hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christianisation of East Anglia
The Christianisation of East Anglia was a gradual process through which the Kingdom of East Anglia converted from Anglo-Saxon paganism to Christianity during the early 7th century. The process began under the influence of external powers such as Kent and Northumbria, and was closely tied to the wider Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England. Although the earliest royal conversion, Rædwald's, was politically motivated and marked by religious syncretism, the faith became more firmly established under later Wuffinga rulers such as Sigeberht and Anna. Along with the gradual disappearance of pagan rulers by the mid-7th century, continental missionaries, particularly Felix of Burgundy, played a central role in consolidating Christianity within the kingdom leading to a general Christianisation of the population.

Wuffingas
The Wuffingas, Uffingas or Wiffings were the ruling dynasty of East Anglia, the long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The Wuffingas took their name from Wuffa, an early East Anglian king.  Nothing is known of the members of the dynasty before Rædwald, who ruled from about 599 to c.624. The Viking invasions of the 9th century and Dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century both led to the destruction of documents relating to the rule of the Wuffingas.

The last of the Wuffingas kings was Ælfwald, who died in 749; he was succeeded by kings whose lineage is unknown.
2019 Philippine Super Liga Beach Volleyball Challenge Cup
The 2019 Philippine Super Liga Beach Volleyball Challenge Cup was the fifth beach volleyball conference of the Philippine Super Liga, the second conference of the 2019 season, and the 22nd conference overall. It was held at the Capitol Resort Hotel, Maniboc, Lingayen, Pangasinan from May 16–18, 2019.

Philippine Super Liga
The Philippine Super Liga (PSL; alternatively spelled as Philippine Superliga) was a non-professional corporate club women's volleyball league in the Philippines. It was first organized by SportsCore Event Management and Consultancy, Inc. and later owned by Athletic Events & Sports Management Group (ACES), Inc. The league was envisioned to provide former collegiate players a league with which they can continue with their volleyball career.

The PSL also had a men's division from 2013 to 2014, although its beach volleyball tournament both have a women's and men's division since its inception.

In 2021, the PSL was left without any active team after all teams either filed a leave of absence due to the COVID-19 pandemic or moved to the newly professionalized Premier Volleyball League, the PSL's rival league.
Ink trap
An ink trap is a feature of certain typefaces designed for printing in small sizes. At an ink trap, the corners or details are removed from the letterforms. When the type is printed, ink naturally spreads into the removed area. Without ink traps, the excess ink would soak outward and ruin the crisp edge.

Ink traps are only needed for  small point sizes and are usually only found on typefaces designed for printing on newsprint. Fonts of this kind are applicable for classifieds or telephone books. Typefaces with ink traps may be offered in versions without them for display on screen or at larger sizes.

Typefaces featuring ink traps include Retina (original MicroPlus variant), Bell Centennial, Tang and K2D.

Newsprint
Newsprint is a low-cost, non-archival type of paper, consisting mainly of wood pulp and most commonly used to print newspapers and other publications and advertising material. Invented in 1844 by Charles Fenerty of Nova Scotia, Canada, it usually has an off white cast and distinctive feel. It is designed for use in printing presses that employ a long web of paper (web offset, letterpress and flexographic), rather than individual sheets of paper.

Newsprint is favored by publishers and printers as it is relatively low cost (compared with paper grades used for glossy magazines and sales brochures), strong (to run through modern high-speed web printing presses) and can accept four-color printing at qualities that meet the needs of typical newspapers.
Rabia ibn Nasr
Rabia ibn Nasr (Arabic: ربيعة بن نصر) also known as Rabia ibn Mudhar was a legendary Yemeni king who purportedly existed between 460 CE and 470 CE. He was one of the kings of Himyar, hence he received the title Tubba' (plural:Tababi'ah), but he was from a family of Sabaean ancestry, therefore, he was one of the Adhaaf al-Tababi'ah (Arabic: أضعاف التبابعة). No archaeological inscriptions for him or his rule have been found yet.

Abu Karib
Abū Karib As’ad al-Kāmil (Arabic: أسعد الكامل), called "Abū Karīb", sometimes rendered as As'ad Abū Karīb, full name: Abu Karib As'ad ibn Hassān Maliki Karib Yuha'min, was king (Tubba', Arabic: تُبَّع) of the Himyarite Kingdom (modern day Yemen). He ruled Yemen from 390 CE until 420 CE, beginning as a coregency with his father Malkikarib Yuhamin (r. 375–400) followed by becoming sole ruler in 400. As'ad is traditionally portrayed as the first of several kings of the Arabian Peninsula to convert to Judaism, although contemporary historians and pre-Islamic sources, such as Philostorgius have ascribed this transition to his father. He was traditionally regarded as the first one to cover the Kaaba with the kiswah.
Joey Spellerberg
Joseph Lawrence "Joey" Spellerberg (born March 19, 1990) is an American politician who has served as the Nebraska State Treasurer since November 6, 2025. He previously served as the mayor of Fremont, Nebraska, from 2020 to 2025, succeeded by Dev Sookram.

Spellerberg attended the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where he earned a degree in marketing.

Spellerberg was appointed by Nebraska Governor Jim Pillen to be the Nebraska State Treasurer and took office on November 6, 2025.

Jim Pillen
James Douglas Pillen (born December 31, 1955) is an American politician, veterinarian, and livestock producer serving as the 41st and current governor of Nebraska since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, Pillen served on the University of Nebraska Board of Regents from 2013 to 2023.
Vladimir Velichko
Vladimir Makarovich Velichko (Russian: Владимир Макарович Величко; born 23 April 1937) is a Soviet official and entrepreneur appointed as the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1991.

Cabinet of Ministers (Soviet Union)
The Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR (Russian: Кабинет Министров СССР, romanized: Kabinet Ministrov SSSR) served as the administrative and executive body of the Soviet Union after the dissolution of the previous Council of Ministers. Established on January 14, 1991, it was composed of the Prime Minister, seven deputies (including two first deputy prime ministers), and 36 ministers, alongside one state committee. The Cabinet's key decision-making organ was the Presidium, which included the Prime Minister, his deputies, and an Administrator of affairs.
De Horsey Passage
De Horsey Passage is a short strait in the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada, separating De Horsey Island to the east from Smith Island to the west.  The passage, like the island, was named for Rear Admiral Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey, commander in chief on this station from 1876 to 1879.  His flagship was HMS Shah, 26 guns, under Captain Bedford.

Kshaoom Indian Reserve No. 23 is on its northwestern end on De Horsey Island. Opposite is Dashken Indian Reserve No. 22, on the eastern trip of Smith Island.

Pacific Station
The Pacific Station was created in 1837 as one of the geographical military formations into which the Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities. The South America Station was split into the Pacific Station and the South East Coast of America Station.
MS Elisabeth Bakke
MS Elisabeth Bakke was a Norwegian tweendecker that participated in Operation Rubble. During the operation, she escaped a German blockade of Sweden on 15 March 1940 with four other ships that were also registered in Norway. The ship operated under various companies between 1937 and 1974, though she was largely owned by Knutsen OAS Shipping.

Tweendecker
Tweendeckers are general cargo ships with two or sometimes three decks. The upper deck is called the main deck or weather deck, and the next lower deck is the tweendeck. Cargo such as bales, bags, or drums can be stacked in the tweendeck space, atop the tweendeck. Beneath the tweendeck is the hold space, used for general cargo.
Cargo ships that have fittings to carry standard shipping containers and retractable tweendecks (that can be moved out of the way) so that the ship can carry bulk cargo are known as multipurpose vessels.
Cypermethrin
Cypermethrin (CP) is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes. It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects. It is easily degraded on soil and plants but can be effective for weeks when applied to indoor inert surfaces. It is a non-systemic and non-volatile insecticide that acts by contact and ingestion, used in agriculture and in pest control products. Exposure to sunlight, water and oxygen will accelerate its decomposition. Cypermethrin is highly toxic to fish, bees and aquatic insects, according to the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) (previously National Pesticides Telecommunication Network) in the USA. It is found in many household ant and cockroach killers, including Raid, Ortho, Combat, ant chalk, and some variants of Baygon in Southeast Asia.

Henkel North American Consumer Goods
Henkel Corporation, doing business as Henkel North American Consumer Goods and formerly The Dial Corporation, is an American company based in Stamford, Connecticut. It is a manufacturer of personal care and household cleaning products and is a subsidiary of multinational company Henkel AG & Co. KGaA (Henkel Consumer Goods Inc.).

Dial began as a brand of deodorant soap manufactured by Armour and Company, a Chicago, Illinois, meatpacking firm, and through a series of mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures, emerged by the 2000s as a stand-alone personal-care and household-cleaning products company. Henkel acquired The Dial Corporation in 2004. Dial soap remains one of the company's major brands.
Conversation with the Beast
Conversation with the Beast (German: Gespräch mit dem Biest) is a 1996 German film directed by Armin Mueller-Stahl, and written by Mueller-Stahl and Tom Abrams. The film is about an American researcher (played by Bob Balaban), who interviews a 103-year-old man claiming to be Adolf Hitler. The film was released on 10 September 1996 at the 1996 Toronto International Film Festival, shown at over twenty film festivals worldwide, but never released on video.

1996 Toronto International Film Festival
The 21st Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 5 and September 14, 1996. The festival opened with the film Fly Away Home, and closed with That Thing You Do!.

This year's festival marked significant changes in the programming streams, including The Edge, Asian Horizons and Latin American Panorama being merged into Contemporary World Cinema, and First Cinema being discontinued with first films instead appearing under Contemporary World Cinema, Real to Reel and Discovery. The Dialogues series, which had been introduced the previous year as a special event, was turned into a permanent program.
Hammonton High School
Hammonton High School is a comprehensive community public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Hammonton, in Atlantic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Hammonton Public Schools.

Students from Folsom Borough and Waterford Township attend Hammonton High School as part of sending/receiving relationships with the Folsom Borough School District and the Waterford Township School District.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,315 students and 94.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.9:1. There were 365 students (27.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 88 (6.7% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Secondary education in the United States
Secondary education is the last six or seven years of statutory formal education in the United States. It reaches the climax with twelfth grade (age 17–18). Whether it begins with sixth grade (age 11–12) or seventh grade (age 12–13) varies by state and sometimes by school district.

Secondary education in the United States occurs in two phases. The first, as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called a middle school or junior high school. A middle school is for students sixth grade, seventh grade and eighth grade and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade.

The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a high school or senior high school for students ninth grade through twelfth grade. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered primary school.
Geography of Minnesota
The U.S. State of Minnesota is the northernmost state outside Alaska; its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel north. Minnesota is in the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest in interior North America. The state shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and Wisconsin on the northeast; the remainder of the eastern border is with Wisconsin. Iowa is to the south, South Dakota and North Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario are to the north. With 87,014 square miles (225,370 km2), or approximately 2.26% of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th largest state.

Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness
The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW or BWCA) is a vast wilderness in the Superior National Forest of northeastern Minnesota. It comprises 1,090,000 acres (440,000 ha) of pristine forests, glacial lakes, and streams. Located at the Boundary Waters, it is administered by of the United States Forest Service.

Efforts to preserve the primitive landscape began in the 1900s and culminated in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act of 1978. The area is a popular destination for canoeing, hiking, and fishing, and is the most visited wilderness in the United States.: 10
Bucculatrix tridenticola
Bucculatrix tridenticola is a species of moth in the family Bucculatricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Manitoba, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, Utah, California and Nevada. The species was first described in 1963 by Annette Frances Braun.

Adults have been recorded on wing from July to August.

The larvae feed on Artemisia tridentata.

Artemisia tridentata
Artemisia tridentata, commonly called big sagebrush, Great Basin sagebrush or simply sagebrush (one of several related species of this name), is an aromatic shrub from the family Asteraceae.

It grows in arid and semi-arid conditions, throughout a range of cold desert, steppe, and mountain habitats in the Intermountain West of North America. Big sagebrush and other Artemisia shrubs are the dominant plant species across large portions of the Great Basin.

Sagebrush provides food and habitat for a variety of species, such as sage grouse, pronghorn antelope, grey vireo, pygmy rabbit, and mule deer. Several major threats exist to sagebrush ecosystems, including human settlements, conversion to agricultural land, invasive plant species, and wildfires.

Native Americans have used the plant medicinally. It is also useful as firewood.
Sophia College for Women
Sophia College (Autonomous) is an undergraduate women's college established in 1941 by Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. It is affiliated to the University of Mumbai. The governing body of The Society for the Higher Education of Women in India runs the college. The Religious Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and lay staff form the staff of the college. Sophia, as the name suggests, stands for Wisdom in Greek Σοφία.

Women's college
Women's colleges in higher education are undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting institutions, often liberal arts colleges, whose student populations are composed exclusively or almost exclusively of women. Some women's colleges admit male students to their graduate schools or in smaller numbers to undergraduate programs, but all serve a primarily female student body.
Harpalus affinis
Harpalus affinis is a species of ground beetle native to the Palearctic, and introduced in the Nearctic and the Australasian region. In Europe, it is only absent in the following countries or islands: the Azores, the Canary Islands, the Channel Islands, Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, the Faroe Islands, Franz Josef Land, Gibraltar, Iceland, Madeira, Malta, Monaco, the North Aegean islands, Novaya Zemlya, San Marino, the Savage Islands, Sicily, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and Vatican City. Its presence on the Balearic Islands and Sardinia is doubtful.

Cyclades
The Cyclades (/ˈsɪklədiːz/; Greek: Κυκλάδες, romanized: Kykládes, IPA: [ciˈkla.ðes]) are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name (Κυκλάδες νήσοι, Kykládes nísoi, 'encircling islands') refers to the archipelago forming a circle around the sacred island of Delos. The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos; the most populated, however, is Syros.
Yiwu Hospital
The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, also called the Yiwu Hospital (Chinese: 义乌医院), is a hospital in Yiwu, Zhejiang, China. It is a teaching hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine.

Teaching hospital
A teaching hospital or university hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools.

Teaching hospitals use a residency program to educate qualified physicians, podiatrists, dentists, and pharmacists who are receiving training after attaining the degree of MD, DO, DPM, DDS, DMD, PharmD, BDS, BDent, MBBS, MBChB, or BMed. Those that attend a teaching hospital or clinic practice medicine under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior medical clinician registered in that specialty, such as an attending physician or consultant. The purpose of these residency programs is to create an environment where new doctors can learn to practice medicine in a safe setting which is supervised by physicians that provide both oversight and education.
Otiorhynchus
Otiorhynchus (sometimes misspelled as Otiorrhynchus) is a large genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae. Many species of the genus, particularly the black vine weevil (O. sulcatus) and the strawberry root weevil (O. ovatus), are important pests, both as larvae and as adults. Larvae feed on plant roots. Adults are flightless with fused elytra and feed at night on plant foliage. In many species of the genus at least some races are polyploid and parthenogenetic, while the rest of the races and species are diploid and bisexual. Otiorhynchus weevils, particularly O. scaber, have been a popular subject for studies of the evolution of parthenogenesis. The genus is native to the Palearctic region. However, sixteen species were inadvertently introduced to North America and have become widespread there.

A number of species are troglobites, cave-dwelling animals that lack eyes.

There are over 1,500 species in this genus, which is divided into at least 110 subgenera.

Troglofauna
Troglofauna are small cave-dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna are associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include spiders, insects, myriapods and others. Some troglofauna live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell. Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most troglofauna. Troglofauna insects may exhibit longer appendages and a lack of wings.
Esra Mungan
Esra Mungan is a Turkish academic and associate professor of psychology at Boğaziçi University who was arrested in 2016 for signing the Academics for Peace petition "We won’t be a party to this crime!" demanding a peaceful solution to the conflict between the Turkish military and Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) in South-East Turkey. Mungan was among the 1128 signatories of a January 2016 petition calling for an end to violence in the region. In March 2016 she was arrested for a month. Her university was supportive of her during the period of her arrest.

Mungan, along with other members of Academics for Peace faced up to seven years in prison under Article 301 of the Turkish penal code which penalises 'denigrating Turkishness'. On the first day of her trial for 'terror propaganda', she was freed by a Turkish court “pending permission from the justice ministry” to reduce the severity of the charge.

Boğaziçi University
Boğaziçi University  is a public research university in Istanbul, Turkey. Its main campus in Bebek is located just west of the Bosphorus, from which the institution takes its name. It is historically linked to Robert College, the first American college founded outside the United States. The university reports that its liberal approach has fostered an interdisciplinary and international research environment, and the peaceful coexistence of different lifestyles and worldviews.
Sodium tetracarbonylcobaltate
Sodium tetracarbonylcobaltate is the organocobalt compound with the formula NaCo(CO)4.  It is a common derivative of the tetracarbonylcobaltate anion, [Co(CO)4]-, although several other alkali metal salts are known. The tetracarbonylcobaltate anion is the conjugate base of cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride, HCo(CO)4.  According to X-ray crystallography, the Co(CO)4- center is nearly tetrahedral (isoelectronic with Ni(CO)4).

Conventionally, this compound is prepared by reduction of dicobalt octacarbonyl with sodium amalgam:

Co2(CO)8  +  2 Na   →   2 NaCo(CO)4

It reacts with mercuric cyanide to give a HgCo2 derivative:

Hg(CN)2 + 2 NaCo(CO)4   →   Hg[Co(CO)4]2  +  2 NaCN

Sodium amalgam
Sodium amalgam, with the common formula Na(Hg), is an alloy of mercury and sodium. The term amalgam is used for alloys, intermetallic compounds, and solutions (both solid solutions and liquid solutions) involving mercury as a major component.  Sodium amalgams are often used in reactions as strong reducing agents with better handling properties compared to solid sodium.  They are less dangerously reactive toward water and in fact are often used as an aqueous suspension.

Sodium amalgam was used as a reagent as early as 1862. A synthesis method was described by J. Alfred Wanklyn in 1866.