hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lionel Kopelowitz
Jacob Lionel Garstein Kopelowitz JP MBE (9 December 1926 – 27 July 2019) was a British Jewish community leader and former President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews.

Kopelowitz was born in Newcastle upon Tyne but grew up in nearby Durham. He was educated at Clifton College before studying at the Trinity College at the University of Cambridge while training as a doctor at University College Hospital. He served in the Royal Air Force (1952–1953) before becoming a GP.

He was President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and President of the National Council for Soviet Jewry from 1985–1991, while also pursuing an individual career as a GP and a key member of the British Medical Association.

He died on 27 July 2019 in London.

National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
The National Coalition Supporting Eurasian Jewry (NCSEJ), formerly the National Council for Soviet Jewry (NCSJ), is an organization in the United States which advocates for the freedoms and rights of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States, and Eurasia.  Emerging from the American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry, now with a paid staff, it played an important role in the Soviet Jewry movement, including such landmark legislation as Jackson–Vanik amendment.  Headquartered in Washington, D.C., it is now an umbrella organization of about 50 national organizations and 300+ local federations, community councils and committees.
Fold (Unix)
fold is a Unix command used for making a file with long lines more readable on a limited width computer terminal by performing a line wrap.

Most Unix terminals have a default screen width of 80, and therefore reading files with long lines could get annoying. The fold command puts a line feed every X characters if it does not reach a new line before that point. If the -w argument is set, the fold command allows the user to set the maximum length of a line.

Wrapping (text)
Text wrapping, also known as line wrapping, word wrapping or line breaking, is breaking a section of text into lines so that it will fit into the available width of a page, window or other display area. In text display, line wrap is continuing on a new line when a line is full, so that each line fits into the viewable area without overflowing, allowing text to be read from top to bottom without any horizontal scrolling. Word wrap is the additional feature of most text editors, word processors, and web browsers, of breaking lines between words rather than within words, where possible.  Word wrap makes it unnecessary to hard-code newline delimiters within paragraphs, and allows the display of text to adapt flexibly and dynamically to displays of varying sizes.
Wuon-Gean Ho
Wuon-Gean Ho (Chinese: 何文津; pinyin: hé wén jīn) (born 1973, Oxford) is a British Chinese artist who specialises in printmaking and whose work has appeared in various international art exhibitions and art collections. She has taken on art residencies at a number of institutions, including the Caldera Arts Center, Crow’s Shadow Institute of the Arts, Bluecoat Arts Centre and Aberystwyth School of Art. Examples of her work are displayed at both the National Art Library and the Tate Library. In 2014 she was commissioned by the Royal Mint to design their annual Lunar coin series for which she has done five years in a row.

Aberystwyth University
Aberystwyth University (Welsh: Prifysgol Aberystwyth) is a public research university in Aberystwyth, Wales. Aberystwyth was a founding member institution of the former federal University of Wales. The university has over 8,000 students studying across three academic faculties and 17 departments.

Founded in 1872 as University College Wales, Aberystwyth, it became a founder member of the University of Wales in 1894, and changed its name to the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. In the mid-1990s, the university again changed its name to become the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. On 1 September 2007, the University of Wales ceased to be a federal university and Aberystwyth University became independent again. The annual income of the institution for 2024–2025 was £124.8 million of which £19.2 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £130.3 million.
Stella-Jones
Stella-Jones Inc. (TSX: SJ) is a Canadian manufacturer of pressure-treated wood products, based in Montreal, Quebec.

As of 2013, the company is estimated to hold a 40% share of the North American wood railway tie market and 30% of the wood poles market.

Toronto Stock Exchange
The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX; French: Bourse de Toronto) is a stock exchange located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the 10th largest exchange in the world and the third largest in North America by market capitalization. Based in the EY Tower in Toronto's Financial District, the TSX is a wholly owned subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities.
Bîcioc
Bîcioc (Moldovan Cyrillic and Russian: Бычок, romanized: Bychok, Ukrainian: Бичок, romanized: Bychok) is a commune in the Grigoriopol District of Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Bîcioc and Novovladimirovca (Нововладимировка). It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic. According to the 2004 census, the population of the village was 1,422 inhabitants, of which 173 (12.16%) were Moldovans (Romanians), 187 (13.15%) Ukrainians and 997 (70.11%) Russians.

Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet designed for the Romanian language spoken in the Soviet Union (Moldovan) and was in official use from 1924 to 1932 and 1938 to 1989. It is still in use today in the breakaway Moldovan region of Transnistria.
Polystichum australiense
Polystichum australiense, commonly known as the harsh shield fern is a plant found in New South Wales, Australia. The genus name Polystichum is derived from Greek poly - many, and stichos - rows referring to the many rows of sori. The specific epithet refers to Australia. An unusual feature is the growth of bulbils on end of the fronds. Sori are circular with a brown indusium, the stem is moderately scaly. Fronds are tough, having ultimate segments with distinctly aristate margins.

Seen in warmer sites, unlike the related Polystichum proliferum which usually prefers mountain habitats. The type specimen was collected at Garie Beach, and first appeared in a botanic publication in 1954, authored by Mary Tindale.

Mary Tindale
Mary Douglas Tindale (19 September 1920 – 31 March 2011) was an Australia Australian botanist. She was an Australian botanist specialising in pteridology (ferns) and the genera Acacia and Glycine. She devoted her life to the study of ferns, and her name is widely associated with the group of flowerless plants.
Anything Goes (soundtrack)
Anything Goes is a soundtrack album issued by Decca Records (DL 8318) from the film of the same name. (See Anything Goes for the film.) The film starred Bing Crosby, Donald O'Connor, Jeanmaire, and Mitzi Gaynor.  Joseph J. Lilley was the musical director with special orchestral arrangements by Van Cleave. All the songs were written by Cole Porter with the exception of three additional songs from Jimmy Van Heusen (music) and Sammy Cahn (lyrics) which have been annotated in the listing below. The soundtrack recording took place between April and June 1955. Three songs were recorded in February 1956 with Joseph J. Lilley and his Orchestra for inclusion in the album to replace the original soundtrack versions.

Zizi Jeanmaire
Renée Marcelle "Zizi" Jeanmaire (29 April 1924 – 17 July 2020) was a French ballet dancer, actress and singer. She became famous in the 1950s after playing the title role in the ballet Carmen, produced in London in 1949, and went on to appear in several Hollywood films and Paris revues. She was the wife of dancer and choreographer Roland Petit, who created ballets and revues for her.
Marthoman Cheriyapally, Kothamangalam
Mar Thoma Cheriyapally is a  Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church located in Kothamangalam town of Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. The church is believed to have been established in 1455 by 18 families who separated from Marth Maryam Valiyapally. The church is famous for the feast of Mor Baselios Yeldo, a Syriac Jacobite saint who preached in Kothamangalam. After his death, he was entombed in the altar room of this church. The church had witnessed many historic events of the Malankara.

Basil (name)
The name Basil (royal, kingly) comes from the male Greek name Vassilios (Greek: Βασίλειος, female version Bασιλεία), which first appeared during the Hellenistic period. It is derived from "basileus" (Greek: βασιλεύς), a Greek word of pre-Hellenic origin, meaning "king", from which words such as basilica and basilisk (via Latin) as well as the eponymous herb basil (via Old French) derive, and the name of the Italian region Basilicata, which had been long under the rule of the Byzantine Emperor (also called basileus).

Derived names in different languages include Barsegh in Armenian; Basile in French; Basilius in German; Basilio in Italian and Spanish; Basílio in Portuguese; Basileo in Galician; Vasyl in Ukraine; Vasile in Romanian; Vasil in Bulgarian; Vasilije in Serbian; Vasiliy in Russian; Bazil, Bazsó, Vászoly and Vazul in Hungarian.

Notable people with the name include:
M. A. Sargent Medal
The M. A. Sargent Medal is awarded by Engineers Australia for longstanding eminence in science or the practice of electrical engineering. It is named in honour of Michael Anthony (Mike) Sargent, an outstanding Australian electrical engineer. The medal is the highest award of the Electrical College board of Engineers Australia.

University of Newcastle (Australia)
The University of Newcastle is a public university in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1965, it has a primary campus in the Newcastle suburb of Callaghan. The university also operates campuses in Central Coast, Singapore, the Newcastle CBD and Sydney.

The University of Newcastle is a member of the Australian Technology Network, Universities Australia and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business.
Sebeto da Verona
Sebeto da Verona is a late 14th-century Italian painter, active in both Verona and Padua. Little is known about his biography. The name Sebeto is first bandied by Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the Painters, however some sources claim the name is derived from De Jebeto, a vulgarization of da Zevio. They claim that such a painter was a pupil of either Francesco Squarcione or Liberale da Verona.

Circa 1376, he painted a chapel of San Giorgio in Padua along with Jacopo d'Avanzi and Altichiero da Zevio. All three also painted in Verona in various palaces.

Zevio
Zevio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Venice and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Verona.

Zevio borders the following municipalities: Belfiore, Caldiero, Oppeano, Palù, Ronco all'Adige, San Giovanni Lupatoto, and San Martino Buon Albergo.
Popliteal fossa
The popliteal fossa (also referred to as hough or kneepit in analogy to the cubital fossa) is a shallow depression located at the back of the knee joint. The bones of the popliteal fossa are the femur and the tibia. Like other flexion surfaces of large joints (groin, armpit, cubital fossa and essentially the anterior part of the neck), it is an area where blood vessels and nerves pass relatively superficially, and with an increased number of lymph nodes.

Femur
The femur (/ˈfiːmər/; pl.: femurs or femora /ˈfɛmərə/), or thigh bone is the only bone in the thigh — the region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee. In many four-legged animals, the femur is the upper bone of the hindleg.

The top of the femur fits into a socket in the pelvis called the hip joint, and the bottom of the femur connects to the shinbone (tibia) and kneecap (patella) to form the knee. In humans the femur is the  largest and thickest bone in the body.
FIA Central European Zone Formula 3
The FIA Central European Zone Formula 3 is an open wheel racing series based in Central and Eastern Europe. The series has been running since 1994 under Formula Libre rules as a sub class of the FIA Central European Circuit Racing series, primarily featuring older Formula Three cars and engines. Notable regular circuits include the Formula 1 circuits of Hungaroring and Red Bull Ring.

According to article 23-B-4 of the FIA World Council Statutes (for Karting the CIK/FIA), a Central European Zone has been established. Members of this zone are: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia and Slovakia.

Open-wheel car
An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or inside fenders. Open-wheel cars are built both for road racing and oval track racing. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (street legal), such as the Ariel Atom, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.
Seppa
Seppa (formerly known as Sepla) is the headquarter of the East Kameng district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Sepla means 'marshy' land in the local dialect. It lies on the bank of Kameng River with a helipad located in the heart of the town. It is located 160 kilometres (99 mi) from Itanagar and 213 kilometres (132 mi) from Tezpur (Assam) connected by motorable road. The village of Seppa has two out of the sixty Vidhan Sabha Constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh. They are Seppa East and Seppa West.

Itanagar
Itanagar (/iːˈtɑːnəɡər/pronunciationⓘ) is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The seat of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the seat of government of Arunachal Pradesh, and the seat of Gauhati High Court permanent bench at Naharlagun are all in Itanagar. Being the hub of all the major economic bases, Itanagar, along with the adjacent town of Naharlagun, comprises the administrative region of the Itanagar Capital Complex Region. This stretches from the Itanagar Municipal limit at Chandranagar Town, extended until Nirjuli Town, and is a major junction of cultural, economic, fashion, education and recreational activities.
Feminist ethics
Feminist ethics is an approach to ethics that builds on the belief that traditionally ethical theorizing has undervalued and/or underappreciated women's moral experience, which is largely male-dominated, and it therefore chooses to reimagine ethics through a holistic feminist approach to transform it.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Charlotte Anna Perkins Gilman (/ˈɡɪlmən/; née Perkins; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name Charlotte Perkins Stetson, was an American humanist, novelist, writer, lecturer, early sociologist, advocate for social reform, and eugenicist. She was a utopian feminist and served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her works were primarily focused on gender, specifically gendered labor division in society, and the problem of male domination. She has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Her best remembered work today is her 1892 semi-autobiographical short story "The Yellow Wallpaper", which she wrote after a severe bout of postpartum depression.
Eigen (C++ library)
Eigen is a high-level  C++ library of template headers for linear algebra, matrix and vector operations, geometrical transformations, numerical solvers and related  algorithms.
Eigen is open-source software licensed under the Mozilla Public License 2.0 since version 3.1.1. Earlier versions were licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License. Version 1.0 was released in Dec 2006.

Eigen is implemented using the expression templates metaprogramming technique, meaning it builds expression trees at compile time and generates custom code to evaluate these. Using expression templates and a cost model of floating point operations, the library performs its own loop unrolling and vectorization. Eigen itself can provide BLAS and a subset of LAPACK interfaces.

Loop unrolling
Loop unrolling, also known as loop unwinding, is a loop transformation technique that attempts to optimize a program's execution speed at the expense of its binary size, which is an approach known as  space–time tradeoff. The transformation can be undertaken manually by the programmer or by an optimizing compiler. On modern processors, loop unrolling is often counterproductive, as the increased code size can cause more cache misses; cf. Duff's device.

The goal of loop unwinding is to increase a program's speed by reducing or eliminating instructions that control the loop, such as pointer arithmetic and "end of loop" tests on each iteration; reducing branch penalties; as well as hiding latencies, including the delay in reading data from memory. To eliminate this computational overhead, loops can be re-written as a repeated sequence of similar independent statements.

Loop unrolling is also part of certain formal verification techniques, in particular bounded model checking.
AD 22
AD 22 (XXII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Agrippa and Galba (or, less frequently, year 775 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 22 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Gaius Sulpicius Galba (consul AD 22)
Gaius Sulpicius Galba (died 36) was a Roman senator who was active during the reign of Tiberius. He was consul in AD 22 as the colleague of Decimus Haterius Agrippa. Sulpicius Galba was the son of Gaius Sulpicius Galba and Mummia Achaica, grandson of Quintus Lutatius Catulus; the future emperor Galba was his brother.

Over his lifetime Gaius squandered the larger portion of his estate, and was forced to retire from Rome. He hoped to recover his wealth through the sortition of 36, which had given him either Africa or Asia to govern as proconsul, but the emperor Tiberius forbade him from taking up the province awarded him. This forced Gaius to end his life.
August 1972 solar storms
The solar storms of August 1972 were a historically powerful series of solar storms with intense to extreme solar flare, solar particle event, and geomagnetic storm components in early August 1972, during solar cycle 20. The storm caused widespread electric- and communication-grid disturbances through large portions of North America as well as satellite disruptions. On 4 August 1972 the storm caused the accidental detonation of numerous U.S. naval mines near Haiphong, North Vietnam. The coronal mass ejection (CME)'s transit time from the Sun to the Earth is the fastest ever recorded.

Haiphong
Haiphong or Hai Phong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng, pronounced [hǎːj fɔ̀ŋ͡m] ⓘ) is the third-largest city in Vietnam and is the principal port city of the Red River Delta. The municipality has an area of 3,194.72 km2 (1,233.49 mi2). The city includes Bạch Long Vĩ and Cát Hải islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. It has a population of 4,664,124 in 2025.
Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard
The Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard, also known as the Duchy of Stargard located in Western Pomerania in the Holy Roman Empire, was a feudal duchy with its capital in Stargard. It was formed in 1377, when it separated from Pomerania-Stolp.  In 1395, it fell under the control of the Duke of Pomerania-Stolp, and continued to be ruled by the successive Dukes of the House of Griffins until its dissolution in 1478, when it was incorporated into a unified Duchy of Pomerania.

Duchy
A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. In Western European tradition, the title of duke ranked among the highest nobility, generally just below the monarch and above counts or earls.

Historically, there was a significant distinction between sovereign dukes, who ruled independent states, and dukes who were simply noblemen within larger kingdoms. Some duchies functioned as sovereign states in regions that only later became unified nation‑states, such as Germany (once the Holy Roman Empire, a federal empire) and Italy (later a unified kingdom). By contrast, other duchies were subordinate territories within kingdoms that had already consolidated, either partially or fully, during the medieval era: examples include France, Spain, Sicily, Naples, and the Papal States.
Flash proxy
Flash proxy is a pluggable transport and  proxy which runs in a web browser. Flash proxies are an Internet censorship circumvention tool which enables users to connect to the Tor anonymity network (amongst others) via a plethora of ephemeral browser-based proxy relays. The essential idea is that the IP addresses contingently used are changed faster than a censoring agency can detect, track, and block them. The Tor traffic is wrapped in a WebSocket format and disguised with an XOR cipher.

XOR cipher
In cryptography, the simple XOR cipher is a type of additive cipher, an encryption algorithm that operates according to the principles:

A  0 = A,

A  A = 0,

A  B = B  A,

(A  B)  C = A  (B  C),

(B  A)  A = B  0 = B

For example where  denotes the exclusive disjunction (XOR) operation. This operation is sometimes called modulus 2 addition (or subtraction, which is identical). With this logic, a string of text can be encrypted by applying the bitwise XOR operator to every character using a given key.  To decrypt the output, merely reapplying the XOR function with the key will remove the cipher.
Marcello Osler
Marcello Osler (18 August 1945 – 21 July 2023) was an Italian professional racing cyclist.

When an amateur, Osler won several races, notably the Trofeo Papà Cervi. A professional rider from 1973 to 1980, he rode in seven editions of the Giro d'Italia and in the 1976 Tour de France. He won a stage at the 1975 Giro d'Italia, and won the Giro's Campionato delle Regioni classification in 1975 and 1976. In 1976, he was selected as a reserve in the Italian team for the UCI Road World Championships. Between 1978 and 1980 he was domestique of Francesco Moser.

After his retirement, Osler ran a sport store in his hometown. In 2013, he survived a heart attack that left him in a wheelchair. He died on 21 July 2023, at the age of 77.

1975 Giro d'Italia
The 1975 Giro d'Italia was the 58th running of the Giro, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It started in Milan, on 17 May, with a set of split stages and concluded with a summit finish to the Passo dello Stelvio, on 7 June, with another split stage, consisting of an individual time trial and a mass-start stage. A total of 90 riders from nine teams entered the 22-stage race, that was won by Italian Fausto Bertoglio of the Jollj Ceramica team. The second and third places were taken by Spaniard Francisco Galdós and Italian Felice Gimondi, respectively.

Amongst the other classifications that the race awarded, Brooklyn's Roger De Vlaeminck won the points classification and Andrés Oliva and Francisco Galdós of KAS won the mountains classification. Brooklyn finished as the winners of the team points classification. Roger De Vlaeminck won seven stages.