hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dispanin
In molecular biology, the protein family Dispanin  is another name for Interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM). This refers to a family of protein domains which have a specific formation, or in other words, topology containing two alpha helices in within the cell membrane which are called two transmembrane proteins. This includes proteins such as CD225 (Cluster of Differentiation 225). The function of this  protein family is to inhibit cell invasion of many  harmful, pathogenic viruses, such as HIV. Henceforth, they are being intensively studied in the hope of drug discovery. They mediate the immune response by interferons.

Cluster of differentiation
The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. In terms of physiology, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD for humans is numbered up to 371 (as of 21 April 2016).
John Hemingway
John Patrick Hemingway (born August 19, 1960) is a Canadian-American author, whose memoir Strange Tribe: A Family Memoir examines the similarities and the complex relationship between his parent Gloria Hemingway and his grandfather, Ernest Hemingway; in particular it addresses the issue of the gender identity of Gloria, who was a trans woman.

Hemingway moved to Milan, Italy in 1983, where he pursued a writing and translating career. His articles have appeared in several Italian newspapers such as l'Unità and Libero, and in American magazines and literary journals.

He has published the novel Bacchanalia: A Pamplona Story, inspired by his visits to the San Fermín festival, and has also prefaced the book Hemingway in Pamplona, by Miguel Izu.

Libero (newspaper)
Libero (English: "Free"), also known as Libero Quotidiano (English: "Daily Free"), is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average circulation of 22,709 copies in May 2023. In 2004, Angelo Agostini categorized Libero, alongside Il Foglio and l'Unità, as an activist daily (quotidiano-attivista), in contrast to the institution daily (quotidiano-istituzione) like Corriere della Sera and La Stampa, and the agenda daily (quotidiano-agenda) like la Repubblica.
Decomposition of spectrum (functional analysis)
The spectrum of a linear operator  that operates on a Banach space  is a fundamental concept of functional analysis. The spectrum consists of all scalars  such that the operator  does not have a bounded inverse on .  The spectrum has a standard decomposition into three parts:

a point spectrum, consisting of the eigenvalues of ;

a continuous spectrum, consisting of the scalars that are not eigenvalues but make the range of  a proper dense subset of the space;

a residual spectrum, consisting of all other scalars in the spectrum.

This decomposition is relevant to the study of differential equations, and has applications to many branches of science and engineering. A well-known example from quantum mechanics is the explanation for the discrete spectral lines and the continuous band in the light emitted by excited atoms of hydrogen.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
1940 United States Senate election in Delaware
The 1940 United States Senate election in Delaware took place on November 5, 1940. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John G. Townsend Jr. ran for re-election to a third term in office, but was defeated by Democrat James M. Tunnell. This was the only seat that Democrats flipped during this cycle. This was the last time Democrats won Delaware's Class 1 Senate seat until Tom Carper's victory over Senator William Roth in 2000.

William Roth
William Victor Roth Jr. (July 22, 1921 – December 13, 2003) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He was a veteran of World War II and a member of the Republican Party. He served from 1967 to 1970 as the lone U.S. representative from Delaware and from 1971 to 2001 as a U.S. senator from Delaware. He is the last Republican to serve as and/or be elected a U.S. senator from Delaware.

Roth was a sponsor of legislation creating the Roth IRA, an individual retirement plan that can be set up with post-tax dollars, offering tax-free withdrawals.
Aposthia
Aposthia is a rare congenital condition in humans, in which the foreskin of the penis is missing.: 37–39

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Talbot claimed that aposthia among Jews was evidence for the old notion of Lamarckian inheritance. In his work The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Charles Darwin also  mentioned cases of "born circumcised" babies as "conclusive evidence" for the now-discredited blending inheritance. Because hypospadias is a much more common condition, it is likely that those reported cases were not actually aposthia.

The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication is a book by Charles Darwin that was first published in January 1868. A large proportion of the book contains detailed information on the domestication of animals and plants, but it also contains in Chapter XXVII a description of Darwin's theory of heredity which he called pangenesis.

The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication went on sale on 30 January 1868, thirteen years after Darwin had begun his experiments on breeding and stewing the bones of pigeons. He was feeling deflated, and concerned about how these large volumes would be received, writing "if I try to read a few pages I feel fairly nauseated ... The devil take the whole book". In his autobiography, Darwin estimated that he had spent 4-year 2 months "hard labour" on the book.
T. C. Fairbairn
Thomas Charles Fairbairn (usually credited as T. C. Fairbairn) (26 March 1874 – 1978) was a British theatre impresario, particularly known for his productions of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor's Hiawatha.

Fairbairn first produced his dramatised, costumed version of Scenes from the Song of Hiawatha in 1924. Held at the Royal Albert Hall, and featuring the Royal Choral Society, it raised funds for the Royal National Institute for the Blind. The eight performances were so successful that he rebooked the hall and choir for the following year. He repeated the show every year until 1939, apart from 1926, the year of the General Strike. All but the first show featured 1,000 performers, 200 of whom were dancers. The production also toured other venues in the greater London area.

In 1939, Fairbairn was living in Hampstead, London.

Fairbairn appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 18 May 1974.

Fairbairn died in Hammersmith, London in 1978.

1926 United Kingdom general strike
A general strike took place in the United Kingdom from 4 to 12 May 1926. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the British government to act to prevent wage reductions and worsening conditions for 1.2 million locked-out coal miners. Some 1.7 million workers went out, especially in transport and heavy industry.

It was a sympathy strike, with many of those who were not miners and not directly affected striking to support the locked-out miners. The government was well prepared, and enlisted middle- and upper-class volunteers to maintain essential services. There was little violence and the TUC gave up in defeat.
Ron languages
The Ron, Ronic or Ron–Fyer languages, group A.4 of the West Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, are spoken in Plateau State, north-central Nigeria.

The Ron languages have undergone extensive influence from Tarok.

Roger Blench
Roger Marsh Blench (born August 1, 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist. He has an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge and is based in Cambridge, England. He researches, publishes, and works as a consultant.
Outline of Benin
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Benin:

Benin – country in West Africa.  It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Its capital is Porto Novo, but the seat of government is Cotonou. Benin was known as Dahomey until 1975.

Seat of government
A seat of government is a "building, complex of buildings or the city from which a government exercises its authority". When referring to a city, the seat of government is generally the capital of the state or administrative entity in question, although there are exceptions. Particular terms for the seat of certain territorial subdivisions are administrative centre, county seat (common in the United States), county town (United Kingdom and Ireland), or barrio-pueblo (Puerto Rico), among others; buildings that may function as seats of government include official residences, supreme court buildings, city or town halls, administrative or executive buildings, shire or county halls, legislative buildings, and barangay halls.
Hohe Warte Stadium
Hohe Warte Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Vienna, Austria. It is located on the Hohe Warte hill in Heiligenstadt, a northern suburb in the 19th Viennese district of Döbling. Primarily a football venue and the home of First Vienna FC, it has also occasionally played host to Austrian international rugby union matches and the Vienna Vikings American football team.

Austria national rugby union team
The Austria national rugby union team is a third tier rugby union playing nation. They began playing international rugby in the early 1990s. Thus far, Austria has not made an appearance at any of the World Cups.

The national side is ranked 70th in the world, as of 4 November 2024.
Kāneʻohe, Hawaii
Kāneʻohe (Hawaiian pronunciation: [kaːneˈʔohe]) is a census-designated place (CDP) included in the City and County of Honolulu and in Hawaiʻi state District of Koʻolaupoko on the island of Oʻahu. In the Hawaiian language, kāne ʻohe means "bamboo man". According to an ancient Hawaiian story, a local woman compared her husband's cruelty to the sharp edge of cutting bamboo; thus the place was named Kāneʻohe or "bamboo man".

The population was 37,430 at the 2020 census. Kāneʻohe is the largest of several communities along Kāneʻohe Bay and one of the two largest residential communities on the windward side of Oʻahu (the other is Kailua). The town's commercial center is spread mostly along Kamehameha Highway.

Features of note are Hoʻomaluhia Botanical Garden and the Hawaiʻi National Veterans Cemetery. The main shopping center is Windward Mall. Access to Kāneʻohe Bay is mainly from the public pier and boat ramp at nearby Heʻeia Kea.

Hawaiian religion
Hawaiian religion refers to the Indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Native Hawaiians, also known as the kapu system. Hawaiian religion is based largely on the tapu religion common in Polynesia and likely originated among the Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD. It is polytheistic and animistic, with a belief in many deities and spirits, including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as other animals, the waves, and the sky. It was only during the reign of Kamehameha I that a ruler from Hawaii island attempted to impose a singular "Hawaiian" religion on all the Hawaiian islands that was not Christianity.

Today, Hawaiian religious practices are protected by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. Traditional Hawaiian religion is unrelated to the modern New Age practice known as "Huna".
Shiv Hare
S Shiv (also known as Shiv Hare) is an Indian filmmaker, writer, producer and lyricist. He made his directorial debut in 2020 with Hindi movie Atkan Chatkan for which he got the 'Best Director' awards at the South London Film Festival & Jaipur International Film Festival.

Sony Entertainment Television
Sony Entertainment Television (abbreviated as SET) is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel that was launched in 1995 and is owned by Sony Pictures Networks, a division of Sony Pictures.
Satis (inhabited locality)
Satis (Russian: Сатис) is the name of several inhabited localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

Urban localities

Satis, Pervomaysk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a work settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of oblast significance of Pervomaysk

Rural localities

Satis, Diveyevsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a settlement in Satissky Selsoviet of Diveyevsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Pervomaysk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Pervomaysk (Russian: Первома́йск) is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located 190 kilometers (120 mi) south of Nizhny Novgorod. Population: 14,568 (2010 census); 15,094 (2002 census); 16,428 (1989 Soviet census); 16,000 (1974).
Paril Saddle
Paril Saddle (Parilska Sedlovina \pa-'ril-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a saddle of elevation 1,398 m (4,587 ft) in Friesland Ridge in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, Antarctica. Bounded by St. Boris Peak to the northeast, and Simeon Peak to the southwest. Overlooking Macy Glacier to the east and southeast, and Huntress Glacier to the west and northwest. Bulgarian topographic survey in 1995/96 (estimated elevation 1,390 m (4,560 ft)), and mapping in 2005 and 2009. It was first visited and GPS-surveyed by the Bulgarian climbers D. Boyanov, N. Petkov and N. Hazarbasanov on 15 January 2017.

The feature is named after the settlement of Paril and the adjacent homonymous saddle between Pirin Mountain and Slavyanka Mountain in southwestern Bulgaria.

Huntress Glacier
Huntress Glacier is a glacier 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) wide flowing into the head of False Bay, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated east of Johnsons Glacier, southeast of Contell Glacier and Balkan Snowfield, south of upper Perunika Glacier, southwest of Huron Glacier and northwest of Macy Glacier, and is bounded by Friesland Ridge and the Tangra Mountains to the southeast, Nesebar Gap, Pliska Ridge, Burdick Ridge and Willan Nunatak to the north, and Charrúa Gap and Napier Peak to the northwest.

The glacier was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1958 after the American schooner Huntress (Captain Christopher Burdick) from Nantucket, which visited the South Shetland Islands in 1820–21 in company with the Huron of New Haven, Connecticut.
Golbui-ye Bala
Golbui-ye Bala (Persian: گلبوي بالا, also Romanized as Golbūī-ye Bālā; also known as Golbū-ye Bālā, Golbū, and Golbū ‘Olyā) is a village in Belharat Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 372, in 107 families.

Nishapur County
Nishapur County (Persian: شهرستان نیشاپور) is in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Nishapur, the second largest city in the province and the third largest city in Eastern Iran.
364th Civil Affairs Brigade
The 364th Civil Affairs Brigade is a unit of the US Army Reserve since 1966.  The unit was first created in 1966 as HHC, 364th Civil Affairs Area and was assigned to Sixth Army in Portland, Oregon.  In 1975, the unit was redesignated as the 364th Civil Affairs Brigade.  The brigade has deployed several times since the 1990s, in (Saudi Arabia) the first Gulf War,  Bangladesh (Operation Sea Angel), Haiti (Operation Maintain Democracy), Bosnia (Task Force Eagle) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom).

Implementation Force
The Implementation Force (IFOR) was a NATO-led multinational peace enforcement force in Bosnia and Herzegovina under a one-year mandate from 20 December 1995 to 20 December 1996 under the codename Operation Joint Endeavour.
Frank Jonke
Frank Jonke (born January 30, 1985) is a Canadian former soccer player who played in the USL Premier Development League, Canadian Soccer League, Kakkonen, Ykkönen, Veikkausliiga, and the North American Soccer League.

FF Jaro
Fotbollsföreningen Jaro (Jakobstads Rostfria), commonly known simply as Jaro, is a Finnish professional football club based in the bilingual town of Jakobstad. The club currently plays in Veikkausliiga, the top tier in Finland.
Graham Waddell
Sir Charles Graham Waddell KBE (7 January 1877 – 7 April 1960) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Orange to bank manager Colonel George Walker Waddell and Fanny Elizabeth Sharpe. He attended Sydney Grammar School and worked as a bookkeeper and overseer near Adelong before becoming a grazier at Bethungra. He was president of the Graziers' Association from 1925 to 1928 and chairman of the Australian Woolgrowers' Council from 1925 to 1935. In 1927 he was knighted.

In 1936 he was elected to a 12 year term as a Country Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, serving from 1937 until 1949.

Waddell died at Potts Point in 1960 (aged 83).

His uncle Thomas Waddell was also a member of Legislative Assembly and briefly Premier, and his cousin John Waddell was the member for Waverley in the Legislative Assembly from 1932 until 1939.

Orange, New South Wales
Orange is a city in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 254 km (158 mi) west of the state capital, Sydney [206 km (128 mi) on a great circle], at an altitude of 862 metres (2,828 ft). Orange had an urban population of 41,920 at the 2021 Census, making the city a significant regional centre. A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of 1,395 m (4,577 ft) AHD and commanding views of the district. Orange is situated within the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri tribe.

Orange was the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher (Wentworth Books) and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was also born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as the Supercars Championship, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960.
Livia Bloom
Livia Bloom Ingram (née Livia Bloom) curates cinema retrospectives. Her writing and interviews regularly appear in the film journals Cinema Scope; Filmmaker, and Film Comment. She is the editor of the book Errol Morris: Interviews. Bloom currently serves as the Vice President for Icarus Films.

Ingram has curated film programs for the Museum of the Moving Image; The Maysles Cinema in Harlem,  The French Embassy's Tournées Festival; The Nantucket Film Festival; the MPAA Student Academy Awards; and The Film Society of Lincoln Center, among other organizations.

Film at Lincoln Center
Film at Lincoln Center (FLC), previously known as the Film Society of Lincoln Center (FSLC) until 2019, is a nonprofit organization based in New York City. Founded in 1969 by three Lincoln Center executives—William F. May, Martin E. Segal and Schuyler G. Chapin—the organization presents film festivals, retrospectives, new releases, restorations, and talks. Film at Lincoln Center is one of the eleven resident organizations at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
The Sands of Dee
The Sands of Dee is a 1912 American short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Mae Marsh and Robert Harron. It was produced and distributed by the Biograph Company.

A paper print is held at the Library of Congress.

The film is used in the opening scene of the 1946 psychological horror film The Spiral Staircase in a recreation of early film exhibition. The Spiral Staircase is set in 1906, making the appearance of this 1912 film anachronistic.

Biograph Company
The Biograph Company, also known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1916. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific, releasing over 3000 short films and 12 feature films. During the height of silent film as a medium, Biograph was the most prominent American film studio and one of the most respected and influential studios worldwide, only rivaled by Germany's UFA, Sweden's Svensk Filmindustri and France's Pathé. The company was home to pioneering director D. W. Griffith and such actors as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, and Lionel Barrymore.
Stolyarchuk
Stolyarchuk (Ukrainian: Столярчук) is a Ukrainian language surname derived from the occupation of stolyar (carpenter, cabinetmaker, joiner) and literally meaning "son of carpenter". Notable people with this surname include:

Andriy Stolyarchuk (born 2004), Ukrainian football player

Flor Stolyarchuk (1906–1944),  World War II Soviet military commander, Hero of the Soviet Union

Yuriy Stolyarchuk (born 1962), Ukrainian lawyer and statesman

Joinery
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood, engineered lumber, or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings).

The characteristics of wooden joints—strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc.—derive from the properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture, although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work; in other locales joinery is considered a form of carpentry.
WMAD
WMAD (96.3 FM "96-3 Star Country") is a commercial radio station licensed to Cross Plains, Wisconsin, and serving the Madison metropolitan area.  It broadcasts a country music radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.  WMAD carries two nationally syndicated radio shows from co-owned Premiere Networks:  The Bobby Bones Show on weekday mornings and CMT Nights with Cody Alan heard overnight.  The radio studios and offices are on South Fish Hatchery Road in Madison.

WMAD has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 5,100 watts.  The transmitter is on Simpson Road at U.S. Route 12 in Dane, Wisconsin.  In addition to the analog signal, WMAD also broadcasts an HD Radio signal.  The HD-2 digital subchannel carries an acoustic rock format, known as "Coffee Shop Radio."

Cross Plains, Wisconsin
Cross Plains is a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,104 at the 2020 census. The village is located partially within the Town of Cross Plains. It is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area.