hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Keel-billed toucan
The keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), also known as rainbow-billed toucan or sulphur-breasted toucan, is a species of toucan native to southern Mexico, Central America and the far northwest of South America, and is found in tropical forests. It is the national bird of Belize. It is an omnivorous forest bird that feeds on fruit, seeds, insects, invertebrates, lizards, snakes, and small birds and their eggs.

Toucan
Toucans (/ˈtuːkæn/, UK: /-kən/) are Neotropical birds in the family Ramphastidae. They are most closely related to the Toucan barbets. They are brightly marked and have large, often colorful bills. The family includes five genera and over 40 different species.

Toucans are arboreal and typically lay two to four white eggs in their nests. They make their nests in tree hollows and holes excavated by other animals such as woodpeckers—the toucan bill has very limited use as an excavation tool. When the eggs hatch, the young emerge completely naked, without any down. Toucans are resident breeders and do not migrate. Toucans are usually found in pairs or small flocks. They sometimes fence with their bills and wrestle, which scientists hypothesize they do to establish dominance hierarchies. In Africa and Asia, hornbills occupy the toucans' ecological niche, an example of convergent evolution.
Attaqwa Mosque
The Attaqwa Mosque, sometimes spelled Attakkawa Mosque; Chinese: 訕巴契清真寺; pinyin: shànbāqìqīngzhēnsì, Thai: มัสยิดอัตตักวา; RTGS: Matsayit Attakkwa, and also known as the San Pa Koi Mosque (Thai: มัสยิดสันป่าข่อย; RTGS: Matsayit San Pa Khoi), is a mosque situated on the east side of the Ping River in Chiang Mai, is one of the seven Chinese mosques in the Chiang Mai Province.

Ping River
The Ping River (Thai: แม่น้ำปิง, romanized: Maenam Ping, pronounced [mɛ̂ː.náːm pīŋ]; Northern Thai: ᨶᩣᩴ᩶ᩯᨾ᩵ᨻᩥᨦ᩠ᨣ᩺, pronounced [nâːm mɛ̂ː pīŋ]) along with the Nan River, is one of the two main tributaries of the Chao Phraya River. It originates at Doi Thuai in the Daen Lao Range, in Chiang Dao district, Chiang Mai province. After passing Chiang Mai, it flows through the provinces of Lamphun, Tak and Kamphaeng Phet. At the confluence with the Nan at Nakhon Sawan (also named Paknam Pho in Thai), it forms the Chao Phraya River.
Dharmadasa
Dharmadasa can refer to:

Dharmadāsa (fl. 7th – c. 11th-century AD), Indian author of the Sanskrit poetry and riddle collection Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana

I. M. Dharmadasa, Sri Lankan physicist

Dharmadasa Walpola (1927–1983), Sri Lankan musician

Dharmadasa Wanniarachchi (d. 2007), Sri Lankan politician

Dharmadasa Banda (1938–2010), Sri Lankan politician

I. M. Dharmadasa
I. M. Dharmadasa is a Professor of Applied Physics and leads the electronic materials and solar energy (solar cells and other semiconductor devices) group at Sheffield Hallam University, UK. Dharme has worked in semiconductor research since becoming a PhD student at Durham University as a Commonwealth Scholar in 1977, under the supervision of the late Sir Gareth Roberts. His interest in the electrodeposition of thin film solar cells grew when he joined the Apollo Project at BP Solar in 1988. He continued this area of research by joining Sheffield Hallam University in 1990.
18th Parliament of Turkey
The 18th term of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey lasted from 29 November 1987 to 20 October 1991.
There were 450 MPs in the parliament. Motherland Party (ANAP) held the majority. Social Democrat Populist Party (SHP) and True Path Party (DYP) were the other parties.

True Path Party
The True Path Party (Turkish: Doğru Yol Partisi, DYP) was a centre-right political party in Turkey, active from 1983 to 2007. For most of its history, the party's central figure was Süleyman Demirel, a former Prime Minister of Turkey who previously led the Justice Party (AP) before it was shut down in the aftermath of the 1980 military coup. The DYP was widely considered the successor of both the AP and the Democrat Party (DP), active in Turkey's early multi-party period.
2008 Open Gaz de France
The 2008 Open Gaz de France is the 2008 Tier II WTA Tour tournament of the annually-held Open Gaz de France tennis tournament. It was held from 4 February through 10 February 2008.

The total prize money for the tournament was US$600,000 with the winner of the singles receiving $95,500 and the losing finalist $51,000. The winners of the doubles competition received $30,000.

Seven of the top twenty players in the world competed in the tournament. Among them were Daniela Hantuchová and Ágnes Szávay. There was a strong Russian presence on display, with Anna Chakvetadze, Elena Dementieva and defending champion Nadia Petrova all present. Local fans had Marion Bartoli, Amélie Mauresmo and Virginie Razzano to support.

Virginie Razzano
Virginie Razzano (born 12 May 1983) is a French former professional tennis player. She won two WTA Tour singles titles, both in 2007. Razzano reached her career-high WTA singles ranking of No. 16 on 14 September 2009. She represented France in the Fed Cup from 2001 to 2014; her overall Fed Cup win–loss record is 16–9 (singles 10–5, doubles 6–4).
Aquatic toxicology
Aquatic toxicology is the study of the effects of manufactured chemicals and other anthropogenic and natural materials and activities on aquatic organisms at various levels of organization, from subcellular through individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. Aquatic toxicology is a multidisciplinary field which integrates toxicology, aquatic ecology and aquatic chemistry.

This field of study includes freshwater, marine water and sediment environments. Common tests include standardized acute and chronic toxicity tests lasting 24–96 hours (acute test) to 7 days or more (chronic tests). These tests measure endpoints such as survival, growth, reproduction, that are measured at each concentration in a gradient, along with a control test. Typically using selected organisms with ecologically relevant sensitivity to toxicants and a well-established literature background. These organisms can be easily acquired or cultured in lab and are easy to handle.

Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq). The word aqueous (which comes from aqua) means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Since water is frequently used as the solvent in experiments, the word solution refers to an aqueous solution, unless the solvent is specified.

A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is a liquid, but is not water.
Rajeni
Rajeni  is a village development committee in Surkhet District in the Bheri Zone of mid-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2730 people living in 430 individual households.

Bheri Zone
Bheri Zone (Nepali: भेरी अञ्चलListenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones located in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. Nepalgunj were the administrative headquarters.

Cities and towns were Narayan, Jajarkot and Chhinchu in the "hills"; Nepalgunj, Gularia and Kohalpur in Terai; and Birendranagar in Surkhet Valley in the Inner Terai.
Stephen Nehmé
Esțfān Nehmé (born Yūsuf Nehmé, Arabic: يوسف نعمة; 8 March 1889 – 30 August 1938), was a Lebanese Maronite professed religious from the Lebanese Maronite Order. Nehmé worked to alleviate people's pain during World War I through the distribution of food to those suffering from famine and was known for an intense devotion to the Mother of God. He worked in the fields of his convent and other monasteries and also worked in construction for a brief period, he became well known and other monasteries sought him to live with them for his spiritual insight and work ethic.

Nehmé was beatified on 27 June 2010 in Lebanon.

Religious brother
A religious brother (abbreviated Br. or Bro. as a title) is a lay male member of a religious institute or religious order who commits himself to following Christ in consecrated life, usually by the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Equivalent to a religious sister, a religious brother typically lives in a religious community and works in a ministry appropriate to his capabilities.

A brother might practice any secular occupation. Some religious institutes are composed only of brothers; others are made up of brothers and clerics (priests or ministers, and seminarians).

In some Christian groups, members refer to each other as "brother" or "sister". For example, Shakers use the title for all adult male members.
Şenyurt–Mardin railway
The Şenyurt-Mardin railway (Turkish: Şenyurt-Mardin demiryolu), also known as the Mardin railway, is a 24.3 km (15.1 mi) railway in Southeastern Turkey. The railway branches of the Aleppo-Nusaybin railway, formerly the Baghdad Railway, at Şenyurt and runs north across a flat plain to Mardin. The line was built in 1918 by the Baghdad Railway, shortly before the Ottoman Empire surrendered in World War I.

Southeastern Anatolia region
The Southeastern Anatolia region (Turkish: Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey. The most populous city in the region is Gaziantep. Other big cities are Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Mardin and Adıyaman.

It is bordered by the Mediterranean region to the west, the Eastern Anatolia region to the north, Syria (Rojava) to the south, and Iraq (Southern Kurdistan) to the southeast.
John Uff
John Francis Uff CBE KC (born 30 January 1942) is an international arbitrator, advocate, engineer and academic.

He graduated from King's College London (BSc (Eng); PhD) and was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn in 1970 where he was made a bencher in 1993 and Treasurer in 2011. He was the founding Director of the Centre of Construction Law & Dispute Resolution and Nash Professor of Engineering Law at King's College London from 1991 to 2003. He was Chairman of the Public Inquiry into the Southall rail crash which took place between 1997 and 1999. He retired from the Nash chair at King's College London in 2003 and was made an Emeritus Professor there. He was Vice-President of the London Court of International Arbitration from 2003 to 2008 and President of the Society of Construction Arbitrators from 2004 to 2007.

He was made a Fellow of King's College London in 1997. He was made a CBE in the 2002 New Year Honours and awarded the Gold Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 2002.

Society of Construction Arbitrators
The Society of Construction Arbitrators is a learned society of arbitrators, adjudicators and mediators in the construction industry, based in London.  It has as its object the development and support of commercial methods of alternative dispute resolution. Members of the Society include architects, engineers, surveyors and lawyers from around the world.
76 mm gun M1
The 76 mm gun M1 was an American World War II–era tank gun developed by the United States Ordnance Department in 1942 to supplement the 75 mm gun on the basic Medium tank M4. It was also used to arm the M18 Hellcat tank destroyer.

Although the gun was tested in early August 1942 and classified on 18 August 1942, it was not until August 1943 that the Ordnance Department developed a mounting for the M4 tank that the tank forces would accept. It was not accepted for combat until July 1944. In January 1943, the decision was made to mount the 76 mm on the vehicle that would become the M18. By May 1944, it was being combat tested as the T70. Overall the weapon performed poorly against comparable guns of the time and was used as a stopgap until the 90mm entered service.

United States Army Ordnance Corps
The United States Army Ordnance Corps, formerly the United States Army Ordnance Department, is a sustainment branch of the United States Army, headquartered at Fort Lee, Virginia. The broad mission of the Ordnance Corps is to supply Army combat units with weapons and ammunition, including at times, their procurements and maintenance.  Along with the Quartermaster Corps and Transportation Corps, it forms a critical component of the U.S. Army logistics system.

The U.S. Army Ordnance Corps mission is to support the development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of weapon systems, ammunition, missiles, electronics, and ground mobility materiel during peace and war to provide combat power to the U.S. Army. The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Chief of Ordnance. The current Chief of Ordnance is Brigadier General Robin Montgomery.
Stuart H. Singer
Stuart H. Singer is an American attorney who is the managing partner of the Boies Schiller & Flexner law firm's Fort Lauderdale, Florida office, where he specializes in complex business litigation and represents clients such as NASCAR, Carnival Cruise Lines, Florida Power & Light, and Tyco International. He had been a law clerk for Justice Byron White of the United States Supreme Court from 1981 to 1983. He graduated in 1981 from Harvard Law School, where he served as Editor & President of the Harvard Law Review.  He received his bachelor's degree in 1978 from Northwestern University, where he won the National Collegiate Debate Championship. He is listed in LawDragon's 500 Leading Lawyers in America. He is the co-author, with David W. Quinto, of Trade Secrets: Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2008).

Attorney at law
Attorney at law or attorney-at-law, usually abbreviated in everyday speech to attorney, is the preferred term for a practising lawyer in certain jurisdictions, including South Africa (for certain lawyers), Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and the United States. The term has its roots in the verb to attorn, meaning to transfer one's rights and obligations to another.
1913 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1913 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) took place on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The men's singles tournament ran from August 18 until August 26 while the women's singles and doubles championship took place from June 9 to June 14 at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill. It was the 33rd staging of the U.S. National Championships, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of the year. Future seven-time singles champion Bill Tilden won his first U.S. Championship title, partnering Mary Browne in the mixed doubles.

Philadelphia Cricket Club
The Philadelphia Cricket Club is a country club in Pennsylvania, United States, being the oldest of its kind in the country.

The club was established in 1854 in southeastern Pennsylvania, and has two locations, one in Chestnut Hill and the other in Flourtown, north-northwest of downtown Philadelphia.

Sports practised at the club include cricket, golf, squash, swimming, tennis, platform tennis, pickleball, and padel.
Babiche
Babiche is a type of cord or lacing of rawhide or sinew traditionally made by Native Americans.

Babiche were used for all purposes for which Europeans would use string or rope, e.g. as webbing, in the manufacture of snowshoes, braided straps and tumplines, fishing and harpoon lines.

Babiche bags were flexible carrying bags made from netted rawhide thongs, used by the Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic into the 20th century, especially for carrying meat.

Harpoon
A harpoon is a long, spear-like projectile used in fishing, whaling, sealing, and other hunting to shoot, kill, and capture large fish or marine mammals such as seals, sea cows, and whales. It impales the target and secures it with barb or toggling claws, allowing the fishermen or hunters to use an attached rope or chain to pull and retrieve the animal. A harpoon can also be used as a ranged weapon against other watercraft in naval warfare.

Certain harpoons are made with different builds to perform better with the type of target. For example, the Inuit have short, fixed-foreshaft harpoons for hunting at breathing holes, while loose-shafted ones are made for throwing and remaining attached to the game.
Research Unix
Research Unix refers to the early versions of the Unix operating system for DEC PDP-7, PDP-11, VAX, and Interdata 7/32 and 8/32 computers, developed in the Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center (CSRC). The term Research Unix first appeared in the Bell System Technical Journal (Vol. 57, No. 6, Part 2 July/August 1978) to distinguish it from other versions internal to Bell Labs (such as PWB/UNIX and MERT) whose code-base had diverged from the primary CSRC version. However, that term was little-used until Version 8 Unix (1985), but has been retroactively applied to earlier versions as well. Prior to V8, the operating system was most commonly called simply UNIX (in caps) or the UNIX Time-Sharing System.

Ancient UNIX is any early release of the Unix code base prior to Unix System III, particularly the Research Unix releases prior to and including Version 7 (the base for UNIX/32V as well as later developments of AT&T Unix).

Bell Labs Technical Journal
The Bell Labs Technical Journal was the in-house scientific journal for scientists of Bell Labs, published yearly by the IEEE society.

The journal was originally established as The Bell System Technical Journal (BSTJ) in New York by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1922.  It was published under this name until 1983, when the breakup of the Bell System placed various parts of the companies in the system into independent corporate entities. The journal was devoted to the scientific fields and engineering disciplines practiced in the Bell System for improvements in the wide field of electrical communication. After the restructuring of Bell Labs in 1984, the journal was renamed to AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. In 1985, it was published as the AT&T Technical Journal until 1996, when it was renamed to Bell Labs Technical Journal. The journal was discontinued in 2020. The last managing editor was Charles Bahr.
Apamea lithoxylaea
Apamea lithoxylaea, the light arches, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is distributed throughout Europe, the Caucasus, Armenia, Asia Minor and Turkey, and ranges east to the Altai Mountains.

Ignaz Schiffermüller
Jeremias "Johann" Ignaz Schiffermüller (Austrian German: [jereˈmiːas ˈiːɡnats ˈʃɪfɐˌmʏlɐ]; 2 November 1727 – 21 June 1806) was an Austrian naturalist and Jesuit teacher who took a special interest in the Lepidoptera. In order to describe the colours of butterflies, he also looked for a systematic approach to describing colours in nature and to standardize their names.
Ansonia torrentis
Ansonia torrentis, also known as the Gunung Mulu stream toad and torrent slender toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Mount Mulu in Sarawak, Borneo (Malaysia). The specific name torrentis refers to the habitat at its type locality, a stream running down a steep mountainside.

Mount Mulu
Mount Mulu (Malay: Gunung Mulu) is a sandstone and shale mountain. At 2376 m, it is the second highest mountain in the state of Sarawak, after Mount Murud. It is located within the boundaries of Gunung Mulu National Park, which is named after it.
Doctors Icefall
Doctors Icefall (62°10′S 58°38′W﻿ / ﻿62.167°S 58.633°W﻿ / -62.167; -58.633) is an icefall at the head of Goulden Cove, Ezcurra Inlet, Admiralty Bay, King George Island. It was named by the Polish Antarctic Expedition, 1980, after its doctor teams.

Polish Antarctic Expedition
The Polish Antarctic Expedition to the A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station was conducted by a team of doctors, geophysicists, and geomorphologists between 1978 and 1979. It was sponsored by the Polish Academy of Sciences. This was the third expedition organised by the Polish Academy of Sciences, and included establishing a geodetic network in the Bunger Oasis, setting up an astronomical reference point, magnetic observations, and photogrammetric surveys to make maps of the vicinity of the station.
Romaliny
Romaliny [rɔmaˈlinɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sępopol, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Sępopol, 23 km (14 mi) east of Bartoszyce, and 73 km (45 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Bartoszyce County
Bartoszyce County (Polish: powiat bartoszycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bartoszyce, which lies 56 kilometres (35 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn. The county contains three other towns: Górowo Iławeckie, 21 km (13 mi) west of Bartoszyce, Bisztynek, 22 km (14 mi) south of Bartoszyce, and Sępopol, 14 km (9 mi) east of Bartoszyce.

The county covers an area of 1,308.54 square kilometres (505.2 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 57,642, out of which the population of Bartoszyce is 23,482, that of Górowo Iławeckie is 3,951, that of Bisztynek is 2,370, that of Sępopol is 1,958, and the rural population is 25,881.
Zion Chapel, Chester
Zion Chapel, Chester is in Grosvenor Park Road, Chester, Cheshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

The chapel was built in 1879–80 to a design by John Douglas.  It was originally a Baptist chapel.  It is built in red brick with stone dressings and the roof is of red-brown clay tiles.  It consists of an undercroft, a church and ancillary rooms.  The west end faces the road and has corner turrets.

In 1980 a congregation called the Zion Tabernacle moved into the former chapel.  In 2000 it styled itself Protestant Evangelical.

Undercroft
An undercroft is traditionally a cellar or storage room, often brick-lined and vaulted, and used for storage in buildings since medieval times. In modern usage, an undercroft is generally a ground (street-level) area which is relatively open to the sides, but covered by the building above.
AI-driven design automation
AI-driven design automation is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to automate and improve different parts of the electronic design automation (EDA) process.  It is particularly important in the design of integrated circuits (chips) and complex electronic systems, where it can potentially increase productivity, decrease costs, and speed up design cycles. AI Driven Design Automation uses several methods, including machine learning, expert systems, and reinforcement learning. These are used for many tasks, from planning a chip's architecture and logic synthesis to its physical design and final verification.

Supervised learning
In machine learning, supervised learning (SL) is a type of machine learning paradigm where an algorithm learns to map input data to a specific output based on example input-output pairs. This process involves training a statistical model using labeled data, meaning each piece of input data is provided with the correct output. For instance, if you want a model to identify cats in images, supervised learning would involve feeding it many images of cats (inputs) that are explicitly labeled "cat" (outputs).

The goal of supervised learning is for the trained model to accurately predict the output for new, unseen data. This requires the algorithm to effectively generalize from the training examples, a quality measured by its generalization error. Supervised learning is commonly used for tasks like classification (predicting a category, e.g., spam or not spam) and regression (predicting a continuous value, e.g., house prices).