hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Giovanni Antonio Giobert
Giovanni Antonio Giobert (27 October 1761 – 14 September 1834), also known as Jean-Antoine Giobert, was an Italian chemist and mineralogist who studied magnetism, galvanism, and agricultural chemistry.
He introduced Antoine Lavoisier's theories to Italy, and built a phosphorus-based eudiometer sufficiently sensitive to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen. He identified the correct composition of the mineral Gioberite, a form of magnesite (MgCO3) found in the Piedmont area. He was made a  knight (Cavaliere) for his work on the chemistry of indigo dyes.

Galvanism
Galvanism is a term coined by the late 18th-century physicist and chemist Alessandro Volta to refer to the generation of electric current by chemical action. The term also came to refer to the discoveries of its namesake, Luigi Galvani, specifically the generation of electric current within biological organisms and the contraction/convulsion of biological muscle tissue upon contact with electric current. While Volta theorized and later demonstrated the phenomenon of his "Galvanism" to be replicable with otherwise inert materials, Galvani thought his discovery to be a confirmation of the existence of "animal electricity," a vital force which gave life to organic matter.
Whorwood
Whorwood is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brome Whorwood (1615–1684), English politician

Jane Whorwood (1612–1684), English spy, wife of Brome Whorwood

Matthew Whorwood (born 1989), British Paralympic swimmer

Thomas Whorwood (1544–1616), English politician

Thomas Whorwood (1718–1771), High Sheriff of Oxfordshire

William Whorwood (c. 1500–1545), English lawyer

Matthew Whorwood
Matthew Whorwood (born 9 December 1989) is a British Paralympic swimmer. Whorwood, who swims mainly in S6 events has competed in two Paralympic Games winning three bronze medals in freestyle and breastroke events.
Dm-cache
dm-cache is a component (more specifically, a target) of the Linux kernel's device mapper, which is a framework for mapping block devices onto higher-level virtual block devices.  It allows one or more fast storage devices, such as flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs), to act as a cache for one or more slower storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs); this effectively creates hybrid volumes and provides secondary storage performance improvements.

The design of dm-cache requires three physical storage devices for the creation of a single hybrid volume; dm-cache uses those storage devices to separately store actual data, cache data, and required metadata.  Configurable operating modes and cache policies, with the latter in the form of separate modules, determine the way data caching is actually performed.

dm-cache is licensed under the terms of GNU General Public License (GPL), with Joe Thornber, Heinz Mauelshagen and Mike Snitzer as its primary developers.

Device file
In Unix-like operating systems, a device file, device node, or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file.  There are also special files in DOS, OS/2, and Windows.  These special files allow an application program to interact with a device by using its device driver via standard input/output system calls. Using standard system calls simplifies many programming tasks, and leads to consistent user-space I/O mechanisms regardless of device features and functions.
Doublethink Theatre
Doublethink Theatre was a London-based theatre company, producing a diverse mixture of work, from classical to new writing, in intimate spaces.

It was founded in 2006 by Patrick Myles, and its patron was the English actor Brian Blessed.

The company's premiere production was Thomas Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy, in a new adaptation by Meredith Oakes, which played at the Southwark Playhouse. Subsequent productions include Aleksandr Ostrovsky's A Family Affair, in a translation by Nick Dear, at the Arcola Theatre, Christopher Fry's The Lady's Not for Burning at the Finborough Theatre, and in a co-production with TFP, Orwell: A Celebration in an adaptation by Dominic Cavendish at the Trafalgar Studios.

The company was the recipient of the Society of London Theatre New Producer Bursary.

The company appears to have ceased operation in 2011, when its dormant Twitter and website accounts stopped updating.

Arcola Theatre
Arcola Theatre is in the London Borough of Hackney. It presents plays, operas and musicals featuring established and emerging artists.

The theatre building, in the former Colourworks paint factory on Ashwin Street, Dalston, houses two studio theatre spaces, two rehearsal studios and a café-bar. In 2021 the theatre opened Arcola Outside, also on Ashwin Street.

Since 2007 the Green Arcola project has aimed to make Arcola the world's first carbon-neutral theatre.
Giantin
Giantin or Golgin subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGB1 gene. Giantin is located at the cis-medial rims of the Golgi apparatus and is part of the Golgi matrix that is responsible for membrane trafficking in secretory pathway of proteins. This function is key for proper localisation of proteins at the plasma membrane and outside the cell (extracellular region) which is important for cell function that is dependent on for example receptors and the extracellular matrix function. Recent animal model knockout studies of GOLGB1 in mice, rat, and zebrafish have shown that phenotypes are different between species ranging from mild to severe craniofacial defects in the rodent models to just minor size defects in zebrafish. However, in adult zebrafish a tumoral calcinosis-like phenotype was observed, and in humans such phenotype has been linked to defective glycosyltransferase function (e.g. GALNT3 protein).

Golgi matrix
The Golgi matrix is a collection of proteins involved in the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. The matrix was first isolated in 1994 as an amorphous collection of 12 proteins that remained associated together in the presence of detergent (which removed Golgi membranes) and 150 mM NaCl (which removed weakly associated proteins). Treatment with a protease enzyme removed the matrix, which confirmed the importance of proteins for the matrix structure. Modern freeze etch electron microscopy (EM) clearly shows a mesh connecting Golgi cisternae and associated vesicles. Further support for the existence of a matrix comes from EM images showing that ribosomes are excluded from regions between and near Golgi cisternae.
Don Davern
Donal Davern (4 March 1935 – 2 November 1968) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician.

He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary South constituency at the 1965 general election succeeding his father, Michael Davern. In November 1966, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries. He died suddenly before completing his first term in Dáil Éireann. His brother Noel Davern was elected at the subsequent general election.

Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine
A Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine is a junior ministerial post in the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine of the Government of Ireland and assists the Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine. A Minister of State does not hold cabinet rank.

There are three Ministers of State:

Noel Grealish, TD – Minister of State with responsibility for food promotion, new markets, research and development. Grealish is also a super junior minister, which is a minister of state in attendance at cabinet, but without a vote.

Michael Healy-Rae, TD – Minister of State with responsibility for forestry, farm safety and horticulture.

Timmy Dooley, TD – Minister of State with responsibility for the marine.
Gavin Brown (politician)
Gavin Lindberg Brown (born 4 June 1975) is a Scottish Conservative Party politician. He was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Lothians region from 2007 to 2011, and then for the Lothian region from 2011 to 2016.

He contested Edinburgh South at the 2005 UK general election, where he came third. He contested the same seat at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election finishing fourth, but was elected to Holyrood as a list member for the Lothians region.

He was the party's Tourism and Enterprise Spokesman and sat on the Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee at Holyrood. He announced in 2015 that he would not be standing for re-election as an MSP in 2016.

Brown worked as a solicitor at McGrigors before his election to Holyrood. He is also a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and in 2008 ran the Edinburgh Marathon. He lives in the Fairmilehead area of Edinburgh and is married with one daughter and two sons.

Edinburgh Marathon
The Edinburgh Marathon is an annual marathon event, governed by Scottish Athletics and run in Scotland over the traditional distance of 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi). The first marathon event in Edinburgh was in 1982. Further marathons were held in Edinburgh in 1986 and 1999. Since 2003 the Edinburgh Marathon Festival has been held each year, usually in May. The current route begins in the city centre, moves out of Edinburgh into East Lothian, finishing at Musselburgh, East Lothian.
Sharafutdinov's retraction
In mathematics, Sharafutdinov's retraction is a construction that gives a retraction of an open non-negatively curved Riemannian manifold onto its soul.

It was first used by Sharafutdinov to show that any two souls of a complete Riemannian manifold with non-negative sectional curvature are isometric. Perelman later showed that in this setting, Sharafutdinov's retraction is in fact a submersion, thereby essentially settling the soul conjecture.

For open non-negatively curved Alexandrov space, Perelman also showed that there exists a Sharafutdinov retraction from the entire space to the soul. However it is not yet known whether this retraction is submetry or not.

Retraction (topology)
In topology, a retraction is a continuous mapping from a topological space into a subspace that preserves the position of all points in that subspace. The subspace is then called a retract of the original space. A deformation retraction is a mapping that captures the idea of continuously shrinking a space into a subspace.

An absolute neighborhood retract (ANR) is a particularly well-behaved type of topological space. For example, every topological manifold is an ANR. Every ANR has the homotopy type of a very simple topological space, a CW complex.
Islamic Games
The Islamic Games (Arabic: الألعاب الإسلامية, Turkish: İslam Ülkeleri Spor Oyunları) was a multi-sport event for athletes from Muslim countries that was held from 28 September to 5 October 1980 in İzmir, Turkey. Although 42 nations were invited to compete at the competition, ultimately only ten nations took part, with 691 athletes present. Among the nations competing at the tournament, only Algeria and Libya had sent delegations to the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow (the rest observed the boycott).

Multi-sport event
A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation-states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance was the Olympic Games, first held in modern times in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, one of a number of such events held in antiquity. Most modern multi-sport events have the same basic structure. Games are held over the 
course of several days in and around a "host city", which changes for each competition. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports.  Athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. Each game is generally held every four years, though some are annual competitions.
Peter dalle Carceri
Peter dalle Carceri (Italian: Pietro dalle Carceri, died 1340) was a Triarch of Euboea and Baron of Arcadia. He was descended from the noble Dalle Carceri family, son of Grapozzo dalle Carceri and Beatrice of Verona, both Lords of Euboea.

According to a conjecture by Karl Hopf, he married first with a daughter from the first marriage of George I Ghisi, Lord of Tinos and Mykonos; however this hypothesis is rejected by Loenertz.

In 1324, Peter is attested as lord of half of the Barony of Arcadia in the Principality of Achaea, and it is usually assumed that this came about as a result of a second marriage to Balzana Gozzadini, the widow of Baron Erard II of Aulnay. Balzana died soon after.

He died in 1340 and he was succeeded by his son Giovanni, who was the only son of the second marriage.

Mykonos
Mykonos (/ˈmɪkənɒs, -noʊs/, UK also /ˈmiːk-/; Greek: Μύκονος [ˈmikonos]) is a Greek island, part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. The island has an area of 85.5 square kilometres (33.0 sq mi) and rises to an elevation of 341 metres (1,119 feet) at its highest point. At the 2021 census, there were 10,704 inhabitants, most of whom lived in the largest town, Mykonos, which is on the west coast. The town is also known as Chora (i.e. 'Town' in Greek, following the common practice in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town).

Mykonos's nickname is "The Island of the Winds", due to the very strong winds that usually blow on the island. Tourism is a major industry and Mykonos is known for its vibrant nightlife.
Laura potato
Laura is a mid-season-ripening, firm-fleshed, edible potato. The Laura potato is red-skinned with a rich potato-yellow flesh color and an oval shape. It was first recognised in 1998 in Austria.  The depth of the eyes is between flat and very flat.

The potato is robustly resistant to damage and is highly resistant to scab, leafroll virus and potato viruses A and Y.   However, it is susceptible to potato wart and cyst nematodes.

Some authorities advise against the use of any herbicide containing metribuzine at any stage.

Potato cyst nematode
Potato root nematodes or potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are 1-mm long roundworms belonging to the genus Globodera, which comprises around 12 species. They live on the roots of plants of the family Solanaceae, such as potatoes and tomatoes. PCN cause growth retardation and, at very high population densities, damage to the roots and early senescence of plants. The nematode is not indigenous to Europe but originates from the Andes. Fields are free from PCN until an introduction occurs, after which the typical patches, or hotspots, occur on the farmland. These patches can become full field infestations when unchecked. Yield reductions can average up to 60% at high population densities.
1973 NCAA College Division baseball tournament
The 1973 NCAA College Division baseball tournament decided the champion of baseball at the NCAA College Division level for the 1973 season.  This was the sixth such tournament for the College Division, having separated from the University Division in 1957.   The UC Irvine Anteaters won the championship by defeating the Ithaca Bombers.

UC Irvine Anteaters baseball
The UC Irvine Anteaters baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of the University of California, Irvine. The team's home venue is Cicerone Field at Anteater Ballpark located on campus in Irvine, California. UC Irvine baseball has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big West Conference since the start of the 2002 season which was the Anteaters' first season of play following the university's decision to revive its baseball program following the sport's discontinuation in 1992.

The Anteaters won the College Division national championship in 1973 and the Division II national championship in 1974. Since moving to Division I play they have appeared in the NCAA tournament ten times and the College World Series twice.
Francesco Cungi
Francesco di Cungi was an Italian painter, born in 1560 in Sansepolcro, and active at least until 1590s, when he painted a Martyrdom of St Sebastian for the Volterra Cathedral. He is said to have been a member of the Accademia del disegno of Florence during 1596–97.

Sansepolcro
Sansepolcro, formerly Borgo Santo Sepolcro, is a town and comune founded in the 11th century, located in the Italian Province of Arezzo in the eastern part of the region of Tuscany.

Situated on the upper reaches of the Tiber river, the town is the birthplace of the painters Piero della Francesca, Raffaellino del Colle (a pupil of Raphael), Matteo di Giovanni, Santi di Tito, and Angiolo Tricca.  It was also the birthplace of the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli, and of Matteo Cioni, who translated Piero della Francesca's treatise about perspective in painting (De prospectiva pingendi) into Latin.

Today, the economy of the town is based on agriculture, industrial manufacturing, food processing and pharmaceuticals. It is the home of Buitoni pasta, founded by Giulia Buitoni in 1827.
STV-US
STV-US (Bengali: এসটিভি ইউএস) was a Bangladeshi-American Bengali-language television channel headquartered in Queens, New York City. The chairman of the channel was Hannan Firoze, Vice-Chancellor of Stamford University till 2007 when it was closed down. Fatinaaz Feroz, present chairman of Stamford University, served as the President of STV-US from 2004 to 2007, when it was closed. Naem Nizam, later editor of Bangladesh Pratidin, was the managing director of the channel.

Stamford University Bangladesh
Stamford University Bangladesh  (Bengali: স্টামফোর্ড ইউনিভার্সিটি বাংলাদেশ) is a private university in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was established in 2002 under the Private University Act. Before starting as a university, its predecessor institution was known as a Stamford College Group established in 1994, later it was upgraded to a university in 2002 and appeared as Stamford University Bangladesh. Stamford University is the first ISO certified university in Bangladesh. Stamford University Bangladesh is fully approved by University Grants Commission. The university was recently asked by the commission along with 3 other private universities to stop enrolling new students for failing to fulfill UGC's condition to shift to a permanent campus.
Dixit–Stiglitz model
The Dixit–Stiglitz model is a model of monopolistic competition developed by Avinash Dixit and Joseph Stiglitz (1977). It has been used in many fields of economics including macroeconomics, economic geography and international trade theory. The model formalises consumers' preferences for product variety by using a CES function. Previous attempts to provide a model that accounted for variety preference (such as Harold Hotelling's location model) were indirect and failed to provide an easily interpretable and usable form for further study. In the Dixit–Stiglitz model, variety preference is inherent within the assumption of monotonic preferences because a consumer with such preferences prefers to have an average of any two bundles of goods as opposed to extremes.

Avinash Dixit
Avinash Kamalakar Dixit (born 6 August 1944) is an Indian-American economist.  He is the John J.F. Sherrerd '52 University Professor of Economics Emeritus at Princeton University. He has been a distinguished adjunct professor of economics at Lingnan University (Hong Kong), senior research fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford and Sanjaya Lall Senior Visiting Research Fellow at Green Templeton College, Oxford.
Portlandite
Portlandite is a hydroxide-bearing mineral typically included in the oxide mineral class. It is the naturally occurring form of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and the calcium analogue of brucite (Mg(OH)2).

Larnite
Larnite is a calcium silicate mineral with the formula Ca2SiO4. It is the calcium member of the olivine group of minerals.

It was first described from an occurrence at Scawt Hill, Larne, Northern Ireland in 1929 by Cecil Edgar Tilley and named for the location. At the type locality it occurs with wollastonite, spurrite, perovskite,	merwinite,	melilite and gehlenite. It occurs in contact metamorphosed limestones and chalks adjacent to basaltic intrusives.

Dicalcium silicate is chemically β–Ca2SiO4, sometimes represented by the idealized oxide formula 2CaO·SiO2 also noted C2S in the cement chemist notation (CCN). When used in the cement industry, the mineral is usually referred to as belite.
Mike Lester
Michael Eugene Lester (born March 3, 1955) is an American conservative editorial cartoonist and artist who has worked as a children's book illustrator. He is also the creator of the syndicated comic strip Mike du Jour.

He was born in Atlanta, Georgia.

Mike du Jour launched in 1995, running in The Wall Street Journal until 1998.  It began being syndicated in 2012, by The Washington Post Writers Group; in 2022 the strip moved to Andrews McMeel Syndication. Lester had previously moved his editorial cartooning work to Andrews McMeel in 2021.

Lester was arrested and jailed on August 20, 2009 for misdemeanor charges of battery and interfering with a 911 call originating from a domestic dispute with his wife, Regan Lester.

Editorial cartoonist
An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context. Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, emphasize their point of view or comment on a particular event.

Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, it can be understood across many languages and countries. A strong tradition of editorial cartooning can be found throughout the world, in all political environments, including Cuba, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Iran, France, Denmark, Canada and the United States.
Geoff Lord
Geoffrey Fredrick Lord (born March 28 1945) is an Australian businessman and investor, best known as the founder, chairman, and chief executive of the Belgravia Group.

Lord is currently chairman or director of several publicly listed companies within Australia including ex-chairman and founder of UXC Limited, executive chairman of Tesserent LTD, non-executive and founding director of Judo Capital, director of the Melbourne Business School and chairman of Salvest.

Lord first appeared on the BRW Rich 200 in 2005 with a net worth of A$115 million. In 2020, Lord's net worth was assessed at A$569 million. Lord did not reach the threshold for inclusion on the 2021 Rich List. This is theorised to be due to his large holdings in difficult-to-measure private companies.

UXC
UXC Ltd is an Australian company owned by DXC Technology, which operates in the IT services industry with over 3,000 employees in the private and public sectors across Australasia. UXC is composed of three distinct internal groups in various industry segments.
Mukōjima-Hyakkaen Garden
Mukōjima-Hyakkaen Garden (向島百花園, Mukōjima Hyakkaen) is an urban garden located in Sumida, Tokyo. The garden was created by a merchant, and is different from daimyō gardens, and therefore it is not a "traditional Japanese garden" in the proper sense of the term. It is the only surviving flower garden from the Edo period. Mukōjima comes from the region's old name, Hyakkaen was chosen to mean "a garden with a hundred flowers that bloom throughout the four seasons". The garden covers an area of about 10,886 m2.

Urban horticulture
Urban horticulture is the science and study of the growing plants in an urban environment. It focuses on the functional use of horticulture so as to maintain and improve the surrounding urban area. Urban horticulture has seen an increase in attention with the global trend of urbanization and works to study the harvest, aesthetic, architectural, recreational and psychological purposes and effects of plants in urban environments.