hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Complex gain
In electronics, the concept of gain is the amount a electrical system changes the magnitude of an input signal. The complex gain is the effect that circuitry has on not only the amplitude but also the phase of a sine wave signal. Such an input signal can pass through an electric circuit that increases the magnitude and for example take differing amounts of time, or intentionally be phase shifted with electrical components. The term complex arises from complex numbers and there usefulness in expressing wave phenomena via Euler's formula.

Amplitude
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the variable's extreme values. In older texts, the phase of a periodic function is sometimes called the amplitude.
Bengali cuisine
Bengali cuisine is the culinary style of Bengal, comprising now most of Bangladesh and parts of India (i.e., West Bengal and Barak Valley). The cuisine has been shaped by the region's diverse history and climate. It is known for its varied use of flavours including mustard oil, as well as the spread of its confectioneries and desserts. There is a strong emphasis on rice as a staple, with fish traditionally the most common protein. Freshwater fish are preferred to marine fish, although barramundi, known as bhetki, is also common. Meat is also a common protein among Bengalis, with chicken and mutton being the most popular. Beef is popular within the Muslim community.However meat from any sources is consumed far less than fish in Bangladesh. In more recent times, lentils have begun to form a significant part of the diet. Many Bengali food traditions draw from religious and social functions, such as adda, Poila Boishakh, Eid, and Durga Puja.

Adda (South Asian)
An adda (Bengali: আড্ডা) is a term in Bengali referring to when several individuals 'Hangout'. This originally took place between members of the same socio-economic strata, but the process has become more heterogeneous in modern times.

Adda was incorporated into the Oxford English Dictionary in 2004.

This word is both a standalone noun and a noun in a noun-verb compound, in Bengali. The nominalization of the word has two senses — one being the Hindi sense, and the other being the place of ritual meeting and/or conversation of a group of people (i.e., a symposium). The verb form means informal conversation among a group of people, often for hours on end, and usually accompanied by food.
James S. McCullough
James Skiles McCullough (May 4, 1843 – June 22, 1914) was an American politician.

Born in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, McCullough moved with his family to Urbana, Illinois. McCullough went to the Fulton public schools. He served in the 76th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. After the civil war McCullough went to the soldiers school in Fulton, Illinois. He then moved back to Urbana, Illinois and served as deputy clerk for Champaign County, Illinois. McCullough was elected county clerk for Champaign County and was a Republican. From 1897 to 1913, McCullough served as the Auditor of Public Accounts, the State of Illinois. McCullough died at his home in Champaign, Illinois after suffering a stroke.

Champaign, Illinois
Champaign (/ˌʃæmˈpeɪn/ sham-PAYN) is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. The population was 88,302 at the 2020 census. It is the tenth-most populous municipality in Illinois and the fourth most populous city in the state outside the Chicago metropolitan area. It is a principal city of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, which had 236,000 residents in 2020.

Champaign shares the main campus of the University of Illinois with its twin city of Urbana, and is also home to Parkland College, which gives the city a large student population during the academic year. Due to the university and a number of technology startup companies, it is often referred to as a hub of the Illinois Silicon Prairie. Champaign houses offices for the Fortune 500 companies Abbott, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Caterpillar, John Deere, Dow Chemical Company, IBM, and State Farm. Champaign also serves as the headquarters for several companies, including Jimmy John's.
Raincliff
Raincliff is a small rural community split across the Mackenzie and Timaru Districts, New Zealand. It is located north-west of Pleasant Point and east of Fairlie. The Ōpihi River and Opuha River runs through the area. Popular camping sites include Raincliff Scout Camp, Pioneer Park, and Raincliff Youth Camp.

Raincliff offers many recreational activities such as walks and hiking, mountain biking, rock climbing, kayaking, and fishing.
Raincliff Scout Camp is a popular place where many scouts, schools, church groups, and many other groups stay and challenge themselves. The camp also has an obstacle course and flying fox. Raincliff Forest has many mountain biking tracks. Pioneer Park has walking and hiking tracks in native bush and forest.

St David's Church in Raincliff was built in 1907. The Anglican church is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II heritage item.

Ōpihi River
The Ōpihi River flows through south Canterbury, in New Zealand's South Island.  It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports breeding colonies of the endangered black-billed gull.
Cultural heritage of Kaliningrad Oblast
The cultural heritage of Kaliningrad Oblast is a mixture of the pre-World War II German, Lithuanian and Polish heritage, dating back to the Ducal Prussian and East Prussian periods, and the Soviet and Russian designs constructed since then.

Duchy of Prussia
The Duchy of Prussia (German: Herzogtum Preußen, Polish: Księstwo Pruskie, Lithuanian: Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (German: Herzogliches Preußen; Polish: Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525.
Henry Kapteyn
Henry C. Kapteyn (born 1963) is an American physicist and professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is a Fellow of JILA, a joint institute of the University of Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Kapteyn is known for his work in ultrafast optical science, particularly the development of femtosecond lasers and tabletop coherent X-ray sources. His research focuses on ultrafast laser technology, dynamics in molecular and materials systems, and coherent X-ray generation. He is the co-founder of KMLabs, a company specializing in ultrafast laser systems.

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts.: 1356   The three areas are closely interrelated.  AMO theory includes classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments.  Typically, the theory and applications of emission, absorption, scattering of electromagnetic radiation (light) from excited atoms and molecules, analysis of spectroscopy, generation of lasers and masers, and the optical properties of matter in general, fall into these categories.
Solveig Heilo
Solveig Heilo (born 24 December 1981), known professionally as Sol Heilo, is a Norwegian composer, artist, musician, music producer, arranger, designer and costume designer. She is mostly known for the band Katzenjammer.

Sol works in different genres, such as folk, rock, pop, bluegrass, classical, blues, soul, country, tribe, klezmer and electronica. She is a multi-instrumentalist who plays drums, trumpet, bass, guitar, melodic percussion, ukulele, domra, banjo, balalaika, zither, harp, flute, accordion, piano, harmonica and mandolin.

Nordic Institute of Stage and Studio
The Nordic Institute of Stage and Studio (Norwegian: Nordisk Institutt for Scene og Studio) is a private college located in Oslo, Norway. It focuses on subjects related to stage, studio, film and television, and is one of the largest educational centers in the Nordic countries with this specific theme.

It was founded as Norsk Lydskole (Norwegian School of Sound) in 1985, the school has since expanded to include several courses related to performing arts. The course Popular Music has an option of entering year three of a bachelor's degree at the University of Wolverhampton, studying BA Popular Music or BA Music Technology & Popular Music.

Since 2007, it has been owned by the investment company Anthon B Nilsen.

In 2014, Westerdals Oslo School of Arts, Communication and Technology was established as a result of the merger of the three colleges Westerdals School of Communication, NISS (Nordic Institute of Stage and Studio) and NITH (The Norwegian School of Information Technology).
Consciousness causes collapse
The postulate that consciousness causes collapse is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which consciousness is postulated to be the main mechanism behind the process of measurement in quantum mechanics. It is a historical interpretation of quantum mechanics that is largely discarded by modern physicists. The idea is attributed to Eugene Wigner who wrote about it in the 1960s, but traces of the idea appear as early as the 1930s. Wigner later rejected this interpretation in the 1970s and 1980s.

This interpretation has been tied to the origin of pseudoscientific currents and New Age movements, specifically quantum mysticism.

Panpsychism
In philosophy of mind, panpsychism (/pænˈsaɪkɪzəm/) is the view that the mind or consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. It is also described as a theory that "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe". It is one of the oldest philosophical theories and has been ascribed, in some form, to philosophers including Thales, Plato, Spinoza, Leibniz, Schopenhauer, William James, Alfred North Whitehead, and Bertrand Russell. In the 19th century, panpsychism was the default philosophy of mind in Western thought, but it saw a decline in the mid-20th century with the rise of logical positivism. Recent interest in the hard problem of consciousness and developments in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, and quantum mechanics have revived interest in panpsychism in the 21st century, because it addresses the hard problem directly.
Kuldar Sikk
Kuldar Sikk (born 20 June 1979) is an Estonian rally co-driver. From 2022 he is the co-driver of Benediktas Vanagas from Lithuania. Sikk holds the record for the best overall result in a car class in the Baltics as well as for an Estonian co-driver.

Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people (Estonian: eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Baltic Sea region in Northern Europe, primarily their nation state of Estonia.

Estonians primarily speak the Estonian language, a language closely related to other Finnic languages, e.g. Finnish, Karelian and Livonian. Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to dialects (e.g. Võros, Setos), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid urbanisation in Estonia in the 20th century.

There are approximately 1.1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland, the United States, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
Bulletproof (Hush album)
Bulletproof is the third studio album by American rapper Hush. It was released on August 23, 2005, via Geffen Records. The album features guest appearances from Eminem, Kuniva, Bizarre and Swifty McVay from D12, Bareda and Lo-Down from Raw Collection, and guitarist Phil Campbell. Bulletproof debuted at number 83 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 39 on the Heatseekers Albums chart.

Bulletproof contains some of the songs from the reality TV series The Contender. A clean version of "Fired Up" is used in the 2005 video game Need for Speed: Most Wanted. The song "The March" was featured on ×X×: State of the Union (Music from the Motion Picture).

XXX: State of the Union (soundtrack)
XXX: State of the Union (Music from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack to Lee Tamahori's 2005 action film XXX: State of the Union. It was released on April 26, 2005 via Jive Records, and consists of hip hop and alternative/hard rock music. The album peaked at #40 in New Zealand, #71 in Germany, #92 in Switzerland, and #117 in the United States. Its lead single "Get XXX'd" reached #95 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the US.
Fedor Solntsev
Fedor or Fyodor Grigoryevich Solntsev (Russian: Фёдор Григо́рьевич Со́лнцев; 26 April [O.S. 14 April] 1801 – 15 March [O.S. 3 March] 1892) was a Russian painter and historian of art. His artwork was a major contribution in recording and preserving medieval Russian culture, which was a common subject of his paintings. He was the main author of the fundamental work Antiquities of the Russian State, the main decorator of interiors of the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow. He discovered and restored mosaics and frescoes of Saint Sophia Cathedra and Cathedral of the Dormition of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev, and of Cathedral of Saint Demetrius in Vladimir.

Fedor Solntsev, together with Metropolitan Philaret and Archimandrite Photius are considered the founders of modern Russian icon painting canon synthesizing ancient Russian traditions, post-Petrine efforts and modern art discoveries.

Philaret Drozdov
Metropolitan Philaret (secular name Vasily Mikhaylovich Drozdov, Василий Михайлович Дроздов; 26 December 1782 – 1 December 1867) was Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna and the most influential figure in the Russian Orthodox Church for more than 40 years, from 1821 to 1867.

He was canonized on 13 October 1994 and his feast day is celebrated on November 19.
Morobo County
Morobo is one of the six counties in Central Equatoria state, South Sudan. Morobo County borders Uganda and Congo. The county is mainly occupied by Kakwa speaking people, Keliko and Lugbara. The people in Morobo are local farmers working for food. Morobo is part of the green belt and also acts as a breadbasket for Yei and Juba.

There has been sporadic violence in Morobo County since the establishment of South Sudan at the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War. The UN is working with locals to address these issues.

Joseph Mawa is the current commissioner of Morobo County.

Second Sudanese Civil War
The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Although it originated in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile. It lasted for almost 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan 6 years after the war ended.

Roughly two million people died as a result of war, famine and disease caused by the conflict. Four million people in southern Sudan were displaced at least once, normally repeatedly during the war. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II and was marked by numerous human rights violations, including slavery and mass killings.
Another Year (film)
Another Year is a 2010 British comedy-drama film written and directed by Mike Leigh. It stars Jim Broadbent, Lesley Manville, and Ruth Sheen. It follows a year in the life of an older couple who have been happily married for a long time, making them an anomaly among their friends and family members.

The film had its world premiere at the 63rd Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2010, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 5 November 2010, by Momentum Pictures. It grossed $20 million worldwide and received positive reviews from critics, who praised Leigh's screenplay and the performances of the cast (particularly Manville). It was nominated for Best British Film and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (for Manville) at the 64th British Academy Film Awards, while Leigh earned a Best Original Screenplay nomination at the 83rd Academy Awards. The film was also nominated for Best Actress (for Manville) and Best Composer at the 23rd European Film Awards.

64th British Academy Film Awards
The 64th British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, were held on 13 February 2011 at the Royal Opera House in London, honouring the best national and foreign films of 2010. Presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, accolades are handed out for the best feature-length film and documentaries of any nationality that were screened at British cinemas in 2010.

The nominations were announced on 18 January 2011. The King's Speech earned the most nominations with fourteen and won seven, including Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Actor for Colin Firth, Best Supporting Actor for Geoffrey Rush, Best Supporting Actress for Helena Bonham Carter, and Best Original Screenplay for David Seidler. Natalie Portman won Best Actress for Black Swan and David Fincher won Best Director for The Social Network.
Most Girls (Hailee Steinfeld song)
"Most Girls" is a song recorded by American singer Hailee Steinfeld. It was released on April 28, 2017, by Republic Records. Steinfeld wrote the "female empowerment anthem" with Jeremy Dussolliet, Tim Sommers, Asia Whiteacre, and the record's co-producers, Ryan Tedder and Zach Skelton.

Ryan Tedder
Ryan Benjamin Tedder (born June 26, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is the co-founder and frontman of the pop rock band OneRepublic, and has a concurrent career in production and songwriting for other artists.

Tedder's production and songwriting work has been proven commercially successful. "Apologize", performed by his band OneRepublic, "Bleeding Love", performed by Leona Lewis, and "Halo", performed by Beyoncé, were each produced by Tedder and remain among the best-selling singles of all time. In early 2014, Billboard named him "The Undercover King of Pop" and featured him on the magazine's cover. He is a three-time recipient of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for his credits on Adele's 21 and 25, and Taylor Swift's 1989. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) reported Tedder's productions to have sold 450 million cumulative units worldwide. He also served as a co-producer for the 2018 reality competition series Songland.
Bù Đăng district
Bù Đăng is a rural district of Bình Phước province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 108,855. The district covers an area of 1,488 km2. The district capital lies at Đức Phong.

Southeast (Vietnam)
Đông Nam Bộ (literally "Southeast region") is a region in Southern Vietnam. This region includes one municipality, Ho Chi Minh City; and five provinces: Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, Bình Phước and Tây Ninh. The two south central provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. This region is the most economically developed region in Vietnam. In 2006, this region contributed 148,000 billion VND (equal to $9.25 billion) out of 251,000 billion VND to the state budget.  This region is also the most highly urbanized in the country with more than 50% people living in urban areas (while the equivalent figure for Vietnam is just 25%).
John L. Bullis
John Lapham Bullis (April 17, 1841 – May 26, 1911) was a much-decorated American soldier and later an entrepreneur. Camp Bullis in San Antonio, Texas, built in 1917, was named in his honor.

He was born at Macedon, New York, the eldest of the seven children of Dr. Abram R. and Lydia P. (Lapham) Bullis. Although brought up as a Quaker, he did not attend services regularly.

Bullis served in the Civil War, Indian Wars, and Spanish–American War.

In the 1870s and 1880s Bullis used his knowledge of West Texas to make very shrewd investments in land. In 1886 Bullis was a partner in the Shafter Silver Mine in Presidio County, Texas, with famed Colonel William R. Shafter and rancher John A. Spencer. These investments made him a very wealthy man.

William Rufus Shafter
William Rufus Shafter (October 16, 1835 – November 12, 1906) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War who received America's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Fair Oaks. Shafter also played a prominent part as a major general in the Spanish–American War. Fort Shafter, Hawaii, is named for him, as well as the city of Shafter, California and the ghost town of Shafter, Texas. He was nicknamed "Pecos Bill", inspiration for the fictional character of the same name in tall tales.
2022 Ostrava Open – Singles
Barbora Krejčíková defeated Iga Świątek in the final, 5–7, 7–6(7–4), 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2022 Ostrava Open. It was Krejčíková's second WTA Tour title in back-to-back weeks, and she ended Świątek's streak of ten consecutive victories in WTA Tour finals. This marked only Świątek's second career loss in a WTA Tour-level final, out of twelve played (the other being at the 2019 Ladies Open Lugano).

Anett Kontaveit was the defending champion, but retired in the second round against Tereza Martincová.

Anna Blinkova
Anna Vladimirovna Blinkova (born 10 September 1998) is a Russian professional tennis player. She has a career-high WTA singles ranking of No. 34, achieved on 7 August 2023, and a best doubles ranking of world No. 45, achieved on 14 September 2020. She has won two singles and three doubles titles on the WTA Tour.

Blinkova also has one singles and one doubles title each on WTA Challenger Tour, as well as four singles and eleven doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

She was runner-up at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships in girls' singles and had a best ITF combined junior ranking of No. 3 in August 2015.
Letícia Parente
Letícia Parente   (1930–1991)  was a Brazilian visual artist who specialized in politically charged video art. Her surreal short films feature elements of body art and performance art. Much of her work is centered around protesting the use of mass torture by the military dictatorship in Brazil throughout the 1970s. Besides her work in activism and art, Parente also held a PhD in chemistry and never left her scientific career after discovering art.

Body art
Body art is art in which the artist uses the human body as the primary medium. Emerging from the context of Conceptual Art during the 1970s, Body art may include performance art. Body art is likewise utilized for investigations of the body in an assortment of different media including painting, casting, photography, film and video. More extreme body art can involve mutilation or pushing the body to its physical limits.

In more recent times, the body has become a subject of much broader discussion and treatment than can be reduced to body art in its common understanding. Important strategies that question the human body are: implants, the body in symbiosis with the new technologies, and virtual avatar bodies, among others.