hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Montenegrinization
Montenegrinization (Serbo-Croatian: Crnogorizacija/Црногоризација; Albanian: Malazezizimi) is the spread of Montenegrin culture, Montenegrin people, and the Montenegrin standard variety of the Serbo-Croatian language, either by social integration or by cultural or forced assimilation. There is an ongoing controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro, meaning that perspectives differ on what being or becoming "Montenegrin" even means, and how it relates to other (possibly overlapping) identities existing in the same country and neighbouring regions, its inhabitants and its diaspora, the language(s) they speak, the beliefs and cultural practices they hold to, how they view the relationship between nationality and ethnicity, and how they self-identify.

Montenegrin language
Montenegrin (crnogorski / црногорски [tsr̩nǒɡorskiː]) is the standard variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins. It is the official language of Montenegro. Montenegrin is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.

The language used in Montenegro has historically and traditionally been called simply as Serbian. The idea of a Montenegrin standard language distinct from Serbian is a relatively recent political development that emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s amid the breakup of Yugoslavia. It was closely associated with movements advocating Montenegrin independence from Serbia and Montenegro. Following independence, Montenegrin was designated the official language of Montenegro in 2007 with the adoption of a new constitution.
LuAZ-967
The LuAZ-967 (Russian: ЛуАЗ-967) was the Transporter of the Front Line, a small Soviet four-wheel drive amphibious vehicle. Light enough to be air transportable, it had a 400 kg (880 lb) payload over most terrain.

Amphibious vehicle
An amphibious vehicle (or simply amphibian) is a vehicle that works both on land and on or under water. Amphibious vehicles include amphibious bicycles, ATVs, cars, buses, trucks, railway vehicles, combat vehicles, and hovercraft.

Classic landing craft are not amphibious vehicles as they do not work on land, although they are part of amphibious warfare. Ground effect vehicles, such as ekranoplans, would likely crash on any but the flattest of landmasses so are also not considered to be amphibious vehicles.
Hermite normal form
In linear algebra, the Hermite normal form is an analogue of reduced echelon form for matrices over the integers . Just as reduced echelon form can be used to solve problems about the solution to the linear system  where , the Hermite normal form can solve problems about the solution to the linear system  where this time  is restricted to have integer coordinates only. Other applications of the Hermite normal form include integer programming, cryptography, and abstract algebra.

Integer programming
An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are linear.

Integer programming is NP-complete (the difficult part is showing the NP membership). In particular, the special case of 0–1 integer linear programming, in which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems.

If some decision variables are not discrete, the problem is known as a mixed-integer programming problem.
Localities of Iceland
Most municipalities in Iceland include more than one settlement. For example, four localities (Selfoss, Stokkseyri, Eyrarbakki, and Tjarnabyggð) can all be found in the municipality of Árborg.

A number of municipalities only contain a single locality, while there are also a few municipalities in which no localities exist. All localities in Iceland can only be located within a single municipality, i.e. they cannot straddle multiple municipality borders. Some municipalities, such as Hafnarfjörður and Akranes, also share the same name with a locality. However, these localities are not always situated in their namesake municipalities. In those cases, this does not necessarily mean that they there are no other localities included in that particular municipality. Even when they are the only locality there, they do not always encompass the span of that municipality's entire land area.

Árborg
Sveitarfélagið Árborg (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsveiːtarˌfjɛːˌlaijɪð ˈaurˌpɔrk] ⓘ) is a municipality in southern Iceland. It is the most populous in the region, with a population of 11,565 in 2024. Founded in 1998, its largest town is Selfoss. Eyrarbakki and Stokkseyri are two communities on the southern coast and Sandvíkurhreppur is a rural administrative region  between those three other towns.

The area was represented in the fifth episode of the first season of the parody TV series Documentary Now! as the host of an Al Capone Festival.
Targett
Targett is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Archibald Targett (1862–1931), Canadian politician

Ben Targett (born 1972), Australian cricketer

Katie Targett-Adams, Scottish singer and Celtic harpist

Matt Targett (born 1985), Australian swimmer

Matt Targett (born 1995), English footballer

Scott Targett, Canadian businessman

Walter Targett (1849–1918), English-born Australian politician

Scott Targett
Scott Targett is a businessman in the province of New Brunswick, Canada.  He is also a former politician having served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 2003 to 2006.

A Liberal, he served in the shadow cabinet of Shawn Graham critiquing the ministers of natural resources and later human resources.  He was also chair of the Liberal caucus from 2003 to 2004.

Born in rural New Brunswick, Targett was educated at the University of New Brunswick. He married Rhonda MacDonald.
2 Esdras
2 Esdras, also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra, is an apocalyptic book in some English versions of the Bible. Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the fifth century BC, whom the book identifies with the sixth-century figure Shealtiel.: 37

2 Esdras forms a part of the canon of Scripture in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (an Oriental Orthodoxy body), though it is reckoned among the apocrypha by Roman Catholics and Protestants. Within Eastern Orthodoxy it forms a part of the canon although its usage varies by different traditions. 2 Esdras was translated by Jerome as part of the Vulgate, though he placed it in an appendix.

Ostrog Bible
The Ostrog Bible (Ukrainian: Острозька Біблія, romanized: Ostroz’ka Bibliia; Russian: Острожская Библия, romanized: Ostrozhskaya Bibliya) was the first complete printed edition of the Bible in Church Slavonic, published in Ostrog (now Ostroh, Ukraine) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the printer Ivan Fyodorov in 1581 with the assistance of Konstantin Ostrogski. It was based on Gennady's Bible and was the primary source for the Moscow Bible published in 1663 under Alexis of Russia.
Calvin Schofield Jr.
Calvin Onderdonk Schofield Jr., (born January 6, 1933), the second Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Southeast Florida, was born in 1933, in Delhi, New York, the son of Calvin O. Schofield and his wife, Mabel Ellen Schofield.  He is a member of the Onderdonk family of New York which produced two 19th-century bishops, Henry Ustick Onderdonk in the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania and Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk in  the Episcopal Diocese of New York.

Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania
The Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania is a diocese of the Episcopal Church of the United States, encompassing the counties of Philadelphia, Montgomery, Bucks, Chester, and Delaware in the state of Pennsylvania. In March 2016, Daniel G. P. Gutierrez was elected Bishop Diocesan; he was consecrated and assumed office on July 16, 2016. Upon becoming bishop in 2016, Gutiérrez implemented a strategy of experimentation and adaptation.

The diocese reported 42,317 members in 2015 and 32,225 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 parochial reports. Plate and pledge income for the 133 filing congregations of the diocese in 2024 was $29,029,635. Average Sunday attendance (ASA) was 8,302 persons.
Bread bowl
A bread bowl is a round loaf of bread which has had the top cut off and a large portion of the middle hollowed out to create an edible bowl. They are often made out of sourdough bread or pumpernickel. They are typically larger than a roll but smaller than a full-sized loaf of bread.

Bread bowls can be used to serve chili, New England–style clam chowder, and other thick soups and stews (often, but not always, with a cheese or cream base). Soups with thinner bases are not generally served in bread bowls, as the broth would make the bread get too soggy too quickly. The bread becomes flavored as it absorbs some of the stew's base, and can be eaten after the stew has been eaten. Bread bowls are also used for dips, using the scooped-out bread for dipping.

Pumpernickel
Pumpernickel (English:  /ˈpʌmpərnɪkəl/; German: [ˈpʊmpɐˌnɪkl̩] ⓘ) is a typically dense, slightly sweet rye bread traditionally made with sourdough starter and coarsely ground rye. It is sometimes made with a combination of rye flour and whole rye grains ("rye berries").

At one time, it was traditional peasant fare, but largely during the 20th century various forms became popular with other classes through delicatessens and supermarkets. Present-day European and North American pumpernickel differ in several characteristics, including the use of additional leaveners. The less dense North American version may eschew rye grains, have coloring and flavoring agents, add wheat flour, glazed crust, a higher baking temperature, and a dramatically shortened baking time.
Al Clayton
Charles Allen Clayton III (June 14, 1934 – April 27, 2014) was an American photographer born in Etowah, Tennessee. His 1967 photography series was instrumental in the redesign and expansion of the Food Stamp Program when Senators Edward Kennedy and Joseph Clark used the images in hearings on hunger and malnutrition in the United States. The photographs were later published in the 1969 book Still Hungry in America with text by Robert Coles and a foreword by Kennedy. The book was republished in March 2018 by the University of Georgia Press in partnership with the Southern Foodways Alliance.

One of the most famous photos in country music history was taken on Guy Clark's porch in 1972 of Clark, wife Susanna Clark, Townes Van Zandt, and Daniel Antopolsky by Clayton. In 1978, he contributed photography to The Hog Book by William Hedgepeth.

University of Georgia Press
The University of Georgia Press or UGA Press is the university press of the University of Georgia, a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Athens, Georgia. It is the oldest and largest publishing house in Georgia and a member of the Association of University Presses.

Domestic distribution for the press is currently provided by the University of North Carolina Press's Longleaf Services.
Calycobathra variapenella
Calycobathra variapenella is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Turkey, the northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia.

The wingspan is 10–11 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July.

South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia, or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, which are sometimes collectively known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles). The South Caucasus and the North Caucasus together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia.
Andre Savelio
Andre Savelio (born (1995-03-21)21 March 1995) is a rugby league footballer who plays for the Goole Vikings in the RFL Championship, on a season-long loan from Doncaster.

He previously played for St Helens, on loan from the Saints at the Castleford Tigers in the Super League. He played for the Warrington Wolves, and on loan from the Super League side at the Rochdale Hornets in the Championship. He spent the 2018 and part of 2019 NRL season at the Brisbane Broncos, but did not feature in the National Rugby League (NRL) due to serious injury.

Rochdale Hornets
The Rochdale Hornets are a professional rugby league club from Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England, competing in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league. The Rochdale Hornets are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, making them one of the world's first rugby league clubs. Their main local rivals are Oldham, Salford Red Devils, Swinton Lions, Halifax and the Huddersfield Giants.
Agios Sozomenos
Agios Sozomenos (Greek: Αγιος Σωζόμενος Turkish: Arpalık (lit. "place of barley")) is a deserted village in the Nicosia District of Cyprus, close to the Green Line and near Potamia. It is located at the confluence of the Alikos river with the Gialias, the second-longest river of Cyprus.

The village is known for the Byzantine cave chapel dedicated to the hermit saint known as Sozomenos; the never-completed Latin church of Saint Mamas; and the ruined mud-brick buildings that date to before the village's abandonment in 1964. In recent years, the site has also become a popular attraction for visitors. There have been a number of archaeological excavations near the village, including a project focused on remains from the Late Bronze Age directed by Despina Pilides of the Department of Antiquities since 2016.

Gialias
The Gialias (also Yialias; Γιαλιάς, Çakıllı Dere/Yalya Deresi) is the second longest river in Cyprus. It has a length of 88 km (55 mi), river originating in the Troodos Mountains and Mesaoria. In its course passes through the plain of Mesaoria and flows into Famagusta Bay. Its depth reaches up to 9 meters.

In 1952, the Pano Lythrodonta dam with a capacity of 32,000 m3 and a height of 10 meters was built in Gialias.
Kwiatkowskiego Way
Trasa im. Eugeniusza Kwiatkowskiego (Trasa Kwiatkowskiego) – is a highway in Gdynia, Poland named after Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski linking the Port of Gdynia to the Tricity beltway (Obwodnica Trójmiejska) and therefore A1 motorway. It is currently 5.4 km long and was completed after 34 years of construction.

Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski (30 December 1888, Kraków – 22 August 1974, Kraków) was a Polish politician and economist, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland, government minister and manager of the Second Polish Republic.
Eonia
Eonia (Euro Overnight Index Average) was computed as a weighted average of all overnight unsecured lending transactions in the interbank market, undertaken in the European Union and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries by a Panel of banks (the same as for Euribor) subject to the Eonia Code of Conduct.

It was reported on an ACT/360 day count convention and displayed to three decimal places. "Overnight" means from one TARGET day (i.e. day on which the Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer system is open) to the next.

Eonia reference rates were calculated by the European Central Bank, based on all overnight interbank assets created before the close of RTGS systems at 6pm CET, and published through GRSS (Global Rate Set Systems) every day before 7pm CET. It can be found under the ISIN identifier EU0009659945.

EONIA was replaced by the Euro Short-Term Rate (€STR), published by the ECB since 2 October 2019.

Day count convention
In finance, a day count convention determines how interest accrues over time for a variety of investments, including bonds, notes, loans, mortgages, medium-term notes, swaps, and forward rate agreements (FRAs). This determines the number of days between two coupon payments, thus calculating the amount transferred on payment dates and also the accrued interest for dates between payments. The day count is also used to quantify periods of time when discounting a cash-flow to its present value.  When a security such as a bond is sold between interest payment dates, the seller is eligible to some fraction of the coupon amount.

The day count convention is used in many other formulas in financial mathematics as well.
Trevor L. Sharpe
Trevor le Mare Sharpe LVO OBE LRAM ARCM (1921 – 22 May 2010) was a British army officer (Lieutenant Colonel), composer, music educator and conductor.

Sharpe was appointed the Director of Music of the Coldstream Guards in 1963; as such, he was credited at the end of each episode of Dad's Army, as the regiment performed the closing theme tune.

Music director
A music director, musical director or director of music is a person responsible for the musical aspects of a performance, production, or organization. This would include the artistic director and usually chief conductor of an orchestra or concert band, the director of music of a film, the director of music at a radio station, the person in charge of musical activities or the head of the music department in a school, the coordinator of the musical ensembles in a university, college, or institution (but not usually the head of the academic music department), the head bandmaster of a military band, the head organist and choirmaster of a church, or an organist and master of the choristers (the title given to a director of music at a cathedral, particularly in England).
David Bivar
Adrian David Hugh Bivar, FRAS (abbreviated A.D.H. Bivar) (1926 - 2015) was a British numismatist and archaeologist, who was Emeritus Professor of Iranian Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He specialized in Sasanian seals and rock reliefs, Kushano-Sasanian coins and chronology, Mithraic iconography, Arsacid history and pre-Islamic folklore. His written works include book chapters written for the Fischer Weltgeschichte (vol.16, 1966) and The Cambridge History of Iran (1983).

Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, commonly known as the Royal Asiatic Society, was established, according to its royal charter of 11 August 1824, to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia."  From its incorporation the society has been a forum, through lectures, its journal, and other publications, for scholarship relating to Asian culture and society of the highest level.  It is the United Kingdom's senior learned society in the field of Asian studies. Fellows of the society are elected regularly and include highly accomplished and notable scholars of Asian studies; they use the post-nominal letters FRAS.
Lance Patrick
Lance Patrick is an American-born stand-up comedian, who made his television debut in 2014, on season three of Comedy Central's Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution. He was born in Elkhart, Indiana.

Elkhart, Indiana
Elkhart (/ˈɛlkɑːrt/ EL-kart) is a city in Elkhart County, Indiana, United States. The population was 53,923 at the 2020 census. The city is located 15 miles (24 km) east of South Bend, Indiana. It is the most populous city in the  Elkhart–Goshen metropolitan area, which in turn is part of the South Bend–Elkhart–Mishawaka combined statistical area, in a region commonly known as Michiana.
Camp Mills
Camp Albert L. Mills (Camp Mills) was a military installation on Long Island, New York. It was located about ten miles from the eastern boundary of New York City on the Hempstead Plains within what is now the village of Garden City. In September 1917, Camp Mills was named in honor of a former Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point, Major General Albert L. Mills, who had suddenly died the year prior in September 1916. Mills had been awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Spanish–American War.

Camp Mills was one of three camps under control of the New York Port of Embarkation with a capacity for 40,000 transient troops. The facility was one of several military establishments built during World War I in the Mineola, New York, area that included the Aviation General Supply Depot and Concentration Camp; Hazelhurst Field (later Roosevelt Field) and Mitchel Field.

Garden City, New York
Garden City is a village in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 23,272 at the time of the 2020 census.

The Incorporated Village of Garden City is primarily within the town of Hempstead, except for a small area at the northern tip of the village that is within North Hempstead. It is the Greater Garden City area's anchor community.
Stegastes acapulcoensis
Stegastes acapulcoensis, commonly called the Acapulco major, the Acapulco damselfish, or the Acapulco gregory, is a species of damselfish of the family Pomacentridae. It is native to the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Damselfish
Damselfish are fish within the subfamilies Abudefdufinae, Chrominae, Lepidozyginae, Pomacentrinae, and Stegastinae within the family Pomacentridae.

Most species within this group are relatively small, although the four largest species (Hypsypops rubicundus, Microspathodon bairdii, M. dorsalis and Nexilosus latifrons) can reach 30cm (12 in) in length. Most damselfish species exist only in marine environments, but a few inhabit brackish or fresh water. These fish are found globally in tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters.
Nelaug Station
Nelaug Station (Norwegian: Nelaug stasjon) is a railway station located at the village of Nelaug in Åmli municipality in Agder county, Norway.  The station sits just north of the lake Nelaug.  The station functions as a meeting station of the Sørlandsbanen and Arendalsbanen railway lines.  The Arendalsbanen line is a branch line that runs from Nelaug to Arendal Station.  Passengers from Oslo to Arendal must change trains at Nelaug.  The station was opened on 10 November 1910, and in 1935, a new building was completed.

Sørlandet Line
The Sørlandet Line (Norwegian: Sørlandsbanen) is a railway line between Drammen (though this is connected to Oslo by means of the Drammen Line) via Kristiansand to Stavanger. The line is 545 kilometers (339 mi) long between Oslo and Stavanger.
Koji Taira
Koji Taira (平浩二, Taira Kōji) (born 12 January 1983 in Nagasaki, Japan) is a former Japanese rugby union player. Taira played 32 matches for the Japan national rugby union team from 2007 to 2011.
Taira played four matches for Japan at the 2007 Rugby World Cup and two matches at the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

Test match (rugby union)
A test match in rugby union is an international match, usually played between two senior national teams, that is recognised as such by at least one of the teams' national governing bodies.

Some teams do not represent a single country but their international games are still considered test matches (for example the British and Irish Lions). Likewise some countries award caps for games between their full national teams and some invitation teams such as the Barbarians.
Demofonte
Demofonte (also Demofoonte; Il Demofoonte; Demofoonte, ré di Tracia [King of Thrace]; Démophon; Demophontes; or Dirce, L'usurpatore innocente [Dirce, the Innocent Usurper]) is an opera seria libretto by Metastasio. The libretto was first set by Antonio Caldara in 1733, but remained popular throughout the eighteenth century and was set over seventy times.

Niccolò Jommelli
Niccolò Jommelli (Italian: [nikkoˈlɔ jomˈmɛlli]; 10 September 1714 – 25 August 1774) was an Italian composer of the Neapolitan School. Along with other composers mainly in the Holy Roman Empire and France, he was responsible for certain operatic reforms including reducing ornateness of style and the primacy of star singers somewhat.