hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Minimum alveolar concentration
Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is the concentration, often expressed as a percentage by volume, of a vapour in the alveoli of the lungs that is needed to prevent movement in 50% of patients in response to pain. MAC is used to compare the potency (dose required to induce a specific effect) of anaesthetic vapours. The concept of MAC was first introduced in 1965.

"Minimum alveolar concentration" is a misnomer, as MAC is representative of a median value. The original paper proposed MAC as the minimal alveolar concentration, which was shortly thereafter revised to minimum alveolar concentration. A lower MAC value represents a more potent volatile anesthetic.

Other uses of MAC include MAC-BAR (1.7–2.0 MAC), which is the concentration required to block autonomic reflexes to nociceptive stimuli, and MAC-awake (0.3–0.5 MAC), the concentration required to block voluntary reflexes and control perceptive awareness.

Nociception
In physiology, nociception /ˌnəʊsɪˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, also nocioception (from Latin  nocere 'to harm/hurt'), is the sensory nervous system's process of encoding noxious stimuli. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal to trigger an appropriate defensive response.

In nociception, intense chemical (e.g., capsaicin present in chili pepper or cayenne pepper), mechanical (e.g., cutting, crushing), or thermal (heat and cold) stimulation of sensory neurons called nociceptors produces a signal that travels along a chain of nerve fibers to the brain. Nociception triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral responses to protect the organism against an aggression, and usually results in a subjective experience, or perception, of pain in sentient beings.
Nova Avanhandava Dam
The Nova Avanhandava Dam is an embankment dam with gravity sections on the Tietê River about 8.5 km (5.3 mi) southwest of Buritama in São Paulo state of Brazil. It supports a 347.4 megawatts (465,900 hp) hydroelectric power station. The dam was completed in 1982 and its three 115.8 megawatts (155,300 hp) Kaplan turbine-generators were commissioned by the same year. It is owned and operated by AES Tietê. The dam also provides for navigation with two ship locks.

Tietê River
The  Tietê River (Portuguese: Rio Tietê [tʃi.eˈte]) is a Brazilian river in the state of São Paulo.

The first known use of the name Tietê was on a map published in 1748 by d’Anville. The name means "truthful  river", or "truthful waters”, in Tupi.

The Tietê River is a historically significant and economically important river, which stretches 450 kilometers and allows for navigation of barges carrying various goods.

Pollution of the Tietê River began subtly in the 1920s, but it has worsened significantly over time. In September 2010, National Geographic identified the river as the most polluted in Brazil. Despite efforts to clean up the river, it still suffers from pollution and environmental degradation, and some species are threatened, or possibly extinct.
Silaut railway station
Silaut railway station is a railway station on Samastipur–Muzaffarpur line under the Samastipur railway division of the East Central Railway zone. The railway station is situated at Raghunathpur, Silaut in Muzaffarpur district of the Indian state of Bihar.

Muzaffarpur district
Muzaffarpur district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India. Muzaffarpur district is part of and also the headquarters of Tirhut division. Muzaffarpur district is the financial and un-official capital of North Bihar Tirhut is the ancient name of all of northern Bihar.
W253BG
W253BG (98.5 FM) is an alternative rock radio station located in Arial, South Carolina area.  Although licensed as a broadcast translator prohibited from carrying its own programming, it broadcasts under a legal loophole allowed by the Federal Communications Commission, by simulcasting on HD Radio channel 2 of WJMZ FM 107.3, allowing such stations to sidestep the restriction on translators, as well as regulations regarding the excessive concentration of media ownership by a single company in a given media market.

Concentration of media ownership
Concentration of media ownership, also known as media consolidation or media convergence, is a process wherein fewer individuals or organizations control shares of the mass media. Research in the 1990s and early 2000s suggested then-increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated where a few companies own much of the market. The proliferation of the Internet and with it the advent of new media companies challenged this oligopoly, before market share being again consolidated by a small set of companies.
Nova Vodolaha Raion
Nova Vodolaha Raion (Ukrainian: Нововодолазький район) was a raion (district) in the Kharkiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Nova Vodolaha. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven. The area of Nova Vodolaha Raion was split between Kharkiv and Krasnohrad Raions. The last estimate of the raion population was 31,472 (2020 est.)

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of two hromadas:

Nova Vodolaha settlement hromada with the administration in Nova Vodolaha, transferred to Kharkiv Raion;

Starovirivka rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Starovirivka, transferred to Krasnohrad Raion.

Kharkiv Oblast
Kharkiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Харківська область, romanized: Kharkivska oblast, Russian: Харьковская область, romanized: Kharkovskaya oblast), also referred to as Kharkivshchyna (Ukrainian: Харківщина), is an oblast (province) in eastern Ukraine.

Kharkiv borders Luhansk Oblast to the east, Donetsk Oblast to the southeast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to the southwest, Poltava Oblast to the west, Sumy Oblast to the northwest and Russia's Belgorod Oblast to the north. Its area is 31,400 square kilometres (12,100 sq mi), or 5.2% of the total territory of Ukraine.

The oblast is the third-most populous of Ukraine, with a population of 2,598,961 in 2021, more than half (1.42 million) of whom live in the city of Kharkiv, the oblast's administrative center.
Hypercementosis
Hypercementosis is an idiopathic, non-neoplastic condition characterized by the excessive buildup of normal cementum (calcified tissue) on the roots of one or more teeth. A thicker layer of cementum can give the tooth an enlarged appearance, mainly occurring at the apex or apices of the tooth. The cellular cementum functions at the bottom half of the tooth roots which contain cementocytes that anchor the tooth into the jaw socket, protect the tooth's pulp, and repair external root resorption.

Tooth resorption
Resorption of the root of the tooth, or root resorption, is the progressive loss of dentin and cementum by the action of odontoclasts. Root resorption is a normal physiological process that occurs in the exfoliation of the primary dentition. However, pathological root resorption occurs in the permanent or secondary dentition and sometimes in the primary dentition.
Carolin Leonhardt
Carolin Martina Leonhardt (born 22 November 1984 in Lampertheim, Hesse) is a German sprint canoer who has competed since the 2000s. She won two medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with a gold in the K-4 500 m and a silver in the K-2 500 m events.  At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she won a silver in the K-4 500 m.

Leonhardt has also won fifteen medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with six golds (K-4 200 m: 2005, 2007, 2009; K-4 500 m: 2005, 2007; K-1 4 × 200 m: 2011), eight silvers (K-2 1000 m: 2009, 2010, 2013; K-4 200 m 2006, K-4 500 m: 2006, 2009, 2011; K-4 1000 m: 2006), and a bronze (K-4 1000 m: 2005).

ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships are an international event in canoe racing, one of two top-tier Summer Olympic sport events organized by the International Canoe Federation (the other being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships). They are usually held every non-Olympic year and have officially included paracanoe events since 2010; paracanoe-specific editions of this event (named ICF Paracanoe World Championships) are usually held in Summer Paralympic years.

Prior to November 2008, canoe sprint was known as flatwater racing.
1996 Sitra attack
On 14 March 1996, a group of five armed terrorists threw Molotov cocktails into a restaurant in Sitra, Bahrain after pouring petrol there, killing seven Bangladeshi workers and destroying the restaurant while standing near the entrance and preventing people from escaping the fire.

Sitra
Sitra (Arabic: سترة or سِتْرَة, As-Sitra), also known as Sitrah or Sitra Island (Arabic: جزيرة سترة Jazīrat Sitrah), is an island in Bahrain situated approximately 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the capital, Manama, which is on Bahrain Island.
Eddy Puyol
Eddy Puyol (pronounced "pooh-yole"; born July 4), also known earlier in his career as Rawsrvnt, is an American Christian hip hop artist and songwriter from Miami, Florida. His work has been covered by publications including Cross Rhythms, CCM Magazine, and The Palm Beach Post.

The Palm Beach Post
The Palm Beach Post is an American daily newspaper serving Palm Beach County in South Florida, and parts of the Treasure Coast.

On March 18, 2018, in a deal worth US$42.35 million, The Palm Beach Post and The Palm Beach Daily News were purchased by New York–based New Media Investment Group Inc., which has ever since owned and operated The Palm Beach Post and all circulations and associated digital media sources.
Laddie Bakelman
Ladislaus Edmund "Laddie" Bakelman (1900 – 1965) was a cricketer who played on Ceylon's first tour in 1932–33.

Laddie Bakelman attended St. Benedict's College, Colombo, where he was one of the leading schoolboy bowlers in Ceylon. A slow-medium left-arm spinner, he was able to make the ball move either way off the pitch. He played for Bloomfield in Colombo club cricket.

He was the leading bowler on Ceylon's tour of India in 1932-33, taking 35 wickets in five first-class matches at an average of 15.28. In the two victories on the tour, Ceylon's first-ever first-class victories, he took 23 wickets for 202: 6 for 34 and 6 for 65 against Patiala, and 6 for 42 and 5 for 61 against Central Provinces and Berar.

He became a prominent umpire and schools coach in Ceylon.

Patiala cricket team
The Patiala cricket team was a first-class cricket team representing Patiala (Patiala State before 1947) in Indian domestic competitions. The team competed in the Ranji Trophy in the 1948–49, 1955–56, 1957–58 and 1958–59 seasons. They played their home matches at the Baradari Ground (now known as the Dhruve Pandove Stadium) in Patiala.

Patiala played 14 first-class matches, with the first being a two-day match against Marylebone Cricket Club in February 1927 and the last coming in January 1959 against the Railways cricket team in the 1958–59 Ranji Trophy.

All parts of the State of Punjab, including Patiala, now come under the authority of the Punjab Cricket Association, represented by the Punjab cricket team. Dhruve Pandove Stadium is one of Punjab's main home grounds.
Parker-Hale M85
The Parker Hale M85 is a British bolt-action .308 sniper rifle, with an effective range around 900 metres. It fires from a 10-round detachable magazine, and weighs 12 pounds, telescopic sight included. The rifle was created after the Falklands War by Parker Hale Ltd in response to shortcomings in the contemporary Lee–Enfield L42A1. Although the Parker Hale M85 manufacturing licence was sold to Gibbs Rifle Co., it has not yet resumed production.

Sniper rifle
A sniper rifle is a high-precision, long-range rifle. Requirements include high accuracy, reliability, mobility, concealment, and optics, for anti-personnel, anti-materiel and surveillance uses by military snipers. The modern sniper rifle is a portable shoulder-fired rifle with either a bolt action or semi-automatic action, fitted with a telescopic sight for extreme accuracy and chambered for a high-ballistic performance centerfire cartridge.
Euphorbia kischenensis
Euphorbia kischenensis is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Socotra in Yemen. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae (/juːˈfɔːrbiˌeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as Euphorbia paralias, are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees, such as Hevea brasiliensis. Some, such as Euphorbia canariensis,: 206  are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution. This family has a cosmopolitan global distribution. The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics; however, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except Antarctica.
Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei) corridor
The Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei) corridor is a proposed high-speed railway corridor in China and Taiwan. It is planned to run in a north–south direction from Beijing to Hong Kong, with a branch leading from Hefei to Taipei across the Taiwan Strait, of which the Taiwan section is proposed unilaterally. It is planned to connect the cities of Beijing, Xiong'an, Fuyang, Hefei, Jiujiang, Nanchang, Ganzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong on the main line, and Fuzhou and Taipei on the branch line.

The line was announced by the Chinese government in 2016 as part of China's "Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal" network.

Nanchang
Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi, China. Located in the north-central part of the province and in the hinterland of Poyang Lake Plain, it is bounded on the west by the Jiuling Mountains, and on the east by Poyang Lake. Because of its strategic location connecting the prosperous East and South China, it has become a major railway hub in Southern China in recent decades.

As the Nanchang Uprising in 1927 is distinctively recognized by the ruling Communist Party as "firing the first gunshot against the Nationalists", the current government has therefore named the city since 1949 "the place where the People's Liberation Army was born", and the most widely known "place where the military banner of the People's Liberation Army was first raised".

Nanchang is also a major city, appearing among the top 100 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index and home to Nanchang University.
Isidoor Teirlinck
Isidoor Teirlinck (Zegelsem, 2 January 1851 - Forest, Brussels, 27 June 1934) was a Belgian writer. He is best known for his work on folklore.

Isidoor Teirlinck went to school in Lier. He married with Oda van Nieuwenhove and he was the father of the writer Herman Teirlinck. He became a teacher and taught in Serskamp, Drogenbos, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, and from 1875 onwards, he was teacher in mathematics and physics in Brussels. He wrote several books, together with his brother-in-law Reimond Stijns, as Teirlinck-Stijns. Their most famous novel was Arm Vlaanderen (English: Poor Flanders), which they published in 1884.

Lier, Belgium
Lier (Dutch: [liːr] ⓘ; French: Lierre [ljɛʁ] ⓘ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is composed of the city of Lier proper and the village of Koningshooikt. The city centre is surrounded by the river Nete, around which it grew. In 2018, Lier had a total population of 35,712. The total area is 49.70 km2 making a population density (PD) of 720 per km2. Lier is known for its beers (which include Caves), its patron saint St. Gummarus and Lierse vlaaikes cake. It is also home to the world headquarters of Van Hool, a global bus and coach manufacturer. Lier's two principal football clubs are K. Lyra-Lierse and Lierse Kempenzonen (formerly known as KFC Oosterzonen, which moved to Lier in 2018).
Dorset Land District
Dorset Land District is one of the twenty land districts of Tasmania which are part of the Cadastral divisions of Tasmania. It was formerly one of the 18 counties of Tasmania. It is located at the north-eastern tip of Tasmania. It is bordered by the Tamar River to the west, the George River to the south-east, and the North Esk River to the south. It includes Bridport, George Town and Scottsdale. It also includes some northern suburbs of Launceston. The local government area of the Dorset Council is in a similar region. It is named after the county of Dorset in England, and towns in the area were named after towns in that county.

Tamar River
The Tamar River, officially kanamaluka / River Tamar, is a 70-kilometre (43-mile) estuary located in northern Tasmania, Australia. Despite being named a river, the waterway is a brackish and tidal estuary over its entire length.
Jacob Minah
Jacob Minah (born 3 April 1982) is a decathlete from Germany. He set his personal best in the event (8099 points) on 13 August 2007 at the 2007 Summer Universiade in Bangkok, Thailand, earning him the gold medal. He is a nephew of former vice-president of Sierra Leone, Francis Minah.

Francis Minah
Francis Misheck Minah (19 August 1929 – 1989) was a Sierra Leonean statesman, lawyer and politician who served as First Vice President of Sierra Leone from 1985 to 1987 under President Siaka Stevens. An ethnic Mende from the Pujehun District, he became a member of the House of Representatives in 1967. He had previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Health, Minister of Trade and Industry and Attorney General and Minister of Justice.

In 1987, Minah was investigated by Inspector General Bambay Kamara for plotting a coup against President Joseph Saidu Momoh. He was convicted  along with 17 others after a five-month trial and subsequently hanged for treason in 1989. A team of international oberservers from Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Algeria and South Korea all concurred that the trial was justified, and was not politically motivated.
Russian ship Sevastopol
At least six ships of the Imperial Russian Navy, Soviet Navy or Russian Navy have been named Sevastopol after 
the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) or the city of the same name.

Russian schooner Sevastopol (1815) - 14-gun schooner that was broken up after 1833.

Russian ironclad Sevastopol - armored frigate that was converted to an ironclad while under construction

Russian battleship Sevastopol (1895) - Petropavlovsk-class pre-dreadnought battleship scuttled during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905

Russian battleship Sevastopol (1911) - Gangut-class battleship that participated in World War I and World War II before she was scrapped in 1949

Soviet cruiser Sevastopol - Kresta I-class cruiser launched in 1967 and scrapped in 1991.

Russian amphibious assault ship Sevastopol - Mistral-class amphibious assault ship subsequently sold to Egypt before delivery.

Kresta I-class cruiser
The Kresta I class, Soviet designation Project 1134 Berkut (golden eagle), was a class of guided missile cruiser built in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. The ships were designed for a surface warfare role, but Soviet priorities were changed to an anti-submarine role and only four ships were built in the original anti-ship configuration. They were followed by the Kresta II class, an anti-submarine warfare variant.
Sex, Drugs and Bill Monroe
Sex, Drugs & Bill Monroe is a 2008 album by Kentucky-based cowpunk band Nine Pound Hammer. The album is named after Bill Monroe, a prominent bluegrass musician from Kentucky.

It is rated four out of five stars on AllMusic.

Bill Monroe
William Smith Monroe (/mənˈroʊ/ mən-ROH; September 13, 1911 – September 9, 1996) was an American mandolinist, singer, and songwriter who created the bluegrass music genre. For this reason, he is often called the "Father of Bluegrass".

The genre takes its name from his band, the Blue Grass Boys, who named their group for the bluegrass of Monroe's home state of Kentucky. He described the genre as "Scottish bagpipes and ole-time fiddlin'. It's Methodist and Holiness and Baptist. It's blues and jazz, and it has a high lonesome sound."
Dick R. Bohrnstedt
Dick R. Bohrnstedt (born April 28, 1950) is an American former professional tennis player who played from 1972-1979.  He was a 2-time CIF singles champion from Redlands High School (1967,68), and 2-time All-American at USC (1971,72).
In 1973, on the ATP tour, he reached the quarterfinals of the Welsh Open on grass, and the semifinals of the U.S. National Hardcourts in Aptos, CA, defeating 1973 U.S. Open men's singles runner-up, world #5 Jan Kodeš, 6-4, 6-3.  In 1974 indoor tournaments he reached the quarterfinals of the Canadian Indoor after defeating Vitas Gerulaitis, the quarterfinals in the Arkansas International, and the semifinals in Salt Lake City.

He reached a career-high ranking of world No. 98 in 1977.  Altogether he played 101 singles matches at the highest level and 78 doubles matches. His brother David Bohrnstedt played tennis for Southern Methodist University.

SMU Mustangs
The SMU Mustangs are the athletic teams that represent Southern Methodist University in University Park, Texas, United States. SMU was founded in 1911 and joined the Southwest Conference, competing against Baylor, Rice, Texas, Texas A&M, Arkansas and Oklahoma A&M (which later became Oklahoma State). They have been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) since 2024.

The football team has participated in various bowl games, from the Dixie Classic in 1924 to the Fenway Bowl in 2023. Football alumni include Heisman winner Doak Walker, All-American Eric Dickerson, and two-time Super Bowl winner Forrest Gregg.
Lou Rees
Lewis Morgan Rees (7 January 1910 – 21 December 1976) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales, and at club level for Treorchy RFC and Cardiff RFC, as a flanker, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Oldham (both pre- and post-World War II), as a prop.

Oldham R.L.F.C.
Oldham Rugby League Football Club is a professional rugby league football club based in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. The club plays home games at Bower Fold in Stalybridge, and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Oldham have won the League Championship four times, Challenge Cup three times and the Second Division three times.

The clubs traditional home kits are red and white hooped jerseys, navy blue shorts and red socks. They share a local rivalry with Rochdale Hornets, Salford Red Devils and Swinton Lions and cross county rivalries with nearby Huddersfield Giants and Halifax.