hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Technological escalation
Technological escalation describes the situation where two parties in competition tend to employ continual technological improvements in their attempt to defeat each other.  Technology is defined here as a creative invention, either in the form of an object or a methodology. An example is the mutual escalation seen between e-mail spammers and the programmers of spam filters and other anti-spam techniques. Although escalation is usually meant negatively, if two companies are in an escalating competition to produce the best widget, the consumer benefits because they get a choice between better and better widgets.

Widget (economics)
The word widget is a placeholder word for an object or, more specifically, a mechanical or other manufactured device. It is an abstract unit of production.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "An indefinite name for a gadget or mechanical contrivance, esp. a small manufactured item" and dates this use back to 1931. It states that the origin is "perhaps U.S." and for etymology suggests that it may be a variant of gadget.

The term also appears earlier in George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart's 1924 play Beggar on Horseback. General Motors Corporation sponsored a short film in 1939, "Round and Round", which features widgets throughout.
Cantons of Tarbes
The cantons of Tarbes are administrative divisions of the Hautes-Pyrénées department, in southwestern France. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the city of Tarbes is subdivided into 3 cantons. Their seat is in Tarbes.

Tarbes
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]; Gascon: Tarba) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France. It is the capital of Bigorre and of the Hautes-Pyrénées. It has been a commune since 1790. It was known as Turba or Tarba in Roman times. Tarbes is part of the historical region of Gascony.

Formerly of strong industrial tradition, Tarbes today tries to diversify its activities, particularly in aeronautics and high tech around the different zones of activities which are increasing. The recent development of Tarbais beans and other regional specialties also shows a willingness to develop the agri-food industry thus justifying its nickname of "market town". Its 42,888 inhabitants are called Tarbaises and the Tarbais.

It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.
Angelo Coast Range Reserve
The Angelo Coast Range Reserve  is located in the Northern Outer California Coast Ranges, in Mendocino County, Northern California. As part of the University of California Natural Reserve System, the mission of the Angelo Reserve is to provide protected natural areas for research and education.

California Coast Ranges
The Coast Ranges of California span 400 miles (644 km) from Del Norte or Humboldt County, California, south to Santa Barbara County. The other three coastal California mountain ranges are the Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges and the Klamath Mountains.

Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. UNESCO has included the "California Coast Ranges Biosphere Reserve" in its Man and the Biosphere Programme of World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 1983.
Joseph H. H. Weiler
Joseph Halevi Horowitz Weiler OMRI (born 2 September 1951) is an American academic, currently serving as European Union Jean Monnet Chair at New York University School of Law and Senior Fellow of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard.

He was President of the European University Institute in Florence from 2013 until 2016. He holds a diploma from The Hague Academy of International Law. Weiler is the author of works relating to the sui generis character of the European Union. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2022 he was awarded the Ratzinger Prize by Pope Francis.

Sui generis
Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique". It denotes an exclusion to the larger system an object is in relation to.

Several disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities. These include:

Biology, for species that do not fit into a genus that includes other species (its own genus)

Creative arts, for artistic works that go beyond conventional genre boundaries (its own genre)

Law, when a special and unique interpretation of a case or authority is necessary (its own special case)
Intellectual property rights, for types of works not falling under general copyright law but protected through separate statutes
Laws of war, for types of actions that are argued to be legal due to exceptional circumstances in conflict

Philosophy, to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept (its own category)
Thomas Cockson
Thomas Cockson, or Coxon (bap. 1569 – fl. 1609-30 or 1636 – 1641), was one of the earliest English engravers. He left a large number of portraits engraved entirely with the graver in a neatly and finished manner. His first and most recognizable work is one for John Harington's version of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso and his latest, one depicting musketeers and pike men, which depicts on either side the coats of arms of various captains of the time.

John Harington (writer)
Sir John Harington (4 August 1560 – 20 November 1612), of Kelston, Somerset, England, but born in London, was an English courtier, author and translator popularly known as the inventor of the flush toilet. He became prominent at Queen Elizabeth I's court, and was known as her "saucy Godson", but his poetry and other writings caused him to fall in and out of favour with the Queen. He was the author of the description of a flush-toilet forerunner installed in his Kelston house, appearing in A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, called the Metamorphosis of Ajax (1596), a political allegory and coded attack on the monarchy which is nowadays his best-known work.
USS Brambling
USS Brambling is a name used more than once by the U.S. Navy:

USS Brambling (AMc-39), a coastal minesweeper commissioned on 15 October 1941.

USS Brambling (YMS-109), commissioned on 23 September 1942.

USS Brambling (AMc-39)
USS Brambling (AMc-39) was an Accentor-class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of removing naval mines laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

The first ship named Brambling by the Navy, AMc-39 was laid down on 4 February 1941 at Ipswich, Massachusetts, by W. A. Robinson, Inc.; launched on 7 August 1941; sponsored by Mrs. John McLennon; delivered to the Navy on 6 July 1941; modified for naval service and outfitted by the Boston Navy Yard; and commissioned there on 15 October 1941.
Nils Dencker
Nils Jonas Dencker (born 14 December 1953 in Lund) is a Swedish mathematician. Dencker earned his doctorate from Lund University in 1981 under supervision of Lars Hörmander, and is a professor of mathematics at Lund University.  From 1981 until 1983, he was the C. L. E. Moore instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

He won the 2005 Clay Research Award for his proof of the Nirenberg–Treves conjecture.

Dencker has been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 2008. He was an invited speaker at the European Congress of Mathematics in Amsterdam in 2008, and at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Hyderabad, India, in 2010. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Lund
Lund (/lʊnd/, US also /lʌnd/ LU(U)ND; Swedish: [ˈlɵnːd] ⓘ) is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town had 94,393 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 130,288 as of 2023. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Scania County. The Öresund Region, which includes Lund, is home to more than 4.2 million people.

Archeologists date the founding of Lund to around 990, when Scania was part of Denmark. From 1103 it was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Lund, and the towering Lund Cathedral, built c. 1090–1145, still stands at the centre of the town. Denmark ceded the city to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.

Lund University, established in 1666, is one of Scandinavia's oldest and largest institutions for education and research.  The university and its buildings dominate much of the centre of the city, and have led to Lund becoming a regional centre for high-tech industry.
Cache Array Routing Protocol
The Cache Array Routing Protocol (CARP) is used in load-balancing HTTP requests across multiple proxy cache servers. It works by generating a hash for each URL requested. A different hash is generated for each URL and by splitting the hash namespace into equal parts (or unequal parts if uneven load is intended) the overall number of requests can be distributed to multiple servers.

Implementations include Apache Traffic Server, Squid (software) and the Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server as well as F5 Networks BIG-IP devices.

Squid (software)
Squid is a caching and forwarding HTTP web proxy. It has a wide variety of uses, including speeding up a web server by caching repeated requests, caching World Wide Web (WWW), Domain Name System (DNS), and other network lookups for a group of people sharing network resources, and aiding security by filtering traffic. Although used for mainly HTTP and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Squid includes limited support for several other protocols including Internet Gopher, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). Squid does not support the SOCKS protocol, unlike Privoxy, with which Squid can be used in order to provide SOCKS support.

Squid was originally designed to run as a daemon on Unix-like systems. A Windows port was maintained up to version 2.7. New versions available on Windows use the Cygwin environment. Squid is free software released under the GNU General Public License.
Jumpin' Jive
"Jumping Jive" (also known as "(Hep-Hep!) The Jumpin' Jive") is a famous jazz/swing composition, written by Cab Calloway, Frank Froeba, and Jack Palmer. Originally recorded on 17 July 1939, on Vocalion Records, it sold over a million copies and reached #2 on the Pop chart. Calloway performs the song with his orchestra and the Nicholas Brothers in the 1943 musical film Stormy Weather.

Swing music
Swing music is a style of jazz that developed in the United States during the late 1920s and early 1930s. It became nationally popular from the mid-1930s. Swing represents the most famous era of jazz as a genre of entertainment, before the emergence of modern jazz. Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Fletcher Henderson and Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, known as the swing era, when people were dancing the Lindy Hop. The verb "to swing" is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Big band leaders of the swing era include Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Jimmie Lunceford, Cab Calloway, Benny Carter, Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Earl Hines, Bunny Berigan, Harry James, Lionel Hampton, Glenn Miller, and Artie Shaw.
Nightmare Inn
Nightmare Inn is a series of young adult horror novels by Todd Strasser, who penned the books using the pseudonym T. S. Rue.  It is a brief series that contains only four installments, all of them published in 1993: Nightmare Inn, Room 13, The Pool, and The Attic. The books were distributed by HarperPrism, who released them in both paperback and hardcover editions.

The books were published in the same time period in which R.L. Stine was enjoying phenomenal success with his highly popular Fear Street novels, but Strasser's saga was short-lived; whether this was the intention of the author or the result of poor sales is unknown, but the entire series has been out of print for many years.

HarperCollins included the books in its Nightmares series, a group of novels that have no relation to each other besides their themes of horror.  Nightmare Inn, The Pool and The Attic were published in an anthology called Nightmare Inn: Three Books In One.

R. L. Stine
Robert Lawrence Stine (/staɪn/; born October 8, 1943) is an American novelist. He is the writer of Goosebumps, a horror fiction novel series for children which has sold over 400 million copies globally in 35 languages, becoming the second-best-selling book series in history. The series spawned a media franchise including two television series, a video game series, a comic series, and two feature films. Stine has been referred to as the "Stephen King of children's literature".

Stine wrote the teen horror fiction series Fear Street, which has sold over 80 million copies and has been adapted into a series of films. His work includes Rotten School, Mostly Ghostly, Nightmare Hour, and The Nightmare Room. He has also written humor books for children, under the alias Jovial Bob Stine.
Valerie Huttle
Valerie Vainieri Huttle (born September 15, 1956) is an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly where she represented the 37th Legislative District, from 2006 to 2022. Huttle served on the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 2001 through 2006.

In the Assembly, Huttle served on the Homeland Security and State Preparedness (Chair), Labor (Vice-Chair), and Tourism, Gaming and the Arts Committees.

Board of County Commissioners (New Jersey)
In New Jersey, a Board of County Commissioners (until 2020 named the Board of Chosen Freeholders) is the elected county-wide government board in each of the state's 21 counties. In the five counties that have an elected county executive, the board of county commissioners serves as the county legislature. In the remaining counties, the board of county commissioners exercises both executive and legislative functions, often with an appointed county administrator or manager overseeing the day-to-day operations of county government.

As of 2025, 18 of the 21 county commissions are held exclusively by one party; Atlantic, Gloucester, and Cumberland counties are the only ones with both parties represented. Since 2000, 12 counties have only elected members from a single party; Camden, Essex, Hudson, Mercer, Middlesex, and Union counties have chosen only Democrats, and Cape May, Hunterdon, Morris, Ocean, Sussex, and Warren counties have chosen only Republicans.
Toponyms of Turkey
The toponyms of Turkey result from the legacy left by several linguistic heritages: the Turkish language (spoken as first language by the majority of the population), the Greek language, the Armenian language, the Kurdish language, the Laz language as well as several other languages once spoken widely in Turkey. Turkey's place names range from those of unknown or unrecognizable origins to more clearly derivable onomastics. Many places have had their names changed throughout history as new language groups dominated the landbridge that present day Turkey is. A systematic turkification of place names was carried out when the worldwide wave of nationalism reached Turkey during the 20th century (See also: Place name changes in Turkey).

Onomastics
Onomastics (or onomatology in older texts) is the study of proper names, including their etymology, history, and use.

An alethonym ('true name') or an orthonym ('real name') is the proper name of the object in question, the object of onomastic study. Scholars studying onomastics are called onomasticians.

Onomastics has applications in data mining, with applications such as named-entity recognition, or recognition of the origin of names. It is a popular approach in historical research, where it can be used to identify ethnic minorities within populations and for the purpose of prosopography.
Gautham Vasudev Menon's unrealized projects
During his career, Indian film director Gautham Vasudev Menon has worked on a number of projects which never progressed beyond the production stage under his direction. Some of these projects fell in development hell, were officially canceled, or would see life under a different production team.

Harris Jayaraj
J. Harris Jayaraj (born 8 January 1975) is an Indian composer from Tamil Nadu. He composes soundtracks predominantly for Tamil films, and has also composed for a few films in Telugu. He has also worked on a few Hindi films that were remakes of his Tamil films.

He has been honoured with Kalaimamani Award from the Government of Tamil Nadu and the Life Time Achievement Award from Konijeti Rosaiah, the Governor of Tamil Nadu. Since 2001, he has won 6 Filmfare Awards South and received 20 Filmfare Awards South nominations. He has also won 6 Mirchi Music Awards, 5 Vijay Awards, 4 Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, 3 International Tamil Film Awards and Big FM Awards.  In 2019, he was bestowed with the Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute Honorary Doctorate of Letters for his significant contributions to Tamil cinema music.
2017 Toyota Tundra 250
The 2017 Toyota Tundra 250 was the fourth stock car race of the 2017 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and the 17th iteration of the event. The race was held on Friday, May 12, 2017, in Kansas City, Kansas at Kansas Speedway, a 1.5 miles (2.4 km) permanent D-shaped oval racetrack. The race took the scheduled 167 laps to complete. At race's end, Kyle Busch, driving for Kyle Busch Motorsports, would inherit the win after leader Ben Rhodes would blow an engine with six to go. The win was Busch's 47th career NASCAR Camping World Truck Series win and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Johnny Sauter of GMS Racing and John Hunter Nemechek of NEMCO Motorsports would finish second and third, respectively.

Christopher Bell (racing driver)
Christopher David Bell (born December 16, 1994) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 20 Toyota Camry XSE for Joe Gibbs Racing and part-time in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series, driving the No. 19 Toyota GR Supra for JGR. He is the 2017 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Champion.
Joel Buchanan Danner
Joel Buchanan Danner (1804 – July 29, 1885) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Joel B. Danner was born in Liberty, Maryland.  He engaged in the hardware business and carriage building at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.  He also served as justice of the peace.

Danner was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-first Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Nes.  He resumed his former business pursuits in Gettysburg, where he died in 1885.  Interment in Evergreen Cemetery.

Libertytown, Maryland
Libertytown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Frederick County, in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 950.  The Abraham Jones House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Zeferino Nandayapa
Zeferino Nandayapa (born 26 August 1931, Copainalá – died 28 December 2010, Tlalnepantla) was a Mexican folk and classical marimba player. In Mexico City, his classical music teachers were Blas Galindo, María García Genda, Carlos Chávez and Carlos Jiménez Mabarak.
He formed the Marimba Nandayapa in 1956, a popular marimba band that has traveled to several countries performing Mexican and Latin-American folk music. Zeferino Nandayapa has been a soloist with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London, and the Community of Madrid Orchestra.

Community of Madrid Orchestra
The Community of Madrid Orchestra (Spanish: Orquesta de la Comunidad de Madrid) is a Spanish symphony orchestra based in Madrid.  It is the resident orchestra at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid and performs its concert programmes at the Auditorio Nacional de Música.
Concepción Las Minas
Concepción Las Minas (Spanish pronunciation: [konseβˈsjon las ˈminas]) is a municipality in southern Chiquimula department of Guatemala in Central America. It has a population of 11,693 (2018) and cover an area of 222 km2.

Chiquimula Department
Chiquimula is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala, in Central America. The departmental capital is also called Chiquimula. The department was established by decree in 1871, and forms a part of the southeastern region of Guatemala. Physically, it is mountainous, with a climate that varies between tropical and temperate, depending on the location.
2016 Capri Watch Cup – Doubles
Ilija Bozoljac and Filip Krajinović were the defending champions, but only Krajinović returned to defend his title, partnering Mirza Bašić. They lost in the first round to Johan Brunström and Andreas Siljeström.

Gero Kretschmer and Alexander Satschko won the title after defeating Matteo Donati and Stefano Napolitano 6–1, 6–3 in the final.

Mirza Bašić
Mirza Bašić (Bosnian pronunciation: [bâʃitɕ]; born 12 July 1991) is a Bosnian professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 74, achieved on 19 February 2018 and a best doubles ranking of No. 203, achieved on 28 January 2019.

Bašić has won one ATP Tour singles title at the 2018 Sofia Open. He is a member of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team.
Potamonautes lividus
Potamonautes lividus, also known as the blue river crab, is a species of decapod in the family Potamonautidae. P. lividus is endemic to the country of South Africa in an area of 200 kilometers squared. The species prefers inland freshwater bodies in wetlands, bogs, marshes, freshwater swamp forests and peatlands (mire). P. livisus is found most often in the province Kwa-Zulu Natal in South Africa with the species also living in Richards bay, Ntambanana, Mtubatuba and unconfirmed sighting in the Amatikulu river which if confirmed, represents the southernmost members of the Potamonautes lividus species.

The IUCN conservation status of Potamonautes lividus is "VU" or vulnerable. The species faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term due to residential development and commercial development of its habitat. Humans damming and modification of their freshwater wetlands, bogs, marshes and peatlands (mires) habitats also contribute to their declining.

Conservation status
The conservation status of a group of organisms (for example, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely it is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status—not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats.

Various systems of conservation status are in use at international, multi-country, national and local levels, as well as for consumer use such as sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification. The two international systems are by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Leo Clasen
Leo Clasen (1906–1972) was imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp because of his homosexuality. He wrote about his experiences in 1954–1955 in the homophile magazine Humanitas, Monatszeitschrift für Menschlichkeit und Kultur, which was published in seven parts under the pseudonym L. D. Classen von Neudegg. His account is one of the most significant records of the experience of homosexuals persecuted by Nazi Germany. He was born on 26 June 1906 in Neumünster, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany and was educated as a doctor.

Neumünster
Neumünster (German pronunciation: [nɔʏˈmʏnstɐ] ⓘ) is a city in the middle of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. With more than 79,000 registered inhabitants, it is the fourth-largest municipality in Schleswig-Holstein (behind Kiel, Lübeck and Flensburg). The Holstenhallen and the Stadthalle make the city an important trade fair location.