hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Inversion transformation
In mathematical physics, inversion transformations are a natural extension of Poincaré transformations to include all conformal, one-to-one transformations on coordinate space-time. They are less studied in physics because, unlike the rotations and translations of Poincaré symmetry, an object cannot be physically transformed by the inversion symmetry. Some physical theories are invariant under this symmetry, in these cases it is what is known as a 'hidden symmetry'. Other hidden symmetries of physics include gauge symmetry and general covariance.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Eudorus of Alexandria
Eudorus of Alexandria (Greek: Εὔδωρος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, and a representative of Middle Platonism. He attempted to reconstruct Plato's philosophy in terms of Pythagoreanism.

Categories (Aristotle)
The Categories (Ancient Greek: Κατηγορίαι, romanized: Katēgoriai; Latin: Categoriae or Praedicamenta) is a text from Aristotle's Organon that enumerates all the possible kinds of things that can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition.  They are "perhaps the single most heavily discussed of all Aristotelian notions". The work is brief enough to be divided not into books, as is usual with Aristotle's works, but into fifteen chapters.

The Categories places every object of human apprehension under one of ten categories (known to medieval writers as the Latin term praedicamenta). Aristotle intended them to enumerate everything that can be expressed without composition or structure, thus anything that can be either the subject or the predicate of a proposition.
Prežihov Voranc
Prežihov Voranc (10 August 1893 – 18 February 1950) was the pen name of Lovro Kuhar, a Slovene writer and communist political activist. Voranc's literary reputation was established during the 1930s with a series of Slovene novels and short stories in the social realist style, notable for their depictions of poverty in rural and industrial areas of Slovenia. His most important novels are  Požganica (1939) and Doberdob (1940).

Slovenes
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovene: Slovenci [slɔˈʋéːntsi]), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary. Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture, and history, and speak Slovene as their native language.

Outside of Slovenia and Europe, Slovenes form diaspora groups in the United States, Canada, Argentina and Australia.
Jolicoeur
Jolicoeur is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aubelin Jolicoeur (1925–2005), Haitian journalist who frequented Haïti's Hotel Oloffson for 40 years

Barnabe Jolicoeur (born 1966), former Mauritian sprinter at the 1996 Summer Olympics

David Jude Jolicoeur (1968–2023), American rapper, producer, and one third of groundbreaking hip hop trio De La Soul

Paul Jolicoeur (born 1945), Québécois professor and doctor

Robert Jolicoeur (born 1948), Canadian landscape architect, designer of FEI international equestrian show jumping courses

Paul Jolicoeur
Paul Jolicoeur (born 1945) is a Québecois professor and doctor.

He has been a teacher since 1976 at the Faculty of Medicine at the Université de Montréal, where he holds the Canada Research Chair in infectious and parasitic diseases.  His principal specialisms are the detection of new oncogenes, the study of degenerative neurological illnesses and research into AIDS.
Puthalam
Puththalam is a Panchayat town in the Agastheeswaram taluk, Kanniyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

It lies between the Manakudy estuary and the Indian Ocean. The estuary is famous for its biodiversity and migrating birds. The wildlife department has recently introduced mangrove plantations. Puthalam is also known for its salt pans, which have existed since the British colonial rule. The recent tsunami has devastated the surrounding fishing villages. It has a 200-year-old Christian church constructed by Ringel Taube, a German missionary. There is also a 200-year-old higher secondary school, L.M.P.C. Higher Secondary School.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
Carl Madsen (trade unionist)
Carl Frederik Madsen (17 November 1862 – 27 May 1944) was a Danish trade unionist and politician.

Madsen worked as a cobbler, and became chair of the Danish Shoemakers' Union.  In 1908, he became the secretary of the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, serving until 1928.  In 1920, he was appointed as a Social Democrats member of the Landstinget, serving until 1936.

In 1927, Madsen was elected as a vice-president of the International Federation of Trade Unions, but resigned the following year.

Danish Shoemakers' Union
The Danish Shoemakers' Union (Danish: Dansk Skotøjsarbejderforbundet, DSF) was a trade union representing workers in the shoemaking industry in Denmark.

The union was founded in 1885.  It later affiliated to the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), and in 1931 was the federation's only affiliate to vote against accepting wage cuts.  This led it to undertake a three-month strike without support from the federation.

By 1954, the union had 6,042 members.  In 1983, it merged into the Danish Clothing and Textile Workers' Union.
Bog butter
Bog butter is an ancient waxy substance found buried in peat bogs, particularly in Ireland and Scotland. Likely an old method of making and preserving butter, some tested lumps of bog butter were made of dairy, while others were made of animal fat.

Wax
Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic solids that are  malleable near ambient temperatures.  They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane, benzene and chloroform.  Natural waxes of various types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.
Tam Điệp pass
20°07′53″N 105°51′30″E﻿ / ﻿20.131349°N 105.858225°E﻿ / 20.131349; 105.858225

The Tam Điệp pass (Sino-Vietnamese name: Đèo Tam Điệp, demotic folk name: Đèo Ba Dội) is the name of the three passes between ancient Thăng Long and Ninh Bình and Thanh Hóa provinces.

Thanh Hóa
Thanh Hóa (Vietnamese: [tʰajŋ̟ hwǎː] ⓘ) is the capital of Thanh Hóa Province. The city is situated in the east of the province on the Ma River (Sông Mã), about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of capital Hanoi and 1560 kilometers (969 miles) north of Ho Chi Minh City. Thanh Hoa became one of the most populous cities in North Central Coast after expanding in 2012, with a population of approximately 400,000. Thanh Hoa township was upgraded to Thanh Hoa City in 1994 and has been the historical center of politics, economy, culture, education and entertainment of Thanh Hóa Province.
Bronze Bauhinia Star
The Bronze Bauhinia Star (Chinese: 銅紫荊星章, BBS) is the lowest rank in Order of the Bauhinia Star, under the honours system of Hong Kong, created in 1997 to replace the British honours system after the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).

It is awarded to persons who have given outstanding service over a long period of time, but in a more limited field or way than that required for the Silver Bauhinia Star.

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories, personal bravery, achievement, or service are rewarded with honours. The honours system consists of three types of award:

Honours are used to recognise merit in terms of achievement and service;

Decorations tend to be used to recognise specific deeds;

Medals are used to recognise service on a particular operation or in a specific theatre, long or valuable service, and good conduct.

Appointments to the various orders and awards of other honours are usually published in The London Gazette.
Anacaona (band)
Anacaona is the name of an all-female orchestra, founded in Havana in the early 1930s by Concepción "Cuchito" Castro Zaldarriaga and her sisters. Eventually, all 11 sisters joined the band. The band was formed during the Machado era when the political situation led to university closings, forcing Cuchito Castro to abandon her studies and her plan to start a dental practice. Instead, she chose a different career in 1932 by proposing a female septet to challenge the male-dominated son music. At the time, it was believed women were not capable of playing son. The band enjoyed close musical ties with well-known Cuban performers, in particular with Ignacio Piñeiro and Lázaro Herrera of the Septeto Nacional. Graciela, whose brother Machito laid the foundations of Latin Jazz, was Anacaona's lead singer for a decade.

Gerardo Machado
Gerardo Machado y Morales (28 September 1871 – 29 March 1939) was a general of the Cuban War of Independence and President of Cuba from 1925 to 1933.

Machado was elected president in 1924 as the leader of the Liberal Party, a moderate reform-oriented party. He entered the presidency with widespread popularity and support from the major political parties. However, his support declined over time and Machado took dictatorial powers. Despite promising to govern only for one term, he ran for re-election in 1928 and won a non-democratic election where the opposition was repressed. As protests and rebellions became more strident, his administration curtailed free speech and imprisoned, exiled, and murdered Machado's opponents.

Ultimately, in 1933, Machado was forced to step down in favor of a provisional government headed by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada and brokered by US ambassador Sumner Welles. Machado went into exile in Miami Beach, Florida.
Domergue
Domergue is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Faith Domergue (1924–1999), American film actress

François-Urbain Domergue (1745–1810), French grammarian and journalist

Jacques Domergue (born 1953), French politician

Jean-François Domergue (born 1957), French footballer

Jean-Gabriel Domergue (1889–1962), French artist

Marcel Domergue (1901–1969), French footballer

Robert Domergue (1921–2014), French footballer

Jacques Domergue
Jacques Domergue (born 25 March 1953) is a French politician.  He was a member of the National Assembly of France for the Hérault department from 2002 to 2012, for the 2nd constituency from 2002 to 2007, and the 1st constituency from 2007 to 2012.  He is also a municipal counciller in Montpellier and has served on the regional council for Languedoc-Roussillon. He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).
2022–23 Zamalek SC (handball)
The 2022–23 season is the 65th season in the club history of the handball branch of Zamalek SC, the season began with Egyptian Super Cup on the 10 September 2022, as Zamalek competes for the Egyptian Handball League, Egyptian Cup and African Handball Super Cup, Arab Handball Championship of Champions and African Handball Champions League, African Cup Winners' Cup.

Egyptian Handball Cup
Egyptian Handball Cup is an annual cup competition for Egypt handball teams. Organized by the Egyptian Handball Federation, it was originally known as the Egyptian Handball Cup. It was the second nationwide handball competition played in Egypt, with the first competition in 1979.
2014 Yukon/NWT Men's Curling Championship
The 2014 Yukon/NWT Men's Curling Championship, the men's curling championship for Yukon and the Northwest Territories, was held from February 6 to 9 at the Whitehorse Curling Club in Whitehorse, Yukon. The winning Jamie Koe rink from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories represented Yukon and the Northwest Territories at the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier in Kamloops.

Jamie Koe
Jamie Koe (born November 3, 1977) is a Canadian curler. He has played in 14 Briers, representing the Northwest Territories/Yukon team and three Briers representing just the Northwest Territories. At the 2012 Brier, he became the first skip from Canada's north to make the playoffs at the Brier since the addition of the playoffs in 1980.

He is the younger brother of Alberta curler Kevin Koe and twin brother of Territories champion Kerry Galusha.
Strongylosteus
Strongylosteus is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the early Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic epoch. Its type species is Strongylosteus hindenburgi (monotypy). It is related to modern sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseroidei).

Early Jurassic
The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma (million years ago), and ends at the start of the Middle Jurassic 174.7 ±0.8 Ma.

Certain rocks of marine origin of this age in Europe are called "Lias" and that name was used for the period, as well, in 19th-century geology. In southern Germany rocks of this age are called Black Jurassic.
Anna Arnautova
Anna Arnautova (born 1 June 2004) is a Ukrainian diver. She represented Ukraine at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea. She competed in the women's 1 metre springboard and team events.

In 2019, she competed in the women's 1 metre springboard event at the European Diving Championships held in Kyiv, Ukraine. In 2021, she competed at the 2020 European Aquatics Championships held in Budapest, Hungary.

2019 European Diving Championships
The 2019 European Diving Championships were held in Kyiv, Ukraine from 5 to 11 August 2019. This was the sixth edition of the stand-alone Championships, and the 40th European Championships in diving in total, including the diving portion of the European Aquatics Championships.

The event is a qualification event for the 2020 Summer Olympics with quota places awarded to the nation of the winners of both men's and women's 3 metre and 10 metre events.
Yondertown
Yondertown is a mining hamlet located in an Area of Great Landscape Value on the edge of Dartmoor National Park in the English county of Devon. The community has close connections with the hamlet of Lutton and the nearby village of Cornwood. A mobile library, run by Devon County Council, stops in Yondertown every other Friday.

Bookmobile
A bookmobile, or mobile library, is a vehicle designed for use as a library. They have been known by many names throughout history, including traveling library, library wagon, book wagon, book truck, library-on-wheels, and book auto service. Bookmobiles expand the reach of traditional libraries by transporting books to potential readers, providing library services to people in otherwise underserved locations (such as remote areas) and/or circumstances (such as residents of retirement homes). Bookmobile services and materials (such as Internet access, large print books, and audiobooks), may be customized for the locations and populations served.

Bookmobiles have been based on various means of conveyance, including bicycles, carts, motor vehicles, trains, watercraft, and wagons, as well as camels, donkeys, elephants, horses, and mules.
2016 USAC National Midget Series
The 2016 USAC National Midget Championship is the 61st season of the USAC National Midget Championship. The series began with the Shamrock Classic at Southern Illinois Center on March 9, and ended with the Turkey Night Grand Prix at Perris Auto Speedway on November 24. Tracy Hines entered the season as the defending champion.

The season was marred with tragedy after Bryan Clauson died from injuries sustained in a crash during Saturday's portion of the Belleville Midget Nationals. Tanner Thorson won the series championship driving for Keith Kunz/Curb-Agajanian Motorsports.

DuQuoin State Fair
The DuQuoin State Fair is an annual festival, centering on the themes of agriculture and country music, hosted by the U.S. state of Illinois on an approximately 1,600 acres (650 ha) fairground site adjacent to the southern Illinois town of Du Quoin. The state fair has been celebrated almost every year since 1923. In the 1920s, the Fair opened on Labor Day; currently, the fair is held annually over an 11-day period concluding on Labor Day of each year.  In 2025, the Fair notched 282,202 fairgoers, described as a record attendance for the event.
Arad (given name)
Arad is a masculine given name. People with the name include:

Arad Simon Lakin (1810–1890), American minister, and university president

Arad McCutchan (1912–1993), American college basketball coach

Arad Sawat (born 1975), Israeli film and television set and production designer

Arad Thomas (1807–1889), American lawyer

Arad Sawat
Arad Sawat (born January 23, 1975), is an Israeli set and production designer for television and in the film industry. He has designed and created sets for many television drama series and feature films, as well as designing conceptual spaces for industrial complexes. Sawat received international acclaim for his artistic design in Oscar-nominated Footnote (2011), winner of the Best Screenplay Award at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. He is a three time Ophir Award winner for Best Artistic Direction.
Barnsley North
Barnsley North is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. Created as a result of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, it was first contested at the 2024 general election. It is represented by Dan Jarvis of the Labour Party, who was MP for the predecessor seat of Barnsley Central from 2011 to 2024.

Royston, South Yorkshire
Royston is a suburban village within the Metropolitan borough of Barnsley, in South Yorkshire, England. Historically, the village formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but was incorporated into the Metropolitan borough of Barnsley in 1974 and is now on the border with West Yorkshire.
It is part of the Barnsley Central borough constituency, and has a population of 10,728. It is situated 4 miles (6.4 km) north-east of Barnsley, and 6 miles (9.7 km) south-east of Wakefield.
2025 Cassis Open Provence – Doubles
Jaime Faria and Henrique Rocha were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

David Pichler and Jurij Rodionov won the title after defeating Arthur Reymond and Luca Sanchez 7–6(7–2), 6–4 in the final.

Luca Sanchez
Luca Sanchez (born 18 March 1999) is a French tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 86 achieved on 29 January 2024 and a singles ranking of No. 1875 achieved on 4 January 2021.
1875 in birding and ornithology
Birds described in 1875 include the Anjouan sparrowhawk, Caucasian grouse, Nelson's sparrow, yellow-capped pygmy parrot, red-tailed shrike, spotted catbird, spectacled barwing, tit berrypecker, bridled honeyeater and Taczanowski's tinamou.

Yellow-capped pygmy parrot
The yellow-capped pygmy parrot (Micropsitta keiensis) is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae mainly found throughout western New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. Like many parrots, this pygmy parrot is affectionate to its mate. It is currently unknown if they remain monogamous for life like many bigger parrots because of their isolated location, which is difficult to reach.
1990–91 Primera División finals
The 1990–91 Argentine Primera División finals were the matches to define the 1990–91 season of Argentine Primera División. It was played between Newell's Old Boys (winners of 1990 Apertura) and Boca Juniors (winners of 1991 Clausura).

The 1990–91 season was the first played under the Apertura and Clausura format, a single round-robin tournament format that lasted for several years in Primera División. Both finalists played a two-legged tie series in order to decide the champion of the whole season.

It was the 5th. league final contested by Boca Juniors after 1923 (won a four-matches series v Huracán) and 1929 (lost v  Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata), 1970, and 1976. On the other hand, it was the 1st league final played by Newell's Old Boys.

The matches were held in the Estadio Gigante de Arroyito, and La Bombonera. Newell's won their 3rd. league title after defeating Boca Juniors 3–1 on penalties.

Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkluβ ðe ximˈnasjaj esˈɣɾima la ˈplata]; La Plata Gymnastics and Fencing Club), also known simply as Gimnasia, is an Argentine professional sports club based in the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. Founded in 1887 as "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima", the club is mostly known for its football team, which currently plays in Primera División, the first division of the Argentine football league system. The club was most famously managed by footballing legend Diego Maradona, from September 2019 until his death in November 2020.

Apart from football, CGE also hosts a large number of sports such as athletics, basketball, boxing, chess, fencing, futsal, artistic gymnastics, field hockey, martial arts (aikido, karate, kendo, taekwondo), swimming, roller skating, tennis, volleyball, and weightlifting.
Health care efficiency
Health care efficiency is a comparison of delivery system outputs, such as physician visits, relative value units, or health outcomes, with inputs like cost, time, or material. Efficiency can be reported then as a ratio of outputs to inputs or a comparison to optimal productivity using stochastic frontier analysis or data envelopment analysis. An alternative approach is to look at latency times and delay times between a care order and completion of work, and stated accomplishment in relation to estimated effort.

One difficulty in creating a generalized efficiency measure is comparability of outputs. For example, if hospital A discharges 100 people at an average cost of $8000, while hospital B discharges 100 at $7000, the presumption may be that B is more efficient, but hospital B may be discharging patients with poorer health that will require readmission and net higher costs to treat.

Data envelopment analysis
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric method in operations research and economics for the estimation of production frontiers. DEA has been applied in a large range of fields including international banking, economic sustainability, police department operations, and logistical applications Additionally, DEA has been used to assess the performance of natural language processing models, and it has found other applications within machine learning.