hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Corporate social entrepreneurship
A corporate social entrepreneur (CSE) is someone who attempts to advance a social agenda in addition to a formal job role as part of a corporation. It is possible for CSEs to work in organizational contexts that are favourable to corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSEs focus on developing both social capital, economic capital and their formal job role may not always align with corporate social responsibility. A person in a non-executive or managerial position can still be considered a CSE.

Corporate governance
Corporate governance refers to the mechanisms, processes, practices, and relations by which corporations are controlled and operated by their boards of directors, managers, shareholders, and stakeholders.
Ccrypt
ccrypt is a utility for the secure encryption and decryption of files and streams. It was designed as a replacement for the standard UNIX crypt utility, which is notorious for using a very weak encryption algorithm.

ccrypt is based on the Rijndael cypher, the same cipher used in the AES standard. However, in the AES standard a 128-bit block size is used, whereas ccrypt uses a 256-bit block size. ccrypt commonly uses the .cpt file extension for encrypted files.

ccrypt does not provide an authenticated encryption scheme and therefore does not protect the integrity of encrypted data.

Computer file
A computer file is a named collection of data treated as a unit by the system that manages it. Today, this system is called a file system. Many older computer systems lacked a distinct file system per se, yet a management feature is required in order to provide a file abstraction.

Files can be shared with and transferred between computers and mobile devices via removable media, networks, or the Internet.

Different types of computer files are designed for different purposes. A file may be designed to store a written message, a document, a spreadsheet, an image, a video, a program, or any wide variety of other kinds of data. Certain files can store multiple data types at once.

By using computer programs, a person can open, read, change, save, and close a computer file. Computer files may be reopened, modified, and copied an arbitrary number of times.
Hymecromone
Hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone) is a drug used in bile therapy. It is used as choleretic and antispasmodic drugs and as a standard for the fluorometric determination of enzyme activity.

Hymecromone is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 194–195 °C.  It is soluble in methanol and glacial acetic acid.

Choleretic
Choleretics are substances that increase the volume of secretion of bile from the liver as well as the amount of solids secreted.

By stimulating the production of bile, the body is better able to release toxins and through acting as a natural laxative and improving detox capacity of Cells and Tissue (biology).
Reinhard of Blankenburg
Reinhard of Blankenburg (11th century – 1123) was Bishop of Halberstadt from 1107 to 1123.

He was related to the later comital family. Reinhard may have not have been native in Saxony, but had Saxon relations.

As a young man, he went to Paris to study theology at the school established under the noted theologian, William of Champeaux, at the newly founded Abbey of St. Victor, which William had established.

His nephew, Count Poppo I of Blankenburg, the son of Count Conrad of Blankenburg, seems not to have been from Saxony, but Reinhard assisted him by granting him an estate. Another nephew by his brother, later known as Hugh of St. Victor, entered a local priory of canons regular, but civil unrest in the region led the bishop to advise his nephew to transfer to the abbey where he himself had studied, which Hugh did, and where he gained a reputation as a teacher and mystic.

Reinhard died on 2 March 1123.

Halberstadt
Halberstadt (German pronunciation: [ˈhalbɐˌʃtat] ⓘ; Eastphalian: Halverstidde) is a town in the state of Saxony-Anhalt in central Germany, the capital of Harz district. Located north of the Harz mountain range, it is known for its old town center, which was largely destroyed by Allied bombings in the late stages of World War II after local Nazi leaders refused to surrender. The town was rebuilt in the following decades.

In World War I Halberstadt was the site of a German military airbase and aircraft-manufacturing facilities. In World War II Halberstadt was a regional production center for Junkers aircraft, which also housed an SS forced labor camp. Halberstadt now includes the area where the Langenstein-Zwieberge concentration camp was situated.

Today the city has around 450 timber framed houses in its city centre and timber framed old villages like Langenstein.
Bazley
Bazley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bazley baronets, of Hatherop in the County of Gloucester, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom

Arthur Bazley (1896–1972), Australian soldier

Colin Bazley (born 1935), English retired bishop of the Church

James Bazley (born 1995), Australian cricketer

John Bazley White (1848–1927), English cement manufacturer and Conservative politician

Darius Bazley (born 2000), American basketball player

Margaret Bazley (born 1938), New Zealand public servant

Reg Bazley (1929–2009), English international rugby union player

Richard Bazley (born 1962), British animator

Robert W. Bazley (1925–2012), United States general

Thomas Bazley (1797–1885), British politician

Reg Bazley
Reginald Charles Bazley (15 December 1929 – 19 November 2009) was an English international rugby union player.

A native of Barrow, Bazley was a gifted athlete during his youth and played his rugby on the wing.

Bazley competed with Liverpool University and Waterloo, as well as the Army while on national service. He was capped 10 times for England from 1952 to 1955. His two tries against Scotland helped England win their 1953 Calcutta Cup match at Twickenham. He was a County championship winner with Lancashire.
Twadell Brook
Twadell Brook is a stream or tributary located in Delaware County and flows into the Beaver Kill watershed by East Branch, New York.  This basin is known for its surficial geology and base-flow characteristics, which contribute to its importance as a freestone trout and cold-water stream system.

Twadell Brook has been identified in New York State Natural Heritage Program and DEC species assessments as a site where the brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa) has been documented or considered in regional surveys. This freshwater mussel is of conservation concern, which highlights the brook's ecological value for supporting sensitive freshwater fauna.

Streamflow measurements are not continuously taken directly on Twadell Brook because it is a small, unmonitored tributary. Instead, hydrologic monitoring and streamflow statistics for the region are reported at Beaver Kill and other nearby basin gauging sites.

Brook floater
The brook floater or swollen wedgemussel, Alasmidonta varicosa, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. It measures 25.1 mm to 80.2 mm in length although other research also suggests it rarely exceeds three inches (75 mm).
Electoral district of West Hobart
The electoral district of West Hobart, sometimes referred to as Hobart West, was an electoral district of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. It was based in Tasmania's capital city, Hobart.

The seat was created as a single-member seat ahead of the 1871 election following the dissolution of the multi-member Hobart Town seat. In 1886, it became a two-member seat, and at the 1897 election, it was abolished when the seat of Hobart was created under a trial of the Hare-Clark model.

The seat was then recreated as a single-member seat at the 1903 election and was abolished when the Tasmanian parliament adopted the Hare-Clark electoral model for the entire state in 1909.

Hare–Clark electoral system
Hare–Clark is a type of single transferable vote electoral system of proportional representation used for elections in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. With its use in 1909, it was one of the first uses of the Gregory method for transfers of winner's surplus votes.

The name is derived from the names of English barrister Thomas Hare, the original inventor of single transferable voting, and Attorney-General of Tasmania Andrew Inglis Clark, who introduced a modified form to Tasmania in 1896.
Abutilon cryptopetalum
Abutilon cryptopetalum is a flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is a small, upright shrub with yellow or cream-white flowers and variable shaped grey-green leaves and grows in New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory.

Malvaceae
Malvaceae (/mælˈveɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include cacao, cola, cotton, okra, roselle and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species).
Ján Tkáč
Ján Tkáč (born 10 May 1972) in Poprad is a Slovak chemist known for being the first Slovak scientist based in Slovakia to receive the European Research Council grant.

Tkáč got his PhD in Chemistry in 2000 at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. Following his graduation, he shortly worked at the Slovak Academy of Sciences and then abroad at Linköping University (2001-2003), Lund University (2003-2006, supported by the Marie Curie Individual Fellowship) and at Oxford (2006-2008). In 2012, he returned to the Slovak Academy of Sciences with a European Research Council grant.

Tkáč's research focuses on  the research of glycans for the diagnosis of some oncological diseases.

In 2018, he received European Research Council Proof of Concept grant with his new start up Glycanostics.

Poprad
Poprad (Slovak: [ˈpɔprat] ⓘ; Hungarian: Poprád; German: Deutschendorf) is a city in northern Slovakia at the foot of the High Tatra Mountains, famous for its picturesque historic centre and as a holiday resort. The largest town of the Spiš region and the largest of all towns in the vicinity of the High Tatra Mountains in both Slovakia and Poland, Poprad is the tenth largest city in Slovakia, with a population of approximately 50,000.

The Poprad-Tatry Airport is an international airport located just outside the city. Poprad is also the starting point of the Tatra Electric Railway (known in Slovak as Tatranská elektrická železnica), a set of special narrow-gauge trains (trams) connecting the resorts in the High Tatras with each other and with Poprad. Mainline trains link Poprad to other destinations in Slovakia and beyond; in particular, there are through trains running from Poprad to Prague in the Czech Republic.
Herrin (surname)
Herrin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Earl E. Herrin (1892–1964), American businessman and politician

Jeremy Herrin, English theatre director

Josh Herrin (born 1990), American motorcycle racer

Judith Herrin (born 1942), English archaeologist and academic

Kendra and Maliyah Herrin (born 2002), former conjoined twins

Rich Herrin (born 1933), American basketball coach

Tim Herrin (born 1996), American baseball player

Tom Herrin (1929–1999), American baseball player

William F. Herrin (1854–1927), American lawyer, businessman and banker

Kendra and Maliyah Herrin
Kendra Deene Herrin and Maliyah Mae Herrin (born February 26, 2002) are former conjoined twins. They were separated in August 2006. They were the first set of conjoined twins to be separated to share a kidney. Kendra retained their shared kidney following the separation surgery, while Maliyah Herrin underwent dialysis until she was transplanted with a kidney donated by her mother in April 2007.

Prior to the separation surgery, medical ethicists in the United States and in Europe discussed whether it was ethical to separate the twins because of the additional risk to Maliyah. Their family and doctors believed separation surgery would give both girls their best chance to live a normal life.
Leslie Roos
Leslie Leon Roos (born July 20, 1940 in San Francisco) is a Distinguished Professor in the Rady Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Manitoba. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2010. He is also a fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences and was a founding director of the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy.

Royal Society of Canada
The Royal Society of Canada (RSC; French: Société royale du Canada, SRC), also known as the Academies of Arts, Humanities, and Sciences of Canada (French: Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada), is the senior national, bilingual council of distinguished Canadian scholars, humanists, scientists, and artists in Canada.

As Canada's national academy, the RSC exists to promote Canadian research and scholarly accomplishment in both of Canada's official languages; advise governments, non-governmental organizations, and Canadians generally on matters of public interest; recognize academic and artistic excellence; and mentor young scholars and artists.
Bassem Ben Nasser
Bassem Ben Nasser (born August 9, 1982 in Sousse) is a Tunisian footballer who plays as a midfielder. His clubs have included Étoile du Sahel, Club Athletique Bizertin, Jeunesse Sportive Kairouanaise and Avenir Sportif de La Marsa.

Demographics of Tunisia
All figures are from National Institute of Statistics and the United Nations Demographic Yearbooks, unless otherwise indicated.

Tunisia's population was estimated to be around 12.04 million in 2022. In the generally youthful African continent, Tunisia's population is among the most mature. This is because the government has supported a successful family planning program that has reduced the population growth rate to just over 1% per annum, contributing to Tunisia's economic and social stability.

The population of Tunisia is made up of Arabs (98%), Berbers (1%), and others (1%). Around 98 percent of the population are Muslim. There is a Jewish population on the southern island of Djerba and in Tunis. There also exists a small autochthonous group of Christian adherents.
2013 U.S. Cellular 250
The 2013 U.S. Cellular 250 presented by the Enlist Weed Control System was the 20th stock car race of the 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series and the second iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, August 3, 2013, in Newton, Iowa at Iowa Speedway, a 7⁄8 mile (1.4 km) permanent D-shaped oval racetrack. The race took the scheduled 250 laps to complete. At race's end, Brad Keselowski, driving for Penske Racing, would pull away on the final restart with 35 to go to win his 23rd NASCAR Nationwide Series win and his third win of the season. To fill out the podium, Sam Hornish Jr. of Penske Racing and Brian Vickers of Joe Gibbs Racing would finish second and third, respectively.

Brad Keselowski
Bradley Aaron Keselowski (/kɛzˈlaʊski/; born February 12, 1984) is an American professional stock car racing driver, team owner, and entrepreneur. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 6 Ford Mustang Dark Horse for RFK Racing, a team he also co-owns. He was the owner of Brad Keselowski Racing, which fielded two full-time trucks in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series for 10 years.

Keselowski, who began his NASCAR career in 2004, is the second of only six drivers to win a championship in both the Cup Series and the Xfinity Series and the twenty-fifth driver to win a race in each of NASCAR's three national series.

Keselowski is the owner and founder of Keselowski Advanced Manufacturing, a hybrid manufacturing company based in Statesville, North Carolina, specializing in additive metal technologies as well as CNC machining.
Psychological Capital Questionnaire
The Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) is an introspective psychological inventory consisting of 24 items pertaining to an individual's Psychological Capital (PsyCap), or positive psychological state of development. The PCQ was constructed by Fred Luthans, Bruce J. Avolio, and James B. Avey with the goal to assess the dimensions of PsyCap. The PCQ measures four dimensions of PsyCap: hope, efficacy, resiliency, and optimism. The PCQ takes between 10–15 minutes to complete and can be administered to individuals or groups. The PCQ is protected by copyright law and published by Mind Garden, Inc.

Note: The term "PsyCap" refers to the whole of four specific constructs: hope, efficacy, resiliency, and optimism. The term "PCQ" refers to the 24 specific questions used to measure hope, efficacy, resiliency, and optimism.

Bruce Avolio
Bruce J. Avolio is an American academic in the field of leadership studies. He is the Professor of Management, Mark Pigott Chair in Business Strategic Leadership, and executive director of the Center for Leadership & Strategic Thinking in the Foster School of Business at the University of Washington. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Society, the Academy of Management, the American Psychological Association, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, and the Gerontological Society of America.
Massive double-funnel tornado near Dunlap, Indiana
Massive double-funnel tornado near Dunlap, Indiana is a 1965 black-and-white photograph of a multi-vortex tornado in Elkhart, Indiana during the 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak. The photograph, taken by Paul Huffman for The Elkhart Truth, was described as "one of the most famous tornado photographs ever taken".

Multiple-vortex tornado
A multiple-vortex tornado (often shortened to multi-vortex tornado) is a tornado that contains several vortices (called subvortices or suction vortices) revolving around, inside of, and as part of the main vortex. The only times multiple vortices may be visible are when the tornado is first forming or when condensation and debris are balanced such that subvortices are apparent without being obscured. They can add over 100 mph (160 km/h) to the ground-relative wind in a tornado circulation and are responsible for most cases where narrow arcs of extreme destruction lie right next to weak damage within tornado paths.
SM UC-21
SM UC-21 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 29 August 1915 and was launched on 1 April 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 12 September 1916 as SM UC-21.

In eleven patrols UC-21 was credited with sinking 98 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. They included the British hospital ship Donegal, which UC-21 torpedoed in the English Channel on 17 April 1917, killing 29 already wounded soldiers and 12 crew.

UC-21 disappeared after departing Zeebrugge for the Bay of Biscay on 13 September 1917.

Bay of Biscay
The Bay of Biscay (/ˈbɪskeɪ, -ki/ BISS-kay, -⁠kee) also known as the Gulf of Biscay or the Gulf of Gascony is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean located south of the Celtic Sea. It lies along the western coast of France from Point Penmarc'h to the Spanish border, and along the northern coast of Spain, extending westward to Cape Ortegal.

The average depth is 1,744 m (5,722 ft) and the greatest depth is 4,735 m (15,535 ft).
Giruwa Ambalama
Giruwa Ambalama (Sinhala:ගිරුවා අම්බලම) is a historic wayside rest beside the Aluth Nuwara Dedimunda Devalaya site built by Queen Sunetradevi chief consort of King Parakramabahu II (A.D 1236–1276) and mother of King Bhuvanekabahu I. The pillars remaining at the site are supposed to be belonging to the period of King Bhuvanekabahu I. It has been conserved by the Archaeological department at least three times.

Ambalama
An ambalama (Sinhala: අම්බලම) is a place constructed for pilgrims, traders and travellers to rest in Sri Lanka. This is a simple structure designed to provide shelter for the travellers. The last examples of anbalange remained until about the end of the 1970s. There were no charges involved in using an Ambalama.
Oster, Minnesota
Oster is an unincorporated community in Carver and Wright Counties, Minnesota, United States.

The community is located along County Road 133 (CR 133) near 118th Street SW.  16th Street is also in the immediate area.  Nearby places include Waverly, Mayer, New Germany, Winsted, Montrose, and Watertown.

Oster is located within Hollywood Township in Carver County; and also located within Woodland Township in Wright County.

Watertown, Minnesota
Watertown is a small city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States, along the South Fork of the Crow River, on the outskirts of the Twin Cities metro area. The population was 4,659 at the 2020 census.
Triple Concerto, BWV 1044
The Triple Concerto, BWV 1044, is a concerto in A minor for traverso, violin, harpsichord, and string orchestra by Johann Sebastian Bach. He based the composition on his Prelude and Fugue BWV 894 for harpsichord and on the middle movement of his Organ Sonata BWV 527, or on earlier lost models for these compositions.

Breitkopf & Härtel
Breitkopf & Härtel (German pronunciation: [ˈbraɪtkɔpf ʔʊnt ˈhɛrtəl]) is a German music publishing house. Founded in 1719 in Leipzig by Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, it is the world's oldest music publisher.
Mike Moloney (Gaelic footballer)
Mike Moloney is a Gaelic footballer from Killarney, County Kerry. He plays with the Dr Crokes club and the Kerry intercounty team.

He won a Munster Minor Championship medal in 2006 and played in the All Ireland final with Kerry lost out to Roscommon. In 2008, he was full back on the Kerry team that won the All Ireland Under 21 title. In 2011 he was part of the London team that picked up their first championship win since the 1970s.

With Dr Crokes he won a County Championship medal in 2010 and a Munster Championship in 2006 and played in the 2007 All Ireland Club final. In London, he played with the Kingdom Kerry Gaels club.

Roscommon GAA
The Roscommon County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae Ros Comáin) or Roscommon GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Roscommon.

The county board is also responsible for the Roscommon county teams.

The county football team was the third from the province of Connacht to win an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), following Galway and Mayo. It competes in the Connacht Senior Football Championship, which it has won 23 times. The team won back-to-back All-Ireland SFC titles in 1943 and 1944.
Karl D. Gregory
Karl D. Gregory is an American economist who is professor emeritus of economics at Oakland University in Michigan, and was an early president of the National Economic Association. In 1962, he was refused the opportunity to purchase a home in developer William Levitt's Belair subdivision of Bowie, Maryland, based on his race, sparking extensive protests which contributed to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

William Levitt
William Jaird Levitt (February 11, 1907 – January 28, 1994) was an American real-estate developer and housing pioneer. As president of Levitt & Sons, he is widely credited as the father of modern American suburbia. In 1998 he was named one of Time Magazine's "100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century."