hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marquess of Villareal de Álava
Marquess of Villareal de Álava (Spanish: Marqués de Villareal de Álava) is a hereditary title in the peerage of Spain, granted in 1889 by Maria Christina of Austria, the queen regent, to María del Carmen de Velasco y Palacios, daughter of Juan de Velasco y Fernández de la Cuesta and of María Antonia de Palacios y Gaytán de Ayala.

The title makes reference to the town of Villareal de Álava (known in Basque as Legutio), province of Álava.

Spanish nobility
The Spanish nobility are people who possess a title of nobility confirmed by the Spanish Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes, as well as those individuals appointed to one of Spain's three highest orders of knighthood: the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Order of Charles III and the Order of Isabella the Catholic. Some members of the Spanish nobility possess various titles that may be inherited or not, but the creation and recognition of titles is legally the prerogative of the monarchy of Spain.

Many Spanish titles and noble families still exist and many have transmitted their aristocratic status since the Middle Ages. Some aristocratic families in Spain use the nobiliary particle de before their family name, although this was more prominent before the 20th century.
Martha Merrow
Martha Merrow (born 1957) is an American chronobiologist. She currently chairs the Institute of Medical Psychology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Her career focuses primarily on investigating the molecular and genetic mechanisms of the circadian clock. Since joining the Ludwig Maximilian University in 1996, Merrow has investigated molecular and genetic mechanisms of the circadian clock as well as daily human behavior and medical psychology.

Chronobiology
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek χρόνος (chrónos, meaning "time"), and biology, which pertains to the study, or science, of life. The related terms chronomics and chronome have been used in some cases to describe either the molecular mechanisms involved in chronobiological phenomena or the more quantitative aspects of chronobiology, particularly where comparison of cycles between organisms is required.

Chronobiological studies include but are not limited to comparative anatomy, physiology, genetics, molecular biology and behavior of organisms related to their biological rhythms.  Other aspects include epigenetics, development, reproduction, ecology and evolution.
Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn
Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn (Arabic: محمد الثاني بن الحسين), commonly referred to as M'hamed Bey (Arabic: إمحمد باي ;  18 September 1811 – 22 September 1859) was the eleventh Husainid Bey of Tunis, ruling from 1855 until his death. He was the son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud and his second wife Lalla Fatima al-Munastiri.

As Bey al-Mahalla (Heir Apparent) he had been awarded the rank of divisional general in the Ottoman army in August 1840, and was raised to the rank of marshal on 7 August 1855, shortly after he succeeded his cousin Ahmad Bey on 30 May 1855. He retained his predecessor's key minister Mustapha Khaznadar as Grand vizier and surrounded himself with competent ministers such as Kheireddine Pacha and Generals Hussain and Rustum as well as devoted counsellors including Mohamed Bayram IV, Mahmoud Kabadou and Ismaïl Caïd Essebsi.

Bey al-Mahalla
Bey al-Mahalla (Arabic: باي المحلّة) meaning Bey of the Camp, was a title for the heir apparent to throne of the Beylik of Tunis. The title was given to the most senior member of the Beylical family after the reigning Bey. The title came the style of Highness. The last person to carry this title was Prince Husain Bey, Bey al-Mahalla, heir apparent to Tunisia from 1955 until the abolition of the monarchy in 1957. From Tunisia's independence on March 20, 1956 he was given the new title of Crown Prince.
Nitrate radical
Nitrogen trioxide or nitrate radical is an oxide of nitrogen with formula NO3, consisting of three oxygen atoms covalently bound to a nitrogen atom.  This highly unstable blue compound has not been isolated in pure form, but can be generated and observed as a short-lived component of gas, liquid, or solid systems.

Like nitrogen dioxide NO2, it is a radical (a molecule with an unpaired valence electron), which makes it paramagnetic.  It is the uncharged counterpart of the nitrate anion NO−3 and an isomer of the peroxynitrite radical OONO.

Nitrogen trioxide is an important intermediate in reactions between atmospheric components, including the destruction of ozone.

Oxide
An oxide (/ˈɒksaɪd/) is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion (anion bearing a net charge of −2) of oxygen, an O2− ion with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Even materials considered pure elements often develop an oxide coating. For example, aluminium foil develops a thin skin of Al2O3 (called a passivation layer) that protects the foil from further oxidation.
Nicolás Pauls
Nicolás Pauls (born December 20, 1973) is an Argentine actor and musician. As the brother of actor Gastón Pauls, he made his breakthrough in the television series 90-60-90 modelos and in the film Buenos Aires Vice Versa in 1996, for which he earned Argentine Film Critics Association Awards for Best New Star nomination. He is a vegetarian and supports animal welfare organisations, publishing a video with Sinergia Animal against battery cages for egg laying hens in May 2019

Argentine Film Critics Association
The Argentine Film Critics Association (Spanish: Asociación de Cronistas Cinematográficos de la Argentina) is an organization of Argentine-based journalists and correspondents. The association presents the Silver Condor Awards (Premios Cóndor de Plata) honoring achievements in Argentine cinema. The awards are considered Argentina's equivalent of the Academy Awards.

The association was organized on July 10, 1942, and the annual awards have been given since 1943, with breaks in between. The Argentine Film Critics Association is a member of the International Federation of Film Critics, also known as FIPRESCI.
Passatore
The Passatore is a cruiser-racer sailboat model designed in the late 1960s by the French naval architect Jean-Marie Finot and built in Italy between 1971 and 1982 by the Sartini Shipyards in Cervia.

Constructed entirely of laminated wood, the Passatore was one of the first Italian models produced in series using a technique based on preformed half-shells.

The boat’s name is inspired by the historical figure of the Italian bandit Stefano Pelloni, known as “Il Passatore” (the ferryman).

Transom (nautical)
A transom is the aft transverse surface of the hull of some boats and ships forming its stern. Adding both strength and width to the stern, a transom may be flat or curved, and vertical, raked aft (known as an overhung or "counter" stern), or raked forward (and "reversed", also known as retroussé). In small boats and yachts, a flat termination of the stern is typically above the waterline, but large commercial vessels often exhibit vertical transoms that dip slightly beneath the water.

On smaller boats such as dinghies, transoms may be used to support a rudder, outboard motor, or other accessory. On some yachts the transom may include a hinged swim platform, and a lazarette for deck items and leisure toys.
Edward E. Barrett
The Edward E. Barrett, or Edward E. Bartlett, was a 19th-century two-masted Sandy Hook pilot boat, built by C. & R. Poillon in 1883 and designed by William Townsend. She helped transport New Jersey maritime pilots between inbound or outbound ships coming into the New York Harbor. She was one of the pilot boats that survived the Great Blizzard of 1888. In the age of steam, the Barrett ended her pilot commission and was sold in 1904.

Sandy Hook Pilots
Sandy Hook Pilots are licensed maritime pilots that are members of the Sandy Hook Pilots Association for the Port of New York and New Jersey, the Hudson River, and Long Island Sound. Sandy Hook pilots guide oceangoing vessels, passenger liners, freighters, and tankers in and out of the harbor. The peninsulas of Sandy Hook, and Rockaway in Lower New York Bay define the southern entrance to the port at the Atlantic Ocean.
Cam Ward (ice hockey)
Cameron Kenneth Ward (born February 29, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played the majority of his 15-year professional career for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his final season for the Chicago Blackhawks before retiring in 2019.

Ward was born in Saskatoon, growing up there and in Sherwood Park, Alberta. During his three-year junior career in the Western Hockey League (WHL) with the Red Deer Rebels, he was selected 25th overall by the Hurricanes in the 2002 NHL entry draft. After a season with the Hurricanes' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Lowell Lock Monsters, he won the Stanley Cup with the Hurricanes in 2006, winning the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs. He became the first starting goaltender to win the Stanley Cup as a rookie since Patrick Roy in 1986.

2007 IIHF World Championship
The 2007 IIHF World Championship was held between 27 April and 13 May 2007 in Moscow, Russia. It was the 71st annual world championship event run by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The tournament was won by Canada with Rick Nash being named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the tournament.
Tranarossan House
Tranarossan House is an early 20th century building in Carrigart, County Donegal, Ireland. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens for Lucy Phillimore, wife of Robert Charles Phillimore. The Phillimores had bought the land on the Donegal coast in the 1890s and commissioned Lutyens to build a holiday home. The house is little documented and is not recorded in most studies of Lutyens. After her husband's death, Lucy Phillimore handed the house over to An Óige, the Irish Youth Hostel Association, in 1937. It still operates as An Óige's most northerly hostel and is a protected structure.

An Óige
An Óige (Irish: [ənˠ ˈoːɟə]; meaning "Youth"), or the Irish Youth Hostel Association (IYHA), is a non-profit organisation providing youth hostel accommodation across Ireland. An Óige is a member of  Hostelling International.
2024 Miami Open – Women's doubles
Sofia Kenin and Bethanie Mattek-Sands defeated Gabriela Dabrowski and Erin Routliffe in the final, 4–6, 7–6(7–5), [11–9] to win the women's doubles tennis title at the 2024 Miami Open.

Coco Gauff and Jessica Pegula were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Ashlyn Krueger and Sloane Stephens.

Hsieh Su-wei retained the WTA No. 1 doubles ranking after Storm Hunter and her partner Kateřina Siniaková withdrew from their first-round match.

Ingrid Martins
Ingrid Gamarra Martins (born 22 August 1996) is a Brazilian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. She has a career-high ranking of No. 47 in doubles, attained on 6 November 2023. She also reached a best singles ranking of No. 448 on 31 January 2022. She has won two WTA Tour doubles titles, both at the 250 level.

Martins graduated from the University of South Carolina in 2019, majoring in integrated information technology. As a member of the Gamecocks, she won the 2019 Southeastern Conference tournament, with MVP and Player of the Year honors, ending her college tennis career ranked fourth in the Intercollegiate Tennis Association rankings.
Rustam Dushmanziyar
Rustam Dushmanziyar (Persian: رستم دشمنزار) was a Daylamite aristocrat and the ancestor of the Kakuyid dynasty. His personal name was Rustam, but was known as Dushmanziyar, which is the Daylami version of the Persian word Dushmanzar ("he who brings grief to his enemy").

Wilferd Madelung
Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung FBA (26 December 1930 – 9 May 2023) was a German author and scholar of Islamic history widely recognised for his contributions to the fields of Islamic and Iranian studies. He was appreciated in Iran for his "knowledgeable and fair" treatment of the Shia perspective. In the obituary of the Institute of Ismaili Studies (London) where Madelung worked his last years, it reads: "With particular reference to religious schools and movements in early Islam, his studies, based on a vast array of primary sources, have enriched the discipline’s understanding of almost every major Muslim movement and community – not only early Imami Shi‘ism and the later developments of Twelver, Ismaili and Zaydi Islam but also the lesser known aspects of Sunni, Khariji and the Mu‘tazili schools of theology and philosophy."
Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces such as pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate (filtrate). This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (103–106 Da) solutions, especially protein solutions.

Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally different from microfiltration. Both of these are separate based on size exclusion or particle capture. It is fundamentally different from membrane gas separation, which separate based on different amounts of absorption and different rates of diffusion. Ultrafiltration membranes are defined by the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membrane used. Ultrafiltration is applied in cross-flow or dead-end mode.

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445  Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Mabel Louisa Dean Paul
Mabel Louisa Dean Paul (1872–1919) was a prominent English socialite and novelist during the Edwardian era, widely regarded as one of the most glamorous women in British high society. Renowned for her beauty and turbulent private life, she became a frequent subject of press fascination and public scrutiny. Over an extended period, she also displayed what observers wryly described as an extraordinary ability for becoming enmeshed in Society lawsuits, her name appearing with notable regularity in legal disputes that stirred fashionable circles and filled the columns of the press.
She was divorced by her first husband, Colonel Thomas James Atherton (1856–1920), following an adulterous scandal involving one senior British aristocrat, resulting in the eventual naming and shaming of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster (1879–1953).

Charterhouse School
Charterhouse is a private school providing boarding facilities for pupils aged 13–18 in Godalming, Surrey, England. Founded by Thomas Sutton in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London, it educates over 1000 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years. Charterhouse is one of the original nine English public schools reported upon by the Clarendon Commission in 1864 leading to its regulation by the Public Schools Act 1868.

Charterhouse charges full boarders around £48,038.40 (with the exclusion of VAT) per annum (2025/2026), alongside charging day pupils around £37,418.40 (with the exclusion of VAT) per annum (2025/2026) . It educated the British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool and has numerous notable alumni.
Bernard Lopez
Bernard Lopez de Roberts (Paris, 1813 – Paris, 30 May 1896) was a 19th-century French playwright of Spanish origin.

His plays were given on the most important Parisian stages of his time, including the Théâtre du Vaudeville, the Théâtre de la Gaîté, the Théâtre des Variétés, and the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique.

Théâtre des Variétés
The Théâtre des Variétés (French pronunciation: [teɑtʁ de vaʁjete]) is a theatre and "salle de spectacles" at 7–8, boulevard Montmartre, 2nd arrondissement, in Paris. It was declared a monument historique in 1974.
Punga Mare
Punga Mare /ˈpʌŋə/ is a lake in the north polar region of Titan, the planet Saturn's largest moon. After Kraken Mare and Ligeia Mare, it is the third largest known body of liquid on Titan. It is composed of liquid hydrocarbons (mainly methane and ethane). Located almost adjacent to the north pole at 85.1° N, 339.7° W, it measures roughly 380 km (236 mi) across, greater than the length of Lake Victoria on Earth. Its surface area is ~61,000 km2 (23,522 sq. mi). Its namesake is Punga, in Māori mythology ancestor of sharks, rays and lizards and a son of Tangaroa, the god of the sea.

Ethane
Ethane (US: /ˈɛθeɪn/ ETH-ayn, UK: /ˈiːθeɪn/ EE-thayn) is a naturally occurring organic chemical compound with chemical formula C2H6. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. Like many hydrocarbons, ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas and as a petrochemical by-product of petroleum refining. Its chief use is as feedstock for ethylene production.  The ethyl group is formally, although rarely practically, derived from ethane.
That Justice Be Done
That Justice Be Done was a one-reel American propaganda film directed by George Stevens and made in 1945 by the Office of War Information for the US Chief of Counsel at Nuremberg and the War Crimes Office of the Judge Advocate General's Corps.

Judge Advocate General's Corps
The Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG or JAG Corps) is the military justice branch or specialty of the United States Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Marine Corps, and Navy. Officers serving in the JAG Corps are typically called judge advocates.

Judge advocates are responsible for administrative law, government contracting, civilian and military personnel law, the law of war and international relations, environmental law, etc. They also serve as prosecutors for the military when conducting courts-martial.
Ronchamp coal mine railway
The Ronchamp coal mine railway is a former industrial rail track serving the Ronchamp coal mines. It is located in the French department of Haute-Saône and the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The link between the mines' local rail network and the line from Paris-Est to Mulhouse-Ville runs near the Ronchamp station via a particular station connected to the main line.

The station operated from the mid-19th century until 1958, when the mines closed. Following the closure, the station was dismantled. By the early 21st century, the site of the station had become overgrown, with only a few remnants of the installations and network remaining.

Railway track
Railway track (CwthE and UIC terminology) or railroad track (NAmE), also known as permanent way (per way) (CwthE) or "P way" (BrE and Indian English), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers (railroad ties in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable, low-friction surface on which steel wheels can roll. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast-iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers. Since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.
Giorgio Spavento
Giorgio Spavento (died 17 April 1509) was an Italian Renaissance architect and engineer, active in Venice. Probably native to the area of Lake Como, he is first recorded in 1486 when he was appointed as proto (consultant architect and buildings manager) to the Procurators of Saint Mark. As such, he was responsible for most of the public buildings around Saint Mark's Square. He designed the sacristy of the Church of St Mark, the belfry of St Mark's campanile, and the Church of San Teodoro. His principal work is the Church of San Salvador, which was completed by Tullio Lombardo and Jacopo Sansovino.

Belfry
The belfry (/ˈbɛlfri/ BEL-free) is a structure enclosing bells for ringing as part of a building, usually as part of a bell tower or steeple. It can also refer to the entire tower or building, particularly in continental Europe for such a tower attached to a city hall or other civic building.

A belfry encloses the bell chamber, the room in which the bells are housed; its walls are pierced by openings which allow the sound to escape. The openings may be left uncovered but are commonly filled with louvers to prevent rain and snow from entering and damaging the bells. There may be a separate room below the bell chamber to house the ringers.
Américo Rocca
Javier Hernández Padilla (born September 22, 1952) is a semi-retired Mexican Luchador, or professional wrestler best known under the ring name Américo Rocca. Hernández also worked as the enmascarado (masked) Ponzoña from 1990 until 1994, and as Ninja Samurai for a brief time in 1994. Hernández is a former holder of the Mexican National Lightweight Championship and a three-time holder of both the Mexican National Welterweight Championship and the NWA World Welterweight Championship all promoted by the professional wrestling promotion Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL).

Wrestling mask
A wrestling mask is a fabric-based mask that some professional wrestlers wear as part of their in-ring persona or gimmick. Professional wrestlers have been using masks as far back as 1915 and they are still widely used today, especially in Mexican lucha libre.
Ring chromosome 15
Ring chromosome 15 (sometimes denoted as r15) is a condition that arises when chromosome 15 fuses to form a ring chromosome. Usually, ring chromosome 15 forms due to the modification or deletion of genetic information on chromosome 15 in the preliminary stages of embryonic development, but it can rarely also be inherited.

All chromosomes have the capacity to form ring chromosomes. The symptoms and severity largely depend on the amount and location of the genetic information lost. If the ends of the chromosome fuse with no loss of genetic material, the individual retains the normal phenotype with relatively slight differences. However, evidence suggests that when there is deletion of genetic information at the distal unstable ends where the subtelomeric structures fuse, syndromes associated with that particular chromosome arise.

Treatment for ring chromosome 15 predominantly targets the management of these symptoms rather than the chromosome ring itself.

Chromosome 15
Chromosome 15 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Like any autosome, humans normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 15 spans about 99.7 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 3% and 3.5% of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 15 is an acrocentric chromosome, with a very small short arm (the "p" arm, for "petite"), which contains few protein coding genes among its 19 million base pairs. It has a larger long arm (the "q" arm) that is gene rich, spanning about 83 million base pairs.

The human leukocyte antigen gene for β2-microglobulin is found on chromosome 15, as well as the FBN1 gene, coding for both fibrillin-1 (a protein critical to the proper functioning of connective tissue), and asprosin (a small protein produced from part of the transcribed FBN1 gene mRNA), which is involved in fat metabolism.