hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian impact of the Russo-Georgian War
The Russo-Georgian War had a huge humanitarian impact on the lives of civilians. In the aftermath of the war, ethnic Georgians were expelled from South Ossetia and most of the Georgian villages were razed.

Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali or Tskhinval, occasionally called  Stalinir during specific contexts, is the capital of the disputed de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia, internationally considered part of Shida Kartli, Georgia (except by Russia and four other UN member states). Tskhinvali Region was also known historically as Samachablo by Georgians. It is located on the Great Liakhvi River approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi.
Aleksander Velvelt
Aleksander Velvelt (3 February 1897 in Pihtla Parish, Kreis Ösel – 14 February 1967 in Kohtla-Järve) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of Estonian Constituent Assembly. On 6 October 1919, he resigned his position and he was replaced by Hans Orav.

Pihtla Parish
Pihtla Parish was a municipality in Saare County, Estonia. The municipality had a population of 1,400 (as of 1 January 2006) and covered an area of 228.11 km².

During the administrative-territorial reform in 2017, all 12 municipalities on the island Saaremaa were merged into a single municipality – Saaremaa Parish.
USS Birmingham (SSN-695)
USS Birmingham (SSN-695), a Los Angeles-class submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for Birmingham, Alabama. The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia on 24 January 1972 and her keel was laid down on 26 April 1975.  She was launched on 29 October 1977 sponsored by Mrs. Maryon Pittman Allen, wife of Senator James Allen, and commissioned on 16 December 1978.

Birmingham was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 December 1997. Ex-Birmingham was scheduled to enter the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington on 1 October 2012. In September 2015, Birmingham's sail was placed on static display at Defense Supply Center, Columbus.

Bremerton, Washington
Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 43,505 at the 2020 census and an estimated 44,122 in 2021, making it the largest city on the Kitsap Peninsula. Bremerton is home to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap.

The city lies west of Seattle and is connected by an automobile ferry operated by Washington State Ferries and a passenger-only ferry operated by Kitsap Transit. Bremerton spans the Port Washington Narrows and extends inland along Sinclair Inlet opposite from Port Orchard.
James O. Ruane
James O'Neill "Jay" Ruane (born July 24, 1972) is an American criminal defense attorney, writer, and legal educator based in Connecticut. He has argued multiple cases before the Connecticut Appellate Court and written several legal books on DUI and criminal defense. Ruane has served as President of the Connecticut Criminal Defense Lawyers Association (CCDLA). He was also appointed Connecticut State Delegate to the National College for DUI Defense (NCDD) and has served on its faculty. In addition, Ruane is the managing partner of Ruane Attorneys at Law, which is Connecticut's largest criminal defense firm by attorney count.

Criminal defenses
In the field of criminal law, there are a variety of conditions that will tend to negate elements of a crime (particularly the intent element), known as defenses. The label may be apt in jurisdictions where the accused may be assigned some burden before a tribunal. However, in many jurisdictions, the entire burden to prove a crime is on the prosecution, which also must prove the absence of these defenses, where implicated. In other words, in many jurisdictions the absence of these so-called defenses is treated as an element of the crime. So-called defenses may provide partial or total refuge from punishment.
Alfred R. Page
Alfred Rider Page (October 7, 1859 – February 3, 1931) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician from New York.

Page was born in Carlinville, Illinois, and relocated with his family to Brooklyn in 1874. He graduated from New York University School of Law in 1880, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in New York City. In 1886, he married Elizabeth M. Roe, and they had three children including the novelist Elizabeth Page. Page was a member of the New York State Senate (19th district) from 1905 to 1908, sitting in the 128th, 129th, 130th and 131st New York State Legislatures. He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1910 to 1923. In 1915, he presided over the trial of Harry K. Thaw for conspiring to escape from the Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. He sat on the Appellate Division (First Dept.) from 1916 to 1923. He died on February 3, 1931, in Southampton, New York, from pneumonia.

Southampton, New York
Southampton, officially the Town of Southampton, is a town in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, partly on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the town had a population of 69,036. Southampton is included in the stretch of shoreline prominently known as the Hamptons.

Stony Brook University has a campus in Southampton.
Cuban moist forests
The Cuban moist forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion that occupies 21,400 km2 (8,300 sq mi; 5,300,000 acres) on Cuba and Isla de la Juventud. The ecoregion receives more than 2,000 mm (79 in) of rainfall annually, and does not have a dry season. Soils are usually derived from quartz, limestone, or serpentinites. Cuban moist forests can be differentiated into lowland forests (sea level to 400 m or 1,300 ft), sub-montane forests (400–800 m or 1,300–2,600 ft), and montane forests (800–1,900 m or 2,600–6,200 ft).

Serpentinite
Serpentinite is a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of serpentine group minerals formed by serpentinization of mafic or ultramafic rocks. The ancient origin of the name is uncertain; it may be from the similarity of its texture or color to snake skin. Greek pharmacologist Dioscorides (AD 50) recommended this rock to prevent snakebite.

Serpentinite has been called serpentine or serpentine rock, particularly in older geological texts and in wider cultural settings.

Most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize acetyl-CoA, essential to basic biochemical pathways of life, take place during serpentinization. Serpentinite thermal vents are therefore considered a candidate for the origin of life on Earth.
1991 Tennent's Sixes
The 1991 Tennents' Sixes was the eighth staging of the indoor 6-a-side football tournament. It was held at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC) in Glasgow on 20 and 21 January.

Clubs from the 1990–91 Scottish Premier Division season competed, except Rangers who were replaced by First Division side Airdrieonains. The two group winners and runners-up qualified to the semi-finals; in the final Hearts beat Motherwell 5–2 to win their second Sixes title (a year after Edinburgh rivals Hibernian won the tournament).

SEC Centre
The SEC Centre (originally known as the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre until 2017) is Scotland's largest exhibition centre, located in Glasgow, Scotland. It is one of the three main venues within the Scottish Event Campus.

Since the opening of the original buildings in 1985, the complex has undergone two major expansions; the first being the SEC Armadillo in 1997, and then the OVO Hydro in 2013. The venue's holding company SEC Limited, is 91% owned by Glasgow City Council and 9% owned by private investors. It is probably best known for hosting concerts, particularly in Hall 4 and Hall 3.
Schloss Jägersburg
Schloss Jägersburg (English: Jägersburg Palace) was a palace in Jägersburg, part of Homburg in the Saar-Palatinate (Saarpfalz) district, Germany. 
Constructed in the 18th century by French architect Jacques Hardouin-Mansart de Sagonne, it was one of the most important residences he ever built, and the favourite hunting lodge of Christian IV, Duke of Zweibrücken. 
Known as the German Grand Trianon, it was destroyed during the French Revolutionary Wars and its last remains were demolished at the start of the 19th century. 
Today, nothing remains of one of the first neoclassical palaces in Germany.

Palatine Zweibrücken
The Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (German: Herzogtum Pfalz-Zweibrücken; French: Duché de Palatinat-Deux-Ponts or Comté palatin de Deux-Ponts) was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire with full voting rights to the Reichstag. Its capital was Zweibrücken. The reigning house, a branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was also the Royal House of Sweden from 1654 to 1720.
Rose Realty-Securities Building
The Rose Realty-Securities Building is a historic six-story building in Omaha, Nebraska. It was built by John H. Harte for the Rose Realty Company in 1916, and designed in Chicago school style by architect Frederick A. Henninger. The first floor was used for stores while the upper floors were rented as offices. The corner of 16th and Farnam was a Union Pacific ticket office from 1917 to 1941. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 19, 1996.

F. A. Henninger
Frederick A. Henninger (1865–1944), commonly known as F. A. Henninger, was an American architect. He was born in 1865 at Albia, Iowa, and attended the Chicago Art Institute.  He moved from Chicago to Lincoln, Nebraska, and in 1891 to Omaha, Nebraska.  He worked as a draftsman for an architect in 1895 and purchased the practice in 1896.  He worked as an architect in Omaha until his retirement in 1937.  After retiring, he moved to Pasadena, California and died there in 1944.

A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Works include:
Mateja Robnik
Mateja Robnik (born April 6, 1987, in Celje, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Slovenian alpine skier.

Robnik represented Slovenia at two skiing world championships, both times in the Giant Slalom. Her World Cup debut was in 2004, but her best result so far is 11th place in Giant Slalom (Aspen, 2008).

Giant slalom
Giant slalom (GS) is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding competitive discipline. It involves racing between sets of poles ("gates") spaced at a greater distance from each other than in slalom, but less than in Super-G.

Giant slalom and slalom make up the technical events in alpine ski racing. This category separates them from the speed events of Super-G and downhill.  The technical events are normally composed of two runs, held on different courses on the same ski run.
Saphenofemoral junction
The sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ) is located at the saphenous opening within the groin and formed by the meeting of the great saphenous vein (GSV), common femoral vein and the superficial inguinal veins (confluens venosus subinguinalis). It is one of the distinctive points where a superficial vein meets a deep vein and at which incompetent valves may occur.

Saphenous opening
In anatomy, the saphenous opening (saphenous hiatus, also fossa ovalis) is an oval opening in the upper mid part of the fascia lata of the thigh. It lies 3–4 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle and is about 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide.
Bodega (Scottish band)
Bodega was a Scottish band based in Glasgow, formed in March 2005. Its members met while they were studying together at the National Centre of Excellence in Traditional Music in Plockton, Scotland, from which they all graduated. The group was originally called Fiddle Dee Fiddle Dum.  They disbanded at the end of 2011, citing the changing musical trajectories of the band's principal founding members.

Plockton High School
Plockton High School is an 11–18 high school in the village of Plockton, Scotland.  The catchment area for the school stretches from Applecross in the north to Corran in the south. Since the opening of the Skye Bridge, increasing numbers of pupils from South Skye, who would have traditionally gone to Portree High School, have instead attended Plockton High School.  The school has a small hostel to cater for pupils who live far away.

The school is currently part of the Plockton 3-18 Education Campus, which also contains Plockton Primary School, Sgoil Araich, and the National Centre of Excellence in Traditional Music.
Sigwan
Sigwan is a Canadian short drama film directed by Alanis Obomsawin and released in 2005. One of just two narrative fiction films, alongside When All the Leaves Are Gone, that Obomsawin made in a career otherwise devoted entirely to documentary films, the film dramatizes the story of a young indigenous girl who is comforted and counselled by the wisdom of forest animals.

The cast includes Sylvi-Anne Siouï Trudel, Sigwanis Lachapelle, Guillaume Wawanolet, Sophy Wawanolet, Sébastien Gill, Pierre-Luc Grenier, Louis Msadoques, Steve Obomsawin, Fabrice Hannis Grandmont, Mylène Trudeau, Dawn Obomsawin, Kevin Cloutier, Charles Gariépy, Mathieu Obomsawin Gauthier, Alanis Obomsawin and Rodrigo Brinckhaus, with voiceovers by Sandra Laronde, Wiingushk-Kwe Teekens, Gary Farmer, Michelle St. John and Darrell Dennis.

The film was screened at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival, as part of its special Celebrating Alanis retrospective of Obomsawin's films.

Alanis Obomsawin
Alanis Obomsawin, CC GOQ (born August 31, 1932) is an Abenaki American-Canadian filmmaker, singer, artist, and activist primarily known for her documentary films. Born in New Hampshire, United States and raised primarily in Quebec, Canada, she has written and directed many National Film Board of Canada documentaries on First Nations issues. Obomsawin is a member of Film Fatales independent women filmmakers.

Obomsawin relates that "the basic purpose [of her films] is for our people to have a voice [...] no matter what we're talking about whether it has to do with having our existence recognized, or whether it has to do with speaking about our values, our survival, our beliefs, that we belong to something beautiful, that it's O.K. to be an Indian, to be a native person in this country". Her best known documentary is Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance, regarding the 1990 Oka Crisis in Quebec.
Energy (signal processing)
In signal processing, the energy  of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as the area under the squared magnitude of the considered signal i.e., mathematically

Unit of will be (unit of signal)2.

And the energy  of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined mathematically as

Volt
The volt (symbol: V), named after Alessandro Volta, is the unit of measurement of electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force in the International System of Units (SI).
IP over Avian Carriers
In computer networking, IP over Avian Carriers (IPoAC) is a humorous but ostensibly functional proposal to carry Internet Protocol (IP) traffic by birds such as homing pigeons.  IP over Avian Carriers was initially described in RFC 1149 issued by the Internet Engineering Task Force, written by David Waitzman, and released on April 1, 1990.  It is one of several April Fools' Day Request for Comments.

Waitzman described an improvement of his protocol in RFC 2549, IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service (1 April 1999).  Later, in RFC 6214—released on 1 April 2011, and 13 years after the introduction of IPv6—Brian Carpenter and Robert Hinden published Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6.

IPoAC has been successfully implemented, but for only nine packets of data, with a packet loss ratio of 55% (due to operator error), and a response time ranging from 3,000 seconds (50 min) to over 6,000 seconds (100 min). Thus, this technology suffers from extremely high latency.

Packet loss
Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer network fail to reach their destination. Packet loss is either caused by errors in data transmission, typically across wireless networks, or network congestion.: 36  Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) detects packet loss and performs retransmissions to ensure reliable messaging. Packet loss in a TCP connection is also used to avoid congestion and thus produces an intentionally reduced throughput for the connection.

In real-time applications like streaming media or online games, packet loss can affect a user's quality of experience (QoE).
Gelliodes fibrosa
Gelliodes fibrosa is a species of sponge found in shallow water in the Indian Ocean. It was first described in 1905 by the British zoologist Arthur Dendy, the type locality being the Gulf of Mannar, Sri Lanka. In 1925, the American zoologist Edmund Beecher Wilson described a species of sponge from North Sulawesi as Gelliodes fibrosa. In 2013, Carballo, Aquilar-Camacho, Knapp & Bell, decided that this was a homonym, a separate taxon from the original one described by Dendy, and gave the new species the name Gelliodes wilsoni.

Gulf of Mannar
The Gulf of Mannar (/məˈnɑːr/ mə-NAR) (Tamil: மன்னார் வளைகுடா, romanized: Maṉṉār vaḷaikuṭā; Sinhala: මන්නාරම් බොක්ක, romanized: mannāram bokka) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean with an average depth of 5.8 m (19 ft). It lies between the southeastern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka, in the Coromandel Coast region. The chain of low islands and reefs known as Adam’s Bridge or Rama Setu (Rama’s Bridge), which includes Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay, which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka. The estuaries of Thamirabarani River and Vaippar River of South India and the Malvathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka drain into the Gulf. The dugong (sea cow) is found here.
Gosiengfiao
Gosiengfiao is a Filipino surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alodia Gosiengfiao (born 1988), Filipina cosplayer, model, TV presenter, singer, pianist, vlogger, and actress

Joey Gosiengfiao (1941–2007), Filipino movie director

Alodia Gosiengfiao
Alodía Almira Gosiengfiao Quimbo (née Gosiengfiao; born March 9, 1988) is a Filipino cosplayer, model, TV presenter, singer, vlogger, actress and co-founder of Tier One Entertainment. She is also known as Senpai Alodia of the Philippines. As a celebrity endorser, she is one of the ambassadors and VJ for Animax Asia known as the "Ani-mates" and co-host of ABS-CBN's prank show Laugh Out Loud. She has been featured in various magazines, newspapers and TV shows locally and abroad. She appeared on the Filipino FHM 100 Sexiest Women poll, ranking No. 1 in 2009, No. 2 in 2010 and No. 3 in 2012; she posed as the cover girl for that magazine on its July 2013 issue. She was named by DOS Magazine as one of the Most Influential Women in the Philippines.
John Estrada
John Anthony Siason Estrada (born June 13, 1973), known professionally as John Estrada, is a Filipino actor, TV host, model and filmmaker who has starred in a number of roles as a leading man, comedian and antagonist. He was a contract actor with ABS-CBN from 1990 to 2018, with GMA Network from 2018 to 2021, and then with ABS-CBN again in 2021. He also did a sitcom with TV5 called Everybody Hapi. Estrada is known for presenting two noontime shows for ABS-CBN, MTB and Happy Yipee Yehey!. Presently, he portrays the antagonistic PCpl. Rigor Dimaguiba in Batang Quiapo.

TV5 (Philippine TV network)
TV5 is a Philippine free-to-air commercial broadcast television and radio network based in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, with additional studios and transmitter facilities in Novaliches, Quezon City, serving as the flagship property of TV5 Network Inc., which owns and operates the network, is a subsidiary of MediaQuest Holdings, which is controlled by telecommunications company PLDT, Inc.

TV5's main television station, DWET-TV, broadcasts on VHF Channel 5 for analogue broadcasting, UHF Channel 18 for digital, and UHF Channel 51 for digital test transmission. The latter is licensed to its sister company, Mediascape/Cignal TV. The network owns and operates seven TV stations and has 14 selected affiliate stations across the Philippines.

TV5's programming is available throughout the Philippines, and its content can be accessed internationally via satellite through Kapatid Channel International, AksyonTV International, and PBA Rush.
Mark Andre
Mark Andre (born 10 May 1964) is a French composer living in Germany. He was known as "Marc André", his birth name, until 2007, when he formally revised the spelling. He lives in Berlin. Andre's compositions durch (2006), ...auf... III (2007), and Wunderzaichen (2014) received multiple votes in a 2017 Classic Voice poll of the greatest works of art music since 2000.

Art music
Art music (alternatively called classical music, cultivated music, serious music, and canonic music) is music considered to be of high phonoaesthetic value. It typically implies advanced structural and theoretical considerations or a written musical tradition. In this context, the terms "serious" or "cultivated" are frequently used to present a contrast with ordinary, everyday music (i.e. popular and folk music, also called "vernacular music"). Many cultures have art music traditions; in the Western world, the term typically refers to Western classical music.
2017–18 Army Black Knights women's basketball team
The 2017–18 Army Black Knights men's basketball team represented the United States Military Academy during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Black Knights, led by twelfth year head coach Dave Magarity, played their home games at Christl Arena and were members of the Patriot League. They finished the season 17–14, 9–9 in Patriot League play to finish in a tie for fourth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the Patriot League women's tournament where they lost to American.

2018 Patriot League women's basketball tournament
The 2018 Patriot League women's basketball tournament was from held March 3, 5, 8 and 10 at campus sites of the higher seed, except that both semi-final games will be played at the same site of the highest seed. American won the Patriot League Tournament will earn an automatic trip to the NCAA women's tournament.
Château Saint Georges (Côte Pavie)
44°53′06″N 0°09′17″W﻿ / ﻿44.88499°N 0.15466°W﻿ / 44.88499; -0.15466

Château Saint Georges (Côte Pavie) is a Bordeaux wine producer located on the Pavie hill (Côte Pavie) in Saint-Émilion. This 5-hectare (12-acre) estate is located between Château Pavie and Château La Gaffelière.

Bordeaux wine
Bordeaux wine (Occitan: vin de Bordèu; French: vin de Bordeaux) is produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France, around the city of Bordeaux, on the Garonne River. To the north of the city, the Dordogne River joins the Garonne forming the broad estuary called the Gironde; the Gironde department, with a total vineyard area of 110,800 hectares, is the second largest wine-growing area in France behind the Languedoc-Rousillon.

Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of daily table wine to some of the world's most expensive and prestigious wines. The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (sometimes called "claret" in Britain), with sweet white wines (most notably Sauternes), dry whites, and (in much smaller quantities) rosé and sparkling wines (Crémant de Bordeaux) collectively making up the remainder. Bordeaux wine is made by more than 5,660 producers or châteaux. There are 65 appellations of Bordeaux wine.