hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Petite Gulf
Petite Gulf is an alternate spelling of Petit Gulf, which might refer to:

Petit Gulf, an eddy and bend in the Mississippi River

Petit Gulf cotton, a valuable cultivar originally from Mexico but popularized by Mississippi planters

Petit Gulf
Petit Gulf was a location on the Mississippi River in North America. The gulf was an eddy or whirlpool that was smaller than the nearby Grand Gulf. The eddy lent its name to the nearby Petit Gulf Hills and Petit Gulf Creek. There was a settlement there prior to the 1828 organization of Rodney, Mississippi, and the Petit Gulf cotton cultivar, which was widely planted in the U.S. South before the American Civil War, was named for the landing and town.
2-Oxopent-4-enoic acid
2-Oxopent-4-enoic acid (2-oxopent-4-enoate) is formed by the dehydration of 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate by 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase or by the hydrolysis of 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde by 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase.

2-Hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
2-Hydroxymuconate semialdehyde is formed from catechol by the enzyme catechol 2,3-dioxygenase during the degradation of benzoates.

It is oxidised to (2E,4Z)-2-hydroxymuconic acid] by the enzyme 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.

It is also degraded into formate and 2-oxopent-4-enoic acid by 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase.
Avalon Airport
Avalon Airport (IATA: AVV, ICAO: YMAV) is an international airport, located in Avalon in the City of Greater Geelong in Victoria, Australia. While located outside the Melbourne metropolitan area, it is the second busiest of the four airports serving the state capital in passenger traffic. It is located 15 km (9 mi) north-east of the Geelong CBD and 50 kilometres (31 mi) south-west of the Melbourne CBD. The airport is operated by Avalon Airport Australia Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of Linfox.

Avalon is currently served by passenger airline Jetstar, which began domestic flights in 2004. The airport is also the site of the biennial Australian International Airshow, which has been held at the venue since 1992.

Unlike Melbourne Airport, Avalon Airport is not governed by the Commonwealth's Airports Act 1996. The airport has a single runway in addition to a helipad.

Civil Aviation Safety Authority
The Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) is an Australian statutory authority responsible for the regulation and safety oversight of Australia's civil aviation. CASA was formed on 6 July 1995 under the Civil Aviation Act 1988 when the Civil Aviation Authority was split into two separate government bodies: Airservices Australia and CASA.

CASA is an agency within the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts (DITRDCA). Directors are appointed by the minister.

CASA is responsible for monitoring civil air operations in Australia, issuing appropriate licences, enforcing safety requirements and protecting the environment from the effects of aircraft use. Air traffic control in Australian air space falls under the statutory mandated responsibility and role of Airservices Australia.
Jjinppang
Jjinppang (찐빵; lit. "steamed bread") is a steamed bun, typically filled with red bean paste with bits of broken beans and bean husk. Traditional jjinppang is made of sourdough fermented using the yeast in makgeolli (rice wine), but younger varieties such as hoppang are often made without fermentation. Warm jjinppang is softer than baked breads due to the higher moisture content, but it hardens as it cools. Thus it is recommended to eat while the bun is still hot. Hardened jjinppang can be steamed again before being eaten.

Jjinppang is a specialty product of Anheung Township in Hoengseong County, Gangwon Province. In the township, there is Anheung Jjinppang Village with 17 steameries that make Anheung-jjinppang (안흥찐빵). Since 1999, the township also hosts Anheung Jjinppang Festival in every October.

Hoengseong County
Hoengseong County (Korean: 횡성군; RR: Hoengseong-gun) is a county located in the southwestern part of the South Korean state of Gangwon, bordering Pyeongchang County to the east, Yangpyeong County, Gyeonggi Province to the west, Hongcheon County to the north, and the city of Wonju and Yeongwol County to the south.

The roots of Codonopsis lanceolata (더덕; deodeok), a bonnet bellflower species, play an important role in local agriculture, as does Hanwoo beef, a specialty product.

The Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, a notable boarding school, is located in the county, an autonomous private high school that recruits students nationwide.
Koje Unscreened
Koje Unscreened is a journalistic booklet published in 1953 and jointly written by Wilfred Burchett and Alan Winnington, the only two native English speaking journalists to cover the Korean War from the northern side of the conflict.

The book covers the infamous prisoner of war camp on Geojedo which was run by the United States military during the Korean War, and focuses primarily on both a riot in the camp on 10 June 1952 and the poor treatment of prisoners. Both authors compare the American treatment of POWs to Nazi concentrations camps such as Belsen. The book's content is largely based on interviews with escaped former inmates supplemented with Red cross reports and literature published in 1952, and accuses the Americans and their allies of torture, rape, murder, forced conscription of enemy troops, and forced tattooing of prisoners.

Geoje POW camp
Geoje-do POW camp (Korean: 거제도 포로수용소/巨濟島 捕虜收容所, Chinese: 巨济岛战俘营) was a prisoner of war camp located on Geoje island at the southernmost part of Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. It is considered the largest of the UNC established camps.

Geoje Camp was a United Nations Command (UN) POW camp that held North Korean and Chinese prisoners captured by UN forces during the Korean War.
Roger Theder
Roger Theder (September 22, 1939 – October 1, 2016) was an American football player and coach.  He served as the head football coach at  the University of California, Berkeley from 1978 to 1981, compiling an on-field record of 17–28.  Theder was later an assistant coach for the Baltimore Colts and the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). Theder was an alumnus of Western Michigan University, where he played college football as a quarterback and joined Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Theder died on October 1, 2016, from Parkinson's disease at the age of 77.

Phi Kappa Tau
Phi Kappa Tau (ΦΚΤ), commonly known as Phi Tau (/faɪ tɔː/), is a collegiate fraternity located in the United States. The fraternity was founded in 1906. As of May 2024, the fraternity has 161 chartered chapters, 83 active chapters, 7 associate chapters, and about 3,900 collegiate members. SeriousFun Children's Network, founded by Beta chapter alumnus Paul Newman, is Phi Kappa Tau's National Philanthropy. According to its Constitution, Phi Kappa Tau is one of the few social fraternities that accepts both graduate students and undergraduates.
Thomas George McBride
Thomas George McBride (5 August 1867 – 15 June 1950) was a Progressive party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Keady, Ireland and became a farmer.

The son of Robert McBride and Rachel Maxwell, he was educated in Ireland and farmed there from 1887 to 1892, when he came to Canada. In 1899, McBride married Maud Edgett. He founded T.G. McBride and Company, Builder's Supplies in Vancouver, British Columbia and was manager of the company. McBride also built boats.

In 1909 and 1910, McBride was a municipal alderman for Vancouver. In 1912, he purchased a cattle ranch in Kamloops.

He was elected to Parliament at the Cariboo riding in the 1921 general election. After serving his only federal term, the 14th Canadian Parliament, McBride was defeated by John Anderson Fraser of the Conservatives.

Keady
Keady (from Irish An Céide, meaning 'the flat-topped hill') is a small town and civil parish in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is south of Armagh and near the border with the Republic of Ireland. It is situated mainly in the historic barony of Armagh with six townlands in the barony of Tiranny. It had a population of 3,327 people in the 2021 census.

A tributary of the River Callan, known as the Clea, flows from its source in Clea Lake (also spelled as Clay Lake) through the middle of the village. The River Clea once powered Keady's millwheels. In the middle of the town, on the banks of the river, stands the Old Mill, which has been converted into workshops and offices.
King—Vaughan (federal electoral district)
King—Vaughan is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada.

King—Vaughan was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the dropping of the writs for the 2015 federal election. It was created out of parts of the ridings of Oak Ridges—Markham and Vaughan.

2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution
The federal electoral redistribution of 2012 was a redistribution of electoral districts ("ridings") in Canada following the results of the 2011 Canadian census. As a result of amendments to the Constitution Act, 1867, the number of seats in the House of Commons of Canada increased from 308 to 338. The previous electoral redistribution was in 2003.

The redistribution was implemented by proclamation under the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act on October 5, 2013, and came into effect upon the dissolution of the 41st Canadian Parliament on August 2, 2015. The resulting electoral districts and boundaries were used in the 2015, 2019, and 2021 federal elections.

Federal electoral districts were redistributed in 2022, which came into effect upon the dissolution of the 44th Canadian Parliament on April 23, 2025.
Drago Project
Drago Canarias is a political party of the Canary Islands that originated from the sociopolitical association Project Drago. The association was founded on 24 October 2022, and its registration in the Ministry of the Interior’s Register of Political Parties was formalized on 16 December 2022.

The party stood in Spain’s 2023 regional elections, the Island Councils elections, and the 2023 local elections as part of the Drago Verdes Canarias electoral coalition, together with Verdes Equo and Los Verdes, winning two seats on the La Laguna city council.

In Spain’s 2023 general election, it ran within the Sumar coalition, taking the top two positions on the coalition’s lists in the Santa Cruz de Tenerife constituency and the third position in the Las Palmas constituency.

Las Palmas (Congress of Deputies constituency)
Las Palmas is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects eight deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Las Palmas. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.
Social Planning Toronto
Social Planning Toronto is a non-profit community organization, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that works to improve equity, social justice and quality of life for residents through community capacity building, community education and advocacy, policy research and analysis, and social reporting. The organization has conducted research and advocacy concerning inclusionary zoning, equitable use of city recreational spaces, the Ontario Human Rights Code policy on discrimination based on creed, and responses to the city's budget process.

The organization holds public forums for suggestions on what issues to prioritize.

Social Planning Toronto released the first poverty profiles for all 44 wards of Toronto, on 7 June 2012, which it declared "Destitution Day" because that was the approximate date when a person on welfare would run out of money if living at the poverty threshold.

Human Rights Code (Ontario)
The Human Rights Code (French: Code des droits de la personne) is a statute in the Canadian province of Ontario that guarantees equality before the law and prohibits discrimination in specific social areas such as housing or employment. The code's goal specifically prohibits discrimination based on race, colour, gender identity or expression, sex, sexual orientation, disability, creed, age and other grounds. The code is administered by the Ontario Human Rights Commission and enforced by the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario.
Joe Higgins (politician)
Joe Higgins (born 20 May 1949) is an Irish former Socialist Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin West constituency from 1997 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2016. He served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Dublin constituency from 2009 to 2011.

Dublin West
Dublin West is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects five deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
V. Balakrishnan (physicist)
V. Balakrishnan (born 1943 as Venkataraman Balakrishnan) is an Indian theoretical physicist, who has worked in a number of fields and areas, including particle physics, many-body theory, the mechanical behavior of solids, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and quantum dynamics.  He is an accomplished researcher who has made important contributions to the theory of anelasticity, continuous-time random walks, and recurrences in dynamical systems.

Continuous-time random walk
In mathematics, a continuous-time random walk (CTRW) is a generalization of a random walk where the wandering particle waits for a random time between jumps. It is a stochastic jump process with arbitrary distributions of jump lengths and waiting times. More generally it can be seen to be a special case of a Markov renewal process.
Broodje gezond
A broodje gezond (meaning "healthy sandwich") is a Dutch sandwich. The sandwich is often a piece of baguette, a white roll, or a pistolet. Toppings include, for example, cheese, ham, a boiled egg in slices, vegetables such as lettuce, arugula, tomato, pepper and/or cucumber. The sandwich is dressed with mayonnaise or a yogurt-based sauce. Due to the high levels of fat and salt and the low levels of vitamins, the term 'healthy' in the name is questionable.

It is commonly found in Dutch canteens, takeaway centers, or lunchrooms. There is no exact recipe.

This is an example of a term in the Dutch language where the adjective follows the noun, where usually the adjective precedes the noun.

Bell pepper
The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper, paprika, pepper, capsicum /ˈkæpsɪkəm/ or, in some parts of the U.S. Midwest, mango) is the fruit of plants in the Grossum Group of the species Capsicum annuum. Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, white, and purple. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent chili varieties as "sweet peppers". While they are botanically fruits—classified as berries—they are commonly used as a vegetable ingredient or side dish. Other varieties of the genus Capsicum are categorized as chili peppers when they are cultivated for their pungency, including some varieties of Capsicum annuum.

Peppers are native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. Pepper seeds were imported to Spain in 1493 and then spread through Europe and Asia.  Preferred growing conditions for bell peppers include warm, moist soil in a temperature range of 21 to 29 °C (70 to 84 °F).
Otlet Glacier
Otlet Glacier (65°48′S 64°38′W﻿ / ﻿65.800°S 64.633°W﻿ / -65.800; -64.633) is a glacier 9 nautical miles (17 km) long, flowing along the south side of Fontaine Heights to the west coast of Graham Land. Roughly charted by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) under Rymill, 1934–37. More accurately mapped by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956–57. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Paul Otlet (1868–1944), Belgian documentalist, co-founder of the Institut International de Bibliographie at Brussels, 1895, and of the Universal Decimal Classification. He was a pioneer of the rational organization of polar information by an international classification scheme.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Otlet Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

International Federation for Information and Documentation
The International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID) was an international organization that was created to promote universal access to all recorded knowledge through the creation of an international classification system. FID stands for the original French Fédération internationale de documentation.
Ross Cuthbert (politician)
Ross Cuthbert (February 17, 1776 – August 28, 1861) was a Canadian writer, lawyer and politician.

Born at Berthier and baptised at Montreal, as the son of James Cuthbert, he was heir to the seigneuries of Lanoraie and Dautray. He studied at Douai in France and completed his studies in law in Philadelphia where he married Emily Rush, daughter of Benjamin Rush, one of the signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence. In 1809, Cuthbert was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Cuthbert sat at the Executive Council and represented Warwick County (later Berthier) in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. He published Aéropage in Quebec City in 1803 and New theory of the tides in 1810.

He died in Berthier-en-Haut, Canada East in 1861.

His brother James also represented Warwick in the legislative assembly.

Canada East
Canada East (French: Canada-Est) was the northeastern portion of the Province of Canada. Lord Durham's Report investigating the causes of the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions recommended merging those two colonies. The new colony, known as the Province of Canada, was created by the Act of Union 1840 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, having effect in 1841. For administrative purposes, the new Province was subdivided into Canada West and Canada East.  The former name of "Lower Canada" came back into official use in 1849, and as of Canadian Confederation of 1867 it formed the newly created province of Quebec.

An estimated 890,000 people lived in Canada East in 1851.
M-155 (Michigan highway)
M-155 was a signed state trunkline in the US state of Michigan that served as a spur route from Business Loop Interstate 96 (BL I-96) in Howell in Livingston County to the Hillcrest Center, the former Howell State Hospital.  It was originally designated in the early 1930s and outlasted the hospital which closed in 1982. The roadway was removed from state maps after 1991 but remains under state maintenance as an unsigned trunkline listed as either M-155 or Old M-155.

Unsigned highway
An unsigned highway is a highway that has been assigned a route number, but does not bear road markings that would conventionally be used to identify the route with that number. Highways are left unsigned for a variety of reasons, and examples are found throughout the world. Depending on the policy of the agency that maintains the highway, and the reason for not signing the route, the route may instead be signed a different designation from its actual number, with small inventory markers for internal use, or with nothing at all.
Edwin Frazier
Edwin Hartwell Frazier (May 5, 1907 – November 2, 1971) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics as a goaltender. The team won the silver medal.

Frazier was born in Stoneham, Massachusetts, and died in Wilmington, Massachusetts.

Stoneham, Massachusetts
Stoneham (/ˈstoʊnəm/ STO-nəm) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, nine miles (14 km) north of downtown Boston. Its population was 23,244 at the 2020 census. Its proximity to major highways and public transportation offers convenient access to Boston and the North Shore coastal region and beaches of Massachusetts. The town is the birthplace of the Olympic figure-skating medalist Nancy Kerrigan and is the location of the Stone Zoo.
Kajiwara Kagesue
Kajiwara Kagesue (Japanese: 梶原 景季; 1162 – February 6, 1200), was a samurai in service to the Minamoto clan during the Genpei War of Japan's late Heian period.

The Heike monogatari records an anecdote about a friendly competition with Sasaki Takatsuna prior to the second battle of Uji.  Mounted on Yoritomo's black horse, Surusumi, he races Takatsuna across the River Uji.

Kajiwara was killed along with his father Kagetoki at Suruga by men loyal to Minamoto no Yoriie.

The Tale of the Heike
The Tale of the Heike (平家物語, Heike Monogatari) is an epic account compiled prior to 1330 of the struggle between the Taira clan and Minamoto clan for control of Japan at the end of the 12th century in the Genpei War (1180–1185).

It has been translated into English at least five times. The first translation was by Arthur Lindsay Sadler, in 1918–1921. A complete translation in nearly 800 pages by Hiroshi Kitagawa & Bruce T. Tsuchida was published in 1975. It was also translated by Helen McCullough in 1988. An abridged translation by Burton Watson was published in 2006.  In 2012, Royall Tyler completed his translation, which, he says, seeks to be mindful of the performance style for which the work was originally intended.

Historical novelist Eiji Yoshikawa published a prose rendering in the Asahi Weekly in 1950, under the title New Tale of the Heike (Shin Heike Monogatari).
Todor Pramatarov
Todor Pramatarov (Bulgarian: Тодор Праматаров) (born 8 August 1968) is a former Bulgarian association football player. He was the top scorer of the 1997 championship (with 26 goals for Slavia Sofia).

A native of Sofia, Pramatarov played as a forward for FC Lyulin, PFC Montana, Lokomotiv Sofia, CSKA Sofia, Slavia Sofia, PFC Shumen, Litex Lovech, Greek AO Kavala, Velbazhd Kyustendil, Pirin Blagoevgrad, Vihren Sandanski and in Cypriot Aris Limassol.

During his career Pramatarov played in 440 matches and scored 223 goals. He holds the joint record (alongside three other players) of scoring the most goals in a single A PFG match, netting 6 times in the 7:0 win over Rakovski Ruse.

Velbazhd Kyustendil
Velbazhd Kyustendil (Bulgarian: Велбъжд Кюстендил) is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Kyustendil. The club currently competes in the A RFG Kyustendil, the fourth tier of Bulgarian football.

The club was founded in 1919. Velbazhd have spent most of their playing history between the second and third tiers of the Bulgarian football league system. The club first won promotion to the A Group in 1954, and have played a total of 7 seasons in the top flight, with the longest continuous spell being six seasons (1995–2001). This is generally seen as the club's most successful period. Velbazhd finished third in A Group in 1999, 2000 and 2001, competed in the Intertoto Cup in the 2000–01 season, and reached the Bulgarian Cup final in 2001.