hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ice algae
Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea, and terrestrial lake ice or glacier ice.

On sea ice in the polar oceans, ice algae communities play an important role in primary production. The timing of blooms of the algae is especially important for supporting higher trophic levels at times of the year when light is low and ice cover still exists. Sea ice algal communities are mostly concentrated in the bottom layer of the ice, but can also occur in brine channels within the ice, in melt ponds, and on the surface.

Because terrestrial ice algae occur in freshwater systems, the species composition differs greatly from that of sea ice algae. In particular, terrestrial glacier ice algae communities are significant in that they change the color of glaciers and ice sheets, impacting the reflectivity of the ice itself.

Brine rejection
Brine rejection is a process that occurs when salty water freezes. The salts do not fit in the crystal structure of water ice, so the salt is expelled.

Since the oceans are salty, this process is important in nature. Salt rejected by the forming sea ice drains into the surrounding seawater, creating saltier, denser brine. The denser brine sinks, influencing ocean circulation.
MAP2K4
Dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP2K4 gene.

MAP2K4 encodes a dual-specificity kinase that belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP2K4 phosphorylates MAP kinases in response to various environmental stresses or mitogenic stimuli. MAPK8/JNK1, MAPK9/JNK2, and MAPK14/p38 are substrates for MAP2K4, but MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are not phosphorylated by MAP2K4. Structurally, MAP2K4 contains a kinase domain that is phosphorylated and activated by MAP3K1(aka MEKK1).  MAP2K4 contains multiple amino acid sites that are phosphorylated and ubiquitinated. Genetic studies using Map2k4 knockout mice revealed  embryonic lethality, impaired hepatogenesis and defective liver formation.  Analysis of chimeric mice identified a role for Map2k4 in T cell cytokine production and proliferation. Map2k4-deficient chimeric mice frequently develop lymphadenopathy.  MAP2K4 is altered in 1.97% of all human cancers.

Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase (/ˈkaɪneɪs, ˈkɪneɪs, -eɪz/) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups to substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation.  Typically ATP is the phosphate donor. Kinases are pervasive, the human genome codes for about 500 of these enzymes.

Kinases are part of the larger family of phosphotransferases. Kinases should not be confused with phosphorylases, which catalyze the addition of inorganic phosphate groups to an acceptor, nor with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups (dephosphorylation). The phosphorylation state of a molecule, whether it be a protein, lipid or carbohydrate, can affect its activity, reactivity and its ability to bind other molecules. Therefore, kinases are critical in metabolism, cell signalling, protein regulation, cellular transport, secretory processes and many other cellular pathways, which makes them very important to physiology.
2014 Alabama House of Representatives election
The 2014 Alabama House of Representatives elections were held on November 4, 2014. Voters in all 105 districts of the Alabama House of Representatives voted for their representatives. Other elections were also held on November 4.

Alabama House of Representatives
The Alabama House of Representatives is the lower house of the Alabama Legislature, the state legislature of state of Alabama. The House is composed of 105 members representing an equal number of districts, with each constituency containing at least 42,380 citizens. There are no term limits in the House. The House is also one of the five lower houses of state legislatures in the United States that is elected every four years. Other lower houses, including the United States House of Representatives, are elected for a two-year term.

The House meets at the Alabama State House in Montgomery. The speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives is its leader.
Helmut Kuhlmann
Helmut Kuhlmann (15 August 1940 – 20 October 2022) was a German politician.

A member of the Christian Democratic Union, he served in the Landtag of Lower Saxony from 1974 to 1998.

Kuhlmann died on 20 October 2022, at the age of 82.

Landtag of Lower Saxony
The Lower Saxon Landtag (Niedersächsischer Landtag) or the Parliament of Lower Saxony is the state diet of the German state of Lower Saxony. It convenes in Hanover and currently consists of 146 members, consisting of four parties. Since 2022 the majority is a coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Greens, supporting the cabinet of Minister-President Olaf Lies (SPD).
Dominic Green (writer and musician)
Dominic Green (born 1970) is a British historian, columnist and musician. A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and the Royal Society of Arts, he is editor of the US edition of The Spectator and a commissioning editor of The Critic. He is a columnist and film reviewer for The Spectator, and a columnist for The Daily Telegraph. He also writes frequently on books and arts for The Wall Street Journal, The New Criterion, The Spectator (UK), Standpoint, The Literary Review, and The Oldie. He has also written for The Atlantic, Commentary, The Economist, First Things, The Weekly Standard, CapX and the antiquities magazine Minerva.

Commentary (magazine)
Commentary is a monthly American magazine on religion, Judaism, Israel, politics, and social and cultural issues. It is headed by John Podhoretz. Founded by the American Jewish Committee in 1945 under Elliot E. Cohen, editor from 1945 to 1959, Commentary magazine developed into the leading post-World War II journal of Jewish affairs. It strove to construct a new American Jewish identity while processing the events of the Holocaust, the formation of the State of Israel, and the Cold War. Norman Podhoretz edited the magazine from 1960 to 1995.

Besides its coverage of cultural issues, Commentary provided a voice for the anti-Stalinist left. As Podhoretz shifted from a liberal Democrat to neoconservatism in the 1970s and 1980s, he moved the magazine with him to the right and toward the Republican Party.
Trouble Maker (album)
Trouble Maker is the ninth studio album by the American punk rock band Rancid, released on June 9, 2017. Like many of Rancid's albums, Trouble Maker was produced by Epitaph founder and Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz, and marks the band's first album since their 1993 self-titled debut to feature the original Rancid logo on the cover. The band recorded the album between December 2015 and January 2017 at Big Bad Sound, Sunset Sound, and Red Star.

The album was preceded by the first single and music video for "Ghost of a Chance". "Bovver Rock and Roll" was released as the album's second single. "Where I'm Going" was released as a promotional single. A music video was also made for "Telegraph Avenue".

Epitaph Records
Epitaph Records is an American independent record label owned by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz. A large portion of the record label, known as Hellcat Records, is owned by Tim Armstrong, frontman of the punk rock band Rancid. Several sister labels also exist, such as ANTI-, Burning Heart Records, Hellcat Records, and Heart & Skull Records that have signed other types of bands.
Louise Otto
Louise Otto (August 30, 1896 – March 9, 1975) was a German freestyle swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. She was born in Hamburg, Germany. She won a silver medal in the relay together with her teammates Grete Rosenberg, Wally Dressel and Hermine Stindt. Additionally, in the Women's 100 metre freestyle, she competed and was eliminated in the semi-finals.

Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle
The women's 100 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of a women's event in Olympic swimming, followed closely by the 4×100 metre free relay. The competition was held from Monday to Friday, 8 to 12 July 1912.

Twenty-seven swimmers from eight nations competed.

Durack also won the gold medal, with compatriot Wylie close behind for silver.
Sunlight Air
Sunlight Express Airways, operating as Sunlight Air, is a boutique airline in the Philippines based in Clark, Pampanga. It operates flights from its operating base in Clark International Airport to Busuanga, Caticlan and Siargao using its fleet of three ATR 72-500s and one ATR 72-600.

Busuanga, Palawan
Busuanga, officially the Municipality of Busuanga (Tagalog: Bayan ng Busuanga), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 26,974 people.
Sumbar Dam
The Sumbar Dam (Persian: سد سومبار) is a rock-fill embankment dam just east of Gholaman in North Khorasan province, Iran. The primary purpose of the dam is flood control and water supply for irrigation and municipal uses.

Gholaman
Gholaman (Persian: غلامان) is a village in Gholaman Rural District of Gholaman District in Raz and Jargalan County, North Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the district and the rural district.
Saint George Church, Shmankivchyky (Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
Saint George Church (Ukrainian: Церква святого великомученика Юрія Переможця) orthodox parish church (PCU) in Shmankivchyky of the Zavodske settlement hromada of the Chortkiv Raion of the Ternopil Oblast.

Zavodske settlement hromada
Zavodske settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Заводська селищна територіальна громада, romanized: Zavodska selyshchna terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Zavodske. Its population is 6,758 (2022 estimate)
Yellamma Temple, Saundatti
Yellamma Temple, also known as Renuka Temple (Kannada: ರೇಣುಕಾ ಯಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ದೇವಿ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ), is a temple of Goddess (Devi) Renuka and a pilgrimage destination located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away from the town of Saundatti in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is situated on a hilltop known earlier as Siddhachal Parvat and now known as "Yellammanna Gudda", named after the temple. The deity in the temple is the goddess Yellamma or Ellama or Renuka, revered as a fertility goddess. The temple is associated with the ancient Devadasi practice of dedicating girls to the temple, which the Government of Karnataka eradicated in 1982 through Devadasi Prohibition Act. The hill, a part of the Sidhachal or Ramagiri hill range which overlooks the Malaprabha river, contains archaeological evidences of occupation dating to the mid-8th to mid-11th centuries of the early Rashtrakuta or late Chalukya period, and includes megalithic tombs which predate these periods.

Jamadagni
Jamadagni (Sanskrit: जमदग्नि, lit. 'great fire') is a sage in Hindu literature. He is regarded in Hindu tradition to be one of the Saptarishi (Seven Vedic sages) in the 7th, and the current age of Manvantara.

He is a descendant of the sage Bhrigu, one of the Prajapatis created by Brahma, the creator deity. Jamadagni has five children with his wife, Renuka, the youngest of whom is Parashurama, an avatar of Vishnu.
Vehicle registration plates of Alabama
The U.S. state of Alabama first required its residents to register their motor vehicles and display license plates in 1911.

As of 2021, plates are issued by the Alabama Department of Revenue. Only rear plates have been required on standard passenger vehicles since 1963.

Montgomery County, Alabama
Montgomery County is a county located in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, its population was 228,954, making it the seventh-most populous county in Alabama. Its county seat is Montgomery, the state capital. Montgomery County is included in the Montgomery metropolitan area.
Ferdinand Wolf
Ferdinand Wolf (8 December 1796, Vienna – 18 February 1866, Vienna) was a scholar of Romance studies from Austria. He was an author of literary studies as well as a publisher of periodicals, including the Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur.

Wolf studied philosophy and law at the University of Graz, and then literature at the University of Vienna. In 1819, after graduation, he became a scrivener at the kaiserlichen Hofbibliothek, now the Austrian National Library, and was later promoted to research fellow. He was succeeded in this office by his son Adolf. In 1847, Wolf was involved with the foundation of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, which he served as secretary. He is buried in Vienna.

Scrivener
A scrivener is a professional copyist or scribe whose occupation involves writing or preparing official documents, such as deeds, contracts, mortgages, and other legal instruments, typically for a fee. The profession originated in medieval Europe amid low literacy rates, where scriveners handled essential secretarial, administrative, and notarial duties, often functioning in the lower echelons of the legal field akin to early solicitors. Scriveners later developed into notaries, court reporters, and in England and Wales, scrivener notaries. Styles of handwriting used by scriveners included secretary hand, book hand and court hand.
Mathias Berthold
Mathias Berthold (born 18 May 1965) is an Austrian former alpine skier who specialised in the slalom. He competed in the 1980s and 1990s. His career included twenty-three FIS World Cup starts and one FIS World Cup Podium. He subsequently became a coach, serving as coach of the German women's team for a period of seven years, culminating in the team winning three gold medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics. He was then head coach of the Austrian men's alpine skiing team for four seasons, leading them to two golds at the 2014 Winter Olympics, three overall Alpine Skiing World Cup titles (won by Marcel Hirscher) and eight World Championship medals, before announcing his departure in April 2014. Shortly afterwards the German Ski Association announced that Berthold would rejoin them as head coach for their men's alpine team.

German Ski Association
The German Ski Association (German: Deutscher Skiverband or DSV) is the national governing body for skiing in Germany. The organisation was founded in 1905 among local ski clubs. The German Ski Association represents international interests of the German skiing and trains athletes and trainers. The DSV headquarters are located in Planegg, south of Munich. Current DSV president is Franz Steinle.
1878 Scottish Cup final
The 1878 Scottish Cup final was the fifth final of the Scottish Cup and the final of the 1877–78 Scottish Cup, the most prestigious knockout football competition in Scotland. The match was played at Hampden Park in Crosshill (today part of Glasgow) on 30 March 1878 and was watched by a crowd of 5,000 spectators. The final was contested by the defending champions Vale of Leven and 3rd Lanark RV who had never won the cup.

Scotland international forward John McDougall scored the only goal of the game after 65 minutes to give Vale of Leven a 1–0 victory and a second successive cup triumph.

John McDougall (footballer, born 1853)
John Smith McDougall (9 April 1854 – 16 May 1925) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Scotland between 1877 and 1879. During his international career he played five matches, scoring four goals. He was the first player to score a hat-trick in an international game, scoring three goals for Scotland against England in a 7–2 win on 2 March 1878. During his domestic career he played for Vale of Leven.
The Knitting Girl
The Knitting Girl (French: La Couseuse) is an oil-on-canvas painting executed in 1869 by the French academic artist William-Adolphe Bouguereau. It is currently held in the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska, in the United States.

Joslyn Art Museum
The Joslyn Art Museum, commonly referred to as the Joslyn, is a fine arts museum in Omaha, Nebraska, the largest in the state. It opened in 1931 at the initiative of Sarah H. Joslyn, in memory of her husband, businessman George A. Joslyn. Since its opening, the museum has gone through several expansions, the last of which was completed in 2024. It is the only museum in Nebraska with a comprehensive permanent collection, comprising over 12,000 objects, including nineteenth and twentieth-century collections of American and European art, Western American Art, Chinese and Japanese art, as well as contemporary art. The Joslyn is home to the Margre H. Durham Center for Western Studies, established in 1980, which stewards two of the most important collections of works by Western artists Karl Bodmer and Alfred Jacob Miller in the country.
Outline of religion
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to religion:

Religion – organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe. From their beliefs about the cosmos and human nature, people derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle.

Religion in Armenia
As of 2011, most Armenians in Armenia are Christians (97%) and are members of the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is a member of the family of Oriental Orthodox Churches. It was founded in the 1st century AD, and in 301 AD became the first branch of Christianity to become a state religion.
Amma (1968 film)
Amma (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1968 Indian Kannada-language film, directed and produced by B. R. Panthulu. The film stars Rajkumar, Bharathi, B. R. Panthulu and M. V. Rajamma. The film has musical score by T. G. Lingappa. In a small drama sequence, he appeared as Babruvahana. In another sequence, the tragic climax of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was adapted on – screen in English with Rajkumar playing the role of Romeo and Bharathi as Juliet.

M. V. Rajamma
M. V. Rajamma (10 March 1918 – 23 April 1999) was an Indian actress, producer and playback singer of films mostly in Tamil,  Kannada and Telugu languages from the 1930s through 1970s. She has the distinction of having acted as both heroine and mother to stalwart South Indian actors such as Dr. Rajkumar, Sivaji Ganesan, MGR and NTR. Karnataka Government established M. V. Rajamma Award in her honor.

Making her debut as a lead actress in the 1936 released Kannada movie Samsara Nauka, Rajamma enjoyed an elaborate career in feature films across South India. She was the first and foremost woman producer in South India and in Kannada films. She produced the film Radha Ramana in 1943 under her own home banner Vijaya Films. Her entry to the Tamil films was through the 1940 classic hit film Uthama Puthiran. She went on to star in about 60 Kannada, 80 Tamil, 20 Telugu and one Hindi films in her career spanning around four decades.
Hyposmocoma sublimata
Hyposmocoma sublimata is a species of moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Maui. The type locality is Haleakalā, where it was collected at an elevation of 5,000 feet (1,500 m).

Cosmopterigidae
The Cosmopterigidae  are a family of insects (cosmet moths) in the order Lepidoptera. These are small moths with narrow wings whose tiny larvae feed internally on the leaves, seeds and stems of their host plants. About 1500 species have been described. The taxonomic family is most diverse in the Australian and Pacific region with about 780 species.

Several genera formerly included here have been moved to the Agonoxeninae.
Dead Grandma
Dead Grandma  is a 10-episode comedy Web series created by Will Kindrick. It is written by Kindrick, Courtney Branning, Matt Heder and is produced by Mummy Space Island Productions.  The series follows the life of a hapless young college student Andy (Matt Heder), whose grandma (Beverly Welsh) comes back from the dead to help him find love. The series is hosted by Jon Heder who begins each episode with a campy intro reminiscent of the openings of nostalgic shows such as Masterpiece Theater and The Wonderful World of Disney.

Each episode follows a two-act structure split up by the opening title sequence and theme song.  The series is often abruptly interrupted by parody commercial breaks. A PSA starring a Dead Grandma cast member is also featured after the end credits of every episode.

Masterpiece (TV series)
Masterpiece, styled as MASTERPIECE (formerly known as Masterpiece Theatre), is a drama anthology television series produced by WGBH Boston. It premiered on PBS on January 10, 1971. The series has presented numerous acclaimed British productions. Many of these are produced by the BBC, but the lineup has also included programs shown on the UK channels ITV1, Channel 4, and Channel 5.
Viedma Glacier
Viedma Glacier is a large glacier that is part of the huge Southern Patagonian Ice Field, located at the southern end of mainland South America.  Viedma Glacier is a valley glacier and its moraine-rich terminus flows into the western end of Lake Viedma, which is fed primarily by its melting ice. Viedma Glacier is located in the undefined part of the limit between Chile and Argentina, in Argentinian legislature it is in Los Glaciares National Park which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1981. in Chilean legislature part of it is in Bernardo O'Higgins National Park. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field is 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi); Viedma Glacier is one of the Ice Field's 48 outlet glaciers that have more than 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of ice field area each.

Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute
The Southern Patagonian ice field dispute is a border dispute between Argentina and Chile over the delineation of the boundary line between the two countries on the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a large expanse of glaciers located in the Patagonian Andes, which is the largest non-polar continental ice field with land access. It is called continental ice in Argentina and southern ice field in Chile, to differentiate it from the northern ice field. As of 2026, the Argentine–Chilean border in this sector is still pending of definition according to the 1998 agreement signed by both countries. The original border was defined 100 years prior on 1 October 1898 by experts from both countries.
Local government in Sabah
The local government in Sabah is the lowest level government in Sabah, Malaysia. It ranks third in the Malaysian government system after federal and state government. Local governments have the power to levy property taxes, to enact local laws and regulations, and to issue licenses and permits for any type of trade in their area. However, it also has the obligation to provide basic utilities, such as to regulate rubbish collection and waste disposal and to ensure urban or regional planning.

The district and municipal constitution in Sabah is based on the Local Government Ordinance 1961. This ordinance also regulates the responsibilities and functions of community organs. A state ministry, the Ministry of Local Government and Housing, which was first established after the 1963 state elections, regulates the activities of the district/municipal authorities in the state of Sabah.

Government of Sabah
The Sabah State Government is an authority governing Sabah, one of Borneo states of Malaysia, based in Kota Kinabalu, the state capital. The state government adheres to and is created by both the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of Malaysia, and the Constitution of the State of Sabah, the supreme law of the State.

The state government has only two branches: executive and legislative. Sabah has no judiciary branch due to the federalisation of court system in Malaysia. Although Sabah has jurisdictions towards Sharia and Native Courts (and their respective laws), both courts are still considered a part of the state executive branch.