hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grimm–Hoffmann affair
The Grimm–Hoffmann affair was a short-lived scandal that threatened Switzerland's neutrality during World War I. Robert Grimm, a socialist politician, travelled to the Russian Republic as an activist to negotiate a separate peace between Russia and the German Empire, in order to end the war on the Eastern Front in the interests of socialism. When the Allies discovered the proposed peace deal, he had to return home. Arthur Hoffmann, the Swiss Federal Councillor who had supported Grimm, had to resign.

Separate peace
A separate peace is an agreement by one nation to cease military hostilities with another, even though allies of the country remain at war with the latter country. For example, at the start of the First World War, Russia was a member of the Triple Entente. After the February Revolution and the October Revolution, Russia defaulted on its commitments to the Triple Entente by signing a separate peace with Germany and its allies in 1917. This armistice was followed on March 3, 1918, by the formal signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

During the Second World War, after 1941, when the Soviets were allied with the British and the Americans, to the end of the war in 1945, both sides suspected the other of seeking separate peace with Germany, though this did not occur.

An earlier important example is the Franco-Dutch War of 1672, which France and England entered together, but from which the English withdrew unilaterally by a separate peace with the Dutch, the Treaty of Westminster (1674).
Anthem without a title
The Anthem of the Netherlands Antilles was the untitled anthem of the Netherlands Antilles. It was written in English by Zahira Hiliman from Sint Maarten and translated into the Papiamento language by Lucille Berry-Haseth from Curaçao. The anthem was written in two of the three official languages of the Netherlands Antilles, English and Papiamento. It was adopted in 2000. In addition to this one, many of the islands in the Netherlands Antilles had their own regional anthems.

On 10 October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved into Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the three public bodies of the Caribbean Netherlands.

Papiamento
Papiamento (English:  /ˌpæpiəˈmɛntoʊ, ˌpɑː-/) or Papiamentu (English: /-tuː/; Dutch: Papiaments [ˌpaːpijaːˈmɛnts]) is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken in the Dutch Caribbean. It is the most widely spoken language on Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (ABC islands).

The language, spelled Papiamento in Aruba and Papiamentu in Bonaire and Curaçao, is largely based on Portuguese as spoken in the 15th and 16th centuries, and has been influenced considerably by Dutch and Spanish. Due to lexical similarities between Portuguese and Spanish, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact origin of some words. Though there are different theories about its origins, most linguists now believe that Papiamento emerged from the Portuguese-based creole languages of the West African coasts, as it has many similarities with Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole.
Desert warfare
Desert warfare is warfare in deserts or similar arid or semi-arid environments. The term encompasses military operations affected by the terrain, climate, and resource availability of these areas, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.

Desert warfare is distinct from other types of warfare in other environments and terrains, in that the desert is generally considered very inhospitable. The hot temperatures in the day and the cold temperatures in the night, the scarcity of food, water, and plant life, and the lack of cover and concealment, affect how military forces operate in desert environments. The heat and lack of water can sometimes be more dangerous than the enemy.

Second Battle of El Alamein
The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. The First Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Alam el Halfa had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt.

In October 1942 Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery,  commander of Eighth Army, opened his offensive against the Axis forces. In a 13-day battle the Axis Panzerarmee Afrika was crushed and forced to retreat from Egypt and Libya to the borders of Tunisia. The Allied victory at El Alamein was the beginning of the end of the Western Desert Campaign.

The battle ended the Axis threat to the Middle East and Iran and revived the morale of the western Allies, being their first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941. The end of the battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch on 8 November, which opened a second front in North Africa.
Kirsten Welsh
Kirsten Welsh (born 1997) is a Canadian ice hockey official, currently serving as a linesman in the American Hockey League (AHL) and Ontario Hockey League (OHL). A retired ice hockey defenceman, she played college ice hockey with the Robert Morris Colonials in the College Hockey America (CHA) conference of the NCAA Division 1 during 2015 to 2019.

NCAA Division I women's ice hockey conferences and teams
The following is a list of women's college ice hockey programs (teams) that participate in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and compete for berths in the annual National Collegiate Women's Ice Hockey Championship. Programs (teams) are sorted by the conferences in which they play.
Paridhi (name)
Paridhi is a given name in the English language. It is a name for girls or boys based on the language in India, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. The name has independent origins  from  Tamil and Sanskrit. It  translates to Sun in tamil and realm/limit in sanskrit. Reference to the sun are seen in a song written by Subramania_Bharati.

Notable people with name include :

Paridhi Sharma (born 1987), an Indian actress/director.

Paridhi (born 11th century), a Tamil literary commentator

Paridhi
Paridhi (c. 11th century CE), also referred to as Paridhiyaar, was a Tamil literary commentator known for his commentary on the Thirukkural. He was among the canon of ten medieval commentators of the Kural text most highly esteemed by scholars. He was also among the five ancient commentators whose commentaries had been preserved and made available to the Modern era, the others being Manakkudavar, Pari Perumal, Kaalingar, and Parimelalhagar.
Mouse on Mars
Mouse on Mars is a German electronic music duo formed in 1993 by Jan St. Werner and Andi Toma. Their music is a blend of electronic genres including IDM, dub, krautrock, breakbeat, and ambient, featuring heavy use of organic analog synth and cross-frequency modulation. Their music also features live instrumentation including strings, horns, drums, bass, and guitar.

Analog synthesizer
An analog synthesizer (British English: analogue synthesiser) is a synthesizer that uses analog circuits and analog signals to generate sound electronically.

The earliest analog synthesizers in the 1920s and 1930s, such as the Trautonium, were built with a variety of vacuum-tube (thermionic valve) and electro-mechanical technologies. After the 1960s, analog synthesizers were built using operational amplifier (op-amp) integrated circuits, and used potentiometers (pots, or variable resistors) to adjust the sound parameters. Analog synthesizers also use low-pass filters and high-pass filters to modify the sound. While 1960s-era analog synthesizers such as the Moog used a number of independent electronic modules connected by patch cables, later analog synthesizers such as the Minimoog integrated them into single units, eliminating patch cords in favour of integrated signal routing systems.
Bill McWilliams
William Henry McWilliams (November 28, 1910 – January 21, 1997) was an American Major League Baseball and National Football League player. He had two at bats for the Boston Red Sox during the 1931 baseball season, and then played for the Detroit Lions in 1934. Attended the University of Iowa.

He was later player/manager of the Dayton Ducks of the Middle Atlantic League during part of the 1941 season.

Dayton Ducks
The Dayton Ducks were a minor league baseball team that played in the Central League in 1932 and then the Middle Atlantic League from 1933–1942. The team took its name from their owner and field manager, former St. Louis Cardinals player Ducky Holmes. They were affiliated with the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1934–35, 1938–1942 and the Chicago White Sox in 1937. The team was briefly known as the Dayton Wings from 1939–1940, when Holmes was not involved with the club.
The Vault (TV series)
The Vault is an Indian Hindi and English business reality television series that airs on ET Now and Times Now. The show's first season featured 43 Indian start-ups that catered to multiple industry verticals. Of these, 16 start-ups received investments summing up to 11 crores Indian rupees at varying equity rates.

It shows budding entrepreneurs pitching their business or business ideas to a panel of investors called Vault Keepers and seeking funding for their ventures. The Vault Keepers decide whether to invest in their company.

ET Now
ET Now is an English-language business and finance news channel in India, owned and operated by The Times Group, and affiliated with The Economic Times. It covers politics, governance, environment, and technology. Ii is headquartered in Mumbai.
Spahr
Spahr  is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Barzillai Spahr (1860-1904), American political economist

Charles E. Spahr (1913–2009)

Gebhard Spahr (1913–1986), German Benedictine monk, historian, art historian

Jean Gurney Fine Spahr (1861-1935), American social reformer

Juliana Spahr (born 1966), American poet, critic, and editor

Samuel Spahr Laws (1824–1921), American physician, businessman, inventor, professor, college president and minister

Timothy B. Spahr, American astronomer
171P/Spahr, periodic comet in the Solar System; named after Timothy B. Spahr
242P/Spahr
2975 Spahr, main-belt asteroid; named after Timothy B. Spahr
Walter Earl Spahr, (1891-1970), Economist, Professor, Consultant, Author
David L. Spahr, (born 1950), Author, Educator, Naturalist, Photographer, Martial Artist, Farmer

Samuel Laws
Samuel Spahr Laws (March 23, 1824 – January 9, 1921) was an American minister, professor, physician, college president, businessman and inventor best known today as the inventor of the Laws Gold Indicator, a predecessor of the ticker tape machine. He was an 1848 graduate and class valedictorian of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and a member of the Alpha chapter of Beta Theta Pi, founded nine years before his graduation in 1839.
Blyderivierpoort Dam
Blyderivierpoort Dam is a gravity-arch dam on the Blyde River, in the lower Blyde River Canyon, near Hoedspruit in Mpumalanga, South Africa. It also floods the lower reaches of the Blyde's Ohrigstad River tributary. The dam was completed in 1974. The 71 m high dam wall and 22 m deep is situated 3 km from Swadini resort by road.

Hoedspruit
Hoedspruit (Afrikaans for Hat Creek) is a town in the Limpopo province of South Africa, situated at the foot of the Klein Drakensberg (Afrikaans for "Small Dragon Mountains"). The town is located on the Selati railway line, which connects Phalaborwa to Kaapmuiden.
J. T. Petty
J. T. Petty (born February 28, 1977) is an American filmmaker and video game writer. Petty's film and short novels contain elements of the horror genre.  As writer for the Ubisoft video games Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell and its sequel Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow, Petty created the character Sam Fisher. He also wrote the survival horror games Outlast, Outlast 2 and The Outlast Trials.

Ubisoft
Ubisoft Entertainment SA (/ˈjuːbisɒft/; French: [ybisɔft]; formerly Ubi Soft Entertainment SA) is a French video game publisher headquartered in Saint-Mandé with development studios across the world. Its video game franchises include Anno, Assassin's Creed, Driver, Far Cry, Just Dance, Prince of Persia, Rabbids, Rayman, Tom Clancy's, and Watch Dogs.

Ubisoft is led by chairman and CEO Yves Guillemot. The company first achieved commercial and critical success with their 1995 platform game Rayman. In 1996, the company began to expand to other parts of the world, opening studios in Shanghai, Montreal and Milan. In recent years, Ubisoft has struggled financially, reporting a strong decline in revenue in 2024 and laying off 700 employees in 2025.
Martin Ennals
Martin Ennals (27 July 1927 – 5 October 1991) was a British human rights activist. 
Ennals served as the secretary-general of Amnesty International from 1968 to 1980. He went on to help found the British human rights organisation ARTICLE 19 in 1987 and International Alert in 1985.

During Ennals's tenure as secretary general, Amnesty International was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, the Erasmus Prize, and the UN Human Rights Award.

Erasmus Prize
The Erasmus Prize is an annual prize awarded by the board of the Praemium Erasmianum Foundation to individuals or institutions that have made exceptional contributions to culture, society, or social science in Europe and the rest of the world. It  is one of Europe's most distinguished recognitions. The prize is named after Desiderius Erasmus, the Dutch Renaissance humanist.
Smith's dwarf chameleon
Smith's dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion taeniabronchum), also known as the Elandsberg dwarf chameleon, is a species of lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae endemic to Fynbos in South Africa's Eastern Cape. As in several species of chameleons in the genus Bradypodion, the Smith's dwarf chameleon can use its color-changing ability to actively camouflage itself depending on the vision of the specific predator species (for example, bird or snake) by which it is being threatened.

Active camouflage
Active camouflage, adaptive camouflage, or chameleonizing is camouflage that adapts, often rapidly, to the surroundings of an object such as an animal or military vehicle. In theory, active camouflage could provide perfect concealment from visual detection.

Active camouflage occurs in several groups of animals, including reptiles on land, and cephalopod molluscs and flatfish in the sea. Animals achieve active camouflage both by color change and (among marine animals such as squid) by counter-illumination, with the use of bioluminescence.

Military counter-illumination camouflage was first investigated during World War II for marine use. More recent research has aimed to achieve crypsis by using cameras to sense the visible background, and by controlling systems that can vary their appearance, such as coatings, or variable temperature infrared panels using the Peltier effect.
Outline of Malawi
Republic of Malawi – sovereign country located in southeastern Africa.  Malawi is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and Mozambique, which surrounds it on the east, south and west and is separated from Malawi by Lake Malawi (also Lake Nyasa). The origin of the name Malawi is unclear; it is either derived from that of southern tribes, or from the "glitter of the sun rising across the lake" (as seen in its flag). Malawi is a densely populated country with a democratically-elected, presidential system of government.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Malawi:

President of Malawi
The president of the Republic of Malawi (Chichewa: Mtsogoleri wa Dziko la Malawi; Tumbuka: Mlongozgi wa Charu cha Malaŵi) is the head of state and head of government of Malawi. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Malawi and is the commander-in-chief of the Malawian Defence Force. The current president is Peter Mutharika, who has served since being re-elected in September 2025.
Kosmos 461
Kosmos 461 (Russian: Космос 461 meaning Cosmos 461), also known as DS-U2-MT No.1, was a Soviet satellite which was launched in 1971 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. It was a 680-kilogram (1,500 lb) spacecraft, which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, and was used to investigate micrometeoroids and conduct gamma ray astronomy.

KB Pivdenne
The Pivdenne Design Office (Ukrainian: Державне конструкторське бюро «Південне» ім. М. К. Янгеля, abbr. Державне КБП, romanized: Derzhavne konstruktorske biuro "Pivdenne" im. M. K. Yanhelia, abbr. Derzhavne KB Pivdenne, lit. 'State design bureau "Southern", named after M. K. Yangel'), located in Dnipro, Ukraine, is a designer of satellites and rockets, and formerly of Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), established by Mikhail Yangel. During the Soviet era, the bureau's OKB designation was OKB-586.

The company is in close co-operation with the PA Pivdenmash multi-product machine-building company, also situated in Dnipro. Pivdenmash is the main manufacturer of the models developed by Pivdenne Design Office.
1942–43 Gauliga Bayern
The 1942–43 Gauliga Bayern was the tenth season of the league, one of the 29 Gauligas in Germany at the time. It was the first tier of the football league system in  Bavaria (German:Bayern) from 1933 to 1945. It was the first season of the league being sub-divided into a northern and southern division, the Gauliga Nordbayern and Gauliga Südbayern.

For TSV 1860 München it was the second of two Gauliga championships while, for 1. FC Nürnberg, it was the sixth out of seven the club would win in the era from 1933 to 1944. Both clubs qualified for the 1943 German football championship, where Nürnberg was knocked out in the first preliminary round after losing 3–1 to VfR Mannheim while TSV 1860 lost 2–0 to First Vienna in the quarter-finals.

The ninth edition of the Tschammerpokal, now the DFB-Pokal, saw 1. FC Nürnberg eliminated by First Vienna in the quarter-finals as the best Gauliga Bayern club.

Gauliga
A Gauliga (German pronunciation: [ˈɡaʊˌliːɡa]) was the highest level of play in German football from 1933 to 1945. The leagues were introduced in 1933, after the Nazi takeover of power by the National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise.
Louis Loeffler
Louis R. Loeffler (February 24, 1897 – April 22, 1972) was an American film editor. Through his five-decade career, he worked on over 100 films, including In Old Arizona (1928), Hotel for Women (1939), In the Meantime, Darling (1944), Laura (1944), The Iron Curtain (1948), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), River of No Return (1954), and Anatomy of a Murder (1959). He was nominated for two Academy Awards for film editing in 1960 and 1963 for the films Anatomy of a Murder and The Cardinal, respectively.

Hotel for Women
Hotel for Women (or Elsa Maxwell's Hotel for Women) is a 1939 American drama film directed by Gregory Ratoff and starring Ann Sothern, Linda Darnell, and James Ellison. It was Darnell's screen debut. As work published in 1939, it will enter the American public domain in 2035 following its renewal in 1967.
Earthly Vanity and Divine Salvation (Memling)
Earthly Vanity and Divine Salvation is a 1480s painting by the German-born citizen of Bruges, Hans Memling. It is on display in the Musée des Beaux-Arts of Strasbourg, France. Its inventory number is 185.

Hans Memling
Hans Memling (also spelled Memlinc; c. 1430 – 11 August 1494) was a German-Flemish painter who worked in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting. Born in the Middle Rhine region, he probably spent his childhood in Mainz. During his apprenticeship as a painter he moved to the Netherlands and spent time in the Brussels workshop of Rogier van der Weyden. In 1465 he was made a citizen of Bruges, where he became one of the leading artists and the master of a large workshop. A tax document from 1480 lists him among the wealthiest citizens. Memling's religious works often incorporated donor portraits of the clergymen, aristocrats, and burghers (bankers, merchants, and politicians) who were his patrons. These portraits built upon the styles which Memling learned in his youth.

He married Anna de Valkenaere sometime between 1470 and 1480, and they had three children. Memling's art was rediscovered in the 19th century,  attaining wide popularity.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 407
United Nations Security Council Resolution 402, adopted on May 25, 1977, after recalling Resolution 402 (1976), the Council noted with concern the continued harassment of the people of Lesotho by South Africa in violation of the resolution. It also recognised the burden that had been placed upon Lesotho with regard to its decision not to recognise the "independent" bantustan Transkei by South Africa.

The Council commended the Government of Lesotho for its decision not to recognise Transkei. It endorsed the report by the Mission to Lesotho and Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim's call for international assistance to Lesotho. The Resolution also called upon the Secretary-General to monitor the situation and report any developments.

The resolution was adopted without a vote.

Kurt Waldheim
Politics portal

Kurt Josef Waldheim (Austrian German: [kʊrt ˈvaldhaɪm] ⓘ; 21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian politician and diplomat. Waldheim was the secretary-general of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981 and the president of Austria from 1986 to 1992. While he was running for the latter office in the 1986 election, the revelation of his service in Greece and Yugoslavia during World War II, and of his knowledge of Nazi atrocities as an intelligence officer in Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht, raised international controversy.
Larinho
Larinho is a Portuguese parish, referred in Portugal as freguesia, in the municipality of Torre de Moncorvo. It has an area of 29.57 km² and a total of 327 inhabitants as of the 2021 census. Its population density is 11.1 inhabitants/km².

It’s located 4 km from Torre de Moncorvo. The people of Larinho are referred to as Larinhatos.

Sabor line
The Sabor line (Linha do Sabor) was a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge railway in north-east Portugal. It ran for nearly 106 km between Pocinho and Duas Igrejas, near Miranda do Douro. It closed in 1988.
SS Kiche Maru
The SS Kiche Maru was a Japanese steamship that sank during a typhoon on 22 September 1912.

Although more than 1,000 died, the disaster has long been overshadowed by the earlier loss (on 15 April 1912) of the RMS Titanic, and by the fact that Kiche Maru was one of hundreds of naval calamities caused by a tropical storm in Southern Japan. The sinking of the ship was swiftly reported, though confusion about its name became apparent (it was referred to as the Kieko Maru, the Keiko Maru, and the Kickermaru in later accounts). Kiche Maru, a passenger ship, foundered off the island of Honshū, with the loss of all souls aboard.

Although the sinking of the Japanese passenger ship was reported in the Western press as part of the news of the 1912 typhoon, and the information has been repeated in English-language lists of historic disasters, no contemporaneous Japanese accounts have been found to describe either the shipwreck, or the ship itself.

Shipwrecking
Shipwrecking as a noun is the loss of a ship, and as a verb it means to cause irreparable damage to a ship which will cause such loss.
Modes of shipwrecking include by running aground or sinking, which can be the consequence of a wide range of possible causes. An abandoned vessel which is not a wreck is a derelict. The resulting physical remains of a wrecked ship are called shipwreck or wreckage.