hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polynomial mapping
In algebra, a polynomial map or polynomial mapping  between vector spaces over an infinite field k is a polynomial in linear functionals with coefficients in k; i.e., it can be written as

where the  are linear functionals and the  are vectors in W. For example, if , then a polynomial mapping can be expressed as  where the  are (scalar-valued) polynomial functions on V. (The abstract definition has an advantage that the map is manifestly free of a choice of basis.)

When V, W are finite-dimensional vector spaces and are viewed as algebraic varieties, then a polynomial mapping is precisely a morphism of algebraic varieties.

One fundamental outstanding question regarding polynomial mappings is the Jacobian conjecture, which concerns the sufficiency of a polynomial mapping to be invertible.

Linear form
In mathematics, a linear form (also known as a linear functional, a one-form, or a covector) is a linear map from a vector space to its field of scalars (often, the real numbers or the complex numbers).

If V is a vector space over a field k, the set of all linear functionals from V to k is itself a vector space over k with addition and scalar multiplication defined pointwise. This space is called the dual space of V, or sometimes the algebraic dual space, when a topological dual space is also considered. It is often denoted Hom(V, k), or, when the field k is understood, ; other notations are also used, such as ,  or  When vectors are represented by column vectors (as is common when a basis is fixed), then linear functionals are represented as row vectors, and their values on specific vectors are given by matrix products (with the row vector on the left).
Morrisonia latex
Morrisonia latex, the fluid arches, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America from Nova Scotia to South Carolina, west to Arkansas, and north to Manitoba.

The moth flies from May to July depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Acer saccharinum, Acer nigrum, Prunus serotina, Betula lenta, Betula nigra, Betula lutea, Betula papyrifera, Ulmus americana, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, Quercus prinus, Quercus velutina and Sassafras albidum.

Quercus velutina
Quercus velutina (Latin 'velutina', "velvety") , the black oak, is a species of oak in the red oak group (Quercus sect. Lobatae), native and widespread in eastern and central North America. It is sometimes called the eastern black oak.

Quercus velutina was previously known as yellow oak due to the yellow pigment in its inner bark. It is a close relative of the California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) found in western North America.
Crown Lands Act 1851
The Crown Lands Act 1851 (14 & 15 Vict. c. 42) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that established the Commissioners of Works as the body responsible for management of royal parks and gardens, specifically;

Saint James's Park

Hyde Park

Green Park

Kensington Gardens

Chelsea Garden

Treasury Garden

Parliament Square Garden

Regent's Park

Primrose Hill

Victoria Park

Battersea Park

Greenwich Park

Kew Gardens, Pleasure Grounds, and Green

Kew and Richmond Roads

Hampton Court Gardens, Green, and Road

Hampton Court Park

Richmond Park and Richmond Green

Bushey Park

Holyrood Park

Bushy Park
Bushy Park in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames is the second largest of London's Royal Parks, at 445 hectares (1,100 acres) in area, after Richmond Park. The park, most of which is open to the public, is immediately north of Hampton Court Palace and Hampton Court Park and is a few minutes' walk from the west side of Kingston Bridge. It is surrounded by Teddington, Hampton, Hampton Hill and Hampton Wick and is mainly within the post towns of Hampton and Teddington, those of East Molesey and Kingston upon Thames taking the remainder.

In September 2014, most of it was designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest together with Hampton Court Park and Hampton Court Golf Course as Bushy Park and Home Park SSSI.
The park is listed at Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
Yamagishi movement
The Yamagishi movement (alternatively Yamagishi Association) is a network of egalitarian intentional communities which originated in Japan. People in these communities live without money and with minimal personal possessions, but their needs are provided for by the community. There are no bosses or set working hours. Their primary industries are farming and ranching.

Personal property
Personal property is property that is movable. In common law systems, personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. In civil law systems, personal property is often called movable property or movables—any property that can be moved from one location to another.

Personal property can be understood in comparison to real estate, immovable property or real property (such as land and buildings).

Movable property on land (larger livestock, for example) was not automatically sold with the land; it was "personal" to the owner and moved with the owner.

The word cattle is the Old Norman variant of Old French chatel, chattel (derived from Latin capitalis, "of the head"), which was once synonymous with general movable personal property.
Joseph Dunn (entrepreneur)
Rev. Joseph "Daddy" Dunn (1746–1827) was an English priest and entrepreneur who was noted for his importing and distribution of gas throughout the United Kingdom, mainly the Preston area. Dunn rapidly changed the whole of Lancashire by transporting coal-gas lighting into the area.

The Reverend
The Reverend (abbreviated as The Revd, The Rev'd or The Rev) is an honorific style given to certain (primarily Western) Christian clergy and ministers. There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions. The Reverend is correctly called a style, but is sometimes referred to as a title, form of address, or title of respect.
Richie Dunn
Richard L. Dunn (May 12, 1957 – September 20, 2016) was an American professional ice hockey defenseman. He played in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres, Calgary Flames, and Hartford Whalers between 1977 and 1989. In his NHL career, Dunn appeared in 483 games. He scored 36 goals and added 140 assists.

He was also a member of the US national team at the 1981 Canada Cup and 1986 Ice Hockey World Championship tournaments. Dunn died on September 20, 2016, aged 59.

Hartford Whalers
The Hartford Whalers were a professional ice hockey team based for most of its 25-year existence in Hartford, Connecticut. The club played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1972 until 1979, and in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1979 to 1997.

Originally based in Boston, they were charter members of the WHA, known as the New England Whalers for all seven seasons. After their second season, the team moved one hundred miles (160 km) southwest to Hartford in April 1974; five years later, the Whalers joined the NHL in the 1979 NHL–WHA merger and were renamed the "Hartford Whalers" because the Boston Bruins did not want to share a geographical market with the team.

After 25 years in New England, the franchise relocated to North Carolina in 1997 and became the Carolina Hurricanes.
Paul Webb (basketball)
Paul Webb (June 29, 1929 – December 8, 2023) was an American college basketball coach. He was the head coach at Randolph–Macon College from 1956 to 1975 and at Old Dominion University from 1975 to 1985.

Webb played basketball and baseball for the College of William & Mary from 1947 to 1951.

Webb died at his Virginia Beach home on December 8, 2023, at the age of 94.

Randolph–Macon College
Randolph–Macon College (RMC or, colloquially, Macon) is a private liberal arts college in Ashland, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1830, the college has an enrollment of more than 1,800 students. It is the second-oldest Methodist-run college in the country, and the oldest in continuous operation. The college primarily offers bachelor's degrees.
Cain at Abel
Cain at Abel (transl. Cain and Abel / international title: Color of My Blood) is a Philippine television drama action series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Mark A. Reyes, it stars Dingdong Dantes and Dennis Trillo. It premiered on November 19, 2018 on the network's Telebabad line up. The series concluded on February 15, 2019 with a total of 65 episodes.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Philippine television drama
Philippine television drama, also known as teleserye is a form of melodramatic, serialized, televised fiction in the Philippines. Teleserye is derived from two Filipino words: "tele", short for "telebisyón" (television), and "serye" (series).

Teleseryes share characteristics with and have roots similar to soap operas and telenovelas. They have evolved into a genre with unique characteristics, however, and often reflect Filipino social reality. Teleseryes are aired in the afternoon and prime time, five days a week. Their audience crosses age and gender lines, and they have the highest advertising rates in the Philippine television industry. Series last from three months to a year or longer, depending on ratings.

Philippine TV dramas also include serials and anthologies, usually shown weekly. These dramas have a finite number of episodes and usually last one season, again depending on ratings.
Franklin Desha House
The Franklin Desha House is a historic house in Desha, Arkansas. It is a single-story double-pen dogtrot house, with a side gable roof and a projecting gabled roof at the center of its main facade. Built in 1847, the house is important for as one of the older houses in Independence County, and for its association with the Desha and Searcy families, both important to the history of Arkansas. Franklin Desha was the son of Robert Desha, who settled Helena, and nephew of Benjamin Desha, for whom Desha County is named. He married Elizabeth Searcy, the daughter of Richard Searcy, a lawyer and judge for whom Searcy and Searcy County are named. Desha, a veteran of the Mexican–American War, built this house in 1847, and served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. This property was the site of a Confederate encampment in 1863.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Independence County, Arkansas
Independence County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37,938. The county seat is Batesville. Independence County is Arkansas's ninth county, formed on October 20, 1820, from a portion of Lawrence County and named in commemoration of the Declaration of Independence. It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county.

The Batesville, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Independence County.
Asparagine peptide lyase
Asparagine peptide lyase are one of the seven groups in which proteases, also termed proteolytic enzymes, peptidases, or proteinases, are classified according to their catalytic residue. The catalytic mechanism of the asparagine peptide lyases  involves an asparagine residue acting as nucleophile to perform a nucleophilic elimination reaction, rather than hydrolysis, to catalyse the breaking of a peptide bond.

The existence of this seventh catalytic type of proteases, in which the peptide bond cleavage occurs by self-processing instead of hydrolysis, was demonstrated with the discovery of the crystal structure of the self-cleaving precursor of the Tsh autotransporter from E. coli.

Protein splicing
Protein splicing is an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment (called an intein) is removed from a precursor protein with a ligation of C-terminal and N-terminal external proteins (called exteins) on both sides. The splicing junction of the precursor protein is mainly a cysteine or a serine, which are amino acids containing a nucleophilic side chain. The protein splicing reactions which are known now do not require exogenous cofactors or energy sources such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Normally, splicing is associated only with pre-mRNA splicing. This precursor protein contains three segments—an N-extein followed by the intein followed by a C-extein. After splicing has taken place, the resulting protein contains the N-extein linked to the C-extein; this splicing product is also termed an extein.
Raymond Lefebvre
Raymond-Louis Lefebvre (24 April 1891, Vire – presumed date of death 1 October 1920) was a French writer and political activist. He attended the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern from 19 July to 7 August 1920, but along with two other French delegates disappeared in the Barents Sea whilst returning.

Lefebvre served as a soldier during the First World War and in 1917 described his experiences in Le sacrifice d'Abraham ("The Sacrifice of Abraham"). He had been wounded and was revolted by the whole experience. This work placed him alongside Henri Barbusse, Georges Duhamel, Marcel Martinet – amongst others – as one of the writers who developed a revolutionary perspective during the war. He was involved in setting up a radical veterans' association, the Association Républicaine des Anciens Combattants.

After attending the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, he was appointed to the Provisional International Bureau of the Kultintern, an organisation set up to promote proletarian culture.

Georges Duhamel (author)
Georges Duhamel (/ˌdjuːəˈmɛl/; French: [dy.amɛl]; 30 June 1884 – 13 April 1966) was a French author, born in Paris. Duhamel trained as a doctor, and during World War I was attached to the French Army. In 1920, he published Confession de minuit, the first of a series featuring the anti-hero Salavin. In 1935, he was elected as a member of the Académie française. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty-seven times. He was also the father of the musicologist and composer Antoine Duhamel.
Millicent Shelton
Millicent B. Shelton (born January 29, 1966) is an American music video, television and film director.

Shelton began her career as a wardrobe production assistant on the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing (1989). She went on to direct music videos for artists such as Mary J. Blige, R. Kelly, Aaliyah, CeCe Peniston, and Salt-n-Pepa.

Her other directing credits include the motion picture Ride (1998) and episodes of Everybody Hates Chris, The Bernie Mac Show, Girlfriends, The Walking Dead, Castle, Californication, My Name Is Earl, 90210, Men of a Certain Age, Pan Am, Leverage, and 30 Rock, for which she became the first African-American woman to receive a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the episode "Apollo, Apollo".

She is an alumna of Princeton University  and New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts.

Castle (TV series)
Castle is an American crime mystery comedy-drama television series that aired on ABC for a total of eight seasons from March 9, 2009, to May 16, 2016. The series was produced by Beacon Pictures and ABC Studios.

Created by Andrew W. Marlowe, Castle primarily traces the lives of Richard Castle (Nathan Fillion), a best-selling mystery novelist, and Kate Beckett (Stana Katic), a homicide detective, as they solve various unusual crimes in New York City. Detective Beckett is initially infuriated at the thought of working with a writer and goes to great lengths to keep him out of her way. However, the two soon start developing feelings for each other. The overarching plot of the series focused on the romance between the two lead characters and their ongoing investigation of the murder of Beckett's mother.

On May 12, 2016, it was announced that despite some cast members signing one-year contracts for a potential ninth season, the show had been canceled.
Pikku-Vesijärvi
Pikku-Vesijärvi is a pond in Lahti, Päijät-Häme, Finland. Its greatest depth is 4.5 meters (1998). Around the pond is an arboretum where is even more than 40 tree species. Also, near Pikku-Vesijärvi is Lanu-puisto, a park where is 12 Olavi Lanu's statues made of concrete. The pond has connection to Vesijärvi. Pikku-Vesijärvi is a popular social spot and is located near to Lahti's center.

Päijät-Häme
Päijät-Häme (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpæi̯j(ː)æt̪ˌhæme̞(ʔ)]; Swedish: Päijänne-Tavastland) is a region in Southern Finland south of the lake Päijänne. It borders the regions of Uusimaa, Kanta-Häme, Pirkanmaa, Central Finland, South Savo and Kymenlaakso. The biggest city in the region is Lahti.

Päijät-Häme boasts a landscape shaped by two key features. Finland's second-largest, Lake Päijänne, dominates the region, offering a vast freshwater expanse and a vital transportation route. The Salpausselkä ridge, a glacial remnant, adds a touch of elevation and scenic variation. Beyond these, Päijät-Häme features extensive coniferous forests. Rolling hills provide scenic views, while numerous smaller lakes and rivers create a network of waterways.
Toby Mao
Tobias "Toby" Mao (born December 21, 1988) is a former world-class Rubik's Cube solver. Hailing from Hillsborough, California, Toby graduated from Crystal Springs Uplands School in 2007 and went on to study mathematics at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He is the younger brother of Beauty and the Geek second-season participant Tyson Mao, with whom he taught Will Smith to solve a Rubik's Cube for the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness. In 2006, Toby set the world record in speedcubing by solving the 3x3x3 cube in 10.48 seconds.

Beauty and the Geek
Beauty and the Geek is a reality television franchise that first aired in the United States.

The show follows groups of "Beauties" (people — almost always women — who rely on their attractiveness and outgoing personalities but typically lack intellect) and "Geeks" (people — almost always men — who rely on their intellect, but typically lack social ability) who must pair up to compete in challenges to avoid elimination.

While a competition, the show is also billed as a social experiment, in which each contestant typically learns from his or her teammate. The geeks help beauties prepare to compete in challenges of intellect and the beauties prepare the geeks to compete in challenges involving social skills.
Nicky
Nicky is a diminutive form of the name Nicholas, Nicola and Nicole, occasionally used as a given name in its own right. Sometimes it is spelled as Nikki, Niki. It can also be used as a diminutive of Dominic.

Nikki (given name)
Nikki is a given name. It is commonly a nickname for Nicholas and its variants Nikolina, Nicole, Nicola; and Nikita, and Veronica. It is also a Punjabi name (Gurmukhi: ਨਿੱਕੀ; Shahmukhi: نکی) meaning “little one”, with its male counterpart being Nikku (Gurmukhi: ਨਿੱਕੂ; Shahmukhi: نکو).
Dolby Digital Plus
Dolby Digital Plus, also known as Enhanced AC-3 (and commonly abbreviated as DDP, DD+, E-AC-3 or EC-3), is a digital audio compression scheme developed by Dolby Labs for the transport and storage of multi-channel digital audio. It is a successor to Dolby Digital (AC-3), and has a number of improvements over that codec, including support for a wider range of data rates (32 kbit/s to 6144 kbit/s), an increased channel count, and multi-program support (via substreams), as well as additional tools (algorithms) for representing compressed data and counteracting artifacts. Whereas Dolby Digital (AC-3) supports up to five full-bandwidth audio channels at a maximum bitrate of 640 kbit/s, E-AC-3 supports up to 15 full-bandwidth audio channels at a maximum bitrate of 6.144 Mbit/s.

The full set of technical specifications for E-AC-3 (and AC-3) are standardized and published in Annex E of ATSC A/52:2012, as well as Annex E of ETSI TS 102 366.

Significand
The significand (also coefficient, sometimes argument, or more ambiguously mantissa, fraction, or characteristic) is the first (left) part of a number in scientific notation or related concepts in floating-point representation, consisting of its significant digits. For negative numbers, it does not include the initial minus sign.

Depending on the interpretation of the exponent, the significand may represent an integer or a fractional number, which may cause the term "mantissa" to be misleading, since the mantissa of a logarithm is always its fractional part. Although the other names mentioned are common, significand is the word used by IEEE 754, an important technical standard for floating-point arithmetic. In mathematics, the term "argument" may also be ambiguous, since "the argument of a number" sometimes refers to the length of a circular arc from 1 to a number on the unit circle in the complex plane.
Sudarshan Kumar
Sudarshan Kumar (born 18 July 1981) is an Indian politician from Bihar and a two-time member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly. He won as a member of the Indian National Congress in the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, and won as a member of Janata Dal (United) from Barbigha in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He ran a third time as an independent, but lost to Kumar Puspanjay of JD(U). He is a grandson of Rajo Singh who was a two-time MP from Begusarai Lok Sabha and was also elected as an MLA five times from Sheikhpura and once from Barbigha. His father, Sanjay Singh Munna, was MLA from Sheikhpura twice, and his mother, Shrimati Sunila Devi, was MLA of INC twice from the Sheikhpura constituency.

Bihar Legislative Assembly
The Bihar Legislative Assembly (ISO: Bihār Vidhān Sabhā), is the lower house of the bicameral Bihar Legislature of the state of Bihar in India. The first state elections were held in 1952.

Before the partition of Bihar, the total strength of membership in the assembly was 331, including one nominated member. After the partition, the seats were reduced to 243 members. Shri Krishna Singh became the first leader of the House and the first chief minister, Anugrah Narayan Singh was elected as the first deputy leader of the house and the first deputy chief minister.
Maud, Ohio
Maud is an unincorporated community in central West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States, located on Cincinnati–Dayton Road (also known as the Dixie Highway).  Originally called Shoemaker, it was renamed for Richard Maud, the town's first postmaster and was formerly a stop on the Dayton Short Line, which became part of the Big Four Railroad.  An important road in West Chester and Liberty Townships is Maud Hughes Road.

Around the late 1860s or early 1870s, Maud was the site of an attempt by a local entrepreneur to construct a mill that worked via perpetual motion. A large crowd gathered to watch the mill start, and when it did not, laughter ensued. Nothing was heard from the unnamed entrepreneur again, and the mill quickly vanished. The local newspapers did not record the event, and the only record of its occurrence was transmitted by elderly residents of Maud to one William Marion Miller of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.

Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio
Liberty Township is a suburb of Cincinnati located in Butler County, Ohio. It is one of thirteen townships in Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 43,999 at the 2020 census. It is located on the east-central part of the county, just south of the city of Monroe.
Campbell Chapel A.M.E. Church (Americus, Georgia)
Campbell Chapel A.M.E. Church is a historic building for the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the city of Americus in Sumter County, Georgia, U.S.. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 30, 1997, and is significant in architecture and for local African American heritage.

Sumter County, Georgia
Sumter County is a county located in the west-central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, its population was 29,616. The county seat is Americus. The county was created on December 26, 1831.

Sumter County is part of the Americus micropolitan statistical area.