hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apologetics
Apologetics (from Ancient Greek  ἀπολογία (apología) 'speech in defense') is the religious discipline of  defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists. In 21st-century usage, apologetics is often identified with debates over religion and theology.

Faith
In religion, faith is the "belief in God or in the doctrines or teachings of religion".

Religious people often think of faith as confidence based on a perceived degree of warrant, or evidence, while others who are more skeptical of religion tend to think of faith as belief without evidence.

According to Thomas Aquinas, faith is "an act of the intellect assenting to the truth at the command of the will".
Religion has a long tradition, since the ancient world, of analyzing divine questions using common human experiences such as sensation, reason, science, and history that do not rely on revelation—called natural theology.
Philosophaster
Philosophaster is a Latin satirical comedy by Robert Burton. He began writing the play in 1606 and completed it by 1615. It was performed by  students in the Hall of Christ Church, Oxford on 16 February 1618 (New Style). The play was not published in Burton's lifetime, and it remained in manuscript till 1862 when it was edited by William Edward Buckley and published by the Roxburghe Club. It was first translated into English by Paul Jordan-Smith and published by Stanford University Press, California in 1931.

Since the play is about someone who pretends to be a philosopher, the term itself has been used in more recent times to refer to a pretender to philosophy.

The original manuscript as well as sides used by the actors in the 1618 production are at the Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It is currently a member of the Association of University Presses. The press publishes 130 books per year across the humanities, social sciences, and business and has more than 3,500 titles in print.
Timbó
Timbó is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina, in the South region of Brazil.
It is located at 26º49'24" south latitude and 49º16'18" west longitude, at an altitude of 68 meters. As of 2022, its population was 46,099 inhabitants. 
It covers an area of 130.31 km ².

South Region, Brazil
The South Region of Brazil (Região Sul do Brasil [ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈsuw du bɾaˈziw]) is one of the five regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina, and covers 576,409.6 square kilometres (222,553.0 sq mi), being the smallest region of the country, occupying only about 6.76% of the territory of Brazil. Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais, in Southeast Brazil, for example or the whole metropolitan France.

It is a tourist, economic and cultural pole. It borders Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay, as well as the Centre-West and Southeast regions, and the Atlantic Ocean. The region is considered the safest in Brazil to visit, having a lower crime rate than other regions in the country.
Kerry Goulstone
Thomas Richard Kerry Goulstone (5 June 1936 – 29 January 2013) was Dean of St Asaph from 1993 to 2001.

Goulstone was born in Llanelli and educated at Llanelli Boys’ Grammar School, St David's College, Lampeter and St Michael's Theological College, Llandaff and ordained in 1960.  He began his ordained ministry with  curacies in Llanbadarn Fawr and Carmarthen after which he held  incumbencies in Solva, Gorslas and Burry Port. His last post before becoming Dean of Asaph was as the Archdeacon of Carmarthen.

Gorslas
Gorslas is a village and community in Carmarthenshire, Wales, located on the A476 road northwest of Cross Hands. The village population at the 2011 census was 4,066. Neighbouring villages are Cefneithin and Penygroes. The community is bordered by the Carmarthenshire communities of Llanarthney, Llanfihangel Aberbythych, Llandybie, Llannon, Pontyberem, and Llanddarog. The community includes the settlements of Drefach, Cwmmawr, Foelgastell, and Cefneithin.
Gorslas will have a new primary school, opening on 7 September 2022, a year later than planned following the coronavirus pandemic. The school will be a community based centre with local groups able to make use of its facilities.
The Goose Girl
"The Goose Girl" (German: Die Gänsemagd) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and first published in Grimm's Fairy Tales in 1815 (KHM 89). It is of Aarne-Thompson type 533.

The story was first translated into English by Edgar Taylor in 1826, then by many others, e.g. by an anonymous community of translators in 1865, by Lucy Crane in 1881, by LucMargaret Hunt in 1884, etc. Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book in 1889.

Edgar Taylor (author)
Edgar Taylor (28 January 1793 – 19 August 1839) was a British solicitor and author of legal, historical, literary works and translations. He was the first translator of the Brothers Grimm's 1812 book Kinder- und Hausmärchen into English, as German Popular Stories (1823). In 1826, he translated the second volume (1814) of the Kinder- und Hausmärchen .
Fort Wadsworth
Fort Wadsworth is a former United States military installation on Staten Island in New York City, situated on The Narrows, which divide New York Bay into Upper and Lower bays, a natural point for defense of the Upper Bay, Manhattan, and beyond. Prior to its closing in 1994, the fort was claimed to be the longest continuously garrisoned military installation in the United States. It comprises several fortifications, including Fort Tompkins and Battery Weed, and was given its present name in 1865 to honor Brigadier General James Wadsworth, who had been killed in the Battle of the Wilderness during the Civil War. Fort Wadsworth is now part of the Staten Island Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area, maintained by the National Park Service.

New York Bay
New York Bay is the large tidal body of water in the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary where the Hudson River, Raritan River, and Arthur Kill empty into the Atlantic Ocean between Sandy Hook and Rockaway Point.
Rose Signal
Rosemary Jill Signal (born 4 May 1962) is a New Zealand former  cricketer who played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm medium. She appeared in 1 Test match and 6 One Day Internationals for New Zealand in 1984 and 1985. She played domestic cricket for Central Districts.

Her twin sister Liz also played cricket for New Zealand. They were the first twins to play test cricket together.

Women's Test cricket
Women's Test cricket is the longest format of women's cricket and is the female equivalent to men's Test cricket. Matches comprise four-innings and are held over a maximum of four days between two of the leading cricketing nations. The rules governing the format differ little from those for the men's game, with differences generally being technicalities surrounding umpiring and field size.

The first women's Test match was played by England women and Australia women in December 1934, a three-day contest held in Brisbane which England won by nine wickets. A total of 149 Women's Test matches have been played. Far fewer matches are played each year in favour of Women's One Day Internationals and Women's Twenty20 Internationals, with the international calendar revolving around the shorter formats of the game.
Oblique wing
An oblique wing (also called a slewed wing) is a variable geometry wing concept. On an aircraft so equipped, the wing is designed to rotate on center pivot, so that one tip is swept forward while the opposite tip is swept aft. By changing its sweep angle in this way, drag can be reduced at high speed (with the wing swept) without sacrificing low speed performance (with the wing perpendicular). This is a variation on the classic swing-wing design, intended to simplify construction and retain the center of gravity as the sweep angle is changed.

Drag (physics)
In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, and also known as viscous force, is a force acting opposite to the direction of motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers, or between a fluid and a solid surface. Drag forces tend to decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path.

Unlike other resistive forces, drag force depends on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the relative velocity for low-speed flow and is proportional to the velocity squared for high-speed flow. This distinction between low and high-speed flow is measured by the Reynolds number.
Thomas Magladery
Thomas Magladery (December 14, 1875 – October 29, 1954) was a merchant and political figure in Ontario. He represented Timiskaming in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1914 to 1923 as a Conservative member.

The son of Thomas Magladery and Jessie Rennie, he was born in Parkhill, Middlesex County. Magladery served in the Canadian infantry during World War I, reaching the rank of captain. In 1910, he married Lillian Howson. Magladery was named Deputy Minister of Immigration in 1934. He died in New Liskeard, October 29, 1954, and was buried at the Pioneer Cemetery at that same city.

Timiskaming (provincial electoral district)
Timiskaming was a provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1908 to 1999. It encompassed most of the Timiskaming District.

For the 1999 election, in which all electoral districts in the province were realigned to match their federal counterparts, Timiskaming was merged with part of Cochrane South into the new district of Timiskaming—Cochrane.
Justice (1954 TV series)
Justice is an American drama television series about lawyers with The Legal Aid Society of New York City that aired on NBC from April 8, 1954, to March 25, 1956. The series stars Gary Merrill and Dane Clark; Clark was subsequently replaced by William Prince. It is narrated by Westbrook Van Voorhis.

William Prince (actor)
William Leroy Prince (January 26, 1913 – October 8, 1996) was an American actor who appeared in numerous soap operas and made dozens of guest appearances on primetime series as well as playing villains in movies like The Gauntlet, The Cat from Outer Space and Spontaneous Combustion.
Asoke Nath Mitra
Asoke Nath Mitra (15 April 1929 - 26 November 2022) was an Indian theoretical physicist. He was a lifetime professor emeritus at Delhi University. He is known for his work in nuclear physics, particle physics and quantum field theory and in particular, for his fundamental contributions in obtaining the exact solution of the nucleon 3- body problem with separable potentials which led to the few nucleon studies, quark-recoil effect, development of an integrated dynamics of 2- and 3- body systems from nucleons to quarks as well as for the development of quark dynamics and relativistic quark models for hadrons in the Bethe-Salpeter framework. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in 1969.

Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.

Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.

Discoveries in nuclear physics have led to applications in many fields such as nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, industrial and agricultural isotopes, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. Such applications are studied in the field of nuclear engineering.

Particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are typically taught in close association. Nuclear astrophysics, the application of nuclear physics to astrophysics, is crucial in explaining the inner workings of stars and the origin of the chemical elements.
American Citizens for Justice
American Citizens for Justice is an Asian American civil rights group formed in 1982 in Detroit, Michigan. While the Asian American movement was already developing in the West Coast of the United States, American Citizens for Justice was a significant force for a pan-Asian consciousness as part of the Asian American movement in the Midwest.

Pan-Asianism
Pan-Asianism (also known as Asianism or Greater Asianism) is an ideology aimed at creating a political and economic unity among Asian peoples. Various theories and movements of Pan-Asianism have been proposed, particularly from East, South and Southeast Asia. The motive for the movement was in opposition to the values of Western imperialism and colonialism, and that Asian values were superior to European values.

The concept of Asianism in Japan and China has changed during the early 20th century from a foreign-imposed and negatively received, to a self-referential and embraced concept, according to historian Torsten Weber.
FNM Socimi coaches
The Socimi coaches of the Ferrovie Nord Milano, also known as type hinterland, are a class of railway coaches for commuter trains, built in the 1980s by Socimi.

The coaches have been used together with E.620 locomotives or E.750 railcars. At this moment they are going to be scrapped, substituted by the double-deck railcars E.760 and E.710.

Treno ad alta frequentazione
ALe 426/506 TAF (also known as Treno ad Alta Frequentazione or simply TAF) is an Italian Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) used mainly on commuter regional trains. Concept design has been made by Italian designer Pininfarina.

Two different companies employ them: Trenitalia and Ferrovie Nord Milano (FNM). Some slightly modified version of the EMU have been purchased by Moroccan Railways in 2006.

In 2024, FNM announced a series of upgrades to the TAF. The first upgraded train was finished in Milan on January 24, 2024, and the project is set to be completed by the end of 2025.
Garrucha
Garrucha is a municipality of Almería province, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Garrucha is a seaport of south-eastern Spain on the Mediterranean Sea and the right bank of the river Antas. In 1998 the town had a population of 5000. The harbor of Garrucha, which is defended by an eighteenth-century castle, affords shelter to large ships, and is the natural outlet for the commerce of a once thriving agricultural and mining district. Garrucha had, at the beginning of the twentieth century a considerable trade in lead, silver, copper, iron, esparto grass and fruit, but now the only export from its harbour is gypsum mined in Sorbas, with a million metric tonnes being exported annually. Besides cargo ships, the port is home to a small fishing fleet and has approximately 300 moorings for leisure boats.

Ship
A ship  is a large watercraft designed for travel across the surface of a body of water, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized tasks such as warfare, oceanography and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.

The word ship has meant, depending on era and context, either simply a large vessel or specifically a full-rigged ship with three or more masts, each of which is square rigged.

The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BC. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).
Wentworth and Dearne
Wentworth and Dearne was a constituency in South Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since its 2010 creation by John Healey, a member of the Labour Party who served as Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from 2020.

Further to the completion of the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished. Subject to boundary changes, which entailed the loss of the two Dearne wards, and offset by the addition of the City of Doncaster wards of Conisbrough, and Edlington and Warmsworth it was reformed as Rawmarsh and Conisbrough, and was first contested at the 2024 general election.

Edlington
Edlington is a town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England, lying to the south west of Doncaster and Warmsworth.  It has a population of 8,276.  The original parish town of Edlington is now known as Old Edlington; adjacent, and to the north, is New Edlington. It is often referred to by locals as 'Edlo'.
Since 1974 Edlington has been part of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster in the metropolitan county of South Yorkshire. It had, since 1894, formed part of Doncaster Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
T. Harish Rao
Thanneeru Harish Rao (born 3 June 1972) is an Indian politician and Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Telangana Legislative Assembly. He previously served as the Minister of Medical - Health and Finance Department of Telangana from 8 September 2019 to 2 December 2023. He is the MLA from Siddipet constituency from the Bharat Rashtra Samithi party since 2004.

Between 2014 and 2018, Rao served as Minister for Irrigation, Marketing & Legislative Affairs of Telangana. With his win at the 2018 assembly election, Rao became the youngest six-time member of any legislative assembly in India. He was appointed as the Minister of Finance in the cabinet expansion held on 8 September 2019.

He was also appointed minister for Health, Medical and Family welfare, on 9 November 2021.

2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election
The 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election was held on 7 December 2018 which marked the second electoral event since the state's formation in 2014. Key contenders included the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Telugu Desam Party (TDP).

A noteworthy development in the electoral landscape was the formation of the Praja Kutami (People's Alliance), comprising opposition parties such as INC, TDP, CPI and TJS. Despite their collective efforts, they were restricted to 21 seats. The election ultimately reaffirmed the political dominance of TRS, led by K. Chandrashekar Rao, as they secured victory with 88 seats and continued to govern the state of Telangana.
Xu Tiantian
Xu Tiantian (Chinese: 徐甜甜) is a Chinese architect who is the founding principal architect of DnA Design and Architecture.  She has engaged extensively in the rural revitalizing process in China.  She has received numerous awards, such as the WA China Architecture Award in 2006 and 2008, the Moira Gemmill Prize for Emerging Architect in 2019, and the 14th International Prize for Sustainable Architecture Gold Medal; in 2020, she was appointed an Honorary Fellow of American Institute of Architects.  For Xu, architecture has the capacity to transform lives and to impact the society it serves while following the mandate of the times.

Sustainable architecture
Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings through improved efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, development space and the ecosystem at large.  Sometimes, sustainable architecture will also focus on the social aspect of sustainability as well. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.

The concept of sustainability, or ecological design, ensures that the use of current resources does not adversely affect future society's well-being or render it impossible to obtain resources for other uses in the long term.
Diving at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Women's 3 metre springboard
The women's 3 metre springboard, also reported as springboard diving, was one of four diving events on the diving at the 1932 Summer Olympics programme. For the first time, the competition was held exclusively from the 3 metre springboard. Divers performed three compulsory dives – running pike dive forward, standing backward straight somersault, running forward half-screw – and three dives of the competitor's choice (different from the compulsory) for a total of six dives. The competition was held on Wednesday 10 August 1932. Eight divers from six nations competed.

Somersault
A somersault (also flip, heli, and in gymnastics salto) is an acrobatic exercise in which a person's body rotates 360° around a horizontal axis with the feet passing over the head. A somersault can be performed backwards, forwards or sideways and can be executed in the air or on the ground. When performed on the ground, it is typically called a roll.
Baseball at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games
Baseball was contested at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games in Havana, Cuba from 8 to 16 August 1982. All of the games were played at the Estadio Latinoamericano.

The tournament was contested by seven national teams in a round robin format. Dominican Republic finished first with a 5–1 record, winning the gold medal. Hosts Cuba finished second with a 4–2 record, winning the silver medal. Both Netherlands Antilles and Panama finished third with a 3–3 record and were awarded the bronze medal.

Estadio Latinoamericano
The Estadio Latinoamericano (English: Latin American Stadium) is a stadium in Havana, Cuba.  It is primarily used for baseball, and is the second largest baseball stadium in the world by capacity. The stadium, a spacious pitchers' park with prevailing winds blowing in and boasting a playing surface and lighting system of major-league quality, was built in 1946 as the top baseball park in Latin America.

The stadium opened with the name Gran Estadio de La Habana, known to English-language sportswriters as Gran Stadium, surpassing La Tropical Stadium as the largest stadium in Havana. It was also referred to as the Estadio del Cerro, or more popularly,  "The Colossus of Cerro" (Spanish: El Coloso del Cerro), due to its location in  the Cerro neighborhood.

The Latinoamericano currently holds about 55,000 people. In 1999, it hosted an exhibition series between the Cuba national team and the Baltimore Orioles.
Trent Codices
The Trent Codices are a collection of seven large music manuscripts compiled around the middle of the 15th century, currently kept in the northern Italian city of Trent. They contain mostly sacred vocal music composed between 1400 and 1475.  Containing more than 1,500 separate musical compositions by 88 different named composers, as well as a huge amount of anonymous music (including the famous Missa Caput), they are the largest and most significant single manuscript source from the entire century from anywhere in Europe.

Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich
Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich (Monuments of Fine Austrian Music; 1894–) is a historical edition of music from Austria covering the Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical periods. The most recent volume in the edition was published in 2017.

Volumes (Bände) 1 to 83 of DTÖ were published in annual issues (Jahrgänge) I to XXXV from 1894 to 1938.

Parallels may be drawn between the historical edition entitled Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst (DdT) (two series, 1892–1931, and 1900–1931), and DTÖ. The second series of DdT was separately titled Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Bayern (DTB). A new revised edition of DdT was published between 1957 and 1961. Another new, further revised edition of DTB was started in 1962.