hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Linear differential equation
In mathematics, a linear differential equation is a differential equation that is linear in the unknown function and its derivatives, so it can be written in the form 

where a0(x), ..., an(x) and b(x) are arbitrary differentiable functions that do not need to be linear, and y′, ..., y(n)  are the successive derivatives of an unknown function y of the variable x.

Such an equation is an ordinary differential equation (ODE). A linear differential equation may also be a linear partial differential equation (PDE), if the unknown function depends on several variables, and the derivatives that appear in the equation are partial derivatives.

Euler's formula
Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function. Euler's formula states that, for any real number x, one has

where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary unit, and cos and sin are the trigonometric functions cosine and sine respectively. This complex exponential function is sometimes denoted cis x ("cosine plus i sine"). The formula is still valid if x is a complex number, and is also called Euler's formula in this more general case.

Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics".

When x = π, Euler's formula may be rewritten as eiπ = −1 or eiπ + 1 = 0, which is known as Euler's identity.
Amritpal Singh (basketball)
Amritpal Singh (born January 5, 1991) is an Indian professional basketball player who represents Punjab in the National Basketball Championship. In the past, he played for the Yokohama Excellence of the B.League, ONGC FC, and Pune Peshwas of India, as well as the Sydney Kings of the Australian National Basketball League. Singh, along with Amjyot Singh, became the first ever Indian basketball players to sign a professional contract abroad.

ONGC FC
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Football Club (known simply as ONGC FC) was an Indian professional football club based in Mumbai. The club was an institutional arm of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), and part of its multi-sports club.

Nicknamed "The Oilmen", they competed in both the domestic top tiers National Football League, and I-League, alongside the regional competition named MDFA Elite League. The club also operated a non-professional football section that participates in regional corporate tournaments, including All-India Public Sector League.
Vidar Christiansen
Vidar Christiansen (born 12 June 1948) is a Norwegian economist.

He was born in Drammen and grew up in Hokksund. After graduating with the cand.oecon. degree he was a research fellow at the University of Oslo from 1975, lecturer at the Norwegian School of Economics from 1979 and at the University of Oslo from 1981. He took his dr. oecon. degree at the Norwegian School of Economics in 1987. In 1989 he was awarded the David Davidsson Prize for best article in the Scandinavian Journal of Economics. In 1991 he was hired as professor at the BI Norwegian Business School and from 1994 to his retirement he was a professor at the University of Oslo.

He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters. He is also a fellow of the European Economic Association.

Research fellow
A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator.

Research fellow positions vary in different countries and academic institutions.
William J. Paton
William Paton (died 2002) was a Scottish footballer who played for Bo'ness United, Motherwell and Yeovil Town. He should not be confused with his namesake Willie Paton, a striker who played for Rangers around the same time.

He made eleven appearances for Motherwell between 1947 and 1950, scoring one goal.

Bo'ness United F.C.
Bo'ness United Football Club is a Scottish football club, based in the town of Bo'ness. The team plays in the Lowland League after winning the East of Scotland League and gaining SFA membership in 2020. They presently play their home games at Newtown Park, which holds 2,500 spectators and has been used as a football ground since the 1880s. They play in blue.

Bo'ness like many other clubs moved from the junior leagues in 2018. The club won the Scottish Junior Cup on three occasions, in 1948, 1976 and 1984, and lifted the 2018–19 East of Scotland League Cup defeating Musselburgh Athletic 1–0.
Dhuri Assembly constituency
Dhuri Assembly constituency is a Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency in Sangrur district, Punjab state, India.

As of 2022, this constituency is represented by Bhagwant Mann, the chief minister of Punjab.

Chief Minister of Punjab, India
The chief minister of Punjab is the head of the government of Punjab. As per the Constitution of India, the Governor of Punjab is the state's head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Punjab Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
Sandilands Tunnel
Sandilands Tunnel is an ex-railway, brick arch tunnel in south London, currently serving the Croydon Tramway, which cuts through the Park Hill area on the eastern border of Croydon and serves as a key section of the Tramlink route connecting central Croydon, from West Croydon to New Addington.

New Addington tram stop
51°20′33″N 0°01′03″W﻿ / ﻿51.342624°N 0.017469°W﻿ / 51.342624; -0.017469
New Addington is a terminal tram stop serving the centre of New Addington, located in the London Borough of Croydon. The tram stop is served by London Trams, which connects New Addington with central Croydon.
ChipWits
ChipWits is a programming game for the Macintosh written by Doug Sharp and Mike Johnston and published by BrainPower software in 1984. Ports to the Apple II and Commodore 64 were published by Epyx in 1985. The player uses a visual programming language to teach a virtual robot how to navigate various mazes of varying difficulty. The game straddles the line between entertainment and programming education.

Epyx
Epyx, Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher active in the late 1970s and 1980s. The company was founded in 1978 as Automated Simulations by Jim Connelley and Jon Freeman, publishing a series of tactical combat games. The Epyx brand was introduced when the company branched out to a series of more action-oriented titles. In 1983, as these types of games now represented the majority of their product line, the company was renamed to match. Epyx published a long series of games through the 1980s. The company's assets are currently owned by Bridgestone Multimedia Group Global.
1999 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Doubles
Grant Stafford and Kevin Ullyett were the defending champions, but Ullyett did not participate this year.  Stafford partnered Lan Bale, losing in the quarterfinals.

Jim Courier and Todd Woodbridge won the title, defeating Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan 7–6(7–4), 6–4 in the final.

Grant Stafford
Grant Stafford (born 27 May 1971) is a former tennis player from South Africa.

Turning professional in 1990, Stafford won five doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ranking on the ATP Tour of World No. 53 in January 1994.
Encheliophis
Encheliophis is a genus of pearlfishes, with seven currently recognized species:

Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup, 1856) (pinhead pearlfish)

Encheliophis chardewalli Parmentier, 2004

Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) (graceful pearlfish)

Encheliophis homei (J. Richardson, 1846) (silver pearlfish)

Encheliophis sagamianus (S. Tanaka (I), 1908)

Encheliophis vermicularis J. P. Müller, 1842 (worm pearlfish)

Encheliophis vermiops Markle & Olney, 1990 (pygmy pearlfish)

Johannes Peter Müller
Johannes Peter Müller (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858) was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist, known not only for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge. The paramesonephric duct (Müllerian duct) was named in his honor.
Kochi Broadcasting
Kochi Broadcasting (高知放送, Kōchi Hōsō), also known as RKC (Radio Kochi Company), is a Japanese radio and television broadcaster. It was founded in 1953 and is headquartered in Kōchi, Japan. Kōchi Broadcasting is affiliated with NNN and NNS (TV), JRN, NRN (radio). It is a part of the Kochi Shimbun group.

Kochi Broadcasting began radio broadcasting in 1953, and launched television broadcasting in 1959.

Nippon Television Network System
Nippon Television Network System (NNS; Japanese: 日本テレビネットワーク協議会, romanized: Nihon Terebi Nettowāku Kyōgikai) is a Japanese television network organized by Nippon Television (NTV), which is itself controlled by The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings. NTV feeds entertainment and other non-news programming over NNS to 29 affiliated stations.

Distribution of national television news bulletins is handled by Nippon News Network, another network set up by NTV.
Karachi–Peshawar Line
Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line (Urdu: کراچی–پشاور مرکزی ریل راستہ, romanized: karāčī-pešāvar markazī rēl rāsta) (also referred to as Main Line 1 or ML-1) is one of four main railway lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The 1,687 kilometers (1,048 mi) long line starts at Kiamari station, Sindh, and ends at Peshawar Cantonment Station in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The railway is dual tracked between Keamari and Shahdara Bagh, and Chaklala and Golra Sharif. With 173 railway stations, the line serves as the country's main passenger and freight line, 75% of the country's cargo and passenger traffic passing through yearly.

In 2016, funding for a six-year, US$6.8 billion upgrade and renovation project was agreed as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, with the average speed to be doubled to 140 kilometers per hour upon completion. The project has been delayed several times since then.

Keamari, Karachi
Keamari (Sindhi: ڪياماڙي, Urdu: کیماڑی) is a neighbourhood in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Keamari was originally an independent settlement built on a sandy ridge on the eastern side of Karachi Harbour. Keamari Town was formed in 2001 as part of the Local Government Ordinance 2001, and was subdivided into 11 union councils. The town system was disbanded in 2011, and Keamari Town was re-organized as part of Karachi West District in 2015.

In 2020, Keamari District was carved out of Karachi West District. So Kemari Town ended up being part of Kemari District.
Khed railway station
Khed railway station is a station on Konkan Railway. It is at a distance of 98.285 km (61.1 mi) down from origin. The preceding station on the line is Diwankhavati railway station and the next station is Anjani railway station.

The station offers free Wi-Fi.

Konkan Railway zone
The Konkan Railway (abbreviated KR) is one of the 19 railway zones in India with its headquarters at CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Konkan Railway line from Roha to Thokur is operated and maintained by Konkan Railway corporation (KRCL).  The first passenger train ran on Konkan railway tracks on 20 March 1993, between Udupi and Mangalore. During its initial years of operation in the mountainous Konkan region, a number of accidents prompted Konkan Railway to implement new technology. Anti-collision devices, the Sky Bus and roll-on/roll-off are several of the railway's innovations.  The 756.25 km (469.91 mi) long railway line connects the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The first train on the completed track was sent off on 26 January 1998.
Betel chewing in Thailand
Betel quid chewing has always been an important part of Thai culture and tradition. In the past, betel chewing was a popular daily activity among Thais all over the country. Betel comes from the plant known as Areca catechu, which grows wild all over Thailand and is known as หมาก (maak).

Areca catechu
Areca catechu is a species of palm native to the Philippines cultivated for areca nuts. It was carried widely through the tropics by the Austronesian migrations and trade since at least 1500 BCE due to its use in betel nut chewing. It is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in much of tropical Asia and in Taiwan, southern China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Madagascar, parts of the Pacific Islands, and also in the West Indies.

Its fruits (called areca nuts or betel nuts) are chewed together with slaked lime and betel leaves for their stimulant and narcotic effects.
Chenhalls
Chenhalls is a hamlet in the parish of St Erth (where the 2011 census was included), Cornwall, England.  It is situated about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) north-east of the village of St Erth.  Chenhalls lies on the east bank of the river Hayle at about 3 metres (9.8 ft) above sea level.

St Erth
St Erth (Cornish: Lannudhno) is a civil parish and village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

St Erth takes its name from Saint Erc, one of the many Irish saints who brought Christianity to Cornwall during the Dark Ages, and is at the old crossing point of the River Hayle. The Cornish name of the place derives from St Uthinoch of whom little is known. The church of St Erth dates from the 15th-century, though an older church is said to have once stood on St Erth Hill overlooking the village.

The St Erth railway station is 0.75 miles from the village, at Rose-an-Grouse, and is on the Cornish Main Line from London Paddington to Penzance. It is also the junction for scenic St Ives Bay Line.
Banjhakri Falls and Energy Park
The Banjhakri Falls and Energy Park is a recreation centre and tourist attraction near Gangtok, in the state of Sikkim, India. The park's statuary and other displays document the Ban Jhakri, or traditional shamanic healer who worships spirits living in caves around the falls. Ban means "forest", and jhākri means "healer".

The park is in a thickly forested part of Swastik, next to an army camp, about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Gangtok on National Highway 31 to North Sikkim.

Tourist attraction
A tourist attraction is a place of interest that tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and amusement.
Habib Nafisi
Habib Nafisi (December 1908 – 1984; Persian: حبیب نفیسی) was the founder of Tehran Polytechnic (Amirkabir University of Technology) and Khaje nassir toosi University of technology. He founded it in 1958 with five engineering departments. He also founded the University of Mazandaran and Iran University of Science and Technology.

K. N. Toosi University of Technology
The Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology (KNTU; Persian: دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصيرالدين طوسی) is a public research university in Tehran, Iran. It is named after medieval Persian scholar Khajeh Nasir Toosi. The university is considered one of the most prestigious institutions of higher education in Iran. Acceptance to the university is highly competitive, entrance to undergraduate and graduate programs typically requires scoring among the top 1% of students in the Iranian University Entrance Exam.
Johann Gottfried Roesner
Johann Gottfried Roesner (or Rösner) (21 November 1658 – 7 December 1724) was an official from Royal Prussia (a fief of the Crown of Poland) executed following the Tumult of Thorn.

Roesner was born in Züllichau (Sulechów) in Brandenburg's Neumark. The Burgrave of Thorn (Toruń) by 1703, he was the town's burgomaster and the curator of the municipal Thorn Gymnasium by 1706. As were most other leading citizens, he was of the Lutheran faith.

Following the Tumult of Thorn between Catholics and Lutherans in the summer of 1724, Roesner was sentenced to death for "neglecting his duty and countenancing tumult" by the Polish supreme court in Warsaw. He died in Thorn.

Burgomaster
Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgermeister, lit. 'master of the town/borough/fortress/citizens') is the English form of various terms in or derived from Germanic languages for the chief magistrate or executive of a city or town. The name in English was derived from the Dutch burgemeester.

In some cases, burgomaster was the title of the head of state and head of government of a sovereign (or partially or de facto sovereign) city-state, sometimes combined with other titles, such as Hamburg's First Mayor and President of the Senate). Contemporary titles are commonly translated into English as mayor.
Salzbach (Lauter)
The Salzbach, which is initially called the Kröppenbach and then the Buchbach, is with a length of around 17 kilometres (11 mi) the longest tributary of the Lauter, which here in its upper reaches is known as the Wieslauter. It flows through the northwestern Wasgau, a hill range which comprises the southern part of the Palatinate Forest in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and the northern part of the Vosges in the French departments of Bas-Rhin and Moselle.

Moselle (department)
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔzɛl] ⓘ) is the most populous department in Lorraine, in the northeast of France, and is named after the river Moselle, a tributary of the Rhine, which flows through the western part of the department. It had a population of 1,046,543 in 2019. Inhabitants of the department are known as Mosellans.
Brad Tolinski
Brad Tolinski (born 1958) is an American journalist who was the editor-in-chief of Guitar World Magazine for 25 years (1989–2015). He also served as editorial director of NewBay Media's music division, which also includes Guitar Aficionado and Revolver magazines. He then moved to Harris Publications as the editorial director of special projects, and then became editorial director of special projects for AMG Parade in New York City. Currently he is a writer and author of several acclaimed books, His most recent release is 'MC5: The Oral Biography of Rock's Most Revolutionary Band,' out October 8, 2024.

Joe Satriani
Joseph Satriani (born July 15, 1956) is an American rock guitarist, composer, and songwriter. Early in his career he worked as a guitar instructor, with many of his former students achieving fame, including Steve Vai, Larry LaLonde, Rick Hunolt, Kirk Hammett, Andy Timmons, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan, and Alex Skolnick. Satriani went on to have a successful solo music career, starting in the mid-1980s. He is a 15-time Grammy Award nominee and has sold over ten million albums, making him the bestselling instrumental rock guitarist of all time.

In 1988, Satriani was recruited by Mick Jagger as lead guitarist for his first solo tour. Satriani briefly toured with Deep Purple, joining shortly after the second departure of Ritchie Blackmore, in 1993. He has worked with a range of guitarists during the G3 tour, which he founded in 1995. Satriani has been the guitarist for the supergroup Chickenfoot since joining the band in 2008.
2017 Tilia Slovenia Open – Doubles
Sergey Betov and Ilya Ivashka were the defending champions but only Ivashka chose to defend his title, partnering Aldin Šetkić. Ivashka lost in the semifinals to Lukáš Rosol and Franko Škugor.

Hans Podlipnik-Castillo and Andrei Vasilevski won the title after defeating Rosol and Škugor 6–3, 7–6(7–4) in the final.

Sergey Betov
Sergey Aleksandrovich Betov (Belarusian: Сяргей Аляксандравіч Бетаў Siarhiej Betaŭ; Сергей Александрович Бетов; born 15 October 1987) is a Belarusian professional tennis player. He reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 340 on 1 August 2011 and his highest doubles ranking of No. 61 was achieved on 26 October 2015.

On April 29, 2016, the International Tennis Federation found that Betov had committed an Anti-Doping Rule Violation in connection with the consumption of meldonium, but further determined that he bore no fault or negligence for the violation and therefore permitted him to resume competition.

He married Russian tennis player Margarita Gasparyan in July 2021; they announced their pregnancy in February 2022.
John Hemingway
John Patrick Hemingway (born August 19, 1960) is a Canadian-American author, whose memoir Strange Tribe: A Family Memoir examines the similarities and the complex relationship between his parent Gloria Hemingway and his grandfather, Ernest Hemingway; in particular it addresses the issue of the gender identity of Gloria, who was a trans woman.

Hemingway moved to Milan, Italy in 1983, where he pursued a writing and translating career. His articles have appeared in several Italian newspapers such as l'Unità and Libero, and in American magazines and literary journals.

He has published the novel Bacchanalia: A Pamplona Story, inspired by his visits to the San Fermín festival, and has also prefaced the book Hemingway in Pamplona, by Miguel Izu.

L'Unità
l'Unità (Italian: [luniˈta]; English: "the Unity") is an Italian newspaper, founded as the official newspaper of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1924. It was supportive of that party's successor parties, the Democratic Party of the Left, Democrats of the Left, and, from October 2007 until 2017, the Democratic Party.

The newspaper closed on 31 July 2014. It was restarted on 30 June 2015, but it ceased again on 3 June 2017. On 16 May 2023, it was relaunched for a third time as an independent publication under the editorship of Piero Sansonetti.
Sendai River
The Sendai River (千代川, Sendai-gawa) is a river in eastern Tottori Prefecture, Japan. The Sendai is 52 kilometers (32 mi) in length and has a drainage area of 1,190 square kilometers (460 sq mi). The source of the river is in the Chūgoku Mountains. The Sendai flows north through Tottori Prefecture into the Sea of Japan. Under the Rivers Act of 1964 it is designated a Class 1 River, and is managed by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. About 200,000 people live along the course of the river. The Sendai River provides sediment to form the Tottori Sand Dunes, the largest dune system in Japan.

Chizu, Tottori
Chizu (智頭町, Chizu-chō) is a town located in Yazu District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2024, the town had an estimated population of 5,906 in 2681 households and a population density of 26.67 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 224.70 square kilometres (86.76 sq mi).
Croatoan (short story)
"Croatoan" is a short story by American writer  Harlan Ellison published in 1975 in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, and anthologized in Strange Wine; an illustrated version appeared in Heavy Metal in 1978. The story won a Locus Award. The story is also used as a specimen of analysis by Stephen King in Danse Macabre.

Heavy Metal (magazine)
Heavy Metal is an American science fantasy comics magazine, first published in 1977. The magazine is known primarily for its blend of dark fantasy, science fiction, erotica, and steampunk comics. Following a brief hiatus in 2023, it relaunched in 2024 with new owners and a new editorial team consisting of Dave Kelly, Frank Forte, and Chris Thompson.

Unlike the traditional American comic books of that time bound by the restrictive Comics Code Authority, the magazine-format Heavy Metal featured explicit nudity, sexual situations, and graphic violence. The magazine started out primarily as a licensed translation of the French science-fantasy magazine Métal hurlant, marking for many Americans their first introduction to the work of European cartoonists like Enki Bilal, Philippe Caza, Guido Crepax, Philippe Druillet, Jean-Claude Forest, Jean Giraud (a.k.a. Moebius), Chantal Montellier, and Milo Manara.