hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Angle of Repose
Angle of Repose is a 1971 novel by Wallace Stegner about a wheelchair-using historian, Lyman Ward, who has lost connection with his son and living family and decides to write about his frontier-era grandparents. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1972. The novel is directly based on the letters of Mary Hallock Foote, later published as A Victorian Gentlewoman in the Far West.

Stegner's use of substantial passages from Foote's actual letters as the correspondence of his fictional character Susan Burling Ward was and remains controversial among some scholars. While Stegner's defenders have claimed that he had received permission to use Foote's writings, as the book's acknowledgments page implies, others point out that he secured that permission only after falsely claiming that his novel would not use any direct quotations.

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Angle of Repose #82 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

Modern Library's 100 Best Novels
Modern Library's 100 Best Novels is a 1998 list of the best English-language novels published during the 20th century, as selected by the American publishing imprint, Modern Library, from among 400 novels published by Random House, which owns Modern Library. The purpose of the list was to "bring the Modern Library to public attention" and stimulate sales of its books. A separate Modern Library 100 Best Nonfiction list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the 20th century was created the same year.
Jacob Schumacher
Jacob Schumacher was an architect and engineer who later served as a United States diplomat.

Jacob Friedrich Schumacher was born in Tübingen (April 16, 1825) Württemberg, Germany and emigrated 1848 to the United States where he resided in Wheeling, West Virginia, since 1851 in Zanesville, Ohio.  He later emigrated to Palestine as a member of the "Tempelgesellschaft" (The Temple Society), arriving in 1869.  He was instrumental in working for the German Templers in the Holy Land and planning the German Colony, Haifa. He was an architect and engineer and served as the U.S consular agent in Haifa from 1872 to 1891.

He died on September 7, 1891.

Jacob Schumacher was the father of Gottlieb Schumacher, architect and archaeologist.

Zanesville, Ohio
Zanesville is a city in Muskingum County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. Located at the confluence of the Licking and Muskingum rivers, the city is approximately 52 miles (84 km) east of Columbus and had a population of 24,765 as of the 2020 census, down from 25,487 as of the 2010 census. Historically the state capital of Ohio from 1810 to 1812, Zanesville anchors the Zanesville micropolitan area (population 86,183) and is part of the greater Columbus-Marion-Zanesville combined statistical area.
Potapovka culture
Potapovka culture (Russian: Потаповская культура, romanized: Potapovskaya kul'tura) was a Bronze Age culture which flourished on the middle Volga in 2100–1800 BC.

The Potapovka culture emerged from the Poltavka culture with influences from the Abashevo culture. It had close relations with the Sintashta culture in the east, with whom it shares many similarities. Like the Sintashta culture, its people are believed to have spoken a form of Proto-Indo-Iranian. It was directly ancestral to the Srubnaya culture, and probably influenced the emergence of the Andronovo culture.

Proto-Indo-Iranian language
Proto-Indo-Iranian, also called Proto-Indo-Iranic or Proto-Aryan, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians,  are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC, and are often connected with the Sintashta culture of the Eurasian Steppe and the early Andronovo archaeological horizon.

Proto-Indo-Iranian was a satem language, likely removed less than a millennium from its ancestor, the late Proto-Indo-European language, and in turn removed less than a millennium from its descendants: Vedic Sanskrit (of the Rigveda) and Old Avestan (of the Gathas).

It is the ancestor of Indo-Aryan languages, the Iranian languages, and the Nuristani languages, predominantly spoken in the Southern Asian subregion of Eurasia.
Land Reform Law (Sri Lanka)
The Land Reform Law was a land reform law enacted by the United Front government of Sri Lanka, led by then Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike and executed by Minister Hector Kobbekaduwa. The law set a ceiling on the extent of agricultural land (50 acres of plantation land and 25 acres of paddy land) that could be owned by individuals. Provided for the vesting of land in excess to the Land Reform Commission (LRC). The act was amended in 1975 and in 1983.

Land reform
Land reform (also known as agrarian reform) involves the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership, land use, and land transfers. The reforms may be initiated by governments, by interested groups, or by revolution.

Land reform is often considered a contentious process, as land is a key driver of a wide range of social, political and economic outcomes. The structure and distribution of land rights has been linked to state formation, economic growth, inequality, political violence, and identity politics, making land reform highly consequential for the long-term structures of society.
Instability
In dynamical systems instability means that some of the outputs or internal states increase with time, without bounds.  Not all systems that are not stable are unstable; systems can also be marginally stable or exhibit limit cycle behavior.

In structural engineering, a structural beam or column can become unstable when excessive compressive load is applied. Beyond a certain threshold, structural deflections magnify stresses, which in turn increases deflections. This can take the form of buckling or crippling. The general field of study is called structural stability.

Atmospheric instability is a major component of all weather systems on Earth.

Convective instability
In meteorology, convective instability or stability of an air mass refers to its ability to resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear. In an unstable atmosphere, vertical air movements (such as in orographic lifting, where an air mass is displaced upwards as it is blown by wind up the rising slope of a mountain range) tend to become larger, resulting in turbulent airflow and convective activity. Instability can lead to significant turbulence, extensive vertical clouds, and severe weather such as thunderstorms.
Pankaj K. Agarwal
Pankaj Kumar Agarwal is an Indian computer scientist and mathematician researching algorithms in computational geometry and related areas. He is the RJR Nabisco Professor of Computer Science and Mathematics at Duke University, where he has been chair of the computer science department since 2004. He obtained his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in computer science in 1989 from the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, under the supervision of Micha Sharir.

RJR Nabisco
R. J. Reynolds Nabisco, Inc. was an American conglomerate, selling tobacco and food products, headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. R. J. Reynolds Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999. Both RJR (as R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company) and Nabisco (now part of Mondelēz International) still exist.
Qalay-I-Zal District
Qalay-I-Zal District (ولسوالی قلعه ذال),  also spelled Qala-i-Zal, is situated in the western part of Kunduz Province, northern Afghanistan. It borders Balkh Province to the west and Tajikistan to the north along the Panj, Vakhsh and Amu Darya rivers. To the east it borders Imam Sahib District and to the south Kunduz and Chahar dara districts. Qalay-I-Zal River flows through the district and divides it in two parts. The population is 60,600 (2006) - 60% Turkmen and 40% Pashtun. The district is almost a desert and only the irrigated land is arable. The agriculture and  carpet weaving are the most important sources of income.

The district was fought over with the Taliban in the War in Afghanistan.

The Taliban captured Qalay-I-Zal District on 6 May 2017 during their 2017 spring offensive; Operation Mansoori.

Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, historically known as the Oxus, is a major river in Central Asia which flows through Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Rising in the Pamir Mountains, north of the Hindu Kush, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, in the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea. However, today the Amu Darya does not reach the Aral Sea, and its mouth is in a dried-up area, of what was once the Aral Sea. In its upper course, the river forms part of Afghanistan's northern border with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. In ancient history, the river was regarded as the boundary of Greater Iran with Turan, which roughly corresponded to present-day Central Asia. The Amu Darya has a flow of about 70 cubic kilometres per year on average.
Julius Page
Julius Marvin Page (born February 26, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player. An athletic combo guard whose vertical leap was reported to be 39 inches (0.99 m), he played high school basketball at Turner-Carroll High School in Buffalo, New York. He then played college basketball with the Pittsburgh Panthers, staying for 4 years: in his junior season in 2003 he was named Big East tournament MVP and was a third-team all-conference selection. After going undrafted in the 2004 NBA draft, Page started a professional career in the Continental Basketball Association, playing for the Idaho Stampede. He has also played in Germany and Israel before retiring from professional basketball in 2009.

High school basketball
High school basketball, also known as prep basketball, is the sport of basketball as played by high school teams in the United States and Canada.

Top high school athletes sometimes go on to play college basketball after graduating. Some players were drafted directly from high school to play professionally in the National Basketball Association, including future NBA stars Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, and LeBron James.
Arwa Saleh
Arwa Saleh (1951–1997) was an Egyptian communist and feminist, who was a veteran student leader in the 1970s radical student movement. She was also a member of the central committee of the Marxist-Leninist Egyptian Communist Workers Party (ECWP). Much of her writing appeared in the ECWP paper, circulated underground due to state repression of communists. She also published several translations of Marxist literature in Arabic, including Tony Cliff's Class Struggle and Women's Liberation (1984). She has two published essay collections—al-Mubtasarun (or The Premature Ones/The Stillborn) and another, posthumously published, titled Saratan al-Rawh (Cancer of the Soul). She committed suicide in 1997.

Tony Cliff
Tony Cliff (born Yigael Glückstein, Hebrew: יגאל גליקשטיין; 20 May 1917 – 9 April 2000) was a Trotskyist activist. Born to a Jewish family in Ottoman Palestine, he moved to Britain in 1947 and by the end of the 1950s had assumed the pen name of Tony Cliff. A founding member of the Socialist Review Group, which became the International Socialists and then the Socialist Workers Party, in 1977. Cliff was effectively the leader of all three.
Billy Blan
William Blan (2 May 1922 – 13 April 2008) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Lancashire, and at club level for Wigan, Leeds (two spells), St. Helens and Rochdale Hornets, as a second-row or loose forward.

Rochdale Hornets
The Rochdale Hornets are a professional rugby league club from Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England, competing in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league. The Rochdale Hornets are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, making them one of the world's first rugby league clubs. Their main local rivals are Oldham, Salford Red Devils, Swinton Lions, Halifax and the Huddersfield Giants.
Jaime Bassa
Jaime Andrés Bassa Mercado,  (born 31 March 1977) is a Chilean politician and attorney. Bassa has served as the Vice President of the Constitutional Convention of Chile since 2021. A political independent, Bassa is closely associated with the left-wing Broad Front alliance.

Frente Amplio (Chilean political coalition)
The Frente Amplio (FA, Spanish for 'Broad Front') was a Chilean political coalition founded in early 2017, composed of left-wing parties and movements. Its first electoral contest was the 2017 Chilean general election, where their presidential candidate Beatriz Sánchez came third with 20% of the vote in the first round (missing the second-round cutoff by 3%). The Frente Amplio also expanded their electoral representation to 20 deputies (out of 155), 1 senator (out of 43) and 21 out of 278 regional councillors, thus consolidating the movement as a third force in Chilean politics.

In July 2024, its member parties merged into the new Frente Amplio political party.
Kevin A. Ford
Kevin Anthony Ford (born July 7, 1960) is a retired United States Air Force Colonel and NASA astronaut. Ford has received a number of special honors and awards, some of which are the Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal, Aerial Achievement Medal and the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. Ford has also logged more than 6,100 flying hours and also holds FAA certificates for airplanes, helicopters, gliders, and balloons. Ford has served in many roles at NASA since his selection in July 2000. The roles include as a Capsule Communicator or CAPCOM. He was also the Director Of Operations at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia from January 2004 to January 2005. He was pilot of STS-128 and flight engineer 2 of Soyuz TMA-06M from October 23, 2012, to March 16, 2013.  He served as ISS flight engineer for Expedition 33, and commander of Expedition 34 .

Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
The Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (AFEM) is a military award of the United States Armed Forces, which was first created in 1961 by Executive Order of President John F. Kennedy. The medal is awarded to members of the U.S. Armed Forces who, after July 1, 1958, participated in U.S. military operations, U.S. operations in direct support of the United Nations, or U.S. operations of assistance for friendly foreign nations.
Breckenridge Reservoir
Breckenridge Reservoir is a small reservoir on Chopawamsic Creek in Prince William and Stafford counties, Virginia. The reservoir's western shore is the Marine Corps Base Quantico and the eastern shore is a part of Prince William Forest Park, which is a unit of the National Park Service. The reservoir is open to fishing along with a Virginia fishing license and Marine Corps Base Quantico permit. Primitive campsites and a hiking trail are on the Prince William Forest Park side of the reservoir. Reservoir storage volume is approximately 22,500,000 cubic feet (517 acre-feet) with a 
surface area of about 1,820,000 square feet (41.9 acres).

Prince William County, Virginia
Prince William County lies beside the Potomac River in the Commonwealth of Virginia. At the 2020 census, the population was 482,204, making it Virginia's second most populous county. The county seat is the independent city of Manassas. A part of Northern Virginia, Prince William County is part of the Washington metropolitan area. In 2020, it had the 24th highest income of any county in the United States. The county is named after Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, the youngest son of King George II.
Speas
Speas is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alex Speas (born 1998), American baseball player

Ben Speas (born 1991), American soccer player

Bill Speas (1887–1969), American baseball player and manager

Jan Cox Speas (1925–1971), American writer

Nate James (born 1979), British singer-songwriter

Peggy Speas, American linguist

Ben Speas
Benjamin Vance Speas (born January 17, 1991) is a former American soccer player who played as a forward. Speas played for Columbus Crew, Minnesota United, Indy Eleven and North Carolina FC, before retiring on November 10, 2020.
Hamza Bey Mosque
The Hamza Bey Mosque (Greek: Αλκαζάρ Θεσσαλονίκης, Turkish: Hamza Bey Camii) is a former mosque in Thessaloniki, in the Central Macedonia region of Greece.
 Built in 1460, during the Ottoman era, the mosque was abandoned in the 1820s. Modern Thessalonians commonly know it as Alkazar, after a cinema that operated in the premises for decades.

Central Macedonia
Central Macedonia is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece, consisting the central part of the geographical and historical region of Macedonia. With a population of almost 1.8 million, it is the second most populous region in Greece after Attica. The capital and largest city of the region is Thessaloniki.
The Harlem Experiment
The Harlem Experiment is a 2007 studio album by The Harlem Experiment, produced by Aaron Levinson, it was a collaborative project including Carlos Alomar, Ruben Rodriguez, Steve Berrios, Eddie Martinez, Don Byron, and Steve Bernstein. It features guest appearances from DJ Arkive, James Hunter, Olu Dara, Taj Mahal, Mums, and Queen Esther.

It is the third entry in a series of albums, the first being The Philadelphia Experiment (2001) and the second being The Detroit Experiment (2003).

Aaron Levinson
Aaron Levinson (born July 2, 1963) is a Grammy award-winning producer, musician, composer and record label owner.  He has produced and released dozens of albums since starting his career with Inner City Records in 1981.
Rasul Jafarov
Rasul Aghahasan oghlu Jafarov (Azerbaijani: Rəsul Ağahəsən oğlu Cəfərov; born August 17, 1984) is a lawyer and prominent human rights defender in Azerbaijan.

In April 2015, he was sentenced to six and a half years' imprisonment. He was considered a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International. He received a pardon in March 2016.

Norwegian Helsinki Committee
The Norwegian Helsinki Committee (Den norske Helsingforskomité) is a Norwegian human rights non-governmental organization based in Oslo. It was founded in 1977 following the adoption of the Helsinki Accords. It works to ensure that human rights are respected in practice. It was affiliated with the now defunct International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights.

In 2025, the committee was designated as an undesirable organization in Russia.
2010–11 Challenge de France
The 2010–11 Challenge de France is the tenth season of the French cup competition for women. The defending champions are Paris Saint-Germain who defeated Montpellier 5–0 in the 2009–10 edition of the competition. The competition is organized by the French Football Federation and is open to all women's French football clubs in France. The final will be held on 21 May 2011 at Stade de la Pépinière in Poitiers. This will be the last season of the competition under the Challenge de France name as the cup will be renamed to the Coupe de France Feminine for the 2011–12 season and onwards.

Coupe de France Féminine
The Coupe de France Féminine (French pronunciation: [kup də fʁɑ̃s feminin], Women's French Cup) is the top annual cup tournament for French women's football clubs. The competition is open to all professional and non-professional women's teams in France. Founded in 2001 as Challenge de France, the competition was renamed as Coupe de France féminine from the 2011–12 season.

Olympique Lyonnais holds the record for most titles overall, having won ten times. The defending champions are Paris FC, who defeated Paris Saint-Germain in the final on 3 May 2025.
Juan de Arechederra
Juan de Arechederra, O. P. (Caracas, Venezuela, September 20, 1681 – Nueva Segovia, November 12, 1751) was a Venezuelan (originally Spanish Criollo) friar and member of the Dominican Order who served as the Rector of Colegio de San Juan de Letran from 1725 until 1735 and University of Santo Tomas from 1735 to 1737 and from 1743 to 1745 and Bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia from 1745 and in turn, the Bishop from 1750 until his death in 1751. In Philippine history, he is best remembered as being the Governor-General from 1745 to 1750 who baptized Alimuddin I, the only Catholic Sultan of Sulu.

Lal-lo
Lal-lo, officially the Municipality of Lal-Lo (Ibanag: Ili nat Lal-lo; Ilocano: Ili ti Lal-lo; Tagalog: Bayan ng Lal-lo), is a municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 48,404 people.

The municipality was formerly known as Municipio de Nueva Segovia and was the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia before it was moved to Vigan in Ilocos Sur during the Spanish colonial period. Despite the name, now (since 1910) the ancient "Nueva Segovia" is part of the Archdiocese of Tuguegarao.
Hinton Transit
Hinton Transit is the public transportation service in the town of Hinton in Alberta, Canada, located approximately 284 kilometres (176 mi) west of Edmonton along Highway 16. Bus service operates on Monday to Friday from 8:00am to 8:00pm, Saturdays from 8:00am to 6:00pm. No service is provided on Sundays or Statutory Holidays.

Alberta Highway 16
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 16, commonly referred to as Highway 16, is a major east–west highway in central Alberta, Canada, connecting Jasper with Lloydminster via Edmonton. It forms a portion of the Yellowhead Highway, a major interprovincial route of the Trans-Canada Highway system that stretches from Masset, British Columbia, on Graham Island, to the main Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) west of Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, near Winnipeg. Highway 16 spans approximately 634 kilometres (394 mi) from Alberta's border with British Columbia in the west to its border with Saskatchewan in the east. As of 2010, all but less than 96 kilometres (60 mi) of the route was divided, with a minimum of two lanes in each direction. It is designated a core route in Canada's National Highway System.
Jules Tessier
Jules Tessier (April 16, 1852 – January 6, 1934) was a Canadian lawyer and politician.

He was born in Quebec City, Quebec, the son of Ulric-Joseph Tessier and Mariane Perrault. He was educated at the Quebec seminary and at the Jesuit college in Montreal, and was admitted to the Quebec Bar in 1874. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1899. A practising lawyer, he ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Quebec City in 1894. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the riding of Portneuf in the 1886 election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1890, 1892, 1897, and acclaimed in 1900. From 1897 to 1901, he was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. He resigned in 1903, when he was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of De la Durantaye, Quebec. A Liberal, he died in office in 1934.

His brother, Auguste Tessier, was also a Member and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly as well as a Cabinet minister.

1900 Quebec general election
The 1900 Quebec general election was held on December 7, 1900, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada.  The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Simon-Napoléon Parent, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Edmund James Flynn.

The turnout was 29.77%.