hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stary Kondal
Stary Kondal (Russian: Старый Кондаль) is a rural locality (a selo) in Gromkovskoye Rural Settlement, Rudnyansky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 78 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

Rudnyansky District, Volgograd Oblast
Rudnyansky District (Russian: Рудня́нский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Rudnyansky Municipal District. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,890 square kilometers (730 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Rudnya. Population: 17,437 (2010 census); 19,176 (2002 Census); 20,796 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Rudnya accounts for 42.4% of the district's total population.
Sniderman
Sniderman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Harry Sniderman, Canadian sports figure

Jason Sniderman, Canadian musician and businessman

Lisa Sniderman, American musician and playwright

Paul Sniderman (born 1941), American political scientist

Sam Sniderman (1920–2012), Canadian businessman

Harry Sniderman
Harry Sniderman was a sports figure in Toronto, Canada, who was later known as a promoter, organizer and businessman.

In 1936 the Olympics were held in Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany, so Sniderman and several other athletes who objected to attending an event in Nazi Germany attended an alternate Olympics in Barcelona.

Sniderman was survived by his wife, Molly, who died in 2009.
Fanfare for the Warriors
Fanfare for the Warriors is a 1973 album by the Art Ensemble of Chicago first released on the Atlantic label. It features performances by Lester Bowie, Joseph Jarman, Roscoe Mitchell, Malachi Favors Maghostut and Don Moye along with AACM leader Muhal Richard Abrams.

Art Ensemble of Chicago
The Art Ensemble of Chicago is an avant-garde jazz group that grew out of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) in the late 1960s. The ensemble integrates many jazz styles and plays many instruments, including "little instruments": bells, bicycle horns, birthday party noisemakers, wind chimes, and various forms of percussion. The musicians would wear costumes and face paint while performing. These characteristics combined to make the ensemble's performances both aural and visual. While playing in Europe in 1969, five hundred instruments were used.
PR (complexity)
PR is the complexity class of all primitive recursive functions—or, equivalently, the set of all formal languages that can be decided in time bounded by such a function. This includes addition, multiplication, exponentiation, tetration, etc.

The Ackermann function is an example of a function that is not primitive recursive, showing that PR is strictly contained in R (Cooper 2004:88).

On the other hand, we can "enumerate" any recursively enumerable set (see also its complexity class RE) by a primitive-recursive function in the following sense: given an input , where  is a Turing machine and  is an integer, if  halts within  steps then output ; otherwise output nothing.  Then the union of the outputs, over all possible inputs (, ), is exactly the set of  that halt.

PR strictly contains ELEMENTARY.

PR does not contain "PR-complete" problems (assuming, e.g., reductions that belong to ELEMENTARY).

Function problem
In computational complexity theory, a function problem is a computational problem where a single output is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem. For function problems, the output is not simply 'yes' or 'no'.
Qube Software
Qube Software is a British company specialising in advanced 3D technology. It was founded in 1998 by Servan Keondjian, Hugh Steers, and Doug Rabson who created the Reality Lab renderer and who subsequently played a leading role at Microsoft turning it into Direct3D.

Qube Software has produced games, however, its main focus has been the development of 3D software that would address the key problems with 3D middleware Keondjian says he identified during his years working on Reality Lab and Direct3D.

Middleware
Middleware is a type of computer software program that provides services to software applications beyond those available from the operating system. It can be described as "software glue".

Middleware makes it easier for software developers to implement communication and input/output, so they can focus on the specific purpose of their application. It gained popularity in the 1980s as a solution to the problem of how to link newer applications to older legacy systems, although the term had been in use since 1968.
Opera in Cuba
Opera has been present in Cuba since the latest part of the 18th century, when the first full-fledged theater, called Coliseo, was built. Since then to present times, the Cuban people have highly enjoyed opera, and many Cuban composers have cultivated the operatic genre, sometimes with great success at an international level.

Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de Cuba (Spanish pronunciation: [sanˈtjaɣo ðe ˈkuβa]) is the second-largest city in Cuba and the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province. It lies in the southeastern area of the island, some 870 km (540 mi) southeast of the Cuban capital of Havana.

The municipality extends over 1,023.8 km2 (395.3 sq mi), and contains the communities of Antonio Maceo, Bravo, Castillo Duany, Daiquirí, El Caney, El Cobre, El Cristo, Guilera, Leyte Vidal, Moncada and Siboney.

Historically Santiago de Cuba has been the second-most important city on the island after Havana, and remains the second-largest. It lies on a bay connected to the Caribbean Sea and is an important sea port. In 2022, the city of Santiago de Cuba recorded a population of 507,167 people.
Anton Venier
Anton Venier was an Austrian luger who competed in the early 1960s. He won a bronze medal in the men's doubles event at the 1963 FIL World Luge Championships in Imst, Austria.

Venier also won two medals at the 1962 FIL European Luge Championships in Weissenbach, Austria with a gold in the men's doubles and a silver in the men's singles event.

Imst
Imst (German: [ɪmst] ⓘ; Southern Bavarian: Imscht) is a town in the Austrian federal state of Tyrol. It lies on the River Inn in western Tyrol, some 50 kilometres (31 miles) west of Innsbruck and at an altitude of 828 metres (2,717 feet) above sea level. With a current population (2018) of 10,504, Imst is the administrative centre of Imst District.
William B. Read
William Brown Read (December 14, 1817 – August 5, 1880) was a 19th-century politician and lawyer from Kentucky.

Born in Hardin County, Kentucky, Read completed preparatory studies, studied law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in Hodgenville, Kentucky in 1849. He was a member of the Kentucky Senate from 1857 to 1865, was a delegate to both of the Democratic National Conventions in 1860 and was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 1863, losing to Richard T. Jacob. Read was again a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1864, was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1867 to 1869 and was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1870, serving from 1871 to 1875, being unsuccessful for renomination in 1874. Afterwards, he resumed practicing law until his death in Hodgenville, Kentucky on August 5, 1880. He was interred in Red Hill Cemetery in Hodgenville.

Hardin County, Kentucky
Hardin County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Kentucky. Its county seat is Elizabethtown. The county was formed in 1792. Hardin County is part of the Elizabethtown-Fort Knox, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the Louisville/Jefferson County—Elizabethtown-Bardstown, KY-IN Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 110,702.

Hardin County is known for being the birthplace of former U.S. president Abraham Lincoln, though the location is now part of neighboring LaRue County.
Cathie Pilkington
Cathie Suzzanne Pilkington RA (born 31 July 1968) is a London-based British sculptor represented by Karsten Schubert London. She studied at Edinburgh College of Art and the Royal College of Art, and was elected as a Royal Academician in 2014. She became professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy Schools in 2016.

Young V&A
Young V&A, formerly the V&A Museum of Childhood, is a branch of the Victoria and Albert Museum (the "V&A"), which is the United Kingdom's national museum of applied arts. It is in Bethnal Green in the East End of London, and specialises in objects by and for children. In 2024 it was awarded the Museum of the Year prize.
Spy Myung-wol
Spy Myung-wol (Korean: 스파이 명월) is a 2011 South Korean television series starring Han Ye-seul, Eric Mun, and Lee Jin-wook. It aired on KBS2 from July 11 to September 6, 2011 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 18 episodes.

KBS2
KBS 2TV (Korean: KBS 제2텔레비전) is a South Korean free-to-air television channel launched on 1 December 1980 and owned by Korean Broadcasting System. In contrast to KBS1, the channel specializes primarily in entertainment.
Anand Prakash Maheshwari
Dr. Anand Prakash Maheshwari (born 1961) is an IPS officer of 1984 batch, Uttar Pradesh cadre. His professional career as a soldier and policeman culminated as the Head of the largest paramilitary force in India - The Central Reserve Police Force. Post retirement, he was appointed as the Advisor to Hon'ble  Lieutenant Governor, Puducherry.
He worked in this capacity till the formation of the State government.

Central Reserve Police Force
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is a central armed police force in India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The CRPF assists states and Union Territories in maintaining law and order and internal security. It is composed of the Central Reserve Police Force (Regular) and Central Reserve Police Force (Auxiliary).

It was established on 27 July 1939 as Crown Representative's Police with the objective of providing security to the British Crown Representatives in India. The force was later renamed as the Central Reserve Police Force by an Act of Parliament in 1949. The CRPF played a major role in the Parliamentary elections of September 1999.

The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is the largest central armed police force in India, comprising 247 battalions and exceeding a total strength of 301,376 personnel, as of 2019. CRPF officers are also deployed in United Nations missions.
Coloratura soprano
A coloratura soprano (Italian: soprano di coloratura) is a type of operatic soprano voice that specializes in music that is distinguished by agile runs, leaps and trills.

The term coloratura refers to the elaborate ornamentation of a melody, which is a typical component of the music written for this voice. Within the coloratura category, there are roles written specifically for lighter voices known as lyric coloraturas and others for larger voices known as dramatic coloraturas. Categories within a certain vocal range are determined by the size, weight and color of the voice. Coloratura is particularly found in vocal music and especially in operatic singing of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Ascanio in Alba
Ascanio in Alba, K. 111, is a pastoral opera in two parts (Festa teatrale in due parti) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Parini. It was commissioned by the Empress Maria Theresa for the wedding of her son, Archduke Ferdinand Karl, to Maria Beatrice d'Este on 15 October 1771.
Futaba District, Fukushima
Futaba (双葉郡, Futaba-gun) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2010, the district has a population of 72,822, which fell to 7,338 in 2015, and a density of 8.5 persons per km2. The total area is 865.12 km2.

Districts of Japan
In Japan, a district (郡, gun) is composed of one or more rural municipalities (towns or villages) within a prefecture. Districts have no governing function, and are only used for geographic or statistical purposes such as mailing addresses. Cities are not part of districts.

Historically, districts have at times functioned as an administrative unit.  From 1878 to 1921 district governments were roughly equivalent to a county of the United States, ranking below prefecture and above town or village, on the same level as a city. District governments were entirely abolished by 1926.
Siege of Akasaka
34°27′34.99″N 135°37′7.00″E﻿ / ﻿34.4597194°N 135.6186111°E﻿ / 34.4597194; 135.6186111

The siege of Akasaka was one of the earlier battles of the Genkō War between the figurehead Emperor Godaigo and the largely Hōjō-controlled Kamakura shogunate during the final years of the Kamakura period in Japan. The battle in question was fought at Shimo Akasaka-jō (下赤坂城, English: Lower Akasaka fortress), a fortress built upon Mount Yoshino near modern-day Osaka in the former Kawachi Province in Osaka Prefecture.

Hōjō clan
The Hōjō clan (Japanese: 北条氏, Hepburn: Hōjō-shi) was a Japanese samurai family who controlled the hereditary title of shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate between 1203 and 1333. Despite the title, in practice the family wielded actual political power in Japan during this period compared to both the Kamakura shoguns, or the Imperial Court in Kyoto, whose authority was largely symbolic. The Hōjō are known for fostering Zen Buddhism and for leading the successful opposition to the Mongol invasions of Japan. Resentment at Hōjō rule eventually culminated in the overthrow of the clan and the establishment of the Ashikaga shogunate.
A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)
"A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" is a monograph by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek on the tropical pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. It was published in the May 1997 issue of the botanical journal Blumea. The work represented the first revision of the entire genus since John Muirhead Macfarlane's 1908 monograph. Jebb and Cheek's revision was based on "collaborative work by both authors since 1984, largely on herbarium specimens, but including fieldwork in New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Madagascar". It was a precursor to their more exhaustive 2001 monograph, "Nepenthaceae".

Blumea (journal)
Blumea - Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography (Tijdschrift voor de Systematiek en de Geografie der Planten in Dutch) is a peer-reviewed journal of botany published by the National Herbarium of the Netherlands.

Except for a short period during World War II, Blumea has been published continuously since 1934. It deals with the taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, biogeography, and ecology of spermatophytes and cryptogams native to Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa), and South America. Blumea is published three times a year, with each issue numbering around 600 pages.
Sidney Lowe (priest)
Christianity portal

The Venerable  Sidney Edward Lowe  (22 March 1882 – 10 January 1968) was Archdeacon of Bradford from 1934 to 1953.

Lowe was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and the University of Birmingham and ordained in 1905. After a  curacy at St James’, Gorton he held incumbencies at Holy Trinity, Colne St Peter's, Rochdale, All Saints’, Bradford,  All Saints Otley and St Oswald's Guiseley

before his years as an Archdeacon.

Otley
Otley is a market town and civil parish at a bridging point on the River Wharfe, in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the population was 13,668 at the 2011 census. It is in two parts: south of the river is the historic town of Otley and to the north is Newall, which was formerly a separate township. The town is in lower Wharfedale on the A660 road which connects  it to Leeds.

The town is in the Otley and Yeadon ward of Leeds City Council and the Leeds North West parliamentary constituency.
Mesopotamian Arabic
Mesopotamian Arabic (Arabic: لهجة بلاد ما بين النهرين), also known as Iraqi Arabic or the Iraqi dialect (Arabic: اللهجة العراقية), or just as Iraqi (Arabic: عراقي), are the varieties of Arabic spoken in the Mesopotamian basin of Iraq as well as parts of Syria, southeastern Turkey, Iran, and Kuwait and in Iraqi diaspora communities.

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: ארמית Ārāmît) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the fifth century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.
Chengdu University of Technology station
Chengdu University of Technology (Chinese: 理工大学) is a station on Line 7 and Line 8 of the Chengdu Metro in China. It was opened on 6 December 2017. The station serves the nearby Chengdu University of Technology.

Line 8 (Chengdu Metro)
Line 8 of the Chengdu Metro (Chinese: 成都地铁8号线; pinyin: Chéngdū Dìtiě Bā Hào Xiàn) is a line on the metro network in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. The first phase opened on 18 December 2020.

The line runs from northeast to southwest and avoids the city center of Chengdu. It also connects the Wangjiang and Jiang'an campuses of Sichuan University.
Lào Cai station
Lào Cai station is a railway station in Vietnam.
It serves the border town of Lào Cai, in Lào Cai Province. Several passenger trains a day run between Hanoi and Lao Cai.

Lao Cai Station is the last station of the Hanoi–Lao Cai railway, the Vietnamese section of the meter-gauge Kunming–Hai Phong Railway. North of Lao Cai Station, the railway continues, crossing the Nanxi River into China, but it carries only freight trains, and no passenger service.

On 20 February 2025 the Vietnamese parliament approved an $8 billion railroad investment to upgrade under Xi Jinping's Belt and road initiative the old French-built Kunming–Haiphong railway, which serves the Chinese border county Hekou, Lao Cai, Hanoi and Haiphong.

Nanxi River (Yunnan)
The Nanxi River (Chinese: 南溪河; pinyin: Nánxī Hé), also known as the Nậm Thi River in Vietnamese or Namiti, is a tributary of the Red River located in China's Yunnan province. It is a border river of Lào Cai, Vietnam, and Hekou, China.

It flows generally north to south from Mengzi to Hekou, where it joins the Red River and flows into Vietnam.

The Chinese portion of the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway was built partly along the Nanxi River valley from 1906 to 1910, linking the city of Kunming with the Vietnamese capital, Hanoi.
The mountainous terrain of the Nanxi River Valley posed special difficulties for the railway's construction; this, along with the endemic nature of malaria in the area, led to the deaths of at least 10,000 workers in the valley. Today, the Nanxi River is known as a destination for white water rafting.
Sacred Country
Sacred Country is a novel by English author Rose Tremain. It was published in 1992 by Sinclair-Stevenson and won both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Prix Femina étranger. It has been compared to Virginia Woolf's Orlando.

James Tait Black Memorial Prize
The James Tait Black Memorial Prizes are literary prizes awarded for literature written in the English language. They, along with the Hawthornden Prize, are Britain's oldest literary awards. Based at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, United Kingdom, the prizes were founded in 1919 by Janet Coats Black in memory of her late husband, James Tait Black, a partner in the publishing house of A & C Black Ltd. Prizes are awarded in two categories: Fiction and Biography. A Drama prize was awarded from 2013-2019.
Aspergillus westerdijkiae
Aspergillus westerdijkiae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Circumdati section. The species was first described in 2004. It has been reported to produce penicillic acid, ochratoxin A, xanthomegnin, viomellein, and vioxanthin.

Penicillic acid
Penicillic acid is a mycotoxin that is produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ostianus and Penicillium roqueforti mold. It is not a product of acid degradation of penicillin. Biosynthesis of the compound has been stablished.

Its first practical synthesis was reported in 1947 by Ralph Raphael, who had worked on penicillin during World War II.
Xinli Subdistrict
Xinli Subdistrict (Chinese: 新立街道; pinyin: Xīnlì Jiēdào) is a subdistrict located on southern Dongli District, Tianjin, China. It borders Wanxin Subdistrict and Tianjin Aviation Logistics District to its north, Jinqiao Subdistrict to its east, Shuangqiaohe and XInashuigu Towns to its south, Xinzhuang and Shuanggang Towns to its southwest, as well as Zhangguizhuang and Fengniancun Subdistricts to its west. In 2010, its population is 136,357.

Dongli, Tianjin
Dongli District (simplified Chinese: 东丽区; traditional Chinese: 東麗區; pinyin: Dōnglì Qū) is a district of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Located in the district are Tianjin Binhai International Airport and Tianjin Airlines headquarters.
Rapid application development
Rapid application development (RAD), also called rapid application building (RAB), is both a general term for adaptive software development approaches, and the name for James Martin's method of rapid development. In general, RAD approaches to software development put less emphasis on planning and more emphasis on an adaptive process. Prototypes are often used in addition to or sometimes even instead of design specifications.

RAD is especially well suited for (although not limited to) developing software that is driven by user interface requirements. Graphical user interface builders are often called rapid application development tools. Other approaches to rapid development include the adaptive, agile, spiral, and unified models.

Barry Boehm
Barry William Boehm (May 16, 1935 – August 20, 2022) was an American software engineer, distinguished professor of computer science, industrial and systems engineering; the TRW Professor of Software Engineering; and founding director of the Center for Systems and Software Engineering at the University of Southern California. He was known for his many contributions to the area of software engineering.

In 1996, Boehm was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to computer and software architectures and to models of cost, quality, and risk for aerospace systems.
Matrosovo
Matrosovo is a former airport, likely air base, on Sakhalin Island, Russia located 14 km north of Leonidovo.  It served as a dispersal airfield for military aircraft on Sakhalin Island during the Cold War.

Matrosovo was identified by U.S. photographic reconnaissance satellites around 1962.  The Central Intelligence Agency's collection of declassified documents do not show that any aircraft were ever observed at this airfield, and no documents after 1970 reference the airfield.

In 1985 a Tupolev Tu-16 from Khorol crashed at or near this airfield. Matrosovo was not used after the Cold War and has fallen into a state of decay.

Tupolev Tu-16
The Tupolev Tu-16 (USAF/DOD reporting name Type 39; NATO reporting name: Badger) is a twin-engined jet strategic heavy bomber used by the Soviet Union. It has been flown for almost 70 years. While many aircraft in Soviet service were retired after the Cold War ended, a Chinese license-built version, the Xi'an H-6, remains in service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force.

The bomber saw decades of combat use with the Egyptian and Iraqi Air Forces. Egypt conducted its first combat use in the North Yemen civil war, later in the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War against Israel, and briefly in the Egyptian–Libyan War. Iraq also used the bomber in the Six-Day War, and later the Iran–Iraq War.

China began license production of Tu-16s in 1959, and developed the H-6 version by 1968. Modern variants such as the H-6K are still being actively produced as of 2020.