hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gilfach Fargoed railway station
Gilfach Fargoed railway station is a railway station serving the village of Gilfach, in Caerphilly county borough, south Wales. It is a stop on the Rhymney Line of the Valley Lines network.

The platforms are short (16 m or 52 ft) and can barely accommodate a British Rail Class 153 train, due to its small size it is affectionately nicknamed "Gilfach International". Passengers can only alight from the front doors of any train calling here, so the conductor on longer trains must give passengers advance notice so that they have time to move towards the front set of doors.

Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes
Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes (formerly Valley Lines) is the urban and suburban rail network radiating from Cardiff, Wales. It includes lines within the city itself, the Vale of Glamorgan and the South Wales Valleys.

The services are currently operated by Transport for Wales Rail as the South Wales Metro. In total, it serves 81 stations in six unitary authority areas: 20 in the city of Cardiff, 11 in the Vale of Glamorgan, 25 in Rhondda Cynon Taf, 16 in Caerphilly, 8 in Bridgend and 5 in Merthyr Tydfil.

Services on these routes are currently provided by a transitional fleet of Class 150 DMUs, Class 231 Diesel–electric multiple units and Class 756 tri-mode multiple units. They are typically end-to-end, in that they run from one branch terminus, through Cardiff Queen Street station, to another branch terminus, e.g. from Pontypridd to Barry Island.

The major hubs of the network are Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central. Other hubs are Pontypridd, Bridgend and Barry.
2025 Colorado Proposition LL
Colorado Proposition LL, officially the Allow State to Retain Revenue From Proposition FF Measure, is a legislatively referred state statute that appeared on the ballot in the U.S. state of Colorado on November 4, 2025.

Legislative referral
A legislative referral (or legislative referendum) is a referendum in which a legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote. This may either be voluntarily or, as is the case in many countries for a constitutional amendment, as a mandatory part of the procedure for passing a law. These referrals, depending on the location, can either amend a constitution or enact a change in statute. It is a form of direct democracy. In some places it is known as an authorities referendum, authorities plebiscite, government initiated referendum, or top-down referendum It may originate from the legislative branch, executive branch, or a combination of the two.

An instrument of direct democracy, it is in contrast to citizens (or "bottom-up") initiative that is initiated from the public. With initiated statutes and amendments, voters both initiate and decide on the change of law. In a legislative referral, they only approve or reject laws which their legislature votes to place before them.
Rey Vargas
Rey Geovani Vargas Roldán (born November 25, 1990) is a Mexican professional boxer. He is a world champion in two weight classes, having held the World Boxing Council (WBC) featherweight title from 2022 to 2024 and the WBC super bantamweight title from 2017 to 2020.

Bantamweight
Bantamweight is a weight class in combat sports and weightlifting. For boxing, the range is above 115 lb (52.2 kg) and up to 118 lb (53.5 kg). In kickboxing, a bantamweight fighter generally weighs between 53 and 55 kilograms (117 and 121 lb). In MMA, bantamweight is 126–135 lb (57.2–61.2 kg).

The name for the class is derived from bantam chickens. Brazilian jiu-jitsu has an equivalent Rooster weight.
Louis Tytgadt
Louis Tytgadt or Tijtgadt (1841–1918) was a Belgian painter.

Born in Lovendegem (East Flanders]) on 20 April 1841, Tytgadt studied at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts in Ghent, and in the Paris studio of Alexandre Cabanel. In June 1875, Tytgadt visited the Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem, together with the French artist Eugène Fromentin. In 1880 Tytgadt became a teacher at the Ghent academy. By 1892, until 1902, he was director of the academy and its museum. He established the academy's decorative arts section. In 1902 the museum became a separate institution, the Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent, with Tytgadt sitting on the board. He also served as deputy chair of the Provincial Commission for the Preservation of Monuments and Landscapes. He died in Ghent in 1918.

During his career, Tytgadt exhibited at the Paris Salon (1888) and the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893).

Lovendegem
Lovendegem (Dutch pronunciation: [loːˈvɛndəɣɛm]) is a town and former municipality located in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium, and in the province of East Flanders. The municipality comprised the towns of Lovendegem proper and Vinderhoute. In 2018, Lovendegem had a total population of 9,574. The total area is 19.48 km2.
Instruments used in general surgery
There are many different surgical specialties, some of which require specific kinds of surgical instruments to perform.

General surgery is a specialty focused on the abdomen; the thyroid gland; diseases involving skin, breasts, and various soft tissues; trauma; peripheral vascular disease; hernias; and endoscopic procedures.

Instruments can be classified in many ways, but, broadly speaking, there are five kinds of instruments.

Cutting and dissecting instruments

Grasping or holding instruments

Hemostatic instruments

Retractors

Tissue unifying instruments and materials

Instruments used in surgery are:

Trauma surgery
Trauma surgery is a surgical specialty that utilizes both operative and non-operative management to treat traumatic injuries, typically in an acute setting. Trauma surgeons generally complete residency training in general surgery and often fellowship training in trauma or surgical critical care. The trauma surgeon is responsible for initially resuscitating and stabilizing and later evaluating and managing the patient. The attending trauma surgeon also leads the trauma team, which typically includes nurses and support staff, as well as resident physicians in teaching hospitals.
Heth (surname)
Heth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Henry Heth (1825–1899), career United States Army officer who became a Confederate general in the American Civil War

Henry Heth, a prominent Virginia businessman

Joice Heth (c. 1756 – 1836), African-American slave exhibited by P. T. Barnum with the false claim that she was the 161-year-old nursing "mammy" of George Washington

Henry Heth
Henry Heth (/ˈhiːθ/ not /ˈhɛθ/) (December 16, 1825 – September 27, 1899) was a Confederate military officer who commanded infantry in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.

He came to the notice of General Robert E. Lee while serving briefly as his quartermaster, and was given a brigade in the Third Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by A. P. Hill, whose division he commanded when the latter was wounded at Chancellorsville. He is generally blamed for accidentally starting the Battle of Gettysburg by sending half his division into the town before the rest of the army was fully prepared. Later in the day, Confederate troops succeeded in routing two Union corps, but at a heavy cost in casualties. Heth continued to command his division during the remainder of the war and briefly took command of the Third Corps in April 1865 after the death of General Hill. Heth surrendered with the rest of Lee's army on April 9.
Loftus Otway
General Sir Loftus William Otway, CB (28 April 1775 – 7 June 1854) was an experienced and professional cavalry commander of British forces during the Peninsula War who saw extensive service under Sir John Moore in the Corunna Campaign and Wellington in the remainder of the campaign. He also worked training Portuguese troops and spent time serving in Ireland during the 1798 rebellion and Canada. Otway retired after the Peninsula War and was honoured several times for his war service by both the British and Spanish royal families.

General (United Kingdom)
General (or full general to distinguish it from the lower general officer ranks) is the highest rank achievable by serving officers of the British Army and the Royal Marines.  The rank can also be held by Royal Marines officers in tri-service posts, for example, Generals Sir Gordon Messenger and Sir Gwyn Jenkins, former Vice-Chiefs of the Defence Staff. It ranks above lieutenant-general and, in the Army, is subordinate to the rank of field marshal, which is now awarded as an honorary rank only.  The rank of general has a NATO-code of OF-9, and is a four-star rank.  It is equivalent to a full admiral in the Royal Navy or an air chief marshal in the Royal Air Force.

Officers holding the ranks of general, lieutenant-general and major-general are 'general officers' and may be addressed as 'general'.
The Drum (1938 film)
The Drum (released in the U.S. as Drums) is a 1938 British Technicolor film based on the 1937 novel The Drum by A. E. W. Mason. The film was directed by Zoltan Korda and produced by Alexander Korda. It stars Sabu, Raymond Massey, Valerie Hobson, Roger Livesey and David Tree.

Korda’s company London Films made three films in the 1930s about the British Empire: Sanders of the River (1936), The Drum and The Four Feathers (1939).

A. E. W. Mason
Alfred Edward Woodley Mason (7 May 1865 – 22 November 1948) was an English author and Liberal Party Member of Parliament. He is best remembered for his 1902 novel of courage and cowardice in wartime, The Four Feathers, and is also known as the creator of Inspector Hanaud, a French detective who was an early template for Agatha Christie's famous Hercule Poirot.

His prolific output in short stories and novels were frequently made and remade into films during his lifetime; though many of the silent versions have been lost or forgotten, the productions of Fire Over England (1937) and The Four Feathers (1939) remain enduring classics of British cinema.
Richard Cromwell (actor)
Richard Cromwell (born LeRoy Melvin Radabaugh; January 8, 1910 – October 11, 1960) also known as Roy Radabaugh, was an American actor. His career was at its pinnacle with his work in Jezebel (1938) with Bette Davis and Henry Fonda and again with Fonda in John Ford's Young Mr. Lincoln (1939). Cromwell's fame was perhaps first assured in The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935), with Gary Cooper and Franchot Tone. That film was the first major effort directed by Henry Hathaway and it was based upon the popular novel by Francis Yeats-Brown. The Lives of a Bengal Lancer earned Paramount Studios a nomination for Best Picture in 1935, though Mutiny on the Bounty instead took the top award at the Academy Awards that year.

In The Filmgoer's Companion, Leslie Halliwell summed up Cromwell's enduring appeal when he described him as "a leading man, [the] gentle hero of early sound films."

Leslie Halliwell
Robert James Leslie Halliwell (23 February 1929 – 21 January 1989) was a British film critic, encyclopaedist and television rights buyer for ITV, the British commercial network, and Channel 4. He is best known for his reference guides, Filmgoer's Companion (1965), a single volume film-related encyclopaedia featuring biographies (with credits) and technical terms, and Halliwell's Film Guide (1977), which is dedicated to individual films.

Anthony Quinton wrote in The Times Literary Supplement: "Immersed in the enjoyment of these fine books, one should look up for a moment to admire the quite astonishing combination of industry and authority in one man which has brought them into existence."

Halliwell's promotion of the cinema through his books and seasons of "golden oldies'"on Channel 4 won him awards from the London Film Critics' Circle, the British Film Institute and a posthumous BAFTA.
July 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 22 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 24

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on August 5 by Old Calendar.

For July 23rd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 10.

Theotokos of Pochayiv
Theotokos of Pochayiv (Ukrainian: Почаївська ікона Пресвятої Богородиці) is an icon of the Virgin Mary, painted in a late Byzantine style, of the Eleusa iconographic type. Like many famous icons, it is now usually displayed with most of the surface covered by an elaborate frame in precious metals, or riza, except for the faces.

The icon is venerated equally by Eastern Orthodox and Catholics.

The origin of the icon is not clear. It is painted in old Byzantine manner, hence it could be made in either Byzantium or Bulgaria.
1993 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
The Senior women's race at the 1993 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Amorebieta, Spain, at the Jaureguibarría Course on March 28, 1993.   A report on the event was given in The New York Times and in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results, medallists, 
 and the results of British athletes were published.

Amorebieta-Etxano
Amorebieta-Etxano, also known as Zornotza (Spanish, Amorebieta-Echano), is a town and municipality located in Biscay in the Basque Country, an Autonomous Community in northern Spain.

At the time of the 2019 census, the population of the municipality was 19,339, with 16,907 inhabitants living in Amorebieta. The mayor is Andoni Agirrebeitia.

The coat of arms, which features the two parishes, bears the inscription Amorebieta Etxanoko Udala Zornotza, which means Amorebieta-Echano Town Council, Zornoza.
Separable polynomial
In mathematics, a polynomial P(X) over a given field K is separable if its roots are distinct in an algebraic closure of K, that is, the number of distinct roots is equal to the degree of the polynomial.

This concept is closely related to square-free polynomial. If K is a perfect field then the two concepts coincide. In general, P(X) is separable if and only if it is square-free over any field that contains K,
which holds if and only if P(X) is coprime to its formal derivative D P(X).

Formal derivative
In mathematics, the formal derivative is an operation on elements of a polynomial ring or a ring of formal power series that mimics the form of the derivative from calculus.  Though they appear similar, the algebraic advantage of a formal derivative is that it does not rely on the notion of a limit, which is in general impossible to define for a ring.  Many of the properties of the derivative are true of the formal derivative, but some, especially those that make numerical statements, are not.

Formal differentiation is used in algebra to test for multiple roots of a polynomial.
CP Parla Escuela
Club Polideportivo Parla Escuela-Fair Play is a Spanish football team based in Parla, in the autonomous community of Madrid. Founded in 1989, it plays in Primera Autonómica de Aficionados – Group 2, holding home games at Estadio Las Américas, with a capacity of 2,000 seats.

In 2021, the club merged with CD Fair Play Parla and was renamed CP Parla Escuela-Fair Play.

Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in the Community of Madrid
The Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in the Community of Madrid, are organized by the Madrid Football Federation:

Primera Autonómica de Aficionados, 2 Groups of 18 teams (Level 6 of the Spanish football pyramid)

Categoría Preferente de Aficionados, 4 Groups of 18 teams (Level 7)

Categoría Primera de Aficionados, 8 Groups of 18 teams (Level 8)

Categoría Segunda de Aficionados, 24 Groups of 16 teams  (Level 9)
Alsodes valdiviensis
Alsodes valdiviensis is a species of frogs in the family Alsodidae. It is endemic to Chile and only known from its type locality, Cerro Mirador in the Cordillera Pelada, Valdivia Province. The specific name refers to this province.

Cordillera Pelada
Cordillera Pelada (Spanish for Bald Range or Barren Range) is a mountain range in southern Los Ríos Region, southern Chile. It is located along the Pacific coast and forms part of the larger Chilean Coast Range. It got its name pelada from the Spanish word for bare or bald in reference to large fires that once burned the forests on the cordillera.

From about 1750 to 1943, when the land between Maullín River and Valdivia was colonized by Spain and Chile, numerous fires of Fitzroya woods occurred in Cordillera Pelada. These fires were initiated by Spaniards, Chileans, and Europeans. Earlier, from 1397 to 1750 the Fitzroya woods of Cordillera Pelada also suffered from fires that originated from lightning strikes and indigenous inhabitants.
Chiriguano War
The war against the Chiriguanos of 1892 is the name given to a series of armed confrontations during the presidency of Aniceto Arce, between the Bolivian State and a great Messianic Chiriguano movement (Ava Guaraní) led by its leader, Apiaguaiki Tumpa.

The indigenous Chiriguanos at that time were located in what was known as the Chiriguano mountain range in the current Santa Cruz department of Bolivia. The conflict originated from the increasing presence of farmers in the region and from the abuses committed by them towards the Chiriguanos, who revolted, with the open intention of expelling them all from their territories.

Apiaguaiki Tumpa
Apiaguaiki Tumpa (c. 1863 – 29 March 1892) was a messianic leader of the Eastern Bolivian Guarani (Chiriguanos) people of Bolivia.  He is regarded by many Guarani as a national hero, known for his struggle to defend his peoples' land and liberty from the encroaching Bolivian government, cattle ranchers, and missionaries. He was executed after his defeat and the failure of his revolt.  His death is commemorated annually by many Guarani, and a Guaraní language university in the community of Kuruyuki, Bolivia is named after him.
Fishing Creek (Catawba River)
Fishing Creek is a stream located in South Carolina, United States and is a part of the inland Catawba-Wateree drainage basin. Its elevation is 354 feet (108 m) and flows through Chester and York Counties.

The Fishing Creek watershed drains approximately 288 square miles in the Piedmont region of South Carolina's York and Chester Counties. The creek enters into the Catawba River downstream of Fishing Creek Hydroelectric Station and the Fishing Creek Reservoir near Great Falls, South Carolina.

Though sharing the same name, Fishing Creek in South Carolina is not part of the same watershed as Fishing Creek in coastal North Carolina. The North Carolina creek belongs to the Tar River system within the Atlantic coastal drainage basin.

York County, South Carolina
York County is a county on the north central border in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 282,090, making it the seventh-most populous county in the state. Its county seat is the city of York, and its most populous community is Rock Hill. One Interstate Highway serves the county, Interstate 77. York County is part of the Charlotte metropolitan area.
Munising Group
The Munising Group or Formation is a 1,700 feet (520 m) thick, white to light grey Cambrian sedimentary unit  that crops out in Michigan and (to a lesser extent) Ontario.  At one end of its extent, it comprises a basal conglomerate overlain by the Chapel Rock Member and the Miners Castle Member; elsewhere, it comprises the Eau Claire, Galesville (=Dresbach), and Franconia Members. Anhydritic evaporite deposits are present in places. The conglomerate was deposited by rivers in flood, with the Chapel Rock member, which contains deltaic deposits, representing transgression as the conglomerate cones became submerged; the Miners Castle member was deposited further from the shoreline, representing shelf deposits. Its uppermost strata may be Early Ordovician in age, and contain conodonts, trilobites and phosphatic moulds of brachiopods, ostrocoderm fish and gastropods.

The Munising lies unconformably above the Jacobsville Formation.

Early Ordovician
The Early Ordovician is the first epoch of the Ordovician period, corresponding to the Lower Ordovician series of the Ordovician system. It began after the Age 10 of the Furongian epoch of the Cambrian and lasted from 486.85 to 471.3 million years ago, until  the Dapingian age of the Middle Ordovician. It includes Tremadocian and Floian ages.
Volleyball at the 2019 African Games
Volleyball and beach volleyball at the 2019 African Games were held from 16 to 31 August 2019 in Salé, Morocco.

Indoor volleyball was held from 22 to 31 August and beach volleyball was held from 16 to 21 August.

The beach volleyball event served as a qualifier for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.

Salé
Salé (Arabic: سلا, romanized: salā, [salaː]) is a city in northwestern Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town. Along with some smaller nearby towns, Rabat and Salé together form a single metropolitan area.

Founded in the 11th century, Salé became a haven for pirates in the 17th century as an independent republic before being incorporated into Alawi Morocco. It recorded a population of 1,089,554 in the 2024 Moroccan census. The city still preserves its historic medina (old town), with many major monuments dating from the Marinid period (13th–15th centuries). Salé is connected to Rabat by a tramway and also contains the Rabat–Salé Airport, the main international airport serving both cities.
Lime in Cielętniki
The Cielętniki Lime is a common lime tree located in Cielętniki, in southern Poland.

It is the largest tree in Poland by circumference. In 2014, the girth of the lime measured 10.84 metres (0.7 m at its narrowest) and its height was 29.5 metres. According to dendrochronological research, the tree is approximately 550 years old.

The lime tree has a massive, multi-stemmed trunk with a large crown spread. Its CBH (circumference at breast height) was recorded at 11.07 metres in 2014. According to local legend, the lime grew from 18 small trees planted many years ago by an unknown voivode. according to legend. The bark of the tree was traditionally believed to cure toothache,  and the nearby church, dedicated to Saint Apollonia, the patron saint of stomatologists. The tree attracted pilgrims to the village, who bit the bark to heal their teeth.

Today, the tree is protected by a fence and is designated as a natural monument.

Natural monument
A natural monument is a natural or cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities, or cultural significance. They can be natural geological and geographical features such as waterfalls, cliffs, craters, fossil, sand dunes, rock forms, valleys and coral reefs. Locations important to faith groups may be considered natural monuments. Archeological and historical sites linked to the natural environment are also included, such as cave art. This is especially true when relevant to the land of Indigenous Peoples.
2006 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes
The 2006 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes was the 82nd running of the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes. The race took place in Baltimore, Maryland on May 19, 2006, and was televised in the United States on the Bravo TV network owned by NBC. Ridden by jockey Ramon Dominguez, Regal Engagement, lost the race by two lengths to runner-up Smart N Pretty after being interfered with. Smart N Pretty was taken down and the race was awarded to Regal Engagement.  Approximate post time on the evening before the Preakness Stakes was 5:14 p.m. Eastern Time and the race was run for a purse of $250,000. The race was run over a fast track in a final time of 1:50.11. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 24,554. The attendance at Pimlico Race Course that day was a record crowd for Black-Eyed Susan Stakes Day.

Regal Engagement
Regal Engagement (foaled in February 2003 in Kentucky) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse. The daughter of Cat Thief and granddaughter of both Storm Cat and Forty Niner is probably remembered for her score in the mile and an eighth Grade II $250,000 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes at Pimlico Race Course on May 19, 2006.