hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Budget constraint
In economics, a budget constraint represents all the combinations of goods and services that a consumer (or other decision-maker) can purchase given current prices and a given level of income or wealth. In consumer theory, the budget constraint and a preference map (or system of indifference curves) are the basic tools used to analyse consumer choice. In the standard two-good case, the budget constraint can be represented graphically as a straight line showing the trade-off between the two goods. If  and  denote the quantities of two goods, with prices  and , and  denotes income, the budget line is given by

Solving for  yields

where  is the vertical intercept (the maximum amount of  the consumer can buy if ) and  is the slope of the budget line, representing the opportunity cost of one more unit of  in terms of  forgone. Similar constraints appear in models of labour–leisure choice, intertemporal consumption, firm behaviour and international trade.

Goods
In economics, goods are anything that is good, usually in the sense that it provides welfare or utility to someone. Goods can be contrasted with bads, i.e. things that provide negative value for users, like chores or waste. A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare.

Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.

Goods are the result of the secondary sector of the economy which involves the transformation of raw materials or intermediate goods into goods.
T. J. Connolly (hurler)
T. J. Connolly (born 1971) is an Irish retired hurler and former manager of the Tipperary under-21 hurling team.

Born in Cashel, County Tipperary, Connolly first arrived on the inter-county scene as a dual player at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Tipperary minor teams, before later joining the under-21 sides. Connolly never played at senior level with Tipperary.

At club level Connolly was a one-time Munster medallist with Cashel King Cormac's. He also won one championship medal.

In retirement from playing, Connolly became involved in team management and coaching. He served as a selector with the Tipperary under-21 team for a number of years, before being appointed manager in 2013. He left the position of under-21 manager in 2015.

Cashel King Cormacs GAA
Cashel King Cormacs GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the town of Cashel, County Tipperary in Ireland.  They play their games in Leahy Park, on the Clonmel Road in Cashel. The club is named for the king-bishop Cormac Mac Cárthaigh (d. 1138).

Extensive work has been carried out in the last few years, with the addition of a new clubhouse and main stand the highlight.
Notable games have been held here in the last few years and it has become the annual venue for both the County Senior Club Football Final and the Munster Colleges Senior Hurling Dr.Harty Cup Final.
Jason Smoots
Jason Smoots (born July 13, 1980) is an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres.

At the 2002 IAAF World Cup he won the 4 x 100 metres relay race together with Jon Drummond, Kaaron Conwright and Coby Miller. At the 2006 IAAF World Cup he won the 4 x 100 metres relay again, this time with Kaaron Conwright, Wallace Spearmon and Tyson Gay, in a championship record of 37.59 seconds.

His personal best time over 100 metres is 10.01 seconds, achieved in August 2006 in Rieti. His personal best time over 60 metres is 6.53 seconds, achieved in January 2005 in Boston. In the 200 metres, he has 20.97 seconds, achieved in May 2006 in Rio de Janeiro.

2002 IAAF World Cup
The 9th IAAF World Cup in Athletics was an international track and field sporting event sponsored by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It was hosted by Madrid, September 21–22, 2002, in the Estadio La Peineta.

The team winner of the men's competition was Africa, while the Russian team took the women's cup.
Tora and Mike
Tora and Mike (Japanese: トラとミケ, Hepburn: Tora to Mike) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nekomaki. It has been serialized once in a month in Shogakukan's Josei Seven magazine since May 17, 2018 issue and has been collected in three tankōbon volumes. A short original net animation (ONA) series adaption by Charaction premiered on August 5, 2021, and it is streaming on manga's official Twitter account. Also, this manga was the judges' choice of manga category in 21st Japan Media Arts Festival Awards.

Josei Seven
Josei Seven (Japanese: 女性セブン, Hepburn: Josei Sebun) is a weekly women's magazine published by Shogakukan, released every Thursday. The main content is articles related to the imperial family and celebrities, but there are also pages for news articles and reader submissions.

From the second half of 1998 to the second half of 2023, it claims to have been the number one weekly magazine for women in circulation for 25 consecutive years.
Italian cruiser Piemonte
Piemonte was a unique protected cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) in the 1880s by the British shipyard Armstrong Whitworth. She was the first major warship armed entirely with quick-firing (QF) guns and she was also the fastest cruiser in the world upon her completion in 1889. Piemonte was frequently deployed overseas, including a lengthy tour in East Asian waters from 1901 to 1904. She saw significant action during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911–1912 in the Red Sea, where she frequently bombarded Ottoman ports. During the Battle of Kunfuda Bay in January 1912, she and two destroyers sank four Ottoman gunboats and forced ashore three more. Piemonte participated in World War I but she saw little action during the conflict. She remained in service until 1920, when she was scrapped.

Regia Marina
The Regia Marina (Italian for 'Royal Navy', pronounced [ˈrɛːdʒa maˈriːna]) (RM) or Royal Italian Navy was the navy of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) from 1861 to 1946. In 1946, with the birth of the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), the Regia Marina changed its name to Marina Militare ("Military Navy").
Sherpa Light
The Sherpa Light is a family of 4x4 tactical and light armoured vehicles developed by French company Renault Trucks Defense (RTD). Available in unarmoured or armoured variants (ballistic, mine and IED kits), the Scout is suited for tactical missions such as scouting, patrol, convoy escort and command and liaison. It is able to transport up to four or five soldiers or a total payload of up to four tonnes.

The Sherpa family is also available to customers in North America and Oceania via Mack Defense.

Mack Trucks
Mack Trucks, Inc. is an American truck manufacturing company and a former manufacturer of buses and trolley buses. Founded in 1900 as the Mack Brothers Company, it manufactured its first truck in 1905 and adopted its present name in 1922. Since 2000, Mack Trucks has been a subsidiary of Volvo, which purchased Mack and its former parent company Renault Véhicules Industriels.

Founded originally in Brooklyn in 1900, the company moved its headquarters to Allentown, Pennsylvania, five years later, in 1905. The company remained in Allentown for over a century, from 1905 until 2009.

Mack products are produced in Lower Macungie, Pennsylvania, and Salem, Virginia. Its powertrain products are produced in its Hagerstown, Maryland, plant. Mack also maintains additional assembly plants in facilities in Pennsylvania, Australia, and Venezuela. The company also once maintained plants in Winnsboro, South Carolina, Hayward, California, and Oakville, Ontario, which are now closed.
Sant Celoni
Sant Celoni (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈsan səˈlɔni]) is a municipality in the comarca of the Vallès Oriental in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the valley of the Tordera river between the ranges of Montseny and Montnegre. The main part of the town is on the left bank of the river. The former municipalities of Montnegre and Olzinelles now form part of the municipality of sant Celoni, which has the largest area in the comarca. The municipality is served by the AP-7 Motorway and the C-251 road, as well as by a station on the Renfe railway line between Barcelona and Girona.

Autopista AP-7
The Autopista AP-7 (also called Autopista del Mediterráneo) (Catalan: Autopista de la Mediterrània) is a Spanish autopista (controlled-access highway). It runs along the Mediterranean coast of Spain.

AP-7 has two different sections (911+96 km):

From Els Límits (in La Jonquera municipality) to Vera: 911 km long. Main cities passed:
Figueres
Girona
Sabadell
Barcelona
Tarragona
Reus
Salou
Amposta
Castelló de la Plana
Sagunt
Valencia
Gandia
Dénia
Benidorm
Alacant
Elx
Cartagena

From Málaga to Guadiaro: 96 km long. Main cities passed:
Torremolinos
Benalmádena
Fuengirola
Marbella
Estepona
1980 Toronto International Film Festival
The 5th Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 4 and September 13, 1980. That year the festival hold a retrospective in honor of Jean-Luc Godard, who himself attended the retrospective which was organized by festival programmer Peter Harcourt. A large crowd gathered outside University theatre to catch a glimpse of Bette Midler at the premiere of her film Divine Madness.

Maurice Pialat
Maurice Pialat (French: [pjala]; 31 August 1925 – 11 January 2003) was a French film director, screenwriter and actor known for the rigorous and unsentimental style of his films. His work is often described as "realist", though many film critics acknowledge it does not fit the traditional definition of realism.

Pialat's films are said to have dispensed with mannerisms, and his everyday stories tell the bittersweet nature of the French petite bourgeoisie. This earned him the disregard of some critics, but also enduring popularity, with films characterized by a psychological narrative style, often set outside the metropolises.
Cody Wallace
Cody Layne Wallace (born November 26, 1984) is an American former professional football player who was a guard and center in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth round of the 2008 NFL draft. He played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies. Wallace was also a member of the New York Jets, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Pittsburgh Steelers.

Mike Nolan
Michael Tullis Nolan (born March 7, 1959) is an American football coach. Nolan previously served as a head coach for the San Francisco 49ers, and a defensive coordinator for the National Football League (NFL)'s Baltimore Ravens, New York Jets, Washington Redskins, New York Giants, Denver Broncos, Miami Dolphins, Atlanta Falcons, and Dallas Cowboys. Nolan is a former linebackers coach for the Denver Broncos, San Diego Chargers, and New Orleans Saints.
USS Davis (TB-12)
USS Davis (Torpedo Boat No. 12/TB-12) was launched 4 June 1898 by Wolff and Zwicker, Portland, Oregon; sponsored by Miss H. Wolff; and commissioned 10 May 1899, Lieutenant Commander R. F. Nicholson in command.

After trials Davis was placed out of commission 5 June 1899 and laid up at Mare Island Navy Yard in reserve. She was recommissioned 23 March 1908 and assigned to Pacific Torpedo Fleet. She participated in the review for the Secretary of the Navy 8 May 1908, then cruised along the west coast as far north as the Columbia River and south as far as Magdalena Bay, Mexico, until placed in reserve at Mare Island 28 October 1909.

Davis was recommissioned 1 November 1910 for service in the San Diego area until 10 May 1911 when she again went into reserve at Mare Island. In May 1912 she was towed to Puget Sound for assignment to the Pacific Reserve Fleet. She was decommissioned there 28 March 1913 and sold for scrap 21 April 1920.

United States Navy reserve fleets
The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the "Mothball Fleet". While the details of the maintenance activity have changed several times, the basics are constant: keep the ships afloat and sufficiently working as to be reactivated quickly in an emergency.

In some cases (for instance, at the outset of the Korean War), many ships were successfully reactivated at a considerable savings in time and money. The usual fate of ships in the reserve fleet, though, is to become too old and obsolete to be of any use, at which point they are sold for scrapping or are scuttled in weapons tests.

In rare cases, the general public may intercede for ships from the reserve fleet that are about to be scrapped – usually asking for the Navy to donate them for use as museum ships, memorials, or artificial reefs.
Barry Ough
Barry Duncan Ough (30 June 1957 – 29 April 2014) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Ough's only appearance for Melbourne came in their 25-point win over Essendon at the MCG during the 1975 VFL season.

He joined Werribee the following year, without getting a clearance from Melbourne. In 1978 he won Werribee's best and fairest award, playing as a centre half-back.

Back at his original club Mooroopna in 1979, he was awarded that season's Morrison Medal, as the player deemed to be the best and fairest in the Goulburn Valley Football League.

Mooroopna Football Club
The Mooroopna Football Netball Club, nicknamed the Cats, is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the rural town of Mooroopna, Victoria.

Mooroopna currently competes in the Goulburn Valley Football League (GVFL), of which Mooroopna is a founding member.
Deans, West Lothian
Deans is a small community within the town of Livingston in West Lothian, Scotland. Deans is situated in the northern part of Livingston, The western area of Deans was formerly known as Livingston Station, as it is the location of former oil works and a railway station. In 2010 the population of Deans was 3,641.

M8 motorway (Scotland)
The M8 is the busiest motorway in Scotland. It connects the country's two largest cities, Glasgow and Edinburgh, and serves other large communities including Airdrie, Coatbridge, Greenock, Livingston and Paisley. The motorway is 60 miles (97 km) long. A major construction project to build the final section between Newhouse and Baillieston was completed on 30 April 2017.  The motorway has one service station, Heart of Scotland Services, previously named Harthill due to its proximity to the village.
Jo Gwang-il
Jo Gwang-il (Korean: 조광일; born September 12, 1996) is a South Korean rapper and songwriter. He is known for his fast raps with Korean plosive sounds. He debuted in 2019 with the single "Grow Back". In 2020, he released his breakout single "Acrobat". He won the rap competition television show Show Me the Money 10 in 2021.

Plosive
In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade ([t], [d]), tongue body ([k], [ɡ]), lips ([p], [b]), or glottis ([ʔ]). Plosives contrast with nasals, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in /m/ and /n/, and with fricatives, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract.
Maria Valentina Plaza
Maria Valentina Galido Plaza (born June 1, 1967) is a Filipino politician who as served as governor and representative of the first district of the province of Agusan del Sur. She was the province's second female governor.

Legislative districts of Agusan del Sur
The legislative districts of Agusan del Sur are the representations of the province of Agusan del Sur in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its first and second congressional districts.
Sterling Grist Mill Complex
Sterling Grist Mill Complex is a historic grist mill complex located at Sterling in Cayuga County, New York.  The complex consists of a frame mill building built about 1835, the rubble foundation of an 1859 tannery, and a dam and penstock built about 1900.  The mill building is built with a hand-hewn heavy timber frame sheathed in narrow pine clapboard.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Tanning (leather)
Tanning, or hide tanning, is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed.

Historically, vegetable based tanning used tannin, an acidic chemical compound derived from the bark of certain trees, in the production of leather. An alternative method, developed in the 1800s, is chrome tanning, where chromium salts are used instead of natural tannins.
Cottage Grove, Wisconsin
Cottage Grove is a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. Its population was 7,303 at the 2020 census. A suburb of Madison, it shares a school district with Monona. The village is located partially within the survey township of Cottage Grove.

The village was named from a settler's cottage in a grove near the village site.

Monona, Wisconsin
Monona (/mɪˈnoʊnə/ mih-NOH-nə) is a city in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. A suburb of the state capital, Madison, the city lies on the southeastern shore of Lake Monona, from which it takes its name. The population was 8,624 at the 2020 census. Monona is almost entirely surrounded by the City of Madison, save for a few short borders with the unincorporated town of Blooming Grove.
Ansonia muelleri
Ansonia muelleri, commonly known as Mueller's toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Philippines.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, and freshwater springs.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

True toad
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
Ihsan Ali
Ihasan Ali (Urdu: پروفيسر ڈاکٹر احسان على;(SI)) is a Pakistani archaeologist. He served as Vice-Chancellor of Hazara University from 2006 to 2009 and Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan from 2009 to 2017. He has also served as Additional Vice-Chancellor of Islamia College University Peshawar. Dr. Ihsan Ali is a researcher, academic and administrator who has served in various fields.

Mansehra
Mansehra (Urdu, Hindko:  مانسہرہ) is a city in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is the 71st most populous city in the country and the 7th most populous in the province, and serves as the headquarter of its namesake tehsil and district.
Visual autoethnography
Visual autoethnography is an autoethnographic qualitative research method in which an author uses self-reflection and visuals, including photography, painting, drawing, video extracts, film, and/or other forms of visual expression to engage with personal experiences and connect them to wider cultural, political, and social phenomena. Visual autoethnography has been cited as useful to convey feeling or affect to the viewer while challenging conventional research methods. Visual autoethnographers use visuals to represent and reflect on potential shared experience with viewers, "facilitating commonality while simultaneously providing individual moments of subjective reflection." The use of imagery varies in visual autoethnographic examples. Related approaches include musical autoethnography.

Self-reflection
Self-reflection is the ability to witness and evaluate one's own cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes. In psychology, other terms used for this self-observation include "reflective awareness" and "reflective consciousness", which originate from the work of William James.

Self-reflection depends upon a range of functions, including introspection and metacognition, which develop from infancy through adolescence, affecting how individuals interact with others, and make decisions.

Self-reflection is related to the philosophy of consciousness, the topic of awareness, and the philosophy of mind.

The concept of self-reflection is ancient. More than 3,000 years ago, "Know thyself" was the first of three Delphic maxims inscribed in the forecourt of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is also considered a form of thought that generates new meaning and an opportunity to engage with what seemingly appears incongruous.
Lake Norman of Iredell, North Carolina
Lake Norman of Iredell is a census-designated place (CDP) in Iredell County, North Carolina, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. The population at the 2020 census was 11,395.

The community is in the southwestern corner of Iredell County and consists of several peninsulas extending into Lake Norman, a large reservoir on the Catawba River. The CDP is bordered to the northeast by the city of Mooresville and to the south, across an arm of the lake, by the town of Cornelius in Mecklenburg County. The CDP is bordered to the southwest, across the main channel of the lake, by the CDP of Westport in Lincoln County, and to the northwest, also across the main channel, by the CDP of Lake Norman of Catawba in Catawba County.

Mooresville, North Carolina
Mooresville is a town located in the southwestern section of Iredell County, North Carolina, United States, and is a part of the fast-growing Charlotte metropolitan area. The population was 50,193 at the 2020 census, making it the most populous municipality in Iredell County. It is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) north of Charlotte.

Mooresville is best known as the home of many NASCAR racing teams and drivers, along with an IndyCar team and its drivers, as well as racing technology suppliers, which has earned the town the nickname "Race City USA". Also located in Mooresville is the corporate headquarters of Lowe's Corporation and Universal Technical Institute's NASCAR Technical Institute.
Nayden Rusev
Nayden Rusev (Bulgarian: Найден Русев) (born (1974-08-22)22 August 1974) is a Bulgarian-Cypriot male former weightlifter, who competed in the 54 kg category and represented Bulgaria at international competitions. He competed at world championships, most recently at the 1997 World Weightlifting Championships., and later for Cyprus in the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

1997 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1997 World Weightlifting Championships were held in Chiang Mai, Thailand from December 6 to December 14, 1997. In the men's tournament there were a total number of 189 athletes (51 nations) competing, while there were 143 women in action from 29 nations.
Frances Jones Mills
Frances Jones Mills (July 4, 1920 – May 24, 1996) was an American politician who served in various state elective offices in Kentucky for a large portion of the 1970s and 1980s. The first woman and first Democrat in the 20th century to win election to the Kentucky General Assembly from her native Knox County, she later became the first woman to serve three (non-successive) terms as Kentucky State Treasurer. In an era when Kentucky's Constitution forbad elected statewide officeholders from serving consecutive terms, Mills also served as Secretary of State of Kentucky and Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals.

Williamsburg, Kentucky
Williamsburg is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Whitley County, on the southeastern border of Kentucky, United States. The population was 5,326 at the 2020 census. Developed along the Cumberland River, the city was founded in 1818 and named after William Whitley.