hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Policy sociology
Policy sociology is a term coined by Michael Burawoy referring to a way of providing solutions to social problems. Goals are usually defined by a client, which could be the government. Policy sociology provides instrumental knowledge, that is, knowledge that can be used to solve or help a specific case in the social world. According to Burawoy, the information gathered from policy sociology is open to an extra-academic audience. It is not confined to academic boundaries.  The findings of policy sociology research are likely to have an effect on the general public as they could influence government policy.

In recent year, policy sociology has been a popular research methodology for analysing educational policies. Sometimes it is also called critical policy sociology.

Social reality
Social reality refers to a socially constructed perspective of the world, consisting of the accepted social tenets of a community involving laws and social representations. It is distinct from the material reality, biological reality or individual cognitive reality, representing as it does on a subjective level created through social interaction and thereby transcending individual motives and actions. Radical constructivism would cautiously describe social reality as the product of uniformities among observers (whether or not including the current observer themselves).
Ryūkyū-koku kyū-ki
The Ryūkyū-koku kyū-ki (Japanese: 琉球國舊記 or 琉球国旧記, lit. 'Ancient chronicles of the Ryūkyū  kingdom') is a chorography compiled by Tei Heitetsu Kohagura Uēkata Yūjitsu (Japanese: 鄭秉哲 古波蔵親方祐實) for the government of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. It describes notable and sacred places of the kingdom, its administrative organisation and its official ceremonies. It was presented to king Shō Kei during Year 9 of the Yongzheng Era (1731).: 756

The Ryūkyū-koku kyū-ki corrects and completes the information from the Ryūkyū-koku yurai-ki (1713) and uses as well other original sources. It is entirely written in traditional Chinese characters and counts twenty volumes: nine main volumes and eleven appendix volumes.: 756

Although it includes many original elements, the Ryūkyū-koku kyū-ki is often considered as a simple transcription in Chinese ideograms of the Ryūkyū-koku yurai-ki and is far less studied than its predecessor.

Chorography
Chorography (from χῶρος khōros, "place" and γράφειν graphein, "to write") is the art of describing or mapping a region or district, and by extension such a description or map. This term derives from the writings of the ancient geographer Pomponius Mela and  Ptolemy, where it meant the geographical description of regions. However, its resonances of meaning have varied at different times. Richard Helgerson states that "chorography defines itself by opposition to chronicle. It is the genre devoted to place, and chronicle is the genre devoted to time". Darrell Rohl prefers a broad definition of "the representation of space or place".
Plattsburgh station
Plattsburgh station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Plattsburgh, New York. The station is served by one daily round trip on the Adirondack. It has one low-level side platform on the west side of the single track of the Canadian Pacific Railway Canadian Subdivision.

The Plattsburgh station was opened in 1886, previously used as a Delaware and Hudson Railway  Depot, and was designed by Albany architects Fuller & Wheeler, in the French Provincial style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1982 as the D & H Railroad Complex.  Currently Amtrak only uses a small office downstairs at track level while the above space holds law offices, a media production business, and financial investment offices.

The station has no intercity bus connections. Greyhound Lines and Trailways of New York stop near the U.S. Route 9 / Interstate 87 interchange north of Plattsburgh, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the station.

French Provincial architecture
French Provincial architecture also known as French Eclectic architecture is a revivalist architectural style based on Manor houses or chateaux homes which were built by French aristocrats beginning in the 1600s. The homes are characterized by arched doorways and symmetrically placed elements. They are usually two stories tall with steep hipped roofs. The design came to the United States after American servicemen returned from fighting in France during World War I.
Paul Heithersay
Paul Sinclair Heithersay is a public servant employed by the Government of South Australia. He is the chief executive of the Department for Energy and Mining. He was appointed to this role by the then recently elected Liberal government in June 2018.

Prior to that he had been deputy chief executive of the Department of State Development (previously known as DMITRE) since July 2014. He was the chief executive of the Resources Infrastructure & Investment Task Force, to which he was appointed in December 2010. He is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the State Government's interaction with BHP, which owns the Olympic Dam copper, gold and uranium mine. Heithersay joined the public service in 2002 after 20 years of working for the mining companies North Limited and Geopeko. His first role for the government was as executive director of the Geological Survey of South Australia within Department of Primary Industries and Regions South Australia (PIRSA).

Department of State Development (South Australia)
The Department of State Development was a former department of the Government of South Australia. The department was created by the Weatherill government on 1 July 2014 out of the former DFEEST, Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy and select groups from a few other agencies, including Arts South Australia.

By 2019, under the Marshall government (elected 2018), most of its functions had been taken over by the Department for Innovation and Skills.
Walsh River
The Walsh River is a river located on the Cape York Peninsula of Far North Queensland, Australia.

The headwaters of the river rise in the locality of Watsonville on the Atherton Tableland approximately 9.6 kilometres (6 mi) north of Herberton and then flow in a westerly direction then turning north past Mount Masterton and then veering west again near Tabacum. It crosses and then runs parallel to the Mareeba-Dimbulah Road then under Mount White and past Fumar and Dimbulah and through the Featherstone Range. It then flows to the north west crossing the Burke Developmental Road and eventually discharges into the Mitchell River of which it is a tributary on the boundary of the localities of Gamboola and Wrotham.

The drainage sub-basin occupies an area of 8,958 square kilometres (3,459 sq mi), and is part of the much larger Mitchell River catchment that has a total area of 71,670 square kilometres (27,672 sq mi).

Burke Developmental Road
The Burke Developmental Road is a Queensland (Australia) developmental road. It links Cloncurry and Normanton in a south–north direction, then turns to the north-east 30 km (19 mi) north of Normanton for 230 km (140 mi) before turning south-east till Dimbulah, where it becomes the Mareeba Dimbulah Road.

The road crosses the Gilbert River. This bridge was named after two of the region's indigenous leaders, Lily and Jubilee Slattery.
A major unsealed section begins about 45 km (28 mi) north of Normanton and continues until Chillagoe.  As of 2014, some sections totaling about 15 km (9.3 mi) are unsealed between Chillagoe and Dimbulah. It may become impassable during the wet season.
In mid-2007, A$28 million worth of funding was allocated for the widening of the road.
Medea (2021 film)
Medea (Russian: Медея) is a 2021 Russian drama film directed by Alexander Zeldovich. It is scheduled to be theatrically released on 4 November 2021. The film has been officially invited in 'Harbour' section at the 51st International Film Festival Rotterdam to be held from January 26 to February 6, 2022.

51st International Film Festival Rotterdam
The 51st International Film Festival Rotterdam, is the 2022 edition of the International Film Festival Rotterdam, which took place online from 26 January 2022 to 6 February 2022. The festival, which was held online for the second consecutive year due to the spread of the Omicron variant across Europe, opened with Amanda Kramer's film Please Baby Please. The festival closed with the screening of 1967 sword fighting classic Dragon Inn by King Hu on 6 February 2022.
Moraea villosa
Moraea villosa is a species of plant in genus Moraea in the iris family Iridaceae. It is commonly called the peacock moraea, peacock flappie, small owl, or Uiltjie. The up to 7 cm (2.8 in) wide flowers display as many as six colours in a single flower, some of which are truly iridescent. It is native to the Western Cape of South Africa where it was once common but has lost habitat to wheat fields and urban expansion. Some colour forms extend into Namibia. It can be readily cultivated as a garden flower or in pots.

Iridescence
Iridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear gradually to change colour as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Iridescence is caused by wave interference of light in microstructures or thin films. Examples of iridescence include soap bubbles, feathers, butterfly wings and seashell nacre, and minerals such as opal. Pearlescence is a related effect where some or most of the reflected light is white. The term pearlescent is used to describe certain paint finishes, usually in the automotive industry, which actually produce iridescent effects.
Tramp at the Door
Tramp at the Door is a Canadian television film, directed by Allan Kroeker and broadcast in 1985. Adapted from the Gabrielle Roy short story "Tramp at the Door" ("Un vagabond frappe à notre porte"), the film stars Ed McNamara as Gustave, a Russian vagrant who arrives at the farm of Franco-Manitoban couple Albert (August Schellenberg) and Madeleine (Monique Mercure) Fournier pretending to be a long-lost relative from Quebec.

The cast also included Joanna Schellenberg, Eric Peterson, Jean-Louis Hébert, Melissa Dixon, Ian Wilson, James Martin, Stan Thomas, Len Klady, Kelly Sisson and Dennis Young.

The film was produced by Winnipeg independent television station CKND under its program of funding Manitoba film productions.

Eric Peterson
Eric Neal Peterson CM (born October 2, 1946) is a Canadian stage, television, and film actor, known for his roles in three major Canadian television series – Street Legal (1987–1994), Corner Gas (live-action 2004–2009 and film 2014, animated 2018–2021), and This is Wonderland (2004–2006).
Missense mutation
In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It is a type of nonsynonymous substitution. Missense mutations change amino acids, which in turn alter proteins and may alter a protein's function or structure. These mutations may arise spontaneously from mutagens like UV radiation, tobacco smoke, an error in DNA replication, and other factors. Screening for missense mutations can be done by sequencing the genome of an organism and comparing the sequence to a reference genome to analyze for differences. Missense mutations can be repaired by the cell when there are errors in DNA replication by using mechanisms such as DNA proofreading and mismatch repair. They can also be repaired by using genetic engineering technologies or pharmaceuticals. Some notable examples of human diseases caused by missense mutations are Rett syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and sickle-cell disease.

Arginine
Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.  The molecule features a guanidino group appended to a standard amino acid framework. At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−CO2−) and both the amino and guanidino groups are protonated, resulting in a cation. Only the l-arginine (symbol Arg or R) enantiomer is found naturally. Arg residues are common components of proteins. It is encoded by the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG. The guanidine group in arginine is the precursor for the biosynthesis of nitric oxide. Like all amino acids, it is a white, water-soluble solid.

The one-letter symbol R was assigned to arginine for its phonetic similarity in English.
Jemima Shore Investigates
Jemima Shore Investigates is a British mystery television series which originally aired in twelve episodes in 1983. It is based on a series of novels by Antonia Fraser about Jemima Shore, a crime-solving television presenter.

Actors who appeared in episodes of the series include Anthony Steel, Constance Cummings, Lysette Anthony, Stratford Johns, Patrick Newell, Tom Baker, Malcolm Stoddard, Michael Balfour, Billy Milton, Hugh Burden, Oliver Cotton, Don Henderson, Bill Nighy, Zena Walker, Brian Cox, Donald Houston, Larry Lamb, Brian Oulton, Derek Francis, Nicholas Le Prevost, George Coulouris and Elizabeth Counsell.

Donald Houston
Donald Daniel Houston (6 November 1923 – 13 October 1991) was a British actor from Clydach Vale, Wales, whose first two films—The Blue Lagoon (1949) with Jean Simmons, and A Run for Your Money (1949) with Alec Guinness—were highly successful. Later in his career he was cast in military roles and in comedies such as the Doctor and Carry On series.
2018 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles
Laura Siegemund was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to CoCo Vandeweghe.

Karolína Plíšková won the title, defeating Vandeweghe in the final, 7–6(7–2), 6–4.

15-year-old Marta Kostyuk became the youngest player to win a main draw match in Stuttgart since Martina Hingis in October 1994.

Zarina Diyas
Zarina Diyas (Kazakh: Зарина Диас; Russian: Зари́на Ди́яс; born 18 October 1993) is a Kazakh professional tennis player. She has reached a career-high of world No. 31 in the singles rankings by the WTA. Diyas has won one singles title on the WTA Tour, at the Japan Open, along with 12 singles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Diyas mostly played on the ITF Circuit until 2014, her breakthrough season. Having started the year outside the top 150, she progressed into the top 40 by September, allowing her to enter tournaments on the WTA Tour more consistently, although she still plays ITF tournaments. She is one of the most successful female tennis players representing Kazakhstan, along with Elena Rybakina and Yulia Putintseva.

Diyas became a member of the Kazakhstan Fed Cup team in 2011 and has played for 10 years, second only to Yulia Putintseva.
Mauro Picone
Mauro Picone (2 May 1885 – 11 April 1977) was an Italian mathematician. He is known for the Picone identity, the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem and being the founder of the Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, presently named after him, the first applied mathematics institute ever founded. He was also an outstanding teacher of mathematical analysis: some of the best Italian mathematicians were among his pupils.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
German submarine U-1276
German submarine U-1276 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service during World War II. She was laid down at Bremer Vulkan of Bremen-Vegesack on 13 July 1943. She was commissioned  6 April 1944 with Oberleutnant zur See Karl-Heinz Wendt in command. U-1276 was equipped with a submarine snorkel (underwater-breathing apparatus) when she sailed on her last cruise.

Oberleutnant zur See
Oberleutnant zur See (OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy, Oblt.z.S. in the Kriegsmarine) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy. It is grouped as OF-1 in NATO.

The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890. Within the navy, officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant. To distinguish naval officers from those of the army, the suffix zur See (at sea) was added in official communications, sometimes shortened to z.S. (Oblt.z.S.). The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine, Kriegsmarine, and Bundesmarine.  In the Volksmarine, the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped. In the Kriegsmarine, engineers (Ingenieur – Ing.) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant (Ing.).
Peggy Dickens
Peggy Dickens (born 8 December 1975 in Schiltigheim) is a French slalom canoeist who competed from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s. She won a bronze medal in the K1 event at the 2005 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Penrith.

Dickens also finished fourth in the K1 event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's slalom K-1
These are the results of the women's K-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics.  The K-1 (kayak single) event is raced by one-man kayaks through a whitewater course.  The venue for the 2004 Olympic competition was the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex.
Eugène Vieillard
Eugène Vieillard (1819–1896) was a French physician and botanist.

Employed as a surgeon with the merchant navy, from 1855 to 1857 he collected plants in Tahiti with gardener-botanist Jean Armand Isidore Pancher. Afterwards, he spent a number of years conducting botanical investigations in New Caledonia, where he was a colleague to naturalist Émile Deplanche. Within this time period, he also collected ferns in New Zealand (1861) and visited the Cape of Good Hope and the island of Réunion. From 1871 to 1895, he was director of the botanical garden in Caen.

The plant genus Vieillardia was named in his honor by Jean Xavier Hyacinthe Montrouzier in 1860. More than 35 botanical species bear his name, a few examples being: Nepenthes vieillardii, Tristaniopsis vieillardii, Microsorum vieillardii and Dacrycarpus vieillardii. His name is also associated with a species of reptile found in New Caledonia, "Vieillard's chameleon gecko" (Eurydactylodes vieillardi).

Dacrycarpus vieillardii
Dacrycarpus vieillardii is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is a tree endemic to New Caledonia. It is native to central and southern Grande Terre, New Caledonia's main island, where it grows in lowland rain forest on ultramafic soils, particularly along river banks and in humid depressions, from 50 to 900 metres elevation. It is relatively common and has a stable population.

The species was first described as Podocarpus viellardii by Filippo Parlatore in 1868. In 1969 David John de Laubenfels placed the species in genus Dacrycarpus as D. viellardii.
Satake Yoshiatsu
Satake Yoshiatsu (佐竹 義敦; November 24, 1748 – July 6, 1785) was the 8th daimyō of Kubota Domain in Dewa Province, Japan (modern-day Akita Prefecture), and then 26th hereditary chieftain of the Satake clan. His courtesy title was Ukyo-daifu and Jijū and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was also founder of the Akita ranga school of Japanese painting and is more commonly known by his pen name, Satake Shozan (佐竹 曙山).

Courtesy title
A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but is rather used by custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title).

In some contexts, courtesy title is used to mean the more general concept of a title or honorific such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Madam, Sir for those who have not been awarded a knighthood or a baronetcy, as well as Dr. for physicians who have not actually achieved a doctorate.
Damash Gilan VC
Damash Gilan Volleyball Club (Persian: باشگاه والیبال داماش گیلان) was an Iranian professional volleyball team based in Rasht, Iran. The team is owned by Amir Abedini. They competed in the Iranian Volleyball Super League. Damash was dissolved after Presence Three year in volleyball Super League.

Iranian Volleyball Super League
The Iranian Volleyball Super League (IVSL) is a professional volleyball league in Iran at the top of the Iranian volleyball league system. It was founded in 1975 as the Pasargad Cup, but after the Iranian Revolution it was renamed to the first Division. In 1997 the league system was revamped, and the Iranian Super League was established.
Brent R. Appel
Brent Robert Appel (born July 13, 1950) is an American attorney, politician and former judge who served as a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from 2006 to 2022. Appel was previously an attorney in the office of the Attorney General of Iowa and was a candidate for a seat in the Iowa General Assembly.

Iowa Supreme Court
The Iowa Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Iowa. The Court is composed of a chief justice and six associate justices.

The Court holds its regular sessions in Des Moines in the Iowa Judicial Branch Building located at 1111 East Court Avenue on the state Capitol grounds, south of the Iowa State Capitol.
Toms River Railroad
The Toms River Railroad was a railroad in Ocean County, New Jersey, established in 1866 with a stop at the county seat of Toms River, New Jersey. The line was extended to Waretown in 1872 by the Toms River & Waretown Railroad. In 1881 the Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) purchased the line  and in 1893 the property was transferred to the Toms River & Barnegat Railroad (TR&B) at that time the branch was extended to Barnegat. In 1893, TR&B acquired ownership of the property, and service continued under CNJ.

Passenger service was terminated in the mid-1950s. Freight service continued into the late 1970s: by that time CNJ was bankrupt and had been absorbed by Conrail who abandoned the line in 1981. The former roadbed was converted for rail trail use in 2007 as the Barnegat Branch Trail.

Rail trail
A rail trail or railway walk is a shared-use path on a railway right of way. Rail trails are typically constructed after a railway has been abandoned and the track has been removed; in addition, rails with trails share the rail corridor with active railways, light rail or with disused track. As shared-use paths, rail trails are primarily for non-motorised traffic including pedestrians, bicycles, horseback riders, skaters and cross-country skiers, although snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles may be allowed. The characteristics of abandoned railways lend themselves to rail trails and account for their popularity; these include gentle grades, well-engineered rights of way and structures (bridges and tunnels), and passage through historical areas. Many rail trails are long-distance trails, while some shorter rail trails are known as greenways or linear parks.
109th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
The 109th Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry unit of the United States Army from 1921 to 1940, a part of the National Guards of Alabama, North Carolina, and Tennessee. In 1940, the regiment was converted into a field artillery regiment, a battalion of which is currently active in the Tennessee Army National Guard with headquarters at Chattanooga and subordinate units in Pulaski, Lawrenceburg, Fayetteville and Dayton.

Dayton, Tennessee
Dayton is a city in and the county seat of Rhea County, Tennessee, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,065. The Dayton Urban Cluster includes developed areas adjacent to the city and extends south to Graysville.

Dayton was the site of the Scopes trial in 1925 dealing with the rejection of evolution by religious groups.