hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tosb
Tosp (Տոսպ in Armenian) is a district of Vaspurakan province of Historical Armenia.

The name came from the name Tushpa known as the capital of Araratian Kingdom aka Urartu. Tushpa was a name of Van city, and district called as Biaina or Biainili in the Urartu period, but after the Urartu gave the way to the Armenian Yervanduni Kingdom the district's name and the name of the city changed over. Biayna transformed to Van (city) and Tushpa to Tosp (district).

Tosp's lands were an indivisible part of Armenian culture and Armenian ethnicity since the Urartu era to the 1915-1923 Armenian genocide.

Orontid dynasty
The Orontid dynasty, also known as the Eruandids or Eruandunis, ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 330 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC. The Orontids ruled first as client kings or satraps of the Achaemenid Empire and after the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire established an independent kingdom. Later, a branch of the Orontids ruled as kings of Sophene and Commagene. They are the first of the three royal dynasties that successively ruled the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–428 AD). Although the overthrow of Orontes IV and the accession of Artaxias I to the throne of Armenia in the early 2nd century BC is traditionally treated as the start of a new dynasty, Artaxias probably belonged to a branch of the Orontid dynasty. His descendants ruled Armenia until the 1st century AD.
1803 Gatton by-election
The 1803 Gatton by-election was a by-election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom that took place on 24 January 1803.

The parliamentary borough of Gatton was a notorious "rotten" or pocket borough "in the pocket" of the Lord of the Manor of Gatton, who at that time was Sir Mark Wood. It had, at most, seven voters - all tenants of Wood. At the 1802 general election, "Wood returned himself and his brother-in-law [James] Dashwood". Both were members of William Pitt the Younger's faction of the Tory Party. At Pitt's request, shortly after the election, Dashwood vacated his seat so as to make way for Philip Dundas.

Sir Mark Wood, 1st Baronet
Sir Mark Wood, 1st Baronet (16 March 1750 – 6 February 1829) was a British army officer and engineer. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Milborne Port, Gatton and Newark. He received a baronetcy on 3 October 1808.
Billy Boy
"Billy Boy" is a traditional folk song and nursery rhyme found in the United States, in which "Billy Boy" is asked various questions, and the answers all center on his quest to marry a girl who is said to be too young to leave her mother.

It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 326.  It is a variant of the traditional English folk song "My Boy Billy", collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams and published by him in 1912 as number 232 in Novello's School Songs.

Roud Folk Song Index
The Roud Folk Song Index is a database of around 250,000 references to nearly 25,000 songs collected from oral tradition in the English language from all over the world. It is compiled by Steve Roud. Roud's Index is a combination of the Broadside Index (printed sources before 1900) and a "field-recording index" compiled by Roud. It subsumes all the previous printed sources known to Francis James Child (the Child Ballads) and includes recordings from 1900 to 1975. Until early 2006, the index was available by a CD subscription; now it can be found online on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library website, maintained by the English Folk Dance and Song Society (EFDSS). A partial list is also available at List of folk songs by Roud number.
Union of People's Fedaian of Iran
The Union of People's Fedaian of Iran (Persian: سازمان اتحاد فداییان خلق ایران) is a socialist organization that publishes a monthly magazine called Iran Today.

The organization was established in April 1994, following the Convention of Unity Congress.

Tudeh Party of Iran
The Tudeh Party of Iran is an Iranian Marxist-Leninist communist party. Formed in 1941 with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its leader, the organization held significant influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddegh's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, as well as throughout his term as prime minister. From the Iran crisis of 1946 onwards, Tudeh became a pro-Soviet organization and remained prepared to carry out the dictates of the Kremlin, even if it meant sacrificing Iranian political independence and sovereignty. The crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddegh is said to have "destroyed" the party, although a small part of it survived. The party still exists but has remained much weaker on account of being banned in Iran and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982, as well as the executions of political prisoners in 1988. Tudeh identified itself as the historical offshoot of the Communist Party of Persia.
Mühlenpfordt
Mühlenpfordt is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Justus Mühlenpfordt (1911–2000), German nuclear physicist

Philipp August Friedrich Mühlenpfordt (1803–1891), German botanist

Philipp August Friedrich Mühlenpfordt
Philipp August Friedrich Mühlenpfordt (30 January 1803, Göttingen – 1891) was a German botanist.

From 1819 he worked at "Hagenmarkt-Apotheke" (pharmacy) in Braunschweig, later studying medicine and sciences at the University of Göttingen. In 1826 he earned his medical doctorate, subsequently serving as a general practitioner in Göttingen. In 1831 he was appointed professor of zoology and botany by Karl Karmarsch (1803–1879) at the newly established Höhere Gewerbeschule in Hanover (today known as the Leibniz University Hannover). Here he taught classes until 1868.

He is known for his investigations of cacti, and the species Mammillaria muehlenpfordtii is named in his honour.
Hitch (knot)
A hitch is a type of knot used to secure a rope to an object or another rope. Hitches are used in a variety of situations, including climbing, sailing, and securing loads. They are classified based on their ability to be tightened or released, their resistance to slipping, and their strength. Some common types of hitch knots include the clove hitch, the timber hitch, and the round turn and two half-hitches.

Timber hitch
The timber hitch is a knot used to attach a single length of rope to a cylindrical object.  Secure while tension is maintained, it is easily untied even after heavy loading.

The timber hitch is a very old knot.  It is first known to have been mentioned in a nautical source c. 1625 and illustrated in 1762.
Conspirators of Pleasure
Conspirators of Pleasure (Czech: Spiklenci slasti) is a 1996 black comedy film by Jan Švankmajer. His third feature film after Alice and Faust, it was nominated for the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival.

Locarno Film Festival
The Locarno International Film Festival is a major international film festival held annually in Locarno, Switzerland. Founded in 1946, the festival screens films in various competitive and non-competitive sections, including feature-length narrative, documentary, short, avant-garde, and retrospective programs. The Piazza Grande section is held in an open-air venue that seats 8,000 spectators.

The top prize of the festival is the Golden Leopard, awarded to the best film in the International Competition. Other awards include the Leopard of Honour for career achievement, and the Prix du Public, the public choice award.
Obagunta
Obagunta is a village and panchayat in Ranga Reddy district, AP, India. It falls under Shabad mandal. According to the 2011 census, the area has a population of 358 individuals residing in 92 households. The primary agricultural product in this region is cotton cultivation.

Ranga Reddy district
Ranga Reddy district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The district headquarters is located at Kongara Kalan Village, Ibrahimpatnam Mandal. The district was named after the former deputy chief minister of the United Andhra Pradesh, K. V. Ranga Reddy. The district shares boundaries with Nalgonda, Yadadri, Hyderabad, Medchal–Malkajgiri, Nagarkurnool, Mahabubnagar, Sangareddy and Vikarabad districts.
Isaiah (album)
Isaiah is the self-titled debut studio album by Isaiah, the winner of the eighth season of The X Factor Australia, released through Sony Music Australia on 9 December 2016. The album was preceded by the lead single "It's Gotta Be You", which debuted at number 26 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The album features re-recorded studio tracks of some of the songs he performed on the show including his winning single, "It's Gotta Be You".

The X Factor (Australian TV series) season 8
The X Factor was an Australian television reality music competition, based on the original British version, to find new singing talent; the winner of which received a Sony Music Australia recording contract. The eighth season, branded as X Factor: Next Generation, premiered on Seven Network on 3 October 2016. Jason Dundas replaced Luke Jacobz as host; with the judging panel consisting of Mel B, Guy Sebastian, Iggy Azalea and Adam Lambert. The winner was Isaiah Firebrace and his winner's single "It's Gotta Be You" was released after the final. He was mentored by Lambert, who won as mentor for the first and only time.
Mariya Karakasheva
Mariya Karakasheva (Bulgarian: Мария Каракашева; born 27 October 1988) is a Bulgarian female volleyball player who is part of the Bulgaria women's national volleyball team and plays for CSM Volei Alba Blaj.

She participated at the 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship, and at the 2013 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix.

2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship
The 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship was the 26th edition of the European Volleyball Championship, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. The cities that hosted matches were Bydgoszcz, Łódź, Katowice and Wrocław in Poland, from 25 September to 4 October 2009.
Akesuk Tudlik
Akesuk Tudlik, commonly known simply as Tudlik (1890–1966), was an Inuk printmaker and carver from Cape Dorset, Canada. He is best known for his stylized carvings of animals, particularly birds with round eyes.

Kinngait
Kinngait (Inuktitut meaning 'high mountain' or 'where the hills are'; Syllabics: ᑭᙵᐃᑦ or ᑭᖖᒉᑦ), known as Cape Dorset until 27 February 2020, is an Inuit hamlet located on Dorset Island near Foxe Peninsula at the southern tip of Baffin Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.
Caffarelli
Caffarelli is a given name. Notable people with the given name include:

Caffarelli (castrato), stage name of the castrato Gaetano Majorano (1710–1783)

Carmela Cafarelli (1889–1979) was proprietor of Cleveland Ohio's Cafarelli Opera Company

Luis Caffarelli (born 1948), Argentine mathematician

A family of French church and military leaders, all of them brothers:

Louis-Marie-Joseph Maximilian Caffarelli du Falga (1756–1799), general

Charles Ambroise de Caffarelli du Falga (1758–1826), canon and prefect

Louis Marie Joseph Caffarelli (1760–1845), the first préfet maritime de Brest

Jean-Baptiste de Caffarelli du Falga (1763–1815), bishop of Saint-Brieuc

Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga (1766–1849), general

.

Luis Caffarelli
Luis Ángel Caffarelli (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlwis 'anxel kafaˈɾeli]; born December 8, 1948) is an Argentine-American mathematician. He studies partial differential equations and their applications. Caffarelli is a professor of mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin, and the winner of the 2023 Abel Prize.
Los Corraleros de Majagual
Los Corraleros de Majagual is a Colombian music group from the Caribbean coast. The group, which has recorded songs in the cumbia, porro, vallenato, and other Latin genres, has received over 30 gold records.

The group began in 1961 when Calixto Ochoa and Alfredo Gutiérrez met with Antonio Fuentes Estrada, owner of the Discos Fuentes record label. The group proposed a project of folk music in a rural context based on the accordion and the guacharaca. Fuentes named the group Los Corraleros de Majagual.

Over the years, the size of the group expanded, and "many of Colombia's biggest cumbia stars earned their stripes" playing with the Corraleros. In its larger configurations, the band "featured plenty of brass and percussion and generous helpings of high-octane squeeze box."

Porro
The porro is a musical style and dance from the Caribbean region of Colombia. It is a Colombian cumbia rhythm that developed into its own subgenre. It was originally a folkloric expression from the Sinú River area that evolved into a ballroom dance. It is played mostly by brass bands or orchestras, and danced in couples. This genre influenced some of the greatest Latin American bands of the 1960s, with songs such as "Pachito E'ché" (written by Wolfano Alejandro Tovar García, then interpreted by Benny Moré), "Se Va el Caimán", and "Me voy pa'Cataca" (originally from José María Peñaranda, then interpreted by La Sonora Matancera.)
Results of the 1874–75 New South Wales colonial election
The 1874–75 New South Wales colonial election was for 72 members representing 60 electoral districts. The election was conducted on the basis of a simple majority or first-past-the-post voting system. In this election there were 8 multi-member districts returning 20 members and 52 single member districts. In the multi-member districts each elector could vote for as many candidates as there were vacancies. 12 districts were uncontested.

There were three districts that did not have a residential or property qualification, Goldfields North (750), Goldfields South (1,400) and Goldfields West (20,000). The average number of enrolled voters per seat in the other districts was 2,078 ranging from The Paterson (551) to Mudgee (7,401). The electoral boundaries were established under the Electoral Act 1858 (NSW).

Electoral district of Mudgee
Mudgee was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales first created in 1859, partly replacing Wellington and Bligh and named after and including the town of Mudgee. Following the abolition of Goldfields West in 1880, it elected three members simultaneously, with voters casting three votes and the three leading candidates being elected. In 1894 it was divided into the single-member electorates of Mudgee and Rylstone. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation it was absorbed into Wammerawa, along with Castlereagh and Liverpool Plains. Mudgee was recreated as an electoral district for the 1927 election. It was abolished in 1968 and replaced by Burrendong.
Maucherite
Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group P41212 or P43212.

It has the chemical formula: Ni11As8 and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities.

It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German mineral collector.

Hydrothermal circulation
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water, and θέρμη, heat ). Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust. In general, this occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the shallow to mid crust along deeply penetrating fault irregularities or in the deep crust related to the intrusion of granite, or as the result of orogeny or metamorphism. Hydrothermal circulation often results in hydrothermal mineral deposits.
Utah State Route 20
State Route 20 (SR-20) is a state highway in southern Utah, running 20.492 miles (32.979 km) in Iron and Garfield Counties, without directly serving or connecting any cities.  It serves as a truck connection between I-15 and US-89 and an access to Bryce Canyon National Park. It may also be used to travel between Salt Lake City and Phoenix, Arizona.  The highway follows the route of the Old Spanish Trail.

U.S. Route 91
U.S. Route 91 or U.S. Highway 91 (US 91) is a 172.7-mile-long (277.9 km) north–south United States highway running from Brigham City, Utah, to Idaho Falls, Idaho, in the U.S. states of Idaho and Utah. Despite the "1" as the last digit in the number, US 91 is no longer a cross-country artery, as it has mostly been replaced by Interstate 15. The highway currently serves to connect the communities of the Cache Valley to I-15 and beyond. Prior to the mid-1970s, US 91 was an international commerce route from Long Beach, California, to the Canada–US border north of Sweetgrass, Montana. US 91 was routed on the main streets of most of the communities it served, including Las Vegas Boulevard in Las Vegas and State Street in Salt Lake City. From Los Angeles to Salt Lake, the route was built along the corridor of the Arrowhead Trail.  A portion of the highway's former route in California is currently State Route 91.
Frederick Seabrook
Frederick James Seabrook (9 January 1899 – 7 August 1979) was an English first-class cricketer active 1919–35 who played for Gloucestershire and Cambridge University. He was born in Brockworth and died in Cirencester. He appeared in 143 first-class matches as a left-handed batsman who occasionally bowled slow left arm orthodox spin. Seabrook scored 5,335 career runs with a highest score of 136, one of eight centuries; he held 82 catches and took eight wickets with a best return of four for 77.

Century (cricket)
In cricket, a century is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings by a batter. The term is also included in "century partnership" which occurs when two batsmen add 100 runs to the team total when they are batting together. A century is regarded as a landmark score for batters and a player's number of centuries is generally recorded in their career statistics. Scoring a century is loosely equivalent in merit to a bowler taking a five-wicket haul, and is commonly referred to as a ton or hundred. Scores of more than 200 runs are still statistically counted as a century, although these scores are referred to as double (200–299 runs), triple (300–399 runs), and quadruple centuries (400–499 runs), and so on. Reaching 50 runs in an innings is known as a half-century.

Scoring a century at Lord's cricket ground in London earns the batter a place on the Lord's honours boards.
Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun
Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun, or in full Abu Mohammed Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun al-Yaburi عبد المجيد بن عبدون اليابري (c. 1050-1135, died in Évora) was a poet from Al-Andalus. He was the secretary of one of the two kings of the Taifa of Badajoz (governing in Évora) Umar ibn Mohammed al-Muwakkil (1078) of the Berber Miknasa Aftasid dynasty. When the Aftasid dynasty was defeated and Badajoz conquered by the Almoravids, Ibn Abdun became the secretary of Yusuf ibn Tashfin and later of his son Ali ibn Yusuf. He wrote a diwan. One of his best known poems is a qasida (elegy) on the downfall of the house of the Aftasids, known as al-Qasidah al-bassamah or sometimes the Abduniyya. Ibn Badrun (died 1211), himself a well known poet of Al-Andalus, wrote a lengthy commentary on the poems and prose of Ibn Abdun (Cup of the Flower and Shell of the Pearl), translated and edited by Reinhart Dozy in 1848.

Diwan (poetry)
A diwan (from Persian دیوان divân [d̪iːˈvɒːn]; Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈwaːn]) is a collection of poems by a single author – usually excluding the poet's long poems – in Islamic cultures of West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, Sicily and South Asia.

The vast majority of Diwan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals (or gazels, which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition) or kasîdes. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mesnevî—a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the Layla and Majnun (ليلى و مجنون) of Fuzûlî and the Hüsn ü Aşk (حسن و عشق – 'Beauty and Love') of Şeyh Gâlib.

Originating in Persian literature, the idea spread to the Arab, Turkic and Indic worlds, and the term was sometimes used in Europe, albeit not always in the same way.
Herbert Hagen
Herbert Martin Hagen (20 September 1913 – 7 August 1999) was a German SS-Sturmbannführer of Nazi Germany and a convicted war criminal. Hagen served as personal assistant to the SS police chief in Paris Carl Oberg, heading the Gestapo department. Hagen was captured in 1945, but released in 1948. In 1955 he was sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia in France, after he was found guilty of being instrumental in the deportation of the Jews from France; nonetheless, he managed to avoid going to prison, and became a prominent West German industrialist. In 1980 after a change in the law to allow retrial of cases handled abroad, he was sentenced to 12 years in prison by a Cologne court, for his key role in the deportation of 73,000 Jews to the Auschwitz death camp. Hagen was released after serving only four years of prison, he died in Rüthen in 1999.

Trial in absentia
Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present. In absentia is Latin for "in (the) absence". Its interpretation varies by jurisdiction and legal system.

In common law legal systems, the phrase is more than a spatial description. In these systems, it suggests a recognition of a violation of a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings in a criminal trial. Conviction in a trial in which a defendant is not present to answer the charges is held to be a violation of natural justice. Specifically, it violates the second principle of natural justice, audi alteram partem (hear the other party).

In some civil law legal systems, such as that of Italy, absentia is a recognized and accepted defense strategy. Such trials may require the presence of the defendant's lawyer, depending on the country.
Tae-il
Tae-il is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Jeon Tae-il (1948–1970), South Korean activist who burned himself to death in protest of the poor working conditions in South Korean factories

Yoon Tae-il (born 1964), South Korean handball player

Chang Tae-il (born 1965), South Korean boxer

Taeil (born 1990), South Korean singer, member of boy band Block B

Taeil (singer) (born Moon Tae-il, 1994), South Korean singer, former member of boy band NCT

Fictional characters with this name include:

Han Tae-il, in 2014 South Korean film Man in Love

Park Tae-il, in 2014 South Korean television series You're All Surrounded

You're All Surrounded
You're All Surrounded (Korean: 너희들은 포위됐다) is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Lee Seung-gi, Cha Seung-won, Go Ara, Ahn Jae-hyun, Park Jung-min, Oh Yoon-ah, and Sung Ji-ru. It aired on SBS from May 7 to July 17, 2014, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) for 20 episodes.
Francis O'Brien (Canadian politician)
Francis Gerard O'Brien (December 15, 1927 – August 15, 2020) was a Canadian politician and farmer. He represented 2nd Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1982 to 1989 as a Progressive Conservative.

O'Brien was born in 1927 in Morell, Prince Edward Island. He married Rosella Magennis in 1953. He was a mink and beef farmer before entering politics.

O'Brien entered provincial politics in the 1982 election, when he was elected councillor for the electoral district of 2nd Kings. He was re-elected in 1986, but was defeated by Liberal Walter Bradley when he ran for re-election in 1989.

Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
The Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island (French: Assemblée législative de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard) together with the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island form the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island. The Legislative Assembly meets at Province House, which is at the intersection of Richmond and Great George Streets in Charlottetown. Bills passed by the Assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.