hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Self-taxation
In the former Soviet Union, self-taxation (Russian: Самообложение, samooblozhenie) was a form of collecting various resources (money, food, etc.) in rural areas for local needs. Described as voluntary, it was established at a common meeting of the residents of an administrative unit (settlement or selsoviet). The common annual rate was set over the unit, with the rate for independent farmers had to be at least 25% higher than for kolkhozniks, sovkhozniks, and factory and state workers. It was regulated by several  joint decrees of the Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom of the Soviet Union with the same title, "On the Self-Taxation of Rural Population" ("О самообложении сельского населения") dated by August 16, 1930, August 1, 1931 and September 11, 1937. and later by other central governmental organs, such as Presidium Supreme Soviet (1984)

Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
The Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union was the highest executive and administrative organ of state authority of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1946.

As the government of the Soviet Union, the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and the People's Commissariats led by it played a key role in such significant events for the country and society as the economic recovery after the Civil War, the New Economic Policy, agricultural collectivization, electrification, industrialization, five-year plans for the development of national economy, censorship, the fight against religion, repression and political persecution, the Gulag, the deportation of peoples, the annexation of the Baltic States and other territories by the Soviet Union, the organization of the partisan movement, the organization of industrial production in the rear during the Great Patriotic War.

In 1946, it was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union.
Hartford Golf Club Historic District
The Hartford Golf Club Historic District encompasses a golf course and adjacent residential neighborhood in West Hartford and Hartford, Connecticut.  The area, developed between 1915 and 1936, includes the Hartford Golf Club, designed by Donald Ross, the area's oldest golf course, and a neighborhood with a high concentration of high quality Colonial and Tudor Revival houses.  It is roughly bounded by Simsbury Road on the north, Bloomfield Avenue on the east, Albany Avenue to the south, and Mohegan Drive to the west.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Donald Ross (golf course architect)
Donald James Ross (November 23, 1872 – April 26, 1948) was a Scottish professional golfer and golf course designer. Ross was born and raised in Scotland but moved to the United States as a young man. Ross designed dozens of courses across North America and is generally regarded as one of the top golf course designers of all time.
Ukonvasara
Ukonvasara, or Ukonkirves, is the symbol and magical weapon of the Finnish thunder god Ukko, similar to Thor's Mjölnir. Ukonvasara means 'hammer of Ukko'; similarly, Ukonkirves means 'axe of Ukko'. It was said that Ukko created lightning with Ukonvasara.

Ukko's hammer was probably originally a boat-shaped stone axe. When stone tools were abandoned with the advent of metalworking, the origins of stone weapons became a mystery. Stone axes, so-called thunderstones (ukonvaaja in Finnish), were found in the ground, especially after drenching rains washed away dirt. They were believed to be weapons of Ukko, stone heads of the striking lightning. Shamans collected and held stone-axes because they were believed to hold the power to both heal and damage.

Thunderstone (folklore)
A thunderstone is a prehistoric hand axe, stone tool, or fossil which was later used as an amulet to protect a person or a building. The name derives from the ancient belief that the object was found at a place where lightning had struck. They were also called ceraunia (a Latin word, derived from the Greek word κεραυνός, both of which mean 'thunderbolt').
Rob Purdie
Robert James Purdie (born 28 September 1982) is an English retired footballer who last played for Hereford as a midfielder.

Purdie was a versatile Utility player who played primarily as an attacking midfielder, but he could also play in the full-back position, in midfield, or in the "hole" as a striker.

Midland Football League
The Midland Football League, officially known as the Capelli Sport Midland Football League since January 2025 for sponsorship reasons, is an English football league that was founded in 2014 by the merger of the former Midland Alliance and Midland Combination. The league has four divisions that sit at levels 9–12 of the football pyramid.
Vossen
Vossen is a Dutch patronymic surname most common in Belgian and Dutch Limburg. Notable people with the surname include:

Elli Vossen, pseudonym of Bep Voskuijl (1919–1983), Dutch secretary who helped conceal Anne Frank

Jelle Vossen (born 1989), Belgian footballer

Peter van Vossen (born 1968), Dutch footballer

Piek Vossen (born 1960), Dutch academic

Stephan Cohn-Vossen (1902–1936), German mathematician

Benjamin Shaw Van Vossen (born 2008), Taiwanese Academic

Vosse

Michael Vosse (1941–2014), American music journalist and publicist

Vincent Vosse (born 1972), Belgian race car driver

Piek Vossen
Piek Th.J.M. Vossen (born 1960 in Schaesberg, the Netherlands), is professor of computational lexicology at the VU University Amsterdam, head of the Computational Lexicology & Terminology Lab, and founder and president of the Global WordNet Association.
Jamestown GAA
Jamestown GAA was a Gaelic football club in Jamestown, County Laois, Ireland.  The area now forms part of the catchment area of Courtwood GAA Club.

Andy Whelan, Stephen "Faun" Hughes and John Lalor were all Jamestown players who played in Laois's Leinster Senior Football Championship win of 1946.

Jamestown won three Laois Junior Football Championships in 1938, 1948 and 1953 and one Laois Intermediate Football Championship in 1941.

Following the formation of Courtwood club, the Jamestown club faded out of existence in the 1960s.

Laois Intermediate Football Championship
The Laois Intermediate Football Championship is an annual Gaelic football competition contested by mid-tier Laois GAA clubs. The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1907.

Park–Ratheniska are the title holders (2025), having defeated Arles–Kilcruise in the final.
Tommaso Valletti
Tommaso M. Valletti is Professor of Economics at Imperial College Business School, and also Professor of Economics at the University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy). He is a Fellow of CEPR. He is a Non-Executive Director to the board of the UK's Payment Systems Regulator.

He was the Chief Competition Economist of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) in Brussels between September 2016 and August 2019. He was a Non-Executive Director to the board of the Financial Conduct Authority in London between 2019 and 2022.

In the period 2010-2012 he held the chair in “Innovation and Regulation of Digital Services” at Telecom ParisTech and Ecole Polytechnique in Paris.

Valletti ranks among the top 2% of economists registered on IDEAS/RePEc.

Télécom Paris
Télécom Paris is an engineering grande école located in Palaiseau, France. It is a member of the Polytechnic Institute of Paris and the Institut Mines-Télécom. In 2021, it was the sixth highest ranked French university in THE World University Rankings, and the 7th best small university worldwide.
In the QS Ranking, Télécom Paris is the 64th best university worldwide in engineering.

In 1991, Télécom Paris and the EPFL established a school named EURECOM located in Sophia-Antipolis. Students can be admitted either in Palaiseau or in Sophia-Antipolis.
North Hampshire (UK Parliament constituency)
North Hampshire (formally the Northern division of Hampshire) was a constituency as one of two in the county of Hampshire proper, which returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the UK Parliament between 1832 and 1885.  Its members were elected by the bloc vote version of the first-past-the-post system.

It was created under the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election, and abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election.

1885 United Kingdom general election
The 1885 United Kingdom general election was held from 24 November to 18 December 1885. The first general election after an extension of the franchise and redistribution of seats, it saw the Liberals lose their majority.

The election saw the Liberals, led by William Gladstone, win the most seats, but not an overall majority, so a minority government was necessary. The Irish Nationalists held the balance of power between the Liberals and the Conservatives who sat with a large number of allied Unionist MPs (their name referred to their support for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland). The pressure of minority government status exacerbated divisions within the Liberals over Irish Home Rule. This led to a Liberal split that caused another general election the following year.

The 1885 election saw the first socialist party participate, with the Social Democratic Federation led by H. M. Hyndman standing three candidates. None were elected.
Music of Iran
The music of Iran encompasses music produced by Iranian artists. In addition to the traditional folk and classical genres, it also includes pop and internationally celebrated styles such as jazz, rock, and hip hop.

Iranian music influenced other cultures in West Asia, building up much of the musical terminology of the neighboring Turkic and Arabic cultures, and reached India through the 16th-century Persianate Mughal Empire, whose court promoted new musical forms by bringing Iranian musicians.

Music genre
A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. Genre is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

Music can be divided into genres in numerous ways, sometimes broadly and with polarity, e.g., popular music as opposed to art music or folk music, or, as another example, religious music and secular music. Often, however, classification draws on the proliferation of derivative subgenres, fusion genres, and microgenres that has started to accrue, e.g., screamo, country pop, and mumble rap, respectively. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some may overlap. As genres evolve, novel music is sometimes lumped into existing categories.
Avalon (Avalon album)
Avalon is Avalon's first studio album, released in December 1996 on Sparrow Records.  It includes a cover of the hymn "My Jesus, I Love Thee" and the Andrae Crouch song "Jesus Is Lord".  Produced by Charlie Peacock, Avalon catapulted the smooth quartet into the Christian music scene, with four No. 1 radio hits and a Dove Award from the Gospel Music Association in 1998 for "New Artist of the Year".

Gospel Music Association
The Gospel Music Association (GMA) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1964 for the purpose of supporting and promoting the development of all forms of gospel music. As of 2011, there are about 4,000 members worldwide. The GMA's membership comprises a network of artists, industry leaders, retail stores, radio stations, concert promoters and local churches involved with the wider Christian music industry.
Zener
Zener can refer to:

Zener diode, a type of electronic diode

Zener effect, a type of electrical breakdown which is employed in a Zener diode

Zener pinning, the influence of a dispersion of fine particles on the movement of low- and high angle grain boundaries through a polycrystalline material

Clarence Zener, the American physicist after whom the diode, effect, and pinning are named

Karl Zener, the American psychologist after whom the cards are named
Zener cards, cards used to conduct experiments for extra-sensory perception

Clarence Zener
Clarence Melvin Zener (/ˈziːnər/ ZEE-ner; December 1, 1905 – July 2, 1993) was an American physicist who in 1934 was the first to describe the property concerning the breakdown of electrical insulators. These findings were later exploited by Bell Labs in the development of the Zener diode, which was duly named after him.

Zener was also a theoretical physicist with a background in mathematics who conducted research in a wide range of subjects including: superconductivity, metallurgy, ferromagnetism, elasticity, fracture mechanics, diffusion, and geometric programming.
Mixing ratio
In chemistry and physics, the dimensionless mixing ratio is the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components. The term can refer either to mole ratio (see concentration) or mass ratio (see stoichiometry).

Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. The concentration can refer to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. The molar (amount) concentration has variants, such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration. Dilution is reduction of concentration, e.g., by adding solvent to a solution. The verb "to concentrate" means to increase concentration, the opposite of dilute.
Cities in the Park
Cities in the Park was a two-day music event held on the 3rd and 4 August 1991 at Heaton Park in Manchester, England. It was held in honour of Factory Records producer Martin Hannett, who had died in April. Some profits from ticket sales went to African Famine Relief and the Kurdish Trust Fund.

The first day included performances by The Wonder Stuff and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, and the second featured many Factory acts such as Happy Mondays, Electronic and A Certain Ratio. Frank Sidebottom also made an appearance. A home video of highlights, which was filmed on super 8 film, was released by Palace in November 1991. It can be viewed online on the BFI player The bands credited on the tickets were as follows:

Electronic (band)
Electronic were an English alternative dance supergroup formed by singer/guitarist Bernard Sumner (of New Order) and guitarist Johnny Marr (of the Smiths). They co-wrote the majority of their output between 1989 and 1998, collaborating with the synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys on three tracks in their early years, and former Kraftwerk member Karl Bartos on nine songs in 1995.
Bhai Kanhaiya
Bhai Kanhaiya (1648–1718; also spelt as Bhai Ghanaiya), known as Khat Waro Bao and Khaatwala Baba in Sindh, born to Mata Sundari ji and father Sri Nathu Ram's home village Saudra district Sialkot now in Pakistan, was a Sikh disciple of Guru Tegh Bahadur and was requested to establish the Sewapanthi or Addanshahi order of the Sikhs by Guru Gobind Singh. He was known for pouring water for all the wounded members of the battlefield no matter whether they were Sikhs or fighting against the Sikhs.

During his youth he also spent a lot of time in the company of Nanua Bairagi, who belonged to a Saini agriculture family  and was also a disciple and comrade of last three Sikh gurus. Nanua Bairagi was a renowned poet-mystic of Punjab and he left a deep imprint on Bhai Kanhaiya's spiritual and humanitarian outlook in his formative years.

Saini
Saini (pronunciationⓘ) is a farming and landowning caste of northern India. The community is given representation in government jobs and educational institutes as an Other Backward Class (OBC) in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

As both a statutory agricultural tribe and a designated martial race during the British Raj era that followed the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Sainis had been chiefly engaged in both agriculture and military service. Since the independence of India, they have diversified into white-collar professions.
George Maddison (priest)
Christianity portal

The Ven. George Maddison (9 June 1809 – 30 January 1895) was  Archdeacon of Ludlow from 1877 to 1891.

Maddison was born in Lea, Lincolnshire, the son of Rev. George Maddison, Vicar of North Reston and Little Grimsby, and Elizabeth Baskett. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. He was ordained deacon in 1832; and priest in 1833. Maddison held incumbencies in Cambridge, Grantham and Richard's Castle. He was also Chaplain to Henry Philpott, the Bishop of Worcester from 1861 to 1890.

He died at the Tuckhill Vicarage in Bridgnorth, aged 85. He was interred at the cemetery in Grantham.

Richard's Castle
Richard's Castle is a village, castle and two civil parishes on the border of the counties of Herefordshire and Shropshire in England. The Herefordshire part of the parish had a population of 250 at the 2011 census, the Shropshire part, 424.

The village lies on the B4361 road, 5+1⁄2 miles (8.9 km) south of the historic market town of Ludlow. It is a dispersed settlement, with an older core near the castle, 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) to the north-west of the larger main part of the village which is on the B4361. On the B4361 is the village hall, and The Castle Inn traditional public house.
Pleisthenes (son of Atreus)
Pleisthenes (Ancient Greek: Πλεισθένης), in Greek mythology,  was the son of Atreus and Aerope. According to Hesiod, Pleisthenes married Cleolla, daughter of Dias, and  became the father of Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Anaxibia. Aeschylus also followed this tradition when he called the Atreidai "the race of Pleisthenes" (τὸ Πλεισθένους γένος).

Aerope
In Greek mythology, Aerope (Ancient Greek: Ἀερόπη) was a Cretan princess as the daughter of Catreus, king of Crete. She was the sister of Clymene, Apemosyne and Althaemenes. After an oracle said he would be killed by one of his children, Catreus gave Aerope to Nauplius to be sold abroad. Nauplius spared her, and she became the wife of Atreus or Pleisthenes (or both). By most accounts, she is the mother of Agamemnon and Menelaus. While the wife of Atreus, she became the lover of his brother Thyestes, and gave Thyestes the golden lamb that allowed him to become king of Mycenae.
Miks Lipsbergs
Miks Lipsbergs (born June 9, 1991) is a Latvian ice hockey forward who is currently playing for Kiruna IF (Sweden) having last played for HK Mogo of the Latvian Hockey Higher League.

Lipsberg previously played for Dinamo Riga of Kontinental Hockey League. He played for several Latvian league youth teams before joining HK Riga. His brothers Edgars Lipsbergs, Roberts Lipsbergs  and Krišs Lipsbergs also are hockey players.

On September 8, 2012 he made his debut in shoot-out win against HC Slovan Bratislava.

HC Slovan Bratislava
Hockey Club Slovan Bratislava (Slovak: Hokejový klub Slovan Bratislava) is a professional ice hockey club based in Bratislava, Slovakia. In 2012, it left the Slovak Extraliga and joined the international Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). In 2019, it returned to the Tipos Extraliga. The club has won nine Slovak championships (most recently in 2022), one Czechoslovak championship (1979) and one IIHF Continental Cup (2004), making it the second most successful hockey club in Slovak history after their biggest rival HC Košice. The team plays its home games at Ondrej Nepela Arena, also known as Slovnaft Arena. The team is nicknamed Belasí, which means the "sky blues" in English.
Luciano San Miguel
Luciano San Miguel (January 7, 1875 – March 27/28, 1903) was a Filipino general in the Philippine Republican Army during the Philippine Revolution, and the Philippine-American War, and the founder of Bagong Katipunan.

Philippine Revolutionary Army
The Philippine Revolutionary Army (Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Filipino; Tagalog: Hukbong Tagapagbangong Puri), later renamed Philippine Republican Army,  was the army of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the Philippine–American War.
Power engineering software
Power engineering software is a software used to create models, analyze or calculate the design of Power stations, Overhead power lines, Transmission towers, Electrical grids, Grounding and Lightning systems and others. It is a type of application software used for power engineering problems which are transformed into mathematical expressions.

Overhead power line
An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy along large distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly multiples of three) suspended by towers or poles. Since the surrounding air provides good cooling,   insulation along long passages, and allows optical inspection, overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost method of power transmission for large quantities of electric energy.
2017–18 UEFA Youth League
The 2017–18 UEFA Youth League was the fifth season of the UEFA Youth League, a European youth club football competition organised by UEFA.

Barcelona won their second Youth League title following a win over Chelsea in the final.

Red Bull Salzburg were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the round of 16. Starting from this season, the UEFA Youth League title holders were given an automatic berth in the Domestic Champions path if there was a vacancy.

UEFA Youth League
The UEFA Youth League is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 2013. In its current format, it is contested by the under-19 teams of the clubs competing in the UEFA Champions League league phase, plus the domestic youth champions of the best-ranked national associations.

The semi-finals and final matches have been traditionally played at the Colovray Stadium in Nyon, Switzerland, although for the 2022–23 edition, they were moved to the Stade de Genève due to increased interest in the tournament from the supporters of the participating clubs. The winners are awarded the Lennart Johansson Trophy, named in honour of the former UEFA president.

The most successful team is Barcelona with three titles. They are also the current champions after beating Trabzonspor 4–1 in the 2025 final.
Viktor Arvidsson
Johan Viktor Arvidsson (born 8 April 1993) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player who is a right winger for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Nashville Predators in the fourth round, 112th overall, at the 2014 NHL entry draft.

2014 NHL entry draft
The 2014 NHL entry draft was the 52nd entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 27–28, 2014, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The top three selections were Aaron Ekblad by the Florida Panthers, Sam Reinhart by the Buffalo Sabres, and Leon Draisaitl by the Edmonton Oilers. This draft featured the first selection of a player from Oceania with Australian Nathan Walker being selected by the Washington Capitals in the third round.

As of 2025 there are 58 active NHL players from this draft.
Hakea petiolaris
Hakea petiolaris, commonly known as the sea-urchin hakea,  is a  shrub or small tree with cream-coloured and pink or purple flowers and woody fruit. It is endemic to the south west of Australia, occurring at the coastal plain, jarrah forest and wheatbelt regions, often at the ancient granite outcrops of Western Australia.

Granite outcrops of Western Australia
Granite outcrops of Western Australia are weathered landforms that occur throughout the state of Western Australia, composed primarily of the rock type granite. All recognised types of this landform can be observed, commonly as bornhardts, but also as inselbergs, castle koppies and nubbins. Rising abruptly from the surrounding landscape they create a variety of microhabitats for plants, and provide seasonal resources and refuge for a range of animals. These areas thus have rich biodiversity and many endemic species. They are significant locations that tie in with the Aboriginal and European cultural heritage of Western Australia.