hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trough (economics)
In economics, a trough is a low turning point or a local minimum of a business cycle.  The time evolution of many economics variables exhibits a wave-like behavior with local maxima (peaks) followed by local minima (troughs).  A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks.

The period of the business cycle in which real GDP is increasing is called the expansion, in which the real GDP moves from the trough towards the peak.

Maximum and minimum
In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum of a function are, respectively, the greatest and least value taken by the function. Known generically as extrema, they may be defined either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain (the global or absolute extrema) of a function. Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general technique, adequality, for finding the maxima and minima of functions.

As defined in set theory, the maximum and minimum of a set are the greatest and least elements in the set, respectively. Unbounded infinite sets, such as the set of real numbers, have no minimum or maximum.

In statistics, the corresponding concept is the sample maximum and minimum.
Starkie
Starkie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Enid Starkie (1897–1970), Irish literary critic

Martin Starkie (1922–2010), English actor, writer, and director

Richard Starkie, British doctor

Thomas Starkie (1782–1849), English lawyer and jurist

Walter Starkie (1894–1976), Irish scholar, Hispanist, author, and musician

Walter Starkie
Walter Fitzwilliam Starkie CMG, CBE, Litt.D (9 August 1894 – 2 November 1976) was an Irish scholar, Hispanist, writer, and musician. His reputation is principally based on his popular travel writing: Raggle-Taggle (1933), Spanish Raggle-Taggle (1934) and Don Gypsy (1936).

He is known as a translator of Spanish literature, and as a leading authority on the Romani people (Gypsies). He spoke the Romani language fluently.
Edgardo Goás
Edgardo Goás  (born 27 January 1989) is a Puerto Rican male volleyball player. He was part of the Puerto Rico men's national volleyball team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in Poland. He played for Polish team Chemik Bydgoszcz.

2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship
The 2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship was held in Poland from 30 August to 21 September 2014. The tournament featured 24 teams to determine the world champions in men's volleyball. In addition to the host nation Poland, 23 teams qualified for the tournament through continental and regional competitions. The matches took place in seven venues across seven Polish cities, with the final being played at Spodek, Katowice.

The tournament was won by the hosts Poland, who beat Brazil (who had won the previous three titles) in the final. Poland became the third team in the history of the competition to be crowned as champions in their own country, joining the Soviet Union (1952 and 1962) and Czechoslovakia (1966).

563,263 fans watched the matches during the 18-day event, smashing the previous records in the competition. In Italy four years earlier, the total was 339,324, while in Japan in 2006, it was 298,352.
The Politics Book
The Politics Book is a book originally published by DK in 2013. The book features sections about modern politics around the world, as well as historical evidence. It contains articles about many political doctrines, including Communism and Liberalism. The book was written by a group of nine contributors: Rod Dacombe, Paul Kelly, John Farndon, Jesper Johnsøn, A.S. Hodson, Niall Kishtainy, James Meadway, Anca Pusca and Marcus Weeks. The book was mainly assembled and written in the UK, though many editions were printed in Dubai, UAE.

Dorling Kindersley
Dorling Kindersley Limited (branded as DK) is a British multinational publishing company specialising in illustrated reference books for adults and children in 63 languages. 
It is part of Penguin Random House, a subsidiary of German media conglomerate Bertelsmann.
Established in 1974, DK publishes a range of titles in genres including travel (including DK Eyewitness Travel), history, geography, science, space, nature, sports, gardening, cookery, parenting and many others. DK has offices in New York, Melbourne, London, Munich, New Delhi, Toronto, Madrid, Beijing, and Jiangmen.
DK works with licensing partners such as Disney, LEGO, DC Comics, the Royal Horticultural Society, MasterChef, and the Smithsonian Institution. 
DK has commissioned authors such as Mary Berry, Monty Don, Robert Winston, Huw Richards, and Steve Mould for a range of books.
Battleplan
Battleplan is a 2006 military television documentary series examining various military strategies used in modern warfare since World War I. It is shown on the Military Channel in the U.S. and Yesterday. Each episode looks at particular military strategy – or "battleplan" – through two well-known historical examples, gauging them against the ideal requirements necessary to successfully conduct that strategy. All the episodes use examples from modern warfare, dating from the First World War (1914–18) up to the Iraq War (2003). Lloyd Clark (Royal Military Academy Sandhurst) and Bruce Gudmundsson (US Army War College) analyze the information and talk about it on the show.

American Heroes Channel
American Heroes Channel (formerly Military Channel and originally Discovery Wings Channel) is an American multinational pay television channel owned by the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. The network carries programs related to the military, warfare, and military history and science.

As of November 2023, AHC is available to approximately 28,000,000 pay television households in the United States-down from its 2014 peak of 62,000,000 households. Along with Boomerang, Cooking Channel, Destination America, Discovery Family, Discovery Life, and Science Channel, American Heroes Channel is among the less prevalent networks of Warner Bros. Discovery.

In recent years, AHC has lost carriage with the growth of streaming alternatives including its parent company's HBO Max, and has generally been depreciated by Warner Bros. Discovery in current retransmission consent negotiations with cable and streaming providers.
No Sunshine (DMX song)
"No Sunshine" is a song by American rapper DMX, released on March 13, 2001, as the lead single from the soundtrack of the 2001 film Exit Wounds, which he also starred in. Produced by Dame Grease, it contains a sample of "Ain't No Sunshine" by Bill Withers.

The song is also used as the entrance music of former UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva.

Exit Wounds
Exit Wounds is a 2001 American action comedy film directed by Andrzej Bartkowiak, produced by Joel Silver, and starring Steven Seagal, DMX, Isaiah Washington, Anthony Anderson, Michael Jai White, Bill Duke, Tom Arnold and Jill Hennessy. Seagal plays Orin Boyd, a Detroit police detective notorious for pushing the limits of the law in his quest for justice. The screenplay is based on a novel of the same name by John Westermann.

This is the second of three films directed by Bartkowiak and produced by Silver that focus on martial arts-based action in an urban setting with a hip-hop soundtrack, following Romeo Must Die (2000) and preceding Cradle 2 the Grave (2003). The three films feature many of the same cast, key crew, and locations.

The film received mixed reviews from critics. It grossed $79.9 million worldwide against a budget of between $25 million and $33 million.
Nicolas Kischkewitz
Nicolas Kischkewitz (born 4 April 1974) is a French former professional tennis player.

Kischkewitz, a right-handed player from Marseille, was a 1992 French Open junior semi-finalist.

While competing on the professional circuit he reached a best singles ranking of 260. His best ATP Tour performance came as a main draw qualifier at the 1993 Dutch Open, where he had a first round win over world number 61 Horacio de la Peña, then fell to third seed Thomas Muster.

1992 French Open
The 1992 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 25 May until 7 June. It was the 91st staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1992. This was the last time both the top seeds won the men's singles and women's singles until the 2018 French Open.
Shokvao
Shokvao is a village located south of Ukhrul district, Manipur. National Highway 150 that connects Imphal and Ukhrul passes through the village. Shokvao is about 75 kilometers from Imphal and about 7 kilometers from Ukhrul. The village is flanked by Ramva in the north, Shangshak in the east, Lungpha in the south and Songphel Kuki village in the west. The inhabitants talk Shokvao dialect which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family. The name 'Shokvao' means come out and shout in Tangkhul dialect. The origin of the village name is attributed to a myth that the Tangkhuls in the process of migration were lost and that their leader stood at the present location of the village shouted to all to get together there.

Tangkhul language
Tangkhul is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Tangkhulic branch, spoken in different villages of Ukhrul district, Manipur, India. The term "Tangkhul" is derived from the Meitei language terms, tāng (ꯇꯥꯡ, 'scarce') and khūl (ꯈꯨꯜ, 'village').
According to another theory, the term "Tangkhul" is derived from "Thankhul", meaning "Than village" in Meitei language.

Tangkhul became a written language for the first time in the year 1897, when William Pettigrew compiled "Tangkhul Primer and Catechism", during his Christian missionary activities.

The Department of Language Planning and Implementation of the Government of Manipur offers a sum of ₹5,000 (equivalent to ₹8,500 or US$100 in 2023), to every individual who learns Tangkhul language, under certain terms and conditions.

Tangkhul shares 93%–94% lexical similarity with the Somra variety of Tangkhul, 31% with Tangkhul Naga spoken in India, 51%–52% with Akyaung Ari Naga, and 29%–32% with Koki Naga.
Williams-Cangie WC-1 Sundancer
The Williams-Cangie WC-1 Sundancer is an American homebuilt biplane racing aircraft that was designed by Art Williams and Carl Cangie and built by Ralph Thenhaus in 1974. Plans were at one time available from Williams' company, the Williams Aircraft Design Company of Northridge, California. Only one was built.

Air racing
Air racing is a type of motorsport that involves airplanes or other types of aircraft that compete over a fixed course, with the winner either returning the shortest time, the one to complete it with the most points, or to come closest to a previously estimated time.
Modern Espionage
"Modern Espionage" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the television sitcom Community. It was written by Mark Stegemann, and directed by Rob Schrab. It is the 108th episode overall and was first released on Yahoo Screen in the United States on May 19, 2015. The episode is the third "paintball episode" of the series after "Modern Warfare" (season one) and the two-part "A Fistful of Paintballs" / "For a Few Paintballs More" (season two).

Community season 1
The first season of the television comedy series Community originally aired from September 17, 2009, on NBC to May 20, 2010, in the United States. The first three episodes aired at 9:30 pm ET before being moved to 8:00 pm ET. The show was picked up for 22 episodes in October 2009, and an additional 3 episodes were ordered later.

The show focuses on disbarred lawyer Jeff Winger, and his attempt to get a bachelor's degree at a community college, while he forms a bond with his Spanish study group.
Zheng Wushuang
Zheng Wushuang (Chinese: 郑妩双; pinyin: Zhèng Wǔshuāng; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂə̂ŋ ù ʂwáŋ]; born 29 November 1998) is a Chinese professional tennis player.

She has a career-high singles ranking by the WTA of 241, achieved on 24 May 2025. On 7 April 2025, she peaked at No. 137 in the WTA doubles rankings.

On the ITF Junior Circuit, Zheng reached a combined career-high ranking of 13 in January 2016. Playing for China in the Billie Jean King Cup, she has a win-loss record of 2–2 (as of July 2024).

Zheng made her WTA Tour main-draw debut at the 2016 Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open, where she received a wildcard into the singles tournament.

WTA rankings
The WTA rankings are the ratings defined by the Women's Tennis Association, introduced in November 1975. The computer that calculates the ranking is nicknamed "Medusa".

Aryna Sabalenka is the current world No. 1 in women's singles.
William N. MacLean
William Nicholson MacLean (March 27, 1907 – August 4, 1997) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Inverness in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1962 to 1970. He was a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

Born in 1907 at Inverness, Nova Scotia, MacLean was a businessman. He married Jane Roberts in 1939. From 1933 to 1945, he was the chief of police for Inverness. He also served a term as mayor of Inverness. MacLean entered provincial politics in a 1962 byelection, winning the seat left vacant following the death of his brother, Roderick MacLean. He was re-elected in the 1963, and 1967 elections, representing the dual-member riding with Progressive Conservative Jim MacLean. In the 1970 election, MacLean was defeated for the second seat by fellow Liberal John Archie MacKenzie. MacLean died at Inverness on August 4, 1997.

1970 Nova Scotia general election
The 1970 Nova Scotia general election was held on 13 October 1970 to elect members of the 50th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The Liberal Party of Gerald Regan won the most seats but were one seat short of a majority. It is the only election in Nova Scotia's history in which the party who won the popular vote did not win the most seats.
USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)
USS Shenandoah was the first of four United States Navy rigid airships. It was constructed during 1922–1923 at Lakehurst Naval Air Station, and first flew in September 1923. It developed the U.S. Navy's experience with rigid airships and made the first crossing of North America by airship. On the 57th flight, Shenandoah  was destroyed in a squall line over Ohio in September 1925.

Squall line
A squall line, or quasi-linear convective system (QLCS), is a line of thunderstorms, often forming along or ahead of a cold front. In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for cold front (which often are accompanied by abrupt and gusty wind shifts). Linear thunderstorm structures often contain heavy precipitation, hail, frequent lightning, strong straight-line winds, and occasionally tornadoes or waterspouts. Particularly strong straight-line winds can occur where the linear structure forms into the shape of a bow echo. Tornadoes can occur along waves within a line echo wave pattern (LEWP), where mesoscale low-pressure areas are present. Some bow echoes can grow to become derechos as they move swiftly across a large area. On the back edge of the rainband associated with mature squall lines, a wake low can be present, on very rare occasions associated with a heat burst.
Dunsborough, Western Australia
Dunsborough is a coastal town in the South West of Western Australia, 254 kilometres (158 mi) south of Perth, on the shores of Geographe Bay.

Dunsborough is a popular tourist destination for Western Australians; in 1999 it was voted the state's best tourist destination and in 2013 awarded the Top Tourism Award for Population Under 5,000. The town's location in the Margaret River Wine Region provides easy access to many wineries and breweries. The town is a favored destination for annual school leavers in Western Australia, the other frequent choice being Rottnest Island.

South West (Western Australia)
The South West region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. It has an area of 23,970 square kilometres (9,250 sq mi), and a population of about 170,000 people. Bunbury is the main city in the region.
History of the Carolina Panthers
The Carolina Panthers' history formally dates back to 1993, when the NFL awarded the franchise to Charlotte, North Carolina. The Panthers, along with the Jacksonville Jaguars, began play in the 1995 NFL season as expansion teams. They have played in Charlotte since 1996, winning six division titles and two NFC Championships. The Panthers were the first NFL franchise based in the Carolinas and the second professional sports team based in Charlotte, the first being the NBA's Charlotte Hornets.

Marty Hurney
Marty Hurney (born December 20, 1955) is an American former professional football executive. He served as an administrator for the San Diego Chargers in the 1990s before working as the general manager of the Carolina Panthers throughout much of the 2000s and 2010s. Hurney was a sportswriter for Washington, D.C.–based newspapers in the 1980s and became a racehorse owner in 2025.
German submarine U-2327
German submarine U-2327 was a Type XXIII U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was ordered on 20 September 1943, and was laid down on 16 May 1944 at Deutsche Werft, Hamburg, as yard number 481. She was launched on 29 July 1944 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Heinrich Mürl on 19 August 1944.

Deutsche Werft
Deutsche Werft (English: German Shipyard) was a shipbuilding company in Finkenwerder Rüschpark, Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1918 by Albert Ballin and with Gutehoffnungshütte (GHH), Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) and Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft (HAPAG) as investors.
Onilahy River
Onilahy is a river in Atsimo-Andrefana and Anosy (Toliara Province), southern Madagascar. It flows down from the hills near Betroka to the Mozambique Channel. It empties at St. Augustin (23°34′00″S 43°45′00″E﻿ / ﻿23.5666667°S 43.75°E﻿ / -23.5666667; 43.75), and into the Bay of Saint-Augustin.

Two species of cichlids are endemic to the river basin, but Ptychochromis onilahy is probably already extinct and the remaining range of Ptychochromoides betsileanus covers less than 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi).

Toliara Province
The Toliara Province (formerly Toliary or Tuléar) is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 161,405 square kilometres (62,319 sq mi). It had a population of 2,229,550 (July, 2001). Its capital was Toliara. Near Toliara was the "spiny forest". Toliara Province bordered the following provinces – Mahajanga Province in the north, Antananarivo Province in the northeast and Fianarantsoa Province in the east.
1995 Oporto Cup – Doubles
The 1995 Oporto Cup doubles event was a competition of the 1995 Oporto Cup men's tennis tournament which was part of World Series of the 1995 ATP Tour and held from 12 June until 18 June 1995 in Porto, Portugal. The draw consisted of 16 teams of which four were seeded. The third-seeded team of Tomás Carbonell and Francisco Roig won the doubles title by defeating the unseeded team of Jordi Arrese and Àlex Corretja 6–3, 7–6 in the final.

Jordi Arrese
Jordi Arrese i Castañé (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈʒɔɾði əˈrezəj kəstəˈɲe]; born 29 August 1964) is a former professional tennis player from Spain.

Born in Barcelona, Arrese won the men's singles silver medal at the 1992 Olympic Games in his home town. In the final, he was defeated in a marathon five-set match by Marc Rosset of Switzerland, 7–6, 6–4, 3–6, 4–6, 8–6.

During his career, Arrese won six top-level singles and four tour doubles titles, and reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 23.
Razdolnoye, Mazanovsky District, Amur Oblast
Razdolnoye (Russian: Раздольное) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Romankautsky Selsoviet of Mazanovsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 150 as of 2018. There are 10 streets.

Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast (/əˈmʊər ˈɒblæst/) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya rivers in the Russian Far East. The oblast borders Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the south.

The administrative center of the oblast, the city of Blagoveshchensk, is one of the oldest settlements in the far east of the country, founded in 1856. It is a traditional center of trade and gold mining. The territory is accessed by two railways: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal–Amur Mainline. As of the 2021 Census, the oblast's population was 766,912.
Rübezahl
Rübezahl (German: [ˈʁyːbəˌtsaːl], Polish: Liczyrzepa, Duch Gór, Karkonosz, Rzepiór, or Rzepolicz; Czech: Krakonoš or Rýbrcoul) is a folkloric mountain spirit (woodwose) of the Giant Mountains (Czech: Krkonoše, Polish: Karkonosze, hence his name in Czech and Polish), a mountain range along the border between Czechia and Poland. He is the subject of many legends and fairy tales in German, Polish, and Czech folklore.

Singspiel
A Singspiel (German pronunciation: [ˈzɪŋʃpiːl] ⓘ; plural: Singspiele; lit. 'sing-play') is a form of German-language music drama, now regarded as a genre of opera. It is characterized by spoken dialogue, which is alternated with ensembles, songs, ballads, and arias which were often strophic, or folk-like. Singspiel plots are generally comic or romantic in nature, and frequently include elements of magic, fantastical creatures, and comically exaggerated characterizations of good and evil.
Ambroise Chevreux
Ambroise Chevreux, O.S.B. (13 February 1728, in Orléans – 2 September 1792, in Paris) was a French Benedictine abbot.  He was the last superior general of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

He was elected to serve as a deputy of the clergy to the Estates General of 1789. Along with hundreds of fellow clergy, he was arrested at the end of August 1792 by armed revolutionaries. He and most of his fellow prisoners were murdered in the course of the September Massacres.

Chevreux is among the 190 victims of that event--almost entirely clergy--declared martyrs for the faith and beatified in 1930 by Pope Pius XI.

Estates General of 1789
The Estates General of 1789 (French: États Généraux de 1789) was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France.

Summoned by King Louis XVI, the Estates General of 1789 ended when the Third Estate, along with some members of the other estates, formed the National Assembly and, against the wishes of the king, invited the other two estates to join. This signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Waitara railway station, New Zealand
Waitara railway station is an urban railway station on the Waitara Branch railway serving the regional town of Waitara in New Zealand's Taranaki district. It previously served the local freezing works and local port.

It is now run by the Waitara Railway Preservation Society who run heritage services on the line.

Taranaki
Taranaki is a region in the west of New Zealand's North Island. It is named after its main geographical feature, the stratovolcano Mount Taranaki.

The main centre is the city of New Plymouth. The New Plymouth District is one of three in the region and is home to more than 65 per cent of the population of Taranaki. The Stratford District includes the main centres of Stratford, Midhirst, Toko and Whangamōmona. The South Taranaki District includes Hāwera, Manaia, Eltham, and Ōpunake.

Since 2005, Taranaki has used the promotional brand "Like no other".