hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cooling curve
A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings.

The initial point of the graph is the starting temperature of the matter, here noted as the "pouring temperature". When the phase change occurs, there is a "thermal arrest"; that is, the temperature stays constant. This is because the matter has more internal energy as a liquid or gas than in the state that it is cooling to. The amount of energy required for a phase change is known as latent heat. The "cooling rate" is the slope of the cooling curve at any point.

Alloys have a melting point range. It solidifies as shown in the figure above. First, the molten alloy reaches to liquidus temperature and then freezing range starts. At solidus temperature, the molten alloy becomes solid.

Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various time setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Heavy equipment like machine tool beds, ships' propellers, etc. can be cast easily in the required size, rather than fabricating by joining several small pieces. Casting is a 7,000-year-old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.
Discordia
In Roman mythology, Discordia is the Roman equivalent of the Greek Eris, goddess of strife and discord. She was the daughter of Nox (Night) and Erebus. Like Eris, Discordia has no mythology other than her involvement in the Judgement of Paris.

Unlike her opposite Concordia, Discordia was not a cult goddess, but simply a literary personification, and like Eris was especially associated with the strife and discord in war. She was, in particular, associated with Roman civil war.

Loeb Classical Library
The Loeb Classical Library (LCL; named after James Loeb; /loʊb/, German: [løːp]) is a monographic series of books originally published by Heinemann and since 1934 by Harvard University Press. It has bilingual editions of ancient Greek and Latin literature, with the original Greek or Latin text on the left-hand page and a fairly literal translation on the facing page.
Frida Melvær
Frida Melvær  (born 29 September 1971) is a Norwegian politician. 
She was elected representative to the Storting for the period 2017–2021 for the Conservative Party. In the Storting, she is a member of the Standing Committee on Justice.

Standing Committee on Justice
The Standing Committee on Justice (Norwegian: Justiskomiteen) is a standing committee of the Parliament of Norway. It is responsible for policies relating to judicial system, the probation service, the police, persons performing civilian national service, other judicial issues, ex gratia payments, general legislation relating to public administration, the penal code, civil and criminal procedural legislation and general civil legislation.. It corresponds to the Ministry of Justice. The committee has 12 members and is chaired by Hadia Tajik of the Labour Party.
Hebballi, Dharwad
Hebballi  is a large village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Dharwad district of Dharwad taluk. Hence it is also the 2nd largest village of Dharwad District. after Saunshi

Dharwad district
Dharwad district or Dharawada is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. The administrative headquarters of the district is the city of Dharwad, also known as Dharwar. Dharwad is located 425 km northwest of Bangalore and 421 km southeast of Pune, on the main highway between Chennai and Pune, the National Highway 4 (NH4).

Before 1997 the district had an area of 13738 km2. In 1997, the new districts of Gadag and Haveri were carved out of Dharwad's former territory, and a portion of Dharwad district was combined with lands formerly part of three other districts to create the new district of Davanagere.
Lake Singrenacocha
Lake Singrenacocha (possibly from Quechua sinkriy to walk in a line / to string, sikriy, sinri to string beads, -na a suffix, qucha lake) or Sigrenacocha is a lake in Peru located in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Ocongate District. It is situated at a height of about 4,377 metres (14,360 ft), about 3.82 km long and 0.88 km at its widest point.2.78 km2. Singrenacocha lies in the Vilcanota mountain range, northwest of the larger Lake Sibinacocha and north of the Callangate massif.

Callangate
Callangate or Ccallangate is a mountain massif in the Vilcanota mountain range of the Andes in Peru. Its highest point is Collpa Ananta (possibly from Aymara and Quechua qullpa, "saltpeter"), also known as Chimboya, with an elevation of 6,110 metres (20,046 ft). Another peak in the massif is called Ccallangate. It lies in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Ocongate District. Collpa Ananta is the second-highest peak in Cusco, and ranks as the 24th highest in Peru.
Chalcophyllite
Chalcophyllite is a rare secondary copper arsenate mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of some arsenic-bearing copper deposits. It was first described from material collected in Germany.  At one time chalcophyllite from Wheal Tamar in Cornwall, England, was called tamarite, but this name is now discredited (not to be confused with the amphibole mineral taramite, which is quite different). At Wheal Gorland a specimen exhibiting partial replacement of liriconite, Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4·(4H2O), by chalcophyllite has been found.  The mineral is named from the Greek, chalco "copper" and fyllon, "leaf", in allusion to its composition and platy structure.  It is a classic Cornish mineral that can be confused with tabular spangolite.

Chrysocolla
Chrysocolla (/ˌkrɪsəˈkɒlə/ KRIS-ə-KOL-ə) is a hydrous copper phyllosilicate mineral and mineraloid with the formula Cu2 – xAlx(H2Si2O5)(OH)4⋅nH2O (x < 1) or (Cu, Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4⋅nH2O).

The structure of the mineral has been questioned, as a 2006 spectrographic study suggest material identified as chrysocolla may be a mixture of the copper hydroxide spertiniite and chalcedony.

Chrysocolla typically forms amorphously.
HMS Dainty
Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Dainty:

English ship Dainty (1588), previously named Repentance but renamed in 1589, was a galleon built for the voyage of discovery. She was captured by the Spanish in 1594.

HMS Dainty (1654) was a four-gun pink in service in 1645.

HMS Dainty (H53) was a D-class destroyer launched in 1932 and sunk in 1941.

HMS Dainty (D108) was a Daring-class destroyer launched in 1950 and broken up in 1971.

English ship Dainty (1588)
Dainty was an English race-built galleon that began to be built in 1588. The original name was Repentance, but this was soon changed. It participated in some naval engagements in the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). In 1593 it sailed from England under Richard Hawkins to navigate the Pacific Ocean and circumnavigate the world, but was captured the following year by the Spaniards when it was sailing off the coast of what is now Ecuador. It was commissioned by the Spaniards as Nuestra Señora de la Visitación (or Visitación), serving in the South Pacific for several years. She was also known informally by her nickname, La Inglesa.
Tarik Ergin
Tarik Ergin (born June 7, 1961) is a Turkish-American actor.

Ergin was born in Hingham, Massachusetts of Turkish descent. He played the part of Lieutenant Junior Grade Ayala in Star Trek: Voyager, as well as "Satan's Robot" from the Captain Proton holodeck program and Lt. Coris Sprint in the Star Trek: Borg computer game. He was only credited as Ayala in the two episodes "Fury" (as "Security Guard") and "Renaissance Man" (as "Tactical N.D." [Non-Dialogue], even though he worked at the conn and spoke dialogue).

Prior to his roles on Star Trek, he played minor roles in episodes of Red Shoe Diaries and in the movie Improper Conduct in 1994.

Ergin has been a lifelong lacrosse player, and served as a professional player and coach with the Hollywood Lacrosse Club in 2010. In addition, he has been the head coach of the Oak Park Lacrosse Varsity team at Oak Park High School in Ventura County since 2011. He has also worked as Director of Coaching with the LA Mavericks since 2017.

Ventura County, California
Ventura County (/vɛnˈtʊərə/ ⓘ) is a county located in the southern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 843,843. The largest city is Oxnard, California, and the county seat is the city of Ventura, California.

Ventura County comprises the Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Greater Los Angeles area (Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area). It is also considered the southernmost county along the California Central Coast.

Two of the Channel Islands are part of the county: Anacapa Island, which is the most visited island in Channel Islands National Park, and San Nicolas Island.
Newport Rural District
52°46′08″N 2°22′44″W﻿ / ﻿52.769°N 2.379°W﻿ / 52.769; -2.379
Newport was a rural district in Shropshire, England from 1894 to 1934.

It was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 from that part of the Newport rural sanitary district which was in Shropshire (the rest, in Staffordshire, forming the Gnosall Rural District.)

It was abolished in 1934 under a County Review Order, and was merged into the Wellington Rural District.

Sanitary district
Sanitary districts were established in England and Wales in 1872 and in Ireland in 1878.  The districts were of two types, based on existing structures:

Urban sanitary districts in towns with existing local government bodies

Rural sanitary districts in the remaining rural areas of poor law unions.

Each district was governed by a local board of health, which was responsible for various public health matters such as providing clean drinking water, sewers, street cleaning, and clearing slum housing.

In England and Wales both rural and urban sanitary districts were replaced under by the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) by the more general rural districts and urban districts.  A similar reform was carried out in Ireland in 1899 under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.
2011 Campeonato Internacional de Verano
The 2011 Campeonato Internacional de Verano, also known as Copa Bimbo for sponsoring purposes, is the third edition of the Campeonato Internacional de Verano, an exhibition international club football competition that featured two clubs from Uruguay (Nacional and Peñarol), one from Paraguay (Libertad) and one from Argentina (Vélez Sársfield). It is played in Montevideo, Uruguay at the Estadio Centenario from 14 to 16 January 2011.

Estadio Centenario
The Estadio Centenario (Spanish pronunciation: [estaðjo θentenaɾjo]; lit. 'Centenary Stadium', named after the centenary of Uruguay's Constitution) is an association football stadium in Montevideo, Uruguay. Located in the Parque Batlle neighbourhood, it is owned by the Montevideo Department.

The stadium was built between 1929 and 1930 to host the inaugural 1930 FIFA World Cup. It is listed by FIFA as one of the football world's classic stadiums. On 18 July 1983, it was declared by FIFA as the first Historical Monument of World Football, to this day the only building to achieve this recognition worldwide.

Estadio Centenario is the national stadium of Uruguay and the primary home of their national football team. Even the top-ranked Brazil national football team has only managed three wins in 20 attempts; two were official matches during 2010 and 2018 World Cup qualification, but one was Uruguay's heaviest defeat at the stadium when they lost 4–0 to Brazil in 2009.
Tony O'Neil
Antonio Mauricio O'Neil (born April 9, 1985) is an American football coach. He is currently an assistant coach at Denfeld High School and the inaugural and former head coach of the Duluth Harbor Monsters in The Arena League (The AL or TAL), which began in 2024. O'Neil is also a former arena football player.

The Arena League
The Arena League (The AL or TAL) is an indoor American football league in the United States. The league launched in 2024 with four teams playing six-on-six football, but expanded to six-teams and started playing regular 7-on-7 indoor football in its second season.
Molly M. Raiser
Mary "Molly" M. Raiser served as the United States Chief of Protocol from September 14, 1993 to July 24, 1997 under President Bill Clinton. She succeeded John Giffen Weinmann and was succeeded by Mary Mel French.

Currently, she is a Commissioner of the Women's Refugee Committee, a part of the International Rescue Committee. Previously she served as Chair of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

Chief of Protocol of the United States
In the United States, the chief of protocol is an officer of the United States Department of State responsible for advising the president of the United States, the vice president of the United States, and the United States secretary of state on matters of national and international diplomatic protocol. The chief of protocol holds the rank of ambassador and assistant secretary of state.
Manso (surname)
Manso is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alonso Manso (1460–1539), Spanish bishop

Damián Manso (born 1979), Argentine footballer

Frimpong Manso (born 1959), Ghanaian footballer and manager

Giovanni Battista Manso (17th century), Italian (Naples) patron of the arts, Marchese of Villa

Johann Kaspar Friedrich Manso (1760–1826), German historian and philologist

José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda (1688–1767), Spanish soldier and politician

Juan Manso de Contreras, Spanish governor of New Mexico, 1656-1659

Shirley Frimpong-Manso (born 1977), Ghanaian film director, writer and producer

Tomás Manso (1604-1659), Franciscan priest in New Mexico

Will Manso (born 1975), American television journalist and host

José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda
José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego, KOS (Spanish: José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego, primer Conde de Superunda) (May 10, 1689 – Jan 5, 1767) was a Spanish military officer and politician who served as the governor of Chile and viceroy of Peru.
Abderus
In Greek mythology, Abderus or Abderos (Ancient Greek: Ἄβδηρος) was a divine hero, reputed by some to be one of Heracles' lovers (eromenoi), and reputedly a son of Hermes by some accounts, and eponym of Abdera, Thrace.

Eromenos
In ancient Greece, an eromenos was the younger and passive (or 'receptive') partner in a male homosexual relationship. The partner of an eromenos was the erastes, the older and active partner. The eromenos was often depicted as beautiful, beardless and more youthful-looking than the erastes.
Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone
Miller Canfield, P.L.C., doing business as Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone (founded in 1852), is an American law firm based in Detroit, Michigan. In 2014, the firm was ranked 165th largest in the United States in terms of attorney headcount by the National Law Journal. It is an international firm with offices and affiliated locations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Poland, Qatar, and Ukraine.

Miller Canfield's headquarters is located at 150 West Jefferson in Downtown Detroit.

In 2022, Miller Canfield expanded to Ukraine and established an affiliation with Kyiv-based Dictio Law Firm.

Michigan Supreme Court
The Michigan Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is Michigan's court of last resort and consists of seven justices. The Court is in the Michigan Hall of Justice at 925 Ottawa Street in Lansing, the state capital.
Menominee River State Park and Recreation Area
Menominee River State Park and Recreation Area is a state park unit of Wisconsin, United States, in development along the Menominee River.  It was created in 2010 in conjunction with the Menominee River State Recreation Area on the Michigan side of the border river.  The Wisconsin park is located in the towns of Niagara, Pembine, and Beecher in Marinette County in northeast Wisconsin. The 6,563-acre (2,656 ha) park comprises an undeveloped northern unit and a southern portion with primitive hiking trails and canoe/walk-in campsites.

Menominee River
The Menominee River is a river in northwestern Michigan and northeastern Wisconsin in the United States. It is approximately 116 miles (187 km) long, draining a rural forested area of northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan into Lake Michigan. Its entire course, with that of its tributary, the Brule River, forms part of the boundary between the two states.
Ibrahim Gambari
Ibrahim Agboola Gambari, CFR ((Listenⓘ); born November 24, 1944), is a Nigerian academic and diplomat who served as Chief of Staff to the President of Nigeria from 2020 to 2023.

He previously served as permanent representative of Nigeria to the United Nations from 1990 to 1999, and minister of external affairs from 1984 to 1985.

Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek: Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded c. 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens, Greece. The Royal Spanish Academy defines an academy as a scientific, literary or artistic society established with public authority and as a teaching establishment, public or private, of a professional, artistic, technical or simply practical nature.
2016 Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge
The 2016 Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge was the seventeenth season of the Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge and the third season organized by the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA).

IMSA
The International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) is a North American sports car racing sanctioning body based in Daytona Beach, Florida, under the jurisdiction of the ACCUS arm of the FIA. It was started by John Bishop, a former executive director of SCCA (Sports Car Club of America), and his wife Peggy in 1969 with help from Bill France Sr. of NASCAR. Beginning in 2014, IMSA is the sanctioning body of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, the premier series resulting from the merger of Grand-Am Road Racing and the American Le Mans Series.  IMSA is owned by NASCAR Holdings, as a subsidiary company with a designated board of directors.
Sabz Burj
Sabz Burj (lit. 'Green Tower') is an octagonal Mughal-era mausoleum situated at an intersection on Mathura Road, near Nizamuddin complex, west of Humayun's Tomb, Delhi. Constructed in 1530s, it is among the earliest Mughal-era buildings and features rare patterns inspired by Timurid architecture from Central Asia. The identity of its builder and who is buried here is not known. Its ceiling, painted using pure gold and lapis lazuli is considered to be the earliest painted ceiling for any Mughal structure in India with no similar example surviving anywhere else in the world.

Ebba Koch
Ebba Koch is an Austrian art and architectural historian, who defines and discusses cultural issues of interest to political, social and economic historians. Presently she is a professor at the Institute of Art History in Vienna, Austria and a senior researcher at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. She completed her doctorate in philosophy and her Habilitation at Vienna University.

Koch has spent much of her professional life studying the architecture, art, and culture of the Mughal Empire, and is considered the leading authority on Mughal architecture. In 2001 she became the architectural advisor to the Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative.
Higgins Family
The Higgins Family films was Republic Pictures' response to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's popular Andy Hardy series, as well as 20th Century Fox's Jones Family series. Nine films were released between 1938 and 1941.

In the first seven movies, James Gleason, his wife Lucile and their son Russell played Joe, Lillian, and Sydney Higgins. In contrast, Harry Davenport played Grandpa (though his name changed from William Jordan in The Higgins Family to Higgins in Should Husbands Work? to Ed Carson the rest of the time). In the last two, they were all replaced, by Roscoe Karns, Ruth Donnelly, George Ernest and Spencer Charters, respectively. Tommy Ryan played Tommy in the second through sixth movies. Betty was played by Mary Beth Hughes in the fourth and Lois Ranson in the last five. Lynne Roberts played Marian in the first, then Jean for the second and third.

Gus Meins directed all of the Gleason pictures, and produced some of the later ones.

George Ernest
George Ernest (born George Ruud Hjorth; November 20, 1921 – June 25, 2009) was an American actor and Office of Strategic Services (OSS) combat photographer/cameraman during World War II.  He appeared in more than 60 films between 1930 and 1942.
The Travelling Companions
The Travelling Companions is an 1862 oil-on-canvas painting by British artist Augustus Leopold Egg.

It is held by Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, presented by the John Feeney Charitable Trust in 1956.

Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (BM&AG) is a museum and art gallery in Birmingham, England. It has a collection of international importance covering fine art, ceramics, metalwork, jewellery, natural history, archaeology, ethnography, local history and industrial history.

The museum/gallery is run by Birmingham Museums Trust, the largest independent museums trust in the United Kingdom, which also runs eight other museums around the city. Entrance to the Museum and Art Gallery is free, but some major exhibitions in the Gas Hall incur an entrance fee.
Stephen Byrne
Stephen Byrne is the name of:

Stephen Byrne (broadcaster), Irish vlogger and television personality

Stephen Byrne (comics) (born 1986), Irish artist and animator

Stephen Byrne (hurler) (born 1977), Irish hurler

Stephen Byrne (hurler)
Stephen Byrne (born 1977) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Offaly senior hurling team.

Byrne made his first appearance for the team during the 1998 National League and became a regular member of the starting fifteen until he left the panel after the 2003 championship. During that time he won one All-Ireland medal and one All-Star award. Byrne was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

At club level Byrne played with the Kilcormac–Killoughey club.

In retirement from playing Byrne became involved in team management and coaching. After spending two seasons as manager of the Offaly under-21 team he became a selector under Ollie Baker with the Offaly senior team.
2028 Australian Capital Territory election
The 2028 Australian Capital Territory election is expected to be held on 21 October 2028 to elect all 25 members of the unicameral ACT Legislative Assembly.

The Labor Party, led by chief minister Andrew Barr, has been in government in the ACT since 2001 and will be seeking an eighth consecutive term in office. They are expected to be challenged by the Liberal Party, the Greens, several other minor parties and independents.

Independent politicians in Australia
An independent politician is a person who has served in a political office while not affiliated to any political party. Many of these have either resigned or been expelled from membership in political parties, and some have gone on to form their own political parties over time. In some cases members of parliament sit as an independent while still holding party leadership. This can be for a multitude of reasons including expulsion from party room, de-registration of party and suspension of membership.