hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joe Giglio
Joseph Giglio is a Maltese lawyer and politician who has served in the Parliament of Malta since 2022, representing District 9 and District 10 as a member of the Nationalist Party. Giglio is the Shadow Minister for Infrastructure and Capital projects and was previously the Nationalist Party spokesman on internal affairs. Giglio was briefly considered for leadership of the Nationalist Party against incumbent leader Bernard Grech in April 2022.

Nationalist Party (Malta)
The Nationalist Party (Maltese: Partit Nazzjonalista, PN) is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Malta, along with the Labour Party.

It is a Christian democratic, and conservative political party, and it has been described as centre-right on the political spectrum. It is supportive of Malta's membership in the European Union. It is currently in opposition to the Labour Party. Since independence in 1964, the Nationalist Party has won six out of the thirteen general elections, in 1966, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2003 and 2008. In 2008 it won with a paper-thin majority of around 1500 votes.
May 1994 PUK–KDP clashes
May 1994 PUK–KDP clashes was the first outbreak of violence of the 1994–97 Iraqi Kurdish Civil War, fought in Iraqi Kurdistan between the rival Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdish factions. The clashes left around 300 people dead. The clashes saw the PUK capture the towns of Shaqlawa and Chamchamal from the KDP. The Battle of Shaqlawa was a significant turning point during this period of conflict.

Shaqlawa
Shaqlawa (Kurdish: شەقڵاوە, romanized: Şeqlawe, Arabic: شقلاوة, Syriac: ܫܵܩܠܵܒ݂ܐ, romanized: Shaqlāwa) is a historic city and a hill station in the Erbil Governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Shaqlawa, a city of approximately 25,500 people, lies 51 km to the northeast of Erbil, at the bottom of Safeen mountain. Shaqlawa is situated between Safeen mountain and Sork mountain, and sits 1066 m above sea level.

The city is known for its waterfalls, trees, and greenery. It is also known for its honey.
Hold You Tight (song)
"Hold You Tight" is a song performed by American contemporary R&B singer Tara Kemp, issued as the lead single from her eponymous debut album (1991) by Giant Records. The song contains samples of "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins and "Kissing My Love" by Bill Withers.

"Hold You Tight" was Kemp's biggest hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number three in April 1991. It also peaked at number one on the Billboard 12-inch Singles Sales chart and reached the top 30 in Canada and New Zealand. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 7, 1991.

Lyn Collins
Gloria Lavern Collins (June 12, 1948 – March 13, 2005), better known as Lyn Collins, was an American soul singer best known for working with James Brown in the 1970s and for the influential 1972 funk single, "Think (About It)".

A favorite among hip-hop, R&B, and dance music producers for decades, Collins is by far the most sampled female artist of all time, with portions of her recordings used in well over 3,500 songs.
John Lau
John Ching Sung Lau (Chinese: 刘钱崧) was the former Chief Executive Officer and President of Husky Energy. Prior to joining Husky, he served in various senior executive roles in Cheung Kong (Holdings) and Hutchison Whampoa Limited group of companies.

Cheung Kong Holdings
Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited is a multinational conglomerate, based in Hong Kong. It was one of Hong Kong's leading multi-national conglomerates. The company merged with its subsidiary Hutchison Whampoa on 3 June 2015, as part of a major reorganisation, to become part of CK Hutchison Holdings.

The Chairman of Cheung Kong Holdings was Li Ka-shing, while his elder son, Victor Li, was managing director and deputy chairman. Li Ka-shing founded Cheung Kong Industries in the 1950s as a plastics manufacturer. Eventually the company evolved into a property investment company. Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited was established in 1971.

The Cheung Kong Group develops residential, office, retail, industrial and hotel properties in Hong Kong, with a history of property development and residential estates. As part of a reorganisation, a new company composed of the group's property assets was spun-off in June 2015 as Cheung Kong Property Holdings.
Metaphorical code-switching
Metaphorical code-switching refers to the tendency in a bilingual or multilingual community to switch codes (language or language variety) in conversation in order to discuss a topic that would normally fall into another conversational domain. "An important distinction is made from situational switching, where alternation between varieties redefines a situation, being a change in governing norms, and metaphorical switching, where alternation enriches a situation, allowing for allusion to more than one social relationship within the situation." For example, at a family dinner, where you would expect to hear a more colloquial, less prestigious variety of language (called "L variety" in studies of diglossia), family members might switch to a highly prestigious form (H variety) in order to discuss school or work. At work (where you would expect high prestige language) interlocutors may switch to a low prestige variety when discussing family.

Colloquialism
Colloquialism (also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance) is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the language normally employed in casual conversation and other informal contexts. Colloquialism is characterized by the frequent use of expressive phrases, idioms, anthropocentrism, and a lack of specialized focus, and has a rapidly changing lexicon. It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering.

A specific instance of such language is termed a colloquialism. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is colloquial.
USS Asp
Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Asp, named for the Asp, which is a small venomous snake.

USS Asp (1812), was a schooner that served on the Great Lakes during the War of 1812.

USS Asp (1813), was a schooner that served in Chesapeake Bay.

USS Asp (YFB-1), was a wooden motor boat which patrolled the coast from 1917 until 1920.

USS Asp (1812)
The first Asp was a schooner in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

Asp, the former British merchant vessel Elizabeth, was captured on Lake Ontario in 1812 by the schooner Growler, purchased by the Navy from the prize court: outfitted; and commissioned on 6 February 1813.
Electoral district of Hamilton (Queensland)
Hamilton was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1932 to 1950.

The district was based in the inner northeastern suburbs of Brisbane, and included the suburbs of Albion, Ascot, Eagle Farm, Hamilton and Hendra. It was a safe seat for the non-Labor parties in the Assembly throughout its existence. This district became part of the electoral district of Clayfield when it was created in 1950.

Queensland Labor Party
The Queensland Labor Party, officially known as the Australian Labor Party (State of Queensland) and commonly referred to as Queensland Labor or simply Labor, is the branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in the state of Queensland. It has functioned in the state since the 1880s. The Queensland branch of the Australian Labor Party was the first Labour Party to win government in the world, when, in December 1899, following the resignation of the Dickson ministry, Queensland Labour leader Anderson Dawson accepted an offer by Lieutenant-Governor Samuel Griffith to form a government.
Kevork Mardirossian
Kevork Mardirossian (December 9, 1954 – June 11, 2024) was an American violinist. He was the James H. Rudy Professor of Music at Indiana University. Mardirossian served as the concertmaster of the Plovdiv Philharmonic Orchestra and the Baton Rouge Symphony Orchestra and was professor of violin at the University of Central Arkansas.

Mardirossian died in Bloomington, Indiana on June 11, 2024, at the age of 69.

University of Central Arkansas
The University of Central Arkansas (Central Arkansas or UCA) is a public university in Conway, Arkansas, United States. Founded in 1907, the university is one of the oldest in the state. As the state's only normal school at the time, UCA has historically been the primary source of teachers in Arkansas.  It was one of about 180 "normal schools" founded by state governments to train teachers for the rapidly growing public common schools.

The university comprises five colleges, five residential colleges and one commuter college. UCA has about 10,000 graduate and undergraduate students, making it one of the largest universities in the state. The university maintains a student-to-faculty ratio of approximately 17 to 1. Over 150 undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs are offered at the university. UCA occupies over 120 buildings within its 356 acres (1.44 km2).
Prima Donna (EP)
Prima Donna is the second extended play by American rapper Vince Staples. It was released on August 26, 2016, by ARTium Recordings and Def Jam Recordings. The extended play features guest appearances from Kilo Kish and ASAP Rocky, while the production was handled by DJ Dahi, James Blake, John Hill and No I.D.

Def Jam Recordings
Def Jam Recordings (also simply known as Def Jam) is an American multinational record label owned by Universal Music Group. It is based in Manhattan, New York City, specializing predominantly in hip-hop, contemporary R&B, soul and pop.

The label has a London-based, UK arm known as 0207 Def Jam (formerly Def Jam UK in the 1990s until the mid-2000s) and is currently operated through EMI Records. It has a Johannesburg, South Africa and Lagos, Nigeria-based arm known as Def Jam Africa.
Ameno (song)
"Ameno" is a song by French new-age musical project Era (stylized as +eRa+). It was released in June 1996 as a single from their self-titled debut album Era and became a chart success in France, Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland, Poland and Latin America.

DJ Quicksilver
Orhan Terzi (born 28 June 1964), better known by his stage name DJ Quicksilver, is a German-Turkish DJ and music producer. His stage name derives from his days taking part in DJ contests, where a mercury column would gauge audience reaction.
South Carolina Highway 171
South Carolina Highway 171 (SC 171) is a 12.560-mile (20.213 km) state highway located entirely within Charleston County in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The highway travels from Folly Beach north to SC 7 in Charleston; it is the only road connecting Folly Island to the South Carolina mainland. SC 171 is maintained by the South Carolina Department of Transportation.

Folly Beach, South Carolina
Folly Beach is a public city on Folly Island in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Folly Beach had a population of 2,078. Folly Beach is within the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area and the Charleston-North Charleston Urbanized Areas.
Raumbach
Raumbach is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Meisenheim, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Glan (Nahe)
The Glan (German pronunciation: [ɡlaːn] ⓘ) is a river in southwestern Germany, right tributary of the Nahe. It is approximately 68 km (42 miles) long. It rises in the Saarland, northwest of Homburg. It flows generally north, through Rhineland-Palatinate, and empties into the Nahe near Odernheim am Glan, at Staudernheim, across the Nahe from Bad Sobernheim. Other towns along the Glan are Altenglan, Glan-Münchweiler, Lauterecken and Meisenheim.
Opus (Marc Anthony album)
Opus is the tenth Spanish-language and twelfth studio album by American recording artist Marc Anthony, released on May 10, 2019, by Sony Music Latin. It is his first album since 3.0 (2013).

The album debuted at number 90 on the Billboard 200, number 2 on the Top Latin Albums and number 1 on the Tropical Albums chart with 9,000 album equivalent units.

Album-equivalent unit
The album-equivalent unit, or album equivalent, often shortened to just unit, is a sales metric in the music industry that defines the number of songs streamed and songs downloaded equal to one album sale. The album-equivalent unit was introduced in the mid-2010s as an answer to the drop of album sales in the 21st century. Album sales more than halved from 1999 to 2009, declining from a $14.6 to $6.3 billion industry, partly due to cheap digitally downloaded singles. For instance, the only albums that went platinum in the United States in 2014 were the Frozen soundtrack and Taylor Swift's 1989, whereas several albums had gone platinum in 2013.

The use of album-equivalent units transformed the music charts from a ranking of best-selling albums into a ranking of most popular albums. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) have used album-equivalent unit to measure their Global Recording Artist of the Year since 2013.
Amblyscirtes phylace
Amblyscirtes phylace (the orange-headed roadside-skipper or red-headed roadside skipper) is a species of butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found from Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.

Its wingspan is 22–29 millimetres (0.87–1.14 in). Adults feed on flower nectar.

Nectar
Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide herbivore protection. Common nectar-consuming pollinators include mosquitoes, hoverflies, wasps, bees, butterflies and moths, hummingbirds, honeyeaters and bats. 
Nectar is an economically important substance as it is the sugar source for honey.

Nectar is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adult stages of some predatory insects feed on nectar. For example, a number of predacious or parasitoid wasps (e.g., the social wasp species Apoica flavissima) rely on nectar as a primary food source. In turn, these wasps then hunt agricultural pest insects as food for their young.

Nectar is most often associated with flowering plants (angiosperms), but it is also produced by other groups, including ferns.
LGBTQ rights in the Falkland Islands
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the British Overseas Territory of the Falkland Islands enjoy most of the same rights as non-LGBT people. Marriage and civil partnerships have been open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples since 29 April 2017. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is constitutionally banned. Additionally, attitudes are largely positive; a public consultation found that 90% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage.

In April 2017, a pride event was held in the capital city of Stanley, a first for the islands.

Stanley, Falkland Islands
Stanley (also known as Port Stanley) is the capital city of the Falkland Islands. It is located on the island of East Falkland, on a north-facing slope in one of the wettest parts of the islands. At the 2021 census, the city had a population of 2,974. The entire population of the Falkland Islands was 3,662 on Census Day – 10 October 2021.

Stanley is represented by five of the eight elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands: Stacy Bragger, Barry Elsby, Mark Pollard, Roger Spink, and Leona Vidal Roberts. An elected Town Council of Stanley existed from 1948 to 1973.

On 14 June 2022, Stanley received letters patent, formally awarding it city status.
Lady Ridley (ship)
Several vessels have been named Lady Ridley:

Lady Ridley (1798 ship) was a snow of 175 tons (bm) built by Thomas Walmsley, North Shields.

Lady Ridley (1813 ship) was launched at Blyth as a West Indiaman. She transported convicts in 1821 to Van Diemen's Land. She also sailed to India under a license from the British East India Company (EIC). She was wrecked on 11 November 1831.

Lady Ridley (1833 ship) was a schooner of 76 tons (bm (old)), launched at Sunderland. She became a Whitby coaster and was lost in June 1839.

Lady Ridley (1843 ship) was a schooner of 107 tons (bm (old)), launched at Blythe. She became a Scarborough coaster. She was lost in January 1849.

Lady Ridley (1849 ship) was a brig of 184 tons (bm (old)), launched at Liverpool. She was lost in September 1857.

Penal transportation
Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination. While the prisoners may have been released once the sentences were served, they generally did not have the resources to return home.
PS Petrokimia Putra
Persatuan Sepakbola Petrokimia Putra was an Indonesian football club based in Gresik, East Java, Indonesia. They last played in the Liga Indonesia First Division. They merged with Persegres Gresik and became Gresik United in 2005.

Madura United F.C.
Madura United Football Club is an Indonesian professional football club. The club is based in Pamekasan, Madura, East Java. They currently play in the Super League.

The current form of the club was established on 10 January 2016; the team's lineage began as Pelita Jaya in 1986, under which it won three Galatama titles in 1988-89, 1990, and 1993-94 before changing names, homebases, and ownership several times.
Patrik Pulkkinen
Patrik Pulkkinen (born 14 March 2001) is a Finnish motorcycle racer. He raced in the 2017 Moto3 World Championship for Peugeot MC Saxoprint team. Pulkkinen was also a competitor in the Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup in 2015 and 2016.

Motorcycle racing
The motorcycle sport of racing (also called moto racing and motorbike racing) includes motorcycle road racing and off-road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
1990 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 10
The 1990 Giro d'Italia was the 73rd edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Bari, with an individual time trial on 18 May, and Stage 10 occurred on 27 May with a stage to Cuneo. The race finished in Milan on 6 June.

Fabriano
Fabriano is a town and comune of Ancona province in the Italian region of the Marche, at 325 metres (1,066 ft) above sea level. It lies in the Esino valley 44 kilometres (27 mi) upstream and southwest of Jesi; and 15 kilometres (9 mi) east-northeast of Fossato di Vico and 36 kilometres (22 mi) east of Gubbio (both in Umbria). Its location on the main highway and rail line from Umbria to the Adriatic make it a mid-sized regional center in the Apennines. Fabriano is the headquarters of the giants appliance makers Indesit (now owned by Whirlpool) and Ariston.

Fabriano, with Roma, Parma, Torino and Carrara, is an Italian creative city (UNESCO). The town is in the category Folk Arts and is widely-known for its production of handmade paper.
1922 Pontypridd by-election
The 1922 Pontypridd by-election was held on 25 July 1922. The by-election was held due to the appointment of the incumbent Coalition Liberal MP, Thomas Arthur Lewis, as a Junior Lord of the Treasury. It was won by the Labour candidate Thomas Isaac Mardy Jones.  It was the last of only eight ministerial by-elections in the UK not to be retained by the incumbent. The requirement for MPs who were appointed as ministers to seek re-election was entirely abolished by the Re-Election of Ministers Act (1919) Amendment Act 1926.

Thomas Mardy Jones
Thomas Isaac Mardy Jones (21 January 1879 – 26 August 1970) was a British politician and miner.
The son of a Welsh miner Thomas Isaac, who later died in the mines, Jones rose up the ranks of the Labour Party to become Member of Parliament for Pontypridd in 1922.
Pompeiu Hărășteanu
Pompeiu Hărășteanu (Romanian pronunciation: [pomˈpeju hərəʃˈte̯anu]; 14 September 1935 – 5 October 2016) was a Romanian operatic bass/basso profondo.

Born in Luduș, Hărășteanu was a graduate of the Ciprian Porumbescu Conservatory, Bucharest. He sang as a soloist for Oper Bonn, Germany, between 1968 and 1972. From 1972, he sang as a soloist of the National Opera in Bucharest. He was known for his low powerful voice and for opera roles such Osmin in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail and Sarastro in Die Zauberflöte.

In 2002 he was awarded the National Order of Merit, Knight rank. He died in Bucharest in 2016, at age 81, and was buried in the city's Bellu Cemetery.

Romanian National Opera, Bucharest
The Romanian National Opera, Bucharest (Romanian: Opera Națională București) is the oldest of the four national opera and ballet companies of Romania.  The company was founded in 1885 and is headquartered in Bucharest, near the Cotroceni neighbourhood.
Castle Rock (volcano)
Castle Rock is a volcanic plug located 13 km (8 mi) west of Iskut and 8 km (5 mi) northwest of Tuktsayda Mountain in British Columbia, Canada. Castle Rock is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes and is in the Klastline Group of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and last erupted in the Pleistocene.

Castle Rock is one of ten major Canadian volcanoes with recent seismic activity, the others being the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, Mount Cayley, Hoodoo Mountain, The Volcano, Crow Lagoon, Mount Silverthrone, the Mount Meager massif, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Mount Garibaldi.

Seismology
Seismology (/saɪzˈmɒlədʒi, saɪs-/; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós), meaning 'earthquake', and -λογία (-logía), meaning 'study of') is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies. It also includes studies of the environmental effects of earthquakes such as tsunamis; other seismic sources such as volcanoes, plate tectonics, glaciers, rivers, oceanic microseisms, and the atmosphere; and artificial processes such as explosions.

Paleoseismology is a related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes. A recording of Earth's motion as a function of time, created by a seismograph is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who works in basic or applied seismology.
Tetradymia nuttallii
Tetradymia nuttallii is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Nuttall's horsebrush. It is native to the western United States, where it occurs in Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado.

This shrub or subshrub has a stiff, branching network of stems reaching up to 1.2 meters in maximum height. Like other Tetradymia, this species has two types of leaves. The larger, primary leaves become spines which may be over 2 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is made up of a few flower heads, each of which contains four bright yellow flowers. The fruit is well over a centimeter long, including its large pappus. The leaves fall off the plant during dry times. Also when it is dry the plant may not flower, or if it does, it does not produce fruits.

This plant grows in habitat dominated by shadscale and black greasewood, as well as sagebrush and pinyon-juniper woodland. It grows in dry and sometimes rocky soils.

Sarcobatus
Sarcobatus is a North American genus of two species of flowering plants, formerly considered to be a single species. Common names for S. vermiculatus include greasewood, seepwood, and saltbush. Traditionally, Sarcobatus has been treated in the family Chenopodiaceae, but the APG III system of 2009 recognizes it as the sole genus in the family Sarcobataceae.