hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Widow's man
A widow's man was a fictitious seaman kept on the books of Royal Navy ships during the 18th and early 19th centuries so that their pay and rations could be redistributed to the families of dead crew members. This financial arrangement helped keep widows from being left destitute following the deaths of their seafaring husbands.

Widow
A widow (female) or widower (male) is a person whose spouse has died and who has not remarried. The male form, "widower", is first attested in the 14th century, by the 19th century supplanting "widow" with reference to men. The adjective for either sex is widowed. These terms are not applied to a divorcé(e) following the death of an ex-spouse.

The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed widowhood. The term widowhood can be used for either sex, at least according to some dictionaries, but the word widowerhood is also listed in some dictionaries. An archaic term for a widow is "relict", literally "someone left over"; this word can sometimes be found on older gravestones. Occasionally, the word viduity is used.
Geology of the Western Carpathians
The Western Carpathians are an arc-shaped mountain range, the northern branch of the Alpine-Himalayan fold and thrust system called the Alpide belt, which evolved during the Alpine orogeny. In particular, their pre-Cenozoic evolution is very similar to that of the Eastern Alps, and they constitute a transition between the Eastern Alps and the Eastern Carpathians.

The geological evolution of individual parts of the chain is complex, a result of tectonic processes like folding, thrusting and the formation of sedimentary basins of various types during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. These processes sometimes affected not only the sedimentary fill of the basins, but also, in some cases, the former basement.

Many aspects of the geological structure of the Western Carpathians have not been completely studied and are subject to ongoing research and debate. The appropriate classification of a number of specific tectonic units is still not clear.

Eastern Alps
The Eastern Alps are usually defined as the area east of a line from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine valley, up to the Splügen Pass at the Alpine divide, and down the Liro River to Lake Como in the south. The peaks and mountain passes are lower than the Western Alps, while the range itself is broader and less arched.
REYL & Cie
REYL Intesa Sanpaolo (REYL & Cie) is a Swiss wealth management company that specialises in wealth management, entrepreneur & family office services, corporate finance, asset services and asset management.

The company was founded in Geneva in 1973 by Dominique Reyl. In 2022, REYL & Cie increased its assets under management by 37% in the space of one year and reached 18.1 billion Swiss francs. Including minority interests, its overall assets jumped 52% to reach 38.7 billion francs.

The bank has been investigated for gaps in its anti-moneylaundering practices. The bank has courted clients associated with corruption and authoritarian regimes.

Jérôme Cahuzac
Jérôme André Cahuzac (French pronunciation: [ʒeʁom ɑ̃dʁe kaʔyzak]; born 19 June 1952) is a French surgeon and former politician who served as Minister of the Budget at the Ministry of the Economy and Finance under President François Hollande from 2012 to 2013. A former member of the Socialist Party (PS), he previously was the member of the National Assembly for the 3rd constituency of Lot-et-Garonne from 1997 to 2002 and again from 2007 to 2012. He resigned from his ministership and was expelled from his party amidst the Cahuzac affair, in which he was accused and subsequently convicted of tax fraud.
St John's Wood Church
St John's Wood Church is an Anglican parish church in St John's Wood, London.

Built in the classical style, the Grade II*-listed church is situated on Lord's Roundabout, between Lord's Cricket Ground and Regent's Park in the Deanery of Westminster St Marylebone. The parish is under the jurisdiction of the Archdeacon of Charing Cross.

Archdeacon of London
The Archdeacon of London is a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Church of England. They are responsible for the eastern Archdeaconry (the Archdeaconry of London) of the Two Cities (London and Westminster) in the Diocese of London, an area without area bishop and, rather, overseen by the diocesan Bishop of London. The immediate western counterpart in this area is the Archdeacon(ry) of Charing Cross.

Since 1989, the churches of this supervisory cleric are the numerous remaining churches of the City of London. Those of the Archdeacon of Charing Cross are the relatively few churches, but much more heavily populated zone that is the City of Westminster.
Carboxypeptidase
A carboxypeptidase (EC number 3.4.16 - 3.4.18) is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. This is in contrast to an aminopeptidases, which cleave peptide bonds at the N-terminus of proteins. Humans, animals, bacteria and plants contain several types of carboxypeptidases that have diverse functions ranging from catabolism to protein maturation. At least two mechanisms have been discussed.

Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds. Proteases are involved in numerous biological pathways, including digestion of ingested proteins, protein catabolism (breakdown of old proteins), and cell signaling.

In the absence of functional accelerants, proteolysis would be very slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteases can be found in all forms of life and viruses. They have independently evolved multiple times, and different classes of protease can perform the same reaction by completely different catalytic mechanisms.
Dairo-Didizo
Dairo-Didizo is a town in southern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Guitry Department in Lôh-Djiboua Region, Gôh-Djiboua District.

Dairo-Didizo was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Dairo-Didizo was 47,344.

Gôh-Djiboua District
Gôh-Djiboua District (French: District du Gôh-Djiboua) is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southwest corner of the country. The capital of the district is Gagnoa.
Kaiserpfalz
The term Kaiserpfalz (German: [ˈkaɪzɐˌpfalts] ⓘ, "imperial palace") or Königspfalz (German: [ˈkøːnɪçsˌpfalts], "royal palace", from Middle High German phal[en]ze to Old High German phalanza from Middle Latin palatia [plural] to Latin palatium "palace") refers to a number of palaces and castles across the Holy Roman Empire that served as temporary seats of power for the Holy Roman Emperor in the Early and High Middle Ages.

The dukes and bishops of the empire also owned palaces, which were sometimes referred to as "pfalzen", especially since they were obliged to accommodate the emperor and his court when they were in transit, a duty referred to as Gastungspflicht (obligation to accommodate).

Princely abbeys and imperial abbeys of the Holy Roman Empire
Princely abbeys (German: Fürstabtei, Fürststift) and Imperial abbeys (German: Reichsabtei, Reichskloster, Reichsstift, Reichsgotthaus) were religious establishments within the Holy Roman Empire which enjoyed the status of imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit) and therefore were answerable directly to the Emperor. The possession of imperial immediacy came with a unique form of territorial authority known as Landeshoheit, which carried with it nearly all the attributes of sovereignty.
Lucy Easthope
Lucy Easthope is a British expert and adviser on emergency planning and disaster recovery. She is a former Professor in Practice of Risk and Hazard at the University of Durham, and co-founder of the After Disaster Network at the university. She is also a visiting professor in mass fatalities and pandemics at the Centre for Death and Society at the University of Bath, a researcher at the Joint Centre for Disaster Research at Massey University, a former Senior Fellow of the Emergency Planning College, and a member of the Cabinet Office National Risk Assessment Behavioural Science Expert Group.

She is the author of  When the Dust Settles: Stories of Love, Loss and Hope from an Expert in Disaster and The Recovery Myth: The Plans and Situated Realities of Post-Disaster Response.

Cabinet Office
The Cabinet Office is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for supporting the prime minister and Cabinet. It is composed of various units that support Cabinet committees and coordinate the delivery of government objectives via other departments. As of December 2021, it had more than 10,200 staff, mostly civil servants, some of whom work in Whitehall. Staff working in the Prime Minister's Office are part of the Cabinet Office.
Brijesh Dhar Jayal
Air Marshal Brijesh Dhar Jayal PVSM AVSM VM and Bar is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force, who served in the appointment of Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the South Western Air Command from 1992 to 1993. He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal and Ati Vishisht Seva Medal. Jayal went to The Doon School, passing out in 1953. He was later trained as a test pilot at the Empire Test Pilots' School, UK.

He was commissioned into the Air Force on October 8, 1955. He retired in 1993.

Vayu Sena Medal
The Vayu Sena Medal (lit. 'Air Force Medal') is a military decoration, usually awarded in peacetime for a job well done in the Indian Air Force. However, it has been granted during times of conflict for acts of gallantry in the face of enemy, though not in the same numbers as the Vir Chakra.

Posthumous awards may be made and a bar is authorized for subsequent awards of the Vayu Sena Medal.

The VM was established on 17 June 1960 by the President of India and awards have been made from 1961 onwards. Awards over the past decade or more have been classified into two categories. One is Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) and the other for Vayu Sena Medal (Devotion to Duty).
Gerung of Meissen
Gerung (died 20 November 1170) was bishop of Meissen from 1152 to 1170, and previously abbot of Posa or Bosau Abbey.

His time as bishop is particularly remembered for the treaty which he agreed in 1154 with the immigrant Flemish settlers in Kühren. Also during Gerung's time in office Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia, because of border disputes with the Margravate of Meissen, overran the territory of the bishopric and caused much destruction, for which when he became king he compensated the bishop.

In 1160 Gerung took part with other bishops in an Imperial Diet in Erfurt, to discuss the suppression of the revolt in Milan against Emperor Frederick I. In 1163 he sat in judgment with the Emperor on the murderers of Archbishop Arnold of Selenhofen in Mainz, with serious consequences for the city, which suffered the loss of several important rights.

Gerung fell ill during a visit to Petersberg Abbey and died there. His body was transported for burial to Meissen Cathedral.

Meissen Cathedral
Meissen Cathedral or the Church of St John and St Donatus (German: Meißner Dom) is a Gothic church in Meissen in Saxony. It is situated on the castle hill of Meissen, adjacent to the Albrechtsburg castle and forms a critical centrepiece of the iconic Meissen skyline overlooking the River Elbe in the valley below.
İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil
İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (1 January 1908 in Istanbul – 30 December 1993 in Ankara, Turkey) was a Turkish politician and diplomat who served as Acting President of Turkey in 1980, from the Justice Party (Turkish: Adalet Partisi). He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs three times in the 1960s and 1970s.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkish: Dışişleri Bakanlığı) is the governmental body responsible for conducting foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey. The Ministry is responsible for Turkey's diplomatic missions abroad as well as providing support for Turkish citizens and  promoting  Turkish culture. The ministry  implements Turkish foreign policy in accordance with the country's national interests. Established on 2 May 1920, its primary duties are administering diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, and representing the Republic of Turkey at the United Nations.

The ministry is headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara and counts on more than 200 missions as embassies, permanent representation offices and consulates general, abroad. As of 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs maintains 235 diplomatic posts worldwide.

The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Hakan Fidan, who has held the position since 3 June 2023.
Raymond J. Harbert
Raymond Jones Harbert (born December 1958) is an American business executive, investor and philanthropist from Alabama. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Harbert Management Corporation (HMC), a global private investment firm with approximately US$8 billion of assets under management. Harbert has served on the board of trustees at Auburn University and became the namesake of the university’s Raymond J. Harbert College of Business following a $40 million dollar donation in 2013.

Assets under management
In finance, assets under management (AUM), sometimes called fund under management, refers to the total market value of all financial assets that a financial institution—such as a mutual fund, venture capital firm, or depository institution—or a decentralized network protocol manages and invests, typically on behalf of its clients. Funds may be managed for clients, platform users, or solely for themselves, such as in the case of a financial institution which has mutual funds or holds its own venture capital. The definition and formula for calculating AUM may differ from one entity to another.
Sonja Gaudet
Sonja Gaudet (born July 22, 1966, in North Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian wheelchair curler. She was on the team that won gold in wheelchair curling at the 2006 Winter Paralympics, the 2010 Winter Paralympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics. She was also the Canadian Flag bearer for the 2014 Winter Paralympics. She currently resides in Vernon, British Columbia.

Gaudet was awarded the Order of Sport in 2020, marking her induction into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. She was the first wheelchair curler inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. In 2024, she was inducted into the World Curling Hall of Fame.

Order of Sport
The Order of Sport is a national level award established in 2019 by Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. It is awarded alongside induction into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, and regarded as Canada's highest sporting honour.
2023 International Criminal Court judges election
Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 22nd session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court held from 4 to 14 December 2023 in New York. The judges were elected for terms of nine years and took office on 11 March 2024.

States parties to the Rome Statute
The states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are those sovereign states that have ratified, or have otherwise become party to, the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court, an international court that has jurisdiction over certain international crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes that are committed by nationals of states parties or within the territory of states parties. States parties are legally obligated to co-operate with the Court when it requires, such as in arresting and transferring indicted persons or providing access to evidence and witnesses. States parties are entitled to participate and vote in proceedings of the Assembly of States Parties, which is the Court's governing body. Such proceedings include the election of such officials as judges and the prosecutor, the approval of the Court's budget, and the adoption of amendments to the Rome Statute.
Madonna Creek
Madonna Creek is a 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km) stream in San Mateo County, California, USA, which is a tributary of Pilarcitos Creek.

37°28′31″N 122°24′47″W﻿ / ﻿37.475218°N 122.41303°W﻿ / 37.475218; -122.41303

San Mateo County, California
San Mateo County, officially the County of San Mateo, is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 764,442. Redwood City is the county seat, the third-most populated city in the county after Daly City and San Mateo.

San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA MSA (metropolitan statistical area), Silicon Valley, and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area, the nine counties bordering San Francisco Bay. As of 2020, it has a median household income of $128,091, the fourth-highest household income of any county in the nation behind Loudoun County, Virginia, Falls Church, Virginia, and Santa Clara County, California.

The county covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula. The county is predominantly suburban and is home to many corporate campuses.
Barbara Blackburn (typist)
Barbara Clay Henley Blackburn (September 25, 1920 – April 18, 2008) was an American clerical worker recognized for her claimed fast typing speed using the Dvorak keyboard layout.

The Guinness Book of World Records included her speed records amongst others in the "Typing, Fastest" category of the 1976–1986 editions, where she was listed as able to "attain a speed of 170 wpm" and "maintain 145 wpm for 55 minutes". Guinness's typing speed records for electronic and computer keyboards, including Blackburn's records, were removed from the 1987 edition onwards, citing their accuracy. Blackburn's self-claimed peak speed, in 1986, was 212 words per minute for "a brief time."

Blackburn was popularly recognized as the "world's fastest typist" and made media appearances to exhibit her typing speed and the Dvorak layout, notably appearing in a 1985 episode of Late Night with David Letterman and in a television commercial for the Apple IIc.

Clerk
A clerk is a white-collar worker in an administrative professional capacity who conducts record keeping as well as general office tasks, or a grey-collar worker (or to a lesser extent, a blue-collar worker) who performs similar sales-related tasks in a retail environment. The responsibilities of clerical workers commonly include record keeping, filing, staffing service counters, screening callers, and other administrative tasks. In City of London livery companies, the clerk is the chief executive officer.
Social lubricant
A social lubricant is any food, beverage, drug, or activity that stimulates social interactions or helps people feel more comfortable in social occasions. Different cultures use different social lubricants for this purpose. Some common social lubricants are:

Humor

Music

Alcoholic beverages (beer in pub culture, or wine in wine bars, for example)

Coffee (in coffee cultures, for example)

Tea (at tea parties, for example)

Tobacco (in cigarettes or a hookah, for example)

Cannabis

Dogs

Small talk (informal discourse or conversation, for example)

Campfires and bonfires

Social lubricant is sometimes used as a euphemism for a bribe or other improper payment.

Referring to alcohol as a social lubricant has been criticized because it has negative effects on empathy; alcohol has the potential to increase aggression and cause disputes or violence.

Street fighting
Street fighting or street combat is hand-to-hand combat in public places between individuals or groups of people. The venue is usually a public place (e.g., a street), and the fight sometimes results in serious injury or even death. Some street fights can be gang related.

A typical situation involves two individuals arguing in a bar, during which dispute one suggests stepping outside, where the fight commences. It is often possible to avoid the fight by withdrawing from the situation; whereas in self-defense, a person is actively trying to escape the confrontation, using force if necessary to ensure their own safety.

In some martial arts communities, street fighting and self-defense are often considered synonymous.
Ruth Ellen Church
Ruth Ellen (Lovrien) Church (November 9, 1909 — August 20, 1991) was an American food and wine journalist and book author. She spent 38 years as the Chicago Tribune’s food editor and became the first person to write a wine column for a major U.S. paper in 1962, a decade before Frank Prial's column for the New York Times.

Wine critic
A wine critic is a person who evaluates wine and describes it either with a numerical rating, a tasting note, or a combination of both. Their critiques, found in books, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, online, or in sales materials for wine, are often used by consumers in the process of deciding whether or not to buy a wine.
J'Adore (album)
Chóngbài, known in English as "J'adore" (Chinese: 崇拜) is Malaysian Chinese Mandopop artist Fish Leong's (Chinese: 梁靜茹) ninth Mandarin studio album. It was released by Rock Records and B'in Music on 9 November 2007. It is particularly noted for its wide variety of styles of music, with French and Cantonese influences.
This album has already sold over 100 thousand copies in Taiwan alone and over 1 million copies all over the Asia region.

The title track, "崇拜" (Admiration) won one of the Top 10 Songs of the Year at the 2008 HITO Radio Music Awards presented by Taiwanese radio station Hit FM.

Hit FM (Taiwan)
Hit FM is a pop music radio station in Taiwan. It broadcasts in Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung. Hit FM is owned by Voice of Taipei Broadcasting (Chinese: 台北之音廣播; pinyin: Táiběi Zhī Yīn Guǎngbō). It is one of the radio stations under Hitoradio.com. Hit FM is the highest-rated Top Ten radio station in Taiwan.
Bavykino
Bavykino (Russian: Бавыкино) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Bavykino, Borovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Borovsky District of Kaluga Oblast

Bavykino, Mosalsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Mosalsky District of Kaluga Oblast

Bavykino, Kursk Oblast, a village in Afanasyevsky Selsoviet of Oboyansky District of Kursk Oblast

Bavykino, Chekhovsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Barantsevskoye Rural Settlement of Chekhovsky District of Moscow Oblast

Bavykino, Naro-Fominsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Tashirovskoye Rural Settlement of Naro-Fominsky District of Moscow Oblast

Bavykino, Zaraysky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Gololobovskoye Rural Settlement of Zaraysky District of Moscow Oblast

Bavykino, Tver Oblast, a village in Ostashkovskoye Rural Settlement of Torzhoksky District of Tver Oblast

Borovsky District
Borovsky District (Russian: Боровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 759.6 square kilometers (293.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Borovsk.  Population: 76,097 (2021 Census); 61,401 (2010 Census); 54,661 (2002 Census); 53,698 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Borovsk accounts for 16.6% of the district's total population.