hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens. The technique is named after Örjan Ouchterlony, the Swedish physician who developed the test in 1948 to evaluate the production of diphtheria toxins from isolated bacteria.

Diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted mainly by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (but also by Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis),  the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. The toxin gene is encoded by a prophage called corynephage β.
The toxin causes the disease in humans by gaining entry into the cell cytoplasm and inhibiting protein synthesis.
Hollywood Lakes Open
The Hollywood Lakes Open was a golf tournament on the LPGA Tour, played only in 1968.  It was played at the Hollywood Lakes Country Club in Hollywood, Florida. Peggy Wilson won the event by one stroke over Carol Mann.

Carol Mann
Carol Mann (February 3, 1941 – May 20, 2018) was an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1961 and won two major championships and 38 LPGA Tour events in all.  She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.
Lebanese Military Museum
The Lebanese Military Museum (Arabic: المتحف العسكري Al Mathaf al-askari) is part of the Lebanese Armed Forces and dedicated for the preservation of old Lebanese military antiques. The museum is currently located at the Ministry of National Defense, in Yarze.

Lebanese Armed Forces
The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF; Arabic: القوات المسلحة اللبنانية, romanized: Al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥa al-Lubnāniyya), also known as the Lebanese Army (Arabic: الجيش اللبناني, romanized: Al-Jaish al-Lubnani), is the national military of the Republic of Lebanon. It consists of three branches, the ground forces, the air force, and the navy. The motto of the Lebanese Armed Forces is "Honor, Sacrifice, Loyalty" (Arabic: شرف · تضحية  · وفاء, romanized: Sharaf.Tadhia.Wafa). In politically unstable Lebanon, the Lebanese army has been described as one of the few state institutions in the country trusted by both the Lebanese population and the international community; and a guarantor of stability in multi-sectarian Lebanon.
Navaga
The navaga (Eleginus nawaga) is a relatively small species of fish in the cod family Gadidae. It inhabits the European arctic and subarctic waters of the Barents, White, and Kara seas, from the Kola Bay to the Ob River estuary.

Navaga fish usually occur at shallow depths, along shores with soft bottoms, close to the ice and on the continental shelf. In winter, they live in nearshore waters, where spawning takes place. They are often found in estuaries and can enter fresh water in rivers. In  summer, they return to open waters.  They feed on crustaceans, benthic animals, and small fish. They can grow to at least to 42 cm but typical adult size is smaller, being only 15–25 cm in the White Sea.

The navaga is commercially fished mainly in the winter in the bays of the White Sea. The European navaga is a close relative of the saffron cod (E. gracilis), a Pacific sister species.

Subarctic
The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of hemiboreal regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Fennoscandia, Northwestern Russia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Generally, subarctic regions fall between 50°N and 70°N latitude, depending on local climates. Precipitation is usually low, and vegetation is characteristic of the taiga.

Daylight at these latitudes is quite extreme between summer and winter due to its high latitude. Near the summer solstice for instance, subarctic regions can experience an all-night period of either civil, nautical, or astronomical twilight (or in the northern reaches full daylight), since the sun never dips more than 18 degrees below the horizon. Noctilucent clouds are best observed within this range of latitude.
Hassanabad, Hunza
Hassanabad is one of the villages of the Hunza Valley in Gilgit Baltistan region. Situated in the Karakoram mountain range, the village lies at risk to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) originating from the surrounding glaciers specially the Shishper Glacier. The Karakoram Highway (KKH) crawls through Hassanabad, with total length of 5 kilometers. Hassanabad is known for power generation, with almost all of the hydro-power projects of Hunza located here, except for Ahmedabad Hydel Power Plant.

Glacial lake outburst flood
A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood caused by the failure of a dam containing a glacial lake. An event similar to a GLOF, where a body of water contained by a glacier melts or overflows the glacier, is called a jökulhlaup. The dam can consist of glacier ice or a terminal moraine. Failure can happen due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or cryoseism, volcanic eruptions under the ice, or massive displacement of water in a glacial lake when a large portion of an adjacent glacier collapses into it.

Increasing glacial melting because of climate change, alongside other environmental effects of climate change (i.e. permafrost melting) mean that regions with glaciers are likely to see increased flooding risks from GLOFs. This is especially true in the Himalayas where geologies are more active.

A 2023 study found 15 million people at risk from this hazard, mostly in China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Peru.
Andrew Essex
Andrew Essex is an American business executive and author based in New York City. He is a Senior Managing Partner at Tata Consultancy Services, a subsidiary of the Tata Group. Previously, he was a Senior Advisor at McKinsey & Company. Essex is the former chief executive officer of Tribeca Enterprises, the parent company of Tribeca Film Festival. Until 2015, he was the chairman and founding CEO of Droga5, a creative-advertising agency.

Additionally, he is the cofounder of creative marketing services company, Plan A, along with MT Carney. During the administration of Mayor Bill de Blasio, he chaired the Mayor’s Creative Council, a coalition of executives and creative leaders from private marketing, advertising and media aiming to more effectively connect New Yorkers to information, resources and initiatives. Essex is a frequent public speaker on media and marketing strategies. He is an angel investor, public speaker, educator, and advisor and board member to multiple platforms.

Tata Consultancy Services
Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) is an Indian multinational technology company specializing in information technology services and consulting. Headquartered in Mumbai, it is a part of the Tata Group and operates in 150 locations across 46 countries. As of 2024, Tata Sons owned 71.74% of TCS, and close to 80% of Tata Sons' dividend income came from TCS.

TCS ranked seventh on the Fortune India 500 list for 2024. In September 2021, TCS recorded a market capitalization of US$200 billion, becoming the first Indian IT company to achieve this valuation. In 2012, it was the world's second-largest user of U.S. H-1B visas.
Michelangelo Faggioli
Michelangelo Faggioli (1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebrated amateur composer of humorous cantatas in Neapolitan dialect. A founder of a new genre of Neapolitan comedy, he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in 1706.

Neapolitan language
Neapolitan (autonym: ('o n)napulitano [(o n)napuliˈtɑːnə]; Italian: napoletano) is a Romance language of the Southern Italo-Romance group spoken in most of continental Southern Italy. It is named after the Kingdom of Naples, which once covered most of the area, and the city of Naples was its capital. On 14 October 2008, a law by the Region of Campania stated that Neapolitan was to be protected.

While the language group is native to much of continental Southern Italy or the former Kingdom of Naples, the terms Neapolitan, napulitano or napoletano may also instead refer more narrowly to the specific variety spoken natively in the city of Naples and the immediately surrounding Naples metropolitan area and Campania region. The present article mostly deals with this variety, which enjoys a certain degree of prestige and has historically wide written attestations.
Little Inkberrow
Little Inkberrow is a village in Worcestershire, England.

Ralph Ardern inherited the Worcestershire manor of Little Inkberrow  between 1382 (the death of his father, Henry de Ardern) and 1408 (the death of his mother).

Henry de Ardern
Henry de Ardern, or Henry Ardern, was a Member of Parliament for Warwickshire in 1377 and again in 1380, and for Worcestershire from November 1381.

In 1373 Henry bought Park Hall, near Castle Bromwich, from Sir John Botetourt. In 1377, or 1378, he was granted the manors of Croome Adam (now Earls Croome) and Grafton Flyford by the Earl of Warwick for a red rose.

He was the son of Ralph de Ardern and probably born at Curdworth. He died in 1382.

He married and had a son, Ralph Ardern who also became the Member of Parliament for Worcestershire in March 1406.
Terje Vareberg
Terje Vareberg (born 15 October 1948) is a Norwegian economist and business executive.

He was born in Vestre Åmøy in Rennesøy, and graduated as economist from the Norwegian School of Economics in 1974.

He has worked for the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, and for Statoil. From 1983 to 1989 he was director of Agro Fellesslakteri. He was chairman of the board of SpareBank 1 SR-Bank from 1994, and CEO from 2000. In 2005, he was elected chairman of the Norwegian Savings Banks Association. He has been chairman of the board of Norsk Hydro, the Western Norway Regional Health Authority, Statkraft. the International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS), and Stavanger Aftenblad. He has also been member of the board of Rogaland Teater.

Ministry of Energy (Norway)
The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Energy (Norwegian: Energidepartementet) is a Norwegian ministry responsible for energy, including petroleum and natural gas production in the North Sea. It is led by Minister of Energy Terje Aasland of the Labour Party since 2022. The department must report to the legislature, the Storting.
Tourism in Ukraine
Tourism in Ukraine attracted more than 20 million foreign citizens every year before the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea. Since 2014 this has halved. Visitors come from Europe, Turkey and Israel.

Ukraine offers tourists skiing, hiking, hunting, and fishing opportunities. There are nature reserves, historic churches and castles and other architectural treasures throughout the country. Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa and Kamyanets-Podilskyi are considered to be Ukraine's principal tourist centres. Other cities are less well known to tourists, such as Odesa.

The country's tourism industry is underdeveloped, but it does provide crucial support for Ukraine's economy. Since 2005 citizens of European Union and EFTA, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and South Korea no longer require a visa to visit Ukraine for tourism purposes.

Kyiv Pechersk Lavra
The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra or Kyievo-Pecherska Lavra (Ukrainian: Києво-Печерська лавра), also known as the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves, is a historic lavra or large monastery of Eastern Christianity that gave its name to the Pecherskyi District where it is located in Kyiv.

Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1051, the Lavra has been a preeminent center of Eastern Christianity in Eastern Europe.
Porepunkah railway station
Porepunkah railway station was located on the Bright line serving the town of Porepunkah in Victoria. It opened on 17 October 1890 and closed on 30 November 1983.

Porepunkah station was the location where the Manfield family transported tourists who were staying with them on their trips to Mount Buffalo Chalet. It is now part of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail.

Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail
The Murray to Mountains Rail Trail is a cycling and walking rail trail in northern Victoria, Australia. It extends from Wangaratta to Bright, with a side branch to Beechworth, following the route of the former Bright railway line. This side branch trail is planned to be extended from Beechworth to Yackandandah. AU$12m was budgeted by the Victoria State Government for this extension in May 2017.  Unusually for a rail trail, it is sealed for virtually the entire distance of approximately 95 kilometres.

Another section, from Rutherglen to Wahgunyah on the Murray was completed in 2009. There is an on-road "preferred route" connecting Rutherglen to Bowser via Chiltern. A third section extends south from Wangaratta to Oxley, connecting with a bike path from there to Milawa.
Ivan Lenković
Ivan Lenković (died 22 June 1569) was a Habsburg Croatian army general and the leader of the Uskoks. He carried the title of baron. He is noted for the construction of Nehaj Fortress and as a captain of the Senj area. He also contributed in organizing the Military Frontier.

During the Ottoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress was on 7 April 1569, liberated by Split noblemen Ivan Alberti and Nikola Cindro. Bey Mustafa responded by bringing under Klis Fortress more than 10,000 soldiers. General Ivan Lenković with 1,000 Uskoks came in relief, to some 1500 Klis defenders. During the battle, Lenković withdrew, after he himself was wounded, and the fortress was delivered to the Turks, on 31 May. However, this temporary relief resounded in Europe and among the local population. He died in Metlika on 22 June 1569 and is buried in Novo Mesto Franciscan Church.

Senj
Senj is a town on the upper Adriatic coast in Croatia, in the foothills of the Mala Kapela and Velebit mountains.

The symbol of the town is the Nehaj Fortress (Croatian: Tvrđava Nehaj) which was completed in 1558. For a time this was the seat of the Uskoks, who were Christian refugees from Ottoman Bosnia resettled here to protect the Habsburg borderlands. The Republic of Venice accused the Uskoks of piracy and declared war on them, which led to their expulsion following a truce in 1617.

Senj is to be found in the Lika-Senj County of Croatia, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gospić-Senj and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rijeka.
Heimstock
The Heimstock (el. 3,102 metres) is a mountain of the Glarus Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Uri and Graubünden. It lies between the Maderanertal (Uri) and the Val Russein (Graubünden). On its northern side lies the Hüfi Glacier.

Maderanertal
The Maderanertal is an Alpine valley of the canton of Uri in Central Switzerland. It is drained by the Chärstelenbach, a stream that is a right tributary of the Reuss at Amsteg. The highest mountain in the Maderanertal is the Oberalpstock with a height of 3,328 metres above sea level. Other important summits are the Schärhorn, the Clariden, the Düssi, the Gross Windgällen, the Gross Ruchen, Piz Giuv and the Bristen.

The Maderanertal include two large lateral valleys: the Etzlital and the Brunnital, drained by the Etzlibach and the Brunnibach respectively (both left tributaries). The upper valley is heavily glaciated, the largest glacier being the Hüfi Glacier.

The Maderanertal belongs to the municipality of Silenen. The main locality is Bristen, at an elevation of 770 metres. The locality of Golzern, located near the Golzernsee at 1,400 metres, is a popular destination in the valley. It can be reached by a cable car.
Chkalov, Khangalassky District, Sakha Republic
Chkalov (Russian: Чкалов) is a rural locality (a selo), one of two settlements, in addition to Kharyyalakh and Tit-Ary, the centre of the rural settlement, in Tit-Arinsky Rural Okrug of Khangalassky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located 116 kilometers (72 mi) from Pokrovsk, the administrative center of the district and 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from Tit-Ary. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 284.

Tit-Ary
Tit-Ary (Russian: Тит-Ары) is the name of several rural localities in the Sakha Republic, Russia:

Tit-Ary, Khangalassky District, Sakha Republic, a selo in Tit-Arynsky Rural Okrug of Khangalassky District

Tit-Ary, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic, a selo in Tit-Arynsky Rural Okrug of Ust-Aldansky District
Internexin
Internexin, alpha-internexin, is a Class IV intermediate filament approximately 66 kDa. The protein was originally purified from rat optic nerve and spinal cord. The protein copurifies with other neurofilament subunits, as it was originally discovered, however in some mature neurons it can be the only neurofilament expressed. The protein is present in developing neuroblasts and in the central nervous system of adults. The protein is a major component of the intermediate filament network in small interneurons and cerebellar granule cells, where it is present in the parallel fibers.

Interneuron
Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons,  association neurons, connector neurons, or intermediate neurons) are neurons that are not specifically motor neurons or sensory neurons.  Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). They play vital roles in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.

Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions. However, interneurons are generally considered to operate mainly within local brain areas. The interaction between interneurons allows the brain to perform complex functions such as learning and decision-making.
2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone
2-[2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl]cyclopentanone (trade name by Givaudan: Nectaryl) is an organic compound belonging to the group of ketones and cycloalkanes. The compound is used as a fragrance.

Ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone /ˈkiːtoʊn/ is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). A ketone derived from an alkane is an alkanone. The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' are methyl), with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids, e.g., testosterone, and the solvent acetone.
BXI (EP)
BXI is a collaborative EP by the Japanese band Boris and the Cult lead vocalist Ian Astbury. The EP was released in September 2010 in CD, black, blue and pink vinyl, and digital formats through Southern Lord Records. Boris and Ian Astbury had performed live together, including on May 30, 2010, at the Sydney Opera House and on September 7, 2010, at the Brooklyn Masonic Temple in Brooklyn, New York.

Southern Lord Records
Southern Lord is an American heavy metal record label that was founded in 1998 by Greg Anderson. It initially specialized in experimental metal: particularly doom metal, stoner rock, and drone metal.  The label later expanded its line-up to include artists from black metal, hardcore punk and crust punk bands.
Uruguay women's national football team
The Uruguay women's national football team represents Uruguay in international women's football.

The women's football section of the Uruguayan Football Association started in 1996, and the first official competition of the national team took place in the 1998 South American Championship. Separately, there was a women's football team representing Uruguay at least as early as 1962, when they played an international game at Estadio Belvedere against Argentina. The best performance to date in the South American Championship came in 2006, when Uruguay earned third place.

Estadio Belvedere
Estadio Belvédère is a football stadium in the Belvedere district of Montevideo, Uruguay. The stadium holds 8,000 people and was inaugurated in July 1909.

On August 15, 1910, the stadium hosted the match where the Uruguay national football team wore their signature light blue jerseys for the first time (as a tribute to the River Plate team that had defeated Alumni wearing a similar shirt). The game ended in a 3–1 victory over Argentina.

The stadium was formerly owned by the Montevideo Wanderers. In August 1938 the Government of Uruguay led by Alfredo Baldomir ceded the venue to Liverpool Football Club by decree nº 1130/38.
Zab'a
Zab'a (Arabic: زبعة), was a Palestinian Arab village in the District of Baysan. It was depopulated by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 12, 1948, as part of Operation Gideon. It was located
5.5 km northeast of Baysan on Wadi Yubla or Wadi al-'Ashsha.

Operation Gideon
Operation Gideon was a Haganah offensive launched in the closing days of the British Mandate in Palestine, as part of the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. Its objectives were to capture Beisan (Beit She'an), clear the surrounding villages and Bedouin camps and block one of the possible entry routes for Transjordanian forces. It was part of Plan Dalet. The operation was carried out by the Golani brigade between 10–15 May 1948. Avraham Yoffe commanded the battalion that captured Beisan. The 1947 UN Partition Plan allocated Beisan and most of its district to the proposed Jewish state. It is possible that Irgun units were involved in parts of the operation. Following the operation, the town formally surrendered with most of its residents fleeing.   Most Arab Christians relocated to Nazareth. A ma'abarah (refugee camp) inhabited mainly by North African immigrants was also erected in Beit She'an, and it later became a development town.
Fairglen Additions
The Fairglen Additions is an example of Mid-century modern-style tract housing located in San Jose, California, US. Comprising 218 single-family houses within the Willow Glen neighborhood of San Jose, this district was built between 1959 and 1961. The additions were developed by  real estate developer Joseph Eichler and designed by architectural firms Anshen & Allen, Jones Emmons & Associates, and Claude Oakland Architect & Associates. Thirteen distinct home plans were executed on approximately 6,000 square feet (560 m2) lots. These residences feature open floor plans that accentuate privacy and the seamless transition between indoor and outdoor living, characteristic of Eichler homes and subdivisions. The Fairglen Additions was officially recognized and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 2019.

Tract housing
Tract housing, sometimes informally known as cookie cutter housing, is a type of housing development in which multiple similar houses are built on a tract (area) of land that is subdivided into smaller lots. Tract housing developments are found in suburb developments that were modeled on the "Levittown" concept and sometimes encompass large areas of dozens of square miles.
John Whitley
John Whitley could refer to:

John Robinson Whitley (1843–1922), British entrepreneur

John Henry Whitley (1866–1935), British politician

John Whitley (RAF officer) (1905–1997), British Air Marshal

John Whitley (prison warden) (born 1944), American corrections official

John E. Whitley (born 1970), American government official

John Whitley (prison warden)
John P. Whitley (born January 1944 in Hammond, Louisiana) is a former Louisiana corrections officer who served as the warden of Louisiana State Penitentiary (or Angola Prison), the largest maximum-security in the United States, from 1990 to 1995. Time magazine credited Warden Whitley with turning around hopelessness and violence at Angola with "little more than his sense of decency and fairness."