hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tunisian independence
Tunisian independence was a process that occurred from 1952 to 1956 between France and an independence movement, led by Habib Bourguiba. Bourguiba's negotiations with France succeeded in ending the colonial protectorate and achieving independence. He subsequently became the first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia following the elections of the Constituent Assembly.

Pierre Mendès France
Pierre Isaac Isidore Mendès France (French: [pjɛʁ mɑ̃dɛs fʁɑ̃s]; 11 January 1907 – 18 October 1982) was a French politician who served as prime minister of France for eight months from 1954 to 1955. As a member of the Radical Party, he headed a government supported by a coalition of Gaullists (RPF), moderate socialists (UDSR), Christian democrats (MRP) and liberal-conservatives (CNIP). Pierre-Mendès France is primarily remembered as the French Prime Minister who was in office at the outbreak of the Algerian independence war in 1954. During his tenure, France initiated close military cooperation with Israel, selling arms and aircraft to the young state. Mendès-France laid the groundwork for France’s military nuclear program and the early transfer of nuclear technology to Israel.
Lombardy (historical region)
Lombardy (Lombard: Lombardia), also called Historical Lombardy (Lombardia storega) or Greater Lombardy (Granda Lombardia), is a name referring to the territory, larger than the modern administrative region of Italy, which culturally, linguistically and politically has been historically considered Lombard.

Originally synonymous with Northern Italy, the definition of Lombardy shrank over time: Dante Alighieri, in his De vulgari eloquentia, recognised the autonomy of Romagna and Genoa from Lombardy. Since the 1400s Piedmont became more and more culturally autonomous from the rest of Lombardy, and by the 1600s there was a substantial partition between Lombardy and Piedmont, the latter being ruled by the House of Savoy.

The ancient concept of Lombardy has kept surfacing in a few placenames until the modern era, e.g. Massa Lombarda (in Romagna) or Reggio di Lombardia (in Emilia, known as Reggio nell'Emilia since the unification of Italy).

Emilia (region)
Emilia (Emilian: Emeja / Emégglia / Emélia) is a historical region of northern Italy, which approximately corresponds to the western and the north-eastern portions of the modern region of Emilia-Romagna, with the area of Romagna forming the remainder of the modern region.
Kwai Tsing District
Kwai Tsing is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It consists of two parts - Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Island. Kwai Tsing is part of the New Territories. It had a population of 520,572 in 2016. The district has the third least educated residents and their income is below average.

Kwai Tsing did not exist as a district when Hong Kong's District Boards were formed in the early 1980s; it remained a part of Tsuen Wan District until 1985. The newly created district was known as Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi District (葵涌及青衣區) until 1988, when its name was shortened to Kwai Tsing District.

The internationally famous container terminals can be found within the district, along the shores of Rambler Channel between Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Island. The Tsing Ma Bridge, leading to the Hong Kong International Airport through the North Lantau Highway, starts at the northwestern end of Tsing Yi Island.

Over 75% of the district residents live in public housing.

Rambler Channel
Rambler Channel is a body of water in Hong Kong that separates Tsing Yi Island from Tsuen Wan and Kwai Chung in the New Territories. The channel separates the two landmasses by 900 metres at its widest point.

Historically, the channel was known as Tsing Yi Mun (青衣門) and Tsing Yi Channel (青衣海峽). The current name of the channel likely originates from HMS Rambler, one of the naval survey ships which charted the waters of this area.

The shoreline of the channel has changed rapidly in the last several decades, owing to the development of Tsuen Wan New Town and the Kwai Chung Container Port. Before extensive reclamation, Gin Drinkers Bay was located along the eastern shore of the channel, and Tsing Yi Bay was located along the western shore. Three islands (Nga Ying Chau, Pillar Island and Mong Chau) once stood in the channel as well.
Szarek (surname)
Szarek  is a Polish-language surname. Archaic feminine forms: Szarkowa (after husband), Szarkówna (maiden)
Notable people with this surname include:

Jan Szarek (1936–2020), Polish bishop

Jarosław Szarek

Piotr Szarek

Przemysław Szarek

Stanisław Szarek

Jan Szarek
Jan Szarek (13 February 1936 – 8 October 2020)  was a Polish bishop of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland. He was also the head of the Polish Ecumenical Council from 1993 to 2001. He held an honorary doctorate from the Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw.
Za dengi da
Za dengi da («За деньги да», lit. For Money, Yes) is a song by Russian singer Instasamka from her eighth studio album Popstar, released on November 25, 2022, under the NaMneCash Music label. The track was produced by her husband Moneyken. The song peaked at number one in the official Latvian Streaming Chart.

Instasamka
Darya Yevgenyevna Yeropkina (Russian: Дарья Евгеньевна Еропкина, née Zoteyeva (Зотеева); born 11 May 2000), known professionally as Instasamka (Инстасамка; Instagram + 'female'), is a Russian singer and rapper, TikToker; formerly an Instagram blogger.
Morton, Missouri
Morton is an unincorporated community in southeast Ray County, in the U.S. state of Missouri and part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.

The community is one mile west of Missouri Route A approximately six miles east-northeast of Richmond. It is located on a ridge above Dangerous Branch which joins Crooked River two miles to the south.

Missouri supplemental route
A supplemental route is a state secondary road in the U.S. state of Missouri, designated with letters. Supplemental routes were various roads within the state which the Missouri Department of Transportation was given in 1952 to maintain in addition to the regular routes, though lettered routes had been in use from at least 1932. The four types of roads designated as Routes are:

Farm to market roads

Roads to state parks

Former alignments of U.S. or state highways

Short routes connecting state highways from other states to routes in Missouri

Supplemental routes make up 19,064 miles (30,681 km) (59%) of the state highway system.
Gong Jun
Gong Jun (Chinese: 龚俊, born November 29, 1992), also known as Simon Gong, is a Chinese actor. He gained attention for his roles in Lost Love in Times (2017) and Begin Again (2020), and achieved breakout success with Word of Honor (2021).

L'Oréal
L'Oréal S.A. (French: [lɔʁe.al]) is a French multinational personal care corporation registered in Paris and headquartered in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine. As of 2024, it is the world's largest cosmetics company. As of the early 2020s, L'Oréal owned 36 brands and 497 patents.
Raúl Godoy
Raúl Eduardo Godoy (Province of Neuquén, November 16, 1965) is an argentine ceramic worker and politician. He is founder of the Socialist Workers' Party (PTS) and was a provincial deputy of Neuquén on two occasions for the Workers' Left Front (FIT-U). He was general secretary of the Union of Ceramic Workers and Employees of Neuquén (SOECN) between 2000 and 2005, being one of the most important people during the conflict for the workers' recovery of the Zanon tile factory, renamed FaSinPat.

SOECN
The SOECN (Sindicato de Obreros y Empleados Ceramistas de Neuquén) is a ceramist workers' union based in Neuquén province, Argentina. It is known for being one of the first unions in Argentina to employ a method of rank-and-file unionism, representing the workers of the FaSinPat cooperative.
Nives Curti
Nives Curti (born 1 September 1969) is a former Italian female long-distance runner and mountain runner who competed at individual senior level at the IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships and at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships (2001, 2002).

World Athletics Cross Country Championships
World Athletics Cross Country Championships is the most important competition in international cross country running. Formerly held annually and organised by World Athletics (formerly the IAAF), it was inaugurated in 1973, when it replaced the International Cross Country Championships. It was an annual competition until 2011, when World Athletics changed it to a biennial event.
Cornificia gens
The gens Cornificia was a plebeian family at Rome.  No persons of this name occur until the last century of the Republic; and the first who obtained any of the higher honours of the state was Quintus Cornificius, praetor in 66 BC.

Praenomen
The praenomen (Classical Latin: [prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.
Pepe Massot
Pepe Massot (born 14 November 1995) is a Spanish racing driver from Barcelona, Spain currently competing in the 2016 Porsche Supercup driving for Momo Megatron Team. In 2015 Pepe drives for Küs Team75 Bernhard.

Prior to racing in Germany, Massot's career from 2012 to 2014 was based in Great Britain in the various support series for the British Touring Car Championship including the Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain, the Ginetta GT4 Supercup and the Ginetta Junior championship.

2016 Porsche Supercup
The 2016 Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup was the 24th Porsche Supercup season. It began on 13 May at Circuit de Catalunya and finished on 23 October at Circuit of the Americas, after ten scheduled races, all of which were support events for the 2016 Formula One season.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering orthopsychiatry. It is published by the American Psychological Association on behalf of the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice and the editors-in-chief are Jill D. McLeigh (University of Colorado School of Medicine) and William Spaulding (University of Nebraska–Lincoln).

University of Colorado School of Medicine
The University of Colorado School of Medicine is the medical school of the University of Colorado system. It is located at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado, one of the four University of Colorado campuses, six miles east of downtown Denver at the junction of Interstate 225 and Colfax Avenue.
Lipumba, Tanzania
Lipumba is a village in Mbinga district in the Iringa Region of the Tanzanian Southern Highlands. It is located in the Matengo Highlands and is inhabited by the Matengo people. Lipumba is located to the northeast of the town of Mbinga and lies off the A19 road which connects it to Songea in the east.

Iringa Region
Iringa Region (Mkoa wa Iringa in Swahili)  is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 35,503 km2 (13,708 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Guinea Bissau. Iringa Region is bordered to the east by Morogoro Region and south by Njombe Region. On the west the region is bordered by Mbeya Region. Dodoma Region and Singida Region border Iringa on the north. The regional capital is the city Iringa for which the city is named after. According to the 2022 census, the region has a total population of 1,192,728. Iringa Region is home to Ruaha National Park, Tanzania's second national largest park.
Karel Kaufman
Karel Joseph Kaufman (20 April 1898 – 10 December 1977) was a Dutch football player and manager who managed Feyenoord in 1940, and the Netherlands national team in three separate spells, in 1946, 1949, and from 1954 to 1955.

As a player, Kaufman played for Achilles 1894 from 1916 to 1934.

Achilles 1894
Achilles 1894 is a football club from Assen in Drenthe, Netherlands. Achilles 1894 plays in the Tweede Klasse.

Achilles won the championship of North Netherlands in 1939 and qualified for the National championship play off competition where they finished 5th.

Achilles was the first club from Drenthe who played in the National championship play off competition. FC Emmen became the second club of Drenthe to do so in the season 2018–2019.
Boca Raton station
Boca Raton station can refer to:

Boca Raton station (Tri-Rail), a Tri-Rail commuter rail station in Boca Raton, Florida

Boca Raton station (Brightline), a Brightline inter-city rail station in Boca Raton, Florida

Boca Express Train Museum, a historic Florida East Coast Railway station in Boca Raton, Florida

Boca Express Train Museum
The Boca Express Train Museum, operated by the Boca Raton Historical Society, is housed in a restored 1930 Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) train station in Boca Raton, Florida. designed by Chester G. Henninger, built for Clarence H. Geist. It is located at 747 South Dixie Highway, off U.S. 1 (Federal Highway). On October 24, 1980, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

That the building was restored and turned into a museum must be credited to the philanthropist Countess de Hoernle, who bought the abandoned building as a present for her husband.
Hedgehog coronavirus 1
Hedgehog coronavirus 1 is a mammalian Group C Betacoronavirus, a positive-sense RNA virus, discovered in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from Germany and first described in 2014.

Most Betacoronavirus clade c viruses are known from bats. The hedgehog is in the animal order Eulipotyphla, which is phylogenetically related to the bats, Chiroptera, so the researchers investigated faecal samples to look for coronaviruses.

The virus was found in the highest concentrations in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) based genome. The genome can be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

All RNA viruses use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication and are categorized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) into the realm Riboviria. This includes viruses belonging to Group III, Group IV, Group V, and Group VI of the Baltimore classification system. Group VI comprises the retroviruses, which have RNA genetic material but use DNA intermediates in their life cycle. Riboviria does not include viroids and satellite nucleic acids: Deltavirus, Avsunviroidae, and Pospiviroidae are taxa that were mistakenly included in 2019, but this was corrected in 2020.
Resistance Studies Magazine
Resistance Studies Magazine (ISSN 1654-7063) was an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed open access journal devoted to the analysis of contemporary and historical practices of resistance. It was published on a quarterly basis, written in English. The editors behind the magazine were based at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and connected to the Resistance Studies Network. The first editor was the PhD student Christopher Kullenberg, the second the independent researcher Jörgen Johansen.

From 2015 this academic publication has been followed by the international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed Journal of Resistance Studies, published twice annually, both in paper and online. This journal is only partly open access, and based on subscription fees.

University of Gothenburg
The University of Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborgs universitet) is a public university in Gothenburg, Sweden. Founded in 1891, the university is the third-oldest of the current Swedish universities and, with 53,624 students and 6,707 staff members, it is one of the largest universities in the Nordic countries.
Michaela Hejnová
Michaela Hejnová (born 10 April 1980) is a Czech former track and field athlete, specializing in the heptathlon. She has competed for the Czech Republic at the 2004 Summer Olympics and has won a bronze medal in heptathlon at the 2003 Summer Universiade in Daegu, South Korea. Hejnova set a personal best score of 6065 points at a national meet in Hradec Králové. While competing at PSK Olymp Praha in Prague, Hejnova trains for the national track and field team in heptathlon under the tutelage of her personal coach Martina Blažková.

Heptathlon
A heptathlon is a track and field combined events contest made up of seven events. The name derives from the Greek ἑπτά (hepta, meaning "seven") and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning "competition"). A competitor in a heptathlon is referred to as a heptathlete.

There are two heptathlons – the men's and the women's heptathlon – composed of different events. The men's heptathlon is older and is currently held indoors, contested at the IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics. The women's heptathlon is held outdoors and was introduced in the 1980s, first appearing in the Olympics in 1984. It is currently contested in the athletics programme of the Olympics and at the World Athletics Championships.
Eta Cephei
Eta Cephei is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Cepheus. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from η Cephei, and abbreviated Eta Cephei or η Cep. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.4, this is a third magnitude star that, according to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements put it at a distance of 14.37 parsecs (46.9 light-years) from Earth.

Bortle scale
The Bortle dark-sky scale (usually referred to as simply the Bortle scale) is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's brightness of a particular location. It characterizes the observability of celestial objects, taking into account the interference caused by light pollution. Amateur astronomer John E. Bortle created the scale and published it in the February 2001 edition of Sky & Telescope magazine to help skywatchers evaluate and compare the darkness of night-sky observing sites.
Usnic acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Frank H. Curd and Alexander Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.

At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).

Alexander Robertson (chemist)
Alexander Robertson FRS (12 February 1896 – 9 February 1970) was a British chemist. He was awarded the Davy Medal in 1952 "In recognition of his researches into the chemistry of natural products, particularly the wide range of glycosides, bitter principles and colouring matters containing heterocyclic oxygen atoms". He is known for his organic chemistry research, particularly in the investigation of natural products.
ART Holdings
ART Holdings (Amalgamated Regional Trading) is a company in Zimbabwe.  It is principally a paper manufacturer, including stationery and tissue converting.  The ART Group of Companies is active in Zimbabwe, Malawi and throughout Southern Africa.

"ART" stands for "Amalgamated Regional Trading".  ART Group is based in Harare and it conducts papermaking operations in Mutare and Kadoma. The company's shares are listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and is a component of its principal stock index, the Zimbabwe Industrial Index.

Zimbabwe Industrial Index
The Zimbabwe Industrial Index (ZII) is a stock index derived from the values of industrial stocks on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange. The Zimbabwe Mining Index is a separate stock index, composed of mining companies.
Enterobacter cancerogenus
Enterobacter cancerogenus is a species of Gram-negative bacteria formerly known as Enteric Group 19. Strains of E. cancerogenus are positive for: Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, arginine dihydrolase and malonate utilization. They ferment D-glucose and also ferment D-mannitol, L-rhamnose and cellobiose. They are negative for indole production, urea hydrolysis, lysine decarboxylase and fermentation of adonitol, D-sorbitol and raffinose. It occurs in human clinical specimens, being isolated from blood and from spinal fluid. It is known to cause infections and is not susceptible to penicillins nor cephalosporins.

Lysine decarboxylase
The enzyme Lysine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.18) converts lysine to cadaverine.

Abbreviated as Ldc, the enzyme is involved in acid-stress response in Enterobacteria. The mode of action is the proton consumption, thereby reducing the overall acidity of its environnement.
Elmalı, Tercan
Elmalı is a village in the Tercan District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Balaban tribe and had a population of 16 in 2021.

The hamlets of Çamlık, Gümüşsu and Küçükelmalı are attached to the village.

Tercan District
Tercan District is a district of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The municipality of Tercan is the seat and the district had a population of 16,110 in 2021. Its area is 1,614 km2.

It is home to the Armenian Aprank Monastery, a significant landmark best known for the pair of two monumental khachkars.
Free State Division of the High Court of South Africa
The Free State Division of the High Court of South Africa (previously named the Orange Free State Provincial Division and the Free State High Court, and commonly known as the Bloemfontein High Court) is a superior court of law with general jurisdiction over the Free State province of South Africa. The division sits at Bloemfontein.

Superior court
In common law systems, a superior court is a court of general jurisdiction over civil and criminal legal cases. A superior court is "superior" in relation to a court with limited jurisdiction (see small claims court), which is restricted to civil cases involving monetary amounts with a specific limit, or criminal cases involving offenses of a less serious nature. A superior court may hear appeals from lower courts (see court of appeal). For courts of general jurisdiction in civil law system, see ordinary court.
Welsh heraldry
Heraldry in Wales has a tradition distinct from that of English and Scottish heraldry. There is evidence that heraldry was already being used in Wales by the middle of the thirteenth century; for instance, in Gwynedd, two sons of Llywelyn the Great are recorded as having borne coats of arms in this period. Following the integration of Wales into England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Welsh heraldic tradition became merged into that of England.

Scottish heraldry
Heraldry in Scotland, while broadly similar to that practised in England and elsewhere in western Europe, has its own distinctive features. Its heraldic executive is separate from that of the rest of the United Kingdom.