hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sarames the Elder
Sarames the Elder was an Iranian officer of Median origin, who served in high offices under the Sasanian king Hormizd IV (r. 579–590), possibly as the governor of a province. When Bahram Chobin rebelled against Hormizd IV, Sarames was sent to suppress his rebellion, but was defeated and captured by the latter, who had him trampled to death by elephants.

Persian war elephants
War elephants were used in Iranian military history, most notably in Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Sasanian periods. These were Asian elephants recruited from the southern provinces of Iran  and India, but also possibly Syrian elephants from Syria and western Iran.

The men (excluding the driver) sat in a large tower from which troops would fight. The elephant itself would normally be armed with thin plate armour (the Sassanids used chain mail as well as thin plate armour) and would bear a large crenelated wooden howdah on its back. Persian war elephants were trained by their rider, called a mahout, who would also ride the elephant into battle. While on the move, the elephants required large paths to cut to accommodate their passage. Training elephants was a difficult task and their upkeep was expensive because of their high nutritional demands.
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. Solutions of HF are colorless, acidic and highly corrosive. A common concentration is 49% (48–52%) but there are also stronger solutions (e.g. 70%) and pure HF has a boiling point near room temperature. It is used to make most organofluorine compounds; examples include the commonly used pharmaceutical antidepressant medication fluoxetine (Prozac) and the  material polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). Elemental fluorine is produced from it. It is commonly used to etch glass and silicon wafers.

Ion association
In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of  opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Intimate ion pairs are also classified according to the nature of the interaction as contact, solvent-shared or solvent-separated. The most important factor to determine the extent of ion association is the dielectric constant of the solvent. Ion associates have been characterized by means of vibrational spectroscopy, as introduced by Niels Bjerrum, and dielectric-loss spectroscopy.
John Francon Williams
John Francon Williams FRGS (1854 – 4 September 1911) was a British writer, geographer, historian, journalist, cartographer, and inventor, born in Llanllechid, Caernarvonshire. His seminal work was The Geography of the Oceans.

Alfred Lewis Jones
Sir Alfred Lewis Jones KCMG comYC (24 February 1845 – 13 December 1909) was a Welsh businessman and ship-owner. Described by W. T. Stead as "The Uncrowned King of West Africa", Jones was a pre-eminent figure in the colonial shipping trade who amassed considerable business through his many exploits. He was also regarded as a public benefactor in later life and through the execution of his will.
Ville Sbertoli
Ville Sbertoli (also known as Casa di salute Sbertoli) was a lunatic asylum in Pistoia, Italy. The original structure was built in the 17th century. In 1868, it was bought by Agostino Sbertoli, who wanted to create a health facility for wealthy families. After serving as a political prison during World War II, it was transformed into a public psychiatric hospital in 1951. The complex was later abandoned.

Lunatic asylum
The lunatic asylum, insane asylum or mental asylum was an institution where people with mental illness were confined. It was an early precursor of the modern psychiatric hospital.

Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylum. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes brutal and focused on containment and restraint. The discovery of anti-psychotic drugs and mood-stabilizing drugs resulted in a shift in focus from containment in lunatic asylums to treatment in psychiatric hospitals. Later, there was further and more thorough critique in the form of the deinstitutionalization movement which focuses on treatment at home or in less isolated institutions.

Whilst it was used in the past, modern and more humane areas have been developed as opposed to the unorthodox methods of isolation and questionable therapies used in Lunatic (insane) asylum(s).
Laura Jones (journalist)
Laura Jones (born 1975) is a British television journalist who is best known for her work on the popular children's television programme Newsround.

She was born in Aberystwyth, Wales, but spent most of her childhood in Lampeter, also in Wales. Laura worked as a journalist for BBC News in Wales before joining Newsround in 2002.

During her career to date Jones has reported from locations across the world, including a visit to New Orleans in 2005 to report on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

She was also a presenter on Your News on BBC News until the programme ended in December 2008.

Since January 2009, Jones can be seen presenting the sports bulletins on the BBC News.

Jones studied Modern Languages at Aston University, Birmingham.

Lampeter
Lampeter (/ˈlæmpətər/; Welsh: Llanbedr Pont Steffan (formal); Llambed (colloquial)) is a town and  community in Ceredigion, Wales, at the confluence of the Afon Dulas with the River Teifi. It is the third largest urban area in Ceredigion, after Aberystwyth and Cardigan, and had a campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. At the 2011 Census, the population was 2,970. Lampeter was also a university town.
Nur für Deutsche
The slogan Nur für Deutsche (English: "Only for Germans") was a German ethnocentric slogan indicating that certain establishments, transportation and other facilities such as park benches, bars and restaurants were reserved exclusively for Germans. It was used during World War II in many German-occupied countries, especially Poland from 1939 until the defeat of Germany in 1945. Signs bearing the slogan were posted at entrances to parks, cafes, cinemas, theaters and other facilities. They were normally the best such facilities to show the indigenous population the alleged "superiority" of the Germans.

Bench (furniture)
A bench is a long seat on which multiple people may sit at the same time. Benches are typically made of wood, but may also be made of metal, stone, or synthetic materials. Many benches have back rests, while others do not and can be accessed from either side. Arm rests are another common feature. In many American public areas, benches may be donated by persons or associations, as indicated by an affixed plaque, a common form of memorial to a deceased person (see memorial bench). Benches may be placed outdoors or indoors, but are more often found outdoors.
Lectionary 169
Lectionary 169, designated by siglum ℓ 169 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. 
Formerly it was labelled as Lectionary 65a (Gregory) or as 52a by Scrivener.

Scribal abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse.

In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between different such manuscripts).
You Saved My Life
You Saved My Life is an Australian factual television series that screened on the Nine Network in 2009. It was hosted by 60 Minutes reporter Tara Brown and the doctor Andrew Rochford.

You Saved My Life follows the stories of people who have been rescued in an emergency and reunited with their rescuers. It has a similar premise to the successful Seven Network factual television series Triple Zero Heroes. Two weeks after it started airing and six episodes in, the show was cancelled for the final time after having been taken off air and reinstated.

In one episode, a plane crash survivor, Allana Arnott, meets with Hugh Russell, who had rescued her in the Blue Mountains 18 years prior. In another episode, a toddler who is now 26 meets with the train conductor who lept from a speeding train to rescue the child from the tracks moments ahead of an oncoming express train between Newcastle and Sydney.

60 Minutes (Australian TV program)
60 Minutes is an Australian version of the American news magazine television show of the same title, airing on the Nine Network since 1979 on Sunday nights. A New Zealand version uses segments of the show. The program is one of five inducted into Australia's television Logie Hall of Fame.
Battle of Trebeshina
The Battle of Trebeshina (Greek: Μάχη της Τρεμπεσίνας) or the Battle of Mal Trebeshinë was a series of engagements fought between the Greek and Italian armies in southeastern Albania during the Greco-Italian War. The twenty-day battle was fought on the strategic heights that make up the 26-kilometre-long (16 mi) Trebeshinë mountain range, notably Height 1923.

Royal Italian Army during World War II
The Royal Italian Army (Italian: Regio Esercito) was the land forces of the Kingdom of Italy during World War II. It was active from 1940 until the end of the war in 1945. During the war, a total about 2.56 million conscripts and volunteers served in the Royal Italian Army.

In the aftermath of the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, the Royal Italian Army became the Italian Co-belligerent Army fighting alongside the Allies, while the National Republican Army was created by the Italian Social Republic to fight alongside the Axis.
Peace Palace (Taipei)
The Peace Palace (Chinese: 和平大苑; pinyin: Hépíng Dà Yuàn) is a residential skyscraper located in Daan District, Taipei, Taiwan. Completed in 2014, the height of the building is 144 m (472 ft), and it comprises 38 floors above ground, as well as seven basement levels.

The residential building is located in close proximity to National Taiwan Normal University and offers 106 luxury apartments units, which successfully appealed to the Taiwanese singer and songwriter Jay Chou, who bought the topmost floor of the building, which has a view of the cityscape of Taipei.

Daan District, Taipei
Daan District (or Da-an District, Da'an District) is an important political, educational, commercial, residential and cultural district of Taipei, Taiwan. The name of the district means "great safety" or "great peace".  Located in Northern Taiwan, it is known for having one of the highest real estate prices in Taipei and Asia in general.
Golemas
Golemas is a village situated in the central plains of Albania's Western Lowlands region. It is part of Tirana County. As a result of the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Kavajë.

Albanian Coastal Lowlands
The Coastal Lowlands (Albanian: Ultësira Bregdetare) is a physiogeographical region encompassing the western edge of Albania. It comprises the flat plains extending in the west along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coast that are surrounded by hills and mountains as for instance in the northeast by the Albanian Alps, in the east by the Skanderbeg Mountains, in the southeast by the Pindus Mountains and in the southwest by the Ceraunian Mountains. Nonetheless, the largest and widest plain, measured by area, is the plain of Myzeqe.
Château de Rambures
Le Château de Rambures is a castle situated in the commune of Rambures in the Somme département of France.

It was constructed in the Middle Ages in the style of a military fortress of the 15th century and was one of the first castles in Europe to be constructed almost exclusively in bricks. The castle is set in a park, the Parc et Roseraie du Château de Rambures containing a rose garden and ancient trees.

The castle contains very interesting Picardy furniture from the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

It has been classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1927.

Ministry of Culture (France)
The Ministry of Culture (French: Ministère de la Culture [ministɛʁ də la kyltyʁ]) is the ministry of the Government of France in charge of national museums and the monuments historiques. Its goal is to maintain the French identity through the promotion and protection of the arts (visual, plastic, theatrical, musical, dance, architectural, literary, televisual and cinematographic) on national soil and abroad. Its budget is mainly dedicated to the management of the Archives Nationales (six national sites and hundred decentralised storage facilities) and the regional Maisons de la culture (culture centres).

Its main office is in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement of Paris on the Rue de Valois. It is headed by the Minister of Culture, a cabinet member. The most recent officeholder has been Rachida Dati, before she resigned to focus on her candidacy of the 2026 Paris municipal election.
KPXL-TV
KPXL-TV (channel 26) is a television station licensed to Uvalde, Texas, United States, broadcasting the Ion Television network to the San Antonio area. Owned by the Ion Media subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company, KPXL-TV maintains transmitter facilities off Highway 173/RM Road 689 on the Medina–Bandera county line (west-northwest of Lakehills).

Farm-to-market road
In the United States, a farm-to-market road or ranch-to-market road (sometimes farm road or ranch road for short) is a state highway or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns. These are better-quality roads, usually a highway, that farmers and ranchers use to transport products to market towns or distribution centers. Historically used throughout the country, today the term is primarily associated with a large state-maintained highway system in Texas.
Warnock, Ohio
Warnock is an unincorporated community in northern Smith Township, Belmont County, Ohio, United States.  It has a post office with the ZIP code 43967.  It lies along State Route 9.

Warnock is part of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Ohio State Route 9
State Route 9 (SR 9) is a north–south route running through four counties in east central Ohio. Its route is 92.5 miles (148.9 km) long. The southern terminus is at SR 148 in Armstrongs Mills and the northern terminus is with US 62 north of Salem.
Lambeth Bluff
Lambeth Bluff (53°11′S 73°36′E﻿ / ﻿53.183°S 73.600°E﻿ / -53.183; 73.600) is a rock coastal bluff at the end of South Barrier, on the east side of Fiftyone Glacier, on the south side of Heard Island. It was surveyed in 1948 by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) and named "Cape Lambeth" for A. James Lambeth, a geologist with the expedition. Further ANARE exploration led to revision of the name in 1964 to Lambeth Bluff.

Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE /ænˈɑːri/ ann-AR-ee) is the historical name for the Australian Antarctic Program (AAP) administered for Australia by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD).
Atlas G
The Atlas G, also known as Atlas G Centaur-D1AR was an American expendable launch system derived from the Atlas-Centaur. It was a member of the Atlas family of rockets and was used to launch seven communication satellites during the mid to late 1980s. Atlas G consisted of an improved Atlas core with modernized avionics and stretched propellant tanks. The Centaur stage also had several updated components and other technical improvements. Atlas G flew 7 times, with all missions aiming to go to a geostationary transfer orbit. It was replaced by the near-identical Atlas I, which had an improved guidance system and offered a larger payload fairing.

Expendable launch system
An expendable launch system (or expendable launch vehicle/ELV) is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once, after which its components are destroyed during reentry or impact with Earth, or discarded in space. ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the vehicle gains altitude and speed. As of 2024, fewer and fewer satellites and human spacecraft are launched on ELVs in favor of reusable launch vehicles. However, there are many instances where a ELV may still have a compelling use case over a reusable vehicle. ELVs are simpler in design than reusable launch systems and therefore may have a lower production cost. Furthermore, an ELV can use its entire fuel supply to accelerate its payload, offering greater payloads. ELVs are a proven technology in widespread use for many decades.
Al-Aziziyah (Iraq)
Al-Aziziyah (Arabic: العزيزية) is an Iraqi town located in Wasit Province, on the left bank of the Tigris River. Located approximately 80 kilometers northwest of Kut, it is the administrative and political centre of Al-Aziziyah District. As of 2009, it had an estimated population of 44,868 citizens.

Wasit Governorate
Wasit Governorate (Arabic: واسط, romanized: Wāsit) is a governorate in eastern Iraq, south-east of Baghdad and bordering Iran. Prior to 1976 it was known as Kut Province. Major cities include the capital Al-Kut, Al-Hai and Al-Suwaira. The governorate contains the Mesopotamian Marshes of Shuwayja, Al-Attariyah, and Hor Aldelmj. Its name comes from the Arabic word meaning "middle", as the former city of Wasit lay along the Tigris about midway between Baghdad and Basra. Wasit city was abandoned after the Tigris shifted course.
Bassae
Bassae (Latin: Bassae, Ancient Greek: Βάσσαι – Bassai, meaning "little vale in the rocks") is an archaeological site in Oichalia, a municipality in the northeastern part of Messenia, Greece. In classical antiquity, it was part of Arcadia. Bassae lies near the village of Skliros, northeast of Figaleia, south of Andritsaina and west of Megalopolis. It is famous for the well-preserved mid- to late-5th century BC Temple of Apollo Epicurius.

Although this temple is geographically remote from major polities of ancient Greece, it is one of the most studied ancient Greek temples because of its multitude of unusual features. Bassae was the first Greek site to be inscribed on the World Heritage List, in 1986.

Megalopolis, Greece
Megalopoli (Greek: Μεγαλόπολη, Megalopoli) is a town in the southwestern part of the regional unit of Arcadia, southern Greece. It is located on the same site as ancient Megalopolis (Ancient Greek: Μεγαλόπολις, romanized: Megalópolis, lit. 'large/great city'). When it was founded in 371 BC, it was the first large urbanization in rustic Arcadia. Its theatre had a capacity of 20,000 visitors, making it one of the largest ancient Greek theatres.

Today, Megalopoli has several schools, shops, churches, hotels and other services. The population of Megalopoli in 2021 was 5,344 residents.
2017 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles
Elina Svitolina defeated Caroline Wozniacki in the final, 6–4, 6–2 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2017 Dubai Tennis Championships.

Sara Errani was the reigning champion, but withdrew before the tournament due to an adductor problem.

Angelique Kerber was in contention to regain the world No. 1 ranking by winning the title, but lost in the semifinals to Svitolina.

Zhu Lin (tennis)
Zhu Lin (Chinese: 朱琳; pinyin: Zhū Lín; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂú lǐn] ⓘ; born 28 January 1994) is a Chinese tennis player. On 18 September 2023, Zhu reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 31. She attained her best WTA doubles ranking of No. 80 on 2 October 2023. Zhu has won the 2023 Thailand Open in singles and the 2019 Jiangxi Open in doubles. She has also won one singles and one doubles title in WTA 125 tournaments, as well as 15 singles and six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

Playing for China Fed Cup team, Zhu has a win–loss record of 11–5 as of July 2025.
Khodadoust line
A Khodadoust line or chronic focal transplant reaction is a medical sign that indicates a complication of corneal graft surgery on the eye.
This method is called Khodadoust line because of many years research about this by Professor Ali Asghar Khodadoust. This medical condition is similar to organ rejection after an organ transplant, except that it involves immunological rejection of a transplanted cornea rather than an internal organ.

A Khodadoust line is made up of mononuclear cells (white blood cells). These cells appear at the vascularized edge of the recently transplanted cornea. If untreated, the line of white blood cells will move across and damage the endothelial cells of the cornea over the space of several days.

Prompt treatment by immunosuppression can prevent further damage.

Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.

In general, deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant. Additionally, it is used for treating graft-versus-host disease after a bone marrow transplant, or for the treatment of auto-immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's disease, or Crohn's disease. This is typically done using medications, but may involve surgery (splenectomy), plasmapheresis, or radiation. A person who is undergoing immunosuppression, or whose immune system is weak for some other reasons (such as chemotherapy or HIV), is said to be immunocompromised.
Winden (Pfalz) station
Winden (Pfalz) station is in the town of Winden in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and is its public transport node. At the station, the line to Wissembourg in Alsace branches off the Palatine Maximilian Railway (Pfälzische Maximiliansbahn), which runs from Neustadt an der Weinstraße to Karlsruhe. In addition, the Kurbadlinie ("Spa Line") branches off at the station to Bad Bergzabern. It is located at the eastern edge of the town. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station.

Wissembourg
Wissembourg (French pronunciation: [visɑ̃buʁ] ⓘ; South Franconian: Weisseburch [ˈvaɪsəbʊʁç]; German: Weißenburg [ˈvaɪsn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Wissembourg was a sub-prefecture of the department until 2015. The name Wissembourg is a Gallicized version of Weißenburg (Weissenburg) in German meaning "white castle". The Latin place-name, sometimes used in ecclesiastical sources, is Sebusium.

The town was annexed by France after 1648 but then incorporated into Germany in 1871. It was returned to France in 1919, but reincorporated back into Germany in 1940. After 1944 it again became French.
Unterer Hauenstein Pass
Unterer Hauenstein Pass (el. 691 m.) is a mountain pass in the Jura Mountains between the canton of Basel-Country and Solothurn in Switzerland.

It connects Buckten in Basel-Country and Trimbach in Solothurn. The pass road has a maximum grade of 6 percent.

The pass was probably already used by the Romans. In 1993, Roman artifacts were discovered at the pass. It also lies close to the Roman settlement of Augusta Raurica.

Augusta Raurica
Augusta Raurica is a Roman archaeological site and an open-air museum in Switzerland located on the south bank of the Rhine river about 20 km east of Basel near the villages of Augst and Kaiseraugst.  It is the site of the oldest known Roman colony on the Rhine.
Jake Paul vs. Mike Perry
Jake Paul vs. Mike Perry, billed as Fear No Man, was a cruiserweight professional crossover boxing match contested between American YouTuber-turned-professional boxer Jake Paul and American bare knuckle boxer and former mixed martial artist Mike Perry. The bout took place at the Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida on July 20, 2024.

Cruiserweight (boxing)
Cruiserweight, also referred to as junior heavyweight, is a weight class in professional boxing between light heavyweight and heavyweight. Before the advent of the current cruiserweight class, "light heavyweight" and "cruiserweight" were sometimes used interchangeably in the United Kingdom.