hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Back-of-the-envelope calculation
A back-of-the-envelope calculation is a rough calculation, typically jotted down on any available scrap of paper such as an envelope. It is more than a guess but less than an accurate calculation or mathematical proof. The defining characteristic of back-of-the-envelope calculations is the use of simplified assumptions.

A similar phrase in the U.S. is "back of a napkin", also used in the business world to describe sketching out a quick, rough idea of a business or product. In British English, a similar idiom is "back of a fag packet".

Envelope
An envelope is a common packaging item, usually made of thin, flat material. It is designed to contain a flat object, such as a letter or card.

Traditional envelopes are made from sheets of paper cut to one of three shapes: a rhombus, a short-arm cross or a kite. These shapes allow the envelope structure to be made by folding the sheet sides around a central rectangular area. In this manner, a rectangle-faced enclosure is formed with an arrangement of four flaps on the reverse side.
Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae
Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae is a species of bacterium. It was first isolated from the phyllosphere of a leguminous tree, Acacia caven, in central Argentina. It is Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and motile. Its type strain is FA2(T) (=LMG 21958(T)=CECT 5832(T)). 
Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae tested negative for amylase activity, indicating its inability to digest starches. This aligns with many other Sphingomonas species .
Other Sphingomonas species display motility by polar flagellation. Citrate testing shows that citrate is not a carbon source for most Sphingomonas species .
There are Sphingomonas species that show resistance to many different antibiotics. In the lab, this aligns with Sphingomonas and its ability to resist antibiotics .
Sphingomonas species are known to be cold-tolerant, which means the optimal temperature for growth is around 4 degrees Celsius

Phyllosphere
In microbiology, the phyllosphere is the total above-ground surface of a plant when viewed as a habitat for microorganisms. The phyllosphere can be further subdivided into the caulosphere (stems), phylloplane (leaves), anthosphere (flowers), and carposphere (fruits). The below-ground microbial habitats (i.e. the thin-volume of soil surrounding root or subterranean stem surfaces) are referred to as the rhizosphere and laimosphere.
Most plants host diverse communities of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists. Some are beneficial to the plant, while others function as plant pathogens and may damage the host plant or even kill it.
Acartia omorii
Acartia omorii is a species of marine copepod belonging to the family Acartiidae. This species was discovered when specimens previously identified as Acartia clausi were examined and found to belong to a separate species. This species is found around the coast of Japan. It is similar to A. clausi but lacks the prominent spines on the dorsal part of the posterior body segment (metasome).

Copepod
Copepods (/ˈkoʊpəpɒd/; meaning 'oar-feet') are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthic (living on the sediments), several species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses of plants (phytotelmata) such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, or stream beds. Copepods are sometimes used as biodiversity indicators.
Henrik Ruud Tovås
Henrik Ruud Tovås (born 5 March 1987) is a Norwegian handball player.

He hails from Langhus and played as a goalkeeper for Langhus IL in his youth, later SK Njård, Fet HK, Haslum HK (several periods), Haugaland HK, HC Leipzig, Elbflorenz Dresden and Bækkelagets SK until retiring in 2019. He was capped 8 times for Norway between 2011 and 2013.

After retiring he started a career in Société Générale.

Bækkelagets SK
Bækkelagets Sportsklub is a Norwegian sports club from Bekkelaget in southern Oslo, founded in 1909. The club has sections for skiing (including ski jumping and biathlon), orienteering, handball, football, floorball and track and field athletics, previously also bandy. It is known for organizing one of the world's largest youth football tournaments, Norway Cup.
Jana Novotná
Jana Novotná (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjana ˈnovotnaː]; 2 October 1968 – 19 November 2017) was a Czech professional tennis player. She was ranked world No. 2 in women's singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) in 1997, and as the world No. 1 in women's doubles for 67 weeks. Novotná won the women's singles title at Wimbledon in 1998, and was runner-up in three other singles majors. She also won twelve major women's doubles titles (completing a double career Grand Slam), four major mixed doubles titles, and three Olympic medals. Novotná played a serve and volley game, an increasingly rare style of play among women during her career.

International Tennis Hall of Fame
The International Tennis Hall of Fame is located in Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It honors both players and other contributors to the sport of tennis. The complex, the former Newport Casino, includes a museum, 13 grass tennis courts, an indoor tennis facility with three courts, three outdoor hard courts, one green clay court, a court tennis facility, and a theatre. The International Tennis Hall of Fame is a non-profit organization with the goal of preserving, celebrating, and inspiring the sport of tennis around the world.

The location was the original home of the U.S. National Championships (now called the US Open), established in 1881. Since 1976, the complex has hosted the Hall of Fame Open, a combined men's and women's event, each year in July.
A Prominent Patient
A Prominent Patient (Czech: Masaryk) is a 2016 Czech-Slovak biographical drama film directed by Julius Ševčík. It was screened in the Berlinale Special section at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. It won twelve Czech Lions including the Czech Lion for Best Film. The film was first screened in Lucerna Kino.

67th Berlin International Film Festival
The 67th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 9 to 18 February 2017 with Dutch filmmaker Paul Verhoeven as president of the jury.

Django, directed by Etienne Comar, opened the festival. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Hungarian film On Body and Soul directed by Ildikó Enyedi, which also served as closing film of the festival.
Clive Nattress
Clive Nattress (born 24 May 1951) is an English former footballer who made 340 appearances in the Football League playing as a defender for Darlington and Halifax Town in the 1970s and 1980s. He also played for Consett, Blackpool (though not for the first team), Bishop Auckland, Crook Town (as player-manager) and Ferryhill Athletic. While still a Darlington player, he took part as a guest in Crook Town's pioneering tour to India in 1976.

Nattress was born in Durham. He is a cousin of the newsreader Angela Rippon.

Consett A.F.C.
Consett Association Football Club is a football club based in Consett in County Durham, England. They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Division One East and play at Belle View Stadium.
Murray Roth
Murray Roth (November 2, 1893 - 1938) was a writer and director of films in the United States. Roth was the writer for film producer and director Bryan Foy, and by the late 1920s began directing shorts in Brooklyn such as Lamchops.  He directed several short films for Vitaphone before moving to features including his first in 1933, Don't Bet on Love. Roth also wrote the lyrics to George Gershwin's first published song, "When You Want 'Em, You Can't Get 'Em" .

Bryan Foy
Bryan Foy (December 8, 1896 – April 20, 1977) was an American film producer and director. He produced more than 200 films between 1924 and 1963. He also directed 41 films between 1923 and 1934. He headed the B picture unit at Warner Bros. where he was known as "the keeper of the B's".
Nondelegable obligation
A nondelegable obligation (also known as a non-delegable duty) is a legal obligation or duty which cannot legally be delegated or, if delegated, the principal is still liable for said obligation. They are also known as non-assignable duties or obligations. These obligations cannot be delegated due to stipulations of public policy, statute, or common law. Nondelegation can also be written into a contract even when it otherwise would not apply. There are many types of automatically nondelegable obligations, including those involving trained professionals and those with a medical or fiduciary duty. Political duties are also often considered nondelegable. When an obligation is nondelegable, the obligee is entitled to specific performance by the obligor.

Principal (commercial law)
In commercial law, a principal is a person, legal or natural, who authorizes an agent to act to create one or more legal relationships with a third party. This branch of law is called agency and relies on the common law proposition qui facit per alium, facit per se (from Latin: "he who acts through another, acts personally").

It is a parallel concept to vicarious liability (in which one person is held liable for the acts or omissions of another) in criminal law or torts.
Gabriele Kühn
Gabriele "Gabi" Kühn (née Lohs, born 11 March 1957) is a German rower who competed for East Germany in the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics.

She was born in Dresden. In 1976, she was a crew member of the East German boat, which won the gold medal in the coxed four event. Four years later, she won her second gold medal with the East German boat in the eight competition.

She married after the 1977 rowing season. She is the stepmother of the American coxswain Peter Cipollone.

Pete Cipollone
Peter M. "Pete" Cipollone (born February 5, 1971) is an American rowing coxswain of the 2004 Olympic gold medal-winning U.S. men's eight rowing team.  He is a native of Ardmore, Pennsylvania, and attended Saint Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia and the University of California, Berkeley.  Cipollone won World Championships in the heavyweight men's eight in 1997, 1998, and 1999.
Patricia Connolly
Patricia Connolly FREng FRSE (born August 1958) is a Scottish biomedical engineer whose expertise concerns the development of bioelectronic devices for medical diagnostics and monitoring. Her recent work has largely focussed on detecting and preventing infection in wounds.

Connolly is a professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Strathclyde, the director of the Strathclyde Institute of Medical Devices, deputy associate principal of the university, joint lead for the university's HealthTech Cluster, founding CEO of Strathclyde spinout corporation Ohmedics Ltd, and a member of the board of directors of the Association of British HealthTech Industries.

University of Strathclyde
The University of Strathclyde (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Shrath Chluaidh) is a public research university located in Glasgow, Scotland. Founded in 1796 as the Andersonian Institute, it is Glasgow's second-oldest university, having received its royal charter in 1964 as the first technological university in the United Kingdom. Taking its name from the historic Kingdom of Strathclyde, its combined enrolment of 25,000 undergraduate and graduate students ranks it Scotland's third-largest university, drawn with its staff from over 100 countries.

The annual income of the institution for 2024–25 was £430.6 million of which £119.5 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £440.1 million.
Bremen-Hemelingen station
Bremen-Hemelingen (German: Bahnhof Bremen-Hemelingen) is a railway station located in Bremen, Germany. The station is located in Hemelingen on the Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway and the train services are operated by NordWestBahn. The station has been part of the Bremen S-Bahn since December 2010.

Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway
The Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway is the shortest railway link between the Metropole Ruhr and the Hamburg Metropolitan Region and hence one of the most important railway lines in northwest Germany. The Route runs over the cities Münster (Westfalen), Osnabrück and Bremen.

It was built between 1870 and 1874 by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (CME) based in Wanne-Eickel, and branched off their main (Cologne-)Deutz–Minden route as part of the Hamburg-Venlo railway. Today it is an electrified main line which has a minimum of two tracks throughout. Parts of the route are equipped with Linienzugbeeinflussung train control which enables speeds of up to 200 km/h to be attained.

Due to its constant use by goods and passenger trains rolling along the line, day and night, it has been given the nickname Rollbahn ("Rolling Line").
Didymocheton mollis
Didymocheton mollis is a species of flowering plant in the family Meliaceae. It is a tree native to Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago.

It is most closely related to Didymocheton mollissimus of Malesia and mainland Southeast Asia, D. alliaceus of the Solomon Islands and western Pacific Islands, and D. muelleri of northeastern Australia.

Bismarck Archipelago
The Bismarck Archipelago (German: Bismarck-Archipel, pronounced [ˈbɪsmaʁk ˌaʁçiˈpeːl]) is a group of islands located just off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean, part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea. Its area is about 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi).
K.L.E. Society's S. Nijalingappa College
K.L.E. Society's S. Nijalingappa College (KLE SNC) is a college in Bangalore, India which offers PU and degree courses. It is affiliated to Bengaluru City University.

The college is under the management of Karnataka Lingayat Education Society,  which provides education to poor and needy students. There are many institutions under KLE Society which offer education ranging from kindergarten to double degree courses like M.Sc., Engineering, Dental, Medical, etc. Among all the KLE Society institutions, S. Nijalingappa College is meant for degree courses. It provides coaching for PU, undergraduate and post graduate degree courses in B.Sc; M.Sc; B.Com; BCA; BBM; M.Com; BHM; MTTM; Fashion Designing courses; B.A courses.

Karnatak Lingayat Education Society
Karnataka Lingayat Education Society (KLE Society) is headquartered at Belagavi, Karnataka. KLE Society runs over 300 institutions engaged in education, healthcare and research in Karnataka and Maharashtra. The educational institutions have over 1,30,000 students and the number of people employed across all institutions is over 16000.

The healthcare institutions of KLE have a combined capacity of over 4000 beds including 1700 charitable beds that offer services to the needy at subsidized costs. KLE Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre is a super specialty multi organ transplant centre which is renowned for heart, liver and kidney transplants.
Arizona Complex League Diamondbacks
The Arizona Complex League Diamondbacks are a professional baseball team competing as a Rookie-level affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks in the Arizona Complex League of Minor League Baseball. The team plays its home games at Salt River Fields at Talking Stick near Scottsdale, Arizona. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and other countries.

Free Agents
Free Agents is a romantic black comedy starring Stephen Mangan, Sharon Horgan and Anthony Head. Originally a pilot for Channel 4 in November 2007, the series began on 13 February 2009. It spawned a short lived American remake, which was cancelled after just 4 episodes aired, although 4 more were later released on Hulu.
Lady Chaa
Lady Chaa (茶阿局, Chaa no Tsubone) (July 30, 1621—September 17, 1642) was a Japanese noble woman and concubine of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. She lived in Tōtōmi Province. She is said to be the daughter of a foundryman. When the daikan (a local official) had her husband killed, she appealed to Ieyasu, who was then the lord of Hamamatsu Castle; as a result, he punished the daikan. Lady Chaa subsequently became a concubine of Ieyasu. She was also the mother of Matsudaira Tadateru and Matsudaira Matsuchiyo. An account cited that Lady Chaa was part of Osaka Castle's Genji circle and received a copy of Genji monogatari no okori from her aunt, Keifukuin Kaoku Gyokuei.

Like other women of the Tokugawa clan, Lady Chaa was actively involved in politics, participating in councils and using her influence to protect and resolve conflicts between the temples. Lady Chaa's grave is at Sōkei-ji, a Buddhist temple in Bunkyō, Tokyo. Her Buddhist name is Satoru'in

Daikan
Daikan (代官) was an official in ancient Japan who was in charge of administrative duties on behalf of a lord or a ruler. Since the Middle Ages, daikan oversaw a territory and territorial tax collection. In the Edo period, daikan were local governors in charge of the government and security of domain and shogunate territories.
Félix Sanz Roldán
Félix Sanz Roldán (born 20 January 1945) is a retired Spanish Army general and intelligence officer who served as Director of the National Intelligence Centre (CNI) from July 2009 to July 2019. He served as Chief of the Defence Staff (JEMAD) of the Spanish Armed Forces during the first government of prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004–2008).

Sanz Roldán joined the Armed Forces in 1962 when he entered in the General Military Academy. As a military officer, he has been assigned to the Spanish Embassy in Washington D.C. as deputy military attaché and to several managing positions within the Spanish Army. In the Ministry of Defence, Sanz Roldán has served as deputy director-general for Plans and International Relations and as director-general for Defence Policy, before becoming Chief of the Defence Staff in 2004. He retired from the active service in 2019, after 57 years of service.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spanish: [xoseˈlwis roˈðɾiɣeθ θapaˈteɾo] ⓘ; born 4 August 1960) is a Spanish politician and member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He was the Prime Minister of Spain being elected for two terms, in the 2004 and 2008 general elections. On 2 April 2011 he announced he would not stand for re-election in the 2011 general election and left office on 21 December 2011.

Among the main actions taken by the Zapatero administration were the withdrawal of Spanish troops from the Iraq war, the increase of Spanish troops in Afghanistan; the idea of an Alliance of Civilizations; the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Spain; reform of abortion law; a peace negotiation attempt with ETA; the end of ETA terrorism; increase of tobacco restrictions; and the reform of various autonomous statutes, particularly the Statute of Catalonia.
Julius Kugy
Julius Kugy (19 July 1858 – 5 February 1944) was a mountaineer, writer, botanist, humanist, lawyer and officer of Slovenian descent. He wrote mostly in German. He is renowned for his travelogues from opening up the Julian Alps, in which he reflected on the relationship between man, nature, and culture. He opposed competing nationalist ideologies in the Alpe-Adria region, insisting on the need of peaceful co-existence among Slovene, Italian and German peoples.

Slovenes
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovene: Slovenci [slɔˈʋéːntsi]), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary. Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture, and history, and speak Slovene as their native language.

Outside of Slovenia and Europe, Slovenes form diaspora groups in the United States, Canada, Argentina and Australia.
Christoph Ernst
Christoph Ernst is a German civil servant, who was Chairman of the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation from 1 October 2017 until October 2018. In October 2018, he was appointed Vice-President of the European Patent Office's (EPO) Directorate-General Legal and International Affairs, starting on 1 January 2019, and he then resigned from his position as Chairman of the Administrative Council.

Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation
The Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation is one of the two organs of the European Patent Organisation (EPOrg), the other being the European Patent Office (EPO). The Administrative Council acts as the Organisation's supervisory body as well as, to a limited extent, its legislative body. The actual legislative power to revise the European Patent Convention (EPC) lies with the Contracting States themselves when meeting at a Conference of the Contracting States. In contrast, the EPO acts as executive body of the Organisation.
Carex californica
Carex californica is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to western parts of the United States.

The sedges have long rhizomes and form colonies. The smooth to roughly textured culms are 15 to 60 cm (5.9 to 23.6 in) in length. The bladeless leaves have a purple tinge and have fibrous proximal sheaths with a diameter of 2 to 6 mm (0.079 to 0.236 in) with small projections that are 2 to 6 mm (0.079 to 0.236 in) long and sometimes wider than they are long. The inflorescences are 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 5.9 in) in length.

The species was first described by the botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey in 1889 as a part of Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. It has one synonym; Carex polymorpha var. californica as described by Georg Kukenthal.

Liberty Hyde Bailey
Liberty Hyde Bailey (March 15, 1858 – December 25, 1954) was an American horticulturist and advocate for rural reform in the United States.  He was cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science.: 10–15   During the Progressive Era, Bailey was instrumental in establishing the Cooperative Extension System, 4-H youth development programs, the nature study movement, parcel post, and rural electrification.:44  In 1903, Bailey founded the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University and served as its first dean until 1913.  Bailey’s work was influential in defining rural sociology as a distinct and valuable field of study in the United States.
Bodenwerder (Samtgemeinde)
Bodenwerder was a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Holzminden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat was in the town Bodenwerder. On 1 January 2010, it merged with the former Samtgemeinde Polle to form the new Samtgemeinde Bodenwerder-Polle.

The Samtgemeinde Bodenwerder consisted of the following municipalities:

Bodenwerder

Halle

Hehlen

Heyen

Kirchbrak

Pegestorf

51°58′34″N 9°30′50″E﻿ / ﻿51.976°N 9.514°E﻿ / 51.976; 9.514

Holzminden (district)
Holzminden (German pronunciation: [hɔltsˈmɪndn̩]) is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany, with the town of Holzminden as its administrative capital. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Hamelin-Pyrmont, Hildesheim and Northeim, and by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (districts of Höxter and Lippe).
Natasha Brennan
Natasha Brennan (born 11 October 1986) is an English rugby union player who represented England at the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup. She replaced Lydia Thompson who suffered a groin injury in the warm-up ahead of England's second game against Spain.

Brennan has also played for the English women's sevens team. She scored 16 tries in only 12 games in the 2013–14 Women's Sevens World Series.

Spain women's national rugby union team
The Spain women's national rugby union team played their first match on 2 May 1989, against France, losing 0-28. The team played the Women's Six Nations from 2000 to 2006, but they were replaced by Italy for 2007, in order to mirror the men's tournament.