hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of the Elites
The Rise and Fall of the Elites: An Application of Theoretical Sociology (Italian: Un'applicazione di teorie sociologiche) is a 1900 book by the Italian writer Vilfredo Pareto. It is a study of elites, exploring Pareto's conception of the circulation of elites. It marked a change in Pareto's area of interest from econometrics to sociology.

It was first published as an essay in the Rivista italiana di sociologia in July 1900. It was published in English translation in 1968.

Elite
In political and sociological theory, the elite (/ɛ.ˈliːt/ or /ɪ.ˈliːt/; from French: élite, from Latin: eligere, to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful or wealthy people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, the "elite" are "the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society".

American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that members of the elite accept their fellows' position of importance in society. "As a rule, 'they accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not together at least alike'." It is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role.
TG PGB
Tian Ge (Chinese: 天戈; pinyin: tiān gē; lit. 'Lambda Boötis'), abbreviated as TG or GB, is a series of precision-guided munitions (PGM) developed by Harbin Jiancheng Group, a subsidiary of China North Industries Group Corporation (Norinco).

Targeting pod
Targeting pods (TGP) are target designation tools used by attack aircraft for identifying targets and guiding precision-guided munition (PGM) such as laser-guided bombs to those targets. The first targeting pods were developed in conjunction with the earliest generation of PGMs in the mid-1960s.
J. Ernest Pascoe
James Ernest Pascoe (August 7, 1900 – November 15, 1972) was a Canadian politician, farmer and journalist.

Born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, the son of James Pascoe and Mary Olton, he was unsuccessful in his first two bids for the position of Member of Parliament for Moose Jaw—Lake Centre, Pascoe defeated Louis H. Lewry in the 1958 federal election as a Progressive Conservative Party candidate. He was re-elected easily until the 1968 election, when he was defeated narrowly in the newly named riding of Moose Jaw by New Democratic Party candidate John Skoberg.

He later served as mayor of the City of Moose Jaw from 1971 to 1972.

1968 Canadian federal election
The 1968 Canadian federal election was held on June 25, 1968, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 28th Parliament of Canada.

In April 1968, Prime Minister Lester Pearson of the Liberal Party resigned as party leader as a result of declining health and failing to win a majority government in two attempts. He was succeeded by his Minister of Justice and Attorney General Pierre Trudeau, who called an election immediately after becoming prime minister. Trudeau's charisma appealed to Canadian voters; his popularity became known as "Trudeaumania" and helped him win a comfortable majority. Robert Stanfield's Progressive Conservatives lost seats whereas the New Democratic Party's support stayed the same.
Waldburg-Wurzach
Waldburg-Wurzach was a County and later Principality within Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the House of Waldburg, located on the southeastern border of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located around Wurzach (located about 15 km (9 mi) west of Bad Waldsee). Waldburg-Wurzach was a partition of Waldburg-Zeil. Waldburg-Wurzach was a county prior to 1803, when it was raised to a principality shortly before being mediatised to Württemberg in 1806.

Prince Eberhard II was the senior of the entire House of Waldburg, which carried the title of Imperial Hereditary Oberhofmeister of the Kingdom of Württemberg. Upon his death in 1903, the Waldburg-Zeil-Wurzach line died out in the male line, after which Prince Wilhelm of Waldburg-Zeil-Trauchburg (1835–1906), also bore the title of Prince of Waldburg-Zeil-Trauchburg-Wurzach.

Kingdom of Württemberg
The Kingdom of Württemberg (German: Königreich Württemberg [ˌkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk]) was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918, located within the area that later became Baden-Württemberg. The kingdom was a continuation of the Electorate of Württemberg, which existed from 1803 to 1806.
Hongxin Road station
Hongxin Road (Chinese: 虹莘路; pinyin: Hóngxīn Lù) is a station on the Shanghai Metro, which services Line 12 and opened on December 19, 2015.

The process of constructing the station caused congestion on Hongxin Road.

The commercial and office complex Hongxianghui (红象汇) was built above the station in 2023. Its underground level was planned to be directly connected to the station. Because the station was in active use while the complex was being constructed, the developers collaborated with the metro agency on emergency preparedness.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
Breaking Hearts Tour
Breaking Hearts Tour was the North American leg of the Elton John Breaking Hearts Tour. The European leg was dubbed "European Express". The tour started on 17 August 1984, at Tempe, Arizona. It included five sold-out concerts in New York City performed at Madison Square Garden.

Sad Songs (Say So Much)
"Sad Songs (Say So Much)" is a song by British musician Elton John and lyricist Bernie Taupin. It is the closing track on his eighteenth studio album Breaking Hearts, and was released in 1984 as the lead single. It reached No. 7 on the UK chart and No. 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song reached the Top 10 of many countries except in Germany and Italy where it reached the Top 20. The single version of this song appeared on the 1990 box set To Be Continued... and various versions of the 2007 compilation Rocket Man: The Definitive Hits.

The lyrics describe how listening to old blues songs on the radio can help someone who is hurting to feel better.  "When all hope is gone, sad songs say so much."
Pagurus pollicaris
Pagurus pollicaris is a hermit crab commonly found along the Atlantic coast of North America from New Brunswick to the Gulf of Mexico. It is known by a number of common names, including gray hermit crab, flat-clawed hermit crab, flatclaw hermit crab, shield hermit crab, thumb-clawed hermit crab, broad-clawed hermit crab, and warty hermit crab.

P. pollicaris inhabits the shells of shark eye snails and whelks. It grows to a length of 31 millimetres (1.2 in) and a width of 25 mm (1.0 in). The crab is a pale off-white with unevenly sized, broad, flat claws that can lock together to act as an operculum when the crab withdraws into its shell. The shell is often shared by the commensal zebra flatworm (Stylochus ellipticus).

The diet of the flat-clawed hermit crab comprises organic matter, algae, and sometimes other hermit crabs. Fish are the most important predators of this species.

Whelk
Whelks are any of several carnivorous sea snail species with a swirling, tapered shell. Many are eaten by humans, such as the common whelk of the North Atlantic. Most whelks belong to the family Buccinidae and are known as "true whelks." Others, such as the dog whelk, belong to several sea snail families that are not closely related.

True whelks (family Buccinidae) are carnivorous, and feed on annelids, crustaceans, mussels and other molluscs, drilling holes through shells to gain access to the soft tissues. Whelks use chemoreceptors to locate their prey.

Many have historically been used, or are still used, by humans and other animals as food. In a 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving of whelk, there are 570 kilojoules (137 kilocalories) of food energy, 24 g of protein, 0.34 g of fat, and 8 g of carbohydrates.

Dog whelk, a predatory species, was used in antiquity to make a rich red dye that improves in color as it ages.
Anniston Inn Kitchen
The Anniston Inn Kitchen is an event center in Anniston, Alabama, United States, and the only remaining portion of the Old Anniston Inn.  The inn was built in 1885 as an upscale hotel for the planned company town.  The majority of the inn burned on January 2, 1923, leaving only the portion containing the kitchen, children's dining room, and servants' living quarters.

The kitchen annex matches the original inn's Queen Anne style.  The building is two-and-a-half stories tall, with dormer windows protruding from the half-story attic.  A portion of the original veranda sits along the southeast part of the exterior.   The west end is occupied by the main dining hall with 17-foot (5-meter) ceilings and exposed purlins and beams.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Planned community
A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.

The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages.

A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.
Jim Measures
James Measures (born 14 April 1939) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for St Helens, Widnes and the Rochdale Hornets, as a second-row.

Rochdale Hornets
The Rochdale Hornets are a professional rugby league club from Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England, competing in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league. The Rochdale Hornets are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, making them one of the world's first rugby league clubs. Their main local rivals are Oldham, Salford Red Devils, Swinton Lions, Halifax and the Huddersfield Giants.
HMS Blast (1695)
HMS Blast was a Serpent-class bomb vessel of the Royal Navy, one of ten such vessels commissioned in 1695 to support land assaults on continental ports. Over a 30-year period she saw service in the fleets of Admirals Berkeley and Byng and took part in the British victory at the Battle of Cape Passaro in 1718.

In 1721 she was converted to a storeship in British-controlled Port Mahón, and was broken up there in 1724.

Bomb vessel
A bomb vessel, bomb ship, bomb ketch, or simply bomb was a type of wooden sailing naval ship. Its primary armament was not cannons (long guns or carronades) – although bomb vessels carried a few cannons for self-defence – but mortars mounted forward near the bow and elevated to a high angle, and projecting their fire in a ballistic arc. Explosive shells (also called bombs at the time) or carcasses were employed rather than solid shot. Bomb vessels were specialized ships designed for bombarding (hence the name) fixed positions on land. In the 20th century, this naval gunfire support role was carried out by the most similar purpose-built World War I- and II-era monitors, but also by other warships now firing long-range explosive shells.
Prettyboy D-O
Donald Ofik, popularly known as Prettyboy D-O, is a Nigerian recording artist with chaotic blend of Afrobeats, hip hop, alté, dancehall, and R&B. His debut mixtape Everything Pretty reached the number one spot on iTunes. He was nominated for The Headies 2022 Best Reggae and Dancehall Album.

Alté
Alté (locally pronounced as "ahl-teh") is a fusion genre of music that combines elements of afrobeats, dancehall, reggae, hip hop, and alternative R&B. The term was coined in the 2010s by Nigerian music group DRB LasGidi, meaning alternative and "individualistic and non-traditional modes of self-expression" through music and fashion.
Lacépède's ground snake
Lacépède's ground snake (Erythrolamprus cursor), also known as the Martinique ground snake or Martinique racer, is a possibly extinct species of snake in the Colubridae family. It is endemic to Caribbean island of Martinique. Little is known of it scientifically, and few photographs exist.

Colubridae
Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin: coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
South-Western City School District (Franklin County, Ohio)
South-Western City Schools (SWCS) is Ohio's sixth largest public school district located southwest of the city of Columbus. The district serves nearly 20,000 students throughout the southwest quadrant of Franklin County, including the cities of Galloway, Georgesville, Grove City, and Urbancrest. The district also serves all of Franklin, Jackson, Pleasant, and Prairie townships and a portion of Columbus.

The district operates fifteen elementary schools, five intermediate schools, five middle schools, four high schools, and a career academy.

Galloway, Ohio
Galloway is an unincorporated community west of the city of Columbus in southern Prairie Township, Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The 43119 ZIP Code, however (which carries a Galloway mailing address) covers a significant portion of rural and suburban western Franklin County, as well as parts of western Columbus, and locals might use the name Galloway to refer to any location in the area roughly bounded by I-70, Galloway Rd, Alkire Rd, and Big Darby Creek; such a location is seldom in the community of Galloway proper.  The Galloway Post Office is located within the city of Columbus about two miles north of the actual community of Galloway, which lies at the intersection of Galloway Road and Sullivant Avenue.
Merthyr (Plymouth Street) railway station
Merthyr Plymouth Street railway station was a station that served the town of Merthyr Tydfil, Wales on the Taff Vale Railway. The station opened in 1841 as the original station until the completion of the nearby Merthyr High Street station was opened on the Vale of Neath Railway. The station at Plymouth Street closed in 1877 to passengers which were diverted to the High Street station.   Plymouth Street continued to be used for goods traffic until the 1960s. The viaduct was demolished and the site of Plymouth Street station is now occupied by Plymouth Court.

Viaduct
A viaduct is a bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide valley, road, river, or other low-lying terrain features and obstacles. The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via meaning "road", and ducere meaning "to lead". It is a 19th-century derivation from an analogy with ancient Roman aqueducts. Like the Roman aqueducts, many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length.
Parks Creek
Parks Creek is a stream in Wright and Laclede counties in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. It is a tributary of the Osage Fork Gasconade River.

Parks Creek begins at the confluence of two valleys south of Grovespring and just west of Missouri Route 5. The stream flows essentially due north parallel to Route 5 and joins the Osage Fork in southern Laclede County just northeast of Pease and the Missouri Route J bridge. In northernmost Wright County the stream flows through the Dr John Alva Fuson Conservation Area. Parks Creek Road follows the stream from Grovespring north to Route J.

Parks Creek has the name of the local Parks family.

Missouri supplemental route
A supplemental route is a state secondary road in the U.S. state of Missouri, designated with letters. Supplemental routes were various roads within the state which the Missouri Department of Transportation was given in 1952 to maintain in addition to the regular routes, though lettered routes had been in use from at least 1932. The four types of roads designated as Routes are:

Farm to market roads

Roads to state parks

Former alignments of U.S. or state highways

Short routes connecting state highways from other states to routes in Missouri

Supplemental routes make up 19,064 miles (30,681 km) (59%) of the state highway system.
Algorismus (Norse text)
Algorismus is a short treatise on mathematics, written in Old Icelandic. It is the oldest text on mathematics in a Scandinavian language and survives in the early fourteenth-century manuscript Hauksbók, a large book written and compiled by Icelanders and taken to Norway during the later part of the 13th century by Haukur Erlendsson. It primarily consists of a translation of Carmen de Algorismo by Alexander of Villedieu from c. 1200, which was in turn translated from the works of al-Khwarismi, and which, with Liber Abaci by Fibonacci of 1202, and Algorismus Vulgaris by De Sacrobosco of 1230 formed the "three main Latin algorithmic works in the Middle Ages".

Liber Abaci
The Liber Abaci or Liber Abbaci (Latin for "The Book of Calculation") was a 1202 Latin work on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci. It is primarily famous for introducing both base-10 positional notation and the symbols known as Arabic numerals in Europe.
Cherdchai Suwannang
Cherdchai Suwannang (Thai: เชิดชัย สุวรรณนัง; born 25 September 1969) is a Thai football coach and retired defender who played for Bangkok Bank F.C. from 1989 to 1997 and for the Thailand national team, including at the 1992 Asian Cup.

1992 AFC Asian Cup
The 1992 AFC Asian Cup was the 10th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The finals were held in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan between 29 October and 8 November 1992. The host nation, Japan, defeated the defending champion Saudi Arabia in the final in Hiroshima.

This was the first Asian Cup not to have any debuting countries.
Widmer
Widmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Widmer, inventor of 8b/10b encoding

Arthur Widmer (1914–2006), American film special effects pioneer

Carolyn Ladd Widmer (1902–1991), academic dean at the University of Connecticut

Daniel Widmer, Swiss curler

Edward L. Widmer (born 1963), historian, speechwriter, and librarian

Eric Widmer (1940–2025), American scholar and educator

Gabrielle Oberhänsli-Widmer (born 1957), Professor of Jewish studies at the University of Freiburg

Gianni Widmer (1892–1971), flight pioneer

Jean Widmer (1929–2026), Swiss-French graphic designer

Kurt Widmer (1940–2023), Swiss baritone

Marise Widmer, American rower

Markus Widmer, Swiss curler

Pierre Widmer (1912–1999), French Mennonite pastor

Samuel Widmer (1948–2017) Swiss physician, psychiatrist, psychotherapist and author

Sigmund Widmer (1919–2003), Swiss politician

Silvan Widmer (born 1993), Swiss footballer

Carolyn Ladd Widmer
Carolyn Ladd Widmer (January 19, 1902 – January 10, 1991) was an American nurse educator and academic administrator who served as the first dean of the University of Connecticut School of Nursing. She held this position for twenty-five years (1942–1967).
Dewayne Bunch (Tennessee politician)
Dewayne Bunch (born March 15, 1959) is a Republican politician in Tennessee who formerly served in the Tennessee General Assembly and is now a magistrate judge in the Tenth Judicial District of Tennessee.

Tennessee General Assembly
The Tennessee General Assembly (TNGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is a part-time bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Speaker of the Senate carries the additional title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. In addition to passing a budget for state government plus other legislation, the General Assembly appoints three state officers specified by the state constitution. It is also the initiating body in any process to amend the state's constitution.
Xanthoparmelia globisidiosa
Xanthoparmelia globisidiosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Southern Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 1986 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale. The type specimen was collected from Cape Province at an elevation of about 300 m (980 ft), where it was found growing on large sandstone boulders in a pasture. The lichen has a light yellowish-green thallus that measures 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) broad, comprising short, overlapping lobes that are 1–2 mm wide. It contains stictic acid, constictic acid, and usnic acid.

Constictic acid
Constictic acid is a chemical compound of the depsidone class.  It was first isolated in 1968 from lichen of the genus Usnea.  It has since been found in many other lichen genera including Menegazzia, Crespoa, and Xanthoparmelia.
Megliadino San Fidenzio
Megliadino San Fidenzio was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Venice and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Padua.

Megliadino San Fidenzio bordered the following former and current municipalities: Casale di Scodosia, Megliadino San Vitale, Montagnana, Saletto (former), Santa Margherita d'Adige (former).

It is named for the legendary bishop Saint Fidentius of Padua.

Since 17 February 2018 Megliadino San Fidenzio is part of Borgo Veneto municipality.

Montagnana
Montagnana (Italian pronunciation: [montaɲˈɲaːna]) is a town and comune in the province of Padua, in Veneto, northern Italy. Neighbouring communes are Borgo Veneto, Casale di Scodosia, Urbana, Bevilacqua, Pojana Maggiore, Pressana, Minerbe and Roveredo di Guà. As of 2017, the population of Montagnana is 9120. The town was awarded with the Bandiera arancione ("Orange Flag") and is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The Most Beautiful Villages of Italy").
2006 FIBA Africa Women's Clubs Champions Cup
The 2006 FIBA Africa Women's Clubs Champions Cup (12th edition), was an international basketball tournament  held in Libreville, Gabon, from October 21 to 29, 2006. The tournament, organized by FIBA Africa and hosted by Somo BB, was contested by 12 clubs split into 2 groups of 6, the first four of which qualifying for the knock-out stage.

The tournament was won by Primeiro de Agosto from Angola.

C.D. Primeiro de Agosto (men's basketball)
Clube Desportivo Primeiro de Agosto is an Angolan men's basketball team based in Luanda. The team is part of the multi-sports club with the same name. The club is attached to the Angolan Armed Forces which is its main sponsor. The team competes at the local level at the Luanda Provincial Basketball Championship and at the BIC Basket. In the past, it has played in the Africa Basketball League competitions.

Primeiro de Agosto is the most decorated team in Africa and holds the record for titles won in the African Basketball Club Champions League, with nine championships, their last one being in 2019.