hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tienhoven & Co
Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tien Hoven & Co [1880] 5 CPD 344 is a leading English contract law case on the issue of revocation in relation to the postal rule. In it Lindley J of the High Court's Common Pleas Division ruled that an offer is only revoked by direct communication with the offeree, and that the postal rule does not apply in revocation; while simply posting a letter counts as a valid acceptance, it does not count as valid revocation.

Revocation
Revocation is the act of recall or annulment. It is the cancelling of an act, the recalling of a grant or privilege, or the making void of some deed previously existing. A temporary revocation of a grant or privilege is called a suspension.
Ghislain Emmanuel
Christianity portal

Ghislain Elwyn Emmanuel (died 16 February 1977) was Bishop of Mauritius from 1976 to 1977.

He was educated at King's College London and ordained deacon in 1956 and priest in 1957.

His first post was as a Curate at Vacoas (1956-58) after which he was Priest in charge at Rodrigues (1958-60) and then a Minor Canon at St James's Cathedral Port Louis (1960-65). Later he was Principal of St Paul's Theological College, Mauritius from 1964 and then Archdeacon of Mauritius from 1972. The first native Mauritian bishop of the Diocese of Mauritius, he died after three months in office. He died in 1977, aged 48.

Minor canon
A minor canon  is a member of staff on the establishment of a cathedral or a collegiate church. In at least one foundation the post may be known as "priest-vicar".

Minor canons are clergy and take part in the daily services but are not part of the formal chapter. They are sometimes, but not exclusively, more junior clergy, often chosen for their singing ability, who have already served a curacy, normally in a  church.
Knotting and Souldrop
Knotting and Souldrop is a civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.

The two parishes of Knotting and Souldrop were combined in 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford Rural District.

Bedford Rural District
52°08′10″N 0°28′08″W﻿ / ﻿52.136°N 0.469°W﻿ / 52.136; -0.469

Bedford Rural District was a rural district in Bedfordshire, England from 1894 to 1974. It surrounded but did not include the Municipal Borough of Bedford and Kempston Urban District.
Museo MAGA
The Museo Arte Gallarate or MAGA is a museum of modern and contemporary art in Gallarate, in the province of Varese in Lombardy, in northern Italy. It was founded in 1966 as the Civica Galleria d'Arte Moderna di Gallarate to house works purchased from, and donated by, artists participating in the Premio Gallarate, a national art competition. It was renamed in 2010 and moved to a new building. The museum holds over 5000 works, and the collection includes paintings, drawings, sculptures, graphic design works, photographs, and installations by artists including Carlo Carrà, Loris Cecchini, Gianni Colombo, Lucio Fontana, Ennio Morlotti, Bruno Munari and Studio Azzurro.: 52  Between 2015 and 2017 Museo MAGA had a second venue in the Palazzo Leone Da Perego, in Legnano, some 15 km to the south-east of Gallarate.

Ennio Morlotti
Ennio Morlotti (21 September 1910 – 15 December 1992) was an Italian painter of the Corrente de Vita movement started in Milan as a counterpoint to nationalistic Futurism and the Novecento Italiano movements. His figures show an affinity to the geometry of Cezanne and Matisse, but later works introduce elements of abstraction.
MV Stena Britannica
Stena Britannica, launched in 2009, is the second of two identical Ropax cruiseferries built by Wadan Yards in Warnemünde and nearby Wismar, Germany for Stena Line. The first of the two ships, launched in January 2010, was Stena Hollandica.  Both ships operate across the southern North Sea between Harwich in Essex, England, and Hook of Holland, Netherlands, providing a twice daily service. The ships were specifically designed for this route.

Roll-on/roll-off
Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.

RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for large seagoing vessels. The ramps and doors may be located in the stern, bow, or sides, or any combination thereof.
Czechoslovak armies in exile
Czechoslovak armies in exile were the military formations loyal to the Czechoslovak government-in-exile during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and included:

Poland

Czechoslovak Legion (1939), unit operating in Poland in 1939

United Kingdom

Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion, unit operating under British command from 1940 to 1942

1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, unit operating under British command from 1943 to 1945

Czechoslovak RAF squadrons (310, 311, 312, and 313 Squadrons)

Soviet Union

1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the USSR

1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division

Czech and Slovak Legion
The Czech and Slovak Legion, also known as the Czechoslovak Legion, was a military unit formed in the Second Polish Republic after Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. The unit took symbolic part in the defence of Poland during the German invasion on 1 September 1939.
Niki Tobi
Niki Tobi, CON (July 14, 1940 – June 19, 2016) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Tobi was born in Esanma, Bomadi LGA, in what is now Delta State. Prior to his career at the bench, he was the dean of Faculty of Law and deputy vice-chancellor (academic services), University of Maiduguri. He was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2002.

He was known for his legal erudition and wide knowledge of legal principles. Niki Tobi died on June 19, 2016.

Order of the Niger
The Order of the Niger (OON) is the second highest national award in Nigeria. It was instituted in 1963 and is junior to the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR), the highest order of merit in the country.
Colossendeidae
Colossendeidae is a family of sea spiders (class Pycnogonida). This family includes more than 100 species distributed among six genera. These sea spiders inhabit the deep sea mostly but are also found in shallower waters, especially in Antarctic and Arctic waters.

Class (biology)
In biological taxonomy, class (Latin: classis) is  a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit (i.e., a taxon) in that rank. It is a group of related taxonomic orders. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class ranking between phylum and order.
Tinaja
A tinaja [tiˈnaxa], sometimes tenaja, is a surface pocket (depression) formed in bedrock that occurs below waterfalls, that is carved out by spring flow or seepage, or that is caused by sand and gravel scouring in intermittent streams (arroyos). The term usually implies a natural or geologic cistern in rock which retains water. They are often created by erosional processes within intermittent streams.

Tinajas are an important source of surface water storage in arid environments.

These relatively rare landforms are important ecologically, because they support unique plant communities and provide important services to terrestrial wildlife.

Bedrock
In geology, bedrock is the solid rock that lies under weathered rock and unconsolidated or loose superficial deposits (together known as regolith) in the near surface part of Earth's crust or the crust of another terrestrial planet. The top of the bedrock is known as rockhead.
Zamane Se Kya Darna
Zamane Se Kya Darna is a 1994 Bollywood film directed by actress Anita Raj's brother Bobby Raj, starring Sanjay Dutt, Raveena Tandon, Alok Nath, Shakti Kapoor, Gulshan Grover, Johny Lever and Raza Murad.

Anita Raj
Anita Raj Khurana (born 28 February 1963) is an Indian actress and the daughter of well-known actor Jagdish Raj. Her notable films include Prem Geet (1981), Zara Si Zindagi (1983), Naukar Biwi Ka (1983),  Zameen Aasman (1984), Ghulami (1985) and Mazloom (1986). Anita is also known for playing Priyamvada Singh in the TV Series Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani and Kulwant Kaur Dhillon in Choti Sarrdaarni. Currently she is seen as Kaveri Poddar in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai.
Francis Sargent
Francis Williams Sargent (July 29, 1915 – October 22, 1998) was an American politician who served as the 64th governor of Massachusetts from 1969 to 1975. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 63rd lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1967 to 1971. In 1969, he became acting governor when John A. Volpe resigned to become Secretary of Transportation under the Nixon Administration. In 1970, he was elected governor in his own right, defeating the Democratic Party's nominee Kevin White. He lost reelection in 1974 to Democrat Michael Dukakis.

Frederick P. Salvucci
Frederick "Fred" Peter Salvucci (born April 8, 1940) is an American civil engineer and educator, who specializes in transportation issues. Salvucci was the Secretary of Transportation for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts under Governor Michael Dukakis, serving a total of 12 years. He is currently a Senior Lecturer at the MIT Center for Transportation and Logistics.
Barber surgeon
The barber surgeon was one of the most common European medical practitioners of the Middle Ages, generally charged with caring for soldiers during and after battle. In this era, surgery was seldom conducted by physicians. Instead, barbers, who possessed razors and dexterity, were responsible for tasks ranging from cutting hair to pulling teeth to amputating limbs.

In this period, surgical mortality was very high due to blood loss, shock and infection. Yet, since doctors thought that bloodletting to balance "humours" would improve health, barbers also used bloodletting razors and applied leeches. Meanwhile, physicians considered themselves to be above surgery. Physicians mostly observed during surgery and offered consulting, but otherwise often chose academia or working in universities.

Razor
A razor is a bladed tool primarily used in the removal of body hair through the act of shaving. Kinds of razors include straight razors, safety razors, disposable razors, and electric shavers.

While the razor has been in existence since before the Bronze Age (the oldest razor-like object has been dated to 18,000 BC), the most common types of razors currently used are the safety razor and the electric razor.
Albert Szabo
Albert Szabo (1925-2003) was an American architect, educator and artist. He was born in Brooklyn, New York on November 7, 1925, to Benjamin Szabo of Felso Viso, Hungary (1885–1964) and Jeanette Szabo (née Margolies) of New York, New York (1895–1980). Szabo was a tenured professor of architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) and at the Department of Visual and Environmental Studies (VES), Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts. He co-founded the latter, together with Eduard Sekler in 1968. He was author, with his wife, architect Brenda Dyer Szabo (1926–2017), of “Preliminary Notes on the Indigenous Architecture of Afghanistan” (Harvard Graduate School of Design, 1978) and, with anthropologist, Thomas Barfield, of, “Afghanistan: An Atlas of Indigenous Domestic Architecture” (University of Texas Press, 1991). He died in Cambridge, MA on December 17, 2003.

University of Texas Press
The University of Texas Press (or UT Press) is the university press of the University of Texas at Austin. Established in 1950, the Press publishes scholarly and trade books in several areas, including Latin American studies, Caribbean studies, U.S. Latinx studies, Texana, Native American studies, Black studies, Middle Eastern studies, Jewish studies, gender studies, film & media studies, music, art, architecture, archaeology, classics, anthropology, food studies and natural history. The Press also publishes journals relating to their major subject areas. The Press produces approximately one hundred new books and thirteen journals each year.

In 2025, the University of Texas Press celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary. During its time in operation, the Press has published more than 4,000 titles. It is a member of the Association of University Presses.
Amahibelaha
Amahibelaha is a village development committee in Sunsari District in the Koshi Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4700 people living in 834 individual households. Amahibelha is a part of Barju Rural municipality.

Kosi Zone
Kosi or Koshi (Nepali: कोसी अञ्चल, Nepali: कोशी अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructure of zones to provinces. The headquarters of Kosi Zone was Biratnagar which was also its largest city. Other cities of Kosi Zone were Inaruwa, Dharan, Dhankuta, Jhumka, Duhabi, Tarahara and Itahari. Its main rivers were Arun, Tamor and Sapta Koshi.
Care (Law & Order: UK)
"Care" is the first episode of the British police procedural and legal television programme, Law & Order: UK.  "Care" follows the case of a dead infant dropped off at a hospital to the corrupt estate agent whose negligence caused his death.  Written by Chris Chibnall, directed by Omar Madha, and produced by Richard Stokes, "Care" originally aired on 23 February 2009 (2009-02-23).

The episode is based on the original Law & Order second season episode, "Cradle to Grave" which was written by Robert Nathan and Sally Nemeth and originally aired on 31 March 1992 (1992-03-31).

Richard Stokes (producer)
Richard Stokes is a British television producer and executive producer. In 2003, he was interviewed for the post of producer on the then in pre-production revival of Doctor Who, but ultimately lost out on the job to Phil Collinson.
Mike Theiss
Mike Theiss (born April 22, 1978) is a National Geographic photographer, on air talent, video producer, professional storm chaser. He is the CEO/Founder of Ultimate Chase Inc. that specializes in extreme nature photography. His work has been published in National Geographic magazine numerous times for displaying hurricanes, tornadoes, lightning, volcanoes, and other rare nature events.

Nature photography
Nature photography encompasses a wide range of photography taken outdoors and devoted to displaying natural elements such as landscapes, wildlife, plants, and close-ups of natural scenes and textures. Nature photography tends to place a stronger emphasis on the aesthetic value of the photo than other photography genres, such as photojournalism and documentary photography.

"Nature photography" overlaps the fields of—and is sometimes considered an overarching category including—"wildlife photography", "landscape photography", and "garden photography".

Nature photographs are published in scientific, travel and cultural magazines such as National Geographic Magazine, National Wildlife Magazine and Audubon Magazine or other more specific magazines such as Outdoor Photographer and Nature's Best Photography. Well known nature photographers include Ansel Adams, Eliot Porter, Frans Lanting, Galen Rowell, and Art Wolfe.
In Coena Domini
In Coena Domini was a recurrent papal bull between 1363 and 1770, so called from its opening words (Latin, "At the table of the Lord", referring to the liturgical feast on which it was annually published in Rome: the feast of the Lord's Supper), formerly issued annually on Holy Thursday (in Holy Week), or later on Easter Monday.

Its first publication was in 1363 under Pope Urban V. It was a statement of ecclesiastical censure against heresies, schisms, sacrilege, infringement of papal and ecclesiastical privileges, attacks on person and property, piracy, forgery and other crimes. For two or three hundred years it was modified as needed, receiving its final form under Pope Urban VIII in 1627.

Owing to the opposition of the sovereigns of Europe, both Protestant and Catholic, who regarded the bull as an infringement of their rights, its publication and associated ceremonial was discontinued by Pope Clement XIV in 1770.

Ecclesiastical privileges
In the canon law of the Catholic Church,  ecclesiastical privileges are the privileges enjoyed by the clergy. Their scope varied over time.

The main privileges are:

Privilegium canonis, regarding personal inviolability against malicious injury

Privilegium fori, regarding a special tribunal in civil and criminal causes before an ecclesiastical judge.

Privilegium immunitatis, exemption from taxation and some other burdens

Privilegium competentiae, right to proper sustenance

In addition to personal privileges, ecclesiastical privileges may cover consecrated and sacred places and things.
Los Dúo
Los Dúo is the twenty-eighth studio album by Mexican musician Juan Gabriel, released on February 10, 2015. It features artists performing duets with Juan Gabriel. A bonus DVD was included. The album won the award for Album of the Year at the Latin American Music Awards of 2015.

Latin American Music Awards of 2015
The 1st Latin American Music Awards was held on October 8, 2015, at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California. It was broadcast live on Telemundo. The nominations were announced on September 2, 2015, on Telemundo's website. Nicky Jam leads the nominees with six nominations. Lucero was announced as a host on October 2, 2015. Rashel Diaz, Boris Izaguirre, Christian Ramirez, Kika Rocha, and Caeli were all announced co-hosts of the pre-show on the same day.
Hopkins statistic
The Hopkins statistic (introduced by Brian Hopkins and John Gordon Skellam) is a way of measuring the cluster tendency of a data set. It belongs to the family of sparse sampling tests. It acts as a statistical hypothesis test where the null hypothesis is that the data is generated by a Poisson point process and are thus uniformly randomly distributed. If individuals are aggregated, then its value approaches 1, and if they are randomly distributed along the value tends to 0.5.

Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data provide sufficient evidence to reject a particular hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized statistical tests are in use and noteworthy.
Robert Beall (sculptor)
Robert Beall (c. 1836 – 8 January 1892) was an English sculptor, marble merchant and monumental mason, with a stoneyard and workshop in Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear. He executed decorative fonts, reredoses and a baptistry screen in various churches, besides monuments and memorials for graveyards, and for three Grade I listed church interiors.

Beall established his workshop in 1861 adjacent to High Level Bridge in Newcastle. Within ten years he was employing fifty-four men, sixteen boys and four women. His company became a business legacy. Beall apprenticed his son Robert Eusebius Beall, who took over the company after his death. Thereafter, the company continued under the name of Robert Beall until the 1930s. Beall's was known for erecting war memorials in the 1920s.

Gateshead
Gateshead (/ˈɡeɪts(h)ɛd/) is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. At the 2021 census, the population was 196,151.

Historically part of County Durham, under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough, meaning it was administered independently of the county council.

The town's attractions include the twenty-metre-tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.
Artus de Cossé
Artus de Cossé, seigneur de Gonnor and Comte de Secondigny (1512–1582), was a Marshal of France, an office he was elevated to in 1567. He served to administer the armies finances during the first of the French Wars of Religion and would lead the royal army in its pursuit of the Prince of Condé during the second civil war. His failure to catch the army led to his dismissal from overall royal command. During the third civil war he would again lead troops, beating a small Protestant force, before being defeated in the final days of the war at Arney-le-Duc. His long history of Politique leanings would push him into the orbit of the Malcontents for which he would be arrested in 1574. In 1576 he would be released and restored to favour before he died in 1582.

Politique
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, politiques (French pronunciation: [pɔlitik]) were Western European statesmen who prioritized the strength of the state above all other organs of society, including religion. During the French Wars of Religion, this included moderates of both religious faiths (Huguenots and Catholics) who held that the country could only be saved by the restoration of a strong monarchy which rose above religious differences. The term politique often had a pejorative connotation of moral or religious indifference, especially after 1576 in contrast with the radical Catholic League calling for the eradication of Protestantism in France. By 1588, the politiques were seen by pious detractors as a faction more pernicious than heretics. Similar clashes emerged during the same period in the Netherlands and England.
Gilles Ouimet
Gilles Ouimet is a former Canadian politician, who was a Quebec Liberal Party member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Fabre.

First elected in the 2012 election, he announced his resignation from the legislature in August 2015.

Quebec Liberal Party
The Quebec Liberal Party (QLP; French: Parti libéral du Québec [paʁti libeʁal dy kebɛk], PLQ) is a provincial political party in Quebec. It has been independent of the federal Liberal Party of Canada since 1955.

The QLP has traditionally supported a form of Quebec federalist ideology with nuanced Canadian nationalist tones that supports Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation, while also supporting reforms that would allow substantial autonomism in Quebec. In the context of federal Canadian politics, it is a more centrist party when compared to Conservative and Liberal parties in other provinces, such as the former British Columbia Liberal Party.