hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matthew Butterick
Matthew Coffin Butterick (born November 15, 1970) is an American typographer, lawyer, writer, and computer programmer. He received the 2012 Golden Pen Award from the Legal Writing Institute for his book Typography for Lawyers, which started as a website in 2008 based on his experience as a practicing attorney. He has worked for The Font Bureau and founded his own website design company, Atomic Vision (purchased by Red Hat in 1999). Expanding Typography for Lawyers, Butterick published Practical Typography as a "web-based book" in July 2013.

Butterick graduated with a BA in visual and environmental studies from Harvard University. He later earned a JD at the University of California, Los Angeles and was admitted to the State Bar of California in 2007.

As of November 2023, Butterick is serving as co-counsel in multiple class action lawsuits against AI companies GitHub and OpenAI (for GitHub Copilot), Stability AI (for Stable Diffusion), Midjourney, and DeviantArt.

GitHub Copilot
GitHub Copilot is a code completion and programming AI-assistant developed by GitHub and OpenAI that assists users of Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, Neovim, Eclipse and JetBrains integrated development environments (IDEs) by autocompleting code. Currently available by subscription to individual developers and to businesses, the generative artificial intelligence software was first announced by GitHub on 29 June 2021. Users can choose the large language model used for generation.
Chainpur, Dhading
Chainpur, Bagmati is a village development committee in Dhading District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5931 and had 1118 houses in it.

Bagmati Zone
Bagmati Zone (Nepali: बागमती अञ्चलListenⓘ Bāgmatī Añcal) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restoration of zones to Provinces. Its headquarters are Kathmandu. It was named after the Bagmati River. It was in the Central Development Region of Nepal. The districts are now all part of Bagmati Province. The zone contains the Kathmandu Valley with its conurbation of 4.5 million inhabitants.
Haldane principle
In British research policy, the Haldane principle is the idea that decisions about what to spend research funds on should be made by researchers rather than politicians. It is named after Richard Burdon Haldane, who in 1904 and from 1909 to 1918 chaired committees and commissions which recommended this policy, which has evolved over time since then.

The 1904 committee recommended the creation of the University Grants Committee which has evolved via the Universities Funding Council into the current higher education funding councils: UK Research and Innovation, Scottish Funding Council and Medr.

Haldane's idea arose in 1918 and was adhered to for several decades. However it was not formally defined until 1964 by Quintin Hogg MP. It was legally enacted in 2017.

Scottish Funding Council
The Scottish Funding Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Maoineachaidh na h-Alba; SFC), formally the Scottish Further and Higher Education Funding Council, is the non-departmental public body charged with funding Scotland's further and higher education institutions, including its 26 colleges and 19 universities.

The council was established by the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 2005. It supersedes the two separate funding councils, the Scottish Further Education Funding Council (SFEFC) and the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council (SHEFC), which were established by the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992. On its formation, the SFC acquired all employees and assets of those councils.: (Sch. 1 ss. 7–9)
Lyman R. Sherman
Lyman Royal Sherman (22 May 1804 – January or February 1839) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement, an inaugural member of the Seven Presidents of the Seventy, and was called to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles but died before being informed and ordained.

Seventy (Latter Day Saints)
Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of several denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Traditionally, a Latter Day Saint holding this priesthood office is a "traveling minister" and an "especial witness" of Jesus Christ, charged with the mission of preaching the gospel to the entire world under the direction of the Twelve Apostles. Latter Day Saints teach that the office of seventy was anciently conferred upon the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke  10:1-2. Multiple individuals holding the office of seventy are referred to collectively as "seventies".
Khari Amrapur railway station
Khari Amrapur railway station is a railway station on Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line under the Ahmedabad railway division of Western Railway zone. This is situated beside State Highway 237 at Amrapur in Sabarkantha district of the Indian state of Gujarat.

Sabarkantha district
Sabarkantha district is one of the 33 administrative districts of the Indian state of Gujarat, situated in the northeastern part of the state. The district headquarters is in Himatnagar, and it is traversed by National Highway 48. Sabarkantha comprises a total of 1,389 villages, including Pedhmala and Takhatgadh Kampa. According to recent demographic projections, the district has an estimated population of around 2.5 million as of January 2025.
233rd Battalion (Canadiens-Français du Nord-Ouest), CEF
The 233rd Battalion (Canadiens-Français du Nord-Ouest), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Edmonton, Alberta, the unit began recruiting in early 1916 throughout western Canada.  The battalion was absorbed into the 178th (Canadien-Français) Battalion, CEF in March 1917.  The 233rd Battalion (Canadiens-Français du Nord-Ouest) had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Edouard Leprohon.

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
Gradus ad Parnassum
The Latin phrase gradus ad Parnassum means "a step towards Parnassus". It is sometimes shortened to gradus. Parnassus is the prominence of a mountain range in central Greece, a few kilometres north of Delphi, of which the two summits, in Classical times, were called Tithorea and Lycoreia. In Greek mythology, one of the peaks was sacred to Apollo and the nine Muses, the inspiring deities of the arts, and the other to Dionysus. The phrase came to be used by authors of various books of instruction with the aid of which gradual progress and mastery in an art or scholarly discipline is sought.

Tithorea
Tithorea (Greek: Τιθορέα), is an ancient place with more than 4,000 years of human history. A part of the municipality of Amfikleia-Elateia, in Phthiotis, Greece, it had a population of 561 in 2021, and is situated 156 km from Athens.
Indian laurel
Indian laurel can refer to:

Calophyllum inophyllum

Ficus microcarpa (Chinese Banyan, Malayan Banyan)

Ficus retusa

Litsea glutinosa

Terminalia elliptica

Though the leaves look similar, they are not at all related to Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis).

Calophyllum inophyllum
Calophyllum inophyllum is a large evergreen plant, commonly called tamanu, oil-nut, mastwood, beach calophyllum or beautyleaf. It is native to the Old World Tropics, from Africa through Asia to Australia and Polynesia. Due to its importance as a source of timber for the traditional shipbuilding of large outrigger ships, it has been spread in prehistoric times by the migrations of the Austronesian peoples to the islands of Oceania and Madagascar, along with other members of the genus Calophyllum. It has since been naturalized in regions of the East African coast. It is also a source of the culturally important tamanu oil.
Metrolina Library Association
The Metrolina Library Association exists to connect and sharpen Charlotte, North Carolina area library professionals. The MLA was established in 1969 and continues to be active in the Charlotte community.  It is open to anyone affiliated with or interested in libraries in the twelve county "metrolina" area of Cabarrus, Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Rowan, Stanly and Union counties in North Carolina and York and Lancaster counties in South Carolina.

In 1986 the Metrolina Library Association was merged with the Mecklenburg Library Association, keeping the MLA name. The merger was due to the similar interests and goals of the two separate organizations, which decided to unite as a way to gain more resources.

The MLA holds conferences, where speakers and library employees find ways to better help the public and those that use the library for research. New technologies are showcased as the way of the future for libraries.

Stanly County, North Carolina
Stanly County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 62,504. Its county seat is Albemarle.

Stanly County comprises the Albemarle, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Charlotte-Concord, NC-SC Combined Statistical Area.
Max von Stephanitz
Max Emil Friedrich von Stephanitz (30 December 1864 – 22 April 1936) was a German cavalry officer and dog breeder. He is credited with having developed the German Shepherd Dog breed as it is currently known, set guidelines for the breed standard, and was the first president of the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (S.V.).

Dog breeding
Dog breeding is the practice of mating selected dogs with the intention of maintaining or producing specific qualities and characteristics. When dogs reproduce without such human intervention, their offspring's characteristics are determined by natural selection, while "dog breeding" refers specifically to the artificial selection of dogs, in which dogs are intentionally bred by their owners. Breeding relies on the science of genetics, hence a breeder who is knowledgeable on canine genetics, health, and the intended purpose of the dogs attempts to breed suitable dogs.
Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground
37°32′14.6″N 77°25′39.0″W﻿ / ﻿37.537389°N 77.427500°W﻿ / 37.537389; -77.427500

The Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground, known historically as the "Burial Ground for Negroes" and the "old Powder Magazine ground", is the older of two municipal burial grounds established for the interment of free people of color and the enslaved in the city of Richmond, Virginia. It is located at 1554 E Broad St. (alternate address 1520 E Marshall St.), across from the site of Lumpkin's Jail, in Shockoe Bottom. The area now known as Shockoe Bottom, was historically known as Shockoe Valley. Richmond's second African Burial Ground, called the Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground is the larger of the two burial grounds, and is located a mile and a half away at 1305 N 5th St, on Shockoe Hill.

Shockoe Valley
Shockoe Valley is an area in Richmond, Virginia, just east of downtown, along the James River, and is the entertainment center of the city. Located between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, Shockoe Valley contains much of the land included in Colonel William Mayo's 1737 plan of Richmond, making it one of the city's oldest neighborhoods. Shockoe Valley encompasses the smaller neighborhoods of Shockoe Slip, Shockoe Bottom and Tobacco Row along Cary Street.
School of Education (Indiana University Bloomington)
The School of Education is the school of education of Indiana University Bloomington. It offers a B.S. in teacher education, leading to a teaching license, M.S., education specialist (Ed.S.) and doctoral (Ed.D., Ph.D.) degrees.

School of education
In the United States and Canada, a school of education (or college of education; ed school) is a division within a university that is devoted to scholarship in the field of education, which is an interdisciplinary branch of the social sciences encompassing sociology, psychology, linguistics, economics, political science, public policy, history, and others, all applied to the topic of elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education. The U.S. has 1,206 schools, colleges and departments of education and they exist in 78 per cent of all universities and colleges.  According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 176,572 individuals were conferred master's degrees in education by degree-granting institutions in the United States in 2006–2007. The number of master's degrees conferred has grown immensely since the 1990s and accounts for one of the discipline areas that awards the highest number of master's degrees in the United States.
Budhathum
Budhathum is a Ward in Gangajamuna Gaupalika in Dhading District in the Bagmati Province of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3946 and had 693 houses in it. It is 40 kilometers away from the district headquarter Dhadingbesi. The main occupation of the people here is agriculture. However running local business, joining government service and going abroad have also become common these days.

Dhading District
Dhading District (Nepali: धादिङ जिल्ला Listenⓘ), a part of Bagmati Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Dhading Besi (Nilkantha Municipality) as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,926 square kilometres (744 sq mi), had a population of 338,658 in 2001 and 336,067 in 2011.
Johannes Popels
Jan or Johannes Popels (1590 – 1663) was a painter of the Southern Netherlands.

Popels became a member of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke from 1622 until 1663. He engraved religious subjects, and Vienna's Albertina has his Group of Three Naked Children. He worked for the catalog of Italian painters in the gallery of the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, making copies of paintings and modelli in collaboration with David Teniers the Younger.

He died in Tournai.

After Titian for the Theatrum Pictorium

After Palma Vecchio for the Theatrum Pictorium

Tournai
Tournai (/tʊərˈneɪ/ toor-NAY, French: [tuʁnɛ] ⓘ; Picard: Tornai; Walloon: Tornè [tɔʀnɛ] ⓘ; Dutch: Doornik [ˈdoːrnɪk] ⓘ, sometimes anglicised in older sources as "Tournay") is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Province of Hainaut, Belgium. It lies 89 km (55 mi) by road southwest of the centre of Brussels on the river Scheldt, and is part of Eurometropolis Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai, In 2022, the municipality of Tournai had an estimated population of 68,518 people.

Tournai is one of the oldest cities in Belgium and has played an important role in the country's cultural history. It was the first capital of the Frankish Empire, with Clovis I being born here.
Madrid Stock Exchange General Index
The Madrid Stock Exchange General Index (IGBM) is a capitalization-weighted stock market index that measures the performance of a selected number of continuous market stocks. It is the principal index for the Bolsa de Madrid (Madrid Stock Exchange) and represents the construction, financial services, communications, consumer, capital/intermediate goods, energy and market service sectors. The index is calculated by BME. The index was developed with a base value of 100 as of December 31, 1985.

Stock market index
In finance, a stock market index or stock index is an index that measures the performance of a stock market, or of a subset of a stock market. It helps investors compare current stock price levels with past prices to calculate market performance.

Two of the primary criteria of an index are that it is investable and transparent: The methods of its construction are specified. Investors may be able to invest in a stock market index by buying an index fund, which is structured as either a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund, and "tracks" an index. The difference between an index fund's performance and the index, if any, is called tracking error.
Howard R. Slater
Howard R. Slater (July 12, 1917 – September 6, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician.

Slater was born in Brooklyn, in New York City, New York. He graduated from Boy High School in Brooklyn and received his law degree from Columbia Law School. Slater also went to the Northwestern University. Slater worked in the United States Department of Agriculture in the Surplus Marketing Administration. He then served in the United States Army during World War II and was commissioned a lieutenant in the transportation corps. Slater lived in Highland Park, Illinois, with his wife and family and practiced law in Chicago, Illinois. He served in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1965 and 1966 and was a Democrat. He died at the Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois.

Rush University Medical Center
Rush University Medical Center, abbreviated as Rush, is an academic medical center in the Illinois Medical District neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the hospital for the Rush University System for Health, which includes Rush Oak Park Hospital and Rush Copley Medical Center, and serves as the primary teaching hospital in affiliation with Rush University.
Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
The Kuril–Kamchatka Trench or Kuril Trench (Russian: Курило-Камчатский жёлоб, Kurilo-Kamchatskii Zhyolob) is an oceanic trench in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It lies off the southeast coast of Kamchatka and parallels the Kuril Island chain to meet the Japan Trench east of Hokkaido. It extends from a triple junction with the Ulakhan Fault and the Aleutian Trench near the Commander Islands, Russia, in the northeast, to the intersection with the Japan Trench in the southwest.

The trench formed as a result of the subduction zone, which formed in the late Cretaceous, that created the Kuril island arc as well as the Kamchatka volcanic arc.  The Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Okhotsk plate along the trench, resulting in intense volcanism.

The maximum depth of the trench is reported in peer-reviewed academic papers as 9,600 meters.

Triple junction
A triple junction is the point where the boundaries of three tectonic plates meet. At the triple junction each of the three boundaries will be one of three types – a ridge (R), trench (T) or transform fault (F) – and triple junctions can be described according to the types of plate margin that meet at them (e.g. fault–fault–trench, ridge–ridge–ridge, or abbreviated F-F-T, R-R-R). Of the ten possible types of triple junctions only a few are stable through time (stable in this context means that the geometrical configuration of the triple junction will not change through geologic time). The meeting of four or more plates is also theoretically possible, but junctions will only exist instantaneously.
Kathrine Møller Kühl
Kathrine Møller Kühl (Danish: [ˈkʰaːtʁə.nə ˈmœlˀɐ], German: [kyːl]; born 5 July 2003) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Serie A club AS Roma and the Denmark national team. She won her first senior international cap in 2021.

AS Roma (women)
Associazione Sportiva Roma (lit. Rome Sport Association), commonly referred to as simply Roma ([ˈroːma]) or Roma Femminile ([ˈroːma femmiˈnile]) and Roma Women, is an Italian women's association football club based in Rome, section of the homonymous professional football club. It was established in 2018 by acquiring the Serie A license of SSD Res Roma. The team competes in Serie A and debuted in 2018–19 season.
Agra West Assembly constituency
Agra West Assembly constituency was a legislative assembly of Uttar Pradesh. As a consequence of the orders of the Delimitation Commission, Agra West Assembly constituency it ceased to exist from 2008.

Delimitation Commission of India
The Delimitation Commission of India is a commission established by the Government of India under the provisions of the Delimitation Commission Act, tasked with redrawing the boundaries of legislative assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies based on the last census. The present delimitation of constituencies is based on the 2001 census under the provisions of the Delimitation Act, 2002.

The Commission is an independent body whose orders cannot be challenged in any court of law. The orders are laid before the Lok Sabha and the respective State Legislative Assemblies. However, modifications are not permitted. The next delimitation can not be held before 2026.
Alligator (novel)
Alligator is a parody of Ian Fleming's James Bond novels. It was written by Christopher Cerf and Michael K. Frith. It was published in 1962 by the Harvard Lampoon. Subsequent editions of the book were squashed by Fleming and his estate.

Michael K. Frith
Michael Kingsbury Frith (born 8 July 1941) is a British artist and television producer. He is the former executive vice-president and creative director of The Jim Henson Company. His contributions to Muppet projects have been extensive and varied.
Ownership of Arsenal F.C. & W.F.C.
The ownership of Arsenal F.C. and Arsenal W.F.C. is considerably different from that of other clubs in English football for men and women. It is owned by a parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, which has relatively few shares which are infrequently traded. Historically, the club has been owned by descendants of the Bracewell-Smith and Hill-Wood families.  The club attracted outside interest as two rival tycoons, Stan Kroenke and Alisher Usmanov, acquired significant share holdings in 2007. In August 2018, Kroenke's offer of £550 million for Usmanov's share was accepted, and Kroenke bought out the remainder of the shares to become the club's sole shareholder.

Richard Carr (businessman)
Richard Charles Lascelles Carr (22 July 1938 – 11 August 2025) was a British businessman who was director of Arsenal Holdings PLC ("Arsenal") and a director and board member of Arsenal Football Club, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Arsenal Holdings PLC. He held 2,722 shares (4.6%) in Arsenal until May 2008, when he sold them to Stan Kroenke.
Saint-Germain-d'Ectot
Saint-Germain-d'Ectot (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ dɛkto]) is a former commune in the Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aurseulles.

Calvados (department)
Calvados (UK: /ˈkælvədɒs/, US: /-doʊs, ˌkælvəˈdoʊs, ˌkɑːlvəˈ-/; French: [kalvados] ⓘ) is a department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the Normandy coast. In 2019, it had a population of 694,905.
Porituberoolithus
Porituberoolithus is an oogenus of dinosaur egg found in the late Campanian Oldman Formation and Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, the Fossil Forest Member of the Fruitland Formation in New Mexico, the Upper Shale Member of the Aguja Formation in Texas and Cerro del Pueblo Formation (Difunta Group) of Mexico. It was originally described as distinct from the Elongatoolithids on the basis of its ornamentation, but it was listed as a member of that oofamily by Wang et al. 2010. It is very similar to Subtiliolithus, but has a thicker shell.

Fruitland Formation
The Fruitland Formation is a geologic formation found in the San Juan Basin in the states of New Mexico and Colorado, in the United States of America. It contains fossils dating it to the Campanian age of the late Cretaceous.

The Fruitland Formation shares its name with Fruitland, New Mexico. That city is on what was the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway.