hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker
Scharffen Berger is an American chocolate manufacturing company, which was a subsidiary of The Hershey Company after it had been acquired in 2005.  Scharffen Berger was established as an independent Berkeley, California-based chocolate maker in 1996 by sparkling wine maker John Scharffenberger and physician Robert Steinberg.

The company manufactures its own chocolate—as opposed to the more common practice of acquiring chocolate from other manufacturers—the first American company founded in the past 50 years to make chocolate "from bean to bar." Scharffen Berger primarily produced chocolate bars, using small-batch processing and focusing on dark chocolate varieties with high cocoa solid content.

Cocoa solids
Dry cocoa solids are the components of cocoa beans remaining after cocoa butter, the fatty component of the bean, is extracted from chocolate liquor, roasted cocoa beans that have been ground into a liquid state. Cocoa butter is 46% to 57% of the weight of cocoa beans and gives chocolate its characteristic melting properties. Cocoa powder is the powdered form of the dry solids with a small remaining amount of cocoa butter. Untreated cocoa powder is bitter and acidic. Dutch process cocoa has been treated with an alkali to neutralize the acid.

Cocoa powder contains flavanols, amounts of which are reduced if the cocoa is subjected to acid-reducing alkalization.

Other definitions of cocoa solids, especially legal ones, include all cocoa ingredients (cocoa mass, cocoa powder and cocoa butter). In this case, cocoa solids without cocoa butter are specified as non-fat cocoa solids.
Keekyuscung
Keekyuscung (died 6 August 1763) aka Kickyuscung, Kaquehuston, Kikyuskung, Ketiuscund, Kekeuscund, or Ketiushund, was a Delaware (Lenape) chief. In the 1750s he took part in peace negotiations to end Lenape participation in the French and Indian War. In 1754 he briefly engaged in some spying and smuggled some letters into and out of Fort Duquesne for George Washington. He was sympathetic to the British for many years, but in 1763 he and his son Wolf sided with the French after a failed assassination attempt by Colonel Henry Bouquet. He is known for being one of the Native American leaders that attacked Colonel Bouquet's forces at the Battle of Bushy Run, where Keekyuscung was killed.

Christian Frederick Post
Christian Frederick Post (an anglicanization of Christian Friedrich Post) (1710 Polish Prussia – 29 April 1785 Germantown, Pennsylvania) was a missionary of the Moravian Church to the indigenous peoples of the Americas who played a brief but significant role in Colonial diplomacy.
Peder Vogt
Peder Vogt (born 11 February 2000) is a Norwegian professional footballer.

Hailing from Hosle, he went from Øvrevoll Hosle to Stabæk at the age of 13. Progressing through the youth teams, he made his senior league debut in April 2019 against Bodø/Glimt, and also featured in the first three 2019 Norwegian Football Cup rounds. When the 2020 Eliteserien commenced, he was a starter on left back, since Jeppe Moe was injured.

On 28 August 2024, Mjøndalen announced that Vogt had stopped his career due to studying.

2020 Eliteserien
The 2020 Eliteserien was the 76th season of top-tier football in Norway. This was fourth season of Eliteserien as rebranding from Tippeligaen.

The season was scheduled to begin on 4 April. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway the opening games of the season were delayed. It was first delayed until 2 May, then further delayed until 23 May. The season was scheduled to end 29 November 2020, not including play-off matches, but was rescheduled to conclude on 22 December. On 7 May, the Norwegian government allowed the league to start on 16 June with full training starting immediately.

Molde were the defending champions. Aalesund, Sandefjord and Start joined as the promoted clubs from the 2019 1. divisjon. They replaced Lillestrøm, Tromsø and Ranheim who were relegated to the 2020 1. divisjon.
Lights and Shadows (song)
"Lights and Shadows" is a song performed by Dutch girl group OG3NE. The song represented the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. It was written by Rick Vol and Rory de Kievit. The song was released as a digital download on 3 March 2017 through BMG.

Bertelsmann Music Group
Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) was a division of a German media company Bertelsmann before its relaunch and completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Sony Corporation of America on 1 October 2008.

Although it was established in 1987, the music company was formed as RCA/Ariola International in 1985 as a joint venture to combine the music label activities of RCA's RCA Records division and Bertelsmann's Ariola Records and its associated labels which include Arista Records. It consisted of the BMG Music Publishing company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher and (since August 2004) the 50% share of the joint venture with Sony Music, which established the German American Sony BMG from 2004 to 2008.
Medical Physics (journal)
Medical Physics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on medical physics. The first issue was published in January 1974. Medical Physics is an official journal of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, the Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists, the Canadian College of Physicists in Medicine and the International Organization for Medical Physics. The editor-in-chief is John M. Boone (UC Davis Medical Center).

In 2013, the journal announced that it was changing from a traditional to a hybrid open-access format. In 2017, the journal transferred from being published by the American Institute of Physics to Wiley.

Hybrid open-access journal
A hybrid open-access journal is a subscription journal in which some of the articles are open access. This status typically requires the payment of a publication fee (also called an article processing charge or APC) to the publisher in order to publish an article open access, in addition to the continued payment of subscriptions to access all other content. Strictly speaking, the term "hybrid open-access journal" is incorrect, possibly misleading, as using the same logic such journals could also be called "hybrid subscription journals". Simply using the term "hybrid access journal" is accurate.

Publishers that offer a hybrid open access option often use different names for it. The SHERPA/RoMEO site provides a list of publishers and the names of their options. The Open Access Directory provides a list of funds that support open access journals, and provides information about which funds will pay fees of hybrid open access journals.
Jian Yang (politician)
Jian Yang (simplified Chinese: 杨健; traditional Chinese: 楊建; pinyin: Yáng Jiàn; born October 1962) is a Chinese New Zealander international relations academic, politician and a former member of the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before moving to New Zealand, he was a member of the Chinese Communist Party and worked for the People's Liberation Army, including training linguists to intercept foreign communications. He is a member of the National Party and was a National MP from 2011 until the 2020 general election, when he retired.

Several news outlets reported in 2021 that his retirement from Parliament came after intelligence agencies flagged concerns about his relationship with the Chinese Government, and was arranged as part of a deal between Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and Opposition Leader Todd Muller that also involved Labour MP Raymond Huo leaving Parliament for the same reason.

Signals intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence may necessarily involve cryptanalysis (to decipher the messages). Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.
1960 Gambian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Gambia in 1960, following the implementation of a new constitution, which created a House of Representatives. The new legislature had 19 elected seats, twelve seats were elected in the protectorate and seven in the colony (Bathurst and Kombo St Mary). Eight seats were reserved for chiefs. In addition, the Governor-general, the Speaker (appointed by the governor-general after consultation with council members), the Civil Secretary, the Financial Secretary, the Attorney General and the Commissioner for Local Government and up to three nominated members were also members of the House.

The People's Progressive Party won nine of the 19 elected seats. However, United Party leader Pierre Sarr N'Jie became the country's first Chief Minister in March the following year, appointed by Governor-general Edward Windley after a majority of the eight chiefs supported him.

People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)
The People's Progressive Party is a political party in the Gambia. It was the dominant ruling party of the Gambia from 1962 to 1994, during the presidency of party founder Dawda Jawara.

The People's Progressive Party lost power after the 1994 Gambian coup d'état, which saw the beginning of the authoritarian regime of Yahya Jammeh. The Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) then became the dominant party of the Gambia. Today, the People's Progressive Party remains active, but lacks the same level of influence it exercised in the late 20th century.
2018 Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council election
The 2018 Barking and Dagenham Council election took place on 3 May 2018 to elect members of Barking and Dagenham Council in London. This was on the same day as other local elections. The Labour Party won every available council seat for the third election in a row, winning 74% of the popular vote. The Conservatives saw their vote share rise by 13 percentage points, but failed to win any seats.

Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council
Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council, also known as Barking and Dagenham Council, is the local authority for the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in Greater London, England. It provides a broad range of local government services including Council Tax billing, libraries, social services, processing planning applications, waste collection and disposal, and it is a local education authority. The council has been under Labour majority control since its creation in 1965. The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 as the Barking London Borough Council and replaced two local authorities: Barking Borough Council and Dagenham Borough Council. The council was renamed on 1 January 1980. It is based at Barking Town Hall in the centre of Barking.
Languages of Spain
The majority of languages of Spain belong to the Romance language family, of which Spanish is the only one with official status in the whole country. Others, including Catalan/Valencian (in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands) and Galician (in Galicia), enjoy official status in their respective autonomous regions, similar to Basque in the northeast of the country (a non-Romance language isolate). A number of other languages and dialects belonging to the Romance continuum exist in Spain, such as Aragonese, Asturian, Fala and Aranese Occitan.

Extremaduran language
Extremaduran (Extremaduran: estremeñu [ehtːɾeˈmeɲʊ], Spanish: extremeño) is a Western Romance language with some traits in common with Asturleonese language, spoken primarily in northwestern Extremadura and adjacent villages in the province of Salamanca.
Its northern varieties are generally considered a distinct language, while central and southern varieties are regarded as transitional dialects toward standard Spanish.
Didierea madagascariensis
Didierea madagascariensis, commonly known as the octopus tree, is a species of Didiereaceae endemic to the spiny thickets of southwestern Madagascar. It was first described scientifically by the French botanist Henri Ernest Baillon in 1880 and is the type species of the genus Didierea.

It is known in Malagasy as sohongy, sony and soribarika. Sohongy and sony come from the Tanosy dialect word songo meaning "lock of hair" or a rooster's crest or comb possibly referring to its branches that sprawl upwards.

Henri Ernest Baillon
Henri Ernest Baillon (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi ɛʁnɛst bajɔ̃]; 30 November 1827 in Calais – 19 July 1895 in Paris) was a French botanist and physician.

Baillon spent his academic career teaching natural history and publishing numerous works on botany. He was appointed to the Légion d'honneur in 1867, joined the Royal Society in 1894 and put together the Dictionnaire de botanique with Auguste Faguet's wood engravings.

The standard author abbreviation Baill. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Horn-satisfiability
In formal logic, Horn-satisfiability, or HORNSAT, is the problem of deciding whether a given conjunction of propositional Horn clauses is satisfiable or not. Horn-satisfiability and Horn clauses are named after Alfred Horn.

A Horn clause is a clause with at most one positive literal, called the head of the clause, and any number of negative literals, forming the body of the clause. A Horn formula is a propositional formula formed by conjunction of Horn clauses.

Horn satisfiability is actually one of the "hardest" or "most expressive" problems which is known to be computable in polynomial time, in the sense that it is a P-complete problem. The extension of the problem for quantified Horn formulae can be also solved in polynomial time.

The Horn satisfiability problem can also be asked for propositional many-valued logics. The algorithms are not usually linear, but some are polynomial; see Hähnle (2001 or 2003) for a survey.

Alfred Horn
Alfred Horn (February 17, 1918 – April 16, 2001) was an American mathematician notable for his work in lattice theory and universal algebra. His 1951 paper "On sentences which are true of direct unions of algebras" described Horn clauses and Horn sentences, which later became used in logic programming.
Linus Lundqvist
Linus Hans Fredrik Lundqvist (Swedish: [ˈliːnɵs ˈlɵnːd.kvɪsːt]; born 26 March 1999) is a Swedish racing driver who last competed for Chip Ganassi Racing in the IndyCar Series. He previously competed in Indy Lights driving for HMD Motorsports with Dale Coyne Racing, having won the 2022 championship. He is also the 2020 Formula Regional Americas Champion. He made his IndyCar debut in 2023 driving the #60 Honda for Meyer Shank Racing.

Honda Indy V6
The Honda Indy V6, officially called the Honda HI12TT/R, is a 2.2-liter, twin-turbocharged V6 racing engine, developed and produced by Honda Racing Corporation USA, which has been used in the IndyCar Series since 2012.
Romeo Weds Heer
Romeo Weds Heer (Urdu: رومیو ویڈز ہیر) is a 2018 Pakistani drama serial, directed by Anjum Shahzad, written by Muhammad Younis Butt and produced by 7th Sky Productions. It stars Feroze Khan and Sana Javed in lead roles. The show premiered on Geo Entertainment on 21 October 2018, originally airing in single episodes on Sunday evenings. Towards the end of its run, it began airing in a mega-episode format on Sunday evenings. The series ended on 26 May 2019.

Humayun Saeed
Humayun Saeed (born 27 July 1971) is a Pakistani actor and producer. Describing himself as a method actor, Saeed is primarily known for his work on Pakistani television and cinema and is the recipient of several accolades, including Lux Style Awards and ARY Film Awards. Saeed also runs the Six Sigma Plus media production house  which produces television drama serials and commercial movies.
Astrothelium colombiense
Astrothelium colombiense is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Colombia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected from the Estacion Forestal La Espriella (Tumaco, Nariño) at an altitude of 35 m (115 ft). The lichen has shiny, pale ochraceous green  thallus with a smooth to somewhat roughened texture. It has a cortex but lacks a prothallus. There is only a single ascospore in each ascus; this is a rarity in genus Astrothelium. The spores are hyaline, ellipsoid in shape, and muriform (i.e., divided into chambers by multiple transverse and longitudinal septa); they measure 240–300 by 45–50 μm. No lichen products were detected in this species. The specific epithet refers to the country of the type locality.

Prothallus
A prothallus, or prothallium, (from Latin pro = forwards and Greek θαλλος (thallos) = twig) is usually the gametophyte stage in the life of a fern or other pteridophyte. Occasionally, the term is also used to describe the young gametophyte of a liverwort or peat moss as well. In lichens, it refers to the region of the thallus that is free of algae.

The prothallus develops from a germinating spore. It is a short-lived and inconspicuous heart-shaped structure typically 2–5 millimeters wide, with a number of rhizoids (root-like hairs) growing underneath, and the sex organs: archegonium (female) and antheridium (male). Appearance varies quite a lot between species. Some are green and conduct photosynthesis while others are colorless and nourish themselves underground as saprotrophs.
Hans Wikne
Hans Wikne (11 September 1914 – 17 October 1996) was a Swedish equestrian rider who competed in the 1950s and 1960s. At the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, he finished fifth in the team dressage and 11th in the individual dressage events.

Eight years earlier, Wikne lit the Olympic Flame when the equestrian events were held in Stockholm in lieu of Australia's strict horse quarantine laws which prevented the competitions from taking place in host city Melbourne.

Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Team dressage
The team dressage was an equestrian event held as part of the Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics programme.  The event was held on 22 October, and consisted merely of summing the scores of the team's 3 horse and rider pairs in the individual dressage event.
2018 Pingshan Open – Women's doubles
Lyudmyla and Nadiia Kichenok were the defending champions, but they chose to compete at the 2018 BNP Paribas Open instead.

Anna Kalinskaya and Viktória Kužmová won the title after defeating Danka Kovinić and Wang Xinyu 6–4, 1–6, [10–7] in the final.

Wang Xinyu
Wang Xinyu (born 26 September 2001) is a Chinese professional tennis player. Wang reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 30 on 23 February 2026, and set a doubles ranking of No. 16 on 20 May 2024. Partnering with Hsieh Su-wei, she won the women's doubles title at the 2023 French Open. She also won a silver medal in mixed doubles, alongside Zhang Zhizhen at the 2024 Summer Olympics.
Roel Robbertsen
Roelof Cornelis (Roel) Robbertsen (born 6 October 1948 in Renswoude) is a Dutch politician and pig farmer. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal. From 1 June 2007 until 7 June 2013 he was Queen's Commissioner of Utrecht.

Robbersen was a member of the municipal council of Renswoude from 1978 to 1990 and also an alderman of this Utrecht municipality from 1979 to 1990. From 1991 to 2002 he was a member of the Provincial Council of Utrecht and from 1995 to 2002 a member of the provincial executive of Utrecht. From 2002 to 2007 he was mayor of Ede.

Roel Robbertsen is married and a member of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN).

Provincial Council of Utrecht
The Provincial Council of Utrecht (Dutch: Staten van Utrecht, pronounced [ˈstaːtə(ɱ) vɑn ˈytrɛxt]) is the provincial council for the Dutch province of Utrecht. It forms the unicameral legislature of the province. Its 47 seats are elected every four years in provincial elections.
Wellen Park, Florida
Wellen Park (formerly known as the West Villages) is a planned community located in Sarasota County, Florida, United States. The majority of Wellen Park is located along US 41 and River Road within the city limits of North Port, with some portions of the community extending into unincorporated Sarasota County.

Planned community
A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.

The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages.

A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.
Olha Kobylianska
Olha Yulianivna Kobylianska (Ukrainian: Ольга Юліанівна Кобилянська; 27 November 1863 Gura Humorului, Bukovina, Austro-Hungary – 21 March 1942 Cernăuți, Cernăuți County, Romania) was a Ukrainian and Soviet modernist writer, nationalist and feminist. Kobylianska was a daughter of a Ukrainian nobleman and a Polonized German mother. Kobylianska was mainly self-educated, receiving only four years of formal schooling in the German language. She wrote her first works in German, beginning in 1880. Besides her fluency in German, she learned to speak in both the Ukrainian and Polish languages.
In 1898, she published a pioneering treatment of same-sex love, based partly on her own lesbian experiences.

Cernăuți County
Cernăuți County was a county (județ) of Romania, in Bukovina, with the capital city at Cernăuți. The area was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 (after the Soviet occupation of Northern Bukovina) and again in 1944 (after the Soviet occupation of Romania), and has been part of Ukraine since 1991.
Laura Cinti
Laura Cinti is an artist working with biology.

She is the co-founder and co-director of C-LAB,  a developing art/science studio lab with Howard Boland who is the co-founder and artistic director of C-LAB and an artist working with Synthetic Biology.

Laura Cinti has a PhD from UCL Slade School of Fine Art in interdisciplinary capacity with UCL University College London Centre of Biomedical Imaging, an MA in Interactive Media: Critical Theory & Practice (Distinction) from Goldsmiths, University of London and BA (Hons) Fine Art (First Class) from University of Hertfordshire.

Slade School of Fine Art
The UCL Slade School of Fine Art (informally The Slade) is the art school of University College London (UCL) and is based in London, England. It has been ranked as the UK's top art and design educational institution. The school is organised as a department of UCL's Faculty of Arts and Humanities.