hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Konstantin Krasavin
Lieutenant Colonel Konstantin Alekseyevich Krasavin (Russian: Константин Алексеевич Красавин) (20 May 1917 – 18 January 1988) was a Russian flying ace and fighter pilot of the Great Patriotic War, during which he flew for the Soviet air forces.  He is credited with 376 sorties, 106 dogfights and 21 kills between 1941 and 1945 on the Eastern Front, piloting the Yakovlev Yak-3, the Lavochkin La-5, the Yakovlev Yak-7 and the Hawker Hurricane during which time he held the rank of Major. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union along with the Order of Lenin for military valour in 1946 by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, retiring from military service in 1955. His citation for his Gold Star medal read that "wherever Comrade Krasavin is with his group of fighters, there is victory over the enemy".

Dogfight
A dogfight, or dog fight, is an aerial battle between fighter aircraft that is conducted at close range. Modern terminology for air-to-air combat is air combat manoeuvring (ACM), which refers to tactical situations requiring the use of individual basic fighter maneuvers (BFM) to attack or evade one or more opponents. This differs from aerial warfare, which deals with the strategy involved in planning and executing various missions.

Dogfighting first occurred during the Mexican Revolution in 1913, shortly after the invention of the airplane. It was a component of every major war after that, though with steadily declining frequency, until the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. Since then, longer-range weapons such as beyond-visual-range missiles have made dogfighting largely obsolete.
Dawson County, Georgia
Dawson County is a county in the Northeast region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 26,798 up from 22,330 in 2010. The county seat is Dawsonville.

Dawson County is included in the Atlanta metropolitan statistical area. Its natural resources include Amicalola Falls, the highest falls in Georgia and one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the state.

Georgia House of Representatives
33°44′57″N 84°23′18″W﻿ / ﻿33.749070°N 84.388362°W﻿ / 33.749070; -84.388362

The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature) of the U.S. state of Georgia. There are currently 180 elected members. Republicans have had a majority in the chamber since 2005. The current House Speaker is Jon G. Burns.
2012 Oceania Sevens Championship
The 2012 Oceania Sevens Championship was the fifth Oceania Sevens in men's rugby sevens. It was held at North Sydney Oval in Sydney, Australia. The winner qualified through to the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens tournament in Moscow.

Australia won the Oceania Sevens Championship by defeating Samoa 12-7.

2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens
The 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens was the sixth edition of the Rugby World Cup Sevens. The tournament was held at Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia. 
New Zealand  won the tournament, defeating England 33–0 in the final. Attendance for the tournament was poor, with matches played in mostly empty stadiums.

World Rugby, then known as the International Rugby Board (IRB), initially stated that the Rugby World Cup Sevens would be scrapped if rugby sevens were to be included in the Olympic programme for the 2016 Summer Olympics. As the International Olympic Committee voted for the sport's inclusion, this was thought likely to be the last edition of the tournament. However, the IRB clarified that in June 2013, the tournament would be retained and held quadrennially from 2018.
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's soccer
The Wake Forest University Demon Deacons men's soccer team is an NCAA Division I college soccer team composed of students attending Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. They achieved their greatest result in 2007, winning the 2007 Division I Men's College Cup. Like all sports teams from Wake Forest, men's soccer competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The Deacons play their home matches at Spry Stadium on the campus of Wake Forest.

Ian Harkes
Ian Andrew Harkes (born March 30, 1995) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club San Jose Earthquakes. He previously played for Dundee United F.C. in the Scottish Championship and Scottish Premiership as well as D.C. United in Major League Soccer. Harkes is a recipient of the MAC Hermann Trophy, which is awarded to the best college soccer player in the United States. He is the son of John Harkes, who captained the U.S. national soccer team during the 1990s.
Hintikka set
In mathematical logic, a Hintikka set is a set of logical formulas whose elements satisfy the following properties:

An atom or its conjugate can appear in the set but not both,

If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "conjuctive-type", then its two operands appear in the set,

If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "disjuntive-type", then at least one of its two operands appears in the set.

The exact meaning of "conjuctive-type" and "disjunctive-type" is defined by the method of semantic tableaux.

Hintikka sets arise when attempting to prove completeness of propositional logic using semantic tableaux. They are named after Jaakko Hintikka.

Negation
In logic, negation, also called the logical not or logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition  to another proposition "not ", written , ,  or . It is interpreted intuitively as being true when  is false, and false when  is true. For example, if  is "The dog runs", then "not " is "The dog does not run". An operand of a negation is called a negand or negatum.

Negation is a unary logical connective. It may furthermore be applied not only to propositions, but also to notions, truth values, or semantic values more generally. In classical logic, negation is normally identified with the truth function that takes truth to falsity (and vice versa). In intuitionistic logic, according to the Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation, the negation of a proposition  is the proposition whose proofs are the refutations of .
Hazenland
Hazenland or Hazen Land is an uninhabited island of the Lincoln Sea in Peary Land, far northern Greenland.

The island was named in May 1882 by James Booth Lockwood of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition after General William Babcock Hazen, who had organized the venture. Lockwood reached his farthest north (83° 24′N) on neighboring Lockwood Island.

Peary Land
Peary Land is a peninsula in northern Greenland, extending into the Arctic Ocean. It reaches from Victoria Fjord in the west to Independence Fjord in the south and southeast, and to the Arctic Ocean in the north, with Cape Morris Jesup, the northernmost point of Greenland's mainland, and Cape Bridgman in the northeast.
Midway site
The Midway Site (47LC19) is a prehistoric Upper Mississippian Oneota site in La Crosse County, Wisconsin. It is located about 10 miles north of LaCrosse near the juncture of the Black and Mississippi Rivers.

Black River (Wisconsin)
The Black River is a river in west-central Wisconsin and a tributary of the Mississippi River. The river is approximately 190 miles (310 km) long. During the 19th century, pine logs were rafted down the Black, heading for sawmills at La Crosse and points beyond.
Westona railway station
Westona station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne on the Werribee line, which is part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the western suburb of Altona, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Westona station is a ground level unstaffed station, featuring an island platform. It opened on 21 January 1985.

Westona is a crossing loop in the middle of a 10-kilometre-long section of single track between Altona Junction and Laverton. The direction in which trains cross at Westona is unusual for Melbourne, in that they pass each other on the right, rather than passing on the more common left.

Signalling control
On a rail transport system, signalling control is the process by which control is exercised over train movements by way of railway signals and block systems to ensure that trains operate safely, over the correct route and to the proper timetable. Signalling control was originally exercised via a decentralised network of control points that were known by a variety of names including signal box (International and British) and interlocking tower (North America). London Underground call them signalling cabins, and the Great Central Railway referred to them as signal cabins. Currently these decentralised systems are being consolidated into wide scale signalling centres or dispatch offices. Whatever the form, signalling control provides an interface between the human signal operator and the lineside signalling equipment. The technical apparatus used to control switches (points), signals and block systems is called interlocking.
Doe or Die
Doe or Die is the debut studio album by rapper AZ, released October 10, 1995, by EMI Records. The album features guest appearances by artists such as Nas and Miss Jones, and production from N.O. Joe, Pete Rock, L.E.S., and Buckwild, among others. The album spawned the single "Sugar Hill" - which was certified gold by the RIAA in 1995.

Upon release, Doe or Die achieved notable critical and commercial success. The album peaked at No. 15 on the Billboard 200, and No. 1 on the U.S. Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart. Doe or Die produced several singles, including, "Mo Money, Mo Murder," "Gimme Yours (remix)," "Doe or Die" and "Sugar Hill" - which was certified Gold by the RIAA in 1995. The album went on to sell over a million copies  A sequel, Doe or Die II, was released on September 10, 2021.

EMI Records
EMI Records (formerly EMI Records Ltd.) is a British multinational record label owned by Universal Music Group. It was originally founded as a British flagship label by the music company EMI in 1972, and launched in January 1973 as the successor to its Columbia and Parlophone record labels. The label was later launched worldwide. It has a branch in India called EMI Records India, run by director Mohit Suri. In 2014, Universal Music Japan revived the label in Japan as the successor to EMI Records Japan. In June 2020, Universal revived the label as the successor to Virgin EMI, with Virgin Records now operating as an imprint of EMI Records. In February 2024, UMG Philippines relaunched EMI as a successor to the former EMI Philippines label after 22 years.
Londonderry, Western Australia
Londonderry is a ghost town in Western Australia, located 14 km South West of Coolgardie in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.

Gold was discovered in the area in 1894 by a party of prospectors, one of whom named the find after his home town of Londonderry. Lord Fingall took over the find in 1892 but the gold soon petered out. The townsite was gazetted in 1895.

By 1898 the town had a population of 220 (200 males and 20 females).

Coolgardie, Western Australia
Coolgardie is a small town in Western Australia located around 558 kilometres (347 mi) east of the state capital, Perth; and 38 kilometres (24 mi) southwest of Kalgoorlie. It has a population of approximately 850 people.

Although Coolgardie is now known to most Western Australians as a tourist town and a mining ghost town, it was once the third largest town in Western Australia (after Perth and Fremantle). At this time, mining of alluvial gold was a major industry and supplied the flagging economy with new hope. Many miners suffered under the harsh conditions, but for a few, their find made the hard work worthwhile. Most men, however, left poorer than they had started off, with their hopes dashed.
Triakis icosahedron
In geometry, the triakis icosahedron is an Archimedean dual solid, or a Catalan solid, with 60 isosceles triangle faces. Its dual is the truncated dodecahedron. It has also been called the kisicosahedron. It was first depicted, in a non-convex form with equilateral triangle faces, by Leonardo da Vinci in Luca Pacioli's Divina proportione, where it was named the icosahedron elevatum. The capsid of the Hepatitis A virus has the shape of a triakis icosahedron.

Luca Pacioli
Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli, O.F.M. (sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo; c. 1447 – 19 June 1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and an early contributor to the field now known as accounting. He is referred to as the father of accounting and bookkeeping and he was the first person to publish a work on the double-entry system of book-keeping on the continent. He was also called Luca di Borgo after his birthplace, Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany.
From Ashes to New
From Ashes to New is an American rock band from Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. The band's lineup frequently shifted in its early years, with musician Matt Brandyberry being the founding and sole constant member of the group. The band has released four studio albums, Day One, The Future, Panic and Blackout. They have found success with many of their singles, including "Through It All", "Crazy", and "Panic", which reached peaks of 6, 3, and 11, respectively, on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. Their singles "Nightmare", "Until We Break", "Hate Me Too", and "Armageddon", from the album Blackout, have earned them success as well.

Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania
Elizabethtown (Pennsylvania Dutch: Betzischteddel) is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Harrisburg, the state capital. Small factories existed at the turn of the 20th century when the population in 1900 was 1,861. As of the 2020 census, the population of the borough was 11,639. Elizabethtown is commonly referred to in south-central Pennsylvania as E-Town. This nickname is also used for the local college and high school.
Gulf of Cádiz
The Gulf of Cádiz (Spanish: Golfo de Cádiz, Portuguese: Golfo de Cádis) is the arm of the Atlantic Ocean between Cabo de Santa Maria, the southernmost point of mainland Portugal; and Cape Trafalgar on the Spanish coast at the western end of the Strait of Gibraltar.  Two major rivers, the Guadalquivir and the Guadiana, as well as smaller rivers, like the Odiel, the Tinto, and the Guadalete, reach the ocean here.

The Gulf of Cádiz is located in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean between 34°N and 37°15′N and 6°W to 9°45′W. It is enclosed by the southern Iberian and northern Moroccan margins, west of Strait of Gibraltar.

Cabo de Santa Maria (Faro)
Cape of St. Mary (Portuguese: Cabo de Santa Maria) is the southernmost point of mainland Portugal, in the municipality of Faro. It is a point in the smooth curve of a long sandy beach on the Island of Barreta.

Its coordinates are approximately 36°57′00″N 007°53′17″W﻿ / ﻿36.95000°N 7.88806°W﻿ / 36.95000; -7.88806﻿ (Cabo de Santa Maria).
South Mountain Reservation
South Mountain Reservation, covering between 2,047 and 2,112 acres (between 8.28 and 8.54 km2), depending on the source, is a nature reserve  on the Rahway River that is part of the Essex County Park System  in northeastern New Jersey. It is located in central Essex County, New Jersey within portions of Maplewood,  Millburn, and West Orange. It borders South Orange between the first and second ridges of the Watchung Mountains.

Carved from wilderness at the end of the 19th century, designed by Olmsted Brothers, and developed over a few decades, the reservation has changed only slightly through the years. Preserved primarily in its wild state, woodlands abound in a variety of hardwood trees, and tall hemlocks tower above streams, creeks and ponds, and waterfalls. Higher points, such as Crater View, offer vistas of the New York and Jersey City skylines, Elizabeth, Union Township, and Staten Island.

Elizabeth, New Jersey
Elizabeth is a city in and the county seat of Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city retained its ranking as the state's fourth-most-populous city behind neighboring Newark, Jersey City and Paterson, with a population of 137,298, an increase of 12,329 (+9.9%) from the 2010 census count of 124,969, which in turn reflected an increase of 4,401 (3.7%) from the 120,568 counted in the 2000 census.

The Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 140,413 for 2024, making it the 201st-most populous city in the nation and the fifth-most populous municipality of any type in the state, falling behind Lakewood Township.
Malcolm MacQuillan
Malcolm MacQuillan (died 9/10 February 1307) was a 13th–14th century nobleman.

In July 1300, Malcolm was granted safe conduct by the English so he could assail Scottish forces, on Scotland's western seaboard, with his galley fleet.

As part of Robert de Brus's 1307 expedition into Annandale and Galloway, led by Alexander de Brus and Thomas de Brus, an Irish sub king, Sir Reginald de Crawford and Malcolm, consisting of 1000 men and eighteen galleys they sailed into Loch Ryan and landed near Stranraer. The invasion force was quickly overwhelmed by local forces, led by Dungal MacDouall, who was a supporter of the Balliols, Comyns and King Edward I of England with only two galleys escaping. Malcolm was captured and summarily executed with the Irish sub king. Alexander, Thomas and Reginald de Crawford were sent as prisoners to Carlisle, England, where they were executed. The heads of MacQuillan and two Irish chiefs were sent to King Edward I.

Loch Ryan
Loch Ryan (Scottish Gaelic: Loch Rìoghaine, pronounced [l̪ˠɔx ˈrˠiː.ɛɲə]) is a Scottish sea loch that acts as an important natural harbour for shipping, providing calm waters for ferries operating between Scotland and Northern Ireland.  The town of Stranraer is the largest settlement on its shores, with ferries to and from Northern Ireland operating from Cairnryan further north on the loch.
Knee pad
Knee pads or kneepads are protective gear worn on knees to protect them against impact injury from falling to the ground or hitting an obstacle, or to provide padding for extended kneeling.Their primary purpose is to shield this vulnerable joint from potential impact injuries that may occur due to accidental falls, collisions with objects, or striking obstacles. By providing a cushioning barrier between the knees and the ground or other hard surfaces, knee pads help minimize the risk of severe damage or trauma.

Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.

Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can repair damage to a certain degree.
Arthur C. Lundahl
Arthur Charles Lundahl KBE (1 April 1915 – June 22, 1992) was an American intelligence officer who is known for Cold War imagery intelligence (IMINT) and aerial reconnaissance. His work has been recognized for the discovery of Soviet missile installations in Cuba in 1962 which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was responsible for establishing the Central Intelligence Agency's National Photographic Interpretation Center, a forerunner of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, and led the photointerpretation section of the U-2 reconnaissance program. Analyzing reconnaissance films, he briefed presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy as well as the nation's top military and diplomatic officials. Lundahl provided critical intelligence on the arms race and many other international crises, including the Suez Crisis; Quemoy and Matsu, islands controlled by Taiwan; Tibet; Lebanon, and Laos.

Arms race
An arms race occurs when two or more groups compete in military superiority. It consists of a competition between two or more states to have superior armed forces, concerning production of weapons, the growth of a military, and the aim of superior military technology. Unlike a sporting race, which constitutes a specific event with winning interpretable as the outcome of a singular project, arms races constitute spiralling systems of on-going and potentially open-ended behavior.

The existing scholarly literature is divided as to whether arms races correlate with war. International-relations scholars explain arms races in terms of the security dilemma, engineering spiral models, states with revisionist aims, and deterrence models.
Odalmelech
Odalmelech is a prehistoric large carved stone face of a god-king, and surrounding garden with additional carved stones, in Melekeok, on Babelthuap island of the nation of Palau. It was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1976; the listing includes the Odalmelech stone itself and several others.

Babeldaob
Babeldaob (also Babelthuap) is the largest island in the island nation of Palau. It is in the western Caroline Islands, and the second largest island (after Guam) in the Micronesia region of Oceania. Palau's capital, Ngerulmud, is located on Babeldaob, in Melekeok State.

Babeldaob is one of the most underdeveloped populated islands in the Pacific Ocean. The area of Babeldaob, 331 km2 (128 sq mi), makes up over 70% of the land area of the entire Republic of Palau. It has about 30% of the country's population, with about 6,000 people living on it.
Melchior Weiher
Melchior Weiher (1574–1643) was a Polish noble.

Weiher was the son of Ernest Weiher. Weiher held several important offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the Deputy Treasury of Royal Prussia and economy of Malbork from 1616 to 1624, castellan of Elbląg from 1619 to 1635, and voivode of Chełmno from 1626 (until death). Starost of Tczew, Nowy Dwór Gdański, Wałcz, Człuchów, Kowalewo Pomorskie and prefect of Lębork and Bytów, he was a controversial figure in social life, known for his dislike of women and likely homosexual tendencies.

Kowalewo Pomorskie
Kowalewo Pomorskie [kɔvaˈlɛvɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ] is a town in north-central Poland, in Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is the capital of the Gmina Kowalewo Pomorskie.

According to data from December 31, 2004, Kowalewo Pomorskie had 4,130 inhabitants.
Valery Zubov
Valery Mikhailovich Zubov (Russian: Валерий Михайлович Зубов; 9 May 1953 - 27 April 2016), was a Russian politician and economist who had served as a member of the State Duma from 2000 to 2016.

Zubov had also served as the second governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai from 1993 to 1998.

He was one of the four co-chairs of the Republican Party of Russia. He was a doctor of Economics, Professor, and specialist in the field of economic statistics. He was the author of four monographs, 27 scientific papers.

He was the professor of the Higher School of Business of Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov.

Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (/ˌlɒməˈnɒsɒf/; 19 November [O.S. 8 November] 1711 – 15 April [O.S. 4 April] 1765) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. One of the founders of modern geology, Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.