hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fred William Bowerman
Fred William Bowerman (January 8, 1893 – May 1, 1953) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw.

A veteran holdup man whose criminal career lasted more than 30 years, Bowerman was placed on the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted" list in 1953. Later that year, he led the disastrous Southwest Bank holdup in St. Louis, Missouri, in which he and his three partners wound up in a standoff with more than 100 officers of the St. Louis Police Department. Bowerman died a week later of gunshot wounds sustained during the robbery.

The events were later made into a film, The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery (1959), starring Crahan Denton and Steve McQueen.

St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department
The Metropolitan Police Department – City of St. Louis (also known as the SLMPD or St. Louis Police) is the primary law enforcement agency for the city of St. Louis, Missouri.

According to the Mapping Police Violence dataset, SLMPD has the highest police use of deadly force per capita. The SLMPD union has strongly resisted attempts to establish independent oversight of police misconduct. When Kimberly Gardner, the top prosecutor in St. Louis, sought to establish a unit within her office to independently investigate police misconduct, the leader of the SLMPD union said Gardner should be removed "by force or by choice."
Vertyachy
Vertyachy (Russian: Вертячий) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Vertyachinskoye Rural Settlement, Gorodishchensky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,317 as of 2010. There are 19 streets.

Gorodishchensky District, Volgograd Oblast
Gorodishchensky District (Russian: Городи́щенский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Gorodishchensky Municipal District. It is located in the southern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,450 square kilometers (950 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Gorodishche. Population: 60,188 (2010 Census); 57,308 (2002 Census); 45,982 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Gorodishche accounts for 35.5% of the district's total population.
Oued el Melah
Oued el Melah or Wadi el Melah (Arabic: وادي مالح, وادي المالح, "Salty Wadi") is an intermittent wadi of Tunisia whose course is located on the territory of the governorates of Gafsa and Tozeur. Generally dry, except when it rains, the wadi has its mouth in Chott el-Gharsa.

It is almost a river for a series of wadis in the area between Gafsa and Tozeur, forming a waterway for a distance of 70 kilometers.  The decrease in precipitation in the area means that it does not carry water any more, except in the case of rain, usually occurring during the fall and winter.

The towns of Lalla, El Ksar and Guettaria are on the river.

Tozeur
Tozeur (Arabic: توزر, romanized: Tūzirⓘ; Berber languages: ⵜⵓⵣⴻⵔ, romanized: Tuzər) is a city in southwest Tunisia. The city is located northwest of Chott el Djerid, in between this Chott and the smaller Chott el Gharsa. It is the capital of Tozeur Governorate. It was the site of the ancient city and former bishopric Tusuros, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
Sierra de Guara
The Sierra de Guara is a mountain massif in the province of Huesca, the most northerly province in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. Its highest point is Tozal de Guara (2,077 m).

It lies around 25 km northeast of the city of Huesca itself. Much of the massif is now included within the Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park which extends 43 km from west to east and 25 km north to south. The Park includes, in addition to the Sierra de Guara itself,  much of the Sierra de Gabardiella in the west and the Sierra de Arangol, Sierra de Balced, Sierra de Sebil and Sierra de Rufás in the east.

Province of Huesca
Huesca (Aragonese: Uesca; Catalan: Osca), officially Huesca/Uesca, is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. The capital is Huesca.

Positioned just south of the central Pyrenees, Huesca borders France and the French departments of Haute-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, and Hautes-Pyrénées. Within Spain, Huesca's neighboring provinces are Navarre, Zaragoza, and Lleida.
Tony Pizarro
Anthony D. Pizarro is an American record producer. Listed as one of the "Top 50 Hip Hop Producers of All Time" by About.com, he was credited on Tupac Shakur's 1995 single "Dear Mama", which has been inducted into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress. As one of Shakur's primary producers, Pizarro has contributed to sales of over 75 million units.

After Shakur's death, Pizarro re-emerged as an executive for Def Jam Recordings, and effectively promoted other hip hop acts including DMX, Scarface, M.O.P., WC, and Keith Murray. As a recording engineer, he has been credited on albums for artists such as Ice-T, Teena Marie, and Tevin Campbell.

People Inc.
People Inc. (formerly The Mining Company, About.com, Dotdash and Dotdash Meredith) is an American digital media company based in New York City. It publishes online articles and videos about various subjects across categories including health, home, food, finance, tech, beauty, lifestyle, travel, and education.
Silver Burn
The Silver Burn or Silverburn River (Manx: Awin Rosien) is a small river, about five miles (8 km) long, on the Isle of Man which rises near the South Barrule and flows south. It passes St Mark's and in its lower reaches it flows under the Monks' Bridge at Ballasalla, and reaches the sea at Castletown harbour. Just above Ballasalla, the burn runs through wooded Silverdale Glen, a site which the Manx National Trust acquired in 1966.

The section from the A3 south to the A7 in Ballasalla makes up the Silverdale Conservation Area, one of Isle of Man's historic districts, and includes Silverdale Glen Cafe, Monk's Bridge, and Rushen Abbey's ruins.

The Silver Burn is joined by the Awin Ruy, a small left-bank tributary, immediately north of Ballasalla. Between Ballasalla and Castletown, the Isle of Man Railway runs parallel and close to the river, and the southernmost part of the Millennium Way also follows the river here.

Castletown, Isle of Man
Castletown  (Manx: Balley y Chashtal, pronounced [ˈbalʲə ˈxaʃtʃəl]) is a town in the Isle of Man, geographically within the historical parish of Malew but administered separately. Lying at the south of the island, it was the Manx capital until 1869. The centre of town is dominated by Castle Rushen, a well-preserved medieval castle, originally built for a Viking king.
Graham Star
The Graham Star is a weekly newspaper based in Robbinsville, North Carolina covering Graham County, North Carolina.

The newspaper was founded in 1955 and is distributed each Thursday. The Star is owned by Athens, Georgia-based Community Newspapers, Inc., which also operates the Cherokee Scout in Murphy, the Clay County Progress in Hayesville, and the Smoky Mountain Times in Bryson City, amongst other publications in the southeastern United States.

The Star's staff consists of Kevin Hensley, editor; Ruby Annas, reporter; Debbie Dills, advertising; and Diane West, office manager.

Bryson City, North Carolina
Bryson City (Cherokee: ᏣᎵᏍᏙᏂ, romanized: Tsahlsdoni) is a town in Swain County, North Carolina, United States, and its county seat. The population was 1,558 as of the 2020 census. Located in what was historically the land of the Cherokee, Bryson City was founded as Charleston to serve as the county seat of Swain County when it was formed from parts of surrounding counties. It grew into an important local rail hub. Today the city serves as a popular tourist destination, lying just to the west of the entrance to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, for outdoor activities in the Nantahala National Forest, and along the Nantahala River and Fontana Lake, and serves as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad, a heritage railroad that provides tours of the Nantahala valley. The popular Nantahala Outdoor Center provides guide services for many of the outdoor activities in the area.
Tigi
Tigi is an administrative district in Deiyai Regency, Central Papua, Indonesia. Tigi is one of five districts that make up Deiyai Regency in Central Papua Province. Deiyai Regency was formed based on Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 55 of 2008, which split this area from Paniai Regency. Tigi district is designated as the capital of the regency.

Paniai Regency
Paniai Regency is one of the regencies (kabupaten) in Central Papua Province of Indonesia. It is named after the Paniai Lakes. It covers an area of 6,525.25 km2, and had a population of 153,432 at the 2010 Census and 220,410 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2024 was 227,254 - comprising 124,260 males and 102,994 females. The administrative centre is the town of Enarotali, in East Paniai.
Sasha Wortzel
Sasha Wortzel is an artist, filmmaker, educator, and activist, based in New York City. She is the writer, director, and producer of Happy Birthday, Marsha! with Tourmaline. She and Tourmaline raised over $25,000 on Kickstarter to fund the film.

Wortzel co-created the documentary We Came to Sweat: The Legend of Starlite. The film concerns the community efforts to stop the eviction of the Starlite Lounge, the oldest black gay bar in Brooklyn. It was a highlight of the 2014 New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival.

Wortzel's interactive artwork 42 Butter Lane (2011) was included in the 2014 exhibition Roaming House at A.I.R. Gallery. The exhibition, curated by Mira Schor, sought to update the 1972 feminist art installation Womanhouse.

Mira Schor
Mira Schor (born June 1, 1950) is an American artist, writer, editor, and educator, known for her contributions to critical discourse on the status of painting in contemporary art and culture as well as to feminist art history and criticism.
24 Hour Sunset
24 Hour Sunset is a 2023 French–American documentary film directed by Édouard de Luze and Charles Derenne. Shot entirely on 16 mm film, it offers a meditative, 24-hour journey through the contemporary Los Angeles art scene, featuring both legendary and emerging artists. The film premiered on Canal+ in France on 5 January 2024 and was later released internationally via Apple TV and iTunes.

16 mm film
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film (about 2⁄3 inch); other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm. It is generally used for non-theatrical (e.g., industrial, educational, television) film-making, or for low-budget motion pictures. It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie-making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film and later Super 8 film. Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm "outfit" in 1923, consisting of a Ciné-Kodak camera, Kodascope projector, tripod, screen and splicer, for US$335 (equivalent to US$6,330 in 2025).: 334  RCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932, and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935.: 231
Hanover & Elm Grove
Hanover & Elm Grove is an electoral ward in Brighton, England. The population of the ward at the 2021 census was 16,014. The ward elects three councillors to Brighton and Hove City Council; as of 28 February 2025, they are Ty Galvin, Tim Rowkins and Maureen Winder, all of the Labour Party. The ward is part of the parliamentary constituencies of Brighton Kemptown and Peacehaven and Brighton Pavilion.

Brighton Pavilion (UK Parliament constituency)
Brighton Pavilion is a constituency in East Sussex represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Siân Berry of the Green Party.

At 11.9% of the population, Brighton Pavilion has the highest proportion of LGBTQ people in the country.
Richard Browne (c.1630–1664)
Richard Browne (c.1630– August 1664) was an English composer and organist associated with the Worcester Cathedral. Three of his anthems are included in John Barnard's The First Book of Selected Church Musick (1641): By the waters of Babylon; If the Lord himself; and Unto him that loved us. Browne was a chorister at Worcester Cathedral in 1639, and was appointed lay clerk at that cathedral in 1642. In 1644 he was appointed a minor canon at the cathedral. He was promoted to organist and Master of the Choristers at the Worcester Cathedral on 26 April 1662. He remained in that post until his death two years later in August 1664. He was buried on August 27, 1664.

He is not to be confused with two other English composers of the same name, Richard Browne (fl 1614–1629) and Richard Browne (d. 1710).

Organist
An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumental soloists. In addition, an organist may accompany congregational hymn-singing and play liturgical music.
Reims-Maison-Blanche station
Reims-Maison-Blanche (French: Gare de Reims-Maison-Blanche) is a railway station in the city of Reims, Marne department, northern France. The station is located in the La Maison Blanche neighbourhood of the city. It is situated at kilometric point (KP) 168.524 on the Épernay-Reims railway and served by TER Grand Est trains operated by the SNCF.

Marne (department)
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in the Grand Est region of France. It is named after the river Marne which flows through it.  The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, and Vitry-le-François. It had a population of 566,855 in 2019.

The Champagne vineyards producing the eponymous sparkling wine are in Marne.
Ivan Zakharov
Ivan Ilyich Zakharov (Russian: Иван Ильич Захаров; 1816–1885) was a Russian diplomat who worked in the Peking Orthodox Mission between 1839 and 1850. As the first Russian consul in China he prepared the Treaty of Kulja (1851) and helped delineate the Russo-Chinese borders in 1864.

Zakharov ended his career as Professor of Manchu Philology at the Saint Petersburg Imperial University. Most of his works have never been published. His Russian-Manchu wordbook of 1875 became one of the first Manchu dictionaries available in Europe at the time of its publication.

Zakharov's outline of Manchu grammar appeared in 1879 and was reprinted 100 years later by Global Oriental as "an important book that is so rare as to be virtually unobtainable".

Diplomatic rank
Diplomatic rank is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations. A diplomat's rank determines many ceremonial details, such as the order of precedence at official processions, table seatings at state dinners, the person to whom diplomatic credentials should be presented, and the title by which the diplomat should be addressed.
Enrolled bill rule
The enrolled bill rule is a principle of judicial interpretation of rules of procedure in legislative bodies and rule of recognition. Under the doctrine, once a bill passes a legislative body and is signed into law, the courts assume that all rules of procedure in the enactment process were properly followed. That is, "[i]f a legislative document is authenticated in regular form by the appropriate officials, the court treats that document as properly adopted."

Bill (law)
A bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to substantially alter an existing law.

A bill does not become law until it has been passed by the legislature and, in most cases, approved by the head of state (sometimes the executive).

Bills are introduced in the legislature and are there discussed, debated on, and voted upon.  Once a bill has been enacted into law by the legislature, it is called an act of the legislature, or a statute.
Shad Murib
Shad Murib (born June 14, 1987) is an American politician from Colorado who is the current chair of the Colorado Democratic Party. Prior to being elected Chair, Shad worked for Colorado Senator John Hickenlooper on his campaign team as Outreach Director before transitioning to a role within Hickenlooper's office once he was elected. He runs the Copper Bar Ranch as well as his own consulting firm, Ulysses Strategies.

Growing up in Littleton, Colorado, Shad is a first-generation American as his parents are immigrants from Lebanon. Shad got his start in politics in 2004 volunteering in high school for John Kerry's campaign for president in 2004. He is married to Kerry Donovan, who he met while working for her campaign for state senate in Colorado in 2018.

Colorado Democratic Party
The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado. Shad Murib serves as its chair.

The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee, which consists of the chair and vice chair of the county Democratic Party in each of Colorado's 64 counties and "bonus" members for larger counties. In each odd-numbered year, county parties elect officers in February followed by the state party which elects its officers in March.

The party once held weak power in the state, but growing support increased its popularity. Currently, It is the dominant party in the state, controlling both of the state's U.S. Senate seats and all statewide executive offices, including the governorship. The Democrats also have a supermajority in the Colorado House of Representatives, and hold half of its U.S. House districts.
Roger Martin (actor)
Roger Martin is a British actor and theatre director whose acting career has spanned four decades, during which time he has appeared in the theatre and films, while his television roles have included sitcoms and serious dramas. Martin is also the Artistic Director of Fresh Look Theatre and Chairman of the Eastside Educational Trust.

Stoke-on-Trent
Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England. It had an estimated population of 259,965 in 2022, making it the largest settlement in Staffordshire and one of the largest cities of the Midlands. Stoke is surrounded by the towns of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Alsager, Kidsgrove and Biddulph, which form a conurbation around the city.

The city is polycentric, formed from the federation of six towns in 1910. It took its name from the town of Stoke-upon-Trent, where the main centre of government and the principal railway station in the district were located. Hanley is the primary commercial centre. The other four towns which form the city are Burslem, Tunstall, Longton and Fenton.

As the home of the pottery industry in England, the area is known as The Potteries. It is a centre for service industries and distribution centres. It formerly had a primarily heavy industry sector.
Software reliability testing
Software reliability testing is a field of software-testing that relates to testing a software's ability to function, given environmental conditions, for a  particular amount of time. Software reliability testing helps discover many problems in the software design and functionality.

Availability
In reliability engineering, the term availability has the following meanings:

The degree to which a system, subsystem or equipment is in a specified operable and committable state at the start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an unknown, i.e. a random, time.

The probability that an item will operate satisfactorily at a given point in time when used under stated conditions in an ideal support environment.

Normally high availability systems might be specified as 99.98%, 99.999% or 99.9996%. The converse, unavailability, is 1 minus the availability.
Tom Smith (cricketer, born 1996)
Thomas Frederik Smith (born 21 May 1996) is an English cricketer who played for Glamorgan. Primarily a right-handed batsman, he also bowls right-arm off break. He made his Twenty20 debut for the Marylebone Cricket Club in the 2018 MCC Tri-Nation Series against Nepal on 29 July 2018.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.
John Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere
John Stephen Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere (born 12 July 1963), is the current holder of the British peerage title of Baron Martonmere. This hereditary title was created in 1964 for his grandfather, the British Conservative Party politician Roland Robinson, who had served as a Member of Parliament and subsequently became Governor of Bermuda.

Hereditary title
Hereditary titles, in a general sense, are nobility titles, positions or styles that are hereditary and thus tend or are bound to remain in particular families.

Though both monarchs and nobles usually inherit their titles, the mechanisms often differ, even in the same country. The British crown has been inheritable by women since the medieval era (in the absence of brothers), while the vast majority of hereditary noble titles granted by British sovereigns are not inheritable by daughters.
Bernard Charlès
Bernard Charlès (born 1957) is a French business executive. He is the former Chairman of the board of directors of Dassault Systèmes. Charlès was the 13th best-performing CEO in the world according to the Harvard Business Review 2017 ranking. In 2018 Dassault Systèmes was named the most sustainable corporation in the world in the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World index by Corporate Knights.

Corporate Knights
Corporate Knights is a media and research company based in Toronto, Canada, focused on advancing a sustainable economy. The company publishes a magazine,  Corporate Knights, and produces global rankings, research reports, and financial product ratings based on corporate and environmental sustainability performance, including the "Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World" and the "Best 50 Corporate Citizens in Canada".
Brian Charette
Brian Charette (born November 24, 1972)  is an American jazz pianist, Hammond organist, and electronic music producer. He took first place in the 2014 "Downbeat Magazine Critic's Poll Rising Star: Organ" category and "Fan's Decision Jazz Award for Best Organist 2015" in Hot House Magazine. Charette has recorded and performed with music artists such as George Coleman, Oz Noy, Jaimoe, Michael McDonald, and Cyndi Lauper.

Oz Noy
Oz Noy (Hebrew: עוז נוי; born 1972) is an Israeli-American guitarist and composer whose work blends jazz-rock fusion, blues, and funk. Based in New York City since the 1990s, he has released more than ten albums as a bandleader on labels including Magna Carta, Abstract Logix, and Criss Cross Jazz. In addition to his solo work, he has performed and recorded extensively as a sideman. Noy was voted Best New Talent in 2009 and Best “Out There” Guitarist in 2013 in Guitar Player magazine’s annual polls.