hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Four-square cipher
The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique.  It was invented by the French cryptographer Felix Delastelle.

The technique encrypts pairs of letters (digraphs), and falls into a category of ciphers known as polygraphic substitution ciphers. This adds significant strength to the encryption when compared with monographic substitution ciphers which operate on single characters. The use of digraphs makes the four-square technique less susceptible to frequency analysis attacks, as the analysis must be done on 676 possible digraphs rather than just 26 for monographic substitution. The frequency analysis of digraphs is possible, but considerably more difficult - and it generally requires a much larger ciphertext in order to be useful.

Symmetric-key algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link. The requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric-key encryption, in comparison to asymmetric-key encryption (also known as public-key encryption). However, symmetric-key encryption algorithms are usually better for bulk encryption. With exception of the one-time pad they have a smaller key size, which means less storage space and faster transmission. Due to this, asymmetric-key encryption is often used to exchange the secret key for symmetric-key encryption.
Santa Catalina Island (Colombia)
Santa Catalina Island is a small Colombian island in the Caribbean Sea. It belongs to the San Andrés y Providencia Department of Colombia and is the northernmost island politically part of South America. The island has two bays: Old John Bay and Eliza Bay.

It is connected by a 100-metre (330 ft)  footbridge to its larger sister Providencia Island, to the south.

It has a dry climate with two annual rain periods.

Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (Spanish: Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, pronounced [aɾtʃiˈpjelaɣo ðe ˌsan anˈdɾes pɾoβiˈðensja j ˌsanta kataˈlina]), or San Andrés and Providencia, is one of the departments of Colombia. It consists of two island groups in the Caribbean Sea about 775 km (418 nmi; 482 mi) northwest of mainland Colombia, and eight outlying banks and reefs. The largest island of the archipelago and Colombia is called San Andrés and its capital is San Andrés. The other large islands are Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands which lie to the north-east of San Andrés; their capital is Santa Isabel.
22nd Actors and Actresses Union Awards
The 22nd Actors and Actresses Union Awards ceremony was held on 3 June 2013 at the Teatro Coliseum in Madrid. The gala was directed by Juan Cavestany and hosted by Javier Botet, Raúl Jiménez, Ignatius Farray and David Pareja.

In addition to the competitive awards Ada Colau received the 'Mujeres en Unión' award, Julieta Serrano the 'Toda una vida' career award and Antonio Malonda the Special Award.

Julieta Serrano
Julieta Serrano Romero (born 2 January 1933 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain) is a Spanish theatre and cinema actress. Her prolific career began in the 1960s, and she has worked with directors Pedro Almodóvar and Ventura Pons.

In September 2018, she was awarded by the Premio Nacional de Teatro. She won the Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress for Dolor y gloria (2019) and received additional nominations for Mujeres al borde de un ataque de nervios (1988) and Cuando vuelvas a mi lado (1999).
Lighobong diamond mine
The Lighobong mine is one of the largest diamond mines in Lesotho and in the world. The mine is located in the northern part of the country near the Maloti Mountains. The mine has estimated reserves of 19 million carats of diamonds and an annual production capacity of 1 million carats.

The mine in Lesotho is Firestone Diamonds’s principal asset, and was acquired as a result of the acquisition of Kopane Diamond Developments plc for $71 million in July 2010. It is operated by Liqhobong Mining Development Company (Proprietary) Limited (‘LMDC’), which is 75% owned by Firestone Diamonds and 25% owned by the government of Lesotho.

Maloti Mountains
The Maloti Mountains are a mountain range of the highlands of the Kingdom of Lesotho. They extend for about 100 km into the South African Free State. The Maloti Range is part of the Drakensberg system that includes ranges across large areas of South Africa. "Maloti" is also the plural for Loti, the currency of the Kingdom of Lesotho. The range forms the northern portion of the boundary between the Butha-Buthe District in Lesotho and South Africa's Free State.
Laurence Bareil
Laurence Bareil is a Québécois journalist and television host.

Born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, she began her career in the media at the age of 17 as a trainee for the local TVA owned-and-operated station, CHEM-DT. In 2002, she began studying communication at the Université du Québec à Montréal while attending courses at Promédia School, a structure offering training in spoken journalism.

At the end of her training, she was hired by the channel Canal Vie to host a program called Tous les chemins. Working at first at RDS, she joined the TVA, where she became a reporter and weather presenter. She also co-hosted the cooking show Qu'est-ce qui mijote (What's Cooking). Since 2013, she has hosted a series called La Reine du Shopping (The Queen of Shopping) on Canal Vie. As of 2010, she was also a reporter for La série Montréal-Québec, a reality show based on hockey rivalries between the two cities.

In 2021 she was a competitor in the Quebec edition of Big Brother Célébrités.

Réseau des sports
Réseau des sports (RDS) is a Canadian French language discretionary specialty channel oriented towards sports and sport-related shows. It is available in 2.5 million homes, and is owned by CTV Specialty Television Inc. (Bell Media 80% and ESPN 20%). Its full name (usually prefaced in speech by the French article "le") translates as "The Sports Network", the name of its Anglophone counterpart, TSN.
Gartnait, Earl of Buchan
Gartnait of Buchan is the first mormaer of Buchan to be known by name. He was married to a woman named Ete (or Ite), the daughter of a Gille Míchéil, whom he appears alongside in a grant to Deer recorded in the Gaelic Notes on the Book of Deer. This is surely Gille Míchéil, mormaer of Fife. The same source tells us that Gartnait was the son of Cainnech, although it does not tell us if this Cainnech had previously been mormaer.

He had a daughter Éva, whom he married to Colbán, his successor.

Buchan
Buchan /ˈbʌxən/ is a coastal district in the north-east of Scotland, bounded by the Ythan and Deveron rivers. It was one of the original provinces of the Kingdom of Alba. It is now one of the six committee areas of Aberdeenshire.
974 Lioba
974 Lioba (prov. designation: A922 FC or 1922 LS) is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 March 1922, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southern Germany. The S-type asteroid has a longer than average rotation period of 38.7 hours. It was named after missionary Saint Leoba (Lioba).

Provisional designation in astronomy
Provisional designation is the naming convention applied to astronomical objects immediately following their discovery. The provisional designation is usually superseded by a permanent designation once a reliable orbit has been calculated. As of 2019, approximately 47% of the more than 1,100,000 known minor planets remain provisionally designated, as hundreds of thousands have been discovered in the last two decades. The modern system is overseen by the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.
Iain Stewart (geologist)
Iain Simpson Stewart MBE FGS FRSE (born 1964) is a Scottish geologist who is currently Jordan-UK El Hassan bin Talal Research Chair in Sustainability at the Royal Scientific Society in Jordan. He is a UNESCO Chair in Geoscience and Society and formerly a member of the Scientific Board of UNESCO's International Geoscience Programme. Described as geology's "rock star", Stewart is best known to the public as the presenter of a number of science programmes for the BBC, notably the BAFTA nominated Earth: The Power of the Planet (2007).

He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and President of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Until 2021 he was director  of the Sustainable Earth Institute at University of Plymouth and remains a professor of geoscience communication there, in addition to his role as co-director of the Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability at Ashoka University.

Royal Scientific Society
The Royal Scientific Society (RSS) in Jordan is an independent non-governmental, not-for-profit multidisciplinary science 
institution established by royal charter. Founded in 1970 as a national organisation to actively advise and support 
the development of Jordan with sound technical and policy advice, and consultations. The RSS undertakes specialised 
and accredited testing, research work with local industries and universities, consultations for the private and public 
sectors, and works in partnership with regional and international organisations. Since its inception, the prime objectives of the RSS have been to protect human health and safety, to safeguard the environment, and to contribute to sustainable economic development.

The RSS is  the largest applied research institution in Jordan and a member of the International Science Council. In 2024 it had 500 staff.
Northern Hungary
Northern Hungary (Hungarian: Észak-Magyarország, Hungarian pronunciation: ['eːsɒk 'mɒɟɒrorsaːg]) is a region in Hungary. As a statistical region it includes the counties Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Heves and Nógrád, but in colloquial speech it usually also refers to Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county. The region is in the north-eastern part of Hungary. It borders Slovakia to the north, the Northern Great Plain region of Hungary to the south-east, and the central region of Hungary to the south-west. The region's centre, largest, and capital city is Miskolc.

Balassagyarmat
Balassagyarmat (Hungarian: [ˈbɒlɒʃːɒɟɒrmɒt]; formerly Balassa-Gyarmath; German: Jahrmarkt; Slovak: Balážske Ďarmoty or Balašské Ďarmoty) is a town in northern Hungary.

Balassagyarmat is the cultural center of the Palóc people of Hungary as the prominent author of Hungarian epic, Kálmán Mikszáth said. The Palóc people's origin is quite mysterious. Their distinctive dialect, culture, folklore, and traditions make them a unique ethnicity.
Mannheim Water Tower
The Water Tower (German: Wasserturm) is a well-known landmark of Mannheim, Germany. The water tower was built from 1886 to 1889 on the present Frederick Square (Friedrichsplatz) by Gustav Halmhuber. The tower, which is 60 meters high and 19 meters in diameter, was Mannheim's first urban water tower. It initially had to meet with the required standards as a drinking water supply while maintaining steady water pressure. After the construction of the higher Luzenberg water tower in 1909, the Mannheim water tower served as an aboveground water tank until 2000.

Landmark
A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation, a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances.

In modern-day use, the term can also be applied to smaller structures or features that have become local or national symbols.
Guantao County
Guantao County (simplified Chinese: 馆陶县; traditional Chinese: 館陶縣; pinyin: Guǎntáo Xiàn) is a county of southern Hebei province, China, bordering Shandong's Guan County and Linqing to the east across the Wei Canal (卫运河). It is under the administration of Handan City, and has a population of 320,000 residing in an area of 456 km2 (176 sq mi). Jinan lies 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the east, Handan 75 km (47 mi) to the west, and Beijing 420 km (260 mi) to the north, and the county is served by G22 Qingdao–Lanzhou Expressway and China National Highways 106 and 309. The area was formerly part of Shandong Province.

Linqing
Linqing (simplified Chinese: 临清; traditional Chinese: 臨清; pinyin: Línqīng) is a county-level city under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Liaocheng in western Shandong Province, China.
Ridgefield station
Ridgefield station can refer to:

Ridgefield station (Erie Railroad)

Ridgefield station (Hudson–Bergen Light Rail)

Ridgefield station (New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad)

Ridgefield station (Illinois)

Ridgefield station (New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad)
Ridgefield station was a station on the Ridgefield Branch of the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad and later the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, located in the town of Ridgefield, Connecticut. Opened in 1870 as the terminus of its namesake branch line. The station would serve passengers until the discontinuation of passenger service on August 8, 1925, afterwards only accommodating freight service until the NYNH&H abandoned the line entirely in 1964. The station would remain as a part of the Ridgefield Supply Company's headquarters until 2015, when the original station was disassembled, refurbished, and moved to the other side of the property where it still stands today.
Area (Beijing)
Area (Chinese: 地区; pinyin: Dìqū) is a type of township-level divisions of China that is only used within Beijing. It is an intermediate designation between the rural township or town and the more urban subdistrict, and is given to settlements resembling desakotas.

Usually, each area within Beijing will also carry its previous respective designation as a town or township, and the town/township government will take additional role as the area office (Chinese: 地区办事处). Such a system is referred to as "One agency, two nameplates" (Chinese: 一个机构，两个牌子). For the most part, the area and town/township will share the same place name, such as Nanmofang and Liangxiang. However, there are also exceptions, such as the town name of Wanliu Area being Haidian. As of 2025, however, most official sources have begun to drop the 'area' name, and instead solely use 'town' or 'township'.

Desakota
Desakota is a term used in urban geography to describe areas in the extended surroundings of large cities, in which urban and agricultural forms of land use and settlement coexist and are intensively intermingled.
Natalia Ryzhevich
Natalia Ryzhevich (born 4 March 1977) is a Belarusian former footballer.

She played as a midfielder for FC Babruyshanka, Universitet Vitebsk and FC Minsk in Belarus, and Lada Togliatti in Russia. She also played the UEFA Champions League with all but Minsk.

Ryzhevich was a founding member of the Belarusian national team, taking part in November 1995 in its first game ever, in the Euro 1997 qualifiers. She played in the national team for 13 years, until 2008.

UEFA Women's Euro 1997 qualifying
The qualification for the UEFA Women's Euro 1997 was held between 17 September 1995 and 29 September 1996. The first-placed of the group stage qualified directly. The second-placed and the third-placed teams played in two playoff matches for four other berths.
Richard Frankel (producer)
Richard Frankel is an American theatrical producer and general manager who has been producing and managing on and off-Broadway since 1970.  He has been working in partnership with Tom Viertel, Steve Baruch, and Marc Routh since 1985.

The Norman Conquests
The Norman Conquests is a trilogy of plays written in 1973 by Alan Ayckbourn. Each of the plays depicts the same six characters over the same weekend in a different part of a house. Table Manners is set in the dining room, Living Together in the living room, and Round and Round the Garden in the garden.

The plays were first performed in Scarborough, before runs in London and on Broadway. A television version was first broadcast in the UK during October 1977.
Giolla Ceallaigh mac Comhaltan
Giolla Ceallaigh mac Comhaltan (fl. 10th century) was an ancestor to the MacGiolla Ceallaigh (Kilkelly family of County Galway).

Giolla Cellaigh - devotee of Saint Ceallaigh - was a member of the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne of south Galway, and was a six-time great-grandson of Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin, King of Connacht (died 663). He was a son of Comhaltan mac Maol Cúlaird, who was likewise related to Seachnasach mac Donnchadh, Scannlán mac Fearghal, Eidhean mac Cléireach, and Cathal mac Ógán, who gave their names to the families of Ó Seachnasaigh, Ó Scannláin, Ó Cléirigh, Ó hEidhin and Ó Cathail.

MacLysaght states

This family were hereditary olaves (ollamh) to the O'Flahertys. The name is sometime abbreviated to Kelly with the resultant confusion.

The family are mentioned in this regard in the medieval text Crichaireacht cinedach nduchasa Muintiri Murchada.

Kilkelly
Kilkelly (Irish: Cill Cheallaigh, meaning 'church of Cellach') is a small village in Kilmovee civil parish, County Mayo, Ireland. It is just south of Ireland West Airport on the N17, a national primary road running between Galway and Sligo.
Mark Eaton (ice hockey)
Mark Andrew Eaton (born May 6, 1977) is an American professional ice hockey coach and former defenseman who is the current interim head coach for the Rockford IceHogs of the American Hockey League (AHL). He played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Nashville Predators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and New York Islanders. He is the only NHL player to ever come from Delaware. He attended John Dickinson High School in the Wilmington suburbs but played his minor hockey across the state line in Pennsylvania.

Rockford IceHogs
The Rockford IceHogs are a professional ice hockey team based in Rockford, Illinois. They are members of the American Hockey League (AHL), having begun play in the League starting in the 2007–08 season. The team plays their home games at the BMO Center, and they serve as the top minor league affiliate of the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Chicago Blackhawks.
Vaccenic acid
Vaccenic acid is a naturally occurring trans fatty acid and an omega-7 fatty acid. It is the predominant kind of trans-fatty acid found in human milk, in the fat of ruminants, and in dairy products such as milk, butter, and yogurt.
Trans fat in human milk may depend on trans fat content in food. Vaccenic acid was discovered in 1928 in animal fats and butter.  
Mammals convert it into rumenic acid, a conjugated linoleic acid,

Cow milk had highest trans-vaccenic acid content in the first few days of milking.

Its IUPAC name is (11E)-11-octadecenoic acid, and its lipid shorthand name is 18:1 trans-11.  The name was derived from the Latin vacca (cow). Its stereoisomer, cis-vaccenic acid, is found in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) oil. Its IUPAC name is (11Z)-11-octadecenoic acid, and its lipid shorthand name is 18:1 cis-11.

Sea buckthorn oil
Sea buckthorn oil is a red-orange oil derived from sea buckthorn plants. The most commonly used species for this purpose is Hippophae rhamnoides. Species belonging to this genus accumulate lipids in the mesocarp (the fruit pulp), so the oil can be extracted from either the seeds or the pulp.

The resulting oils (seed oil and pulp oil, also called fruit or berry oil) are used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and skin care products.
2024 Texas elections
Elections were held in Texas on November 5, 2024. Primary elections took place on March 5, 2024. Primary runoff elections took place on May 28, 2024.

Seats up for election were all seats of the Texas Legislature, all 38 seats in the United States House of Representatives, and the Class I seat to the United States Senate, for which two-term incumbent Republican Senator Ted Cruz ran for and won re-election. In addition, Texas counties, cities, and school and other special districts had local elections and other ballot issues, such as bond proposals.

Dallas County, Texas
Dallas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,613,539, and was estimated to be 2,656,028 in 2024, making it the second-most populous county in Texas and the eighth-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Dallas, the third-most populous city in Texas and the ninth-most populous city in the United States. The county was founded on March 30, 1846 and was possibly named for George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States under U.S. President James K. Polk. Dallas County is included in the eleven-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area, which is the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States.

Municipal expansion within Dallas County has blurred the geographic lines between cities and between neighboring counties.
Wha-Chi
The Wha-Chi (Chinese: 華支; Jyutping: waa4 zi1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-chi; lit. 'Chinese Division'), also known as the Philippine-Chinese Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Forces (simplified Chinese: 菲律宾中国抗日游击队; traditional Chinese: 菲律賓中國抗日游擊隊; pinyin: Fēilǜbīn zhōngguó kàngrì yóují duì; Filipino: Hukbong Gerilya ng Pilipino-Tsino Laban sa Hapon), was a Chinese Filipino Philippine resistance group which fought against invading Imperial Japanese forces which occupied the Philippines during World War II.

They are also known as Squadron 48, after the Communist Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army.

Philippine Army
The Philippine Army (PA) (Filipino: Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas) is the main, oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), responsible for ground warfare. As of 2025, it had an estimated strength of 110,000 personnel. The service branch was established on December 21, 1935, as the Army of the Philippines.

The Philippine Army has been engaged in numerous combat operations, including the ongoing Communist rebellion in the Philippines, the Moro conflict and, alongside other national military forces, in conflicts of international scope and on United Nations peacekeeping missions in various parts of the globe.

The Commanding General of the Philippine Army is its professional and overall head. Its main headquarters (Headquarters Philippine Army or HPA) is located at Fort Andres Bonifacio, Taguig City.
Torah database
A Torah database (Hebrew: מאגר תורני) is a collection of Jewish religious texts in electronic form, the kinds of texts which, especially in Israel, are often called "The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf" (Hebrew: ארון הספרים היהודי); the texts are in their original languages (Hebrew or Aramaic). It usually refers to a collection of primary texts, rather than translations or secondary research and reference materials.

These databases contain either keyed-in digital texts or a collection of page-images from printed editions. Given the nature of Torah study in Judaism, which involves extensive citation and cross-referencing among hundreds of texts written over the course of thousands of years, many Torah databases also make extensive use of hypertext links.

Jewish literature
Jewish literature includes works written by Jews on Jewish themes, literary works written in Jewish languages on various themes, and literary works in any language written by Jewish writers. Ancient Jewish literature includes Biblical literature and rabbinic literature. Medieval Jewish literature includes not only rabbinic literature but also ethical literature, philosophical literature, mystical literature, various other forms of prose including history and fiction, and various forms of poetry of both religious and secular varieties. The production of Jewish literature has flowered with the modern emergence of secular Jewish culture. Modern Jewish literature has included Yiddish literature, Judeo-Tat literature, Ladino literature, Hebrew literature (especially Israeli literature), and Jewish American literature.