hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reibl v Hughes
Reibl v Hughes [1980] 2 S.C.R. 880 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on negligence, medical malpractice, informed consent, the duty to warn, and causation.

The case settled the issue of when a physician may be sued for battery and when it is more appropriate to sue the doctor in negligence. The Court wrote unanimously that "unless there has been misrepresentation or fraud to secure consent to the treatment, a failure to disclose the attendant risks, however serious, should go to negligence rather than to battery."  The case also marked the creation of a standard whereby a physician must give the patient sufficient information so that an objective, reasonable person in the patient's position would be able to make an informed choice about a medical procedure.

Duty to warn
A duty to warn is a concept that arises in the law of torts in a number of circumstances, indicating that a party will be held liable for injuries caused to another, where the party had the opportunity to warn the other of a hazard and failed to do so.
CNM
CNM can refer to:

CNM, IATA code for Cavern City Air Terminal, Carlsbad, New Mexico, US

CNM, station code for Cheltenham Spa railway station in Cheltenham, UK

cnm, ISO 639-3 code for the Chuj language

Central New Mexico Community College, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, US

Centronuclear myopathy, a congenital muscle disorder

Certified Nurse-Midwife, an American nursing certification

Chetna Natya Manch, the "cultural troupe" of the Communist Party of India (Maoist)

Consensual non-monogamy, a style of sexual relationship

Conservatorio Nacional de Música (Mexico), a music conservatory in Mexico City

Cheltenham Spa railway station
Cheltenham Spa railway station serves the spa town of Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, England. Situated on the Bristol–Birmingham main line, it is managed by Great Western Railway, although most services are operated by CrossCountry. The station is about one mile from the town centre. The official name of the station is Cheltenham; however, when the station was renamed in 1925, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway chose to add Spa to the station name. It is a regional interchange and the busiest station in Gloucestershire, as well as one of the busiest railway stations in South West England.
Players Bonded Warehouses (Nottingham)
Players Bonded Warehouses are a major former group of warehouses in Nottingham which were used by John Player & Sons for the bonded storage of tobacco. The buildings were completed in 1939, and were in use until operations ceased in 2016. The site was purchased by the University of Nottingham, with demolition beginning in summer 2017. During their existence buildings were a major landmark in west Nottingham, forming "a "gateway" on the west side of the city".

Warehouse
A warehouse is a building for storing goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial parks on the outskirts of cities, towns, or villages.

Warehouses usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. Sometimes warehouses are designed for the loading and unloading of goods directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets and then loaded into pallet racks. Stored goods can include any raw materials, packing materials, spare parts, components, or finished goods associated with agriculture, manufacturing, and production.

In India and Hong Kong, a warehouse may be referred to as a godown. There are also godowns in the Shanghai Bund.
PWD Bamenda
PWD Bamenda is a Cameroonian football club based in the City of Bamenda, Northwest Region They currently compete in the Elite One, the highest football league in Cameroon.

PWD Bamenda won their maiden domestic and first Elite One title in 2020 after they were crowned champions since the season couldn't be completed due to the effects of thethey also went on to win the Cameroon cup after beating Astres of Douala (1–0) through a free kick transformed by Chem thereby setting them a place for CAF confederations Cup preliminaries.They failed to make it to the playoffs of the league COVID-19 pandemic.

This club has several names among which are P-ton ton and Abakwa boys and is one of the oldest clubs in Cameroon, the flag bearer of the North West Region of Cameroon alongside YOSA their archrivals.

COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon
The COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Cameroon on 6 March 2020.
J. H. Binford Peay III
James Henry Binford "Binnie" Peay III (born 10 May 1940) is a retired four-star general of the United States Army. He served as the 14th superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute from 2003 to 2020, and as chairman of the Allied Defense Group from 2001 to 2003. He has also served on various corporate and nonprofit boards.

Superintendent (police)
Superintendent (Supt) is a rank in the British police and in most English-speaking Commonwealth nations. In many Commonwealth countries, the full version is superintendent of police (SP). The rank is also used in most British Overseas Territories, in many former British colonies, as well as in Portugal and in several former Portuguese colonies. In some countries, such as Italy, the rank of superintendent is a lower rank.
Luther Maddy
Luther Maddy (born January 18, 1993) is a Haitian-born defensive tackle for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He attended Atlantic High School in Delray Beach, Florida. He played college football at Virginia Tech and was drafted by the Lions in 2016.

Haitians
Haitians (Haitian Creole: Ayisyen, French: Haïtiens) are the citizens and nationals of Haiti. The Haitian people have their origins in West and Central Africa with the most spoken language being Haitian Creole. The larger Haitian diaspora includes individuals that trace ancestry to Haiti and self-identify as Haitian but are not necessarily Haitian by citizenship. The United States and the Dominican Republic have the largest Haitian populations in the world after Haiti.

An ethnonational group, Haitians generally comprise the modern descendants of self-liberated Africans in the Caribbean territory historically referred to as Saint-Domingue. This includes the mulatto minority who denote corresponding European ancestry, notably from French settlers.
Château Mouton Rothschild
Château Mouton Rothschild is a wine estate located in the village of Pauillac in the Médoc region, 50 km (30 mi) north-west of the city of Bordeaux, France. Originally known as Château Brane-Mouton, its red wine was renamed by Nathaniel de Rothschild in 1853 to Château Mouton Rothschild. In the 1920s it began the practice of bottling the harvest at the estate itself, rather than shipping the wine to merchants for bottling elsewhere.

The branch of the Rothschild family owning Mouton Rothschild are members of the Primum Familiae Vini.

Médoc
The Médoc (French pronunciation: [meˈdɔk] ⓘ; Gascon: Medòc [meˈðɔk]) is a region of France, well known as a wine growing region, located in the département of Gironde, on the left bank of the Gironde estuary, northwest of Bordeaux. The region owes its economic success mainly to the production of red wine; it is home to around 1,500 vineyards.
Laura Pauley
Laura Lynn Pauley is an American mechanical engineer specializing in computational fluid dynamics, including the simulation of cavitation, flow separation, and large eddy simulation, with applications including the design of airfoils, boat propellers, and centrifugal pumps. She is a professor of mechanical engineering in the Penn State College of Engineering, the former Arthur L. Glenn Professor of Engineering Education at Penn State, and the interim executive director of the Penn State faculty senate.

Penn State College of Engineering
The Penn State College of Engineering is the engineering school of the Pennsylvania State University, headquartered at the University Park campus in University Park, Pennsylvania. It was established in 1896, under the leadership of George W. Atherton. Today, with 13 academic departments and degree programs, over 11,000 enrolled undergraduate and graduate students (8,166 at the University Park campus, and 3,059 at other campuses), and research expenditures of $124 million for the 2016–2017 academic year, the Penn State College of Engineering is in the top 20 of engineering schools in the United States. It is estimated that at least one out of every fifty engineers in the United States got their bachelor's degree from Penn State. Dr. Justin Schwartz currently holds the position of Harold and Inge Marcus Dean of Engineering.
1907 Rutlandshire by-election
The 1907 Rutlandshire by-election was held on 11 June 1907.  The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, George Henry Finch.  He had held the seat since 1867 and was Father of the House. The by-election was won by the Conservative candidate John Gretton who held the seat until 1918 when the constituency was abolished.

The Women's Social and Political Union suffragettes campaigned against the government. At an open-air meeting in Uppingham, Mary Gawthorpe and Christabel Pankhurst were pelted and Gawthorpe fell unconscious; Sylvia Pankhurst wrote that the "incident and her plucky spirit, made her the heroine of the Election".

UK parliamentary by-elections
In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary by-election occurs following a vacancy arising in the House of Commons. They are often seen as a test of the rival political parties' fortunes between general elections.
Trinity Lutheran Church (Queens)
Trinity Lutheran Church is a historic Lutheran church at 31-18 37th Street in Astoria, Queens, New York. It was designed by John William Cresswell Corbusier and overseen by architect George W. Conable (1866–1933). It was built in 1926 and is a one-story Collegiate Gothic style building. It is constructed of brick faced with coursed rubble aplite trimmed in cast stone. The front elevation features a recessed entry with a large window above, framed by two spires with ornate turrets. The interior is in a Gothic plan of nave and transepts.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

Collegiate Gothic
Collegiate Gothic is an architectural style subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture, that first became popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries for college and high school buildings in the United States and Canada, and to a certain extent Europe. A form of historicist architecture, it took its inspiration from English Tudor and Gothic buildings.

Ralph Adams Cram, arguably the leading Gothic Revival architect and theoretician of the movement, wrote about the appeal of the Gothic for educational facilities in his book The Gothic Quest: "Through architecture and its allied arts we have the power to bend men and sway them as few have who depended on the spoken word. It is for us, as part of our duty as our highest privilege to act...for spreading what is true."
2009 Challenge Cup
The 2009 Challenge Cup (also known as the Carnegie Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 108th staging of the most prestigious knock-out competition in rugby league. Teams from England, Scotland, Wales, France and Russia were included in the tournament. It began in January 2009.

Teams from the Co-operative Championship received byes into round three along with four teams from France, and the winner of the Russian Championship. Teams from the Super League enter in round four.

Defending champions St. Helens lost in the semi-final 14 – 24 to the Huddersfield Giants who went on to lose the final 16 – 25 to the Warrington Wolves.

For 2009, the early stages of the competition was revamped. As the competition has expanded, there was now a preliminary round before the first round, and teams were placed into two 'pools' for the preliminary, first and second rounds.

Drop goal
A drop goal, field goal, or dropped goal is a method of scoring points in rugby union and rugby league and also, rarely, in American football and Canadian football. 
A drop goal is scored by drop kicking the ball (dropping the ball and then kicking it as it rises from the first bounce) over the crossbar and between the posts of the goal posts. After the kick, the ball must not touch the ground before it goes over and through, although it may touch the crossbar, the uprights or an opponent. A drop goal in rugby union is worth three points, and in rugby league a drop goal is usually worth one point (see below).

If the drop goal attempt is successful, play stops and the non-scoring team (the scoring team in rugby union sevens) restarts play with a kick from halfway. If the kick is unsuccessful, play continues and the offside rules for a kick apply. Defenders may tackle the kicker while he is in possession of the ball, or attempt to charge down or block the kick.
Geboers
Geboers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eric Geboers (1962–2018), Belgian motocross racer and racing driver

Sylvain Geboers (born 1945), Belgian motocross racer and current motocross team manager

Sylvain Geboers
Sylvain Geboers (born 28 March 1945) is a Belgian former professional motocross racer and motocross racing team manager. He competed in the Motocross World Championships between 1964 and 1975. Although he was often overshadowed by his contemporary, the six-time World Champion, Joël Robert, Geboers was one of the top motocross racers of the late 1960s and early 1970s. During a five year period from 1968 to 1972, he finished in the top three of the FIM 250cc Motocross World Championships.

After his competitive career had ended, he became the longtime team manager for the Suzuki Motocross Grand Prix team. Geboers was the older brother of five-time Motocross World Champion, Eric Geboers.
Step (ClariS song)
"Step" is a pop song by the Japanese duo and idol unit ClariS, written by Kz. It was released as the unit's tenth single on April 16, 2014 by SME Records. The song was used as the second opening theme to the 2014 anime series Nisekoi. A music video was produced for "Step", directed by Jungo. The single peaked at No. 3 on Japan's weekly Oricon singles chart.

Livetune
Livetune (stylized in lowercase) is a Japanese electro band which formed in 2007 as a dōjin music circle signed to Toy's Factory. The band originally consisted of two members, Kz and Kajuki P, but Kajuki P left the band in March 2009. Livetune started out by making use of the Hatsune Miku singing synthesizer to produce vocals for songs submitted to the Nico Nico Douga video sharing website. The popularity of the songs led the band to release the independent album Re:package at Comiket 73 in December 2007. Livetune made its major debut with Victor Entertainment with the professional release of their Re:package album in August 2008, which was updated with more songs. Livetune began collaborating with other artists in 2009, and has since composed music for such artists as Kotoko, ClariS, Maon Kurosaki, and fellow dōjin musician Ryo of Supercell.
Marie-Josephte Corriveau
Marie-Josephte Corriveau (1733 – (1763-04-18)April 18, 1763), better known as "la Corriveau", is a well-known figure in Québécois folklore. She lived in New France, and was sentenced to death in 1763 by a British court martial for the murder of her second husband. She was hanged, and her body was placed in a gibbet on public display in Lévis. Her story has become a legend in Quebec, and she is the subject of many books and plays.

Gilles Vigneault
Gilles Vigneault GOQ (French pronunciation: [ʒil viɲo]; born 27 October 1928) is a Canadian poet, publisher, singer-songwriter, and Quebec nationalist and sovereigntist. Two of his songs are considered by many to be Quebec's unofficial anthems: "Mon pays" and "Gens du pays", and his line Mon pays ce n'est pas un pays, c'est l'hiver (My country is not a country, it is winter, from "Mon Pays") became a proverb in Quebec. Vigneault is a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec, Knight of the Legion of Honour, and Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
Spartina
Spartina is a genus of plants in the grass family, frequently found in coastal salt marshes. Species in this genus are commonly known as cordgrass or cord-grass, and are native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in western and southern Europe, north-western and southern Africa, the Americas and the islands of the southern Atlantic Ocean; one or two species also occur on the western coast of North America and in freshwater habitats inland in the Americas. The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of North and South America, particularly Florida. They form large, often dense colonies, particularly on coastal salt marshes, and grow quickly. The species vary in size from 0.3–2 m tall. Many of the species will produce hybrids if they come into contact.

Clonal colony
A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria, that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a single ancestor. In plants, an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet. In fungi, "individuals" typically refers to the visible fruiting bodies or mushrooms that develop from a common mycelium which, although spread over a large area, is otherwise hidden in the soil. Clonal colonies are common in many plant species. Although many plants reproduce sexually through the production of seed, reproduction occurs by underground stolons or rhizomes in some plants. Above ground, these plants most often appear to be distinct individuals, but underground they remain interconnected and are all clones of the same plant. However, it is not always easy to recognize a clonal colony especially if it spreads underground and is also sexually reproducing.
Iowa Crush
The Iowa Crush are a women's tackle football in the Independent Women's Football League. Founded in 2004, they train at the Martensdale-St. Marys Stadium, and previously played at the Valley Stadium in West Des Moines, along with the Des Moines Menace and the Valley Tigers.

The Crush are composed of talents from all across Iowa.

West Des Moines, Iowa
West Des Moines is a city in Iowa, United States. Most of the city is in Polk County, some of it is in Dallas County, and small portions extend into Warren and Madison Counties.

As of the 2020 census, the city population was 68,723. West Des Moines is the second most populous city in the Des Moines metropolitan area and the sixth most populous city in Iowa.
Christopher Yates
Christopher Joseph Yates (born 10 August 1981 in Aldershot, Hampshire) is a former English cricketer. Yates was a left-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast.

Yates made his List-A debut for the Hampshire Cricket Board in the 2000 NatWest Trophy against Huntingdonshire, where he took 3/17 seven overs. Yates played in the 2nd Round of the 2002 Cheltenham and Gloucester Trophy, which was played in 2001 against Ireland where Yates took his final List-A wicket, that of Peter Davy.

Huntingdonshire County Cricket Club
Huntingdonshire County Cricket Club is one of the county clubs which make up the minor counties in the English domestic cricket structure, representing the historic county of Huntingdonshire. The club does not currently compete in either the Minor Counties Championship or MCCA Knockout Trophy, but does play informal matches, typically against armed forces teams and county academies.
Image retrieval
An image retrieval system is a computer system used for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images. Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize some method of adding metadata such as captioning, keywords, title or descriptions to the images so that retrieval can be performed over the annotation words. Manual image annotation is time-consuming, laborious and expensive; to address this, there has been a large amount of research done on automatic image annotation. Additionally, the increase in social web applications and the semantic web have inspired the development of several web-based image annotation tools.

The first microcomputer-based image database retrieval system was developed at MIT, in the 1990s, by Banireddy Prasaad, Amar Gupta, Hoo-min Toong, and Stuart Madnick.

A 2008 survey article documented progresses after 2007.

Stuart Madnick
Stuart E. Madnick (born 1944) is an American computer scientist, and professor of information technology at the MIT Sloan School of Management and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology school of engineering. He is the director of Cybersecurity at MIT Sloan (CAMS), formerly called the MIT Interdisciplinary Consortium for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity ((IC)³).
The Nick Cannon Show
The Nick Cannon Show is an American comedy television series created by and starring Nick Cannon for Nickelodeon. It is a spin-off of Nickelodeon's All That, in which Cannon was a former cast member. It aired on Nickelodeon's SNICK block from January 12, 2002, to February 22, 2003, for 27 episodes across two seasons. Its premise is that Nick Cannon finds a situation he thinks needs changing and then "takes over" to make things better or funnier.

Guest stars on the show include Usher, Mary J. Blige, Britney Spears, Eddie Murphy, Will Smith, Willy Santos,  Lil' Romeo, Kenan Thompson, Kel Mitchell and girl group 3LW.

Willy Santos
Willy Monolato Santos (born c. 1975) is a Filipino-American professional skateboarder and entrepreneur, specializing in street skateboarding. He was one of the original skaters with Tony Hawk's Birdhouse Skateboards team. In 1992, he was the TransWorld Skateboarding skater of the year. He won the Munster World Cup Street Contest in Germany in 1997. Thrasher Magazine calls him "one of the best street skaters during the dark early 90s."
Han Da-sol
Han Da-sol is a South Korean actress. She is known for her roles in dramas such as Men Are Men, Twelve Nights, The Smile Has Left Your Eyes, and Happiness. She also appeared in movies Hot Young Bloods, The Mayor, and Dragon Inn Part 2: The Night of the Gods.

The Mayor (2017 film)
The Mayor (Korean: 특별시민; RR: Teukbyeolsimin; lit. 'Special Citizen') is a 2017 South Korean political drama film written and directed by Park In-je, starring Choi Min-sik, Kwak Do-won, and Shim Eun-kyung. The film was released in South Korea on April 26, 2017 and in the US and Canada on April 28.
For-profit education
For-profit education (also known as the education services industry or proprietary education) refers to educational institutions operated by private, profit-seeking businesses. For-profit education is common in many parts of the world, constituting more than 70% of the higher education sector in Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Educational institution
An educational institution is a place where people of different ages gain an education, including preschools, childcare, primary-elementary schools, secondary-high schools, and universities.  They provide a large variety of learning environments and learning spaces.