hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jim Black (footballer)
Jim Black (born 13 November 1943 in Airdrie) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a defender for Airdrie, Hibernian and Stenhousemuir. He was part of the Hibs side that won the Scottish League Cup in 1972 and the Drybrough Cup twice. Black also played in the Scottish Cup finals of 1972 and 1975.

In March 2016 Black was inaugurated into Airdrieonians Greatest XI Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, a poll conducted amongst Airdrie fans to find the greatest starting line up in the history of the club.

Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)
Airdrieonians Football Club, more commonly known as Airdrie, was a Scottish professional football team from the town of Airdrie, in the Monklands area of Lanarkshire.

The club became defunct at the end of the Scottish Football League 2001–02 season, despite the team finishing as runners-up in the SFL First Division to Partick Thistle and therefore only narrowly missing out on promotion to the Scottish Premier League.

During their 124-year existence the "Diamonds", as they were nicknamed, won the old Scottish Division Two three times, the Spring Cup once and the Scottish Challenge Cup on three occasions. The club also competed in four separate Scottish Cup finals; winning the competition in 1924.

Airdrieonians were the first club in the Scottish League to fold since 1967, when Third Lanark went bankrupt.
1994 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles
Jan Apell and Jonas Björkman defeated Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde in the final, 6–4, 4–6, 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–6(8–6) to win the doubles tennis title at the 1994 ATP Tour World Championships.

Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis were the defending champions, but were defeated by Woodbridge and Woodforde in the semifinals.

Jan Apell
Jan Apell (born 4 November 1969) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who in 1994 won the ATP Tour World Championship in doubles and Davis Cup. The left-hander has retired from tennis unbeaten in Davis Cup after five matches, and played most of his career with Jonas Björkman.
He also has a Son call Emil Apell and a Daughter named Elin Apell.
Colonial history of Northern Nigeria
The Colonial history of Northern Nigeria extends from the British pacification campaigns to the independence of Northern Nigeria in 1953.

Initially, the British involvement in Northern Nigeria was predominantly trade-related and revolved around the expansion of the Royal Niger Company. The Royal Niger Company's interior territories spread north from where the Niger River and Benue River joined, at Mount Patti, Lokoja. The company did not represent a direct threat to much of the Sokoto Caliphate or the numerous states of Northern Nigeria. This changed when Frederick Lugard and Taubman Goldie laid down an ambitious plan to pacify the Nigerian interior and unite it with the rest of the British Empire.

Benue River
Benue River (French: la Bénoué), previously known as the Chadda River or Tchadda, is the major tributary of the Niger River. The size of its catchment basin is 319,000 km2 (123,000 mi2). Almost its entire length of approximately 1,400 km (870 mi) is navigable during the summer months. As a result, it is an important transportation route in the regions through which it flows. The name Benue comes from bernor, meaning 'river or lake of hippos’ in the Tiv.
Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1967)
Rajesh Kumar Mishra, also known as Pappu Bhartaul (born 30 June 1967) is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He has been an MLA twice in Uttar Pradesh. He represented Bithari Chainpur seat of Bareilly district as an MLA from 2017 to 2022.

Bareilly district
Bareilly district (Hindi pronunciation: [bəɾeːliː] ⓘ) belongs to the state Uttar Pradesh in northern India. Its capital is Bareilly city and it is divided in six administrative division or tehsils: Aonla, Baheri, Bareilly city, Faridpur, Mirganj, and Nawabganj. The Bareilly district is a part of the Bareilly Division and occupies an area of 4120 km2 with a population of 4,448,359 people (previously it was 3,618,589) according to the census of 2011.

The modern City of Bareilly was founded by Mukrand Rai in 1657. Later it became the capital of the Rohilkhand region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to the East India Company, becoming an integral part of India.
Selma Lagerlöf Prize
The Selma Lagerlöf Prize is a Swedish literary prize awarded to an author writing in the spirit of Selma Lagerlöf, the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. The prize was founded by the Sunne Municipality in Värmland County in 1983 and has been awarded annually since 1984. Recipients receive 100,000 Swedish kronor. The awards ceremony takes place in Sunne every August 13 and is in honor of Selma Lagerlöf.

Sunne, Sweden
Sunne is a locality and the seat of Sunne Municipality, Värmland County, Sweden with 10,000 inhabitants in 2010.

The town straddles the sound connecting Övre Fryken (Northern lake) with Mellan-Fryken (Middle lake). The name of Sunne is derived from the Swedish word of 'sund' for a maritime sound.

Printing and packaging are significant industries in Sunne.  The companies Tetra Pak and Miller Graphics have facilities in the town and the local college provides a specialist course in printing technology.

In the summer there is a large music festival.

The painter Tage Åsén who made the cover paintings for two of his books about Sunne and who currently is working on his project about Sunne called Brobytornet (the Broby Tower). Broby is the name Selma Lagerlöf gave Sunne in her books. 
Each year The Foundation Selma Lagerlöf Literary Prize awards a prominent Swedish writer.
France at the 1936 Summer Olympics
France competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. 201 competitors, 190 men and 11 women, took part in 100 events in 18 sports.

It was notable for an incident during the opening ceremonies. During the March of the Nations (when each national team with its flag parades on the field), the entire French team gave a straight-arm salute as it passed the box of Adolf Hitler (head of state of the host country for that Olympics, Germany). The French flag was also dipped in such a way as to drag it in the dirt in front of Hitlers box. There was a storm of protest in France after the incident was reported there, and accusations were made that the French Olympic committee was pro-Nazi. The committee stated that the salute (resembling the salute of Germany's ruling Nazi party) was an 'Olympic salute' (similar to Roman salute), and that dipping the colors was a tradition. The incident is recorded in Leni Riefenstahl's 1938 film Olympia.

Guy Lapébie
Guy Lapébie (28 November 1916 – 8 March 2010) was a French cyclist, who won two gold and one silver medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics. After World War II he became a professional road racer.

Lapébie's elder brother was Tour de France winner Roger Lapébie. Guy's son Serge (1948–1991) was also a professional cyclist.
Salam Gharbi
Salam Garbi (Arabic: سلام غربي)  is a Syrian village located in Barri Sharqi Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Salam Garbi had a population of 134 in the 2004 census.

Hama Governorate
Hama Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة حماة Muḥāfaẓat Ḥamā) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in western-central Syria, bordering Idlib and Aleppo Governorates to the north, Raqqa Governorate to the east, Homs Governorate to the south, and Tartus and Latakia Governorate to the west. It is the only Governorate (excluding Damascus) that does not border a foreign country. Measures of its area vary from 8,844 km2 to 8,883 km2, with its capital being the city of Hama, also notably being the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries.
Rathcabbin
Rathcabbin (Irish: Ráth Cabáin, meaning 'fort of the cabin'), often Rathcabban, is a village and electoral district in the northernmost part of County Tipperary, Ireland. It is located off the R489 regional road between Portumna, County Galway and Birr, County Offaly. It is 5 km (3 mi) east of the River Shannon and Lough Derg.

The modern church of Our Lady Queen of Ireland stands at the village crossroads. The church was dedicated in 1984.

Rathcabbin was used as a filming location for the 2007 film Garage. Parts of the film were shot in the village over a six-week period in the summer of 2006, and the film's premiere was held in Rathcabbin in 2007.

At nearby Redwood, a raised bog is located where the Little Brosna River joins the Shannon. Established in 1991, it includes an area of bog dome, fen and bog pools. The area is in state ownership and forms part of the Shannon Callows, an area classified as being of Special Area of Conservation.

Raised bog
Raised bogs, also called ombrotrophic bogs, are acidic, wet habitats that are poor in mineral salts and are home to flora and fauna that can cope with such extreme conditions. Raised bogs, unlike fens, are exclusively fed by precipitation (ombrotrophy) and from mineral salts introduced from the air. They thus represent a special type of bog, hydrologically, ecologically and in terms of their development history, in which the growth of peat mosses over centuries or millennia plays a decisive role. They also differ in character from blanket bogs which are much thinner and occur in wetter, cloudier climatic zones.

Raised bogs are very threatened by peat cutting and pollution by mineral salts from the surrounding land (due to agriculture and industry). The last great raised bog regions are found in western Siberia and Canada.
National Collector's Mint
National Collector's Mint, Inc. is a Westchester County, New York based company that sells privately produced coins, tokens, commemoratives, and collectibles. The company does not produce coins that are legal tender in the United States and they are not affiliated, endorsed, or licensed by the U.S. government or the United States Mint. However, the company does also act as a retailer, reselling government proof coins and other legal tender. The mint also creates non-currency coins for large corporations.

United States Mint
The United States Mint is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. The U.S. Mint is one of two U.S. agencies that manufactures physical money. The other is the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which prints paper currency. The first United States Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and was soon joined by other centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.
Chapel + Cultural Center at Rensselaer
The Chapel + Cultural Center at Rensselaer is an architecturally unique, multipurpose performing arts and spiritual space in Troy, New York. The Center is owned and operated by the Rensselaer Newman Foundation (RNF). It is conventionally referred to as "The C+CC"; the "+" sign has come to be formally used instead of "and" or an ampersand as a representative symbol of the Christian cross. While located on the campus of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), the C+CC is managed and operated as an independent organizational entity. The C+CC provides a home to the Roman Catholic University Parish of Christ Sun of Justice. Its staff members offer administrative support for chaplaincy services at RPI for the Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim communities.

Christian cross
The Christian cross, seen as symbolizing the crucifixion of Jesus, is a symbol of Christianity. It is related to the crucifix, a cross that includes a corpus (a representation of Jesus's body, usually three-dimensional) and to the more general family of cross symbols. The term cross is now detached from its original specifically Christian meaning, in modern English and many other Western languages.

The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross with unequal arms and the Greek cross with equal arms; there are numerous variants, partly with confessional significance—such as the tau cross, the double-barred cross, triple-barred cross, and cross-and-crosslets—and many heraldic variants, such as the cross potent, cross pattée, and cross moline, cross fleury.
The American Playwrights Theater: The One Acts
The American Playwrights Theater:  The One Acts is an American television anthology series. Anthony Quinn hosted four episodes that aired on the Arts and Entertainment Network from 1989 to 1990.  Play titles were Third and Oak: The Pool Hall by Marsha Norman; The Rope (One-Act Play) by Eugene O'Neill; Let Me Hear You Whisper by Paul Zindel; and Twenty-seven Wagons Full of Cotton by Tennessee Williams.

Directors were George Schaefer, Fielder Cook, Lela Swift, and Don Scardino.

Many notable actors performed, including James Earl Jones, Lesley Ann Warren, Jose Ferrer, Elizabeth Ashley, Rue McClanahan, and Jean Stapleton.

Lela Swift
Lela Swift (born Lillian Siwoff; February 1, 1919 – August 4, 2015) was a television director and producer, best known for her work on Dark Shadows, which she also produced from 1970–71, and Ryan's Hope.
Premelting
Premelting (also surface melting) refers to a quasi-liquid film that can occur on the surface of a solid even below the bulk material's melting point ().  The thickness of the film is temperature ()-dependent. This effect is common for all crystalline materials. 
Premelting shows its effects in frost heave, and, taking grain boundary interfaces into account, maybe even in the movement of glaciers.

Considering a solid-vapour interface, complete and incomplete premelting can be distinguished. During a temperature rise from below to above , in the case of complete premelting, the solid melts homogeneously from the outside to the inside; in the case of incomplete premelting, the liquid film stays very thin during the beginning of the melting process, but droplets start to form on the interface. In either case, the solid always melts from the outside inwards, never from the inside.

Grain boundary
In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. They are also important to many of the mechanisms of creep. On the other hand, grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material, so reducing crystallite size is a common way to improve mechanical strength, as described by the Hall–Petch relationship.
2021–22 Angola Super Cup
The 2021–22 Supertaça de Angola (31st edition) was contested by Sagrada Esperança, the 2020–21 Girabola champion and Petro de Luanda, the 2020–21 Angola Cup winner. Sagrada Esperança won the match, making it its 1st super cup win.

G.D. Sagrada Esperança
Grupo Desportivo Sagrada Esperança, usually known as Sagrada Esperança, is an association football club from Dundo, Lunda Norte province, Angola. The club won its first title, the Angolan Cup, in 1988.

The club's name is likely to originate from Angola's first president Agostinho Neto's famous poem Sagrada Esperança (Sacred Hope). The club was founded on December 22, 1976, by then Angola-state owned diamond company Diamang (now Endiama), which remains as its major sponsor.

In 2005, the club, managed by Mário Calado, won the league by having one point ahead ASA. In the same year, the club competed in the 2005 CAF Champions League, but was eliminated in the first round by ASEC Abidjan of Ivory Coast, after a 2–2 draw at home in the first leg and a 1–0 defeat away in the second leg.
Metatheory
A metatheory or meta-theory is a theory whose subject matter is another theory. Analyses or descriptions of an existing theory would be considered meta-theories. For mathematics and mathematical logic, a metatheory is a mathematical theory about another mathematical theory. Meta-theoretical investigations are part of the philosophy of science. The topic of metascience is an attempt to use scientific knowledge to improve the practice of science itself.

The study of metatheory became widespread during the 20th century after its application to various topics, including scientific linguistics and its concept of metalanguage.

Formal system
A formal system (or deductive system) is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms.

In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in mathematics.
However, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved that any consistent formal system sufficiently powerful to express basic arithmetic cannot prove its own completeness. This effectively showed that Hilbert's program was impossible as stated.

The term formalism is sometimes a rough synonym for formal system, but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation.
River Batherm
The River Batherm is a river which flows through Somerset and Devon in England. The river rises on high ground near the village of Sperry Barton, between Wimbleball and Clatworthy reservoirs. It flows south through the villages of Blackwell, Petton, and Shillingford before it joins the River Exe just over a mile downstream from Bampton.

Clatworthy Reservoir
Clatworthy Reservoir is situated near Clatworthy in the Brendon Hills on the edge of the Exmoor National Park in west Somerset, England. It is run by Wessex Water and has a capacity of 5,364,000 cubic metres (1.180×109 imp gal), supplying some 200,000 homes. It impounds the head waters of the River Tone and the surrounding area is used for walking and fishing.

Clatworthy Camp, an Iron Age hill fort is situated on a promontory above Clatworthy Reservoir. It is roughly triangular in shape with an area of 5.8 hectares. It has a single bank and ditch, cut through solid rock. There may have been an entrance on the west and two on the east. The ancient settlement of Syndercombe was flooded on the creation of the reservoir. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the manor of Syndercombe is recorded as held by Turstin FitzRolf.
Heather Reid
Heather Margaret Murray Reid OBE CPhys FInstP (born c. 1969), also known as "Heather the Weather", is a Scottish meteorologist, physicist, science communicator and educator. She was formerly a broadcaster and weather presenter for BBC Scotland.

Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based not-for-profit learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, research and application.

It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide membership of over 20,000. The IOP is the Physical Society for the UK and Ireland and supports physics in education, research and industry. In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council; it also holds its own separate Royal Charter. The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes 85 academic titles.
John Dickinson (rugby league)
John Dickinson (10 April 1934 – 7 August 2021), also known by the nickname of "Todder", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for St. Helens, Leigh and Rochdale Hornets, as a fullback, wing, centre, stand-off, or scrum-half, and coached at club level for the Pilkington Recs ARLFC.

Leigh Leopards
The Leigh Leopards are a professional rugby league club based in Leigh, Greater Manchester, England. Leigh play homes games at Leigh Sports Village and compete in Super League, the top tier of British rugby league.

Leigh Leopards have won the League Championship twice and Challenge Cup three times.

The clubs traditional home colours are red and white. They have a local rivalry with Wigan Warriors.
Tatra 57
The Tatra 57 are a series of two-door compact cars, built by Czechoslovak company Tatra from 1932. They are popularly known by the nickname "Hadimrška".

Tatra updated the model as the 57A in 1936, and as 57B in 1938. A military adaptation, the 57K, (for Kübelwagen) was introduced in 1941. Through 1945, more than 5,000 Tatra Kübelwagens were built.

All versions have a characteristic Tatra backbone chassis, with the drive-shaft running encased in its central structural tube.

Tatra ended production of the 57K in 1947, and of the 57B in 1949. With that the company altogether withdrew from making compact cars; from 1948 its smallest model was the 2 litre Tatra 600.

Backbone chassis
Backbone tube chassis is a type of automobile construction chassis that is similar to the body-on-frame design. Instead of a two-dimensional ladder-type structure, it consists of a strong tubular backbone (usually rectangular in cross section) that connects the front and rear suspension attachment areas. A body is then placed on this structure. It was first used in the English Rover 8hp of 1904 and then the French Simplicia automobile in 1909.

The backbone chassis was extensively developed by Hans Ledwinka who used it in greater numbers on the Tatra 11 and subsequent vehicles. Ledwinka later used backbone frames with central tubes and axles with swinging driveshafts on Tatra trucks, becoming known as Tatra-concept.
The Falcon Takes Over
The Falcon Takes Over (also known as The Falcon Steps Out), is a 1942 black-and-white mystery film directed by Irving Reis. Although the film features the Falcon and other characters created by Michael Arlen, its plot is taken from the Raymond Chandler novel Farewell, My Lovely, with the Falcon substituting for Chandler's archetypal private eye Philip Marlowe and the setting of New York City replacing Marlowe's Los Angeles beat. The B film was the third, following The Gay Falcon and A Date with the Falcon (1941), to star George Sanders as the character Gay Lawrence, a gentleman detective known by the sobriquet the Falcon.

Gentleman detective
The gentleman detective is a type of fictional character that has long been a staple of crime fiction, particularly in detective novels and short stories set in the United Kingdom in the Golden Age. While not necessarily aristocracy, the heroes of these adventures are often members of the British gentry or gentlemen by conduct. They are sometimes contrasted with professional police force  detectives from the working classes.

Gentleman detectives include amateurs, private detectives and professional policemen. They are always well educated, frequently have unusual or eccentric hobbies, and are commonly found in their natural environment, an English country house. This archetype of British detective contrasts with the more "hardboiled" counterpart in American crime fiction.