hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oath of a Freeman
The “Oath of a Freeman” was a loyalty pledge required of all new members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s. Printed as a broadside by Stephen Daye in 1639, it is the first document from a printing press known to have been produced in the present day United States.  No copies are known to exist, but the text is known from a handwritten copy and two books, New-England’s Jonas Cast Up at London (1647) and Massachusetts's General Lawes and Libertyes (1648).

A supposed original printing of the document surfaced in 1985, but it was later revealed to be the work of forger Mark Hofmann.

Broadside (printing)
A broadside is a large sheet of paper printed on one side only. Historically in Europe, broadsides were used as posters, announcing events or proclamations, giving political views, commentary in the form of ballads, or simply advertisements. In Japan, chromoxylographic broadsheets featuring artistic prints were common.
Colin Anderson (American football)
Colin Tyler Anderson (born November 21, 1989) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2013, and later played for the New York Jets. He played college football at Furman.

Furman Paladins football
The Furman Paladins football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Furman University located in the state of South Carolina. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) as members of the Southern Conference (SoCon). The school's first football team was fielded in 1889. The 1902 team won a state championship. The team plays its home games at the 16,000 seat Paladin Stadium in Greenville, South Carolina.

The 1988 Furman Paladins football team, coached by Jimmy Satterfield, won the NCAA Division I Football Championship. Clay Hendrix, who was a member of that championship team, has served as the team's head coach since 2017.
Buprofezin
Buprofezin is an insecticide used for control of insect pests such as mealybugs, leafhoppers and whitefly on vegetable crops. It is a growth regulator, acting as an inhibitor of chitin synthase (IRAC group 16). It is banned in some countries due to its negative environmental impacts, being especially toxic to aquatic organisms as well as non-target insects, though is of low toxicity to humans and other mammals.

Chitin synthase
In enzymology, a chitin synthase (EC 2.4.1.16) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)]n  UDP + [1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)]n+1

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and [[[1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)]n]], whereas its two products are UDP and [[[1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)]n+1]].

This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:chitin 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase. Other names in common use include chitin-UDP N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin-uridine diphosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin synthetase, and trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase.  This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism.
Sniawbhalang Dhar
Sniawbhalang Dhar is an Indian politician of the National People's Party from Meghalaya who is serving as the Deputy Chief Minister of Meghalaya since 2023 under NPP's Conrad Sangma alongside Prestone Tynsong. He has been elected in Meghalaya Legislative Assembly from Nartiang constituency since 2013.He was also Minister of Commerce & Industries, Community & Rural Development, Soil & Water Conservation, Transport in First Conrad Sangma ministry from 2018 to 2023.

National People's Party (India)
The National People's Party is a conservative national political party in India. It is mostly concentrated in Meghalaya. Founded by P. A. Sangma after his expulsion from the Nationalist Congress Party in July 2012, it was accorded national party status on 7 June 2019. It is the first political party from Northeast India to have attained this status.
The Ugly Duckling and Me!
The Ugly Duckling and Me! is a 2006 animated comedy drama film directed by Michael Hegner and Karsten Kiilerich. Intended for a family audience, it is a modern adaptation of the 1843 fairy tale "The Ugly Duckling" by Hans Christian Andersen. The Yorkshire Post described it as a "feel good" film for family audiences. The film follows over a rat named Ratso who strives to become a famous showman.  His life changes when an egg falls out of its nest revealing an ugly duckling with brushy grey wings, and he is forced to becomes a father. It also won an award at the China International Cartoon and Digital Art Festival. The film initially premiered in Denmark on 6 April 2006.

The Ugly Duckling
"The Ugly Duckling" (Danish: Den grimme ælling) is a Danish literary fairy tale by the Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875). It was first published on 11 November 1843 in New Fairy Tales. First Volume. First Collection, with three other tales by Andersen in Copenhagen to great critical acclaim. The tale has been adapted to various media, including opera, musical, and animated film. The tale is an original story by Andersen.
Courts of Virginia
Courts of Virginia include:

State courts of Virginia

Supreme Court of Virginia
Court of Appeals of Virginia
Virginia Circuit Court (120 courts divided among 31 judicial circuits)
Virginia General District Court (courts in 32 districts)
Virginia Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (courts in 32 districts)

Federal courts located in Virginia

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (headquartered in Richmond, having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia)

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia

United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia

Former federal courts of Virginia

United States District Court for the District of Virginia (extinct, subdivided)

United States District Court for the District of Potomac (1801-1802; also contained the District of Columbia and pieces of Maryland; extinct, reorganized)

Supreme Court of Virginia
The Supreme Court of Virginia is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Virginia.  It primarily hears direct appeals in civil cases from the trial-level city and county circuit courts, as well as the criminal law, family law and administrative law cases that are initially appealed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Established in 1779 as the Supreme Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court of Virginia is one of the oldest continuously active judicial bodies in the United States.
Daniel Raymond Burt
Daniel Raymond Burt February 29, 1804 – January 7, 1884) was an American legislator and businessman.

Born in Florida, New York, in Montgomery County, New York, he moved to Ontario in 1826 and then to Tecumseh, Michigan, in 1830. He married Lydia Ashley (1805–1864) in 1831. Burt then moved to Wisconsin Territory settling in the town of Waterloo, in Grant County, Wisconsin, in 1835, where he developed roads, gristmills, and sawmills. The unincorporated community of Burton, Wisconsin, in the town of Waterloo, was platted and named for him. He served in the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature from 1840 to 1842 and 1847 to 1848 as a Whig. Burt then moved to Dunleith, Illinois (now East Dubuque, Illinois), in 1856, where he started the Burt Machine Company, which produced agricultural machinery. He married his second wife, Mary J. Ennor, in 1866. Burt died on January 7, 1884, in Wenona, Illinois, and was buried in East Dubuque, Illinois.

Wisconsin Territory
The Territory of Wisconsin was an organized and incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 3, 1836, until May 29, 1848, when an eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Wisconsin. Belmont was initially chosen as the capital of the territory. In 1837, the territorial legislature met in Burlington, just north of the Skunk River on the Mississippi, which became part of the Iowa Territory in 1838. In that year, 1838, the territorial capital of Wisconsin was moved to Madison.
TSV Hartberg
Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg (officially known as TSV Egger Glas Hartberg for sponsorship reasons) is an Austrian professional football club based in Hartberg, Styria. Founded in 1946, the club plays in the Austrian Bundesliga, the highest level of the Austrian football league system.

Hartberg were promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time in 2018 and have since established themselves in the top flight. In the 2019–20 season, they qualified for European competition for the first time, earning a place in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League qualifiers.

The club plays its home matches at the Profertil Arena Hartberg, a 4,500-capacity stadium, and traditionally wears blue and white.

2. Liga (Austria)
The Second League (German: 2. Liga), commonly known as Admiral 2. Liga for sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest professional division in Austrian football.

The division currently contains 16 teams, and the champion of the league is promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga if it is not a reserve team. The three bottom teams are directly relegated from the Second League into the Regional leagues.
Preslav Crag
Preslav Crag (Bulgarian: връх Преслав, romanized: vrah Preslav, IPA: [ˈvrɤx prɛˈsɫaf]) is a sharp peak rising to approx. 600 m in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  The peak has precipitous and ice-free south-western and north-eastern slopes and overlooks Prespa Glacier to the southwest and Macy Glacier to the northeast, the latter flowing between Preslav Crag and Peshev Ridge into Brunow Bay.

The peak is named after the Bulgarian town of Preslav (Veliki Preslav), that in the ninth century was the capital of the First Bulgarian Kingdom.

Macy Glacier
Macy Glacier is a 3.7 nautical miles (6.9 km; 4.3 mi) long and 1.4 nautical miles (2.6 km; 1.6 mi) crescent-shaped glacier on the southern slopes of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  The glacier is bounded by Friesland Ridge to the northwest, Levski Ridge to the northeast and Peshev Ridge to the southeast, and flows southwestwards into the head of Brunow Bay.

The feature was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee in 1958 for Robert Macy, Master of the brig Aurora, one of the fleet of American sealers from New York which visited the South Shetland Islands in 1820–21.
Role of skin in locomotion
Role of skin in locomotion  describes how the integumentary system is involved in locomotion. Typically the integumentary system can be thought of as skin, however the integumentary system also includes the segmented exoskeleton in arthropods and feathers of birds. The primary role of the integumentary system is to provide protection for the body. However, the structure of the skin has evolved to aid animals in their different modes of locomotion.
Soft bodied animals such as starfish rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet for movement. Eels, snakes, and fish use their skin like an external tendon to generate the propulsive forces need for undulatory locomotion. Vertebrates that fly, glide, and parachute also have a characteristic fiber arrangements of their flight membranes that allows for the skin to maintain its structural integrity during the stress and strain experienced during flight.

Tendon
A tendon or sinew is a tough band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. It sends the mechanical forces of muscle contraction to the skeletal system, while withstanding tension.

Tendons, like ligaments, are made of collagen. The difference is that ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone. There are about 4,000 tendons in the adult human body.
Kelly Daniela Norris
Kelly Daniela Norris is a Mexican-American film director, screenwriter, and producer. Her feature directorial debut Sombras de Azul was shot on-location in Cuba and premiered at the Austin Film Festival in 2013, winning the Texas Independents Audience Award.  Her second feature, Nakom, was co-directed with her collaborator T.W. Pittman, and was shot in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Nakom had its world premiere at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in the Panorama section 2016, was selected for the prestigious New Directors/New Films, was nominated for an Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award for Best Picture made for under $500,000, and had a limited theatrical release in NYC in March 2017. In 2016, Kelly Daniela Norris and T.W. Pittman were selected for Filmmaker Magazine's “25 New Faces of Filmmaking."

Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award
The Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award is presented to the creative team of a film budgeted at less than $1,000,000 by the Film Independent, a non-profit organization dedicated to independent film and independent filmmakers. It is named after actor/screenwriter/director John Cassavetes, a pioneer of American independent film. The award is given to the directors, writers and producers of a film.
2018 Alabama lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 2018 Alabama lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect the Lieutenant Governor of Alabama, concurrently with elections to the United States House of Representatives, governor, and other state and local elections. Primary elections were held on June 5, 2018, with runoff elections held on July 17, 2018, in races which nobody cleared at least 50% of the vote.

Incumbent Republican lieutenant governor Kay Ivey resigned on April 10, 2017, to become to the Governor of Alabama following the resignation of Robert Bentley. Following Ivey's resignation, the office of Lieutenant Governor remained vacant until the 2018 election cycle.

Republican state representative Will Ainsworth won a competitive primary and runoff against Alabama Public Service Commissioner Twinkle Cavanaugh, and pastor Will Boyd became the Democratic nominee without any opposition. Ainsworth comfortably won the general election.

Lieutenant Governor of Alabama
The lieutenant governor of Alabama is the president of the Alabama Senate, elected to serve a four-year term. The office was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, and recreated in 1901. According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the governor dies, resigns or is removed from office (via impeachment), the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship. Earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.
Kydliny
Kydliny is a village located about 4.5 kilometers to the west of Klatovy in the Czech Republic. It was first mentioned in 1352, and its Church of Saint Wenceslas, a cultural monument of the Czech Republic, dates back to that year. In 2011 there were 85 inhabitants and 59 houses dedicated for living.

Klatovy
Klatovy (Czech pronunciation: [ˈklatovɪ]; German: Klattau) is a town in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 23,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Dumitru Popescu-Colibași
Olimpiu-Dumitru Popescu-Colibași (16 March 1912 – 2 March 1993), nicknamed Tata Pik, was a Romanian handball manager, rugby union player and author of books on sports. He had pioneered handball in the city of Brașov. Popescu-Colibași graduated from the A.N.E.F. in 1937. He helped develop many leading handball players during decades: including Anna Stark, Maria Scheip, Mara Windt, Gerlinde Reip, Edeltraut Franz-Sauer, Iuliana Nako, and Rodica Floroianu.

As a rugby player, he won the national championship with TCR. In 1934, Popescu-Colibași and the Romania national rugby team appeared against Italy. He was a starter.

Other honours followed his death: he is the namesake of the multi-purpose, 1,700-seat Dumitru Popescu Colibași Sports Hall in Brașov.

Ana Starck-Stănișel
Ana Starck-Stănișel (née Starck; 28 January 1935 – 26 March 2024), also known as Ana Stark-Stănișel or as Anna Stark-Stănișel, was a Romanian handballer who played for the Romanian national team. Starck-Stănișel died in Bucharest on 26 March 2024, at the age of 89.

At the 1962 World Women's Handball Championship she won gold medals with the Romanian team, beating Denmark in the final. She was joint topscorer together with Marie Matuje with 14 goals.
Little Golden Guy
Little Golden Guy is a website which presents statistical data related to the Academy Awards (also known as the Oscars).  Launched by Brian Barney in 1999, the search engine provides a method of tabulating the films and individuals holding records for the most nominations and awards within a particular category or within a specified timeframe.  The website maintains data from the 1st Academy Awards ceremony, honoring films from 1927 and 1928, to the 84th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring films from 2011.  The site's search results also provide internal links to annual summaries, as well as statistical breakdowns of individual awards categories. The site has not been updated since the 2013 Academy Awards.

1928 in film
The following is an overview of 1928 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths. Although some films released in 1928 had sound, most were still silent. This year is notable for the introduction of the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company, Mickey Mouse, in the animated short Steamboat Willie, the first film to include a soundtrack completely created in post production.
John Damore
John Damore (born October 20, 1933) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) for two seasons in 1957 and 1959. He missed the entire 1958 campaign due to sustaining a dislocated right ankle in a 24–17 preseason win over the Detroit Lions at the Cotton Bowl on 5 September. He ended his career as an active player after the 1959 season to manage a Riverside, Illinois-based cement construction firm owned by his father who had retired from its daily operations. His yearly salary as an NFL player was $9,000. He is the oldest living former Bears player as of January 2026.

Damore played college football with the Bob Voigts-coached Northwestern Wildcats, serving as a senior co-captain in 1954. He was selected in Round 13 (152nd overall) by the New York Giants in the 1955 NFL draft.

Ankle
The ankle, the talocrural region or the jumping bone (informal) is the area where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.

The main bones of the ankle region are the talus (in the foot), the tibia, and fibula (both in the leg). The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than that between the smaller fibula and the talus.
Zinc refining
Zinc refining is the process of purifying zinc to special high grade (SHG) zinc, which is at least 99.995% pure. This process is not usually required when smelting of zinc is done through electrolysis processes, but is needed when zinc is produced by pyrometallurgical processes, because it is only 98.5% pure.

There are various refining methods, but the refluxing process is the most commonly used.

High purity zinc is required industrially to avoid zinc pest, a slow distortion and cracking of zinc die castings caused by impurities precipitating out.

Electrolysis
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell. The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential. The word "lysis" means to separate or break, so in terms, electrolysis would mean "breakdown via electricity."
Alaska Satellite Facility
The Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) is a data processing facility and satellite-tracking ground station within the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The facility’s mission is to make remote-sensing data accessible Its work is central to polar processes research including wetlands, glaciers, sea ice, climate change, permafrost, flooding and land cover such as changes in the Amazon rainforest.

European Remote-Sensing Satellite
European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS) was the European Space Agency's first Earth-observing satellite programme using a polar orbit. It consisted of two satellites, ERS-1 and ERS-2, with ERS-1 being launched in 1991.
Furious Flower Poetry Center
The Furious Flower Poetry Center (FFPC) is the first academic center in the United States devoted to Black poetry, housed by James Madison University. Dr. Lauren Alleyne is the current executive director.

Even beyond its decennial conferences, the FFPC is very active, both on and off campus. The many activities it hosts include poetry camps during the summer for the youth, workshops, and visits for poets. Aside from its substantial collection of Black poetry, the center also has an online journal titled The Fight and the Fiddle.

Rita Dove
Rita Frances Dove (born August 28, 1952) is an American poet and essayist. From 1993 to 1995, she served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. She is the first African American to have been appointed since the position was created by an act of Congress in 1986 from the previous "consultant in poetry" position (1937–86). Dove also received an appointment as "special consultant in poetry" for the Library of Congress's bicentennial year from 1999 to 2000. Dove is the second African American to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, in 1987, and she served as the Poet Laureate of Virginia from 2004 to 2006. Since 1989, she has been teaching at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, where she held the chair of Commonwealth Professor of English from 1993 to 2020; as of 2020, she holds the chair of Henry Hoyns Professor of Creative Writing.
Jeong Moon-ho
Jeong Moon-ho (Korean: 정문호; Hanja: 鄭文鎬; born February 7, 1962) is a South Korea firefighter. He was born in Nonsan, Chungcheongnam-do and appointed as Fire Captain in 1990 finishing the 6th class of the Fire Cadet. He served as Fire Commissioner of National Fire Agency, Seoul Metropolitan Fire and Disaster Management Headquarters.

National Fire Agency (South Korea)
The National Fire Agency (NFA; Korean: 소방청; Hanja: 消防廳) is the central administrative agency of South Korea that administers firefighting affairs. The NFA was created on June 27, 2017 by an Amendment to the Government Organization Act. It is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and Safety.

The NFA's primary purpose is to comprehensively respond to any accidents or disasters n the country. It has tightened the national disaster response system by supplementing the existing firefighting workforce and equipment and strengthening the teams working primarily on site.

The current Commissioner is Kim Seung-ryong, in office since 2025.