hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Japanese loanwords in Hawaii
Loanwords from the Japanese language in Hawaiʻi appear in various parts of the culture. Many loanwords in Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaiian Creole English) derive from the Japanese language. The linguistic influences of the Japanese in Hawaiʻi began with the first immigrants from Japan in 1868 and continues with the large Japanese American population in Hawaiʻi today.

Loanword
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).

Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
Diascopy
Diascopy is a test for blanchability performed by applying pressure with a finger or glass slide and observing color changes.

It is used to determine whether a lesion is vascular (inflammatory or congenital), nonvascular (nevus), or hemorrhagic (petechia or purpura). Hemorrhagic lesions and nonvascular lesions do not blanch ("negative diascopy"); inflammatory lesions do ("positive diascopy"). Diascopy is sometimes used to identify sarcoid skin lesions, which, when tested, turn an apple jelly color.

Diascopy with glassware is used as a method of diagnosing bacterial meningitis, as the rashes caused by the illness are non-blanching.

Bleeding
Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina, or anus, or through a puncture in the skin.
Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination. Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties (by comparison, blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume). The stopping or controlling of bleeding is called hemostasis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery.
Rizwana Hasan
Syeda Rizwana Hasan (born 15 January 1968) is a Bangladeshi lawyer and environmentalist. She was an adviser to the interim government of Bangladesh and as adviser of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Water Resources and Information and Broadcasting. As an environmentalist, her work is focused on regulations for the shipbreaking industry in Bangladesh, and was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2009. She was also awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2012 for her "uncompromising courage and impassioned leadership in a campaign of judicial activism in Bangladesh that affirms the people's right to a good environment as nothing less than their right to dignity and life."

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bengali: তথ্য ও সম্প্রচার মন্ত্রণালয়) (abbreviated as MoIB) is a branch of the Government of Bangladesh and is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to information, broadcasting, the press and films in Bangladesh. It is responsible for releasing government information, media galleries, public domain and government unclassified non-scientific data to the public and international communities.
Eclogitization
Eclogitization is the tectonic process in which eclogite, a high-pressure metamorphic facies, is formed. This leads to an increase in the density of regions of Earth's crust, which leads to changes in plate motion at convergent boundaries (where rock sinks beneath other rock).

Metamorphic facies
A metamorphic facies is a set of mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks formed under similar pressures and temperatures. The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram in Figure 1). Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain tectonic settings, times and places in the geological history of the area. The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph) are wide because they are gradational and approximate. The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure is the range of formation of sedimentary rocks, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called diagenesis.
Selznick
Selznick is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albie Selznick (born 1959), American film and television actor

Brian Selznick (born 1966), American author and illustrator of children's books

David O. Selznick (1902–1965), American film producer; produced Gone with the Wind

Eugene Selznick (1930–2012), American volleyball player

Irene Mayer Selznick (1907–1990), American theatrical producer; wife of David O. Selznick

Joyce Selznick (1925–1981), American talent agent and film casting director; niece of David O. Selznick

Lewis J. Selznick (1870–1933), American film producer; father of David O. Selznick

Myron Selznick (1898–1944), American film producer and talent agent; brother of David O. Selznick

Philip Selznick (1919–2010), American professor of law and society

Eugene Selznick
Eugene Bleecher Selznick (March 19, 1930 – June 10, 2012) was an American volleyball player and coach. He played on world championship and Pan American Games championship teams. He was also inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
Janardan Manjhi
Janardhan Manjhi (1943  – 20 July 2021) was an Indian politician. He was an agriculturist and studied up to Class X. He won the Amarpur seat in the 2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election.

He retained the Amarpur seat in the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, standing as the Janata Dal (United) candidate. Prior to the election Manjhi had declared assets worth 79,500,000 Indian rupees.

His son Jayant Raj Kushwaha is the current Member of Legislative Assembly who is currently representing the same Amarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency) of Bihar. He died at the age of 78 on 20 July 2021.

Rashtriya Janata Dal
The Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD, lit. 'National People's Party') is an Indian political party, mainly based in the state of Bihar. The party was founded in 1997 by Lalu Prasad Yadav.

The party's support base has traditionally been Other Backward Classes, Dalits and Muslims and it is considered a political champion of the lower castes. In 2008, RJD received the status of recognized national level party following its performance in north-eastern states. RJD was derecognised as a national party on 30 July 2010. Leading the Mahagathbandhan alliance with 35 MLAs, it is currently the official opposition in Bihar. RJD is part of Ruling Government in Jharkhand and Kerala with its allies in Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand) and LDF respectively.
Hawk's Vengeance
Hawk's Vengeance is a 1996 Canadian-American action film directed by Marc F. Voizard, starring Gary Daniels, Jayne Heitmeyer, Cass Magda and George Chiang. A spin-off/sequel to Snake Eater III: His Law (1992) and the fourth installment of the Snake Eater film series, it introduces "Hawk" Kelly, the British-raised stepbrother of the previous films' "Soldier" Kelly, who investigates his sibling's mysterious death amidst a gang war between ethnic Chinese and white skinheads. The series' usual star Lorenzo Lamas does not appear, and his role is recast with another actor during a brief expository scene.

Gary Daniels
Gary Edward Daniels (born 9 May 1963) is an English actor and martial artist. Originally a kickboxer fighting out of London and Tampa Bay, Daniels earned his first acting credits with Philippine companies. He gained wider recognition in the manga adaptations City Hunter, opposite Jackie Chan, and Fist of the North Star, in a starring role. During the 1990s, he toplined many independent action pictures, most notably those of PM Entertainment. In later years, Daniels has been featured in more mainstream American fare, such as the two Tekken live action movies and the all-star vehicle The Expendables.
Barpeta
Barpeta  is a town in Barpeta district of the state of Assam in India and is district headquarters. The city is located 90 kilometres (56 mi) north west of Guwahati and is one of the major cities in Western Assam. It is also called Satra Nagari (Temple town) of Assam due to the presence of various Vaishnavite Satras in the vicinity.

Banikanta Kakati
Banikanta Kakati (15 November 1894 — 15 November 1952) was a prominent linguist, literary figure, critic and scholar in Assamese language with his immense contribution to the language in terms of literature, linguistics, cultural anthropology and comparative religion.
Cost to serve
Cost to Serve (CTS or C2S) is an accountancy and financial planning tool used to calculate the profitability of serving the needs of a particular customer account, based on the actual business activities and overhead costs incurred in servicing that customer or customer type. Businesses are able to reposition customers and services, and how they are served to improve overall margin.

Gartner's glossary defines the term as a form of analysis which

calculates the profitability of products, customers and routes to market, and provides a fact-based focus for decision making on service mix and operational changes for each customer.

The Australian Food and Grocery Council describes Cost to Serve (C2S) as

a generic label for a robust methodology to determine the likely financial outcomes of supply chain investment and collaborative engagement.

Australian Food and Grocery Council
Australian Food and Grocery Council (AFGC) is an independent industry association of Australia's food, drink, and grocery manufacturing sector. The (AFGC) was founded in 1995 to represent and support the food and grocery supply industry in Australia to inform government on issues facing the industry and members needs.
MV J. A. Moffett Jr.
MV J. A. Moffett Jr. was an oil tanker built in 1920–1921 by the Federal Shipbuilding Company of Kearney for the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey with the purpose of carrying oil and petroleum products. Originally built as a steamship, the vessel had her engines changed in 1927 converting her into a motor vessel. She was torpedoed in 1942, killing the captain, before being abandoned, towed and sold for scrap.

Kearny, New Jersey
Kearny (/ˈkɑːrni/ KAR-nee) is a town in the western part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and a suburb of Newark. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 41,999, an increase of 1,315 (+3.2%) from the 2010 census count of 40,684, which in turn reflected an increase of 171 (+0.4%) from the 40,513 counted in the 2000 census.

Kearny is named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. It began as a township formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1867, from portions of Harrison Township. Portions of the township were taken on July 3, 1895, to form East Newark. Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier. The Arlington section of town was named for Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad at the Arlington Mill plant, owned by Arlington Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts.
A Lost Cause
A Lost Cause: Flight of King James II after the Battle of the Boyne is an 1888 history painting by the English artist Andrew Carrick Gow. It depicts a scene from 1690 during the Williamite War in Ireland when James II sailed for France from the port of Kinsale following his Irish Army's defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. After his departure his Jacobite supporters continued to fight on – notably at the Battle of Aughrim – before surrendering at Limerick in 1691.

It was displayed at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition of 1888.
Today it is in the collection of the Tate Britain in London, having been acquired in 1894.

Battle of Aughrim
The Battle of Aughrim (Irish: Cath Eachroma) was the decisive battle of the Williamite War in Ireland. It was fought between the largely Irish Jacobite army loyal to James II and the forces of William III on 12 July 1691 (old style, equivalent to 22 July new style), near the village of Aughrim, County Galway.

The battle was one of the bloodiest ever fought in Britain and Ireland; 7,000 people were killed. The Jacobite defeat at Aughrim meant the effective end of James's cause in Ireland, although the city of Limerick held out until the autumn of 1691.
John William Ackerman
Sir John William Ackerman, KCMG, (1825–1905) was mayor of Pietermaritzburg and, for twelve years, speaker of the Natal Legislative Council.

Ackerman is buried at City of Westminster Cemetery, Hanwell.

Pietermaritzburg
Pietermaritzburg (/ˌpiːtərˈmærɪtsbɜːrɡ/; Zulu: uMgungundlovu) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa after Durban. It was named in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality.

The town was named in Zulu, after King Dingane's royal homestead uMgungundlovu. Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg and is often informally abbreviated to PMB. It is a regionally important industrial hub, producing aluminium, timber and dairy products, and is the main economic hub of uMgungundlovu District Municipality. The public sector is a major employer in the city due to local, district and provincial government offices located here.

The city has many schools and tertiary education institutions, including a campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Aframomum daniellii
Aframomum daniellii, also known as African cardamom, is a species of flowering plant in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It was first described by Joseph Dalton Hooker, and got its current name from Karl Moritz Schumann.

Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae, the ginger family, is a family of flowering plants containing 58 genera and about 1600 described species distributed globally in the tropics and subtropics. They are aromatic perennial herbs with creeping rhizomes, sometimes tuberous. Basal leaf sheathing forms a pseudostem taller than their true stems which emerge unbranched. Flowers are typically zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) and inflorescence is raceme. Fruit is typically a dry capsule and seeds are arillate.

Ancient fossils and phylogenetics indicate the Zingiberaceae evolved in Africa during the mid-Cretaceous period. The dispersal of these plants across Asia, the Americas, and Australia followed the expansion of tropical rain forest habitat soon after this period.
Xanthoparmelia klauskalbii
Xanthoparmelia klauskalbii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Australia, it was described as a new species in 2007 by John Alan Elix. It grows on weathered volcanic rocks. The specific epithet honours German lichenologist Klaus Kalb.

John Alan Elix
John Alan (Jack) Elix (born 1941) emeritus professor in chemistry at the Australian National University, is an organic chemist who has contributed in many fields: lichenology, lichen chemotaxonomy, plant physiology and biodiversity and natural product chemistry. He has authored 2282 species names, and 67 genera in the field of mycology. Elix edited the exsiccata series Lichenes Australasici exsiccati.

The standard author abbreviation Elix is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Wadj-wer
Wadj-wer, also spelled Uatch-ur is an Egyptian god of fertility and the personification of the Mediterranean Sea, whose name means the "great green". He also symbolizes the richness of the waters of the Nile Delta.

It was commonly believed that Wadj-wer was a personification of the Mediterranean Sea; however, he also rather represented the lagoons and lakes in the northernmost Nile Delta, as suggested by some texts describing the "great green" as dry lands which could be crossed by foot, possibly a mention of pathways between two or more lakes.

The earliest known attestation of Wadj-wer is dated back to the 5th Dynasty, in the mortuary temple of the pyramid of Sahure, at Abusir; here he appears similar to the god Hapi, but with his body filled by water ripples.

Swallow (hieroglyph)
The Ancient Egyptian Swallow hieroglyph is Gardiner sign listed no. G36 for swallow birds. The Sparrow hieroglyph appears similar in size and shape, but it is used to represent small, or bad items.

The swallow hieroglyph is used in Egyptian hieroglyphs as a phonogram or biliteral for wr-(or ur), and means items that are "great". It might be considered an equivalent to the cuneiform: gal, GAL, also meaning 'great'. The swallow hieroglyph is also an ideogram for the swallow birds.
Pseudomonas sRNA
Pseudomonas sRNA are non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) that were predicted by the bioinformatic program SRNApredict2. This program identifies putative sRNAs by searching for co-localization of genetic features commonly associated with sRNA-encoding genes and the expression of the predicted sRNAs was subsequently confirmed by Northern blot analysis. These sRNAs have been shown to be conserved across several pseudomonas species but their function is yet to be determined. Using Tet-Trap genetic approach RNAT genes post-transcriptionally regulated by temperature upshift were identified: ptxS (implicated in virulence) and PA5194.

Conserved sequence
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.

A highly conserved sequence is one that has remained relatively unchanged far back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence far back in geological time. Examples of highly conserved sequences include the RNA components of ribosomes present in all domains of life, the homeobox sequences widespread amongst eukaryotes, and the tmRNA in bacteria. The study of sequence conservation overlaps with the fields of genomics, proteomics, evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, bioinformatics and mathematics.
Jiří Černý
Jiří Černý is a retired Czechoslovak slalom canoeist who competed in the 1960s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a silver (Folding K-1 team: 1961) and two bronzes (Folding K-1: 1961, 1963).

1963 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1963 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Spittal an der Drau, Austria under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 8th edition. The women's folding K1 team event resumed after being absent from the program at 1961 championships.
Messerschmitt M 28
The Messerschmitt M 28 was a mail plane developed in Germany in the early 1930s to meet a requirement by Deutsche Luft Hansa. It was a single-engine, low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design with an enclosed cockpit and fixed, tailskid undercarriage.

Despite successful trials, Luft Hansa changed its requirement and did not purchase the design, due possibly at least partly to the enmity of Luft Hansa director Erhard Milch towards Messerschmitt. This would be Messerschmitt's final attempt to market a commercial aircraft in Germany (the Messerschmitt M 36 was designed specifically for Romania), with the company subsequently returning to the production of sport aircraft instead.

Conventional landing gear
Conventional landing gear, also known as tailwheel-type landing gear or taildragger, is a type of aircraft undercarriage (landing gear) consisting of two wheeled main gears forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid at the rear end under the tail boom.

Taildraggers are the default undercarriage arrangements of almost all early aircraft up to the first half of the 20th century and the term "conventional" persists for this historical reason, but all modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller fixed-wing aircraft use tricycle landing gears instead, which have a single front gear (nose gear) and two aft main gears.
AD 19
AD 19 (XIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Balbus (or, less frequently, year 772 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 19 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Common year starting on Sunday
A common year starting on Sunday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Sunday, 1 January, and ends on Sunday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is A. The most recent year of such kind was 2023, and the next one will be 2034 in the Gregorian calendar, or, likewise, 2018 and 2029 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more.

Any common year that starts on a Sunday has two Friday the 13ths: those two in this common year occur in January and October.

This year has four months (January, April, July and October) which begin on a weekend-day.
North Indian cuisine
North Indian cuisine is collectively the cuisine of North India, which includes the cuisines of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh.

Sub-types of North Indian cuisine include:

Awadhi cuisine

Bhojpuri cuisine

Cuisine of Bihar

Braj cuisine

Chhattisgarhi cuisine

Dogri cuisine

Haryanvi cuisine

Kashmiri cuisine

Kumaoni cuisine

Malvani cuisine

Mughlai cuisine

Punjabi cuisine

Rajasthani cuisine

Saraswat cuisine

Sindhi cuisine

Cuisine of Uttarakhand

Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh

North Indian cuisine has some Central Asian influences introduced during Mughal Empire as compared to its southern or eastern counterparts in the subcontinent.

Saraswat cuisine
Konkani cuisine is the cuisine of the Saraswat Brahmins from the Konkan region on the western coast of India. Konkani cuisine differs within the Saraswat Brahmin subsects and within the Konkan-Canara region. Konkani cuisine originally hails from the Konkan region including Uttara Kannada, Udupi district, Dakshina Kannada, Damaon, and Goa, India. 
Konkani cuisine is popular served in many restaurants throughout the western coast of India, and especially in the cities of Bombay and Bangalore. Each variation has its unique flavour and makes uses of different vegetables and fruits available in the region. Konkani cuisine is usually pesco-vegetarian, except acharyas and purohits who follow a strictly saatvik vegetarian diet.
According the Konkani folklore, fish, meats are regarded as sea vegetables. Historically, they have refrained from eating any terrestrial animals in general.