hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reflectometry
Reflectometry is a general term for the use of the reflection of waves or pulses at surfaces and interfaces to detect or characterize objects, sometimes to detect anomalies as in fault detection and medical diagnosis.

There are many different forms of reflectometry. They can be classified in several ways: by the used radiation (electromagnetic, ultrasound, particle beams), by the geometry of wave propagation (unguided versus wave guides or cables), by the involved length scales (wavelength and penetration depth in relation to size of the investigated object), by the method of measurement (continuous versus pulsed, polarization resolved, ...), and by the application domain.

Ellipsometry
Ellipsometry is an optical technique for investigating the dielectric properties (complex refractive index or dielectric function) of thin films. Ellipsometry measures the change of polarization upon reflection or transmission and compares it to a model.

It can be used to characterize composition, roughness, thickness (depth), crystalline nature, doping concentration, electrical conductivity and other material properties. It is very sensitive to the change in the optical response of incident radiation that interacts with the material being investigated.

A spectroscopic ellipsometer can be found in most thin film analytical labs. Ellipsometry is also becoming more interesting to researchers in other disciplines such as biology and medicine. These areas pose new challenges to the technique, such as measurements on unstable liquid surfaces and microscopic imaging.
Belarus–Ukraine border
The Belarusian-Ukrainian border (Belarusian: Беларуска-ўкраінская граніца, romanized: Bielaruska-ŭkrainskaja hranica, Ukrainian: Білорусько-український кордон, romanized: Bilorus'ko-ukrajin'skyj kordon) is the state border between Belarus and Ukraine with a length of about 1,084 km (674 mi). It starts from the triple junction with Poland  to the west and stretches to the triple junction with Russia  to the east. The tripoint border at the triple border junction of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine is marked in the form of a monument, while at the other border junction there is a river, the Western Bug that coincides with the border of Poland.

Borders of Poland
The borders of Poland are 3,511 km (2,182 mi) or 3,582 km (2,226 mi) long. The neighboring countries are Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the northeast. To the north, Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea.

Breakdown of border lengths per entity:

Czech Republic–Poland border: 796 km (495 mi) or 790 km (490 mi)

Poland–Slovakia border: 541 km (336 mi) or 539 km (335 mi)

Poland–Ukraine border: 535 km (332 mi) or 529 km (329 mi)

Germany–Poland border: 467 km (290 mi)

Belarus–Poland border: 418 km (260 mi) or 416 km (258 mi)

Poland–Russia border (Kaliningrad Oblast): 210 km (130 mi)

Lithuania–Poland border: 104 km (65 mi) or 103 km (64 mi)

sea (Baltic Sea): 440 km (270 mi) or 528 km (328 mi)

The Polish coastline is 770 km (480 mi) long.
Turks in South Africa
Turks in South Africa (Turkish: Güney Afrika'daki Türkler) are a minority ethnic group in South Africa, consisting of Turkish immigrants, their descendants, and expatriates. The community includes individuals who trace their ancestry to the Ottoman era as well as more recent immigrants from Turkey and their children. Over time, Turks in South Africa have contributed to the country's cultural, business, educational, and religious spheres, establishing various institutions such as schools and cultural centres.

Abu Bakr Effendi
Sheikh Abu Bakr Effendi (c. 1814 – 29 June 1880), also spelt Ebu Bekir Efendi, was an Ottoman qadi sent in 1862 by Sultan Abdulaziz at the request of Queen Victoria to the Cape Colony, in order to teach and assist the Muslim community of the Cape Malays. He is known for having made several major contributions to Islam in South Africa, including the translation of his 1877 work, Bayân al-Dîn, into the Afrikaans language, then in a very early stage of development. He is credited with introducing the fez as headwear for male Muslims in the Cape, and his presence had a significant impact on the expansion and consolidation of Islam in the Cape Colony.
Willkommen
"Willkommen" is a song from the 1966 musical Cabaret and its 1972 film adaptation, with music and lyrics by songwriting team Kander and Ebb. It serves as the opening musical number, and is performed by the Master of ceremonies of a fictional Berlin nightclub during the Weimar Republic.

Number (music)
In music, number  refers to an individual song, dance, or instrumental piece which is part of a larger work of musical theatre, opera, or oratorio. It can also refer either to an individual song in a published collection or an individual song or dance in a performance of several unrelated musical pieces as in concerts and revues. Both meanings of the term have been used in American English since the second half of the 19th century.
Rowton, Cheshire
Rowton is a village and civil parish on the outskirts of Chester, in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It is located between Christleton and Waverton, near the A41 road. The Rowton Hall hotel is the most prominent landmark in the village. At the 2001 census Rowton had a population of 497, 
decreasing to 441 in the 2011 census.

The Battle of Rowton Heath took place in the village on 24 September 1645 during the English Civil War. It resulted in a decisive Parliamentarian victory over a Royalist army commanded in person by Charles I.

Rowton was previously a township in Christleton parish of Broxton Hundred, becoming a civil parish in 1866. Its population was recorded at 88 in 1801, 122 in 1851, 205 in 1901 and 228 in 1951.

Unitary authority
A unitary authority is a type of local authority in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Unitary authorities are responsible for all local government functions within their areas, or perform additional functions that elsewhere are usually performed by multiple tiers of local government.

Typically, unitary authorities cover towns or cities that are large enough to function independently of a council or other authority. An authority can be a unit of a county or combined authority.
Langenthal railway station
Langenthal railway station (German: Bahnhof Langenthal) is a railway station in the municipality of Langenthal, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is located at the junction of the standard gauge Langenthal–Huttwil line of BLS AG and Olten–Bern line of Swiss Federal Railways. The station is also the junction of the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge Langenthal–Oensingen and Langenthal–Melchnau lines of Aare Seeland mobil.

Lucerne S-Bahn
The Lucerne S-Bahn (German: S-Bahn Luzern) is an S-Bahn-style commuter rail network focusing on Lucerne in Central Switzerland.

Opened on 12 December 2004, the network forms part of the Central Switzerland S-Bahn project (German: S-Bahn Zentralschweiz), which also includes the Zug Stadtbahn (German: Stadtbahn Zug).

The system connects to services of Aargau S-Bahn, Bern S-Bahn and Zurich S-Bahn. At larger stations, notably Arth-Goldau, Lucerne and Zug, its lines also connect to long-distance trains (RE, IR, IC, EC). It also connects to mountain railways, such as the Pilatus Railway or the Arth-Rigi railway. Lakeside stations are often close to landing sites served by the Lake Lucerne Navigation Company.
Taekwondo at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's +67 kg
The women's  +67 kg competition of the taekwondo events at the 2011 Pan American Games took place on the 18 of October at the CODE II Gymnasium. The Taekwondo at the 2007 Pan American Games#Women's Heavyweight +67 kg Pan American Games champion is María del Rosario Espinoza of Mexico, while the defending Pan American Championship, champion is Guadalupe Ruiz also of Mexico.

Taekwondo at the 2007 Pan American Games
Taekwondo at the 2007 Pan American Games  was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from July 14 to July 17, 2007, at Pavilhão 4A of the Riocentro Sports Complex. There were a total number of eight medal events, four each for men and women.
Petišovci
Petišovci (pronounced [pɛtiˈʃoːu̯tsi] or [ˈpɛːtiʃɔu̯tsi]; Hungarian: Petesháza) is a settlement south of Lendava in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia. It lies on the left bank of the Mura River, right on the border with Croatia.

Prekmurje
Littoral

Carniola: 2a Upper, 2b Inner, 2c Lower

Carinthia

Styria

Prekmurje

Prekmurje (Slovene pronunciation: [pɾɛkˈmúːɾjɛ] also [ˈpɾeːkmuɾjɛ] ⓘ; Prekmurje Slovene: Prèkmürsko or Prèkmüre; Hungarian: Muravidék) is a geographically, linguistically, culturally, and ethnically defined region of Slovenia, settled by Slovenes and a Hungarian minority, lying between the Mur River in Slovenia and the Rába Valley (the watershed of the Rába; Slovene: Porabje) in the westernmost part of Hungary. It covers an area of 938 square kilometers (362 sq mi) and has a population of 78,000 people. Its largest town and urban center is Murska Sobota, the other urban center being Lendava.
Mikhail Radionov
Mikhail Radionov (born 9 September 1984) is a track cyclist from Simferopol in Ukraine. He became Russian in 2013. In 2010 he won the bronze medal in the madison at the 2010 UEC European Track Championships in Pruszków, Poland. He competed at the 2010, 2011 and 2013 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. In 2015, he won the silver medal in the madison at the 2015 UEC European Track Championships  in Grenchen, Switzerland.

2015 UEC European Track Championships
The 2015 UEC European Track Championships was the sixth edition of the elite UEC European Track Championships in track cycling and took place at the Velodrome Suisse in Grenchen, Switzerland, between 14 and 18 October. The Event was organised by the European Cycling Union. All European champions are awarded the UEC European Champion jersey which may be worn by the champion throughout the year when competing in the same event at other competitions.

The 10 Olympic events (sprint, team sprint, team pursuit, keirin and omnium for men and women), as well as 11 other events are on the program for these European Championships. For the first time, the elimination races, known within track cycling as Devils (from the saying Devil take the hindmost) were contested in their own right.
2009 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships
The 2009 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships in speed skating were held at the Thialf ice stadium in Heerenveen, Netherlands on 27 and 28 December 2008. The championships were part of the 2008–09 speed skating season.

The men's and women's winners, Ireen Wüst and Sven Kramer both prolonged their title.

Thialf
Thialf (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtijɑlf]) is an ice arena in Heerenveen, Netherlands. Thialf is used for long track speed skating, short track speed skating, ice hockey, figure skating, ice speedway, and non-sporting events. The outdoor rink was opened in 1967, and the indoor stadium was opened in 1986. Several world records have been set in the indoor stadium.

Annually, Thialf hosts two Speed Skating World Cup events. Jan de Jong was the ice rink master at Thialf for many years.
Palestine–Uzbekistan relations
Palestine–Uzbekistan relations are the relations between Palestine and Uzbekistan.

On 25 September 1994, Uzbekistan recognized Palestine. On 27 October 2009, Palestine's Foreign Affairs Minister Riyad al-Maliki opened the nation's embassy in Tashkent.

On 29 September 2012, Uzbekistan voted in favor of Palestine's admission to the United Nations as an Observer State.

Riyad al-Maliki
Riyad al-Maliki (Arabic: رياض المالكي; born 31 May 1955) is a Palestinian politician and former minister of information, government spokesperson, and minister of foreign affairs of the Palestinian National Authority in its 13th government. He also resumed office as foreign affairs minister from the 14th to the 18th government.
My Husband in Law
My Husband in Law (Thai: อกเกือบหักแอบรักคุณสามี; RTGS: Ok Kueap Hak Aep Rak Khun Sami, which translates as "Heart Almost Broken, Secretly in Love with My Husband") is a 2020 Thai television series created by Thong Entertainment and directed by Ampaiporn Jitmaingong. It was written by Panathee Suppasaksutat, starring Prin Suparat and Nittha Jirayungyurn. The  drama was aired by Channel 3 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 20:15 (ICT) time slot from April 21 to June 9, 2020. Tencent Video served as the broadcaster in mainland China.

UTC+07:00
UTC+07:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +07:00. In ISO 8601, the associated time would be written as 2026-02-17T21:18:31+07:00. It is seven hours ahead of UTC, meaning that when the time in UTC is midnight (00:00), the time in areas using the time zone would be 07:00.

Also known as Indochina Time (ICT) and Western Indonesian Time (Indonesian: Waktu Indonesia Barat, WIB) (in Indonesia), it is used in:
Hartford and Slocomb Railroad
The Hartford & Slocomb Railroad (reporting mark HS) was a shortline railroad operating 22 miles (35 km) of track from Dothan to Hartford, Alabama. Largely abandoned in 1992, the remaining tracks from Dothan to Taylor were sold to Gulf and Ohio Railways and operated as the H and S Railroad. The railroad was purchased by Genesee & Wyoming Railroad in 2006, after which it was combined with a neighboring property, the Chattahoochee and Gulf Railroad to form the Chattahoochee Bay Railroad.

Hartford, Alabama
Hartford is a city in Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated in 1896. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2020 census, the population was 2,651, an increase over the figure of 2,624 tabulated in 2010.
Daniel Cerone
Daniel Cerone is a television writer and executive producer. His credits include Dexter, where he served as showrunner, along with The Blacklist, The Mentalist, Dirty Sexy Money and Charmed. He was the co-creator of Constantine, the critically acclaimed adaptation of the DC comics Vertigo series Hellblazer, which developed a cult following.  He also created and executive produced Clubhouse, the CBS baseball drama, as well as the ABC police procedural Motive.

Clubhouse (TV series)
Clubhouse is an American drama television series starring Jeremy Sumpter, Dean Cain, Christopher Lloyd, Mare Winningham and Kirsten Storms and produced by Icon Productions in association with Spelling Television. The theme song is "Our Lives" by The Calling.

Clubhouse originally aired in the United States on CBS on September 26 to November 6, 2004, leaving 6 of the 11 episodes from the first season unaired. The remaining episodes later aired on HDNet from June 30 to August 4, 2005.
Political positions of Joe Manchin
The political positions of Joe Manchin encompass the established political and economic positions taken by Joe Manchin, a former United States senator from West Virginia. Manchin's positions are reflected in his voting record, public speeches, and interviews. A member of the Democratic Party until 2024 when he registered as an Independent, Manchin is characterized by his self-described moderate to conservative beliefs.

DREAM Act
The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, known as the DREAM Act, is a United States legislative proposal that would grant temporary conditional residency, with the right to work, to qualified applicants following illegal immigration to the United States as minors—and, if they later satisfy further qualifications, they would attain permanent residency.

In April 2001, United States senators Dick Durbin (D-Illinois) and Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) first introduced the bill in the Senate as S. 1291, but it did not pass. The proposal has since been reintroduced several times, and approved by a majority in the House and in the Senate, but not by sufficient margins as of 2024.
Basque Mexicans
Basque Mexicans (Spanish: vasco-mexicanos or simply vasco, Euskara: euskal-mexikar) are Mexicans of full, partial, or predominantly Basque ancestry, or Basque-born persons living in Mexico.

Seen in Mexico by the whole Euskalerria concept, Basque descendants can be from Navarre, Euskadi or Iparralde.

Basque Country (greater region)
The Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria; Spanish: País Vasco; French: Pays basque; Occitan: Pais Basco) is the name given to the home of the Basque people. The Basque Country is located in the western Pyrenees, straddling the border between France and Spain on the coast of the Bay of Biscay.

Encompassing the Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain and the Northern Basque Country in France, the region is home to the Basque people (Basque: Euskaldunak), their language (Basque: Euskara), culture and traditions. The area is neither linguistically nor culturally homogeneous, and certain areas have a majority of people who do not consider themselves Basque, such as the south of Navarre. The concept is still highly controversial, and the Supreme Court of Navarre has upheld a denial of government funding to school books that include the Navarre community within the Basque Country area.
Allan McCollum
Allan McCollum (born 4 August 1944) is a contemporary American artist who lives and works in New York City. In 1975, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial, and he moved to New York City the same year. In the late 1970s, he became especially well known for his series, Surrogate Paintings.

He has spent over fifty years exploring how objects achieve public and personal meaning in a world caught up in the contradictions made between unique handmade artworks and objects of mass production, and in the early 1990s, he began focusing most on collaborations with small regional communities and historical society museums in different parts of the world. His first solo exhibition was in 1970 and his first New York showing was in a group exhibition at the Sidney Janis Gallery in 1972.

Whitney Biennial
The Whitney Biennial is a biennial exhibition of contemporary American art organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. The event began as an annual exhibition in 1932; the first biennial was held in 1973. It is considered the longest-running and most important survey of contemporary art in the United States. The Biennial helped bring artists including Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock, and Jeff Koons, among others to prominence.
Jamaica at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Jamaica competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 18 competitors, 11 men and 7 women, took part in 15 events in 2 sports. The Russian alphabet and Japan's participation in the American-led boycott of the games placed it last before the host nation in the Parade of Nations.

1980 Summer Olympics boycott
The United States led the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. More than 60 countries joined the boycott to varying degrees, affecting athletes, fans, and international relations. The absence of so many competitors changed the outcomes of some events, led to alternative competitions, and influenced the 1984 Olympics, which the Soviets later boycotted. The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and its satellite states later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Scandinavian and Russian taiga
The Scandinavian and Russian taiga is an ecoregion within the taiga and boreal forests biome as defined by the WWF classification (ecoregion PA0608). It is situated in Northern Europe between tundra in the north, temperate mixed forests in the south and the Urals montane tundra and taiga in the east. It occupies about 2,156,900 km2 (832,800 mi2) in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the northern part of European Russia, being the largest ecoregion in Europe. In Sweden the taiga is primarily associated with the Norrland terrain. The European Natura 2000 directive defines "Scandinavian and Russian taiga" as a broader area than the WWF, including parts of the temperate mixed forests in the region.

Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
Pristimantis modipeplus
Pristimantis modipeplus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to the Andes of central Ecuador in Chimborazo, Pichincha, and Tungurahua Provinces. Common name Urbina robber frog has been proposed for it.

Strabomantidae
The Strabomantidae, sometimes called cloud forest landfrogs, are a family of frogs native to South America. These frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature "froglets". This family includes Pristimantis, the most speciose genus of any vertebrate. Based on molecular dating, the Holoadeninae in particular appears to have originated in the Eocene. The Oligocene-Miocene transition was also found to be important to their biogeographical history. However, the lack of Holoadeninae fossils and limited nucleotide data ambiguates the results, by the authors' admission.
B.T.'s Smokehouse
B.T.'s Smokehouse is a restaurant that specializes in dry-rubbed and slow-smoked barbecue and is located in the downtown section of Sturbridge, Massachusetts. The restaurant smokes about 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) of meat per week, with brisket being 2,000 pounds (910 kg) to 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) of that total. On a typical weekend, the smokehouse will serve 1,200 and 1,500 people in its 38-seat location.

The restaurant uses a J&R Oyler Pit, named "Black Betty", salvaged from a KC Masterpiece restaurant. The smoker can cook 1,400 pounds of meat at a time, using a mix of apple, hickory, and black cherry wood.

Brisket
Brisket is a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest of beef or veal. The beef brisket is one of the nine beef primal cuts, though the definition of the cut differs internationally. The brisket muscles include the superficial and deep pectorals. As cattle do not have collar bones, these muscles support about 60% of the body weight of standing or moving cattle. This requires a significant amount of connective tissue, so the resulting meat must be cooked correctly to tenderise it.
According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, the term derives from the Middle English brusket which comes from the earlier Old Norse brjósk, meaning cartilage. The cut overlies the sternum, ribs, and connecting costal cartilages.
Hypoptopoma gulare
Hypoptopoma gulare is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to the Amazon and Ucayali basins in South America. It reaches 10.5 cm (4.1 inches) SL. It is sometimes seen in the aquarium trade, where it is referred to as the giant otocinclus, despite not belonging to the genus Otocinclus.

Ucayali River
The Ucayali River (Spanish: Río Ucayali, IPA: [ˈri.o wkaˈʝali]) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about 110 km (68 mi) north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of Pucallpa is located on the banks of the Ucayali.
Kapaz TV
Kapaz TV (Azerbaijani: Kəpəz TV; Azerbaijani pronunciation: [cæˈpæs]; in reference to Mount Kapaz) is an Azerbaijani privately owned regional terrestrial television channel serving northwestern Azerbaijan. It began operations on 6 May 1994 as the first privately owned regional television channel in Azerbaijan. Kapaz TV is headquartered Nizami raion of Ganja, and serves the economic regions of Ganja-Dashkasan and Gazakh-Tovuz. It is owned by the Kapaz Independent Teleradio Company.

Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region
Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region (Azerbaijani: Qazax-Tovuz iqtisadi rayonu) is one of the 14 economic regions of Azerbaijan. It borders Georgia to the north and Armenia to the south and west, and the Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region to the east. The region consists of the districts of Aghstafa, Gadabay, Gazakh, Shamkir, and Tovuz. It has an area of 7,030 square kilometres (2,710 sq mi). Its population was estimated to be at 687.6 thousand people in January 2021.