hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Ganghwa
The Battle of Ganghwa was fought during the 1871 United States expedition to Korea, a conflict between Joseon and the United States. In May of that year, five Asiatic Squadron warships set sail from Japan to ascertain what happened to the crew of the SS General Sherman as well as to establish a trade treaty with the Hermit Kingdom similar to the one Commodore Perry had pressured Japan into adopting in the early 1850s. When American forces arrived in Korea, the originally peaceful mission turned into a battle when guns from a Korean fort suddenly opened fire on the Americans. The battle to capture Ganghwa Island's forts was the largest engagement of the conflict.

Matthew C. Perry
Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a United States Navy officer who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War. He led the Perry Expedition that ended Japan's isolationism and signed the Convention of Kanagawa between Japan and the United States in 1854.

Perry was interested in the education of naval officers and assisted in the development of an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States.
Real World (novel)
Real World (リアルワールド, Riaru Wārudo; 2003) is a novel by Japanese author Natsuo Kirino. It was published by Vintage Books on July 15, 2008 in an English translation by Philip Gabriel.

The story describes the lives of four teenage girls (Toshi, Terauchi, Yuzan, and Kirarin) and how they deal with a teenage boy, nicknamed "Worm," who goes on the run after being accused of murdering his mother. It is a mosaic novel, featuring the perspectives of all five teenagers. The action takes place in a suburb of Tokyo.

According to Barbara E. Thornbury, "The English term "real world"—phonetically transcribed into Japanese using the katakana syllabary—is a complex signifier that simultaneously expresses resigned acceptance and angry resistance."

Signified and signifier
In semiotics, signified and signifier (French: signifié and signifiant) are the two main components of a sign, where signified is what the sign represents or refers to, known as the "plane of content", and signifier is the observable aspects of the sign itself, known as the "plane of expression". The idea was first proposed in the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, one of the two founders of semiotics.
Angostura, Sullana
Angostura is a small village in Sullana Province, Piura Region, on the northwestern coastal plains of Peru. It is approximately halfway between the towns of Chulucanas and Sullana in the Loma Blanca hills between the Chira River and the Piura River.

Chira River
The Chira River or Rio Chira is a river (as well as a valley) in northern Peru whose mouth is 100 km north west of the provincial capital of Piura and 25 km north of the port of Paita.

Its source is in the Ecuadorian Andes near the town of Papaca in the province Loja from where it flows for ca 250 km in westerly directions. After crossing the border to Peru, it is dammed up in the 885 million  m³ Poechos reservoir and later passes the town of Sullana.
2014 Korea Open – Singles
Karolína Plíšková defeated Varvara Lepchenko in the final, 6–3, 6–7(5–7), 6–2 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2014 Korea Open.

Agnieszka Radwańska was the defending champion, but lost to Lepchenko in the quarterfinals.

Nicole Gibbs
Nicole Gibbs (born March 3, 1993) is an American former professional tennis player.

She won seven singles and five doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 25 July 2016, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 68. On 19 September 2016, she peaked at No. 107 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Gibbs graduated in 2010 from Crossroads School in Santa Monica, California, and from Stanford University in 2014.
Volodin
Volodin (masculine, Russian: Володин) or Volodina (feminine, Russian: Володина) is a Russian surname that is derived from Volodya, a pet form of the male given name Vladimir, and literally means Volodya's. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksandr Volodin, (born 1990), Estonian chess player

Aleksandr Volodin (1935–2017), Soviet and Russian linguist

Aleksandr Volodin (1919–2001), Soviet and Russian playwright, screenwriter and poet

Aleksey Volodin (born 1977), Russian pianist

Denis Volodin (born 1982), Kazakhstani professional footballer

Eduard Volodin (1939–2001), Russian philosopher and publicist

Eugenia Volodina (born 1984), Russian model

Margarita Volodina (born 1932), Soviet Russian actress

Nikolay Volodin (1977–2002), Russian militarist, Hero of Second Chechen War

Nikita Volodin, Russian figure skater

Vasilisa Volodina (born 1974), Russian television presenter

Vyacheslav Volodin (born 1964), Russian politician

Denis Volodin
Denis Volodin (born 11 July 1982) is a Kazakhstani professional footballer. He plays as a defender. He once was called up for Kazakhstan national football team, but never made an appearance officially.
Spencer Dock Luas stop
Spencer Dock (Irish: Duga Spencer) is a stop on the Luas light-rail tram system in Dublin, Ireland.  It opened in 2009 as one of four stops on an extension of the Red Line through the docklands to The Point.  The stop is located on a section of Mayor Street Upper which is closed to other traffic, near the old North Wall railway station just next to Central Square.  It provides access to many of the developments in the area, including Convention Centre Dublin.

It is located c. 200m east of the Spencer Dock Bridge which carries the LUAS over the Royal Canal.

Spencer Dock is served by Dublin Bus routes 33D, 33X, 142 and 151.   and is the closest Luas stop to Docklands railway station, approximately 350m walk away.

As part of the DART+ project, a new station will be built at Spencer Dock to serve as an interchange between DART and Luas services.

Red Line (Luas)
The Red Line (Irish: Líne Dhearg) is one of the two lines of Dublin's Luas light rail system. The Red Line runs in an east–west direction through the city centre, north of the River Liffey, before travelling southwest to Tallaght, with a fork to Citywest and Saggart. The Red Line opened on 26 September 2004.
Hugglescote railway station
Hugglescote railway station is a disused railway station on the former Ashby and Nuneaton Joint Railway. It served the large village of Hugglescote where it joined the Leicester - Burton line and Charnwood Forest Railway. It closed in 1931 to passengers but closed to parcel traffic in 1951. Goods continued to pass through until 1965 when the line was closed from Coalville to Shackerstone. The site has since been demolished and is now overgrown. It was briefly used for a conveyor but this has since been removed.
The photograph shows the site of the station yard, the station was immediately behind this point of view.

Shackerstone
Shackerstone is a village and civil parish in the Hinckley and Bosworth district of Leicestershire, England.  It is situated on the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal and the River Sence.  According to the 2001 census the parish, which also includes the village of Barton in the Beans, had a population of 811, including Odstone which had risen to 921 at the 2011 census.
Olszewo Węgorzewskie
Olszewo Węgorzewskie [ɔlˈʂɛvɔ vɛnɡɔˈʐɛfskʲɛ] (German: Olschöwen, from 1938 to 1945 Kanitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budry, within Węgorzewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It is located in Masuria.

Olszewo was founded in 1562 by Maciej Olszewski.

Masuria
Masuria (Polish: Mazury [maˈzurɨ] ⓘ; Masurian: Mazurÿ; German: Masuren [maˈzuːʁən] ⓘ) is an ethnographic and geographic region in northern and northeastern Poland, known for its 2,000 lakes. Masuria occupies much of the Masurian Lake District. Administratively, it is part of the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship (administrative area/province). Its biggest city, often regarded as its capital, is Ełk. The region covers a territory of some 10,000 km2 which approximately 500,000 people inhabit.

Masuria is bordered by Warmia, Powiśle and Chełmno Land in the west, Mazovia in the south, Podlachia and Suwałki Region in the east, and Lithuania Minor in the north.
Seven Types of Ambiguity (TV series)
Seven Types of Ambiguity is an Australian television drama series on the ABC first screened on 13 April 2017. The six-part series is based on Seven Types of Ambiguity, a 2003 novel by Australian writer Elliot Perlman.

The series is produced by Tony Ayres and Amanda Higgs and written by Jacquelin Perske, Jonathan Gavin and Marieke Hardy. It is directed by Glendyn Ivin, Ana Kokkinos and Matthew Saville. Despite being announced to premiere in 2016, it was later delayed to air in 2017.

Tony Ayres
Tony Ayres (born 1961) is an Australian showrunner, screenwriter, and director in television and film. He is most notable for his films Walking on Water (2002) and The Home Song Stories (2007), as well his work in television, including working as the showrunner on The Slap and teen adventure series Nowhere Boys (2013). He founded his own film production company, Tony Ayres Productions (TAP), in 2018.
Algae eater
Algae eater or algivore is a common name for any bottom-dwelling or filter-feeding aquatic animal species that specialize in feeding on algae and phytoplanktons. Algae eaters are important for the fishkeeping hobby and many are commonly kept by aquarium hobbyists to improve water quality. They are also important primary consumers that relay the biomass and energy from photosynthetic autotrophes up into the food web, as well as protecting the aquatic ecosystem against algae blooms.

Biological thermodynamics
Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy of the Sun and food into other types of energy. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic state of living organisms is ensured by the continuous alternation of cycles of controlled biochemical reactions, accompanied by the release and absorption of energy, which provides them with the properties of phenotypic adaptation and a number of others.
Türi War of Independence Monument
The Türi War of Independence Monument (Estonian: Türi Vabadussõja mälestussammas) is a monument erected in memory of those that fell in the Estonian War of Independence. It is located in Türi Central Cemetery in Türi, Järva County. The monument is registered as cultural heritage.

Järva County
Järva County (Estonian: Järva maakond or Järvamaa; German: Jerwen; Latin: Jervia) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in the central part of the country, and it borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the southeast, Viljandi County to the south, Pärnu County to the southwest, Rapla County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In 2022, Järva County had a population of 29,693, constituting 2.7% of the total population in Estonia.
Emmanuel Laroche
Emmanuel Laroche (11 July 1914 – 16 June 1991) was a French linguist and Hittitologist. An expert in the languages of ancient Anatolia (Indo-European and Hurrian), he was professor of Anatolian studies at the Collège de France (1973–1985).

Anatolian languages
The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language.

Undiscovered until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Anatolian languages are often believed to be the earliest branch to have split from the Proto Indo-European family. Once discovered, the presence of laryngeal consonants ḫ and ḫḫ in Hittite and Luwian provided support for the laryngeal theory of Proto-Indo-European linguistics. While Hittite attestation ends after the Bronze Age, hieroglyphic Luwian survived until the conquest of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms by the Semitic Assyrian Empire, and alphabetic inscriptions in Anatolian languages are fragmentarily attested until the early 1st millennium AD, eventually succumbing to the Hellenization of Anatolia as a result of Greek colonisation.
Haydarpaşa suburban
The Haydarpaşa suburban (Turkish: Haydarpaşa banliyösü), also known as the Haydarpaşa-Gebze line (Turkish: Haydarpaşa-Gebze hattı) and numbered as B2, was a commuter rail line operated by the Turkish State Railways, between Haydarpaşa Terminal in Kadıköy to Gebze. Since its opening in 1951, it was the busiest commuter rail line and busiest TCDD service in Turkey, until it was discontinued in 2013.

Electrified in 1969, the line was the second electrified commuter rail service in Turkey, after the Istanbul suburban, operating across the Bosphorus.

The route traversed the southern shore of Istanbul's Asian side, passing through important districts: Kadıköy, Maltepe, Kartal, Pendik and Tuzla. The line then crosses into the Kocaeli Province into Gebze, where it terminates. The State Railways has operated its regional service to Adapazarı and mainline service to Ankara on the line as well, making it one of the busiest rail lines in Turkey, in terms of passengers and number of trains.

Pendik
Pendik (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈpændic]) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 190 km2, and its population is 750,435 (2022). It is on the Asian side between Kartal and Tuzla, on the Marmara Sea. It also neighbours Sultanbeyli, Sancaktepe and Çekmeköy from northwest, Şile from north and Gebze from northeast. The district is home to the Sabiha Gökçen International Airport.

During the Roman, Byzantine and Latin Empire periods, the coastal town was known as Pantichium.
2021–22 Youngstown State Penguins men's basketball team
The 2021–22 Youngstown State Penguins men's basketball team represented Youngstown State University in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Penguins, led by fifth-year head coach Jerrod Calhoun, played their home games at the Beeghly Center in Youngstown, Ohio as members of the Horizon League. they finished the regular season 18–14, 12–9 in Horizon League play, to finish in seventh place. They lost to Robert Morris in the first round of the Horizon League tournament. The Penguins accepted an invitation to play in The Basketball Classic tournament, formerly known as the CollegeInsider.com Tournament.

2022 Horizon League men's basketball tournament
The 2022 Horizon League men's basketball tournament was the final event of the 2021–22 men's basketball season for the Horizon League. It took place from March 1 to 8, 2022.  First-round and quarterfinal games were played at the home courts of the higher seeds, and all the remaining games contested at Indiana Farmers Coliseum in Indianapolis. The winner, Wright State, received the conference's automatic berth into the NCAA tournament.
10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 10th Division (第10師団, Dai-Jū Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its tsūshōgō code name was the Iron Division (鉄兵団, Tetsu-heidan). The 10th Division was one of six new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War, 1 October 1898. Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the three prefectures of Hyōgo, Okayama and Tottori, plus a portion of Shimane. It was originally headquartered in the city of Himeji, and its first commander was Lieutenant General Prince Fushimi Sadanaru.

Okayama Prefecture
Okayama Prefecture (岡山県, Okayama-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [o.kaꜜ.ja.ma, o.ka.ja.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Okayama Prefecture has a population of 1,815,165 (1 October 2025) and has a geographic area of 7,114 km2 (2,746 sq mi). Okayama Prefecture borders Tottori Prefecture to the north, Hyōgo Prefecture to the east, and Hiroshima Prefecture to the west.

Okayama is the capital and largest city of Okayama Prefecture, with other major cities including Kurashiki, Tsuyama, and Sōja. Okayama Prefecture's south is located on the Seto Inland Sea coast across from Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku, which are connected by the Great Seto Bridge, while the north is characterized by the Chūgoku Mountains.
Westway (TV series)
Westway is a British television series made by HTV for ITV in 1976.

The series dealt with the lives of three families living together in a commune (set in a castle) in Bristol, and explored issues of self-sufficiency also addressed by BBC series of the period such as The Good Life and Survivors.

ITV Wales & West
ITV Wales and West, previously known as Harlech Television (HTV), was an ITV franchisee in the United Kingdom until 31 December 2013, licensed to broadcast by the regulator Ofcom.

There is no channel, past or present, named "ITV Wales and West". The licence relates to a "dual region", meaning that the franchise area was divided into two sub-regions, Wales and the West of England, each of which had to be served by distinct and separate ITV programme services, as more fully defined within the licence.

From January 2014, the dual-region licence was split in two, with ITV Cymru Wales for Wales and ITV West Country covering both the West of England sub-region and South West England. Both licences remain held by ITV plc through its subsidiary ITV Broadcasting Ltd, and the legal names of the former HTV companies have not yet been changed again, although the former holding company was however dissolved on 7 February 2023.
Dorcadion carinatum
Dorcadion carinatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1771, originally under the genus Cerambyx. It is known from Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Ukraine.

Peter Simon Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist, botanist, ethnographer, explorer, geographer, geologist, natural historian, and taxonomist. He studied natural sciences at various universities in early modern Germany and worked primarily in the Russian Empire between 1767 and 1810.
Nick Catanese
Nicholas William Catanese (born June 2, 1971) is an American musician. He is best known as a former rhythm guitarist for heavy metal band Black Label Society. He supported lead player Zakk Wylde, who has commented that "If I'm Keith Richards, he's Mick Taylor". In 2018, Catanese was found guilty of sexual misconduct with a minor.

Mick Taylor
Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English guitarist, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–1969) and the Rolling Stones (1969–1974). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973), It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974), and Tattoo You (1981).

Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards, he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013.

Taylor was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor has had the biggest influence on him.
Sueviota aethon
Sueviota aethon, the grumpy dwarfgoby, is a species of goby endemic to the Red Sea, and can grow to 17 millimetres (0.67 in) in length. It is closely related to members of the Eviota genus, possessing many similar characteristics such as morphology, ecology, and distribution.

Species distribution
Species distribution, or species dispersion, is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. The geographic limits of a particular taxon's distribution is its range, often represented as shaded areas on a map. Patterns of distribution change depending on the scale at which they are viewed, from the arrangement of individuals within a small family unit, to patterns within a population, or the distribution of the entire species as a whole (range). Species distribution is not to be confused with dispersal, which is the movement of individuals away from their region of origin or from a population center of high density.
Zweibrücker
The Zweibrücker (pl. Zweibrücken) is a type of German warmblood horse bred in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. Traditionally, the breeding of Zweibrücken was centered on the onetime Principal Stud of Zweibrücken but since 1977 has been under the jurisdiction of the Horse Breeders' Association of Rhineland-Palatinate-Saar (PRPS). The modern Zweibrücker is an elegant, large-framed, correct sport horse with powerful, elastic gaits suitable for dressage, show jumping, eventing and combined driving.

Equine conformation
Equine conformation evaluates a horse's bone structure, musculature, and its body proportions in relation to each other. Undesirable conformation can limit the ability to perform a specific task.  Although there are several faults with universal disadvantages, a horse's conformation is usually judged according to its intended use. Thus "form to function" is one of the first set of traits considered in judging conformation.  A horse with poor form for a show jumper could have excellent conformation for a cutting horse or draft horse. Every horse has good and bad points of conformation and many horses excel even with conformation faults.
Factory overhead
Factory overhead, also called manufacturing overhead, manufacturing overhead costs (MOH cost), work overhead, or factory burden in American English, is the total cost involved in operating all production facilities of a manufacturing business that cannot be traced directly to a product. It generally applies to indirect labor and indirect cost. Overhead also includes all costs involved in manufacturing with the exception of the cost of raw materials. Examples include supplies, indirect materials such as lubricants, indirect manufacturing labor such as plant maintenance and cleaning labor, plant rent, plant insurance, property taxes on the plant, plant depreciation, and the compensation of plant managers.

Property tax
A property tax (whose rate is expressed as a percentage or per mille, also called millage) is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.

The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. This can be a national government, a federated state, a county or other geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property.

Often a property tax is levied on real estate. It may be imposed annually or at the time of a real estate transaction, such as in real estate transfer tax. This tax can be contrasted with a rent tax, which is based on rental income or imputed rent, and a land value tax, which is a levy on the value of land, excluding the value of buildings and other improvements.

Under a property tax system, the government requires or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value.