hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kunitomo Ikkansai
Kunitomo Ikkansai (国友 一貫斎; November 21, 1778 – December 26, 1840), real name Kunitomo Tōbee Yoshimasa (国友 藤兵衛 能當), was a Japanese gunsmith and inventor of the late Edo period, who, after having spent several months in Edo, where he could get accustomed with Dutch wares, built Japan's first reflective telescope in 1831. It was of the Gregorian type and had a magnification of 60. He used it to make very detailed studies of sun spots and lunar topography. Four of his telescopes remain to this day.

In the early 19th century, Kunitomo became an acquaintance of the Shinto theologian and nativist Hirata Atsutane, and was in regular contact with him. Around this time, Kunitomo was involved in the development of firearm manufacturing methods. Circa 1820, he designed a pneumatic rifle based on his studies of European air rifle technology conducted through the Dutch trading post at Dejima.

Gregorian telescope
The Gregorian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope designed by Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory in the 17th century, and first built in 1673 by Robert Hooke. James Gregory was a contemporary of Isaac Newton, and both often worked simultaneously on similar projects. Gregory's design was published in 1663 and pre-dates the first practical reflecting telescope, the Newtonian telescope, built by Sir Isaac Newton in 1668. However, Gregory's design was only a theoretical description, and he never actually constructed the telescope. It was not successfully built until five years after Newton's first reflecting telescope.
Aliya Mustafina
Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina (Russian: Алия Фархатовна Мустафина; born 30 September 1994) is a Russian former artistic gymnast.

She was the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most Olympic medals won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.

2018 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2018 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships was the 48th edition of the Artistic Gymnastics World Championships. The competition was held from October 25 – November 3, 2018, at the Aspire Academy Dome in Doha, Qatar.

It was the first time that the competition was held in the Middle East.

Simone Biles became the first American to medal on every event at a single World Championships and the first woman to do so in 31 years. The last person to complete this feat was Russian Yelena Shushunova in 1987.
Social skills
A social skill is any competence facilitating interaction and communication with others where social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning these skills is called socialization. Lack of such skills can cause social awkwardness.

Interpersonal skills are actions used to effectively interact with others. Interpersonal skills relate to categories of dominance vs. submission, love vs. hate, affiliation vs. aggression, and control vs. autonomy (Leary, 1957). Positive interpersonal skills include entertainment, persuasion, active listening, showing care, delegation, hospitality and stewardship, among others. Social psychology, an academic discipline focused on research relating to social functioning, studies how interpersonal skills are learned through societal-based changes in attitude, thinking, and behavior.

Stewardship
Stewardship is a practice committed to ethical value that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources. The concepts of stewardship can be applied to the environment and nature, economics, health, places, property, information, theology, and cultural resources.
Gumercindo España Olivares
Gumercindo España Olivares (13 January 1935 – 17 February 2018) was a Mexican artisan who specialized in traditional toys hand carved from wood. He was from a family of toymakers, beginning with his grandfather, which started in clay but switched to wood. In addition to making traditional toys, the artisan also experimented with new designs, such as those related to the history of Guanajuato. His efforts have won him various awards.

Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys are those made by artisans rather than manufactured in factories. The history of Mexican toys extends as far back as the Mesoamerican era, but many of the toys date to the colonial period. Many of these were introduced as teaching tools by evangelists, and were associated with certain festivals and holidays.  These toys vary widely, including cup and ball, lotería, dolls, miniature people, animals and objects, tops and more—made of many materials, including wood, metal, cloth, corn husks, ceramic, and glass. These toys remained popular throughout Mexico until the mid-20th century, when commercially made, mostly plastic toys became widely available. Because of the advertising commercial toys receive and because they are cheaper, most traditional toys that are sold as handcrafts, principally to tourists and collectors.
December 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
December 16 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - December 18

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on December 30 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For December 17th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 4.

Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days.

There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha (Easter), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle.
Tyosovo peat railway
58°55′52″N 31°04′05″E﻿ / ﻿58.93114°N 31.06811°E﻿ / 58.93114; 31.06811

The Tyosovo peat railway (Russian: Тёсовская торфовозная узкоколейная железная дорога) is located in Novgorod Oblast, Russia. The peat railway was opened in 1939, and has a total length of 19 kilometres (12 mi) is, track gauge is 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) and operates year-round.

Track gauge
In rail transport, track gauge is the distance between the two rails of a railway track. All vehicles on a rail network must have wheelsets that are compatible with the track gauge. Since many different track gauges exist worldwide, gauge differences often present a barrier to wider operation on railway networks.

The term derives from the metal bar, or gauge, that is used to ensure the distance between the rails is correct.

Railways also deploy two other gauges to ensure compliance with a required standard. A loading gauge is a two-dimensional profile that encompasses a cross-section of the track, a rail vehicle and a maximum-sized load: all rail vehicles and their loads must be contained in the corresponding envelope. A structure gauge specifies the outline into which structures (bridges, platforms, lineside equipment etc.) must not encroach.
Merab Berdzenishvili
Merab Berdzenishvili (Georgian: მერაბ ბერძენიშვილი; June 10, 1929 – September 17, 2016) was a Georgian sculptor and artist. In 1975 he was awarded the Shota Rustaveli Prize.

Berdzenishvili received multiple awards during his career including People’s Artist of the Soviet Union (1987). In 1995 he was awarded the State Prize of Georgia for the monument commemorating the battle of Didgori.

In 2009, one of his largest works, a monument commemorating the Great Patriotic War, was demolished to make way for the Georgian Parliament Building in Kutaisi. During the demolition, a mother and her daughter were killed by flying masonry. Later that year, the sculpture was reconstructed in Moscow.

People's Artist of the USSR
People's Artist of the USSR, also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. The term is confusingly used to translate two Russian language titles: Народный артист СССР (Narodny artist SSSR), awarded in performing arts and Народный художник СССР (Narodny khudozhnik SSSR), granted in some visual arts.

As those titles were granted by the government, honorees were afforded certain privileges and would often receive commissions from the Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, artists and authors who expressed criticism of the Communist Party were seldom granted such recognition, if not outright censored. Each Soviet Republic, as well as the Autonomous Republics (ASSRs), had a similar award that would be held previously by virtually every receiver of the higher title of People's Artist of the USSR.
Jamshidian's trick
Jamshidian's trick is a technique for one-factor asset price models, which re-expresses an option on a portfolio of assets as a portfolio of options. It was developed by Farshid Jamshidian in 1989.

The trick relies on the following simple, but very useful mathematical observation. Consider a sequence of monotone (increasing) functions  of one real variable (which map onto ), a random variable , and a constant .

Since the function  is also increasing and maps onto , there is a unique solution  to the equation

Since the functions  are increasing:

In financial applications, each of the random variables  represents an asset value, the number  is the strike of the option on the portfolio of assets. We can therefore express the payoff of an option on a portfolio of assets in terms of a portfolio of options on the individual assets  with corresponding strikes .

Option (finance)
In finance, an option is a contract which conveys to its owner, the holder, the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific quantity of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date, depending on the style of the option.

Options are typically acquired by purchase, as a form of compensation, or as part of a complex financial transaction. Thus, they are also a form of asset (or contingent liability) and have a valuation that may depend on a complex relationship between underlying asset price, time until expiration, market volatility, the risk-free rate of interest, and the strike price of the option.

Options may be traded between private parties in over-the-counter (OTC) transactions, or they may be exchange-traded in live, public markets in the form of standardized contracts.
Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 63 kg
The women's 63 kg competition in judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held on 9 August at the Carioca Arena 2.

The gold and silver medals were determined by a single-elimination tournament, with the winner of the final taking gold and the loser receiving silver.  Judo events awarded two bronze medals.  Quarterfinal losers competed in a repechage match for the right to face a semifinal loser for a bronze medal (that is, the judokas defeated in quarterfinals A and B competed against each other, with the winner of that match facing the semifinal loser from the other half of the bracket).

The medals were presented by Alex Gilady,  IOC member from Israel, and the gifts were presented by Mr. Habib Sissoko, member of the International Judo Federation Executive Committee.

Carioca Arena 2
Carioca Arena 2 (Portuguese: Arena Carioca 2) is a technical education institution and indoor stadium in Barra da Tijuca in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The venue hosted judo and wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics as well as boccia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. As with a number of other venues in the Barra Olympic Park, Carioca Arena 2 was transformed after the games to become part of the Olympic Training Centre.

The arena has since been converted into a branch of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology. It serves 1400 students.
First Hashimoto cabinet
The First Hashimoto Cabinet was formed in January 1996 under the leadership of Ryutaro Hashimoto, following the resignation of Tomiichi Murayama as Prime Minister of Japan and head of the coalition between the Liberal Democratic Party, Japan Socialist Party and New Party Sakigake. The smaller Socialist party relinquished the leadership of the government to the LDP, which was the largest party in the Diet and Hashimoto (LDP President since September 1995) assumed the premiership, becoming the first LDP Prime Minister since August 1993.

The three-party coalition continued, although all ministers from the Murayama Cabinet were replaced. The Socialists renamed themselves as the Social Democratic Party and Secretary-general Wataru Kubo became Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister. The cabinet lasted until November 1996, when it was dissolved following the 1996 general election and replaced with the Second Hashimoto Cabinet.

Wataru Kubo
Wataru Kubo (久保 亘, Kubo Wataru; 15 January 1929 – 24 June 2003) was a Japanese politician from the Japan Socialist Party, and then from the Democratic Party of Japan. He served as deputy prime minister and finance minister of Japan from 11 January 1996 to 7 November 1996.
Avguštin Stegenšek
Avguštin Stegenšek (7 July 1875 in Tevče, Laško – 16 March 1920) was a Slovene theologian, philosopher and art historian.

After earning a bachelor's degree in theology, he left for Rome to study archaeology and art history, under the supervision of Joseph Wilpert. Later, he was awarded a doctor's degree of philosophy sciences at the university of Graz in 1906. He took part in the Historic Society for Slovene Styria, founded 1906, and was appointed honorary conservator in Styria by Committee for the Protection of Monuments in Vienna. Stegenšek was the pioneer of the monumental topography on the territory of Slovenia. He framed the monumental work Cerkveni spomeniki lavantinske škofije (Church Monuments of the Lavantine Diocese), which included two volumes: Dekanija Gornji Grad (The Deanery of Gornji Grad) and Konjiška Dekanija (The Deanery of Slovenske Konjice), illustrated with his own photographs and drawings and also edited and published by him.

Stegenšek died in Maribor in 1920.

Slovenske Konjice
Slovenske Konjice (pronounced [slɔˈʋèːnskɛ kɔˈnjìːtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Gonobitz, in older sources also Gannobitz) is a town in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria.
Philippine Senate elections
Elections to the Senate of the Philippines are done via plurality-at-large voting; a voter can vote for up to twelve candidates, with the twelve candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. The 24-member Senate uses staggered elections, with only one-half of its members up for election at any given time, except for special elections, which are always held concurrently with regularly scheduled elections.

Nacionalista Party
The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Nacionalista; lit. 'Nationalist Party,' NP) is a political party in the Philippines that is the oldest existing party in the country and in Southeast Asia. It was responsible for leading the country throughout most of the 20th century since its founding in 1907; it was the ruling party from 1935 to 1946 (under Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña), 1953 to 1961 (under Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia), and 1965 to 1978 (under Ferdinand Marcos), and also was one of the two dominant political parties (along with the Liberal Party) throughout the existence of the Third Republic.
Agate, Ontario
Agate is an unincorporated place and railway point in geographic Kapuskasing Township, in the Unorganized North part of Algoma District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental railway main line between the railway points of Dunrankin to the west and Elsas to the east, has a passing track, and is passed but not served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains. The place is just northwest of Kapuskasing Lake, the source of the Kapuskasing River.

The Canadian
The Canadian (French: Le Canadien) is a transcontinental passenger train operated by Via Rail on its Western Canada service between Union Station in Toronto, Ontario, and Pacific Central Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Canadian Pacific introduced this service on April 24, 1955, serving Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. In 1978, Via Rail Canada acquired the service, and, on January 15, 1990, designated the Canadian as its sole transcontinental service, between Toronto and Vancouver. The new service replaced the former Super Continental, Canadian National's flagship passenger service, and continues to run primarily over CN tracks.
John Wallis (Canadian politician)
John Wallis (c. 1815 – January 19, 1872) was a Conservative Member of Provincial Parliament in the Ontario legislature in the 1st Parliament of Ontario representing Toronto West from September 3, 1867, to February 25, 1871.

Member of Provincial Parliament (Canada)
Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) is the title of an elected member of the Legislative Assembly of the Canadian province of Ontario. Elsewhere in Canada, the titular designation "Member of Provincial Parliament" has also been used to refer to members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1791 to 1838, and to members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1955 to 1968.
Deaths in March 2014
The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2014.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference.

Skylab
Skylab was the United States' first space station, launched by NASA, occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974. It was operated by three trios of astronaut crews: Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4. Skylab was constructed from a repurposed Saturn V third stage (the S-IVB), and took the place of the stage during launch. Operations included an orbital workshop, a solar observatory, Earth observation and hundreds of experiments. Skylab's orbit eventually decayed and it disintegrated in the atmosphere on July 11, 1979, scattering debris across the Indian Ocean and Western Australia.
Alexei Makeyev
Alexei Makeyev (born 25 November 1991) is a Russian professional ice hockey player who currently plays for HC Yugra of the Supreme Hockey League (VHL).

Makeyev made his Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) debut playing with Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg during the 2012–13 KHL season.

As a free agent, Makeyev was signed to a one-year contract, joining his third KHL club in Avangard Omsk on 18 August 2024.

HC Yugra
Hockey Club Yugra (Russian: Хоккейный клуб Югра), is a professional ice hockey team based in Khanty-Mansiysk, Yugra, Russia. They currently play in the Supreme Hockey League, the second-highest league in Russia, and played in the Kontinental Hockey League from 2010 until 2018.
Eleusis (card game)
Eleusis is a shedding-type card game where one player chooses a secret rule to determine which cards can be played on top of others, and the other players attempt to determine the rule using inductive logic.

The game was invented by Robert Abbott in 1956, and was first published by Martin Gardner in his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American magazine in June 1959.  A revised version appeared in Gardner's July 1977 column.

Eleusis is sometimes considered an analogy to the problems of scientific method. It can be compared with the card game Mao, which also has secret rules that can be learned inductively. The games of Penultima and commercially produced Zendo also feature players attempting to discover inductively a secret rule or rules thought of by a "Master" or "spectators" who declare plays legal or illegal on the basis of the rules.

Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at best with some degree of probability. Unlike deductive reasoning (such as mathematical induction), where the conclusion is certain, given the premises are correct, inductive reasoning produces conclusions that are at best probable, given the evidence provided.
20th Century Women (soundtrack)
20th Century Women (Music from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack to the 2016 film 20th Century Women directed by Mike Mills. It features punk rock, pop and jazz music selections from Talking Heads, the Raincoats, Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five, David Bowie, Devo, Siouxsie and the Banshees amongst others, and an original score composed by Roger Neill. The album was released through Rhino Records on December 30, 2016.

20th Century Women
20th Century Women is a 2016 American coming-of-age comedy drama film written and directed by Mike Mills and starring Annette Bening, Elle Fanning, Greta Gerwig, Lucas Jade Zumann, and Billy Crudup. It is set in 1979 in Southern California and partly inspired by Mills's childhood.

The film was produced by Annapurna Pictures in 2015. It had its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 8, 2016, and was theatrically released by A24 on December 28. Critics responded favorably to the film, and it was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actress (Bening) at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, as well as Best Original Screenplay at the 89th Academy Awards.
Fastest Car
Fastest Car is a Netflix original series which premiered on April 6, 2018. It is a reality-show where drivers of stock exotic supercars go up against sleeper cars in a quarter-mile drag race. Supercars include a Lamborghini Aventador, Lamborghini Huracán, Ford GT, Ferrari 458, Ferrari 488, Dodge Viper, McLaren MP4, McLaren 675LT, McLaren 650S, and McLaren 720S.

The series, which serves as Netflix's first global automotive series, was created by Scott Weintrob and produced by Conde Nast Entertainment and Large Eyes for the streaming service. Executive producers of the show include Al Edgington, Joe LaBracio, Dawn Ostroff, Scott Weintrob, and Jeremy Finn.

On August 14, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a second season. The second season launched on September 20, 2019, and features seven episodes. Al Edgington, Joe LaBracio, Scott Weintrob, and Jeremy Finn returned as executive producers.

McLaren 720S
The McLaren 720S is a sports car designed and manufactured by British automobile manufacturer McLaren Automotive. It is the second all-new car in the McLaren Super Series, replacing the 650S beginning in May 2017.

The 720S was launched at the Geneva Motor Show on 7 March 2017 and is built on a modified carbon monocoque, which is lighter and stiffer than the previous model, the 650S.