Mouton effect is the birefringence in a liquid in the presence of a constant transverse magnetic field. It is a similar but stronger effect than the Voigt effect (in which the medium is a gas). Its electric analog is the Kerr effect.

It was discovered in 1905 by Aimé Cotton and Henri Mouton, working in collaboration and publishing in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences.

When a linearly polarized wave propagates perpendicularly to a magnetic field (e.g. in a magnetized plasma), it can become elliptically polarized. Because a linearly polarized wave is some combination of in-phase X and O modes, and because X and O waves propagate with different phase velocities, there is elliptization of the emerging beam. As the waves propagate, the phase difference (δ) between EX and EO increases.

Electromagnetic electron wave
In plasma physics, an electromagnetic electron wave is a wave in a plasma which has a magnetic field component and in which primarily the electrons oscillate.

In an unmagnetized plasma, an electromagnetic electron wave is simply a light wave modified by the plasma. In a magnetized plasma, there are two modes perpendicular to the field, the O and X modes, and two modes parallel to the field, the R and L waves.
Shuanghuanglian
Shuanghuanglian (Chinese:  双黄连) is a Chinese patent medicine with a long history for treating respiratory tract infection in China. Some of its active ingredients are Wogonin, Baicalin and baicalein. It is derived from three Chinese herbal medicines, namely, Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.), Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), and weeping forsythia (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl). It has been used for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections since 1973. Several forms are described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

The substance has been shown in vitro to be cytotoxic "against a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2".

Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity refers to the capacity of a substance or agent to cause damage or death to living cells, reflecting a critical parameter in pharmacology, toxicology, and biomedicine. It is distinct from cytostatic effects, which inhibit cell growth and proliferation without causing cell death. Cytotoxic agents can induce a range of cellular responses, including inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptotic or necrotic cell death, and disruption of metabolic or structural cellular integrity. Assessing cytotoxicity is fundamental for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, chemicals, and biomaterials, as it helps predict potential adverse effects and guides therapeutic development.

Various assays—based on enzyme activity, membrane permeability, metabolic activity, or cell proliferation—are routinely employed to characterize and quantify cytotoxic effects in vitro, providing essential insights into cell viability and the mechanisms underlying toxic responses.
Atomic Skis
Atomic Austria GmbH is an Austrian sports equipment company headquartered in Salzburg, Austria. It manufactures and sells skis and other skiing equipment, such as boots, bindings, helmets, ski poles, goggles, bags, apparel and protective equipment. Atomic is a subsidiary of Finnish retail conglomerate Amer Sports, which in turn, oversees Arc'teryx, Precor, Salomon, Suunto, Sports Tracker, and Wilson.

Ski boot
Ski boots are footwear used in skiing to provide a way to attach the skier to skis using ski bindings. The ski/boot/binding combination is used to effectively transmit control inputs from the skier's legs to the snow.
Tsathoggua
Tsathoggua (the Sleeper of N'kai, also known as Zhothaqquah) is a supernatural entity in the Cthulhu Mythos shared fictional universe. He is the creation of American writer Clark Ashton Smith and is part of his Hyperborean cycle.

Tsathoggua/Zhothaqquah is described as an Old One, a god-like being from the pantheon. He was introduced in Smith's short story "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros", written in 1929 and published in the November 1931 issue of Weird Tales. His first appearance in print, however, was in Robert E. Howard's story "The Children of the Night", written in 1930 and published in the April–May 1931 issue of Weird Tales. His next appearance in print was in H. P. Lovecraft's story "The Whisperer in Darkness", written in 1930 and published in the August 1931 issue of Weird Tales.

Lin Carter
Linwood Vrooman Carter (June 9, 1930 – February 7, 1988) was an American author of science fiction and fantasy, as well as an editor and critic. He usually wrote as Lin Carter; known pseudonyms include H. P. Lowcraft (for an H. P. Lovecraft parody) and Grail Undwin. In the 1970s he was editor of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series, which introduced readers to many overlooked classics of the fantasy genre.
Červená hora (Nízký Jeseník)
Červená hora (meaning 'red mountain') is a mountain in the Nízký Jeseník range in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It is located in the territory of Budišov nad Budišovkou. With 749 metres (2,457 ft) above sea level it is the highest hill of the Domašov Highlands, which are a part of the Nízký Jeseník, and the highest point in the Opava District. A hydrometeorological station and a station of the European Fireball Network at the same time is located here.

Weather station
A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation. Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount.
The Cheese Shop, Louth
The Cheese Shop, Louth is an artisan delicatessen situated in Louth, England, known for its large selection of artisan foods, especially cheese. The Cheese Shop has been featured in national newspapers such as The Daily Telegraph and its magazine and The Guardian, local radio and television on BBC Lincolnshire and BBC Look North, and national television episodes in The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain.

The shop supplies public houses and restaurants in the surrounding area, and stocks locally produced cheeses, including Lincolnshire Poacher and Lincolnshire Red, and Cote Hill Blue and Yellow cheeses.

In 2011 The Cheese Shop won the food category in "The Best Small Food Shops in Britain Awards", run by Mary Portas and The Daily Telegraph, being chosen out of a shortlist of three by The Daily Telegraph's food columnist Rose Prince.

The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain
The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain is a 2009 BBC television cookery programme which is presented by The Hairy Bikers: Dave Myers and Si King.

The 30-part series, which aired weekdays at 17:15 on BBC Two in the United Kingdom began on 24 August 2009. In each show the Hairy Bikers visit a county of the United Kingdom, and learn about its food culture and heritage. One episode was postponed during its original run, due to the FIFA Women's World Cup Football Final.

Each episode features a "taste-off" competition, pitting the Bikers against a renowned chef currently based in the county.  Whilst showcasing the chef, the riff from Elbow song "Grounds for Divorce" is occasionally featured.
Making Trouble
Making Trouble is the debut studio album by the American hip-hop group the Ghetto Boys. The group originally consisted of Bushwick Bill, DJ Ready Red, Sire Jukebox and Prince Johnny C. Following the release of Making Trouble, Rap-A-Lot Records dropped Sire Jukebox and Johnny C from the group, and added Scarface and Willie D.

Making Trouble received little attention, negative reviews, and is often forgotten in the midst of the group's later successful, acclaimed and controversial albums.

Willie D
William James Dennis (born November 1, 1966) is an American rapper from Houston, Texas. He emerged as a member of the hip hop group Geto Boys, which he formed in 1986 alongside fellow Houston rappers Scarface and Bushwick Bill. He signed with the regionally-based label Rap-A-Lot Records to release his albums Controversy (1989) and I'm Goin' Out Lika Soldier (1992), the latter of which entered the Billboard 200.

As an online broadcaster, he has been outspoken on political and social issues in Houston. His YouTube channel, created in 2011, has gained one million subscribers as of 2024.
Christine Mitchell
Christine I. Mitchell (born December 8, 1951) is an American filmmaker and bioethicist and until her retirement in September 2022, the executive director of the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School (HMS).

Nursing ethics
Nursing ethics is a branch of applied ethics that concerns itself with activities in the field of nursing. Nursing ethics shares many principles with medical ethics, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, and respect for autonomy. It can be distinguished by its emphasis on relationships, human dignity and collaborative care.
Kate O'Sullivan
Kate O'Sullivan is a British actress, singer, voiceover artist and impressionist.

A graduate of Drama Centre London latterly Central Saint Martins, she was taught by Yat Malmgren and Christopher Fettes.

Audio and Radio Industry Awards
The Audio and Radio Industry Awards (ARIAS, ARIAs, or UK ARIAs) are annual awards awarded for excellence in UK radio and audio presenting and production. Established in 2016 by the Radio Academy, they succeeded the Radio Academy Awards, the academy's honours system of 1983 to 2014 (there were no awards for 2015). They are awarded for productions in the previous calendar year. In contrast to many other media award ceremonies, three winners are selected by judging panels for each category and graded Gold, Silver or Bronze.

In May 2019 the Young ARIAs were inaugurated at the BBC Radio Theatre in London in a ceremony hosted by BBC Radio 1's Matt Edmondson and Kiss FM host Daisy Maskell. The very next year they were rebranded as the Young Audio Awards.
Petr Losman
Petr Losman (born 31 October 1979) is a Czech orienteering competitor.

He won a bronze medal at the World Games in 2005 in the mixed relay, with Marta Štěrbová, Tomáš Dlabaja and Dana Brožková. His best achievements at the World Orienteering Championships are 7th in the sprint distance in 2003, and 10th in the sprint in 2005.

Orienteering
Orienteering is a group of sports in which participants use a map and compass to navigate from point to point in unfamiliar terrain as quickly as possible.

The sport originated from military land-navigation training in the late 19th century. It has since evolved into several competitive forms where participants race against the clock and other competitors while navigating through checkpoints. Variants include automobile, underwater, mountain bike, ski, and trail orienteering. The most common form is foot orienteering, also known as FootO.

In formal foot-orienteering competitions, participants are given a specially prepared orienteering map, usually topographical, which they use to locate control points.

Orienteering is part of the World Games and the World Police and Fire Games.
1964–65 Rheinlandliga
The 1964–65 Rheinlandliga was the 13th season of the highest amateur class of the Rhineland Football Association under the name of 1. Amateurliga Rheinland. It was a predecessor of today's Rheinlandliga.

Rheinlandliga
The Rheinlandliga is a German amateur football division administered by the Rhineland Football Association, one of the 21 German state football associations. Being the top flight of the Rhineland state association, the Verbandsliga is currently a level 6 division of the German football league system.
That's What I Call Love
"That's What I Call Love" is a 1989 song by Australian singer Kate Ceberano. It was released as the fourth and final single from her third solo album, Brave. It was also included on the She-Devil soundtrack. It was released in February 1990 and peaked at 30 in Australia in April 1990.

Kate Ceberano
Catherine Yvette Ceberano AM (/səˈbrɑːnoʊ/ or /sɛbəˈrɑːnoʊ/, born 17 November 1966) is an Australian singer and actress who performs in the rock, soul, jazz and pop genres, as well as in film and musicals such as Jesus Christ Superstar. Her single "Bedroom Eyes" received a platinum sales certification in 1989. As of 2023, Ceberano has 11 platinum and 8 gold albums
Ceberano was the artistic director of the Adelaide Cabaret Festival in 2012, 2013, and 2014.
Prácheňsko
Prácheňsko (German: Prachens; Latin: Provincia Prachinensis) is a historical and cultural region in the Czech Republic, covering roughly the Otava River basin, mostly in the northwest part of South Bohemia. It was an administrative region in southwestern Bohemia, created in the late 13th century and abolished by the Austrian Empire's regional reform of 1848.

Otava (river)
The Otava (German: Wottawa) is a river in the Czech Republic, a left tributary of the Vltava River. It flows through the Plzeň and South Bohemian regions. It is formed by the confluence of the Vydra and Křemelná rivers. Together with the Vydra, which is its main source, the Otava is 134.8 km (83.8 mi) long, making it the 13th longest river in the country. Without the Vydra, it is 111.7 km (69.4 mi) long.
A Test of Love (1958 film)
A Test of Love is a 1958 Chinese Yue opera film directed by Huang Zumo and starring Fu Quanxiang, Lu Jinhua, and other performers of the Shanghai Yue Opera House. The script of the film, as well as that of the stage production on which the film is based, was written by Tian Han with his wife An E and based on the Wang Kui Betrays Guiying legend from the Song dynasty.

Yue opera
Yue opera (Chinese: 越剧; pinyin: Yuèjù), also known as Shaoxing opera, is a popular Chinese opera genre, with only Peking opera considered to be more popular nationwide.

Originating in Shengzhou, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province in 1906, Yue opera features actresses in male roles as well as femininity in terms of singing, performing, and staging. Despite its rural origin, it has found a second home in Shanghai, China's most affluent city, where it managed to out-compete both Peking opera and the native Shanghai opera. As Yue opera is performed in a variant of Wu, it is most popular in Wu-speaking areas including southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. In addition, the opera also has a sizeable following in Hong Kong due to Shanghainese migration to the city. Like its performers, Yue opera fans are mainly women, resulting in a disproportionate number of love stories in its repertoire and very little acrobatic fighting.
DZAS
DZAS (702 AM) is a non-commercial radio station owned and operated by the Far East Broadcasting Company. The station's studio is located at the 46th Floor, One Corporate Centre, Meralco Avenue cor. Doña Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig, and its transmitter is located along MacArthur Highway, Barangay Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan. It operates daily from 4:40 am to 12:00 midnight.

Few of the station's programs are also aired on cable television via GCTV and TBN Philippines.

Non-commercial activity
A non-commercial (also spelled noncommercial) activity is an activity that is not carried out in the interest of profit. The opposite is commercial, something that primarily serves profit interests and is focused on business.

For example, advertising-free community radio stations are typically nonprofit organizations staffed by individuals volunteering their efforts to air a wide variety of radio programming, and do not run explicit radio advertisements, included in the United States specific grouping of "non-commercial educational" (NCE) public radio stations.
Clarke's test
In medicine, Clarke's test (also known as the Osmond-Clarke test or patellar grind test) is a component of knee examination which may be used to test for patellofemoral pain syndrome, chondromalacia patellae, patellofemoral arthritis, or anterior knee pain. It is not a standard part of the knee examination but is used to diagnose anterior knee pain where the history indicates this as the likely pathology. The patient is asked to actively contract the quadriceps muscle while the examiner's hand exerts pressure on the superior pole of the patella, so trying to prevent the proximal movement of the patella. While it can produce some discomfort even in normal people, the reproduction of the symptoms suggest pain of patellofemoral origin.

Evidence for the validity of Clarke's test is limited and some sources claim the test is not clinically useful, though it remains prevalent in clinical practice.

Chondromalacia patellae
Chondromalacia patellae (CMP; from Greek  μαλακία (malakia) 'softening'  χόνδρος (chondros) 'cartilage' and Latin  patella 'kneecap') is an inflammation of the underside of the kneecap and softening of the cartilage.

The cartilage under the kneecap is a natural shock absorber, and overuse, injury, and many other factors can cause increased deterioration and breakdown of the cartilage. The cartilage is no longer smooth and therefore movement and use is very painful. While it often affects young individuals engaged in active sports, it also afflicts older adults who overwork their knees.

Chondromalacia patellae is sometimes used synonymously with patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, there is general consensus that patellofemoral pain syndrome applies only to individuals without cartilage damage. This condition is also known as Chondrosis.
Karibib
Karibib (Otjiherero: Otjandjomboimwe) is a town in the Erongo Region of western Namibia. It has 8,434 inhabitants. Karibib is the district capital of the Karibib electoral constituency. It is situated on the Khan River, halfway between Windhoek and Swakopmund on the B2 (Trans-Kalahari Highway), the main road between Walvis Bay and Johannesburg. The town is known for its aragonite marble quarries and the Navachab Gold Mine.

Herero language
Herero (Otjiherero) is a Bantu language spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana, as well as by small communities of people in southwestern Angola. There were 250,000 speakers in these countries between 2015 and 2018.
Tim Dedopulos
Tim Dedopulos is a British-born writer, game designer and editor of mixed English and Greek heritage. His published material covers a wide range of areas—novels, short-stories, game supplements/strategy guides, direct mail self-help booklets, light popular culture books, and more serious non-fiction works on a variety of subjects.

Orpheus (role-playing game)
Orpheus is a tabletop role playing game by White Wolf Publishing, set in a microcosm of the World of Darkness. Unlike the other World of Darkness game lines, Orpheus has a specifically planned metaplot and a set number of books that were published. Although it uses the same system as White Wolf's other games, ghosts and spirits are the exclusive focus of this story. Other supernatural creatures in the World of Darkness are strongly discouraged from entering the events of Orpheus. It is, however, tied with Wraith: The Oblivion, White Wolf's previous game dealing with the afterlife; some of the events in Orpheus are related to Ends of Empire, the final book in the Wraith: The Oblivion line.
Elio Costa
Elio Costa (born 21 August 1940 in Maierato) is an Italian politician and magistrate.

Costa ran as an independent for the office of Mayor of Vibo Valentia at the 2002 Italian local elections, supported by a centre-right coalition. He won the election and served as Mayor of Vibo Valentia until his resignation on 15 January 2005.

He was re-elected on 3 June 2015, but he resigned for the second time on 31 January 2019, after a new internal government crisis.

Vibo Valentia
Vibo Valentia (Italian: [ˈviːbo vaˈlɛntsja] ⓘ; Monteleone before 1861; Monteleone di Calabria from 1861 to 1928; Calabrian: Vibbu Valenzia or Muntalaùni) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Calabria, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital of the province of Vibo Valentia, and is an agricultural, commercial and tourist center (the most famous places nearby are Tropea, Ricadi and Pizzo). There are also several large manufacturing industries, including the tuna district of Maierato. Very important for the local economy is Vibo Marina's harbour.
Nylon TMDT
Nylon TMDT (also known as Nylon 6-3-T) is a type of transparent nylon, useful where transparency and chemical resistance are required in the same application. 
This polymer was launched  by Dynamit Nobel in 1968 under the name Trogamid T. In 1988, the business was acquired by Hüls which later became Evonik.

TMD is derived from isophorone, a trimer of acetone.  The polymerization is unusual for a nylon polymer.  In the first step TMD is reacted with dimethyl terephthalate and methanol is removed to form an amide.  In a second step polycondensation is done to make nylon TMDT.

Dimethyl terephthalate
Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(COOCH3)2. It is the diester formed from terephthalic acid and methanol. It is a white solid that melts to give a distillable colourless liquid. it is an intermediate in some schemes for the recycling of PET, e.g. from plastic bottles.
Alat tribe
The Alat (a.k.a. Ala-at, Ala, Alachin, Alagchin, Alchin, Alchi, Alayontli, Ulayundluğ (اُوﻻيُنْدْلُغْ) ("piebald horse", pinto); Boma (駁馬 or 駮馬 "piebald horse"), Helai (賀賴), Helan (賀蘭), Hela (曷剌), Bila (弊剌), or dru-gu ha-la-yun-log ("Ha la yun log Turks")) were one salient Turkic tribe known from Chinese annals.

Alats were possibly identical to the Luandi, or Xueyantuo, or Khalajes, the last group being a Turkic Central Asian people known to medieval Arab and Persian Muslim geographers and in Bactrian inscriptions.

Literature on Alats is very rich; Alats were a subject of study by Tangshu, Jiu Tangshu, Tang Huiyao, N.Ya. Bichurin, S.E. Malov, N.A. Aristov, Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, Yu. Nemeth, G. Howorth, P. Pelliot, L. Hambis, and others.

Tang Huiyao
The Tang Huiyao (simplified Chinese: 唐会要; traditional Chinese: 唐會要; pinyin: Táng Huìyāo; Wade–Giles: T'ang Huiyao; lit. 'Institutional History of Tang') is an institutional history of the Tang dynasty compiled by Wang Pu and presented to Emperor Taizu of Song in 961. The book contains 100 volumes and 514 sections; it has an abundant content for the period before 846, and scarce material unobtainable from the Tongdian, Old Book of Tang, and New Book of Tang.

It combines the earlier Huiyao compiled by Su Mian, which covers the history of Tang to 779, and the Xu Huiyao by Yang Shaofu and others, which extended the coverage to 846. The compilation was finished by the early Song dynasty, with the addition of small amount of material after the reign of Emperor Xuānzong of Tang included by Wang Pu.
Famo
Famo is a type of music from the African country Lesotho, consisting of singing accompanied by the accordion, a drum, and occasionally a bass. It originated in the drinking dens of migrant workers relaxing after working in mines in the 1920s and is now a popular form of music for Sesotho speakers.

Bass (sound)
Bass (/beɪs/ BAYSS) (also called bottom end) describes tones of low (also called "deep") frequency, pitch and range from 16 to 250 Hz (C0 to middle C4) and bass instruments that produce tones in the low-pitched range C2-C4. They belong to different families of instruments and can cover a wide range of musical roles. Since producing low pitches usually requires a long air column or string, and for stringed instruments, a large hollow body, the string and wind bass instruments are usually the largest instruments in their families or instrument classes.