hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cribbing (horse)
Cribbing is a form of stereotypy (equine oral stereotypic behaviour), otherwise known as wind sucking or crib-biting. Cribbing is considered to be an abnormal, compulsive behavior seen in some horses, and is often labelled a stable vice. The major factors that cause cribbing include stress, stable management, genetic and gastrointestinal irritability.

Cribbing was mentioned in the literature as early as 1578 and occurs in 2.4–8.3% of horses depending on breed and management.

A similar but unrelated behavior, wood-chewing or lignophagia, is another undesirable habit observed in horses, but it does not involve sucking in air; the horse simply gnaws on wood rails or boards as if they were food.

Endorphins
Endorphins (contracted from endogenous morphine) are peptides produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing. They are produced and stored in the pituitary gland of the brain. Endorphins are endogenous painkillers often produced in the brain and adrenal medulla during physical exercise or orgasm and inhibit pain, muscle cramps, and relieve stress.
Promontorium Deville
Promontorium Deville is a mountainous cape situated on the northeast margin of Mare Imbrium on the near side of the Moon.  Its selenographic coordinates are 43.31° N, 1.14° E.  It is located north of Promontorium Agassiz, south of Mont Blanc, northeast of Mons Piton, and northwest of Cassini crater.

Promontorium Deville is named after Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville, a French meteorologist and geologist.  The name of the feature was approved by the IAU in 1935.

Mare Imbrium
Mare Imbrium /ˈɪmbriəm/ (Latin imbrium, the "Sea of Showers" or "Sea of Rains") is a vast lava plain within the Imbrium Basin on the Moon and is one of the larger craters in the Solar System. The Imbrium Basin formed from the collision of a proto-planet during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Basaltic lava later flooded the giant crater to form the flat volcanic plain seen today. The basin's age has been estimated using uranium–lead dating methods to approximately 3.9 billion years ago, and the diameter of the impactor has been estimated to be 250 ± 25 km. The Moon's maria (plural of mare) have fewer features than other areas of the Moon because molten lava pooled in the craters and formed a relatively smooth surface. Mare Imbrium is not as flat as it would have originally been when it first formed as a result of later events that have altered its surface. Mare Imbrium was the location of the first robotic rover deployed on an extraterrestrial body.
Mamiya Rinzō
Mamiya Rinzō (間宮 林蔵; 1775 – 13 April 1844) was a Japanese explorer of the late Edo period. He is best known for his exploration of Karafuto, now known as Sakhalin. He mapped areas of northeast Asia then unknown to Japanese.

Exploration
Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some expectation of discovery. Organised exploration is largely a human activity, but exploratory activity is common to most organisms capable of directed locomotion and the ability to learn, and has been described in, amongst others, social insects foraging behaviour, where feedback from returning individuals affects the activity of other members of the group.
Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)
The Glasgow International Exhibition was the second of 4 international exhibitions held in Glasgow, Scotland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The exhibition took place during a period of half-mourning requested by Edward VII but was still popular and made more than £35000 profit.
The exhibition was opened by the King's daughter, the Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife.

Louise, Princess Royal
Louise, Princess Royal (Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar; 20 February 1867 – 4 January 1931) was the third child and eldest daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom. She was a younger sister of King George V. Louise was granted the title of Princess Royal in 1905. Known for her reserved and quiet nature, she remained a low-profile member of the royal family throughout her life.
Arrow Air
Arrow Air was a passenger and cargo airline based in Building 712 on the grounds of Miami International Airport (MIA) in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The airline was started in 1981 as the latest in a series of aviation businesses controlled by George E. Batchelor, starting in 1946 with an earlier California-based airline Arrow Airways, an irregular air carrier shut down by the Federal government in 1951. Batchelor saw Arrow Air as a re-start of Arrow Airways, though they were separate corporations and separate certificates.

At different times over the years, Arrow Air operated over 90 weekly scheduled cargo flights, had a strong charter business and at one point operated scheduled international and domestic passenger flights. Its main base was Miami International Airport. Arrow Air ceased operations on June 29, 2010, and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on July 1, 2010. It was then liquidated.

Air operator's certificate
An air operator's certificate (AOC) is the approval granted by a civil aviation authority (CAA) to an aircraft operator to allow it to use aircraft for commercial air transport purposes. This requires the operator to have personnel, assets and systems in place to ensure the safety of its employees and of the flying public. The certificate lists the approved aircraft types, each registration number approved to fly, the approved flying purpose, and in what area the holder may operate (such as specific airports or geographic region).
Ú
Ú, ú (u-acute) is a Latin letter used in the Czech, Dobrujan Tatar, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Karakalpak and Slovak writing systems. This letter also appears in Dutch, Frisian, Irish, Occitan, Catalan, Pinyin, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Galician, and Vietnamese as a variant of the letter "U".

Occitan alphabet
The Occitan alphabet consists of the following 23 Latin letters:

The letters K, W and Y are considered foreign by Occitanians and are used only in words of foreign origin, incrementally integrated into Occitan, such as whisky, watt, Kenya.  They may be included in the Occitan alphabet following the order in the international alphabet.
Andrew Amonde
Andrew Noel Omondi Amonde (born 25 December 1983) is a Kenyan rugby union player and television producer. He plays for Kenya's national sevens team and has been its captain since 2012. Amonde captained Kenya's Olympic sevens team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Volleyballer Mercy Moim and Amonde were chosen to be Kenya's flagbearers at the Olympics opening ceremony in Tokyo (Moim was the second woman to be given this honour following archer Shehzana Anwar in 2016).

Shehzana Anwar
Shehzana Anwar (born 21 August 1989 in Nairobi) is a female Kenyan recurve archer. She competed in the archery competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, where she was the Kenyan flagbearer. She was defeated by Ki Bo-bae of South Korea during the first round of the women's individual competition.
5th Pri-Amur Corps
The 5th Pri-Amur Corps (Russian: 5-й Приамурский корпус) was a formation of the Siberian Army, part of the anti-Bolshevik White movement during the Russian Civil War. It primarily operated in the Transbaikal region and was headquartered in the city of Chita. The 5th Corps was formed from the Transbaikal Cossacks and various other volunteer forces fighting under Ataman (chief) Grigory Semyonov, as part of his Special Manchurian Unit (Особый маньчжурский отряд, OMO).

Ataman
Ataman (variants: otaman, wataman, vataman; Russian: атаман, romanized: ataman; Ukrainian: отаман, romanized: otaman, German: Feldataman) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire, the term was the official title of the supreme military commanders of the Cossack armies. The Ukrainian version of the same word is hetman. Otaman in Ukrainian Cossack forces was a position of a lower rank.
Australia's Cheapest Weddings
Australia's Cheapest Weddings is an Australian reality television series which premiered on the Seven Network on 22 August 2016. The program is narrated by Melanie Vallejo and follows couples who plan their wedding on a very small budget.

After three episodes, following poor ratings, Channel Seven pulled the show from its schedule indefinitely but did not confirm its cancellation. Unaired episodes returned from 10 November 2016.

Melanie Vallejo
Melanie Vallejo is an Australian actress best known for portraying Madison Rocca, the Blue Mystic Ranger in Power Rangers Mystic Force, and Sophie Wong in the Australian television series Winners & Losers.
Isibuko
Isibuko is a third studio album by South African singer Sjava, released through 1020 Cartel on January 27, 2023. Production was handled by his frequent producer Ruff. The album also features artists such as Emtee, Saudi, Anzo, Sampa the Great, Lolli Native, Delayde, Nontokozo Mkhize, Vernotile, Dumakahle, Q Twins, Umzulu Phaqa, Shwi and Mzukulu.

It reached number one in South Africa and certified Platinum by the Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA).

Sjava released a deluxe version of the album, titled Isibuko (Deluxe) on May 10, 2024, which includes the original album's 18 tracks along with 4 new ones. With features from A-Reece, K-Shine, Sastii, LaCabra, Lowfeye and Blue Pappi.

Nontokozo Mkhize
Nontokozo Hlengwa Mkhize professionally known as a Nontokozo Mkhize is a South African singer-songwriter. Her musical career began in 2017 as a backup vocalist for various artist and became a solo artist in 2024. Her song "Esandleni" debuted number 1 on Spotify Charts and broke record for the most-streamed solo song by a female artist in a single week.

Her studio album Lindiwe (Deluxe), was released on October 17, 2025, debuted number 8 on Top Albums charts SA Top 10 for the first time ever.
Retake (2016 film)
Retake is a 2016 American LGBT drama written and directed by Nick Corporon and starring Tuc Watkins and Devon Graye. It premiered at San Francisco's Frameline Film Festival in 2016 at the historic Castro theatre. The film went on to screen at multiple film festivals, including Reel Q, Outfest, and Reel Affirmations, among others. The film was picked up for distribution by Breaking Glass Pictures, with a theatrical premiere in Los Angeles on July 14, 2016 followed by an on-demand and DVD release in early-2017.

Castro Theatre
The Castro Theatre is a historic movie palace in the Castro District of San Francisco, California. Built in 1922, the theater displays architectural styles including Beaux-Arts and Spanish Baroque. Its designer, Timothy L. Pflueger, also designed Oakland's Paramount Theater and other movie theaters in California during that period. The theater's landmark Art Deco marquee was added in 1937.

The theater has a capacity of 1,400 for concerts, or 1,150 for movies.
Regensburg subcamp
49°01′29″N 12°05′50″E﻿ / ﻿49.0248361°N 12.0970996°E﻿ / 49.0248361; 12.0970996

The Regensburg satellite camp (KZ-Außenlager Regensburg) (Stadtamhof, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany), also known as the Colosseum subcamp (Außenkommando Colosseum) in the vernacular at the time, was established in 1945 as the last subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp in the Regensburg inn the Kolosseum (originally spelled with K). The Regensburg subcamp was in operation from March 19, 1945, until April 23, 1945. The Colosseum building is located at Stadtamhof 5, approximately 200 meters north of the Danube across the Stone Bridge (Steinerne Brücke) from the Altstadt (old town).

Subcamp
Subcamps were outlying detention centres (Haftstätten) that came under the command of a main concentration camp run by the SS in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. The Nazis distinguished between the main camps (or Stammlager) and the subcamps (Außenlager or Außenkommandos) subordinated to them. Survival conditions in the subcamps were, in many cases, poorer for the prisoners than those in the main camps.
Sun Chuo
Sun Chuo (traditional Chinese: 孫綽; simplified Chinese: 孙绰; pinyin: Sūn Chuò; Wade–Giles: Sun Ch'o) (320-377) was a Chinese poet of the Six Dynasties poetry tradition. He was one of the famous participants of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering, along with Wang Xizhi, and a large group of other scholar-poets, in 353 CE, in Shan-yin (now part of the modern province of Zhejiang). Sun Chuo is also famous for a fu upon the topic of Mount Tiantai, as well as his pioneering work on Chinese landscape poetry He was considered the foremost man of letters of his day.

Tiantai Mountain
Tiantai Mountain (also Tí Taî in the local language) is a mountain in Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Its highest peak, Huading, reaches a height of 1,138 meters (3,734 ft). The mountain was made a national park on 1 August 1988. One of nine remaining wild populations of Seven-Son Flower (Heptacodium miconioides) is located on mount Tiantai.
Bachelor of Library Science
The bachelor of library science (or "bachelor of library and information science") is a degree sometimes awarded to students majoring in library science.  It is commonly abbreviated as "B.L.S.", "B.Lib.", or "B.L.I.S.", often with the periods omitted ("BLS", "BLib", or "BLIS"). It has gone out of favor in the United States due to an ALA accredited M.L.S. degree becoming required in most public libraries and academic libraries for employment at the librarian level. Most colleges that still offer B.L.S. programs are specifically focused on training recipients to work in a school library, as requirements are not always as stringent if the proper teacher certification is attained.

School library
A school library, or school media center, is a library within a school where students, staff, and sometimes parents can borrow a variety of print and digital resources. The goal of a school library or media center is to ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access to materials for information gathering.

School libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve the school's curriculum and are centered around providing school-related materials.
Ralph Metcalf (Washington politician)
Ralph Metcalf (November 2, 1861 – April 14, 1939) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington State Senate from 1907 to 1939. From 1927 to 1929, he was president pro tempore of the Senate.

Washington State Senate
The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of approximately 160,000. The state senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia.

As with the lower House of Representatives, state senators serve without term limits, and senators serve four-year terms. Senators are elected from the same legislative districts as House members, with each district electing one senator and two representatives. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the state senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions, and boards.
Teresa Wang
Teresa Shu-Fong Wang (born November 16, 1937) is a Taiwanese-American biochemist. She is a professor emeritus at Stanford University, and the K. Bensch Endowed Chair Professor in Experimental Pathology of Department of Pathology at the Stanford University School of Medicine.  Her scientific pursuit focuses on the biochemical mechanisms of chromosome replication proteins, and molecular mechanisms of their involvement in maintaining genome integrity during chromosome replication.

Stanford University School of Medicine
The Stanford University School of Medicine is the medical school of Stanford University and is located in Stanford, California, United States. It traces its roots to the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific, founded in San Francisco in 1858. This medical institution, then called Cooper Medical College, was acquired by Stanford in 1908. In 1959, the medical school moved to the Stanford campus near Palo Alto, California.

The School of Medicine, along with Stanford Health Care and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, is part of Stanford Medicine.
Loužná
Loužná is a village and administrative part of Myslív in Klatovy District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. In 2011, 46 people lived here permanently. It is also a cadastral territory with an area of 3.59 km2.

Klatovy District
Klatovy District (Czech: Okres Klatovy) is a district in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. Its capital is the town of Klatovy. With an area of 1,946 km2 (751 sq mi), it is the largest district in the country.
Another Time and Place
Another Time and Place is the second major studio album by the American country music singer Rob Crosby. It was released on July 28, 1992 via Arista Nashville. The album includes the singles "She Wrote the Book" and "In the Blood".

Arista Nashville
Arista Nashville was an American record label that served as a wholly owned division of Sony Music, operated under the Sony Music Nashville division. Founded in 1989, the label specialized in country music artists, including Alan Jackson, Brooks & Dunn, Brad Paisley, and Carrie Underwood. The label had operated three sister labels: Career Records, Arista Austin, and Arista Texas/Latin.
Mirza Zain Baig
Mirza Zain Baig (Urdu: مرزا زین بیگ; born 12 January 1990) is a Pakistani actor and model.

In 2016, he made his acting debut on television in Dil Lagi as Fazal and rose to fame after portraying Malik Balaj, a cruel, feudal person in Malaal-e-Yaar (2019-2020).

Zainab Shabbir
Zainab Shabbir (born 26 June 1998) is a Pakistani television actress. She is best known for appearing in the dramas Sanwari, Piya Naam Ka Diya, Malaal-e-Yaar, Haqeeqat, Makafaat, Dikhawa, Mehar Posh, and Yaar Na Bichray. She was last seen as Sonia in Fareb (2023).
Canon EF 24-85mm lens
The EF 24–85mm f/3.5–4.5 USM is an EF mount wide-to-normal zoom lens. It was introduced by Canon in 1996. The lens was originally sold with the Canon EOS IX, an APS film SLR, although it was fully compatible with Canon's 35mm film SLRs. The lens was available in two colour schemes: silver when sold with the EOS IX, and black when sold separately. The lens remained in production during Canon's shift to digital SLRs and was often included in press images of the Canon EOS D30. As of June 2010 it is no longer listed on Canon's North American product page.

Canon EOS IX
The EOS IX (world markets) or EOS IX E (Japanese market) is an APS-format single-lens reflex camera that was introduced by Canon Inc. of Japan in October 1996 as part of their EOS series SLR cameras.   The other APS camera in this series is the Canon EOS IX Lite, also known as the EOS IX 7. Production ended in 2001.
Aretippur
Aretippur is an ancient Jain heritage site located in the Mandya district of Karnataka, India. Situated on the rocky hillock of "Kumbhi Betta", it houses multiple Jain monuments and inscriptions dating back to the Western Ganga dynasty (circa 8th–10th century CE). The site is sometimes referred to as the "second Shravanabelagola" due to its cultural importance and Jain relics.

Bahubali
Bahubali (IAST: Bāhubalī, lit. 'one with strong arms') was the son of Rishabhanatha (the first tirthankara of Jainism) and the brother of the chakravartin Bharata. He is a revered figure in Jainism. He is said to have meditated motionless for 12 years in a standing posture (kayotsarga), with climbing plants having grown around his legs. After his 12 years of meditation, he is said to have attained omniscience (kevala jnana).

Bahubali's other names are Kammateshwara and Gommateshwara, the namesake of the Gommateshwara statue dedicated to him.
Center For Naval Aviation Technical Training Unit Keesler
The Center For Naval Aviation Technical Training Unit Keesler (CNATT Unit Keesler, CENNAVAVNTRAU Keesler AFB MS, UIC 32861) is an aviation technical school operated by the U.S. Navy in Biloxi, Mississippi.  It is located on the campus of Keesler Air Force Base.  It was known as Naval Technical Training Unit Keesler (NTTU Keesler) prior to 2003.

The command hosts the GPETE (General Purpose Electronic Test Equipment) Calibration and Maintenance School (GCAMS), Advanced Calibration Technician School (ACTS), and physical/dimensional calibration (Phase B&D) schools, and participates in the joint service Precision Physical and Dimensional Calibration School (PHYS-D).

Biloxi, Mississippi
Biloxi (/bɪˈlʌksi/ ⓘ bih-LUK-see; French: [bilusi]) is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. It lies on the Gulf Coast in southern Mississippi, bordering the city of Gulfport to its west. The adjacent cities are both designated as seats of Harrison County. The population of Biloxi was 49,449 at the 2020 census, making it the state's fourth-most populous city. It is a principal city of the Gulfport–Biloxi metropolitan area, home to 416,259 residents in 2020. The area's first European settlers were French colonists.

The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico. Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing and the 403rd Wing of the U.S. Air Force Reserve.
Hospital de Emergencias Enfermera Isabel Zendal
The Hospital de Emergencias Enfermera Isabel Zendal is a public hospital constructed during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Hortaleza district of Madrid, Spain. Having opened its doors in December 2020 after a construction period of only 100 days, it became the city's main recipient of patients infected by the virus and the Spanish hospital with most COVID-patients by January 2021. It is named after Isabel Zendal, a Spanish nurse notable for participating in the 1803–06 Balmis Expedition which brought smallpox vaccination to South America and Asia.

Balmis Expedition
The Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition (Spanish: Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna), commonly referred to as the Balmis Expedition, was a Spanish healthcare mission that lasted from 1803 to 1806, led by Dr Francisco Javier de Balmis, which vaccinated hundreds of thousands against smallpox in Spanish America, the Philippines, and China. The vaccine was transported through children: orphaned boys who sailed with the expedition and, for part of the journey, three enslaved girls from Cuba.
Fayaux railway station
Fayaux railway station (French: Gare de Fayaux), is a railway station in the municipality of Blonay – Saint-Légier, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is an intermediate stop and a request stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Vevey–Les Pléiades line of Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera.

Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera
The Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera (MVR) is a Swiss railway company. It was formed in 2001 from the merger of four railway companies: the Chemins de fer électriques Veveysans, the Chemin de fer Les Avants-Sonloup, the Chemin de fer Montreux-Glion-Rochers-de-Naye, and the Chemin de fer funiculaire Vevey-Chardonne-Mont Pèlerin. Since this time they have been added to the marketing portfolio of the Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway (MOB) group and are featured as part of their "GoldenPass services."