hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Middle Spring Creek
Middle Spring Creek is a 7.2-mile-long (11.6 km) tributary of the Conodoguinet Creek in Franklin and Cumberland counties in Pennsylvania in the United States.

The stream runs through the heart of Shippensburg and into Franklin County.

Middle Spring Creek joins the Conodoguinet just south of a village named Mowersville.

Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Franklin County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 155,932. Its county seat is Chambersburg.

Franklin County comprises the Chambersburg–Waynesboro, PA metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the South Central region of the commonwealth.
Daftah
Daftah (Arabic: دفته) is a village near Masafi in the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

The village is located on the Masafi to Fujairah highway, which follows a route along the Wadi Ham (وادي حام). It is also located off the Sharjah-Khor Fakkan highway, constructed by contractor Halcrow. The $1.6 billion road, opened in 2019, connects Daftah with Khor Fakkan through a series of five tunnels through the Hajar Mountains, passing the newly redeveloped village of Shis. These include the Al Sidra Tunnel, which at 2,700 metres, is the longest covered mountain tunnel in the Middle East.

Although the village today is located along the roadside in a strip development, the old village of Daftah lies behind the new development, and was traditionally home to the Naqbiyin tribe.

Fujairah
Fujairah City (Arabic: الفجيرة) is the capital of the emirate of Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates. It is the seventh-largest city in UAE, located on the Gulf of Oman (part of the Indian Ocean). It is the only Emirati capital city on the UAE's east coast. The city of Fujairah is an industrial and commercial hub located on the west coast of the Indian Ocean that sits at the foothills of the Hajar Mountains.
Schöneich Tunnel
The Schöneich Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland, and forms part of the A1L motorway in the city of Zurich between Zurich Schwamendingen and the Letten Tunnel.

Opened to traffic on 20 August 1980, the tunnel was originally around 750 m (2,460 ft) long. The tunnel was extended as part of the project Einhausung Schwamendingen, by another 940 m (3,080 ft), bringing its length to a total of 1.7 km (1.1 mi). This extension was completed in 2024. The tram lines 7 and 9 run in a dedicated tram tunnel below the tunnel.

A1 motorway (Switzerland)
The A1 is a motorway in Switzerland. It follows Switzerland's main east–west axis, from St. Margrethen in northeastern Switzerland's canton of St. Gallen through to Geneva in southwestern Switzerland. The motorway spans 383 km (240 mi). Besides the motorway's main route, it has several branches that are variously numbered A1a, A1h, A1l and A1.1. It was opened for the Swiss national exhibition of 1964.

After the construction of the third Baregg Tunnel tube, the traffic jams in this area were reduced, but the Gubrist Tunnel remains with the old capacity as a new point of heavy traffic. 
The A1 motorway is connected via a taxiway at the hangar 5 with the airfield of Payerne Air Base and can, if necessary, be used as a runway for takeoff and landing. However, this possibility has never been used since the construction of the highway.
Hinduism in Sindh
Hinduism is the second-largest religion in Sindh, numbering 4.9 million people and comprising 8.8 percent of the province's population in the 2023 Pakistani census. Sindh has the largest population and the highest percentage of Hindus in Pakistan. Sindh has the Shri Ramapir Temple, whose annual festival is the country's second-largest Hindu festival (after the Hinglaj Yatra).

2023 Pakistani census
The 2023 Census of Pakistan was the seventh national census and detailed enumeration of the Pakistani population. It was conducted by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. It was also the first ever digital census to be held in Pakistan, and the first in South Asian history. It is the most recent census in Pakistan.

The census was initially held from 1 March 2023 to 1 April 2023. However, enumeration was later extended several times until 30 May 2023, because of incomplete enumeration in large cities such as Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad, where people are more mobile and therefore harder to count, and in remote and rural Balochistan. The extension was also used by PBS officials and census takers for quality reviews, to check if all households and people were properly counted in each area. The 2023 census recorded a total population throughout the country of 241,499,431 (excluding Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir).
Mithrobouzanes of Sophene
Mithrobouzanes was the Orontid king of Sophene in the second half of the 2nd-century BC. His name (Μιθροβουζάνης) is the Greek transliteration of the Iranian name *MiΘra-bauǰ-ana-, meaning "Delighting Mithra." The Armenian equivalent to the name would be Me(h)ruzhan (Մեհրուժան). He was the son and successor of Zariadres.

Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, or the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, mainly in the Iranian Plateau.

The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Avesta predates Old Iranian language, Old Avestan (c. 1500 – 900 BCE) and Younger Avestan (c. 900 – 400 BCE). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires).
Aristida
Aristida is a very nearly cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family. Aristida is distinguished by having three awns (bristles) on each lemma of each floret. The genus includes about 300 species found worldwide, often in arid warm regions. This genus is among those colloquially called three-awns wiregrasses, speargrasses and needlegrasses. The name Aristida is derived from the Latin "arista", meaning "awn".

They are characteristic of semiarid grassland. The Wiregrass Region of North America is named for A. stricta. Other locales where this genus is an important component of the ecosystem include the Carolina Bays, the sandhills of the Carolinas, and elsewhere, Mulga scrub in Australia, and the xeric grasslands around Lake Turkana in Africa. Local increases in the abundance of wiregrasses is a good indicator of overgrazing, as livestock avoid them.

Carolina Sandhills
The Sandhills or Carolina Sandhills is a 10-35 mi wide physiographic region within the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain province, along the updip (inland) margin of this province in the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The extent of the Carolina Sandhills is shown in maps of the ecoregions of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Jack Handey
Jack Handey (born February 25, 1949) is an American humorist. He is best known for his "Deep Thoughts by Jack Handey", a large body of surrealistic one-liner jokes, as well as his "Fuzzy Memories" and "My Big Thick Novel" shorts, and for his deadpan delivery. Although many assume otherwise, Handey is a real person, not a pen name or character.

Deadpan
Deadpan, dry humour, or dry-wit humour is the deliberate display of emotional neutrality or no emotion, commonly as a form of comedic delivery to contrast with the ridiculousness or absurdity of the subject matter. The delivery is meant to be blunt, ironic, laconic, or apparently unintentional.
Southeast, New York
Southeast is a town in Putnam County, New York, United States, so named for its location in the southeastern corner of the county. The population was 18,058 at the 2020 census. The town as a whole is informally referred to as Brewster, the town's principal settlement; the latter is also an incorporated village within the town's borders. Interstate 84, Interstate 684, U.S. Route 202, US Route 6, and NY 22 are the primary routes through the town.

Interstate 84 (Pennsylvania–Massachusetts)
Interstate 84 (I-84) is an Interstate Highway in the Northeastern United States that extends almost 233 miles (375 km) from Dunmore, Pennsylvania, near Scranton at an interchange with I-81 east to Sturbridge, Massachusetts, at an interchange with the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90). Among the major cities that the road passes through is Hartford, Connecticut, and the road provides a major portion of the primary route between New York City and Boston. Another highway named I-84 is located in the Northwestern United States.
Aristidh Ruçi
Aristidh Ruçi (11 March 1875 – 11 April 1950) was one of the signatories of Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912. He campaigned for the spread of education in Southern Albania and was a founder of the nationalist Labëria Club.

He was born in Sheper, Zagori region near Gjirokastër, . Ruci was an active participant in the Battle of Vlora.

Late in life, Ruci served as the President of the Chamber of Commerce of Vlorë and member of the newly created Board of the Bank of Albania.

On December 28, 2009, Ruci and several other notable people from Vlorë were honoured at a ceremony at the Petro Marko theatre by the district of Vlorë.

Aristidh Ruci died in 1950 in Vlorë in a communist prison. There was neither an obituary nor a funeral service in his honor.

Petro Marko
Petro Marko (November 25, 1913 – December 27, 1991) was an Albanian writer. His best-known novel is titled Hasta La Vista and recounts his experiences as a volunteer of the Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War. Petro Marko is widely regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern Albanian prose.
Jean Bossu (historian)
Jean Bossu (16 March 1911 - 23 September 1985) was a French libertarian journalist and historian.

He wrote several general works on freemasonry, biographies of revolutionary figures and reflections on society. He took part in the work on the Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier français and published a three-volume Chronique des rues d'Épinal.

Throughout his life he wrote the longest file on French Freemasons, including around 130,000 entries. On his death he left this "Bossu file" to the bibliothèque nationale de France - it was numbered over the course of the 20th century and allows contemporary historians to confirm that several 18th and 19th century people  were freemasons.

Freemasonry in France
Freemasonry in France (French: Franc-maçonnerie) has been influential on the worldwide Masonic movement due to its founding of Continental Freemasonry.

There are many and varied Masonic rites and obediences in France. The main male-only masonic organisations are the Grande Loge de France and the Grande Loge Nationale Française, the main female-only organisation is the Women's Grand Lodge Of France, and the main mixed organisations are now the Grand Orient de France and Le Droit Humain. In addition, organisations like the SRIA also operate in France, with colleges across the country.
Andrew Stuart (Ohio politician)
Andrew Stuart (August 3, 1823 – April 30, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.

Born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Stuart moved to Pittsburgh with his mother in 1834.  He received limited schooling.  He worked in a newspaper office.  He moved to Steubenville, Ohio, in 1850, where he was editor of the American Union 1850-1857.

Stuart was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress (March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855).  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection.  He engaged in the shipping business on the Gulf of Mexico and in the transportation of mails and supplies from Leavenworth, Kansas, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.  He resided in Washington, D.C., from 1869 until his death, April 30, 1872.  He was interred in Union Cemetery, Steubenville, Ohio.

Freight transport
Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commercial products and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.
Charles Heidelberger
Charles Heidelberger (December 23, 1920 – January 18, 1983) was a cancer researcher who developed and patented an anticancer drug called 5-Fluorouracil that remains widely used against cancers of the stomach, colon and breast. He was also director of basic research at the University of Southern California's Comprehensive Cancer Center. He received an American Cancer Society National Award in 1974. Heidelberger served on editorial boards of  various scientific journals: Cancer Research, Molecular Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacology, the International Journal of Cancer, In Vitro, and the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.
He served as director for Basic Research of the USC Cancer Center, and was a Distinguished Professor at the University of Southern California. His former home in Madison, Wisconsin, now known as the Dr. Charles and Judith Heidelberger House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
The Journal of Medicinal Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in medicinal chemistry. It is published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in 1959 as the Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and obtained its current name in 1963. Philip S. Portoghese served as editor-in-chief from 1972 to 2011. In 2012, Gunda Georg (University of Minnesota) and Shaomeng Wang (University of Michigan) succeeded Portoghese (University of Minnesota). In 2021, Craig W. Lindsley (Vanderbilt University) became editor-in-chief. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 7.1.
Albert M. Todd
Albert May Todd (June 3, 1850 – October 6, 1931), known as "The Peppermint King of Kalamazoo," was an American chemist, businessman, and politician from the state of Michigan. A philanthropist and advocate of public ownership of utilities, Todd made his fortune as the founder of the A.M. Todd Company, a world leader in the production of peppermint oil and other botanical extracts. Todd was also a renowned bibliophile. Much of his large book collection is now scattered throughout the holdings of several American universities. He served one term in the United States House of Representatives from 1897 to 1899.

Bookworm
A bookworm or bibliophile is an individual who loves and frequently reads or collects books. Bibliophilia or bibliophilism is the love of books.

Bibliophiles may have large, specialized book collections. They may highly value old editions, autographed copies, or illustrated versions. Bibliophilia is distinct from bibliomania, a compulsive obsession to collect books which can affect interpersonal relationships or health. The term "bibliophile" has been in use since 1820 and has been associated with historical figures like Lord Spencer and J.P. Morgan, who were known for their extensive book collections.
William Alexander Morgan
William Alexander Morgan (April 19, 1928 – March 11, 1961) was an American-born Cuban guerrilla commander and revolutionary who fought in the Cuban Revolution, leading a band of rebels that drove the Cuban army from key positions in the central mountains as part of Second National Front of Escambray, thereby helping to pave the way for Fidel Castro's forces to secure victory. Morgan was one of about two dozen U.S. citizens to fight in the revolution and one of only three foreign nationals to hold the rank of comandante in the rebel forces. In the years after the revolution, Morgan became disenchanted with Castro's turn to communism and he became one of the leaders of the CIA-supplied Escambray rebellion. In 1961, he was arrested by the Cuban government and, after a military trial, executed by firing squad in the presence of Fidel and Raúl Castro.

Execution by firing squad
Execution by firing squad, historically called fusillading (from the French fusil, rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are usually readily available and a gunshot to a vital organ, such as the brain or heart, most often will kill relatively quickly.
English cadence
In classical music theory, the English cadence is a contrapuntal pattern particular to the authentic or perfect cadence. It features a flattened seventh scale degree against the dominant chord, which in the key of C would be B♭ and G–B♮–D.

Popular with English composers of the High Renaissance and Restoration periods in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the English cadence is described as archaic or old-fashioned sounding. It was first given its name in the twentieth century.

The hallmark of this device is the dissonant augmented octave (compound augmented unison) produced by a false relation between the split seventh scale degree.

High Renaissance
In art history, the High Renaissance was a short period of the most exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, particularly Rome, capital of the Papal States, and in Florence, during the Italian Renaissance. Most art historians state that the High Renaissance started between 1490 and 1500, and ended in 1520 with the death of Raphael, although some say the High Renaissance ended about 1525, or in 1527 with the Sack of Rome by the mutinous army of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, or about 1530. The best-known exponents of painting, sculpture, and architecture of the High Renaissance include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Bramante. In the 21st century, the use of the term has been frequently criticized by some academic art historians for oversimplifying artistic developments, ignoring historical context, and focusing only on a few iconic works.
Ietje Paalman-de Miranda
Aïda Beatrijs “Ietje” Paalman-de Miranda (20 February 1936 – 11 May 2020) was a Surinamese-born Dutch mathematician and full professor.

She was born in Uitvlugt, Paramaribo. When she was 17 years old she moved from Suriname to the Netherlands to study mathematics at the University of Amsterdam. In that era, it was very unusual to study mathematics and she was the only woman at the faculty. She graduated cum laude on 23 November 1960. She started a PhD with Johannes de Groot as her supervisor. She defended her PhD thesis "Topological Semigroups" and obtained her degree in 1960, also cum laude. In 1980 she became a full professor in pure mathematics, becoming the first female full professor of mathematics in Amsterdam.

Faculty (division)
A faculty or academic division is an academic and administrative unit within a university or college comprising one subject area or a group of related subject areas, possibly also delimited by level (e.g. undergraduate). In North America, academic divisions are sometimes titled colleges, schools, or departments, with universities occasionally using a mixture of terminology, e.g., Harvard University has a Faculty of Arts and Sciences and a Law School.
Leigh Howard
Leigh Howard (born 18 October 1989) is an Australian professional racing cyclist. He qualified for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics in both the Men's Madison and Men's Team Pursuit. Howard was part of the Men's team pursuit together with Kelland O'Brien, Sam Weisford and Alexander Porter. They secured a bronze medal after overlapping New Zealand who had crashed. Howard also competed in the Men's Madison where the team finished fifth with a time of 3:48.448 and therefore did not qualify for the final.

Tour of Japan
The Tour of Japan is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Japan since 1996 as part of the UCI Asia Tour. It is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union (UCI) as a 2.2 category race.
Louis Berty Ayock
Ayock Louis Berty (born 21 November 1981, in Yaoundé, Cameroon) is a Cameroonian former professional footballer.

He played for Rangers in the Hong Kong First Division League in 2006–07, for Kitchee in 2007–08, and for Pegasus in 2008–09.

Kitchee SC
Kitchee Sports Club (Chinese: 傑志體育會; Jyutping: Git6zi3 Tai2juk6wui2; [kit̚˨ tsi˧ tʰɐj˧˥ jʊk̚˨ wuj˧˥]; pinyin: Jiézhì tǐyù huì) is a Hong Kong professional football club based in Kowloon. It was founded in 1931 and currently competes in the Hong Kong Premier League.

The club has won 12 league titles, including six Hong Kong First Division titles and six Hong Kong Premier League titles. They also won nine Senior Shields and seven Hong Kong FA Cups. The club is also the first Hong Kong club to win a game in AFC Champions League group stage and to advance to the round of 16 of the competition.
Easterling (surname)
Easterling is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Addison Rae Easterling (born 2000), American musician and social media personality

Howard Easterling (1911–1993), American baseball player

Keller Easterling, American architect

P. E. Easterling (born 1934), English classical scholar

Paul Easterling (1905–1993), American baseball player

Ray Easterling (1949–2012), American football player

Ruth M. Easterling (1910–2006), American politician

William Easterling (born 1953), American professor

P. E. Easterling
Patricia Elizabeth Easterling, FBA (née Fairfax; born 11 March 1934) is an English classical scholar, recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles. She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001. She was the 36th person and the first — and, so far, only — woman to hold the post.
Lookbook.nu
"Lookbook.nu" was a fashion, youth culture, and community website, created by Yuri Lee in San Francisco. It was inspired by street fashion websites and blogs such as The Sartorialist and The Cobrasnake and designed for users to post their own street-fashion photography, featuring themselves and their outfits. One fashion writer called the site the "Digg.com for fashion insiders."

Street style
Street style is fashion that is considered to have emerged not from studios, but from the population at large. Street fashion is generally associated with youth culture, and is most often seen in major urban centers. Magazines and newspapers commonly feature candid photographs of individuals wearing urban, stylish clothing. Mainstream fashion often appropriates street fashion trends as influences. Most major youth subcultures have had an associated street fashion. Street style is different all around the globe.
Flainn
Flainn is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aenghus Ua Flainn

Ailill Corrach mac Flainn (died 741), king of the Uí Failge, a Laigin people of County Offaly

Cináed mac Flainn (died 770), king of the Uí Failge, a Laigin people of County Offaly

Conaing mac Flainn (died 849), King of Brega from the Uí Chonaing sept of Cnogba (Knowth) of the Síl nÁedo Sláine branch of the southern Ui Neill

Cummascach mac Flainn (died 757), king of the Uí Failge, a Laigin people of County Offaly

Donnchad Donn mac Flainn

Fithceallach mac Flainn

Flaithnia mac Flainn (died 755), king of the Uí Failge, a Laigin people of County Offaly

Flann Mac Flainn

Mugrón mac Flainn (died 782), king of the Uí Failge, a Laigin people of County Offaly

Nicol Mac Flainn

Ragnall Ua Flainn Chua

Tóim Snáma mac Flainn (died 770), King of Osraige in modern County Kilkenny

Ólchobar mac Flainn (died 796), supposed King of Munster from the Uí Fidgenti of County Limerick

Cummascach mac Flainn
Cummascach mac Flainn (died 757) was a king of the Uí Failge, a Laigin people of County Offaly. He was one of the many sons of Fland Dá Chongal, a previous king. He ruled from 755 to 757. He was the first of Fland's sons by Érenach, daughter of Murchad Midi (died 715) of Uisnech to hold the throne.

Not mentioned in the Annals of Ulster, the Annals of Tigernach record that he was slain in 757 by Máel Dúin mac Áedo (died 786), King of Munster.