hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Standard Theory (Egyptology)
In Egyptology, the Standard Theory or Polotskyan Theory, sometimes abbreviated ST, is an approach to the verbal syntax of the Egyptian language originally developed by Hans Jakob Polotsky in which Egyptian verb forms are regarded as variously adjectival, substantival, or adverbial, with the possibility of ‘transposing’ any given verb phrase into any of these three classes. This analysis rests on the basis of systematically applying substitutional rules for syntactic nodes, whereby certain verb phrases are seen to be syntactically converted into noun phrases or adverb phrases because of the possibility of substituting such phrases in place of the verb phrase. This approach was widely adopted in the mid-20th century but eventually fell out of favor starting in the 1980s.

Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.
2016 Rallye Deutschland
The 2016 Rallye Deutschland (formally the 34. ADAC Rallye Deutschland) was the ninth round of the 2016 World Rally Championship. The race was held over three days between 19 August and 21 August 2016, and was based in Trier, Germany. Volkswagen's Sébastien Ogier won the race, his 35th win in the World Rally Championship.

Volkswagen Motorsport
The Volkswagen R Motorsport was a works rally team of the German car manufacturer Volkswagen, who competed in the World Rally Championship (WRC) and Dakar Rally.

The team started competing in WRC in 1978 and used different specs of Volkswagen Golfs before leaving the sport in 1990. Volkswagen competed at the Dakar Rally from 2003 to 2011, claiming three overall wins. The team made its WRC comeback in 2011 Rally Finland with a pair of Škoda Fabia S2000s, and competed with the Volkswagen Polo R WRC from the start of the 2013 World Rally Championship season to the end of the 2016 World Rally Championship season.

At the end of the 2016 season, Volkswagen Motorsport decided to withdraw from the FIA World Rally Championship.
Thiohalomonas denitrificans
Thiohalomonas denitrificans is a moderately halophilic, obligately chemolithoautotrophic and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Thiohalomonas which has been isolated from sediments of hypersaline lakes from Siberia  in Russia.

Halophile
A halophile (from the Greek word for 'salt-loving') is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin.

Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Lake Urmia in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons.
Irish Cove, Nova Scotia
Irish Cove (Mi'kmawi'simk: Kul'pamkitk) is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, spanning the border that divides Richmond County and Cape Breton County. The community is also home to a provincial picnic park.

The original Mi'kmaq place name, Kul'pamkitk, means "flowing round."

Mi'kmaq language
Miꞌkmaq (/ˈmɪɡmɑː/ MIG-mah; Mi'kmaq: [miːɡmax]) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 11,000 Miꞌkmaq in Canada and the United States; the total ethnic Miꞌkmaq population is roughly 20,000.

The native name of the language is Lnuismk, Miꞌkmawiꞌsimk or Miꞌkmwei (in some dialects). The word Miꞌkmaq is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular miꞌkm); the adjectival form is Miꞌkmaw.
Miꞌkmaq has historically been spelled and pronounced Micmac /ˈmɪkmæk/ in English. Contemporary spellings include Migmaw and Mikmaw in English, and Míkmaq, Míkmaw and Mìgmao in Miꞌkmaq.
Fort Smith to Jackson Road-Talbert's Ferry Segments
The Fort Smith to Jackson Road-Talbert's Ferry Segments are a section of an historic 19th century road in central western Baxter County, Arkansas. They are surviving elements of a road built in the 1830s which connected Fort Smith with Jackson County. It was one of the first roads to be built through north central Arkansas, and these segments, located near a crossing of the White River, are documented to have been used by parties removing Native Americans during the Trail of Tears in the 1830s.

White River (Arkansas–Missouri)
The White River is a 722-mile (1,162 km) river that flows through the U.S. states of Arkansas and Missouri. Originating in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas, it arcs northwards through southern Missouri before turning back into Arkansas, flowing southeast to its mouth at the Mississippi River.
Tormarton
Tormarton is a village and civil parish in the South Gloucestershire district, in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire, England. The village is about half a mile north of the M4 motorway; the A46 road towards Bath passes a similar distance west of the village to join the motorway at junction 18. The parish includes the small village of West Littleton, south of the motorway. The parish population at the 2021 census was 323. The Cotswold Way footpath passes through the village.

M4 motorway
→

The M4, originally the London-South Wales Motorway, is the third-longest motorway in the United Kingdom, running from west London to southwest Wales. The English section to the Severn Bridge was constructed between 1961 and 1971; the Welsh element was largely complete by 1980, though a non-motorway section around Briton Ferry bridge remained until 1993. On the opening of the Second Severn Crossing in 1996, the M4 was rerouted over it.

The line of the motorway from London to Bristol runs closely in parallel with the A4. After crossing the River Severn, toll-free since December 2018, the motorway follows the A48, to terminate at the Pont Abraham services in Carmarthenshire.

The M4 is the only motorway in Wales apart from its two spurs: the A48(M) and the M48. The major towns and cities along the route—a distance of approximately 189 miles (304 km)—include Slough, Reading, Swindon, Bristol, Newport,  Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot and Swansea.
Arnold Krammer
Arnold Paul Krammer (15 August 1941 – 24 September 2018) was an American historian who specialized in German and United States history and a professor in the College of Liberal Arts at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. He was twice a Fulbright scholar: between 1992–1993, he studied at the University of Tübingen and, between 2002–2003, he studied at the University of Jena.

He was born in Chicago, Illinois to David and Eva (Vas) Krammer. He studied at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he earned his BS, MS, and, in 1970, PhD degrees. He came to Texas A&M in 1974 and retired in 2015, having taught American and German history to thousands of Aggies. His specialties included the First and Second World Wars, 20th Century Germany, and the Holocaust. He led numerous study abroad groups of Aggies to Germany, Italy, Normandy, and Poland. He was twice honored with the Texas A&M University Distinguished Faculty Award for Teaching.

Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG) was an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) that was part of ABC-Clio. Since 2021, ABC-Clio and its suite of imprints, including GPG, are collectively imprints of British publishing house Bloomsbury Publishing. The Greenwood name stopped being used for new books in 2023.

Established in 1967 as Greenwood Press, Inc., and based in Westport, Connecticut, GPG published reference works under its Greenwood Press imprint; and scholarly, professional, and general-interest books under its related imprint, Praeger Publishers (/ˈpreɪɡər/). Also part of GPG was Libraries Unlimited, which published professional works for librarians and teachers. Both of the latter became stand-alone imprints of ABC-Clio, in 2008–2009, after its purchase of GPG.
Deepam (film)
Deepam (transl. Light) is a 1980 Indian Malayalam film, directed by P. Chandrakumar and produced by Renji Mathew. The film stars Madhu, Jayan, Srividya and Seema in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Shyam. The film was a remake of the Hindi film Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki.

Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki
Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki is a 1978 Indian drama film directed by Raj Khosla and Sudesh Issar.  It is based on a Marathi novel titled Ashi Tujhi Preet by Chandrakant Kakodkar. The film won Nutan her 5th and final Filmfare Award in the Best Actress category for which she held a record of most wins for more than 40 years. It was a "Super Hit" at the box office.
1991 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey tournament
The 1991 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey tournament was the culmination of the 1990–91 season, the 8th such tournament in NCAA history. It concluded with Wisconsin-Stevens Point defeating Mankato State in the championship game 6-2. All Quarterfinals matchups were held at home team venues, while all succeeding games were played in Elmira, New York.

The NCAA stopped awarding the Tournament Most Outstanding Player with this tournament. The next tournament MOP would be awarded in 2009.

Elmira, New York
Elmira (/ɛlˈmaɪrə/) is a city in and the county seat of Chemung County, New York, United States. It is the principal city of the Elmira, New York, metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Chemung County. The population was 26,523 at the 2020 census, down from 29,200 at the 2010 census, a decline of more than 7 percent.

The City of Elmira is in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by the Town of Elmira.  It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a short distance north of the Pennsylvania state line.

The city was the site of the Elmira Prison, a prisoner-of-war camp that held over 12,000 captured Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Elmira College is located within the city.
G. H. Locket
George Hazelwood Locket (12 October 1900 – 27 January 1991) was a British arachnologist who shared the 1974 H. H. Bloomer Award with A. F. Millidge. He and Millidge co-wrote British Spiders, volumes I and II. He studied at the University of Oxford.

H. H. Bloomer Award
The H. H. Bloomer Award is an award of the Linnean Society, established in 1963 from a legacy by the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer, which is awarded to "an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biological knowledge."
The recipients, alternatively a botanist and a zoologist, are presented with a silver medal and a donation from the Fund.
Gmina Biłgoraj
Gmina Biłgoraj is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Biłgoraj, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 262.64 square kilometres (101.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 12,541.

Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship (Polish: województwo lubelskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbɛlskʲɛ] ⓘ) is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in the southeastern part of the country, with its capital being the city of Lublin.

The region is named after its largest city and regional capital, Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands: the western and central part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs to Lesser Poland, the eastern part of Lublin Area belongs to Cherven Cities/Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs to Polesie and Podlasie.
Lublin Voivodeship borders Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the south, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the south-west, Masovian Voivodeship to the west and north, Podlaskie Voivodeship along a short boundary to the north, Belarus (Brest Region) and Ukraine (Lviv and Volyn Regions) to the east. The region's population as of 2024 was 1,996,440. It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres (9,712 sq mi).
Rochfort Bridge
Rochfort Bridge is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Lac Ste. Anne County. It is located approximately 105 kilometres (65 mi) northwest of Edmonton and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Mayerthorpe.  Rochfort Bridge is named for Cooper (Cowper) Rochfort, who with his associate, Percy Michaelson, homesteaded on the Paddle River at the point where the old trail from Lac Ste. Anne to the MacLeod River crossed the Paddle River.

One of North America’s longest wooden train trestles is located just east of the hamlet, which crosses over the Paddle River valley and Highway 43. Rochfort Bridge Trestle was built in 1919 by Canadian Northern Railway.

Canadian Northern Railway
The Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) was a historic Canadian transcontinental railway. At its 1923 merger into the Canadian National Railway (reporting mark CN), the CNoR owned a main line between Quebec City and Vancouver via Ottawa, Winnipeg, and Edmonton.
Andrés Allamand
Andrés Allamand Zavala (born February 7, 1956), a Chilean politician, is the founder and one of the past leaders of Renovación Nacional. He is of French, and Basque descent.

In early 2011, Allamand was named Minister of Defense by president Sebastián Piñera. He was sworn in on January 16th and left office on November 5, 2012.

In 2021, he again was appointed minister by Piñera, now as Minister of Foreign Affairs following a Cabinet reshuffle on July 28th, resigning the Senate seat he had held since 2014. Allamand is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue.

Senate of Chile
33°02′52″S 71°36′21″W﻿ / ﻿33.04778°S 71.60583°W﻿ / -33.04778; -71.60583

The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile.
Ardabil Khanate
Ardabil Khanate (Persian: خانات اردبیل) was an 18th–19th century khanate based in Ardabil. It was established by Badr Khan in 1736, who attended the coronation of Nader Shah in January 1736. The khanate was ruled by Sarikhanbayli clan of Shahsevan tribal alliance. It was disestablished in 1808 and converted to a province of Qajar Iran.

Shahsevan
The Shahsevan (Azerbaijani: شاهسِوَن; Persian: شاهسون) are a number of Azerbaijani Turkish-speaking or Shahsevani dialect-speaking (sometimes considered to be its own dialect distinct from others like Azerbaijani) Turkic groups that live in northwestern Iran, mainly inhabiting the districts of Mughan, Ardabil, Kharaqan and Khamsa.
H-matrix (iterative method)
In mathematics, an H-matrix is a matrix whose comparison matrix is an M-matrix. It is useful in iterative methods.

Definition: Let A = (aij) be a n × n complex matrix. Then comparison matrix M(A) of complex matrix A is defined as M(A) = αij where αij = −|Aij| for all i ≠ j, 1 ≤ i,j ≤ n and αij = |Aij| for all i = j, 1 ≤ i,j ≤ n. If M(A) is a M-matrix, A is a H-matrix.

Invertible H-matrix guarantees convergence of Gauss–Seidel iterative methods.

Gauss–Seidel method
In numerical linear algebra, the Gauss–Seidel method, also known as the Liebmann method or the method of successive displacement,  is an iterative method used to solve a system of linear equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel. Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the diagonals, convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is either strictly diagonally dominant, or symmetric and positive definite. It was only mentioned in a private letter from Gauss to his student Gerling in 1823. A publication was not delivered before 1874 by Seidel.
PlanetPhysics
PlanetPhysics was a virtual community with several Internet sites  supported by a non-profit organization registered in the USA in an open science, open data, peer-to-peer review mode that aimed to help make physics, and related mathematics, knowledge much more accessible, as well as to further develop physical, logical, computational and mathematical physics concepts.

PlanetPhysics was also a free, collaborative, online physics, mathematical physics, computational physics and physical mathematics project, including original articles, lectures, books and  encyclopedia entries.  The emphasis was on openness, pedagogy, real-time content, rigour, interlinked content, and also based on a virtual community, or virtual group, of about 600 people with various physics, mathematical physics, physical mathematics, logic (such as quantum logic, relational logic and many-valued logics), axiomatics and mathematics interests.

Wikiversity hosts an archive of this project at PlanetPhysics

Computational physics
Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical analysis to solve problems in physics. Historically, computational physics was the first application of modern computers in science, and is now a subset of computational science. It is sometimes regarded as a subdiscipline (or offshoot) of theoretical physics, but others consider it an intermediate branch between theoretical and experimental physics — an area of study which supplements both theory and experiment.
Marc Alexander Scheer
Marc Alexander Scheer (born 16 May 1979) is a German sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres.

He finished fourth at the 1998 World Junior Championships. In 4 × 400 metres relay he finished fifth at the 1998 World Cup and eighth at the 2001 World Championships.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
Canetti
Canetti is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cecilia Canetti (born 1987), Brazilian female former water polo player

Ciça Canetti (born 1987), Brazilian female former water polo player

Elias Canetti (1905–1994), German language author

Jacques Canetti (1909–1997), French music executive and a talent agent

Jean-Charles Canetti (1945–2025), Italian footballer

Manuela Canetti (born 1988), Brazilian female water polo goalkeeper

Marina Canetti (born 1983), Brazilian female former water polo player

Robert Canetti (born 1948), Israeli conductor, violinist, and professor

Veza Canetti (1897–1963), Austrian poet, playwright, and short story writer

Yanitzia Canetti (born 1967), Cuban author, translator, and editor

Marina Canetti
Marina Canetti (born January 24, 1983, in Rio de Janeiro) is a female water polo player from Brazil, who won the bronze medal with the Brazil women's national water polo team at the 2003 Pan American Games. She also competed at the 2007 Pan American Games, finishing in fourth place, and the 2011 World Aquatics Championships.
Maayke Heuver
Maayke Heuver (born 26 July 1990) is a former Dutch football player, who played as midfielder or defender. She played her entire professional career for FC Twente competing in national tournaments (Eredivisie in the Netherlands and BeNe League in Belgium and Netherlands) and European tournaments (UEFA Women's Champions League). She also played for the Dutch national team.

2013–14 BeNe League
The 2013–14 season of the Women's BeNe League is the second season of the Belgium and Netherlands' women's football top level league. The defending champion is FC Twente. The season started on 30 August 2013 and is played in a single division contrary to last season.

Originally planned as a 16 team league, one team withdrew before the season and another one withdrew during the season. Thus 14 teams made the final standings.

With six matches to spare Standard Liège already was set as the best placed Belgian side. The league was won by Twente for the second time in a row.
RFA Bacchus (A404)
RFA Bacchus (A404) was a stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom. She was the third ship to bear this name.

Built by Henry Robb of Leith for the British-India Steam Navigation Company and operated by the RFA on a long-term bareboat charter. She was designed to carry naval stores from UK to overseas naval bases, she pioneered containerisation with "Chacons", small wooden containers developed at Chatham Dockyard.

Bacchus was returned to her owners on 1 October 1981, and renamed Cherry Lanka on 6 November 1981. She scrapped at Gadani Beach on 31 December 1985.

Her sister-ship, RFA Hebe (A406) caught fire and was a constructive total loss in 1978 in Gibraltar.

Gadani Beach
Gadani Beach is a beach on the Arabian Sea located near the Hub River and Cape Monze in Gadani, Hub District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Gadani Beach is the location of Gadani ship-breaking yard, which was once one of the world's largest ship-breaking yards. Simultaneously, the location is gradually garnering interest among local tourists.
Henry Hill (Australian cricketer)
Henry John Hill (7 July 1878 – 30 October 1906) was an Australian cricketer.

Hill was born in Adelaide, South Australia and was the brother of Australia captain Clem. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm bowler of unknown style.

Hill played one first-class match for South Australia, a 1904 match against the strong touring England ("M.C.C.") team, making just 10 runs in his only innings, but taking 3 wickets for 45 runs, for an average of 15.00.  He died in Kensington Park, Adelaide.

Brother
A brother (pl.: brothers or brethren) is a man or boy who shares one or more parents with another; a male sibling. The female counterpart is a sister. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships. A full brother is a first degree relative.