hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arabi Malayalam
Arabi Malayalam (also called Mappila Malayalam and Moplah Malayalam) is the traditional Malayalam dialect of the Mappila Muslim community. It is spoken by several thousand people, predominantly in the Malabar Coast of Kerala state, southern India. The form can be classified as a regional dialect in northern Kerala, or as a class or occupational dialect of the Mappila community. It can also be called a vernacular in general, or as a provincial patois, with the latter label being increasingly applicable in Colonial times. All the forms of Malayalam, including the Mappila dialect, are mutually intelligible.

The Mappila form shows some lexical admixture from Arabic and Persian.

The variety Arabi Malayalam is also used by lower castes non-Muslims in northern Kerala, Muslims in Dakshina Kannada, and different Mappila migrant communities in South East Asia.

Vernacular
Vernacular is the ordinary, informal, spoken form of a language or dialect, particularly when perceived as having lower social status or less prestige than standard language, which is more codified, institutionally promoted, literary, or formal. More narrowly, any particular variety of a natural language that does not hold a widespread high-status perception, and sometimes even carries social stigma, is also called a vernacular, vernacular dialect, nonstandard dialect, etc. and is typically its speakers' native variety. Regardless of any such stigma, all nonstandard dialects are full-fledged varieties of language with their own consistent grammatical structure, sound system, body of vocabulary, etc.
Veterans' Memorials, Boy Scouts, Public Seals, and Other Public Expressions of Religion Protection Act of 2006
The Veterans' Memorials, Boy Scouts, Public Seals, and Other Public Expressions of Religion Protection Act of 2006 ( H.R. 2679, S. 3696, previously the Public Expression of Religion Act of 2005), was a bill passed by the United States House of Representatives on September 26, 2006 by a vote of 244 to 173. It was not voted upon by the Senate. Its intent was two-fold. First, it would have limited the remedies for violation of Establishment Clause rights under the United States Constitution to injunctive relief and declaratory relief only. Second, it would have prevented a plaintiff in such a case from recovering attorneys' fees when they win their case.

It was criticized as a "back door" attempt to circumvent the U.S. Constitution.

THOMAS
THOMAS was the first online database of United States Congress legislative information.  A project of the Library of Congress, it was launched in January 1995 at the inception of the 104th Congress and retired on July 5, 2016; it has been superseded by Congress.gov.
John Fothergill (engineer)
John Fothergill (born in 1953 in Malta) is pro-vice-chancellor of City University London. He was head of engineering, dean of science and pro-vice-chancellor at the University of Leicester. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the IEE, and the Institute of Physics.

He has over 120 refereed papers and over 20 postgraduate students.

Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based not-for-profit learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, research and application.

It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide membership of over 20,000. The IOP is the Physical Society for the UK and Ireland and supports physics in education, research and industry. In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council; it also holds its own separate Royal Charter. The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes 85 academic titles.
Former Queen Elizabeth Old Grammar School
The Former Queen Elizabeth Old Grammar School and its adjoining schoolmaster's house are Grade II* listed buildings dating from the late 16th and early 19th centuries, on Boarshaw Road in Middleton, a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England. Historically part of Lancashire, these buildings are significant examples of Tudor educational and architectural heritage in North West England and form part of Middleton's "Golden Cluster" of heritage sites.

The original grammar school building, sold in 1909 after its closure, was later repurposed for community use. Following restoration in 1997 and an acquisition by Rochdale Council in 2024 to protect its heritage, it now functions as a heritage and events venue.

Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
The Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. Its largest town is Rochdale and the wider borough covers other outlying towns and villages, including Heywood, Littleborough, Middleton & Milnrow. It is the ninth-largest district by population in Greater Manchester with a population of 235,561 in 2024.
Yoting, Western Australia
Yoting is a small town located between Quairading
and Bruce Rock in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.

It was originally a station on the Quairading to Bruce Rock railway line when it was established in 1912. Lots were surveyed in early 1914 and the townsite was gazetted later the same year.

The name is Aboriginal in origin and was taken from the nearby Yoting well. The well or spring first appeared on maps in 1873. Bruce Leake, an early settler, noted that the words Yot means two women fighting with wannas or digging sticks.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a grain receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

Digging stick
A digging stick, sometimes called a yam stick, is a wooden implement used primarily by subsistence-based cultures to dig out underground food such as roots and tubers, tilling the soil, or burrowing animals and anthills. It is a term used in archaeology and anthropology to describe similar implements, which usually consists of little more than a sturdy stick which has been shaped or sharpened and sometimes hardened by being placed temporarily in a fire.

Fashioned with handles for pulling or pushing, it forms a prehistoric plough, and is also described as a type of hoe.
Digging sticks more than 170,000 years old, made of boxwood by Neanderthals, have been found in Italy.
Abul Kalam Azad Chowdhury
Abul Kalam Azad Chowdhury (also AK Azad Chowdhury; born 21 October 1946) is a Bangladeshi academic. He served as the 23rd Vice-chancellor of the University of Dhaka and the 11th Chairman of University Grants Commission of Bangladesh.

University Grants Commission of Bangladesh
University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মঞ্জুরী কমিশন, romanized: Bañglādeś Biśbobidyālaẏ mañjurī komiśan; abbreviated as UGC) is the apex body responsible for overseeing higher education in Bangladesh, ensuring quality standards, and advising on university development. It was established on 16 December 1972, according to the Presidential Order (P.O. No 10 of 1973) of the Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh. It regulates public and private universities, promoting academic excellence and supporting research initiatives across the country.
2017 Engie Open Andrézieux-Bouthéon 42 – Doubles
Elise Mertens and An-Sophie Mestach were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.

Nicola Geuer and Anna Zaja won the title when Ana Bogdan and Ioana Loredana Roșca retired in the final at 6–3, 2–2.

Nicola Geuer
Nicola Geuer (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɔʏ̯ɐ]; born 2 March 1988) is a German former professional tennis player.

In her career, Geuer won four singles and ten doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 10 May 2010, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 276. On 9 October 2017, she peaked at No. 91 in the doubles rankings.

Geuer was coached by former German ATP player Karsten Braasch.

Since October 2014, she has played only in doubles competition, and since October 2019 only once, in Lyon, France.
Al-Hawl
Al-Hawl (Arabic: ٱلْهَوْل, romanized: al-Hawl, lit. '"swampland"'), also spelled al-Hole, al-Hol, al-Hool and al-Houl, is a town in eastern al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria, under control of the International Coalition. It is the administrative center of the Al-Hawl Subdistrict consisting of 22 municipalities. At the 2004 census, the town had a population of 3,409. Al-Hawl is the site of the Al-Hawl refugee camp.

During the civil war, al-Hawl was seized by Islamic State forces, becoming one of the major IS strongholds in northeastern Syria. On 13 November 2015, al-Hawl was captured by the SDF, in what was considered as the first strategic success by the newly established SDF.

Al-Hasakah Governorate
Al-Hasakah Governorate (Arabic: محافظة الحسكة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat al-Ḥasakah), officially known as Hasakah Governorate (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Hesekê; Classical Syriac: ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܚܣܟܗ, romanized: Huparkiyo d'Ḥasake, and also known as ܓܙܪܬܐ, Gozarto) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is located in the far north-east corner of Syria and distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, natural environment, and more than one hundred archaeological sites. It was formerly known as Al-Jazira Province. Prior to the Syrian civil war nearly half of Syria's oil was extracted from the region. It is the lower part of Upper Mesopotamia.

Most of the territory is controlled by the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (DAANES), which as part of the ongoing Rojava conflict, on 21 January 2014 declared democratic autonomy on the area of Al-Hasakah Governorate as the Jazira Region, the largest of the three original regions of DAANES.
Italian Game, Rousseau Gambit
The Rousseau Gambit (or Ponziani Countergambit after Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani) is a chess opening that begins with the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. Nf3 Nc6

3. Bc4 f5

The gambit is named after French chess master Eugène Rousseau. White can decline the gambit by supporting the e-pawn with 4.d3. The resulting position is similar to a King's Gambit Declined with colours reversed, and White's king bishop aiming at Black's weakened kingside. Black will have trouble castling kingside, and Ng5 is a likely threat. White's position is better, but still requires careful play.

Key themes for White are to attack Black's kingside and to avoid attempts by Black to simplify the position. Exchanges involving White's light-square bishop are particularly suspect.

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Baron Byng High School
Baron Byng High School was an English-language public high school on Saint Urbain Street in Montreal, Quebec, opened by Governor General of Canada Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy in 1921. The school was attended largely by working-class Jewish Montrealers from its establishment until the 1960s. Baron Byng High School's alumni include many accomplished academics, artists, businesspeople and politicians.

Baron Byng has been immortalized in many books, including in Mordecai Richler's The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, St. Urbain's Horseman, and Joshua Then and Now as Fletcher's Field High School.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Collins Park (Bayonne, New Jersey)
Collins Park, or 1st Street Park, is the largest municipal park in Bayonne, New Jersey. It is located at the southern end of the city and runs for 0.75 miles (1.21 km) along the shore the Kill van Kull. Once known as Kill van Kull Park, it is named for Dennis P. Collins, who served at mayor of Bayonne from 1974 to 1990. The approach to the Bayonne Bridge crosses over the park at the west, under which will connect to the planned extension of Hackensack River Greenway at Bergen Point.

Mayors of Bayonne, New Jersey
Bayonne, New Jersey was incorporated on April 1, 1861 as a township. It was reincorporated on March 10, 1869 as a city. It is currently governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan C), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of July 1, 1962, before which it was governed by a Board of Commissioners under the Walsh Act. The governing body consists of a mayor and a five-member city council, of which two seats are elected at-large and three from wards. This is a list of mayors of Bayonne, New Jersey.
Dave Mays (baseball)
David Mays (December 3, 1910 – June 23, 1993) was an American Negro league outfielder in the 1930s.

A native of Leggett, Texas, Mays played for the Kansas City Monarchs in 1937. In 17 recorded games, he posted 14 hits in 61 plate appearances. Mays died in Houston, Texas in 1993 at age 82.

Leggett, Texas
Leggett is an unincorporated community in Polk County, Texas, United States. It is located at the junction of U.S. Highway 59 (future Interstate 69) and Farm to Market Road 942. As of 2000, the community had about 500 residents.

The Leggett Independent School District serves area students.
Gill Industries
Gill Industries is an American global supplier that works mainly in welding and assembly, headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with offices in Trenton, Georgia, and Richmond, Kentucky, and global offices in Mexico, Europe and Asia. The supplying company works to assemble, develop and supply to clients in the automotive, office and wireless power markets.

It was initially named Gill & Williams Tooling as a local tool and die shop when it was created in 1964 by Clayton John Gill and Gerald Williams, his brother-in-law. It expanded into welding and assembly in the 1980s, and has been a supplier for large companies like BMW, Volkswagen, Club Car, Herman Miller and Ford Motors for years. Gill Industries also owns Gill Electronics. Gill Industries is owned by Gill Holding Company, Inc.

Herman Miller
MillerKnoll, Incorporated, doing business as Herman Miller, is an American company that produces office furniture, equipment, and home furnishings. Its best known designs include the Aeron chair, Noguchi table, Marshmallow sofa, Mirra chair, and Eames Lounge Chair. Herman Miller is also credited with the 1968 invention of the office cubicle (originally known as the "Action Office") under then–director of research Robert Propst.
San Tin (constituency)
San Tin (Chinese: 新田) is one of the 39 constituencies in the Yuen Long District of Hong Kong.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the Yuen Long District Council, with an election every four years. San Tin constituency is loosely based on San Tin, Mai Po, Ngau Tam Mei and Nam Sang Wai with estimated population of 19,617.

Yuen Long District Council
The Yuen Long District Council (Chinese: 元朗區議會; noted as YL) is the district council for the Yuen Long District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Yuen Long District currently consists of 46 members, of which the district is divided into four constituencies, electing a total of 8 members, 16 district committee members, 16 appointed members, and 6 ex officio members who are the Shap Pat Heung, San Tin, Ha Tsuen, Kam Tin, Ping Shan and Pat Heung rural committee chairmen. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.
2024 University of Twente pro-Palestinian campus protests
In May 2024, University of Twente students and staff organized a series of pro-Palestinian protests on campus and in the city center to support Palestinians in Gaza and demand action from the university.

University of Twente
The University of Twente (Dutch: Universiteit Twente [ynivɛrsiˌtɛi(t) ˈtʋɛntə]; abbr. UT) is a public technical university located in Enschede, Netherlands.
The university has been placed in the top 170 universities in the world by multiple central ranking tables. In addition, the UT was ranked the best technical university in the Netherlands by Keuzegids Universiteiten, the most significant national university ranking.
The UT collaborates with Delft University of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology and the Wageningen University and Research Centre under the umbrella of 4TU and is also a partner in the European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU).
Narrows
A narrows or narrow (used interchangeably but usually in the plural form), is a restricted land or water passage. Most commonly a narrows is a strait, though it can also be a water gap.

A narrows may form where a stream passes through a tilted bed of hard rock lying between two softer beds: "[i]f the hard beds are vertical, so that their outcrop does not shift as erosion proceeds, a narrows is developed". Like a dam, this "raises the water level for a short distance upriver". A narrows is also typically a good location for trapping migrating fish. Furthermore, a narrows is "an important topographical feature for wind mixing", an effect where a wind chill may form ice while the surrounding temperature remains above freezing.

Wind chill
Wind chill (popularly wind chill factor) is the sensation of cold produced by the wind for a given ambient air temperature on exposed skin as the air motion accelerates the rate of heat transfer from the body to the surrounding atmosphere. Its values are always lower than the air temperature in the range where the formula is valid. When the apparent temperature is higher than the air temperature, the heat index is used instead.
Alexandru Iacob (communist)
Alexandru Iacob (born Jakab Sándor; 1913–1997) was a Hungarian-born Romanian and Hungarian communist politician and economist, who served as Deputy to Vasile Luca within the Romanian Ministry of Finance, and eventually became a victim of repression in Communist Romania. A member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) before and after World War II, he was also clandestinely active within the Hungarian Communist Party (KMP) in Northern Transylvania between 1940 and 1944. In 1952, after having served in the Petru Groza cabinet, he and Luca were accused of "right-wing deviation", stripped of their positions, and incarcerated. Iacob survived confinement, was released in the 1960s, and eventually left Romania for Sweden.

Ministry of Finance (Romania)
The Ministry of Finance of Romania (Romanian: Ministerul Finanțelor) is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania.

The minister's seat is currently held by Marcel Boloș.

The following agencies are subordinated to the Minister:

National Agency for Fiscal Administration (Agenția Națională de Administrare Fiscală)

National Customs Authority (Autoritatea Națională a Vămilor)

40 Public Finances County General Directorates (Direcții generale ale finanțelor publice judeţene), the Public Finances General Directorate of Bucharest (Direcția Generală a Finanțelor Publice a Municipiului București) and the General Directorate for the Administration of Big Taxpayers (Direcția generală de administrare a marilor contribuabili)
Sea of Dreams (novella)
"Sea of Dreams" (Chinese: 梦之海, Pinyin: mèng zhī hǎi) is a science-fiction novella by Chinese writer Liu Cixin. It was published in Science Fiction World in 2002, Asimov's Science Fiction in January/February 2018 and in the collection To Hold Up the Sky published by Bloomsbury Publishing in October 2020. A graphic novel illustrated by JOK and adapted by Rodolfo Santullo was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in August 2021. An adaption of the novella as a series by Youku produced by Liu Cixin and starring Huang Jingyu is planned to be released in 2025.

Science Fiction World
Science Fiction World (Sci-Fi World; SFW; Chinese: 科幻世界; pinyin: kēhuàn shìjiè), begun in 1979, is a monthly science fiction magazine published in the People's Republic of China, headquartered in Chengdu, Sichuan. It dominates the Chinese science fiction magazine market, reaching a peak circulation of 300,000–400,000 copies per issue for a time after 1999, as a result of coincidentally publishing an issue matching the essay topic of the gaokao for that year, memory transplantation, which earned recognition from Xinhua.
V. Rose
Vienna Rose Dare (born January 9, 1989), better known by her stage name V. Rose, is an American Christian electronic dance music singer. Formerly signed to Clear Sight Music, she released two studio albums under that label, V. Rose in 2011 and Forever After in 2014, the latter of which charted at No. 28 on the Billboard Top Christian chart, and No. 16 on the Heatseekers. V. Rose was re-released with a bonus disc in 2013 and titled The Electro-Pop Deluxe. She currently is signed to Inpop Records, where they released, Young Dangerous Heart, on April 22, 2016.

Christian electronic dance music
Christian electronic dance music, also known as CEDM, Christian EDM, Christian dance music, CDM, or Christian electronic music, is a genre of electronic dance music and Christian music. Its musical styles closely mirror non-Christian EDM; however, the CEDM culture's lack of drug use and emphasis on positive lyrics (often focused on Christianity-based principles) distinguish it from non-religious counterparts. EDM.com wrote, "the [CEDM] culture can feel quite welcoming." Many live concerts and events have been held in Christian churches in addition to traditional venues such as Lumination, Creation Festival, and LifeLight Music Festival. CEDM has also been incorporated into some Christian worship routines.
Oreoi
Oreoi (Greek: Ωρεοί) is a village and a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. It was named after the ancient town of Oreus. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Istiaia-Aidipsos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 49.913 km2 and population of 2,827 (2021). It is situated on the northwest coast of the island Euboea, by the Oreoi Strait that connects the Aegean Sea with the North Euboean Gulf. The small port Agiokampos, 5 km west of Oreoi, is served by ferries to Glyfa on the mainland.

A large marble statue of a bull from a funerary monument of the 4th century B.C. was raised from the harbour of Oreoi in 1965, and is exhibited in the town.

Bull
A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species Bos taurus (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e. cows proper), bulls have long been an important symbol in many religions, including for sacrifices. These animals play a significant role in beef ranching, dairy farming, and a variety of sporting and cultural activities, including bullfighting and bull riding.