hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ambient space (mathematics)
In mathematics, especially in geometry and topology, an ambient space is the space surrounding a mathematical object along with the object itself.  For example, a 1-dimensional line  may be studied in isolation —in which case the ambient space of  is the real line, or it may be studied as an object embedded in 2-dimensional Euclidean space —in which case the ambient space of  is , or as an object embedded in 2-dimensional hyperbolic space —in which case the ambient space of  is .  To see why this makes a difference, consider the statement "Parallel lines never intersect."  This is true if the ambient space is , but false if the ambient space is , because the geometric properties of  are different from the geometric properties of .  All spaces are subsets of their ambient space.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
Citrana
Citrana is a small town in the Timor-Leste exclave of Oecusse Special Administrative Region. It is located in the far west of the exclave, close to the mouth of the Noel Besi River, which forms part of the border with Indonesia.

Noel Besi River
The Noel Besi River is a river flowing in the west part of Timor island and forms part of the border between the Timor-Leste exclave of Oecussi and Indonesian West Timor. It flows north into the Sawu Sea. Located 1900 km east of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta.
Clio Bay
Clio Bay (Bulgarian: залив Клио, romanized: zaliv Klio, IPA: [ˈzalif ˈklio]) is the 1.8 km wide bay indenting for 1.7 km the west coast of Lavoisier Island in Biscoe Islands, Antarctica. It is formed as a result of the retreat of Lavoisier Island's ice cap in the early 21st century.

The feature is named after Clio, the muse of history in Greek mythology.

Lavoisier Island
Lavoisier Island is an island 29 km (18 mi) long and 8 km (5 mi) wide, lying between Rabot and Watkins Islands in the Biscoe Islands, Antarctica. It is separated from Renaud Island and Rabot Island to the northeast by Pendleton Strait, from Watkins Island to the southwest by Lewis Sound, and from Krogh Island to the west-southwest by Vladigerov Passage.

Lavoisier Island is named Isla Serrano by Chile and isla Mitre by Argentina.

The island was first charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, and named "Ile Nansen" after Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian Arctic explorer. To avoid confusion with Nansen Island (q.v.) in Wilhelmina Bay, the UK-APC recommended in 1960 that the island be renamed for Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist who pioneered the study of metabolism.
Anne Gwynne
Anne Gwynne (born Marguerite Gwynne Trice; December 10, 1918 – March 31, 2003) was an American actress who was known as one of the first scream queens because of her numerous appearances in horror films. Gwynne was also one of the most popular pin-ups of World War II. She was the maternal grandmother of actor Chris Pine.

Pin-up model
A pin-up model is a model whose mass-produced pictures and photographs have wide appeal within the popular culture of a society. Pin-up models are usually glamour, actresses, or fashion models whose pictures are intended for informal and aesthetic display, known for being pinned onto a wall. From the 1940s, pictures of pin-up girls were also known as cheesecake in the U.S.

The term pin-up refers to drawings, paintings, and photographs of semi-nude women and was first attested to in English in 1941. Images of pin-up girls were published in magazines and newspapers. They were also displayed on postcards, lithographs, and calendars. The counterpart of the pin-up girl is the male pin-up, also known as beefcake, including celebrated actors and athletes such as the actor James Dean, the singer Jim Morrison, and the model Fabio.
Brighton and Hove National Spiritualist Church
Brighton and Hove National Spiritualist Church, known until 2019 as Brighton National Spiritualist Church, is a Spiritualist place of worship in the Carlton Hill area of Brighton, part of the English seaside city of Brighton and Hove.  Since its amalgamation with another church in the city in November 2019, it has been one of England's largest Spiritualist churches.

The church was formed in 1902 and has occupied various premises since then.  The present building, which has been registered as a place of worship since 1965, is architecturally significant for its curved, windowless Brutalist form.  It has been recognised as a locally listed heritage asset by Brighton and Hove City Council.

Places of Worship Registration Act 1855
The Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 81) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which governs the registration and legal recognition of places of worship. It applies only in England and Wales, and does not cover the Church of England (that country's established church) which is exempt from the act's requirements.  Nor does it affect the Church in Wales, which remains part of the Anglican Communion although it is no longer the Established Church in Wales.  Registration is not compulsory, but it gives certain financial advantages and is also required before a place of worship can be registered as a venue for marriages.
Paisley and Renfrewshire South
Paisley and Renfrewshire South  is a constituency of the House of Commons, located in Renfrewshire, Scotland to the southwest of Glasgow. It elects one member of Parliament at least once every five years using the first-past-the-post system of voting and has been represented since 2024 by Johanna Baxter of Scottish Labour.

Linwood, Renfrewshire
Linwood (Scots: Linwuid) is a town in Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland, 14 miles (23 kilometres) west of Glasgow. It is about 1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometres) northeast of Johnstone and west of Paisley close to the Black Cart Water and the A737 road.
CBterm
CBterm/C64, commonly referred to as CBterm, is a terminal emulator for the Commodore 64, authored by Christopher "Chrisdos" Dunn.

CBterm bears a copyright date of 1985; version 5.0 of the software was released in early 1987 and is coded entirely in assembly language.  It features 40- and 80-column displays, XMODEM file transfers, ASCII/PETSCII conversion, direct display of RLE graphics, and support for a variety of autodialling modems.  Support for the Punter protocol and VIDTEX and VT52 terminal emulation is possible by means of overlays.  The software is freely redistributable for non-commercial use.

CBterm 5.0 was favourably reviewed in Run, with columnist Loren Lovhaug praising its speed, customizability, and CompuServe compatibility.  Some criticism was levied at the lack of native support for Punter and for baud rates other than 300 and 1200.

PETSCII
PETSCII (PET Standard Code of Information Interchange), also known as CBM ASCII, is the character set used in Commodore Business Machines' 8-bit home computers.

This character set was first used by the PET from 1977, and was subsequently used by the  CBM-II, VIC-20, Commodore 64, Commodore 16, Commodore 116, Plus/4, and Commodore 128. However, the Amiga personal computer family instead uses standard ISO/IEC 8859-1.
Considia gens
The gens Considia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  The Considii came to prominence in the last century of the Republic, and under the early Empire, but none of them rose any higher than the praetorship.

Praenomen
The praenomen (Classical Latin: [prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.
Puccinelli
Puccinelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aldo Puccinelli (1920–1994), Italian footballer

André Puccinelli (born 1948), Brazilian politician

Angelo Puccinelli, Italian painter

Dorothy Wagner Puccinelli (1901–1974), American artist

George Puccinelli (1907–1956), American baseball player

Keith Puccinelli (1950–2017), American artist

Luca Puccinelli (born 1973), Italian footballer

Placido Puccinelli (1609–1685), Italian Christian monk and historian

Luca Puccinelli
Luca Puccinelli (born 11 July 1973 in Viareggio, Province of Lucca) is an Italian retired footballer and agent. He played as a midfielder. After playing in Sampdoria youth teams he played mainly in Serie C1 and Serie C2. During his career he had to face many injuries that in the end forced him to retire from football. Nowadays he is an important football agent and he assists many successful players including Alessandro Diamanti, Alberto Gilardino, Aleandro Rosi and Nicolao Dumitru.
He was born in Viareggio but he travelled a lot during his life because of his career. He is married and has two children.
Do You Love Me (Patti Austin song)
"Do You Love Me" is a song written by British musician Rod Temperton and recorded by American singer-songwriter Patti Austin for her fourth studio album, Every Home Should Have One (1981). It was released in 1981 by Qwest Records as the album's first single. Along with the track "The Genie", the single peaked at number one on the dance charts for two weeks.  Although "Do You Love Me" failed to chart on the Hot 100, it peaked at number twenty-four on the soul singles chart.

Patti Austin
Patti Austin (born August 10, 1950) is an American Grammy Award-winning R&B, pop, and jazz singer and songwriter. Austin has collaborated with the likes of James Ingram, Steely Dan and Quincy Jones. She received an honorary doctorate from the Berklee College of Music. Austin has also won one Grammy out of seven nominations.
Romano Garagnani
Romano Garagnani (6 June 1937 – 30 January 1999) was an Italian skeet shooter. He competed at the 1968, 1976, 1980 and 1984 Olympics and won a silver medal in 1968. Garagnani also won bronze medals at the 1969 and 1978 world championships and a European title in 1977, as well as two medals at the Mediterranean Games (1971 and 1975) and five Italian titles. In 1980, before the Moscow Olympics he shot 200 out of 200 in a local competition, but finished only 28th at the Olympics.

ISSF Olympic skeet
Olympic skeet is a variant of skeet shooting, and the specific variant used in the Olympic Games. The discipline is sanctioned by the International Shooting Sport Federation. Two throwing machines at different heights launch a series of 25 targets in a specific order, some as singles and some as doubles, with the shooter having a fixed position between them. Both men's and women's competitions consist of five such series. The top six competitors shoot an additional series as a final round, on targets filled with special powder to show hits more clearly to the audience. The competitors use shotguns of 12 bore or smaller. All actions are allowed, including double barrel breech loaders, semi-automatic or others, but not pump action guns.
Li Sixun
Li Sixun (651–716 Chinese: 李思训; Wade–Giles: Li Ssu-hsün) was a Chinese noble and painter of landscapes who lived during the Tang dynasty. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, he is considered by Dong Qichang to be the founder of the Northern school of landscape painting.

As a member of the royal family, he had the honorary title of general. His son Li Zhaodao was also a painter and so the father is distinguished as General Li Senior or the Elder.

He used brightly coloured mineral pigments, especially azurite blue and malachite green. His technique was meticulous and detailed, so that large works such as murals might take months to complete. He is also said to be the one who initially formulated qinglü shanshui.

Pigment
A pigment is a chemical compound that gives a substance or organism color, or is used by humans to add or alter color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly insoluble and chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli. Biological pigments are compounds produced by living organisms that provide coloration.
Bing double
In knot theory, a field of mathematics, the Bing double of a knot is a link with two components which follow the pattern of the knot and "hook together". Bing doubles were introduced in Bing (1952) by their namesake, the American mathematician R. H. Bing. The Bing double of a slice knot is a slice link, though it is unknown whether the converse is true. The components of a Bing double bound disjoint Seifert surfaces.

The Bing double of a knot K is defined by placing the Bing double of the unknot in the solid torus surrounding it, as shown in the figure, and then twisting that solid torus into the shape of K. This definition is similar to that for Whitehead doubles. The Bing double of the unknot is also called the Bing link.

Link concordance
In mathematics, two links  and  are concordant if there exists an embedding  such that  and .

By its nature, link concordance is an equivalence relation. It is weaker than isotopy, and stronger than homotopy: isotopy implies concordance implies homotopy.  A link is a slice link if it is concordant to the unlink.
Kennedy Professor of Latin
The Kennedy Professorship of Latin is the senior professorship of Latin at the University of Cambridge.

In 1865, when Benjamin Hall Kennedy retired as headmaster of Shrewsbury School, his friends and former pupils created a fund with the intention of founding a chair in Latin to be named after him. Kennedy himself added £500 to the fund on the condition that the chair not be named after him. The professorship was thus created in 1869. In 1911, after Kennedy's death, the professorship was in fact renamed after him, with the consent of his family.

Shrewsbury School
Shrewsbury School is a private school in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England.

It was founded in 1552 by Edward VI by royal charter, to replace the town's Anglo-Saxon collegiate foundations which were disestablished in the sixteenth century. It is one of the seven public schools in the UK subject to the Public Schools Act 1868 and one of the nine schools reviewed by the Clarendon Commission between 1861 and 1864. The school is notable for being the education site of renowned scientist Charles Darwin.

It was originally founded as a boarding school for boys. In 2008, however, girls were accepted in the sixth form. Since 2015 Shrewsbury School has been a co-educational school. As at Michaelmas Term 2023, Shrewsbury School had 842 pupils: 522 boys and 320 girls. The school has seven boys', and five girls' houses. Alumni of the school are known as Old Salopians.

The present school site, to which the school moved in 1882, is on the south bank of the River Severn.
Amanda Gentil
Amanda Kelly Gentil Guimarães Rosa (born 25 December 1998) is a Brazilian politician serving as a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2023. From 2021 to 2023, she served as secretary of government of Caxias.

Caxias, Maranhão
Caxias is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.

It is the fifth largest city in the state, with a population of 165,525 inhabitants and an area of about 5,170 km2.
Nymphargus spilotus
Nymphargus spilotus is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae, formerly placed in Cochranella.
It is endemic to Colombia where it occurs on the Cordillera Central in Samaná, the Caldas Department.
Its natural habitat is sub-Andean forest where it occurs on vegetation alongside streams. Its conservation status is unclear.

Male Nymphargus spilotus grow to a snout–vent length of 25–26 mm (0.98–1.02 in). The dorsum is finely shagreen.

Samaná, Caldas
Samaná is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Caldas.

It is about 220 km north west of Bogota.

Facilities include the Parque Simon Bolívar park and the Fundacion Batuta Caldas academy of music.
Branisko Tunnel
The Branisko Tunnel is a road tunnel in eastern Slovakia. It is located on the D1 motorway at the Beharovce - Fričovce section. It replaced the Branisko Pass road via mountain range of the same name, with the top at 751 m AMSL. Currently only one tube is open to traffic; the second tube is expected to be opened in the future.

Construction began when the exploration gallery driving was launched in April 1996 on the axle of the northern (left) tube. The southern tube driving started in May 1997 from both portals using New Austrian Tunnelling method (NATM). Works were slowed in 1999 due to cost cutting for motorway constructions. The breakthrough was made on May 1, 1999. The southern (right) tube of the tunnel with the Beharovce - Fričovce section was opened on June 29, 2003.

The tunnel is 4975 m long. The road in the tunnel is 7.5 m wide, with 1 m wide sidewalks on both sides; maximum height is 4.5 m, maximum gradient is 1.2%. The maximum allowed speed in tunnel is 80 km/h.

New Austrian tunneling method
The new Austrian tunneling method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method (SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method (SCL), is a method of modern tunnel design and construction employing sophisticated monitoring to optimize various wall reinforcement techniques based on the type of rock encountered as tunneling progresses. This technique first gained attention in the 1960s based on the work of Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and Franz Pacher between 1957 and 1965 in Austria. The name NATM was intended to distinguish it from earlier methods, with its economic advantage of employing inherent geological strength available in the surrounding rock mass to stabilize the tunnel wherever possible rather than reinforcing the entire tunnel.

NATM/SEM is generally thought to have helped revolutionise the modern tunneling industry. Many modern tunnels have used this excavation technique.

The Sequential Excavation Method is very cost effective, even in karst conditions.
Albert Hales
Albert Hales (born 9 November 1932) is an Australian politician. He was a National Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1974 until 1977, representing the electorate of Ipswich West.

Hales was born in Ipswich, and was educated at the Bundamba and Ipswich Central state schools and Ipswich Grammar School. He initially trained as an electrician, working in that trade from 1948 until 1963, became a newsagent from 1963 to 1966, and was a real estate agent and property developer thereafter. He also served as president of the Ipswich branch of the Real Estate Institute of Queensland and as treasurer of the Central Methodist Mission in Ipswich.

Hales was elected as the National Party member for the usually safe Labor seat of Ipswich West amidst the National-Liberal landslide at the 1974 election. He was defeated at the 1977 election.

He married Elaine Merle Webb on 2 April 1955, and has three children.

1974 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 7 December 1974 to elect the 82 members of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland.

The National–Liberal Coalition won a third consecutive victory under Joh Bjelke-Petersen, and the seventh consecutive victory for the National Party in Queensland, which had renamed itself from the Country Party since the previous election. The Labor Party lost two-thirds of its seats, including that of leader Perc Tucker, its worst showing in an election until 2012 and thus a landslide victory for the Coalition.

Labor was reduced to only 11 seats, leading observers to call Labor's caucus a "cricket team." William Bowe of Crikey wrote that for years, the election stood as "the gold standard for Australian election massacres".
Pulmocide
Pulmocide is a privately held biopharmaceutical company focusing on the discovery and development of inhaled medicine for the treatment of life-threatening fungal and viral infections of the respiratory tract. The company is based in London and has a laboratory at the Imperial College's Innovation Hub.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Potassium deficiency (plants)
Potassium deficiency, also known as potash deficiency, is a plant disorder that is most common on light, sandy soils, because potassium ions (K+) are highly soluble and will easily leach from soils without colloids. Potassium deficiency is also common in chalky or peaty soils with a low clay content. It is also found on heavy clays with a poor structure.

Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed under the sea by the accumulation and lithification of hard parts of organisms, mostly microscopic plankton, which had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum.