hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Xiaohui Fan
Xiaohui Fan (born 9 December 1971 in Beijing, China) is an American astronomer, and full professor at University of Arizona. He is widely known for his studies on quasars, extremely bright supermassive black holes, detected primarily at high redshift. In 2003, Fan was named to Popular Science magazine's annual Brilliant Ten list for developing methods to investigate distant quasars. Since 2001, he was a pioneer in the detection and discovery of high-redshift quasars, introducing new techniques and practically inventing the field. Using these quasars, he has shown that supermassive black holes with masses up to 10 million solar masses existed within one billion years after the big bang. In 2019, he led an international team of astronomers that discovered the farthest lensed quasar thus far, the very first in the epoch of reionization. In 2021, his team announced the discovery of the most distant and oldest known quasar, QSO J0313–1806.

Reionization
In the fields of Big Bang theory and cosmology, reionization is the process that caused electrically neutral atoms in the primordial universe to reionize after the lapse of the "dark ages". 
Detecting and studying the reionization process is challenging but multiple avenues have been pursued. 
This reionization was driven by the formation of the first stars and galaxies.
Ottoia
Ottoia is a stem-group archaeopriapulid worm known from Cambrian fossils. Although priapulid-like worms from various Cambrian deposits are often referred to Ottoia on spurious grounds, the only clear Ottoia macrofossils come from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, which was deposited 508 million years ago. Microfossils extend the record of Ottoia throughout the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, from the mid- to late- Cambrian. A few fossil finds are also known from China.

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.
Gabunia
Gabunia (Georgian: გაბუნია) is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Davit Gabunia (born 1982), Georgian translator, playwright, and author

Giorgi Gabunia (born 1975), Georgian journalist and host

Giorgi Gabunia
Giorgi Gabunia (Georgian: გიორგი გაბუნია, [ɡiˈɔrɡi ɡɑˈbunjɑ], born 28 July 1975) is a Georgian journalist and host, son of Georgian actor and host Julieta Vashakmadze. He was the News Host of Rustavi 2 and Mtavari Arkhi and he was the Director General of Mtavari Arkhi.
Jonathan Caren
Jonathan Caren is an American playwright, producer, and TV writer.

He co-executive produced Hulu's We Were the Lucky Ones and Netflix's upcoming series Boots.

He was a member of the Primary Stages Dorothy Strelsin New American Writers Group, a MacDowell Colony Fellow, a Dramatist Guild Fellow, a winner of New York Stage and Film Founder's Award, a fellowship recipient of SPACE at Ryder Farm, a two-time Lecomte du Nouy award winner, and a recipient of the Theater Publicus Prize for Dramatic Fiction. Additionally, he was a finalist for the Laurents/Hatcher Award and a nominee for the Otis Guerney New American Playwright's Award. He was also a member of Center Theatre Group's L.A. Writer's Workshop.

His play The Morning The Sun Fell Down was adapted into a feature  by Choice Films, starring Danny Pudi.

He is a graduate of Juilliard's Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program and Vassar College, where he studied mythology and religion.

Dramatists Guild Foundation
The Dramatists Guild Foundation (DGF) is a public charity. According to its website, its mission is "to aid and nurture writers for the theater; to fund non-profit theaters producing contemporary American works; and to heighten awareness, appreciation, and support of theater across the country."
Marshall Christmann
Marshall E. Christmann III (born June 25, 1976) is a former Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 113th District, which included Pratt and Stafford counties as well as portions of Barton, Rice and Pawnee counties.

Pratt County, Kansas
Pratt County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and largest city is Pratt.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 9,157.  The county was named for Caleb Pratt, a U.S. soldier who died in the Battle of Wilson's Creek during the Civil War and who had previously been involved in Bleeding Kansas.

The county consists overwhelmingly of prairie and contains few watercourses; the most important of these is the Ninnescah River.

Farming continues to be important to the county, which is among the state’s leading winter wheat producers.
Total curvature
In mathematical study of the differential geometry of curves, the total curvature of an immersed plane curve is the integral of curvature along a curve taken with respect to arc length:

The total curvature of a closed curve is always an integer multiple of 2π, where N is called the index of the curve or turning number – it is the winding number of the unit tangent vector about the origin, or equivalently the degree of the map to the unit circle assigning to each point of the curve, the unit tangent vector at that point (a kind of Gauss map).

Degree of a continuous mapping
In topology, the degree of a continuous mapping between two compact oriented manifolds of the same dimension is a number that represents the number of times that the domain manifold wraps around the range manifold under the mapping. The degree is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientations.

The degree of a map between general manifolds was first defined by Brouwer, who showed that the degree is homotopy invariant and used it to prove the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Less general forms of the concept existed before Brouwer, such as the winding number and the Kronecker characteristic (or Kronecker integral).

In modern mathematics, the degree of a map plays an important role in topology and geometry. In physics, the degree of a continuous map (for instance a map from space to some order parameter set) is one example of a topological quantum number.
Chuck Hoskin
Chuck Hoskin Sr. is a Cherokee and American politician and former member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 6th district, which includes parts of Craig, Mayes, and Rogers counties. He served as a whip for the Democratic caucus. After leaving the House he served for four years as the Mayor of Vinita, Oklahoma. He is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation, and he served from 1995 to 2007 as a member of the Tribal Council, and in 2011 became Chief of Staff for the Principal Chief, Baker. In 2019 his son, Chuck Hoskin Jr., was elected Principal Chief of Cherokee Nation.

Craig County, Oklahoma
Craig County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,107. Its county seat is Vinita. The county was organized in 1907, shortly before statehood, and named for Granville Craig, a prominent Cherokee farmer who lived in the Bluejacket area.
Caldicot
Caldicot (Welsh: Cil-y-coed) is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. The town is located between Chepstow and the city of Newport. The site adjoins the Caldicot Levels, on the north side of the Severn Estuary. The population of the built-up area was around 11,000. It has a large school, Caldicot School, and is known for its medieval castle. The built-up area includes Portskewett. Caldicot had a population of 9,604 in 2011.

Severn Estuary
The Severn Estuary (Welsh: Aber Hafren) is the estuary of the River Severn, flowing into the Bristol Channel between South West England (from North Somerset, Bristol and South Gloucestershire) and South Wales (from Cardiff, Newport to Monmouthshire). Its very high tidal range, approximately 50 feet (15 m), creates valuable intertidal habitats and has led to the area  being at the centre of discussions in the United Kingdom regarding renewable tidal energy.
Aarhus Oliefabrik A/S
Aarhus Oliefabrik A/S (Colloq.: Oliemøllen) was a company and oil mill in Aarhus, Denmark. Established in 1871 it was one of the largest  employers and exporters in the city through the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In 2005, the company merged with the Swedish company Karlshamns AB, forming today's AarhusKarlshamn (AAK).

Colloquialism
Colloquialism (also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance) is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the language normally employed in casual conversation and other informal contexts. Colloquialism is characterized by the frequent use of expressive phrases, idioms, anthropocentrism, and a lack of specialized focus, and has a rapidly changing lexicon. It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering.

A specific instance of such language is termed a colloquialism. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is colloquial.
Hauptplatz
Hauptplatz (German: "Main Square") is the name of a number of squares in German speaking cities:

Hauptplatz, the main square in the city of Graz, Austria

Hauptplatz, a square in the city of Ried im Innkreis, Austria

Hauptplatz (Salzburg), a square, now known as Residenzplatz, in the city of Salzburg, Austria

Hauptplatz, a square in the city of Wiener Neustadt, Austria

Wiener Neustadt
Wiener Neustadt (German pronunciation: [ˈviːnɐ ˈnɔʏʃtat] ⓘ; lit. 'Viennese New Town'; Central Bavarian: Weana Neistod, pronounced [ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈnɔɪ̯ʃtɔt]) is a city in southern part of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. The city is located some 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of the centre of the capital Vienna. It is a self-governed city and the seat of the district administration of Wiener Neustadt-Land District.

Wiener Neustadt is the site of one of the world's oldest military academies, the Theresian Military Academy, which was established by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in 1751 to train officers for the Austrian army.
Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter
Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter (Five ants are more than four elephants) is a 1973–75 Swedish TV-series for children, hosted by Magnus Härenstam, Brasse Brännström and Eva Remaeus. The TV-series included songs and sketches with education about letters, numbers, positions (right, left, under, above, etc.), etc. Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter was broadcast first on 19 November 1973 on TV2 by Sveriges Television and it was also broadcast as Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar 27 November –24 December 1977. Fem myror is available for purchase on VHS and DVD and there are also PC games. The animated number segments by Owe Gustafson were later exported to the American television series Sesame Street, the Israeli counterpart Rechov Sumsum, and the Turkish ""Susam Sokaği"

Susam Sokağı
Susam Sokağı is the Turkish co-production of American children's television program Sesame Street. It aired on weekday mornings at 9 am on TRT, the state television in Turkey, in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Kłośniki
Kłośniki [kwɔɕˈniki] (German: Hinterfeld) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Świdwin, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) west of Świdwin and 80 km (50 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Świdwin County
Świdwin County (Polish: powiat świdwiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Świdwin, which lies 89 kilometres (55 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Połczyn-Zdrój, lying 23 km (14 mi) east of Świdwin.

The county covers an area of 1,093.06 square kilometres (422.0 sq mi). As of 2012 its total population is 49,181.
Pēteris Zālīte
Pēteris Zālīte (1 December 1864, Rauna Parish (now Smiltene Municipality), Kreis Wenden, Governorate of Livonia – 18 August 1939, Riga) was a Latvian philosopher, journalist and politician. He became a member of the 3rd Saeima in January 1931, representing the Labour League of Latvia and replacing Kārlis Balodis. In the elections to the 4th Saeima in October 1931, he retained his seat, which he held until the Saeima was dissolved following the 1934 Latvian coup d'état.

Cēsis county
Cēsis county (Latvian: Cēsu apriņķis, German: Kreis Wenden, Russian: Венденский уезд) was a historic county in the Swedish Livonia, in the Governorate of Livonia, and in the Republic of Latvia dissolved during the administrative territorial reform of the Latvian SSR in 1949. Its capital was Cēsis (Wenden).
Gazi Mihal Bridge
Gazi Mihal Bridge (Turkish: Gazi Mihal Köprüsü) is a historic Ottoman bridge in Edirne, Turkey. it crosses the Tunca.

The bridge was originally built by the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII (1259-1282) but was rebuilt early in the 15th century by the Ottoman frontier lord Gazi Mihal. In 1544, Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent  (r. 1520-1566) added eight arches at its western end, which had originally eight arches. Sultan Mehmed III (r. 1595-1603) added a span with two arches, which is called the middle bridge.

Tundzha
The Tundzha (Bulgarian: Тунджа [ˈtund͡ʒɐ]; Turkish: Tunca [tund͡ʒa]; Tonsus in antiquity) is a river in southeastern Bulgaria and northwesternmost Turkey, a left tributary of the Maritsa. With a length of 390 km, of which 350 km are in Bulgaria, it is Maritsa's longest tributary, though in terms of discharge it is second after the Arda. Tundzha Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Tundzha River.
A Turma do Balão Mágico (1985 album)
A Turma do Balão Mágico is the fourth studio album by Brazilian band Turma do Balão Mágico, released on September 9, 1985, by CBS Records. It was the first album without Vimerson Cavanillas due to change of voice and was replaced by Ricardinho.

According to O Globo, the album sold one million copies.

Turma do Balão Mágico
Turma do Balão Mágico ("English: The Magic Balloon Gang") was a Brazilian children's music group active between 1982 and 1991. The children also starred the TV show, Balão Mágico.

The group released six albums under the Columbia label, together selling a total of 13 million copies  and drawing up to 60,000 people in concerts. Their biggest hit is the song "Superfantástico" or "Superfantastic".
Rugby sevens at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament
The men's tournament of rugby sevens at the 2022 Asian Games was held at the Cangqian Athletics Field, Hangzhou, China from 24 to 26 September 2023.

The Sri Lanka national team competed as Independent Athletes under the Olympic Council of Asia flag for this event.

2022 Asian Games
The 2022 Asian Games (2022年亚洲运动会), officially the 19th Asian Games (第十九届亚洲运动会) and also known as Hangzhou 2022 (杭州2022), were a continental multi-sport event which was held from 23 September to 8 October 2023 in Hangzhou, China. The games marked the 110th anniversary since the creation of the first continental event, starting with the 1913 Far Eastern Championship Games.

Originally scheduled to take place from 10 to 25 September 2022, on 6 May 2022 the Games were postponed to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The new dates were announced on 19 July 2022, with the Games remaining branded as Hangzhou 2022. Hangzhou was the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing in 1990 and Guangzhou in 2010.
Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
The Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary is located in the Bargarh district in the Indian state of Odisha, covering a total area of 346.91 km2. It is situated near the city of Sambalpur's Hirakud Dam. The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is an important location for the conservation of various local wildlife and their habitat.

Bargarh district
Bargarh district is an administrative district of Odisha state in eastern India. The city of Bargarh is its district headquarters. The district was carved out of the erstwhile district of Sambalpur on 1 April 1993.
Three Princes of the Kingdom of Laos
The Three Princes was a name given to Princes Boun Oum, Souvanna Phouma and Souphanouvong who represented respectively the royalist, neutralist, and communist factions in the Kingdom of Laos in the post-WWII period, especially during Laotian Civil War.  The trio were named by King Sisavang Vatthana to form a coalition government following the independence of Laos.

Phoumi Nosavan
Major General Phoumi Nosavan (Lao: ພູມີ ຫນໍ່ສວັນ; 27 January 1920 – 3 November 1985) was a Laotian military officer who served as the military strongman of Laos during the Laotian Civil War in the 1960s.
Hesse-Hanau
Hesse-Hanau (German: Hessen-Hanau) was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire. It emerged when the former county of Hanau-Münzenberg became a secundogeniture of Hesse-Kassel in 1760. When the reigning count, William IX, also became landgrave of Hesse-Cassel in 1785, the two governments began to merge, although the process was delayed first by French occupation, and later by incorporation into the French satellite duchy of Frankfurt. The incorporation of Hesse-Hanau with Hesse-Cassel was not completed until 1821.

Secundogeniture
A secundogeniture (from Latin: secundus 'following, second', and genitus 'born') was a dependent territory given to a younger son of a princely house and his descendants, creating a cadet branch.  This was a special form of inheritance in which the second and younger son received more possessions and prestige than the apanage which was usual in principalities practising primogeniture.  It avoided the generational division of the estate to the extent that occurred under gavelkind, and at the same time gave younger branches a stake in the stability of the house.

In the rare cases in which the beneficiary was the third son in the order of succession, the second being already the holder of a secundogeniture, the domain given as a benefit was called a tertiogeniture.
Cedar Creek (Big River tributary)
Cedar Creek is a stream in Iron and Washington counties in the U.S. state of Missouri.  It is a tributary to Big River.

The stream headwaters are in northern Iron County just southeast of the intersection of Missouri Route 32 and Missouri Route A and it flows northeast parallel to Route 32 past Banner. It crosses under Route 32 and enters Washington County to the east of Logan Mountain. It continues northeast passing under Missouri Route 21 and southeast of Caledonia and on to its confluence with the Big River southwest of Irondale in southern Washington County.

Cedar Creek was named for the cedar timber along its course.

Washington County, Missouri
Washington County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 23,514.  The county seat and largest city is Potosi.  The county was officially organized on August 21, 1813, and was named in honor of George Washington, the first President of the United States.
Kunturwasa
Kunturwasa (Quechua kuntur condor, wasa back, "condor back",  Hispanicized spelling Condorhuasa) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 4,344 metres (14,252 ft) high. It is situated in the Puno Region, Melgar Province, Macari District, north of a plain called Pampa Tinaya, north-east of Macari.

Department of Puno
Puno (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpuno]; Aymara and Quechua: Punu) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's southeast, it is the fifth largest department in Peru, after Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto. It is bordered by Bolivia to the east, the departments of Madre de Dios to the north, Cusco and Arequipa to the west, Moquegua to the southwest, and Tacna to the south. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Puno, which is located on Lake Titicaca in the geographical region known as the Altiplano or high sierra.
Mosaic (film)
Mosaic is a 2007 American animated superhero film about a new character created by Stan Lee. It features the voice of Anna Paquin as Maggie Nelson and with supporting roles done by Kirby Morrow, Cam Clarke, Garry Chalk, Ron Halder, and Nicole Oliver. It was released under the Stan Lee Presents banner, which is a series of direct-to-DVD animated films distributed by POW! Entertainment with Anchor Bay Entertainment. The story was by Stan Lee, with the script by former X-Men writer Scott Lobdell.

Mosaic was released on DVD on  January 9, 2007, and had its television premiere on March 10, 2007, on Cartoon Network.

Superhero film
The superhero film is a film genre categorized by the presence of superhero characters, individuals with extraordinary abilities who are dedicated to fighting crime, saving the world, or helping the innocent. It is sometimes considered a sub-genre of the action film genre and has evolved into one of the most financially successful film genres worldwide. These films focus on superhuman abilities, advanced technology, mystical phenomena, or exceptional physical and mental skills that enable these heroes to fight for the common good or defeat a supervillain antagonist.

Superhero films typically include genre elements of romance, comedy, fantasy, and science fiction, with large instances of the superhero genre predominantly occupied and produced by American media franchises DC and Marvel, originally adaptations of their existing works of superhero comic books. Individual superhero films frequently contain a character's origin story.
Simon Carter
Simon Carter Ltd. Is a British fashion design company specialising in men's accessories and menswear, founded in London in 1985 by its eponymous director.

Whilst training as an immunologist in the early 1980s Simon Carter became inspired by the vibrant culture of London's King's Road. He had a vintage brooch copied in pewter and, after some time going from premises to premises in the King's Road sold the item to the jeweller's Cobra & Bellamy.

In 1995, Simon Carter was noted for creating the so-called 'Aspirin cufflink', which features a small headache pill sized screwtop container. The design saw Simon Carter dubbed "The King of Cufflinks" by Brighton-based Absolute magazine.

In 2013 Simon Carter Ltd. was awarded Drapers 'Menswear Brand Of the Year'.

Drapers (magazine)
Drapers is a British business-to-business magazine and website covering the fashion retail sector. It was founded on 6 August 1887 to cover the women's clothing retail trade, but today spans the whole fashion retail sector, including wider retail issues such as digital transformation, technological advances and the management of supply chains.

Drapers also hosts a series of conferences, events and awards ceremonies throughout the year to recognize the best-performing businesses and to share learnings.

The publication is owned by Metropolis International.