hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mass gap
In quantum field theory, the mass gap is the difference in energy between the lowest energy state, the vacuum, and the next lowest energy state. The energy of the vacuum is zero by definition, and assuming that all energy states can be thought of as particles in plane-waves, the mass gap is the mass of the lightest particle.

Since the energies of exact (i.e. nonperturbative) energy eigenstates are spread out and therefore are not technically eigenstates, a more precise definition is that the mass gap is the greatest lower bound of the energy of any state which is orthogonal to the vacuum.

The analog of a mass gap in many-body physics on a discrete lattice arises from a gapped Hamiltonian.

Yang–Mills theory
Yang–Mills theory is a quantum field theory for nuclear binding devised by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills in 1953, as well as a generic term for the class of similar theories. The Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on a special unitary group SU(n), or more generally any compact Lie group. A Yang–Mills theory seeks to describe the behavior of elementary particles using these non-abelian Lie groups and is at the core of the unification of the electromagnetic force and weak forces (i.e. U(1) × SU(2)) as well as quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force (based on SU(3)). Thus it forms the basis of the understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Ching-Yao Fong
Ching-Yao Fong (Chinese: 方敬堯) is a physicist and a Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Davis, and also a published author. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, Institute of Physics.

Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based not-for-profit learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, research and application.

It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide membership of over 20,000. The IOP is the Physical Society for the UK and Ireland and supports physics in education, research and industry. In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council; it also holds its own separate Royal Charter. The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes 85 academic titles.
Joseph R. Holland
Joseph R. Holland (born June 12, 1936) is an American politician from New York.

Holland was born on June 12, 1936, in Takoma Park, Montgomery County, Maryland. He joined the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve in 1953, and rose to the rank of first lieutenant. He graduated with a B.S. in public administration from the University of Maryland in 1960. Later, he moved to Rockland County, New York. In 1973, he founded the Rockland County Sports Hall of Fame.

Holland entered politics as a Republican, and was County Clerk of Rockland County from 1979 to 1988.

Holland was a member of the New York State Assembly (92nd D.) in 1989 and 1990; and a member of the New York State Senate from 1991 to 1999, sitting in the 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd and 193rd New York State Legislatures. In April 1999, he was appointed as Social Services Commissioner of Rockland County.

193rd New York State Legislature
The 193rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6, 1999, to December 31, 2000, during the fifth and sixth years of George Pataki's governorship, in Albany.
Mud (TV series)
Mud is a 1994 CBBC television drama, starring Russell Tovey. In the series, Tovey, Brooke Kinsella and Rhona Nolasca play a group of disadvantaged children taken by their social worker (Susie Blake) to an outdoor activity centre to escape their problems.

The staff at the centre were vicious Miss Palmer (Victoria Wicks), ditsy Henry (Gareth Corke) and teenage lovers Shane and Philippa (Russell Brand and Paloma Baeza).

CBBC
CBBC (short for Children's BBC) is a British free-to-air public broadcast children's television channel owned and operated by the BBC. It is also the brand used for all BBC content for children aged from 6 to 12. Its sister channel, CBeebies, is aimed at children aged 6 and under. It broadcasts every day from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm, timesharing with BBC Three.
1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1875. Republican Party candidate Harrison Ludington was elected with 50% of the vote, narrowly defeating incumbent Democratic governor William Robert Taylor.

Taylor was once again nominated as the consensus candidate of the "Reform Party,"—a coalition of Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and Grangers. He was opposed by Ludington, who disagreed with the regulations placed on railroads and in turn received the support of railroad companies. The reelection defeat of Taylor prompted the dissolution of the Reform coalition, with the Grangers standing their own candidate under the Greenback Party in the following election.

Reform Party (19th-century Wisconsin)
The Reform Party, also called Liberal Reform Party or People's Reform Party, was a short-lived coalition of Democrats, reform and Liberal Republicans, anti-temperance forces, and Grangers formed in 1873 in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, which secured the election for two years of William Robert Taylor as Governor of Wisconsin, as well as electing a number of state legislators.
South African Class 16DA 4-6-2
The South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 include two locomotive types, both designated Class 16DA in spite of their difference in respect of firebox size and performance.

The first type was built by Hohenzollern Locomotive Works and Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1928 and 1929 respectively.

The Henschel-built Class 16DA locomotives of 1930, with their much wider fireboxes, their correspondingly larger grate areas and slightly larger diameter trailing wheels were sufficiently different from the Baldwin and Hohenzollern-built to justify a separate classification, such as Class 16DB, but this did not happen and the locomotives ended up being known as the Wide Firebox Class 16DA.

South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1928 (Narrow firebox)

South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930 (Wide firebox)

South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930
The South African Railways Class 16DA 4-6-2 of 1930 is a class of steam locomotives.

In 1930, the South African Railways placed six redesigned Class 16DA steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific type wheel arrangement in passenger train service.
Provence Donkey
The Provence Donkey or French: Âne de Provence is a breed of domestic donkey from Provence, in south-eastern France. It is now distributed through much of central and south-east France, with the highest concentration in Provence and the Rhône-Alpes region. For hundreds of years the Provence donkey was used by transhumant shepherds of the area as a pack animal in the seasonal movement of flocks of sheep between their summer pastures on the high Alps of Haute-Provence and the Dauphiné and their winter grounds in Basse-Provence.: 264

Primitive markings
Primitive markings are a group of hair coat markings and qualities seen in several equine species, including horses, donkeys, and asses.  In horses, they are associated with primitive breeds, though not limited to such breeds.  The markings are particularly associated with the dun coat color family. All dun horses possess at least the dorsal stripe, but the presence of the other primitive markings varies.  Other common markings may include horizontal striping on the legs, transverse striping across the shoulders, and lighter guard hairs along the edges of a dark mane and tail.
Rachel Coldicutt
Rachel Coldicutt OBE is a British technology expert who works on ethics, regulation and the social impacts of technology. She is the former chief executive officer of Doteveryone, a UK-based responsible technology think tank. Her career has focussed on transforming emerging technologies into products and services particularly developing new forms of expression for cultural institutions. Coldicutt is a trustee of Battersea Arts Centre and a member of the Ofcom Content Board. She previously served on the Ethics Taskforce of the Law Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Ofcom
The Office of Communications (Ofcom) is the government-approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, internet, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom.

Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms, internet and postal sectors. It has a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition and protecting the public from harmful or offensive material.

Some of the main areas Ofcom regulates are TV and radio standards, broadband and phones, video-sharing platforms online, the wireless spectrum and postal services.

The regulator was initially established by the Office of Communications Act 2002 (c. 11) and received its full authority from the Communications Act 2003 (c. 21).
Eliota Fuimaono-Sapolu
Eliota Fuimaono-Sapolu (born 31 October 1980 in Apia, Samoa) is a Samoan former rugby union footballer. He played at centre. During his career, he received considerably media attention for his constant criticism of the rugby establishment at what he perceived to be racism, post-colonialism, white supremacy and lack of accountability in rugby's governing bodies.

Samoans
Samoans or Samoan people (Samoan: tagata Sāmoa) are the Indigenous Polynesian people of the Samoan Islands, an archipelago in Polynesia, who speak the Samoan language. The group's home islands are politically and geographically divided between the Independent State of Samoa and American Samoa, an unincorporated territory of the United States of America. Though divided by national border, the culture and language are the same.

The Samoan people and culture form a vital link and stepping stone in the formation and spread of Polynesian culture, language and religion throughout Eastern Polynesia.

Polynesian trade, religion, war, and colonialism are important markers within Polynesian culture that are almost certainly rooted in the Samoan culture. Samoa's ancient history with the kingdom of Tonga, chiefdoms of Fiji and French Polynesia form the basis of modern Polynesian culture.
Oi! the Boat Records
Oi! the Boat Records is an independent record label based in Lafayette, Indiana. The label was started as a digital distribution only record label to release Yakimick's former bands' early recordings.  It has since evolved into an internationally recognized independent label with a back catalog of vinyl and digital releases from both established and relatively unknown acts from half a dozen countries worldwide.

The label specializes in punk, oi!, ska, and hardcore bands.

Lafayette, Indiana
Lafayette (/ˌlɑːfiˈɛt, ˌlæf-/ LA(H)F-ee-ET) is a city in and the county seat of Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States. The population was 70,783 at the 2020 census. It sits across the Wabash River from West Lafayette, home to Purdue University, which plays a major role in both communities. Together, Lafayette and West Lafayette make up the core of the Lafayette metropolitan area, home to 235,066 people in 2020.

Lafayette was founded in 1825 on the southeast bank of the Wabash River near where the river becomes impassable for riverboats upstream, though a French fort and trading post had existed since 1717 on the opposite bank and three miles downstream. It was named for the French general Marquis de Lafayette, a Revolutionary War hero. Lafayette is 63 miles (101 km) northwest of Indianapolis and 125 miles (201 km) southeast of Chicago.
Eusmilia
Eusmilia is a genus of stony coral in the family Meandrinidae. It is a monotypic genus represented by the species Eusmilia fastigiata, commonly known as the smooth flower coral. It is found on reefs in the Caribbean Sea.

Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite, most notably in chalk and limestone, eggshells, gastropod shells, shellfish skeletons and pearls. Materials containing much calcium carbonate or resembling it are described as calcareous. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime.  Limescale is calcium carbonate produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions. Calcium carbonate has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues.
Heart's Horizon
Heart's Horizon is a studio album by American singer and musician Al Jarreau. It was released in 1988 through Reprise Records. It reached No. 75 on the Billboard 200.

The song "Killer Love" was intended to be used in the film Skin Deep; it was omitted at the last minute.

Reprise Records
Reprise Records is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Records, one of its flagship labels.

Artists currently signed to Reprise Records include Green Day, Enya, Michael Bublé, Eric Clapton, Stevie Nicks, Neil Young, Deftones, Lindsey Buckingham, Josh Groban, Disturbed, Idina Menzel, My Chemical Romance, Gerard Way, Dwight Yoakam, Never Shout Never, and Billy Strings.
Berkheide
Berkheide is a dunal area on the Dutch North Sea coast between Scheveningen and Katwijk. It covers 1700 hectares and lies largely in the municipality of Wassenaar, South Holland. Together with  Meijendel it forms the Natura 2000 area Meijendel & Berkheide. It is part of the Hollands Duin management unit (for owner Staatsbosbeheer). Berkheide is also the name of former village that was located in the area for several hundred years.

Katwijk
Katwijk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɑtʋɛik] ⓘ) is a coastal municipality and town in the province of South Holland, which is situated in the mid-western part of the Netherlands. Katwijk is located on the North Sea, northwest of Leiden and 16 km north of The Hague. The Oude Rijn ("Old Rhine") river flows through the town and into the North Sea.

In August 2020, Katwijk had a population of 65,929 and covers an area of 31.15 km2 (12.03 sq mi), of which 6.40 km2 (2.47 sq mi) is water. It shares its borders with the municipalities of Noordwijk, Teylingen, Oegstgeest, Leiden, and Wassenaar.

Katwijk is by far the largest town in the Duin- en Bollenstreek ("Dune and Bulb Region"). Katwijk is one of the few remaining in that region that observes the Sunday rest by local law.
Pandhayam (2008 film)
Pandhayam (transl. Bet) is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by S. A. Chandrasekaran
, starring Nithin Sathya and Sindhu Tolani while Prakash Raj and Radhika play supporting roles. Vijay did a guest role as himself. The music was composed by Vijay Antony with cinematography by Srinivas Devamsam and editing by J. N. Harsha. The film was released on 19 September 2008.

Radhika Sarathkumar
Radikaa Sarathkumar (/rɑːðɪkɑː/) is an Indian actress, film producer, film director and politician who works predominantly in Tamil and Telugu cinema, TV serials and web series as well as in Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada films. She is a recipient of a National Film Award, two Nandi Awards, three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and six Filmfare Award South.
Behavioral assumption
In behavioral economics, the behavioral assumption is that, under their resource constraints, humans are rational actors – they will attempt to maximize their utilities, thereby generating the greatest profit and outcomes.

The two most important characteristics of the human under the behavioral assumption are rationality and self-interest.

Self-interest
Self-interest generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of one's self. Most times, actions that display self-interest are often performed without conscious knowing. A number of philosophical, psychological, and economic theories examine the role of self-interest in motivating human action. Individuals may have a self-serving bias towards their self-interest.
Multivision
Multivision or Multivisión may mean any of the following:

Multivisión (Cuba), Cuba's fifth national television channel

Multivision (Sri Lanka), a pay TV provider in Sri Lanka

Multivision Plus (Indonesia), a movie production house in Indonesia

Multivision (television technology), a late 1980s technology that enabled picture-in-picture display on older TVs

MVS Multivisión, a cable provider in Mexico later known as MASTV and now defunct

Multivisión (Bolivia), a Bolivian subscription TV company later acquired by Tigo

Raam Punjabi
Raam Jethmal Punjabi (born 6 October 1944) is an India media magnate and president of Multivision Plus (MVP).  In 2001, due to his production of soap operas, he was referred to as "Indonesia's own soap king".
Milites Templi
Milites Templi (Latin for "Soldiers of the Temple") was a papal bull issued by Pope Celestine II in 1144.

It ordered the clergy to protect the Knights Templar and encouraged the faithful to contribute to their cause.  It allowed the Templars to make their own collections once a year, even in areas under interdict.

This is one of the most important papal bulls relating to the Temple, and together with Omne datum optimum (1139) and Militia Dei (1145) forms the foundation for the Order's future wealth and success.

Interdict
In Catholic canon law, an interdict (/ˈɪntərdɪkt/) is an ecclesiastical censure, or ban that prohibits certain persons or groups from participating in particular  rites, or that the rites and services of the church are prohibited in certain territories for a limited or extended time.
Ásgeir Örn Hallgrímsson
Ásgeir Örn Hallgrimsson (born 17 February 1984) is an Icelandic  former handball player. After starting his career with Haukar, he went on to play several seasons professionally around Europe, including with GOG and TBV Lemgo. He announced his retirement following the 2019–2020 season.

Ásgeir played 247 games for the Icelandic national team, scoring 414 goals, and competed with the team at the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics.

Haukar Handball
Haukar (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhøyːkar̥]) is the handball section of Icelandic sports club  Haukar from Hafnarfjörður. Haukar do currently play in the Olís deildin. 
Haukar have often competed in the EHF Champions League among great results are victories over US Créteil Handball and FC Barcelona.
Aqvital FC Csákvár
Aqvital FC Csákvár is a Hungarian football club based in Csákvár, Fejér, that competes in the Nemzeti Bajnokság II, the second tier of Hungarian football league system. The team's colors are yellow and blue.

Fejér County
Fejér (Hungarian: Fejér vármegye, pronounced [ˈfɛjeːr]) is an administrative county in central Hungary. It lies on the west bank of the river Danube and nearly touches the eastern shore of Lake Balaton. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Veszprém, Komárom-Esztergom County, Pest, Bács-Kiskun County, Tolna and Somogy. The capital of Fejér county is Székesfehérvár.
Radhika (choreographer)
Radhika is an Indian choreographer. She works predominantly in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Kannada and Malayalam films. She learned dance from Uduppi Lakshman Narayan starting at the age of six. Radhika started her career at age 12 as a dancer in the movie Thalattu directed by T.K.Rajendran. Radhika has 20 years of experience in dance choreography. She worked with Tarun Kumar, Brinda, Raju Sundaram, Chinni Prakash, and Raghava Lawrence. She has worked on more than 100 films. Her first independent film was Mugamoodi, directed by Mysskin. She choreographed all the songs in this film.

Thalattu
Thalattu (Tamil pronunciation: [taːlaːʈːɯ] transl. Lullaby) is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by T. K. Rajendran. The film stars Arvind Swamy, Sukanya and Sivaranjini, while Goundamani, Senthil, Vijayakumar and Kovai Sarala play other supporting roles. It was released on 20 August 1993.
Christopher Raesser
Christopher S. Raesser (February 20, 1842 or 1843 – 1927) was a commission merchant and a Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Milwaukee.

Straesser was born in Rochester, New York, but came to Wisconsin in 1846. He received a business education, graduating from a commercial college, and worked as a wood and bark salesman. He served with the 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry Regiment from 1862 to 1866, mostly as a clerk in the District of the Frontier, Department of the Missouri, where he participated in Indian fighting in western Kansas.

Business school
A business school is a higher education institution or professional school that teaches courses leading to degrees in business administration or management.

A business school may also be referred to as school of business, school of management, management school, school of business administration, college of business, business college, or colloquially b-school or biz school.
Vacaria
Vacaria is a municipality in the northeast of the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.

It is located at a latitude of 28° 30' 44" South and a longitude of 50° 56' 02" west, with an altitude of 971 meters. Its population in 2020 was estimated to be 66,575 inhabitants. The total area of the city is 2105.6 km2. The city is known in Brazil for its climate and its production of apples.

Its Catedral Nossa Senhora da Oliveira is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vacaria, which was founded in 1937 as a territorial prelature.

Territorial prelate
A territorial prelate is, in Catholic usage, a prelate whose geographic jurisdiction, called territorial prelature, generally does not belong to any diocese and is considered a particular church.

The term is also used in a generic sense, and may then equally refer to an apostolic prefecture, an apostolic vicariate, a permanent apostolic administration (which are pre-diocesan, often missionary, or temporary), or a territorial abbacy (see there).
2012 Charlottesville Men's Pro Challenger – Doubles
Treat Conrad Huey and Dominic Inglot were the defending champions but Inglot decided not to participate.
Huey played alongside Bobby Reynolds.
John Peers and John-Patrick Smith defeated Jarmere Jenkins and Jack Sock 7–5, 6–1 in the final.

Bobby Reynolds
Robert Thomas "Bobby" Reynolds (born July 17, 1982) is an American retired professional tennis player who resides in Auburn, Alabama. He was named head men's tennis coach at Auburn University in June 2016.
Yurika Yoshida
Yurika Yoshida (吉田 夕梨花, Yoshida Yurika; born July 7, 1993) is a Japanese curler.  She currently plays lead for Team Loco Solare, which is skipped by Satsuki Fujisawa. The team won the bronze medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics and the silver medal at the 2022 Winter Olympics.

Hokkaido Bank
Hokkaido Bank (北海道銀行, Hokkaidō Ginkō) is a Japanese regional bank that is headquartered in Sapporo, Hokkaidō. The Hokkaido Bank is a subsidiary of the Hokuhoku Financial Group as a result of a merger with the Hokuriku Bank on September 1, 2004. The Hokkaido Bank has 134 domestic branches, with 131 of them in Hokkaidō, and one each in the Tohoku region, Tokyo, and Osaka.