hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MBio
mBio is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology in association with the American Academy of Microbiology. It covers all aspects of the microbiological sciences, including virology, bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, and allied fields.

The journal was established in 2010 with Arturo Casadevall as founding editor-in-chief.

Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Yeasts are among the most heavily utilized members of the fungus kingdom, particularly in food manufacturing.

Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
Kvamme
Kvamme is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

E. Floyd Kvamme (born 1938), American engineer, venture capitalist, and government advisor

Helge Kvamme (1938–1996), Norwegian jurist and businessperson

Mark Kvamme (born 1961), American venture capitalist

Torstein Kvamme (1893–1985), Norwegian politician

Wenche Kvamme (1950–2019), Norwegian singer and actress

Torstein Kvamme
Torstein Kvamme (14 March 1893 – 26 June 1985) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.

He was born in Vossestrand Municipality. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland in 1954, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously served as a deputy representative in the periods 1945–1949 and 1950–1953.

Kvamme was involved in local politics in Voss Municipality from 1931 to 1940.
Physiotherapy in Nepal
Nepal currently only has two physiotherapy programs, available through Kathmandu University and
Pokhara University as a bachelor's degree. It is equivalent to four-and-a-half years of full-time study. The minimum level of education to start this program is upper secondary. While there were only around 30 graduates with a Bachelor in Physiotherapy degree in 2007, the total number of graduates have now proliferated over the years. In 2022, several Nepalese physiotherapists have now completed PhD from reputed universities around the globe. Nepal also has a three year Certificate level Physiotherapy degree which produces Physiotherapy Assistant who have limited scope of practice to Physiotherapists with a Bachelor or Master degree.

Pokhara University
Pokhara University (PU or PoU) (Nepali: पोखरा विश्वविद्यालय) was established in 1997 (2054 B.S.) and is Nepal's fifth university. Its central office is located in Pokhara, Kaski District, Gandaki Province. Along with Purbanchal University, PU was formed as part of a government initiative to improve access to higher education. The Prime Minister of Nepal is the university chancellor and the Minister of Education is the pro-chancellor. The vice chancellor is the principal administrator of the university.
Hrazdan TV
Hrazdan TV Company (Armenian: Հրազդան հեռուստաընկերություն) is a private TV company in Hrazdan, Armenia, founded by the family of Harutyunyan within the framework of "Sirak" Limited Liability Company. The family also publishes a private newspaper and runs a radio company known as Hrazdan Radio. The channel has been broadcasting since 1 September 1991, covering the Kotayk Province and some parts of the Gegharkunik Province.

The number of Hrazdan TV viewers is around 220,000.

The TV broadcasts some political programmes that concentrate on issues such as corruption, press freedom and society concerning problems in Armenia. It also produces entertaining shows and projects about Armenian folk music to keep the Armenian heritage of traditions alive.

Gegharkunik Province
Gegharkunik (Armenian: Գեղարքունիք, Armenian pronunciation: [ɡɛʁɑɾkʰuˈnikʰ] ⓘ) is a province (marz) of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Gavar. Gegharkunik is inhabited by approximately 209,669 people and the majority are ethnic Armenians.

Gegharkunik Province is located at the eastern part of Armenia, bordering Azerbaijan. It includes the exclave of Artsvashen, which has been under Azerbaijani occupation since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. With an area of 5,348 km2 (2,065 sq mi), Gegharkunik is the largest province in Armenia. However, approximately 24% or 1,278 km2 (493 sq mi) of its territory is covered by Lake Sevan, the largest lake in the South Caucasus and a major tourist attraction of the region.

The Yerevan-Sevan-Dilijan republican highway runs through the province.
Thomas Cahey
Thomas Cahey (April 13, 1870 – January 5, 1935) was a United States Navy sailor who received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

Born in Belfast, Ireland, on April 13, 1870, Cahey immigrated to the United States and joined the U.S. Navy from New York. By March 31, 1901, he was serving as a seaman on the USS Petrel (PG-2). On that day, he helped rescue several crewmates during a fire on the ship. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on March 22, 1902.

Cahey's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

On board the U.S.S. Petrel for heroism and gallantry, fearlessly exposing his own life to danger in saving others on the occasion of the fire on board that vessel, 31 March 1901.

Cahey reached the rank of chief gunner's mate before leaving the Navy. He died at age 64 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia.

Seaman (rank)
Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world. It is considered a junior enlisted rank and, depending on the navy, it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly junior ranks.

In the Commonwealth, it is the lowest rank in the navy, except in Canada where the Royal Canadian Navy now uses the gender-neutral title sailor in English and matelot in French. In the United States, it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard. The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries, and Matrose in German-speaking countries.
Shipping investments
Shipping investments are a form of alternative investment into an asset related to worldwide shipping. This could be into ships themselves, or a related asset such as shipping container, with the expectation of capital appreciation, dividends, and/or interest earnings.

Freight transport
Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commercial products and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.
Sound the Alarm (EP)
Sound the Alarm is an EP by the American ska punk band Less Than Jake which was released on CD and (colored) 12" vinyl by Pure Noise Records on 3 February 2017.  It was mixed and mastered by Jason Livermore at The Blasting Room, and co-produced by singer and bassist Roger Lima and the band at The Moathouse. It is the final release with Vinnie Fiorello on drums, before his departure in 2018.

Pure Noise Records
Pure Noise Records is an American punk rock record label based in Nashville, Tennessee. It was founded by Jake Round in 2009 while he was an editor at AMP; the previous fall, friends of his in the band No Bragging Rights told him they were looking for a new label, and Round expressed interest in releasing the album himself. Prior to this Round had a short stint as an intern at Fat Wreck Chords. While the label began as a home operation, and had only put out five albums by the end of 2010, by 2014 some of the label's roster were main-stage acts at Warped Tour, and others had sold nearly 50,000 copies of their albums. Overall, the label's catalog had sold over 280,000 records as of March 2014. Among the label's signings are Vanna and Hit the Lights. In March 2017, Pure Noise Records partnered with Sony Music to create a new music label called Weekday Records.
Ooo Baby Baby
"Ooo Baby Baby" is a song written by Smokey Robinson and Pete Moore. It was a 1965 hit single by the Miracles for the Tamla (Motown) label.

The song has inspired numerous other cover versions by other artists over the years, including covers by Ella Fitzgerald, Todd Rundgren, the Escorts, the Five Stairsteps, Linda Ronstadt, and many others. The Miracles' original version of "Ooo Baby Baby" was listed as number 266 on Rolling Stone Magazine's 2010 list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

Five Stairsteps
The Five Stairsteps, known as "The First Family of Soul" and later "The Invisible Man's Band", were an American Chicago soul group made up of five of Betty and Clarence Burke Sr.'s six children: Alohe Jean, Clarence Jr., James, Dennis, and Kenneth "Keni", and briefly, Cubie. They are best known for the 1970 song "O-o-h Child", listed at number 402 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Fontus Lake
Fontus Lake (Bulgarian: езеро Фонт, romanized: ezero Font, IPA: [ˈɛzɛro ˈfɔnt]) is the oval-shaped 150 m long in south-southwest to north-northeast direction and 100 m wide lake in the middle part of South Beaches on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It has a surface area of 1.9 ha and is separated from sea by a 53 to 64 m wide strip of land. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The feature is named after Fontus, a Roman deity of springs and streams, son of Juturna.

Byers Peninsula
Byers Peninsula is a mainly ice-free peninsula forming the west end of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It occupies 60 km2 (23 sq mi), borders Ivanov Beach to the northeast and is separated from Rotch Dome on the east by the ridge of Urvich Wall. The peninsula features more than 60 meltwater streams and as many lakes, notably Midge Lake, Limnopolar Lake and Basalt Lake. Byers Peninsula has a regime of special environmental protection under the Antarctic Treaty System and requires a permit to enter.
National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education
35°43′08″N 139°28′29″E﻿ / ﻿35.71889°N 139.47472°E﻿ / 35.71889; 139.47472

The National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education (大学改革支援・学位授与機構, Daigaku Kaikaku Shien • Gakui Juyo Kikō), abbreviated NIAD-QE, is Independent Administrative Institution affiliated with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), whose objectives are:

To evaluate education and research activities of Japanese universities and their consortia and to publish the result of the evaluation.

To evaluate achievements of higher education-level learning outside mainstream universities and award academic degrees.

As of July 2007, the second objective consists of:

Accrediting the courses of some daigakkō and awarding academic degrees to the graduates

Awarding bachelor's degrees to the graduates of Japanese junior colleges and kōsen (technical colleges) who did recognisable extra studies.

It is headquartered in Kodaira, Tokyo.

Junior college
A junior college is a type of post-secondary institution that offers vocational and academic training that is designed to prepare students for either skilled trades and technical occupations or support roles in professions such as engineering, accountancy, business administration, nursing, medicine, architecture, and criminology. Often times, those types of colleges offer two-year associate's degrees that are intended for students that want to later transfer to a college for a four-year bachelor's degree to finish their undergraduate education, pending adequate grades. Students typically attend those types of colleges for one to three years, which is also dependent on the country.
Beytüşşebap
Beytüşşebap (Kurdish: Elkî) is a town and seat of Beytüşşebap District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. The town had a population of 6,367 in 2023. It is populated by Kurds of the Ertoşî, Geravî, Jirkî, Mamxûran and Pinyanîşî Kurdish tribes.

The mayor is Habip Aşan of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and District Governor (Kaymakam), Hasan Meşel serves since September 2020 after he was appointed by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Kurdish tribes
Kurdish tribes are tribes of Kurdish people, an Iranian ethnic group from the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan in Western Asia.

The tribes are socio-political and generally also a territorial unit based on descent and kinship, real or putative, with a characteristic internal structure. They are naturally divided into a number of sub-tribes, and each of these sub-tribes again are divided into smaller units: clans, lineages and households.
Anthony Van Engelen
Anthony Van Engelen (born November 20, 1978) is an American professional skateboarder whose stance is Regular. In the skateboarding scene he is well known by the name “AVE”, which is an acronym of his full name.

DC Shoes
DC Shoes, Inc. is an American brand that specializes in footwear for action sports such as skateboarding and snowboarding. The company also sells apparel, bags, accessories, hats, t-shirts, and posters.
Behzti
Behzti (Punjabi ਬੇਇੱਜ਼ਤੀ, Dishonour) is a play written by the British Sikh playwright Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti. The play sparked controversy in the United Kingdom in December 2004. A controversial scene set in a Gurdwara (Sikh temple) included scenes of rape, physical abuse and murder, with some members of the Sikh community finding the play deeply offensive to their faith. On the opening night, 18 December 2004, at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre (The Rep), in Birmingham, England, a protest was organised by local Sikh leaders which turned violent, with the Rep cancelling performances of the play two days later. The case became part of a wider discussion in Britain about the limits of free speech and whether this can be curtailed where it offends the faith of religious groups.

Controversy
Controversy (UK: /kənˈtrɒvəsi/, US: /ˈkɒntrəvɜːrsi/) is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin controversia, as a composite of controversus – "turned in an opposite direction", and also means an exercise in rhetoric practiced in Rome.
Kuragino
Kuragno (Russian: Курагино) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Kuragino, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a work settlement in Kuraginsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai

Rural localities

Kuragino, Tula Oblast, a village in Solopensky Rural Okrug of Aleksinsky District of Tula Oblast

Kuraginsky District
Kuraginsky District (Russian: Кура́гинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the krai and borders with Balakhtinsky, Mansky, Partizansky, and Sayansky Districts in the north, Nizhneudinsky District of Irkutsk Oblast in the northeast, Todzhinsky District of the Tuva Republic in the southeast, Karatuzsky District in the south, Minusinsky District in the southwest, Krasnoturansky District in the west, and with Idrinsky Districts in the northwest. The area of the district is 24,073 square kilometers (9,295 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Kuragino. Population: 47,690 (2010 Census); 51,873 (2002 Census); 54,337 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kuragino accounts for 28.8% of the district's total population.
Darwin–Radau equation
In astrophysics, the Darwin–Radau equation (named after Rodolphe Radau and Charles Galton Darwin) gives an approximate relation between the moment of inertia factor of a planetary body and its rotational speed and shape.  The moment of inertia factor is directly related to the largest principal moment of inertia, C.  It is assumed that the rotating body is in hydrostatic equilibrium and is an ellipsoid of revolution.  The Darwin–Radau equation states

where M and Re represent the mass and mean equatorial radius of the body.  Here λ is known as d'Alembert's parameter and the Radau parameter η is defined as

where q is the geodynamical constant

and ϵ is the geometrical flattening

where Rp is the mean polar radius and Re is the mean equatorial radius.

For Earth,  and , which yields , a good approximation to the measured value of 0.3307.

Charles Galton Darwin
Sir Charles Galton Darwin KBE MC FRS (19 December 1887 – 31 December 1962) was an English physicist who served as director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during the Second World War. He was a son of the mathematician George Darwin and a grandson of Charles Darwin.
Amos Wood House
Amos Wood House is a historic home located near North Landing, Ellisburg in Jefferson County, New York.  The house was built in 1826, and consists of three sections: the main block, ell, and service addition.  The limestone main block is a 1+1⁄2-story, five bay structure.  The one-story limestone ell has a frame upper structure.  The two-story frame service addition is attached to the ell.  Also on the property is a contributing late-19th century sugar house and early-20th century chicken coop.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Sugar shack
A sugar shack  (French: cabane à sucre), also known as sap house, sugar house, sugar shanty or sugar cabin is an establishment, primarily found in Eastern Canada, northern New England, and the Great Lakes region. Sugar shacks are small cabins or groups of cabins where sap collected from maple trees is boiled into maple syrup. They are often found on the same territory as the sugar bush, which is intended for cultivation and production of maple syrup by way of craftsmanship (as opposed to global mass production factories built for that purpose in the 20th century).
Annibale Pastore
Valentino Annibale Pastore (13 November 1868 - 27 February 1956) was an Italian philosopher and logician.

Pastore was born in Orbassano.

He studied literature at the University of Turin under Arturo Graf. His thesis La vita delle forme letterarie (The life of literary forms) was published in 1892 in Turin. Pastore then turned to philosophy, influenced by the works of Pasquale d'Ercole, Friedrich Kiesow, Antonio Garbasso, and Giuseppe Peano, publishing his own thesis Sopra le teorie della scienza: logica, matematica, fisica (On the theories of science: logic, mathematics, physics) in 1903.

He was a professor in Turin from 1913 until 1939, leading a laboratory of "experimental logic". He eventually focused on logical aspects and procedures in science. His 1914-1915 seminary upon the concept of homo faber influenced Antonio Gramsci in his theories about the fonction of intellectuals in a capitalist society.

Pastore died in Turin.

Orbassano
Orbassano (Italian: [orbasˈsaːno]; Piedmontese: Orbassan [ʊrbaˈsɑŋ]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 13 kilometres (8 miles) southwest of Turin.

Orbassano borders the following municipalities: Turin, Rivoli, Rivalta di Torino, Beinasco, Nichelino, Volvera, Candiolo, None.
Castleknock (civil parish)
Castleknock (Irish: Caisleán Cnucha) is a civil parish and a townland located in the south-western corner of the modern county of Fingal, Ireland. The civil parish is part of the ancient barony of Castleknock. It is centred on the suburban village of Castleknock. The townland of Castleknock itself is the location of the eponymous "Cnucha's Castle" – Castleknock Castle. The town with the biggest population in the parish is Blanchardstown. In geology, the parish rests on a substratum of limestone and comprises 2943 statute acres, the whole of which is arable land.

National monument (Ireland)
A national monument (Irish: séadchomhartha náisiúnta) in Ireland is a structure or site, the preservation of which has been deemed to be of national importance and therefore worthy of state protection. If the land adjoining the monument is essential to protect it, this land may also be protected.

Equivalent monuments in Northern Ireland are listed within the Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Record and are either in state care or included within the list of scheduled monuments. They are under the protection of the Department for Communities.
Chełmy Landscape Park
Chełmy Landscape Park (Park Krajobrazowy Chełmy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in south-western Poland, established in 1992, covering an area of 159.9 square kilometres (61.7 sq mi).

The Park lies within Lower Silesian Voivodeship: in Jawor County (Gmina Bolków, Gmina Męcinka, Gmina Paszowice) and Legnica County (Gmina Krotoszyce).

Within the Landscape Park are four nature reserves.

From one of the four nature reserves

The palace in Muchów

Legnica County
Legnica County (Polish: powiat legnicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area  of 744.6 square kilometres (287.5 sq mi). Its administrative seat is the city of Legnica, although this city is not part of the county (it forms a separate city county, which is an enclave within Legnica County). The only towns in Legnica County are Chojnów and Prochowice.

As at 2019 the total population of the county is 55,318, out of which the population of Chojnów is 13,355, the population of Prochowice is 3,602, and the rural population is 38,361. The majority of the population is polish but there is a small German minority at 0.02% of the population mostly in Koiszków (Koischkau).
HP Inc.
HP Inc. is an American multinational information technology company with its headquarters in Palo Alto, California, that develops personal computers (PCs), printers and related supplies, as well as 3D printing services. It is the world's second-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales after Lenovo and ahead of Dell as of 2024.

HP Inc. was founded in 2015 when the original Hewlett-Packard Company split into two companies. The old company's enterprise product and business services divisions were spun-off into a new publicly traded company, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, while Hewlett-Packard itself was renamed as HP Inc. and retained the personal computer and printer services divisions of its predecessor, serving as the legal successor of the original company that was founded in 1939. HP is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the S&P 500 Index. In the 2023 Fortune 500 list, HP is ranked 63rd-largest United States corporation by total revenue.

Technology company
A technology company (or tech company) is a company that focuses primarily on the manufacturing, support, research and development of—most commonly computing, telecommunication and consumer electronics–based—technology-intensive products and services, which include businesses relating to digital electronics, software, optics, new energy, and Internet-related services such as cloud storage and e-commerce services. Big Tech refers to the 6 largest companies, both in the United States and globally, symbolized by the metonym 'Silicon Valley', where 4 of them are based.