hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko
Correctional Services Corporation v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61 (2001), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court, in which the Court found that implied damages actions first recognized in Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents should not be extended to allow recovery against a private corporation operating a halfway house under contract with the Bureau of Prisons.

A Bivens action is a civil rights violation suit against the government.  The Supreme Court limited this court-invented private right of action to exclude corporate defendants like Correctional Services Corporation.  Plaintiff's actions against the individual employees were barred by the statute of limitations because the names of the John Doe defendant prison guards (esp. Jorge Urena) were not known to the plaintiff.

Cause of action
A cause of action or right of action, in law, is a set of facts sufficient to justify suing to obtain money or property, or to justify the enforcement of a legal right against another party. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings suit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called 'claim form' or 'particulars of claim' in English law (formerly known as a 'statement of claim'), or a 'complaint' in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. In Ireland, this document can be called a 'claim notice.' It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages, often expressed in the amount of money the receiving party should pay/reimburse.
Eqbaliyeh, Semnan
Eqbaliyeh (Persian: اقباليه, also Romanized as Eqbālīyeh) is a village in Qohab-e Rastaq Rural District, Amirabad District, Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11, in 4 families.

Semnan province
Semnan province (Persian: استان سمنان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is the city of Semnan.

The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range, bordering on Kavir desert in its southern parts. The province was made part of Region 1 on 22 June 2014, as the provinces were grouped into 5 regions for coordination and development purposes.
People's Democratic United Front
The People's Democratic United Front was a short-lived political coalition in Nepal, formed by the Communist Party of Nepal and the Nepal Praja Parishad in July 1951 to fight against the Rana-Nepali Congress combine. Tanka Prasad Acharya was the chairman of the front and Shailendra Kumar Upadhyaya the general secretary. Except for the two main political parties, constituents of the front included the Nepal Youth Association, the All Nepal Youth Association, All Nepal Workers Association, All Nepal Women's Association, All Nepal Students Federation, Progressive Study Group and Social Reform Association.

Tanka Prasad Acharya
Tanka Prasad Acharya (Nepali: टंक प्रसाद आचार्य; 11 February 1912 – 23 April 1992), also known as Jeudo-Shahid ("Living Martyr"), was a Nepali politician who served as the 19th Prime Minister of Nepal from 1956 to 1957. He was one of the founders and the leader of the Nepal Praja Parishad, the first political party in Nepal with the goal of removing the Rana Dynasty's dictatorship.
Masonic Temple (Lahore)
Lahore Masonic Temple in the Charing Cross neighbourhood of Lahore, Pakistan, is the former home of Prince Albert Victor Lodge 2370ec, and  Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782, two Masonic lodges warranted by the United Grand Lodge of England.

The building has not been used for masonic purposes since the lodges were disbanded in 1972, when then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto placed a ban on Freemasonry in Pakistan.

United Grand Lodge of England
The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) is the governing Masonic lodge for the majority of freemasons in England, Wales, and the Commonwealth of Nations. Claiming descent from the Masonic Grand Lodge formed 24 June 1717 at the Goose & Gridiron Tavern in London, it is considered to be the oldest Masonic Grand Lodge in the world, together with the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland.
HS Orka
HS Orka is a privately owned Icelandic energy company that produces electricity and hot water mainly from geothermal sources, mainly on the Reykjanes Peninsula. It is the third largest electricity producer in Iceland, after Landsvirkjun and Orka Nátturinnar. HS Orka operates two geothermal power plants: Svartsengi and Reykjanes, as well as a small hydropower station, Brú. As of 2022, its total installed electrical capacity is 215 MW, and 190 MWth geothermal hot water power.

Orka náttúrunnar
ON Power (Icelandic: Orka náttúrunnar [ˈɔr̥ka ˈnauhtuːrʏnːar̥]), is an Icelandic power company, headquartered in Reykjavík, that produces and sells electricity to industry and households by harnessing renewable, mainly geothermal, resources. ON Power also provides water for space heating in Reykjavík and surrounding areas. Traditionally, ON Power's main service area is Reykjavík and surrounding areas in the south-west part of Iceland, although households and businesses can buy electricity from any supplier in Iceland, regardless of location.
Standing Committee on Language Education and Research
The Standing Committee on Language Education and Research is a quasi-governmental advisory body set up to carry out research into language education, including public consultation exercises, and to give advice on language education policy including medium of instruction policy to the Hong Kong Government's Education and Manpower Bureau (formerly the Education Department. It is currently chaired by Michael Tien.

Language education
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually including some applied linguistics. There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies, cross-cultural experiences, and multiple literacies.
Markland (surname)
Markland is a surname of the following people:

Gene Markland (1919–1999), American baseball player

George Herchmer Markland (1790–1862), Upper Canada politician

James Heywood Markland (1788–1864), English solicitor

Jeff Markland (born 1965), American football player

Jeremiah Markland (1693–1776), English classical scholar

Peter Markland (born 1951), English chess player

Robert Markland (fl. 1659), English politician

Stuart Markland (born 1948), Scottish footballer

Ted Markland (1933–2011), American actor

Robert Markland
Robert Markland  was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  in 1659.

Markland was from a Wigan family which was long present in the borough and possessed considerable local influence. He was a manufacturer or mercer.

In 1659, Markland was elected Member of Parliament for Wigan in the Third Protectorate Parliament.
Dengsheng
Dengsheng (Chinese: 邓生; pinyin: Dèngshēng) is an area in Wolong National Nature Reserve, Wenchuan County, Sichuan, China. It is located in the southwestern part of the Wolong National Nature Reserve, approximately 77 miles WNW of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province), approximately 62 miles southwest of Wenchuan county seat, Weizhou, approximately 47 miles WSW of Dujiangyan City, approximately 122 miles southwest of Beichuan County and approximately 128 miles WSW of Mianyang.

Provinces of China
Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions, the first-level subdivisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC, and one further province that is claimed but not administered, which is Taiwan.

The local governments of Chinese provinces consist of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a party secretary and a provincial standing committee.
Guercif
Guercif (Arabic: ڭرسيف) is a town and municipality in Guercif Province, Oriental, Morocco. It is the province's capital. According to the 2014 census the municipality had a population of 90,880 people living in 18,779 households.

Oujda
Oujda (Arabic: وجدة, romanized: wajda, pronounced [ˈwa(d)ʒda]) is a major city in northeast Morocco near the border with Algeria. Oujda is the largest city and capital of the Oriental region of northeastern Morocco and has a population of 506,224 people (2024 census). It is located about 15 kilometres (9 miles) west of the Moroccan-Algerian border in the south of the Beni Iznassen Mountains and about 55 km (34 miles) south of the Mediterranean coast.
Eisarena Salzburg
Eisarena Salzburg is an indoor sports arena, located in Salzburg, Austria. The arena was built in 1960 and has a capacity of 3,400 people.

It is the home arena for a number of ice hockey teams, including EC Red Bull Salzburg ice hockey team of the Austrian Hockey League, Red Bull Hockey Juniors of the Alps Hockey League, EC Oilers Salzburg of the Oberliga, and the Ravens Salzburg of the Dameneishockey Bundesliga (DEBL).

Austria women's ice hockey Bundesliga
The Ladies' Ice Hockey Bundesliga (German: Dameneishockey-Bundesliga, lit. 'Ladies' Ice Hockey Federal League') or DEBL is a multi-national ice hockey league. It was founded in 1998 and is organized by the Austrian Ice Hockey Association (ÖEHV). Originally established as the Austrian Championship league in women's ice hockey, the national championshup (German: Staatsmeisterschaft) has been contested in a separate tournament since the introduction of international teams to the DEBL in the 2008–09 season. Austria had 652 female players in 2013.
Jim Florentine
James Bernard Florentine (born August 18, 1964) is an American comedian, actor, author, and television personality. He is best known for co-hosting That Metal Show on VH1 Classic and voicing several characters on Crank Yankers, including Special Ed and Bobby Fletcher. He hosts The Jim Florentine Show on Sirius XM Satellite Radio and a podcast called Everybody Is Awful (Except You). He has released six albums of stand-up comedy, two comedy specials, seven installments in the Terrorizing Telemarketers prank call compilation, and three installments of the Meet the Creeps hidden camera show. His 2018 book Everybody is Awful (Except You!) reached No. 1 on the Book Soup nonfiction chart.

Television special
A television special (often TV special, or rarely television spectacular) is a standalone television show that may also temporarily interrupt episodic programming normally scheduled for a given time slot. Some specials provide a full range of entertainment and informational value available via the television medium (news, drama, comedy, variety, cultural), in various formats (live television, documentary, studio production, animation, film), and in any viewing lengths (short films, feature films, miniseries, telethons).
Jacques de Paiva
Jacques (Jaime) de Paiva (Pavia, Paivia), a Paradesi Jew of Madras, was a Portuguese Jewish diamond and coral merchant from Amsterdam belonging to the Amsterdam Sephardic community. He was married to Hieronima de Paiva.

After de Paiva's death, his wife Hieronima de Paiva, also a Portuguese Jew, fell in love with Elihu Yale, Governor of Madras, and went to live with him, causing quite a scandal within Madras colonial society. Governor Yale later achieved fame when he gave a large donation to the University of New Haven in Connecticut, which was then named after him – Yale University. Hieromima de Paiva and the son she had with him died in South Africa.

History of the Jews in Amsterdam
The history of the Jews in Amsterdam focuses on the historical center of the Dutch Jewish community, comprising both Portuguese Jews originally from both Spain and Portugal and Ashkenazi Jews, originally from central Europe. The two separate groups have had a continuing presence since the seventeenth century. Amsterdam has been called a Jerusalem of the West and the "Dutch Jerusalem". The Holocaust in the Netherlands devastated the Jewish community, with the Nazis murdering over 80% of Amsterdam's 79,000 Jews, but the community has managed to rebuild a vibrant and living Jewish life for its approximately 15,000 present members.
Franz Kapus
Franz Kapus (April 12, 1909 in Zurich – March 4, 1981 in Zurich) was a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the 1950s. Competing in three Winter Olympics, he won the gold medal in the four-man event at Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956.

Kapus also won four medals at the FIBT World Championships with one gold (Four-man: 1955) and three bronzes (Two-man: 1955, Four-man: 1950, 1951).

FIBT World Championships 1951
The FIBT World Championships 1951 took place in Alpe d'Huez, France. Germany returned to the FIBT World Championships for the first time since World War II, albeit as the separate countries of East Germany and West Germany.
2019 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup
The 2019 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup was the 18th edition of the annual women's volleyball tournament. It was held in Trujillo and Chiclayo, Peru from 6 to 14 July. Eleven teams will compete in the tournament.

United States won the title for the third straight time (7th overall) after defeating the Dominican Republic in the final by 3–0.

Dominican Republic women's national volleyball team
The Dominican Republic women's national volleyball team had its biggest recent win in 2023, when the team beat out the USA in 5 sets at the 2023 NORCECA Women’s Championship in Quebec. The team is ranked 11th in the FIVB world ranking as of 8 January 2025.
Mahawar Koli
Mahawar, also known as Mahor and spelled as Mahaur, Mahour and Mahavar, is a sub-caste of the Koli caste in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Mahawar Kolis Inter-marry with Shakya Kolis but not with any other Koli subcaste. The Mahawar Kolis along with other Koli subcastes Shakyawar, Jaiswar, Kabirpanthi ( who followed the Kabir Panth) and Shankhwar kolis of Uttar Pradesh tried to uplift the social status in Hindu society by supporting the 'All India Kshatriya Koli Mahasabha' leaders of Ajmer.

Shakya
Shakya (Pāḷi: Sakya; Sanskrit: Śākya) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of north-eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The Shakyas were organised into a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), known as the Shakya Republic. The Shakyas were on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain in the Greater Magadha cultural region.
Road to Nandikadal
Road to Nandikadal (Sinhala: රණමඟ ඔස්සේ නන්දිකඩාල්, raṇaman̆ga ŏsse nandikaḍāl) is a book about the defeat of the LTTE. It was written by former Major General Kamal Gunaratne.
The book was released on 6 September 2016, a day after Gunaratne's retirement. The Sinhala and English versions of the book were released on the same day.
It covers several incidents that occurred during the Sri Lankan Civil War, including the killing of Velupillai Prabhakaran.

Major General Kamal Gunaratne was the commander of the 53 Division in Sri Lanka Army, that is believed to have killed the LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran.

Sri Lanka Army
The Sri Lanka Army (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව, romanised: Śrî Langkâ Yudha Hamudâwa; Tamil: இலங்கை இராணுவம், romanised: Ilankai iraṇuvam) is the oldest and largest of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. The army was officially established as the Ceylon Army in 1949, though the army traces its roots back to 1881 when Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers was created; the army was renamed as the 'Sri Lanka Army' when Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972. In 2024, the Army had approximately 150,000 personnel.

The Army Headquarters is situated in Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte; Commander of the Army is the highest appointment in the army who commands the army and is assisted by the Chief of Staff of the Army and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army. The Commander-in-Chief of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces is the President of Sri Lanka, who heads the National Security Council through the Ministry of Defence, which is charged with formulating, executing defence policy and procurements for the armed forces.
2008 Svenska Supercupen
2008 Svenska Supercupen (Swedish Super Cup 2008) was the 2nd edition Svenska Supercupen annual football match that Allsvenskan champions IFK Göteborg successfully pursued the competition title by defeating Svenska Cupen winners Kalmar FF, 1-0. The match was played on 22 March 2008 at Ullevi in Gothenburg.

Jonas Wallerstedt gave IFK the lead in halftime in the 24th minute. Later, in the 67th minute, Hjálmar Jónsson scored on a freekick from distance and Wallerstedt got his second of the afternoon in the 82nd minute. César Santin got one back for Kalmar in the 87th minute.

César Santin
César Santin (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈsɛzɐʁ sɐ̃ˈtʃĩ]; born 24 February 1981) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is currently working as an academy coach at Hillerød Fodbold.

He is a versatile player, being able to play most of the attacking positions in both midfield and attack. He is known for his ability to challenge opponents using dribbling techniques.
Temple Beth Sholom (Miami Beach, Florida)
Temple Beth Sholom (a transliteration of the Hebrew words for "House of Peace") is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue located at 4144 Chase Avenue in Miami Beach, Florida.

It is one of the largest and oldest congregations in the Miami Beach area with 1210 member households. Temple Beth Sholom is a member of the Union for Reform Judaism.

Union for Reform Judaism
The Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) until 2003, founded in 1873 by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, is the congregational arm of Reform Judaism in North America. The other two arms established by Rabbi Wise are the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion and the Central Conference of American Rabbis. The current president of the URJ is Rabbi Rick Jacobs.

The URJ has an estimated constituency of some 880,000 registered adults in 819 congregations. It claims to represent 2.2 million, as over a third of adult American Jews, including many who are not synagogue members, state affinity with Reform, making it the largest Jewish denomination.  The UAHC was a founding member of the World Union for Progressive Judaism, of which the URJ is the largest constituent by far.
Saksang
Saksang or sa-sang is a savory, spicy Indonesian dish from the  Batak people. It is made from minced pork or dog meat (or, more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in its blood, coconut milk and spices; including kaffir lime and bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, chili pepper and Thai pepper, lemongrass, ginger, galangal, turmeric and andaliman (the fruit of a native shrub similar to Sichuan pepper).

Although saksang is widely consumed and familiar within Batak tribes' traditions, it is more often associated with Batak Toba. Saksang has special significance to the Bataks, as it is an obligatory dish in Batak marriage celebrations. Saksang, together with panggang, arsik and daun ubi tumbuk, are the essential dishes in Batak cuisine.

Kaffir lime
Citrus hystrix, called the kaffir lime, Thai lime or makrut lime, (US: /ˈmækrət/, UK: /məkˈruːt/) is a citrus fruit native to tropical Southeast Asia.

Its fruit and leaves are used in Southeast Asian cuisine, and its essential oil is used in perfumery. Its rind and crushed leaves emit an intense citrus fragrance.
David Sugarbaker
David John Sugarbaker (August 5, 1953 – August 29, 2018) was an American physician who was chief of the division of general thoracic surgery and the director of the Baylor College of Medicine Lung Institute at CHI St. Luke's Health–Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center in Houston, Texas. He was an internationally recognized thoracic surgeon specializing in the treatment of mesothelioma, the surgical management of malignant pleural mesothelioma, and treatment of complex thoracic cancers.

Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center
Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center (BSLMC) is the private adult teaching hospital of Baylor College of Medicine jointly owned with St. Luke's Health. The medical staff at the hospital includes full-time Baylor faculty, as well as community physicians. The hospital was formerly known as St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital before its acquisition by Catholic Health Initiatives in 2013 and subsequent co-ownership agreement with Baylor in 2014. It is located on Bertner Avenue in the Texas Medical Center in Houston. The hospital is an 881-bed institution that is also a clinical partner of the Texas Heart Institute.
St. John's Church, Peshawar
St. John's Cathedral is an Anglican church located in the Cantonment area of Peshawar, Pakistan, adjacent to the Peshawar Garrison Services Club. It serves as the seat of the Diocese of Peshawar within the Church of Pakistan and is the oldest and largest church in the region.

Peshawar Cantonment
Peshawar Cantonment (Urdu: پشاور چھاؤنی, Pashto: د پیښور کنډک) is a garrison located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Although the cantonment is located within Peshawar City District, it is an independent municipality under control of the Military Lands and Cantonments Department of the Ministry of Defence. It also hosts the historic Kalibari temple

Popular areas in the Cantonment are Garrison Rangers Club, Army Stadium Park, Peshawar Services Club, Serena Hotel, Food court, PAF Hospital and others. Peshawar Cantonment is under the rule of the Pakistan Army.
John Dennis (bishop)
John Dennis (19 June 1931 – 13 April 2020) was an Anglican bishop, who served as Bishop of Knaresborough, and then for ten years as Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. In retirement, he was an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Winchester.

Diocese of Winchester
The Diocese of Winchester forms part of the Province of Canterbury of the Church of England. Founded in 660 AD, it is one of the oldest dioceses in England. With its see city at Winchester, it once covered the Kingdom of Wessex, many times its present size. As other dioceses were erected in its territory, today it covers most of the historic enlarged county of Hampshire.  The 11th century Winchester Cathedral is the mother church of the diocese, the seat of the Bishop of Winchester.
KXQQ-FM
KXQQ-FM (100.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Henderson, Nevada, United States, and serving the Las Vegas Valley. Owned by Audacy, Inc., it features a rhythmic adult contemporary format as "Q100.5".  Studios are located in Spring Valley and the transmitter is atop Black Mountain. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KXQQ broadcasts over two HD Radio subchannels and is available online via Audacy; the second subchannel simulcasts KXNT's talk radio format.

Audacy
Audacy, previously known as Radio.com, is an American free broadcast and Internet radio platform developed by its parent company Audacy, Inc. (formerly known as Entercom). The Audacy platform functions as a music recommender system and is the national umbrella brand for the company's radio network aggregating its over 235 local radio stations across the United States. In addition, the service includes thousands of podcasts created for the platform, hosted elsewhere or station programming on demand. It was initially developed by CBS Radio and was acquired by the former Entercom as part of the company's takeover of CBS Radio. The service's main competitors are rival station groups iHeartMedia's iHeartRadio and TuneIn. Audacy is available online via mobile devices and devices such as Chromecast and Amazon Fire TV.