hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Narrowbar swellshark
The narrowbar swellshark (Cephaloscyllium zebrum) is a rare species of catshark, and part of the family Scyliorhinidae, known only from two specimens collected near Flinders Reef off northeastern Australia. This species reaches at least 44.5 cm (17.5 in) in length, and has a stocky body with a short, broad head. It can be readily identified by its zebra-like dorsal color pattern of transverse brown bars on a yellowish background. Like other swellsharks, it can inflate its body as a defensive measure.

Scyliorhinidae
Scyliorhinidae is a family of sharks, one of a few families whose members share the common name catsharks, belonging to the order Carcharhiniformes, the ground sharks. Although they are generally known as catsharks, some species can also be called dogfish due to  previous naming.  However, a dogfish may generally be distinguished from a catshark as catsharks lay eggs while dogfish have live young, as well as the fact that dogfish lack an anal fin. Like most bottom feeders, catsharks feed on benthic invertebrates and smaller fish. They are not harmful to humans. The family is paraphyletic, containing several distinct lineages that do not form a monophyletic group.
Maria Mitchell
Maria Mitchell (/məˈraɪə/ mə-RY-ə; August 1, 1818 – June 28, 1889) was an American astronomer, librarian, naturalist, and educator. In 1847, she discovered a comet named 1847 VI (modern designation C/1847 T1) that was later known as "Miss Mitchell's Comet" in her honor. She won a gold medal prize for her discovery, which was presented to her by King Christian VIII of Denmark in 1848. Mitchell was the first internationally known woman to work as both a professional astronomer and a professor of astronomy after accepting a position at Vassar College in 1865. She was also the first woman elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Mitchell is the namesake of the Maria Mitchell Association, the Maria Mitchell Observatory, and the Maria Mitchell Aquarium.

Christian VIII
Christian VIII (18 September 1786 – 20 January 1848) was King of Denmark from 1839 to 1848 and, as Christian Frederick, King of Norway in 1814.

Christian Frederick was the eldest son of Hereditary Prince Frederick, a younger son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. As his cousin Frederick VI had no sons, Christian Frederick was heir presumptive to the throne from 1808.
Port vessels of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Commissioned port vessels of the Royal New Zealand Navy from its formation on 1 October 1941 to the present. This includes examination and boom defence vessels, mine defence and degaussing ships and port tugs and tow boats

Net laying ship
A net laying ship, also known as a net layer, net tender, gate ship or boom defence vessel was a type of naval auxiliary ship.

A net layer's primary function was to lay and maintain steel anti-submarine nets or anti torpedo nets. Nets could be laid around an individual ship at anchor, or harbor entrances or dry docks, or other anchorages. Net laying was potentially dangerous work, and net laying seamen were experts at dealing with blocks, tackles, knots and splicing. As World War II progressed, net layers were pressed into a variety of additional roles including salvage, troop and cargo transport, buoy maintenance, and service as tugboats. Many of the ships were decommissioned after the war, but some continued in service for several more decades.

Net layers were eventually made redundant by advances in underwater detection technology.
Pamela Snow
Pamela Claire Snow is an Australian speech-language pathologist and registered psychologist whose research concerns language disorders in vulnerable children and adolescents, and their implications for academic achievement and psychosocial wellbeing. She has been a vocal critic of pseudoscientific approaches to early reading instruction and support, such as the Arrowsmith Program.

Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), punctuation, alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol or an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (e.g., braille).

There is a growing body of evidence which illustrates the importance of reading for pleasure for both educational purposes as well as personal development.
2005 Davis Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 2005. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group play-offs, and the winners progress to the quarterfinals. The quarterfinalists were guaranteed a World Group spot for 2006.

On February 13, 2006, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) announced that Karol Beck had tested positive for the beta agonist clenbuterol during the semifinal for Slovakia against Argentina. As a consequence, the ITF suspended him from the game for two years.

Karol Beck
Karol Beck (born 3 April 1982) is a male former tennis player from Slovakia, who turned professional in 2001. His career-high singles ranking is World No. 36, achieved in August 2005. Beck reached the fourth round of the 2004 US Open and the quarterfinals of the 2005 Montreal Masters, defeating Nikolay Davydenko en route to both runs.
MTV (Norway)
MTV Norway was a music and entertainment channel broadcasting to the Norwegian market.

The channel replaced MTV Nordic on September 18, 2005, however on February 22, 2019 it was replaced by the return of MTV Nordic.

Paramount Networks EMEAA
Paramount Networks EMEAA is a Spanish-based division of Paramount International Networks (representing its media operations across Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia) which is fully owned by Paramount Skydance Corporation. The unit's headquarters are in Madrid, with additional offices in Berlin, Lisbon, Paris, Amsterdam, Milan, Dubai, Johannesburg, Lagos, Budapest, Warsaw, Singapore, Stockholm, Tokyo, Beijing, Manila, Copenhagen, Prague, Helsinki, and Hong Kong. The company was originally founded under the name MTV Networks Europe in 1987.

In 2011, the division was renamed Viacom International Media Networks Europe. Also in 2011, Viacom created an Italian subdivision in order to purchase a 30% ownership stake in the Rainbow S.p.A. animation studio until it sold the stake in 2023.

It currently operates in 31 countries across Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
Amorges
Amorges (Old Iranian: (H)umarga, Ancient Greek: Ἀμόργης), son of the Persian rebel satrap Pissouthnes (Πισσούθνης) of Lydia, was the leader of a Carian rebellion against king Darius II Nothus in 413 BC. He was captured by Tissaphernes and executed in 412 BC. During his Carian rebellion, he occupied and was sheltered in the port of Iasus. Athens was sympathetic to him during the Peloponnesian War against Sparta.

Darius II ordered a Persian nobleman named Tissaphernes to stop Amorges, and did so by forming an alliance with Sparta. Tissaphernes created a treaty with Sparta which noted "if anyone revolts from the King, he shall be the enemy of the Spartans as well." Spartans sailed to Iasus in the winter of 412–411 and were welcomed by inhabitants due to a belief that their ships belonged to the Athenian navy. Amorges was arrested and handed over to Tissaphernes.

Lydia
Lydia (Ancient Greek: Λυδία, romanized: Ludía; Latin: Lȳdia) was an Iron Age kingdom situated in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sardis.

At some point before 800 BCE, the Lydian people achieved some sort of political cohesion, and existed as an independent kingdom by the 600s BCE. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BCE, it covered all of western Anatolia. In 546 BCE, it became a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, known as Sparda in Old Persian. In 133 BCE, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.

Lydian coins, made of electrum, are among the oldest in existence, dated to around the 7th century BCE.
Kan, Kyrgyzstan
Kan (Kyrgyz: Кан) is a village in the Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Batken District. It is a mountain village on the upper course of the river Sokh. Nearby towns and villages include Gaz (8 km or 5 mi), Zardaly and Hushyor (11 km or 7 mi). Its population was 661 in 2021.

Sokh (river)
The Sokh (Russian: Сох, IPA: [ˈsox], Kyrgyz: Сох, Uzbek: Soʻx) is a river in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It takes its rise at the joint of the north slopes of the Alay Mountains and Turkestan Range and ends in Ferghana Valley. The Sokh is a left tributary of the Syr Darya. Currently it is largely used for irrigation. The length of the river is 124 kilometres (77 mi) with a catchment area of 3,510 square kilometres (1,360 sq mi), and average yearly discharge of 42.1 cubic metres per second (1,490 cu ft/s). The maximum discharge is 58.9 m3/s (2,080 cu ft/s) (near Sarykandy village). Sokh is full-flowing in June-August, and it falls in September. Overall, 276 glaciers covering a total area of 258.7 square kilometres (99.9 sq mi) are in the river catchment. Its largest tributary is the Kojashkan.
Latvians in Chicago
Latvians immigrated to Chicago in the late 19th century, seeking economic and political change from the hardships faced in the Russian Empire. Similar to Latvian communities in other American cities, Chicago's early Latvian settlers were divided between religious followers and political activists. Following an unsuccessful uprising in Russia's Baltic province in 1905, many political radicals sought refuge in the United States.

Approximately 4,000 Latvians live in Chicago as of 2004.

Latvians
Latvians (Latvian: latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts, especially in older bibliography. Latvians share a common Latvian language, culture, history and ancestry.
Max Haygarth
Maxwell James Haygarth (born 21 January 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger or midfielder.

Haygarth is a product of the Manchester United academy and began his senior career with Brentford in 2021. After failing to break into the first team squad and then a period as a free agent, he transferred to Linfield in 2023, for whom he appeared sparingly before his release in early 2024. Three months later, he entered non-League football with Altrincham. Haygarth transferred to UAE club Dubai City in 2025.

UAE Second Division League
UAE Second Division League is the third tier of football league competition in the United Arab Emirates. The league is organised by UAE Football Association for private funded clubs and universities with amateur teams. The league was established in 2019. The league featured 10 teams who played each other twice in its first season, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates, the UAE footballing season was cancelled.

The UAE FA set a strategy to support featuring more privately owned clubs and football academies in the UAE Football Pyramid. Ahead of the 2022–23 season, the UAE FA confirmed that the format of league will remain as 12 teams, with the introduction of the UAE Third Division League with a promotion-relegation system.
Fournier gangrene
Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis or gangrene affecting the external genitalia or perineum. It most commonly occurs in older men, but it can also occur both in women and children, diabetics, alcoholics, or the immunocompromised.

Perineum
The perineum (pl.: perineums or perinea) in placental mammals is the space between the anus and the genitals. The human perineum is between the anus and scrotum in the male or between the anus and vulva in the female. The perineum is the region of the body between the pubic symphysis (pubic arch) and the coccyx (tail bone), including the perineal body and surrounding structures. The perineal raphe is visible and pronounced to varying degrees.

The perineum is frequently perceived as an erogenous zone, with touch in that area being perceived as both erogenous and aversive by different individuals.
1990 Venda coup d'état
The 1990 Venda coup d'état was a bloodless military coup in Venda, an unrecognised state and a nominally independent South African homeland for the Venda people, which took place on 5 April 1990. The coup was led by the then 48-year-old Colonel Gabriel Ramushwana, the Chief of Staff of the Venda Defence Force, against the government of President Frank Ravele (NPV).

Ramushwana's military government stayed in power until January 1994, several months before the reunification of Venda with South Africa after the first post-apartheid general election.

Venda Defence Force
The Venda Defence Force (VDF) was established in September 1982 from the 112 Battalion of the South African Defence Force and the military branch of the Venda National Force which itself had been formed when the Venda homeland became independent from South Africa in September 1979.
Bryan v. MacPherson
Bryan v. McPherson, 630 F.3d 805 (9th Cir. 2009), was heard by United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in October 2009. Plaintiff-appellee Carl Bryan was tasered by defendant-appellant Officer Brian MacPherson after being pulled over to the side of the road for failure to wear a seat belt. The case considered whether MacPherson's use of a taser during a routine traffic stop violated Bryan's Fourth Amendment rights. The majority opinion, written by Kim McLane Wardlaw, declared that the use of the taser in this situation could be considered excessive force. Richard Tallman and Consuelo María Callahan wrote the dissent. This case affirmed that this use of a taser could indeed be considered excessive force.

Richard C. Tallman
Richard Charles Tallman (born March 3, 1953) is a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a former judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review.
Sons of Aegyptus
In Greek mythology, the sons of Aegyptus were the fifty progeny of the king of Egypt, Aegyptus. They married their cousins, the fifty daughters of Danaus, twin brother of Aegyptus. In the most common version of the myth, they were all killed except one, Lynceus, who was saved by his wife Hypermnestra on their wedding night.

Danaus
In Greek mythology, Danaus (/ˈdæneɪ.əs/, /ˈdæni.əs/; Ancient Greek: Δαναός Danaós) was the king of Libya. His myth is a foundation legend of Argos, one of the foremost Mycenaean cities of the Peloponnesus. In Homer's Iliad, "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and "Argives" commonly designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans.
Jerome Hines
Jerome A. Hines (November 8, 1921 – February 4, 2003) was an American operatic bass who performed at the Metropolitan Opera from 1946 to 1987. Standing 6'6½", his stage presence and stentorian voice made him ideal for such roles as Sarastro in The Magic Flute, Mephistopheles in Faust, Ramfis in Aida, the Grand Inquisitor in Don Carlos, the title role of Boris Godunov and King Mark in Tristan und Isolde.

Faust (opera)
Faust is a grand opera in five acts by Charles Gounod to a French libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré from Carré's play Faust et Marguerite, in turn loosely based on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust, Part One. It debuted at the Théâtre Lyrique on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris on 19 March 1859, with influential sets designed by Charles-Antoine Cambon and Joseph Thierry, Jean Émile Daran, Édouard Desplechin, and Philippe Chaperon.
Zopherus jourdani
Zopherus jourdani is a species of ironclad beetle found in Central America. It is found in Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Nicaragua, and has been collected every month of the year from altitudes ranging from 2500 to 9800 feet. The species plays dead when disturbed, which earned it the name durene niño in Costa Rica. It lives under the bark of trees, including balsa and pine.

Apparent death
Apparent death is a behavior in which animals take on the appearance of being dead. It is an immobile state most often triggered by a predatory attack and can be found in a wide range of animals from insects and crustaceans to mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Apparent death is separate from the freezing behavior seen in some animals.

Apparent death is a form of animal deception considered to be an anti-predator strategy, but it can also be used as a form of aggressive mimicry. When induced by humans, the state is sometimes colloquially known as animal hypnosis. The earliest written record of "animal hypnosis" dates back to the year 1646 in a report by Athanasius Kircher, in which he subdued chickens.
Setiawangsa (federal constituency)
Setiawangsa is a federal constituency in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 2004.

The federal constituency was created in the 2003 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

Federal territories of Malaysia
The federal territories (FT; Malay: Wilayah Persekutuan) in Malaysia comprise three territories—Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya—governed directly by the Federal Government of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital of Malaysia, Putrajaya the administrative capital, and Labuan an offshore international financial centre. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are enclaves in the state of Selangor. Labuan is an island off the coast of the Sabah state.
Donnelly Weir
Donnelly Weir (formerly Donnelly's Weir) is located in the Yarra Ranges. It diverts water from Donnelly Creek, a tributary of the Watts River just downstream of the Maroondah Dam, into the Maroondah Aqueduct. It is a part of the system that supplies water to the city of Melbourne, Australia. It is managed by Melbourne Water. It is often visited by students studying Melbourne's water supply because of its easy access and information signs. It was heavily impacted by the Black Saturday bushfires and was closed for many months afterwards. The immediate areas were burnt out and all of the facilities had to be replaced.

Yarra Ranges Shire
The Shire of Yarra Ranges, also known as Yarra Ranges Council, is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the outer eastern and northeastern suburbs of Melbourne extending into the Yarra Valley and Dandenong Ranges. It has an area of 2,468 square kilometres (953 sq mi), of which 3% is classified as urban. In June 2018, it had a population of 158,173.
Plvs Vltra (yacht)
The 74 m (243 ft) superyacht Plvs Vltra was launched by Amels Holland B.V. at their yard in Vlissingen. She was sold by Moran Yacht & Ship. She was designed by Tim Heywood, and the interior design was created by Winch Design. She  is the first of an eight Amels 242 Limited Edition serie built between 2016  and 2024.

Vlissingen
Vlissingen (Dutch: [ˈvlɪsɪŋə(n)] ⓘ; Zeelandic: Vlissienge) is a municipality and a city in the southwestern Netherlands on the island of Walcheren. With its strategic location between the Scheldt river and the North Sea, Vlissingen has been an important harbour for centuries. It was granted city rights in 1315. In the 17th century the roadstead of Vlissingen was a main harbour for ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It is also known as the birthplace of Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter.

Vlissingen is mainly noted for the yards on the Scheldt where most of the ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy (Koninklijke Marine) are built.
1992 Rosmalen Grass Court Championships – Doubles
Hendrik Jan Davids and Paul Haarhuis were the defending champions, but Haarhuis chose to compete at Florence in the same week. Davids teamed up with Libor Pimek and lost in the quarterfinals to Neil Borwick and Simon Youl.

Jim Grabb and Richey Reneberg won the title, by defeating John McEnroe and Michael Stich 6–4, 6–7, 6–4 in the final.

Neil Borwick
Neil Borwick (born 15 September 1967) is a former professional tennis player from Australia. He was born in Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia.

Borwick enjoyed most of his tennis success while playing doubles. During his career, he won one doubles title. In 1992, he achieved his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 60.
Ellett
Ellett is the surname of the following people:

David Ellett (born 1964), American-born Canadian professional ice hockey player

Henry T. Ellett (1812–1887), Mississippi politician and U.S. Representative to Congress

Neil Ellett (born 1944), Canadian soccer player

Tazewell Ellett (1856–1914), Virginia politician and U.S. Representative to Congress

Thomas Harlan Ellett (1880–1951), American architect

Ron Ellett (born 1942)   American football coach.

Ellet, an alternative spelling, is the surname of the following people:

Alfred W. Ellet (1820–1895), American Civil War general and commander of a fleet of ironclad rams

Charles Ellet Jr. (1810–1862), American civil engineer and Civil War officer

Charles R. Ellet (1843–1863), American Civil War officer, son of Charles Ellet Jr.

Elizabeth F. Ellet (1818–1877), American writer, historian, and poet

John A. Ellet (1838–1892), U.S. Navy officer in the American Civil War

Alfred W. Ellet
Alfred Washington Ellet (October 11, 1820 – January 9, 1895) was a brigadier general in the Union Army who commanded the United States Ram Fleet and the Mississippi Marine Brigade during the American Civil War.
Iqbal Raad
Iqbal Raad was a Pakistani lawyer associated with the Pakistan Muslim League (N). He had been Advocate General of Sindh until 1999. In 2000 he was one of the lead defense lawyers in the trial of ousted Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif. On 10 March 2000 he was killed in his office in Karachi by three gunmen, while a fourth stood guard at the entrance to the building. He was 52 years old at the time of his death. In 2005, ten Muttahida Qaumi Movement activists were acquitted of the murder.

Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan
Muttahida Qaumi Movement (Pakistan) (MQM-P) is a Pakistani political party with a liberal political position and a Muhajir nationalist ideology. The leader of the party is Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui. The party's symbol is the kite. It is mostly active in Karachi where the majority of Muhajirs currently reside. The party aims to represent the human rights of Muhajirs in Pakistan through peaceful and democratic struggle. The Party is a splinter faction of MQM-L.
Extinct comet
An extinct comet is a comet that has expelled most of its volatile ice and has little left to form a tail and coma. In a dormant comet, rather than being depleted, any remaining volatile components have been sealed beneath an inactive surface layer.

Due to the near lack of a coma and tail, an extinct or dormant comet may resemble an asteroid rather than a comet and blur the distinction between these two classes of small Solar System bodies. When volatile materials such as nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen and methane in the comet nucleus have evaporated away, all that remains is an inert rock or rubble pile. A comet may go through a transition phase as it comes close to extinction.

Rubble pile
In astronomy, a rubble pile is a celestial body that consists of numerous pieces of debris that have coalesced under the influence of gravity. Rubble piles have low density because there are large cavities between the various chunks that make them up.

The asteroids Bennu and Ryugu have a measured bulk density which suggests that their internal structure is a rubble pile. Many comets and most smaller minor planets  (<10 km in diameter) are thought to be composed of coalesced rubble.