hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Second-degree amendment
In parliamentary procedure using Robert's Rules of Order, the wording of a motion could be changed by an amendment. This amendment is called a primary amendment, or first-degree amendment. A secondary amendment, or second-degree amendment is an amendment of an amendment. Secondary amendments are handled like other amendments in that they can be debated and voted on before moving forward.

Motion (parliamentary procedure)
In parliamentary procedure, a motion is a formal proposal by a member of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take a particular action. These may include legislative motions, budgetary motions, supplementary budgetary motions, and petitionary motions.

The possible motions in a deliberative assembly are determined by a pre-agreed volume detailing the correct parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order; The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure; or Lord Citrine's The ABC of Chairmanship. Motions are used in conducting business in almost all legislative bodies worldwide, and are used in meetings of many church vestries, corporate boards, and fraternal organizations.

Motions can bring new business before the assembly or consist of numerous other proposals to take procedural steps or carry out other actions relating to a pending proposal (such as postponing it to another time) or to the assembly itself (such as taking a recess).
Vanessa Chikupira
Vanessa Mbinho Chikupila (sometimes spelled Chikupira; born 2 April 1996) is a Malawian footballer who has played as a forward for the Green Buffaloes team in Zambia and the Biik-Kazygurt club in Kazakhstan. She was a member of the Malawi women's national team in 2025.

Malawi women's national football team
The Malawi women's national football team, nicknamed "the Scorchers", represents Malawi in international women's association football. Established in the early 2000s, and is controlled by the Football Association of Malawi (FAM), the team has qualified for the Women's Africa Cup of Nations for the first time in 2026 but has yet to appear at the FIFA Women's World Cup. Its most notable achievement is winning the 2023 COSAFA Women's Championship.
Georges Raepsaet
Georges Raepsaet (born 3 August 1947) is a Belgian classical archaeologist and historian of antiquity. His main research interests are the archaeology of ancient technologies, especially traction systems in Greco-Roman land transport and farming, the production and trade of ancient ceramics and the wider socioeconomic implications of these technologies, as well as Roman Gaul. His methods include the use of experimentation.

Classical archaeology
Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Nineteenth-century archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann were drawn to study the societies they had read about in Latin and Greek texts. Many universities and foreign nations maintain excavation programs and schools in the area – such is the enduring appeal of the region's archaeology.
Oyster omelette
The oyster omelette or oyster cake, also known as o-a-tsian (Hokkien Chinese: 蚵仔煎; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ô-á-chian), o-chien (Hokkien: 蚵煎; ô-chian) or orh luak (Teochew traditional Chinese: 蠔烙; simplified Chinese: 蚝烙; Peng'im: o5 luah4), is a dish of Southern Min (Hokkien and Teochew) origin that is renowned for its savory flavor in its native Minnan region and Chaoshan, along with Taiwan and many parts of Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia or Singapore, due to the influence of the Hokkien and Teochew diaspora.

Teochew Min
Teochew, also known as Swatow or Teo-Swa after its two best-known dialects, is a Southern Min language spoken by the Teochew people in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong and by their diaspora around the world. It is sometimes referred to as Chiuchow, its Cantonese rendering, due to English romanization by colonial officials and explorers. It is closely related to Hokkien, as it shares some cognates and phonology with Hokkien.

Teochew preserves many Old Chinese pronunciations and vocabulary that have been lost in some of the other modern varieties of Chinese. As such, Teochew is described as one of the most conservative Chinese languages.
PPEP TEC High Schools
PPEP TEC High Schools is a set of 6 charter high schools located across Arizona.  They are publicly financed and their goal is to provide an alternative educational program for students aged 15–21, grades 9–12.  PPEP TEC High Schools is an affiliate of PPEP, Inc.

The focus of the schools are on high academic standards, technology and school-to-work programs.  Because it is a public school, all students from ages 15–21 may attend.  PPEP specializes in helping sons and daughters of migrant and seasonal farmworkers in rural Arizona, at-risk students, high school dropouts or students who are in employment.

Migrant worker
A migrant worker is a person who migrates within a home country or outside it to pursue work. Migrant workers usually do not have an intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which they work.

Migrant workers who work outside their home country are also called foreign workers. They may also be called expatriates or guest workers, especially when they have been sent for or invited to work in the host country before leaving the home country.

The International Labour Organization estimated in 2019 that there were 169 million international migrants worldwide. Some countries have millions of migrant workers. Some migrant workers are illegal immigrants or slaves.
Clausura 2019 Liga MX final phase
The Clausura 2019 Liga MX championship stage commonly known as Liguilla (mini league) was played from 8 May 2019 to 26 May 2019. A total of eight teams competed in the championship stage to decide the champions of the Clausura 2019 Liga MX season. Both finalists qualified to the 2020 CONCACAF Champions League.

Andrés Ibargüen (footballer)
Andrés Felipe Ibargüen García (born 7 May 1992) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Categoría Primera A club Once Caldas. He is sometimes referred to as El Milagro Ibargüen (The Miracle) a name given to him by Colombian commentators during his time at Atlético Nacional.
Section 31 (Star Trek)
In the fictional universe of Star Trek, Section 31 is an autonomous intelligence and defense organization that carries out covert operations for the United Federation of Planets. Created by Ira Steven Behr for the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Inquisition", the organization was intended to act as a counterbalance to the utopian portrayal of the Federation.

Section 31 settings and characters have appeared in dozens of episodes, novels and comics,: 551  including the 2025 television film, Star Trek: Section 31.

Covert operation
A covert operation, clandestine operation or undercover operation is a military or police operation involving a covert agent or troops acting under an assumed cover to conceal the identity of the party responsible.: 5–6
Tut Tut, Now Shake Ya Butt
Tut Tut, Now Shake Ya Butt is a studio album by American experimental punk band Japanther. The song "Radical Businessman" was used in Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned, the add-on to the video game Grand Theft Auto IV. The album includes spoken word contributions from former Crass drummer Penny Rimbaud.

Spoken word
Spoken word is an oral poetic performance art that is based mainly on the poem's as well as the performer's aesthetic qualities. It is a 20th-century continuation of an ancient oral artistic tradition that focuses on the aesthetics of recitation and word play, such as the performer's live intonation and voice inflection. Spoken word is a catch-all term that includes any kind of poetry recited aloud, including poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry, pianologues, musical readings, and hip hop music, and can include comedy routines and prose monologues. Unlike written poetry, the quality of spoken word is shaped less by the visual aesthetics on a page, and more from phonaesthetics or the aesthetics of sound.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)
The minister of foreign affairs  is the Government of Vietnam member in charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Moreover, member of Council for National Defense and Security. Since 2007, the minister of foreign affairs served as Deputy Prime Minister and sometimes a member of the Politburo, making this ministership one of the highest ranking members in the Vietnamese cabinet. The current Vietnamese acting minister of foreign affairs is Lê Hoài Trung.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)
The  Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is the central government institution charged with leading the foreign affairs of Vietnam. The current Foreign Minister is Lê Hoài Trung (acting).

According to Vietnamese law, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for considering and deciding on the application of the reciprocity principle in relations with other countries, in coordination with other concerned ministries and branches. It then needs to notify the Ministry of Justice of the decision on a biannual and annual basis.
Glyncaled
Glyncaled is a hamlet in the  community of Llandyfriog, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 65 miles (105 km) from Cardiff and 186 mi (299 km) from London. Glyncaled is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.

Ceredigion Preseli
Ceredigion Preseli is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament, first contested at the 2024 general election following the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies. It is currently represented by Ben Lake of Plaid Cymru, who represented the predecessor constituency of Ceredigion from 2017 to 2024.
Lepiota harithaka
Lepiota harithaka is an agaric mushroom of the genus Lepiota in the order Agaricales. It was described as new to science in 2009. Found in Kerala State, India, fruit bodies of the fungus grow on the ground among bamboo roots.

Agaric
An agaric (/ˈæɡərɪk, əˈɡærɪk/) is a type of fungal fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. It is a type of mushroom (or toadstool), the diverse group of agarics being lumped together as gilled mushrooms. "Agaric" can also refer more generally to any basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric-type fruiting body.
Locust Grove (Dillwyn, Virginia)
Locust Grove is a historic house located between Dillwyn and Cumberland, Virginia, constructed before 1794.  It is remembered for its connection to the Revolutionary soldier Peter Francisco, and as the Peter Francisco House it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 16, 1972.

Cumberland, Virginia
Cumberland is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Cumberland County, Virginia, United States. Cumberland lies along U.S. Route 60 and State Route 45. It is 48 miles (77 km) west of Richmond and 51 miles (82 km) east of Amherst. The population as of the 2020 census was 365.
Kamila Wieczorek
Kamila Wieczorek (born 10 March 1997) is a Polish ice hockey forward and member of the Polish national ice hockey team, currently playing in the Tauron Liga Hokeja Kobiet (TLHK) with the women's representative team of Naprzód Janów.

She has previously played in the Slovak Women's Extraliga with the Popradské líšky (ŽHK Poprad), the Danish KvindeLiga with Hvidovre IK, the Swedish Damettan with the Malmö Redhawks, the Swiss Women's League (SWHL A) with EV Bomo Thun, and the European Women's Hockey League (EWHL) with Silesian Metropolis Katowice.

Women's League (Switzerland)
The Women's League, also known as the PostFinance Women's League (PFWL) for sponsorship reasons, is the premier ice hockey league in the Swiss Women's Hockey League (SWHL) system. The league was founded in 1986 as the Leistungsklasse A, abbreviated LKA, and was also officially known as the Ligue nationale A in French and the Lega Nazionale A in Italian, both abbreviated as LNA. During 2014 to 2019, the league was called the Swiss Women's Hockey League A, abbreviated SWHL A; the abbreviation has been used by the league following the 2019 name change. An amateur league, it is organized by the Regio League, an organ of the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation.
Chester Snow
Chester Snow (June 1, 1881 – January 13, 1970) was an American applied mathematician and physicist, known for his work on formulas for computing capacitance and inductance.

Snow was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. After attending Ogden High School and Utah Agricultural College, Snow matriculated at Harvard University in 1903 and graduated there with an A.B. in 1906. At Brigham Young University he was a professor of physics from 1906 to 1911 and a professor of mathematics from 1911 to 1912. From 1912 to 1914 he was a fellow in physics at the University of Wisconsin, where he received his Ph.D. in 1914. At the University of Idaho mathematics department he was an associate professor from 1914. In 1920 he resigned from the University of Idaho to accept a position as a physicist at the Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. In 1924 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto.

University of Idaho
The University of Idaho (U of I, or UIdaho) is a public land-grant research university in Moscow, Idaho, United States. Established 137 years ago in 1889 and opened three years later, it was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963.

The university comprises ten undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools. It enrolls approximately 12,000 students across its campuses, with 11,000 on the Moscow campus. The university is classified among "Research 1: Very High Spending and Doctorate Production".

Located on the rural Palouse, the university is represented in intercollegiate athletics by the Idaho Vandals, who compete in NCAA Division I, primarily in the Big Sky Conference. In addition to the main campus in Moscow, the U of I has branch campuses in Coeur d'Alene, Boise, and Idaho Falls; it also operates a research park in Post Falls, and dozens of extension offices statewide.
Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)
Eagle Mountain is the highest natural point in Minnesota, United States, at 2,301 feet (701 m). It is in northern Cook County in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Superior National Forest in the Misquah Hills, northwest of Grand Marais. It is a Minnesota State Historic Site.

Eagle Mountain is only about 12 miles (19 km) from Minnesota's lowest elevation, Lake Superior, at 600 feet (183 m). It is part of the Canadian Shield. There is also another much shorter peak also named Eagle Mountain in northern Minnesota. The shorter peak is part of the Lutsen Mountains ski resort.

Canadian Shield
The Canadian Shield (French: Bouclier canadien [buklje kanadjɛ̃]), also called the Laurentian Shield or the  Laurentian Plateau, is a geologic shield, a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. It forms the North American Craton (or Laurentia), the ancient geologic core of the North American continent. Glaciation has left the area with only a thin layer of soil, through which exposures of igneous bedrock resulting from its long volcanic history are frequently visible. As a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada, the shield stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada and most of Greenland; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the continental United States.
Valerie Naranjo
Valerie Naranjo (born October 10, 1958), is an American percussionist, vocalist, musicologist, and educator known for her association with the Saturday Night Live Band.

A touring musician who has played and arranged for numerous Broadway productions, Valerie has composed for dance and film, and other music in the “world music” category. She specializes in the West African mallet keyboard instrument called “gyil”, and excels at marimba. She created transcriptions of gyil music for western marimbaX, and produced gyil concerti with orchestra, wind ensemble, string quartet, and percussion ensemble. Naranjo was inducted into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame in 2011 and was named World Music Percussionist of the Year in 2005 and 2008 and Mallet Percussionist of the Year in 2012 by Drum! magazine reader poll.

Richard Barone
Richard Barone is an American rock musician who first gained attention as frontman for the Bongos. He works as a songwriter, arranger, author, director, and record producer, releases albums as a solo artist, tours, and has created concert events at Carnegie Hall, Hollywood Bowl, SXSW, and New York's Central Park. He teaches the course "Music + Revolution" at The New School's School of Jazz and Contemporary Music, has served on the Board of Governors of The Recording Academy (GRAMMYs), serves on the Advisory Board of Anthology Film Archives, and hosts the "Folk Radio" show on WBAI New York.
2023 Los Cabos Open
The 2023 Los Cabos Open (known as the Mifel Tennis Open by Telcel Oppo for sponsorship reasons) was an ATP tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It was the 7th edition of the tournament, and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2023 ATP Tour. It took place in Los Cabos, Mexico from 31 July through 5 August 2023.

Ernesto Escobedo
Ernesto "Neto" Escobedo III (/ˈnɛtoʊ ˌɛskəˈbeɪdoʊ/ NET-oh ES-kə-BAYD-oh; Spanish: [eɾˈnesto ˈneto eskoˈβeðo], born 4 July 1996) is a Mexican-American former professional tennis player who had a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 67, achieved on 17 July 2017 and a best doubles ranking of No. 296, achieved on 16 May 2022.
Aleix Espargaró
Aleix Espargaró Villà (Catalan pronunciation: [əˈleʃ əspəɾɣəˈɾo βiˈʎa]; born 30 July 1989) is a Former Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He was the Spanish 2004 FIM CEV 125cc International Champion and has competed since 2017 in the MotoGP class using Aprilia machines. He retired from Grand Prix racing at the end of the 2024 season and signed as a test rider for Honda Racing Corporation. He decided to become a cyclist with the United States team, Lidl-Trek, making his debut in the world of cycling at the 2025 Tour of Austria.

Lidl–Trek (men's team)
Lidl–Trek (UCI team code: LTK) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in Germany for 2026. Formerly RadioShack–Nissan, in 2014, Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License.
South Dakota Highway 324
South Dakota Highway 324 (SD 324) is a 8.680-mile-long (13.969 km) state highway in the east-central part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It links Interstate 29 (I-29) south of Brookings with SD 13 west of Elkton. It was commissioned in 1997, along what was formerly named State Highway 218, which itself followed an old routing of U.S. Route 14 (US 14). The renumbering was done to avoid confusion with the parallel 218th Street.

Elkton, South Dakota
Elkton is a city in Brookings County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 755 at the 2020 census. Some of Elkton's population also have Minnesota addresses since the city is located so close to the state line.
Walter Booker
Walter Booker (December 17, 1933 – November 24, 2006) was an American jazz musician. A native of Prairie View, Texas, his playing was marked by voice-like inflections, glissandos and tremolo techniques.

Glissando
In music, a glissando (Italian: [ɡlisˈsando]; plural: glissandi, abbreviated gliss.) is a glide from one pitch to another (Playⓘ). It is an Italianized musical term derived from the French glisser, "to glide". In some contexts, it is equivalent to portamento, which is a continuous, seamless glide between notes. In other contexts, it refers to discrete, stepped glides across notes, such as on a piano. Some terms that are similar or equivalent in some contexts are slide, sweep bend, smear, rip (for a loud, violent glissando to the beginning of a note), lip (in jazz terminology, when executed by changing one's embouchure on a wind instrument), plop, or falling hail (a glissando on a harp using the back of the fingernails). On wind instruments, a scoop is a glissando ascending to the onset of a note achieved entirely with the embouchure, except on instruments that have a slide (such as a trombone).
Angela Franke
Angela Franke (born 18 November 1957) is a retired East German swimmer. She competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in the 400 m individual medley, but failed to reach the final.

Between 1973 and 1975 she won two gold, two silver and one bronze medals in various freestyle and medley events at the world and European championships. On 18 August 1973 she set a world record in the 400 m individual medley at 5:01.10, and two weeks later, at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships, improved it to 5:00.37; yet she lost to her teammate Gudrun Wegner who swam 4:57.51.

World record progression 400 metres individual medley
The first world record in the 400 metres individual medley in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognized by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1957, followed by the women a year later. In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since March 3, 1991.
Bifundamental representation
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a bifundamental representation is a representation obtained as a tensor product of two  fundamental or  antifundamental representations.

For example, the MN-dimensional representation (M,N) of the group

is a bifundamental representation.

These representations occur in quiver diagrams.

Fundamental representation
In representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, a fundamental representation is an irreducible finite-dimensional representation of a semisimple Lie group
or Lie algebra whose highest weight is a fundamental weight. For example, the defining module of a classical Lie group is a fundamental representation. Any finite-dimensional irreducible representation of a semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra can be constructed from the fundamental representations by a procedure due to Élie Cartan. Thus in a certain sense, the fundamental representations are the elementary building blocks for arbitrary finite-dimensional representations.
St. Louis 1 Catholic High School Surabaya
St. Louis 1 Catholic High School Surabaya, known in Indonesian as Sekolah Menengah Atas Katolik St. Louis 1 Surabaya, is a private Catholic high school in Surabaya, Indonesia. It was founded in 1862 by the Congregation of Brothers of Saint Louis Gonzaga (CSA) under the name Bijzondere Europeesche Schools, making it one of the oldest school in Indonesia. St. Louis 1 is particularly well known for its history, achievements and notable alumni.

MasterChef Indonesia
MasterChef Indonesia (abbreviated as MCI) is an Indonesian competitive cooking reality show based on the original British series of the same name, open to amateur and home chefs. Produced by Endemol Shine Group, it debuted on 1 May 2011 on RCTI and has thirteen seasons to date.