hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Skillstreaming
Skillstreaming is a social skills training method introduced by Dr. Arnold P. Goldstein in 1973. It has been widely used in the United States, as well as other countries, in schools, agencies, and institutions serving children and youth. The Skillstreaming programs for early childhood, elementary age, and adolescence are published by the Research Press Publishing Company of Champaign, Illinois.

Behavior theorists, including Albert Bandura described the processes of modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and reinforcement which are the basis of the Skillstreaming approach.  However, rather than emphasizing operant procedures such as prompting and shaping of behaviors, Skillstreaming takes a more psychoeducational approach, viewing the individual as a person in need of help in the form of skills training. The method provides active and deliberate learning of desirable behaviors to replace less productive behaviors.

Psychoeducation
Psychoeducation (a portmanteau of psychological education) is an evidence-based therapeutic intervention for patients and their loved ones that provides information and support to better understand and cope with illness. Psychoeducation is most often associated with serious mental illness, including schizophrenia, clinical depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder and personality disorders. The term has also been used for programs that address physical illnesses, such as cancer.

Psychoeducation teaches patients and families problem-solving and communication skills, while providing education and resources in an empathetic, supportive environment. Results from more than 30 studies indicate psychoeducation improves family well-being, lowers rates of relapse and improves recovery.
Double Leg
The term double leg can refer to the follow:

Double Leg (trick) – a Capoeira move also known as an armada dupla.

Double leg takedown – a martial arts and combat sports technique for taking the opponent to the ground.

Combat sport
A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, submitting the opponent with a hold, disabling the opponent (knockout, KO), or attacking the opponent in a specific or designated technique. Combat sports share a long history with the martial arts.

Some combat sports (and their national origin) include boxing (Greek-British), Brazilian jiu-jitsu (Japanese-Brazilian), catch wrestling (British-American), jujutsu (Japanese), judo (Japanese), freestyle wrestling (British-American), Greco-Roman wrestling (French), karate (Chinese-Okinawan-Japanese), kickboxing (numerous origins, mainly Southeast Asian), Lethwei (Burmese), mixed martial arts (numerous origins), Muay Thai (Thai), sambo (Soviet/Russian), sanda (Chinese), savate (French), taekwondo (Korean), Vale Tudo (Brazilian), pankration (Ancient Greek), luta livre (Brazilian), and folk wrestling (various).
The Changeling (Play of the Month)
"The Changeling" is a television play episode of the BBC One anthology television series Play of the Month, starring Stanley Baker and Helen Mirren in the lead roles. The episode is an adaptation of the play The Changeling (1622), a Jacobean tragedy by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley.

Thomas Middleton
Thomas Middleton (baptised 18 April 1580 – July 1627; also spelt Midleton) was an English Jacobean playwright and poet. He, with John Fletcher and Ben Jonson, was among the most successful and prolific of playwrights at work in the Jacobean period, and among the few to gain equal success in comedy and tragedy. He was also a prolific writer of masques and pageants.
Choices: The Movie
Choices: The Movie is a drama film directed and produced by Gil Green released on November 6, 2001. The film stars Isley Nicole Melton as well as Hypnotize Minds artists DJ Paul, Juicy J, Project Pat, and La Chat. Its plot concerns a recently released ex-con struggling to stay on the right track. The movie would be followed in 2005 by a sequel titled Choices II: The Setup.

La Chat
Chastity Darnestine Daniels (born March 21, 1978), known professionally as La Chat, is an American rapper from Memphis, Tennessee. She is best known for her association with the Hypnotize Minds record label and the Memphis-based hip hop group Three 6 Mafia.
Zone One
Zone One is a 2011 novel by American author Colson Whitehead. Blending elements of genre fiction and literary fiction, the novel takes place in a post-apocalyptic United States ravaged by zombies. Whitehead has stated that the novel was partly an attempt to return to his adolescent fascination with horror writer Stephen King and science fiction icon Isaac Asimov.

Genre fiction
In the book-trade, genre fiction, also known as formula fiction, or commercial fiction, encompasses fictional works written with the intent of fitting into a specific literary genre in order to appeal to readers and fans already familiar with that genre.  These labels commonly imply that this type of fiction places more value on plot and entertainment than on character development, philosophical themes, or artistic depth. This distinguishes genre fiction from literary fiction.

Popular genres include crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction and horror—as well as Western, inspirational and historical fiction.

Slipstream genre is sometimes thought to be in between genre and non-genre fiction.
Charles Calvert (painter)
Charles Calvert (1785–1852) was a British landscape painter. His brothers were artist Michael Pease Calvert, actor Frederick Baltimore Calvert, and surgeon George Calvert.

He spent much of his life and career in Manchester, and he played an important role in the establishment of the Royal Manchester Institution.

Baron Baltimore
Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore, County Longford, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1625 and ended in 1771, upon the death of its sixth-generation male heir, aged 40. Holders of the title were usually known as Lord Baltimore.
Varys
Lord Varys is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones.

Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Varys is a former slave eunuch from the city of Lys and the master of whisperers in King's Landing. He subsequently appeared in Martin's books A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000), and A Dance with Dragons (2011). He proves to be a key ally to Ned Stark and Tyrion Lannister at court, but his true motives remain shrouded in mystery to those who employ his services.

Varys is portrayed by Conleth Hill in the HBO television adaptation.

A Clash of Kings
A Clash of Kings is the second of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire by American author George R. R. Martin, an epic fantasy series. It was first published in the United Kingdom on November 16, 1998; the first United States edition followed on February 2, 1999. Like its predecessor, A Game of Thrones, it won the Locus Award (in 1999) for Best Novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award (also in 1999) for Best Novel. In May 2005, Meisha Merlin released a limited edition of the novel, fully illustrated by John Howe.

The novel has been adapted for television as the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones.

A Clash of Kings is also the name of the first expansion to the Game of Thrones board game.
Totentag
Totentag is an electronic opera  and the twenty-ninth album by Klaus Schulze. It was originally released in 1994; its libretto is inspired by the last days of the expressionist poet Georg Trakl.  This is the seventh and last of the early-1990s Klaus Schulze albums not to be reissued by Revisited Records. Totentag was released after Schulze's Silver Edition 10-disc CD box set, technically making this album his thirty-ninth.

Inside Out Music
InsideOutMusic is a progressive rock record label originally based in Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia, dedicated to releasing progressive rock, progressive metal and related styles. In 2009, it formed a partnership with Century Media Records and moved its base of operations to Dortmund, also in North Rhine-Westphalia. In August 2016, Century Media and InsideOutMusic were acquired by Sony Music Entertainment and moved their operations to Berlin.
Garnedd-Wen Formation
The Garnedd-Wen Formation (also known as the Garnedd-Wen Beds) is an Ordovician lithostratigraphic formation (a sequence of rock strata) in Mid Wales. The rock of the formation is a mixture of mudstones, siltstones, fine- to coarse-grained sandstones, greywackes and conglomerates. The formation extends from Dinas Mawddwy in the north-east to Tywyn in the south-west.

Siltstone
Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt. It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content, which can be distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.

Although its permeability and porosity is relatively low, siltstone is sometimes a tight gas reservoir rock, an unconventional reservoir for natural gas that requires hydraulic fracturing for production to be economical.

Siltstone was prized in ancient Egypt for manufacturing statuary and cosmetic palettes. The siltstone quarried at Wadi Hammamat was a hard, fine-grained siltstone that resisted flaking and was almost ideal for such uses.
Amhara Province
Amhara Province (Amharic: አማራ) also known as the "Amhara country" and originally as Bete Amhara (Amharic: ቤተ ዐምሐራ,, "House of Amhara") was the name of a medieval province of the Ethiopian Empire, located in present-day  Debub Wollo and parts of Semien Shewa. It was named after the Amhara people, who originated from the province. Following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936, "Amara" was used to designate the subdivision of Italian East Africa with its administrative center at Gondar, and during the 1990s the Amhara region would be formed with its capitol in Bahir Dar. The people of this region mainly practice Orthodox Christianity and the region, in its many forms, has historically been considered the heartland of Ethiopia.

Gondar
Gondar, also spelled Gonder (Amharic: ጎንደር, Gonder or Gondär; formerly ጐንደር, Gʷandar or Gʷender), is a city and woreda in Ethiopia. Located in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, Gondar is north of Lake Tana on the Lesser Angereb River and southwest of the Simien Mountains. As of 2021, Gondar has an estimated population of 443,156.

Gondar previously served as the capital of both the Ethiopian Empire and the subsequent Begemder Province. The city holds the remains of several royal castles, including those in the Fasil Ghebbi UNESCO World Heritage Site for which Gondar has been called the "Camelot of Africa".
Faith Campaign
The Faith Campaign (Arabic: الحملة الايمانية, romanized: al-Ḥamla al-Īmāniyya) was an Islamist campaign conducted by the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, beginning in 1993. The campaign involved a variety of policies, including greater freedoms being granted to Islamist groups, greater resources being put into religious programmes, increased use of Islamic punishments, and a greater emphasis being put on Islam in all sectors of Iraqi life.

The campaign was conducted under the supervision of Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, who would later become Saddam Hussein's successor as leader of the Ba'ath party. Douri used the campaign to promote his Naqshbandi Sufi order, which would later form the nucleus of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order.

Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
The Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order (Arabic: جيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية, romanized: Jaysh Rijāl al-Ṭarīqah al-Naqshbandiyya, JRTN), also known as the Naqshbandi Army, is one of a number of underground Ba'athist militant insurgency groups fighting U.S.-led Coalition forces in Iraq. Media frequently refers to the group by the initials JRTN, a romanization of its Arabic name. Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation, technically the name of the umbrella organization to which JRTN belongs, is also often used to refer to JRTN specifically.

It was named after the Naqshbandi Sufi order. The JRTN's ideology has been described as "a mix of Islamic and pan-Arab nationalistic ideas", and "under the influence of Ba'athist and Islamist political ideals" with Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri being described as "the hidden sheikh of the Men of the Naqshbandis".
Mangystau Region
Mangystau (Kazakh: Маңғыстау, romanized: Mañğystau), formerly known as Mangyshlak (Russian: Мангышлак) from 1973 until 1988, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Aqtau (a seaport), which has a population of 183,350 (2017); the entire Mangystau Province has a population of 745,909 (2022).

Kazakh alphabets
The Kazakh language was written mainly in four scripts at various points of time – Old Turkic, Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic – each having a distinct alphabet. The Arabic script is used in Iran, Afghanistan, and China, while the Cyrillic script is used in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Mongolia. In October 2017, a presidential decree in Kazakhstan ordered a transition from the Cyrillic to Latin script to be implemented by 2025. In January 2021, the target year for finishing the transition was pushed back to 2031.
Dunlavin Green executions
The Dunlavin Green executions was summary execution of 36 suspected United Irishmen rebels in County Wicklow, Ireland by the Irish Yeomanry shortly after the outbreak of the rebellion of 1798. There are several accounts of the events, recorded at differing times and differing in detail.

Summary execution
In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial. The term results from the legal concept of summary justice to punish a summary offense, as in the case of a drumhead court-martial, but the term usually denotes the summary execution of a sentence of death. Under international law, it is defined as a combatant's refusal to accept an opponent's lawful surrender and the combatant's provision of no quarter, by killing the surrendering opponents.

Summary executions have been practiced by governments and paramilitary organizations during both peacetime and war, and are usually associated with war crimes and political persecution.
1999 Wismilak International
The 1999 Wismilak International was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia that was part of the Tier III category of the 1999 WTA Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 8 November through 14 November 1999. Unseeded Åsa Carlsson won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.

Jelena Kostanić Tošić
Jelena Kostanić Tošić (née Kostanić; born 6 July 1981) is a former professional tennis player from Croatia.

On 26 July 2004, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 32. On 4 October 2004, she reached her highest doubles ranking of No. 30. Kostanić Tošić won eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour and four singles and ten doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. As a junior, she won the 1998 Australian Open.

Kostanić Tošić married Croatian table tennis player Roko Tošić on 8 July 2006 (until 6 January 2007 she competed as Jelena Kostanić).

At the 2008 Australian Open, Tošić was defeated in the first round by the eventual champion, Maria Sharapova, in straight sets.

Playing for Croatia Fed Cup team, Kostanić Tošić has a win–loss record of 19–20.

Her last professional tournament was the 2010 US Open.
1812 in birding and ornithology
Academy of Natural Sciences founded in Philadelphia. It  is the first natural science research institution and museum in the New World.

Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring describes Ornithocephalus antiquus now known as Pterodactylus.The animal was described as being both a mammal, a bat, and a form in between mammals and birds. George Cuvier and provided a lengthy description in which he restated his previous view that the fossil animal was a reptile.

Ongoing events

George Shaw General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History (1809-1826) Species described in this work in 1812 include blue-tufted starthroat, red-tailed comet, greater vasa parrot, copper sunbird,  glittering-bellied emerald and purple-banded sunbird.

Alexander Wilson Ornithology of America (1808–1814) Species described in this work in 1812  include fish crow, whip-poor-will and Connecticut warbler

Greater vasa parrot
The greater vasa parrot (Coracopsis vasa) is one of two species of vasa parrot, the other being the lesser vasa parrot (C. nigra). The greater vasa parrot can be found throughout Madagascar and the Comoros.
Anniversary (Sid song)
"Anniversary" is a single by Japanese rock band SID, released on November 6, 2013, via Ki/oon Music. The song is the opening theme of the anime Magi: The Kingdom of Magic and was included on the album Outsider. Voice actress Haruka Tomatsu, who plays the character Morgiana in the anime, covered "Anniversary" for the tribute album Sid Tribute Album -Anime Songs- (2023).

Kioon Music
Kioon Music (キューンミュージック, Kyūn Myūjikku; stylized as Ki/oon Music) is a Japanese record label owned by Sony Music Labels Inc., a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan.

Founded in 1992 as Kioon Sony Records, the label was renamed to Kioon Records in 1998. In 2001, Kioon Records Inc. was founded as a subsidiary of Sony Japan. In 2012, the company was rebranded as Kioon Music. In 2014, Sony Music Records Inc. absorbed Kioon Music alongside other Sony Japan subsidiaries, changing its name to Sony Music Labels. Since the absorption, Kioon Music has operated as an imprint of Sony Music Labels.
Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History
The Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History is a German research institute located in Rome, Italy. It was founded by a donation of Henriette Hertz in 1912 as a Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. Of the 84 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft), it is one of the few not located in Germany. The institute is situated in the historical centre of Rome near Trinità dei Monti in a cluster of four buildings along the Via Gregoriana: the 16th-century Palazzo Zuccari, the adjacent Palazzo Stroganoff, the Villino Stroganoff across the road and the new library building (completed in 2012) designed by the Spanish architect Juan Navarro Baldeweg.

Max Planck Society
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.
Natalie (website)
Natalie (ナタリー, Natarī) is a Japanese entertainment news website that debuted on February 1, 2007. It is operated by Natasha, Inc. The website is named after the song of the same name by Julio Iglesias. Natalie has been providing news for such leading Japanese portals and social networks as Mobage Town, GREE, Livedoor, Excite, Mixi, and Yahoo! Japan. It has also been successful on Twitter, with 1,510,000 followers as of February 2017, being the third-most-followed Japanese media company, after The Mainichi Shimbun and The Asahi Shimbun.

Excite (web portal)
Excite is a web portal, providing a list of hyperlinks to other websites.

Excite was founded in 1993 and Excite.com was the sixth most visited website in 1997. It merged with @Home Network in 1999 and filed for bankruptcy in 2001 after the bursting of the dot-com bubble; the website went into a steep decline in popularity thereafter. Excite's portal and services were acquired by iWon and then by Ask Jeeves, which was acquired by IAC Inc. Excite continues to be operated by Ask Media Group, while search services are provided through by System1. Excite Japan (エキサイト) is now operated by Excite Holdings.
Capital City Alternative School
Capital City Alternative School is an alternative school in Jackson, Mississippi operated by Jackson Public School District.
It serves "students in grades 4-12 who have been suspended/expelled from Jackson Public Schools for 10 days or longer."

Alternative school
An alternative school is an educational establishment with a curriculum and methods that are nontraditional. Such schools offer a wide range of philosophies and teaching methods; some have political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, while others are more ad hoc assemblies of teachers and students dissatisfied with some aspect of mainstream or traditional education.

Some schools are based on pedagogical approaches differing from that of the mainstream pedagogy employed in a culture, while other schools are for gifted students, children with special needs, children who have fallen off the track educationally or expelled from their base school, children who wish to explore unstructured or less rigid systems of learning, etc.
Dick Kleiner
Richard Arthur Kleiner (March 9, 1921 – February 13, 2002), known as Dick Kleiner, was an American columnist whose breezy question-and-answer column about Hollywood celebrities, "Ask Dick Kleiner", appeared in hundreds of newspapers across the country. He was also a published book author, songwriter and voice actor.

Kleiner wrote about Broadway for fifteen years, then switched to covering Hollywood in 1964. He was syndicated by Newspaper Enterprise Association. Over the next 25 years, he interviewed thousands of stars and would-be stars. His books included Please Don't Shoot My Dog: The Autobiography of Jackie Cooper and The Two of Us, with Tony Martin and Cyd Charisse.

Kleiner wrote the lyrics for "Say Hey -- The Willie Mays Song" (with Jane Douglass White's music) and Pearl Bailey's "It'll Get Worse". He also provided the voice of one of the rats in The Secret of NIMH.

Tony Martin (American singer)
Alvin Morris (December 25, 1913 – July 27, 2012), known professionally as Tony Martin, was an American actor and singer of popular music.

His career spanned over seven decades, and he scored dozens of hits between the late-1930s and mid-1950s with songs such as "Walk Hand in Hand", "I Love Paris", "Stranger in Paradise", and "I Get Ideas". He was married to actress and dancer Cyd Charisse from 1948 until she died in 2008.
Daphnia nivalis
Daphnia nivalis is a species of water flea in the family Daphniidae, closely related to Daphnia carinata. It is endemic to the Snowy Mountains of eastern Australia, where it lives only in water bodies that have existed for less than 20,000 years, including Lake Cootapatamba, Australia's highest lake. Due to its restricted range, it is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List.

Species distribution
Species distribution, or species dispersion, is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. The geographic limits of a particular taxon's distribution is its range, often represented as shaded areas on a map. Patterns of distribution change depending on the scale at which they are viewed, from the arrangement of individuals within a small family unit, to patterns within a population, or the distribution of the entire species as a whole (range). Species distribution is not to be confused with dispersal, which is the movement of individuals away from their region of origin or from a population center of high density.