hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Volunteer Army (Poland)
The Volunteer Army (Polish: Armia Ochotnicza) was a military formation of the Polish Army, created at the height of the Polish–Soviet War. It was formed by the Council of National Defense on July 1, 1920. Composed entirely of volunteers, the formation did not enter combat as a single entity. Instead, its regiments were attached to other armies or used to replenish the manpower of battle-weary divisions. The army was commanded by Gen. Józef Haller.

By the end of September 1920, 105,714 men volunteered for service. Out of them, sixteen regiments of infantry and seven of cavalry were created, in addition to other units. Out of the infantry regiments, only six took part in actual combat; the rest were used as reserves. Following the armistice, most of the volunteers were demobilised.

Military organization
Military organization (AE) or military organisation (BE) is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer such military capability as a national defense policy may require. Formal military organization tends to use hierarchical forms (see Modern hierarchy for terminology and approximate troop strength per hierarchical unit).

In some countries, paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces, though not considered military. Armed forces that are not a part of military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often emulate military organizations, or use these structures.
Fanniidae
The Fanniidae are a small (285 species in five genera) group of true flies largely confined to the Holarctic and temperate Neotropical realms; there are 11 Afrotropical species, 29 Oriental, and 14 Australasian.

Adults are medium-sized to small and usually have mainly dark body and leg colours. Males congregate in characteristic dancing swarms beneath trees; females are more retiring in habit. Larvae are characterised by their flattened bodies with striking lateral protuberances, and live as scavengers in various kinds of decaying organic matter.

The lesser housefly Fannia canicularis is a worldwide synanthropic species.

Fanniidae are indicators useful in forensic entomology.

Synanthrope
A synanthrope (from Ancient Greek  σύν (sýn) 'together, with' and  ἄνθρωπος (ánthrōpos) 'man') is an organism that evolved to live near humans and benefit from human settlements and their environmental modifications (see also anthropophilia for animals who live close to humans as parasites). The term includes many animals and plants regarded as pests or weeds, but does not include domesticated species. Common synanthrope habitats include houses, sheds and barns, non-building structures, gardens, parks, farms, road verges and rubbish dumps.
Ballerina Handicap
The Ballerina Handicap is a Grade I American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares that are three years old or older over a distance of seven furlongs on the dirt track scheduled annually in August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. The event currently carries a purse of $500,000.

Saratoga Springs, New York
Saratoga Springs is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 28,491 at the 2020 census. The name reflects the presence of mineral springs in the area, which has made Saratoga a popular resort destination for over 200 years. It is home to the Saratoga Race Course, a thoroughbred horse racing track operated by the New York Racing Association, and Saratoga Performing Arts Center, a music and dance venue. The city's official slogan is "Health, History, and Horses".
Dejongia californicus
Dejongia californicus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America, including California and the south-eastern United States.

The wingspan is 14–26 millimetres (0.55–1.02 in).

The larvae feed on Asteraceae species, including Isocoma veneta and Grindelia species.

Pterophoridae
The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings, giving them the shape of a narrow winged airplane. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called "microlepidoptera".
John Kundereri Moriarty
John Kundereri "Jumbana" Moriarty AM (born c. 1938) is an Aboriginal Australian artist, government advisor and former soccer player. He is also known as founder of the Balarinji Design Studio, for painting two Qantas jets with Aboriginal motifs.

Today a full member of the Yanyuwa people of his birthplace, and belonging ceremonially to the rainbow serpent and kangaroo Dreamings, Moriarty has held senior and executive positions in the Department of Aboriginal Affairs at both federal and state government levels. He is a long-time advocate for Indigenous rights and Indigenous arts.

Flinders University
Flinders University, established as The Flinders University of South Australia, is an Australian public research university based in Adelaide, South Australia, with a footprint extending across a number of locations in South Australia and the Northern Territory. The main campus is in Bedford Park, about 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the Adelaide city centre. Other campuses include Tonsley, Adelaide central business district, Renmark, Alice Springs and Darwin.

Founded in 1966, it was named in honour of the British navigator Matthew Flinders who had explored and surveyed the Australian coastline in the early 19th century. In 2022, there were 25,247 students enrolled at the university.
Populism
Populism is a contested concept for a variety of political stances that emphasise the idea of the "common people", often in opposition to a perceived elite. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements since that time, often assuming a pejorative tone. Within political science and other social sciences, different definitions of populism have been employed.

Daniel Bell
Daniel Bell (born Daniel Bolotsky) (May 10, 1919 – January 25, 2011) was an American sociologist, writer, editor, and professor at Harvard University, best known for his contributions to the study of post-industrialism. He has been described as "one of the leading American intellectuals of the postwar era". His three best known works are The End of Ideology (1960), The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (1973), and The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (1976).
First solo flight
A first solo flight is when a student aircraft pilot completes a short flight, including a takeoff and landing, without an instructor aboard. Achieving this milestone is known as soloing. In a more general sense, a "solo flight" or "solo time" refers to any flight time when a "pilot is the sole occupant in the aircraft."

When piloting an aircraft solo, a pilot must not only fly and navigate the machine competently, but must also be able to manage unpredictable developments, such as mechanical failure or bad weather.

Takeoff
Takeoff or take-off is the phase of flight during which an aerial vehicle leaves the ground and becomes airborne. For space vehicles that launch vertically, this is known as liftoff.

For fixed-wing aircraft that take off horizontally (conventional takeoff), this usually involves an accelerating ground run (known as the roll) on a runway to build up speed so the wings can generate enough lift. For aerostats (balloons and airships), helicopters, tiltrotors (e.g. the V-22 Osprey) and thrust-vectoring STOVL fixed-wing aircraft (e.g. the Harrier jump jet and F-35B), a helipad/STOLport is sufficient and no runway is needed.
Algeria–Italy relations
Algeria and Italy have a connection. The northern part of Algeria today was formerly the territory of the Roman Empire, which was originally from modern-day Italy. Some historical sites like the Djémila and Tipasa, two ancient Roman heritages that are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Due to historical legacies, Italy and Algeria's relations are viewed as important for stability in the region.

Algeria has an embassy in Rome. Italy has an embassy in Algiers. Two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Tipasa
Tipasa, sometimes distinguished as Tipasa in Mauretania, was a colonia in the Roman province Mauretania Caesariensis, nowadays called Tipaza, and located in coastal central Algeria. Since 1982, it has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site. It was declared a World Heritage Site in danger in 2002, but was removed from the danger list in 2006 following conservation efforts.
Lázaro Álvarez
Lázaro Jorge Álvarez Estrada (born 28 January 1991) is a Cuban professional and amateur boxer. As an amateur, Álvarez won the world title in 2011, 2013 and 2015. He also won gold medals at the 2011, 2015, and 2019 Pan American Games and bronze medals at the 2012, 2016 and 2020 Olympics. He is a southpaw. His amateur record is currently 213-37, with 15 knockouts.

Southpaw stance
In boxing and some other sports, a southpaw stance is a stance in which the boxer has the right hand and the right foot forward, leading with right jabs, and following with a left cross right hook. It is the normal stance for a left-handed boxer. The corresponding boxing designation for a right-handed boxer is the orthodox stance, which is generally a mirror-image of the southpaw stance. In American English, "southpaw" generally refers to a person who is left-handed. While many advantages have been theorized for left-handedness in sports, many studies have found no impact at the professional level.
Nicola Mocke
Nicola Mocke (born 14 October 1980 in Fish Hoek) is a South African canoe sprinter and marathon canoeist who competed in the late 2000s. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, she finished seventh in the K-4 500 m event.

Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's K-4 500 metres
The women's K-4 500 metres competition in canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park in Beijing between August 18 and 22. The K-4 event is raced in four-person kayaks.

Competition consists of three rounds: the heats, the semifinals, and the final. All boats compete in the heats. The top three finishers in each of the two heats advance directly to the final, while the remaining four finishers from both heats move on to the semifinal. The top three finishers in the semifinal join the heats winners in the final.

Heats took place on August 18, semifinals on August 20, and the final on August 22.
Carried interest
Carried interest, or carry, in finance, is a share of the profits of an investment paid to the investment manager specifically in alternative investments (private equity and hedge funds). It is a performance fee, rewarding the manager for enhancing performance. Since these fees are generally not taxed as normal income, some believe that the structure unfairly takes advantage of favorable tax treatment, e.g. in the United States. In this regard, it is often referred to as the carried interest loophole. The Hill referred to it as "Wall Street's favorite tax break."

Tax Policy Center
The Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, typically shortened to the Tax Policy Center (TPC), is a nonpartisan think tank based in Washington D.C., United States. A joint venture of the Urban Institute and the Brookings Institution, it aims to provide independent analyses of current and longer-term tax issues, and to communicate its analyses to the public and to policymakers. TPC combines national specialists in tax, expenditure, budget policy, and microsimulation modeling to concentrate on five overarching areas of tax policy: fair, simple and efficient taxation, social policy in the tax code, business tax reform, long-term implications of tax and budget choices, and state tax issues.
Uylenburgh
Uylenburgh is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gerrit van Uylenburgh (1625–1679), or Gerrit Uylenburgh, Dutch art-dealer

Hendrick van Uylenburg (1587–1661), Dutch Golden Age art dealer

Rombertus van Uylenburgh (1554–1624), best known as father of Saskia van Uylenburgh, wife of Rembrandt

Saskia van Uylenburg (1612–1642), wife of the Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn

Rombertus van Uylenburgh
Rombertus van Uylenburgh or Rombout van Uylenborgh (1554 – 4 June 1624) is best known as the father of Saskia van Uylenburgh, the wife of Rembrandt. Rombertus was one of the founders of the University of Franeker in 1585. Gerrit van Uylenburgh, who may have been Rombertus' brother, tended to Mennonitism, left for Poland to become the royal furniture maker in Kraków, and became the father of the art-dealer Hendrick van Uylenburgh.
Leandersson
Leandersson is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bengt Leandersson, Swedish ski-orienteering competitor

Jonas Leandersson, Swedish orienteering competitor

Lina Leandersson (born 1995), Swedish actress

Gösta Leandersson (1918–1995), Swedish marathon runner

Tomas Leandersson (1966–2021), Swedish ten-pin bowler

William Leandersson (born 1984), Swedish association football player

Jonas Leandersson
Jonas Leandersson (born 22 January 1990) is a Swedish orienteering competitor. He won a gold medal in the sprint at the 2012 European Orienteering Championships in Falun. Gold at the 2014 European Orienteering Championships in relay and gold at the 2014 World Orienteering Championships relay competing with the same relay team.

He competed at the 2012 World Orienteering Championships. In the sprint competition he qualified for the final, where he placed 15th. At the 2018 World Orienteering Championships in Latvia he won a gold medal in the mixed sprint relay, together with Karolin Ohlsson, Emil Svensk and Tove Alexandersson.
Anwar Jan Khetran
Sardar Muhammad Anwar Jan Khetran (Urdu: سردار محمد انور جان کھیتران) was a Pakistani politician and the chief of Khetran, a Baloch tribe. Anwar was son of Ghazi Khan Khetran. Sardar Akbar Khetran was his only son who was killed in the 1990s. Politician Abdul Rehman Khetran is his nephew and the next tribal chief. He was the opposition leader of the Shahi Jirga which was the grand council of tribal elders in Balochistan. He contested in the Second Pakistani Constituent Assembly election in 1955 from Balochistan against Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan and lost. In the 1970 Balochistan Provincial Assembly election and 1976 Balochistan Provincial Assembly election, he was elected from PB-8 Loralai-I and PB-11 Loralai-III constituency respectively.

Khetran
The Khetrans are an ethnolinguistic group primarily native to Barkhan in Balochistan and Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab, Pakistan. Their total population was estimated at approximately 150,000 in 2017, with at least two-thirds speaking their native Khetrani language, an Indo-Aryan language. Many Khetrans in Barkhan are also bilingual in Balochi, while those settled further east in the Dera Ghazi Khan region commonly speak Saraiki.
Flom (surname)
Flom is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chaim Flom (died 2008), Israeli rabbi

George T. Flom (1871–1960), American linguist and medievalist

Jason Flom (born 1960/61), American music industry executive, podcaster, and philanthropist

Joseph H. Flom (1923–2011), American lawyer

Chaim Flom
Chaim Flom (Hebrew: חיים פלום; July 6, 1951 – May 19, 2008) was an American rabbi, scholar and Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Ohr David in Jerusalem. Flom was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and studied at Yeshivah Gedolah of Pittsburgh as the first enrolled student.

He founded Yeshivat Ohr David in 1980 with fellow Rosh Yeshivah, Rabbi Yosef Granofsky. He served in the Israel Defense Forces.
Benjamin R. Merkle
Benjamin R. Merkle (born 1972) is president of New Saint Andrews College, a Christian college in Idaho, United States.

Merkle studied at the University of Idaho and the University of Oxford, obtaining a D. Phil. in 2012. He was appointed president of New Saint Andrews in 2015.

In 2009, Merkle wrote The White Horse King: The Life of Alfred the Great. In 2015 his D. Phil. dissertation was published by Oxford University Press under the title Defending the Trinity in the Reformed Palatinate: The Elohistae. He previously served as executive minister of Christ Church, and has also served as managing editor of Credenda/Agenda.

University of Idaho
The University of Idaho (U of I, or UIdaho) is a public land-grant research university in Moscow, Idaho, United States. Established 137 years ago in 1889 and opened three years later, it was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963.

The university comprises ten undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools. It enrolls approximately 12,000 students across its campuses, with 11,000 on the Moscow campus. The university is classified among "Research 1: Very High Spending and Doctorate Production".

Located on the rural Palouse, the university is represented in intercollegiate athletics by the Idaho Vandals, who compete in NCAA Division I, primarily in the Big Sky Conference. In addition to the main campus in Moscow, the U of I has branch campuses in Coeur d'Alene, Boise, and Idaho Falls; it also operates a research park in Post Falls, and dozens of extension offices statewide.
Common Sense (Scottish magazine)
Common Sense was a magazine of left-wing theory published in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1987. It ceased publication in 1999. The creators of Common Sense aimed to be minimalist in its production.

Common Sense was the journal of the Edinburgh conference of Socialist Economics. The magazine produced articles along the lines of Open and Autonomist Marxism; its contents included articles from Italian leftists and some of John Holloway's earliest writings on the Zapatistas. It attempted to draw on the Common Sense school of Scottish Philosophy.

Well known leftist writers, like Holloway, Harry Cleaver, Toni Negri, George Caffentzis, Werner Bonefeld, and Richard Gunn wrote for the magazine. Holloway presented one essay he had contributed to the magazine at the Conference of Socialist Economics on 27 January 1990 on the topic of the Poll Tax.

The journal and the ideas it produced have influenced a number of later writers.

Scottish common sense realism
Scottish common sense realism, also known as the Scottish school of common sense, is a realist school of philosophy that originated in the ideas of Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart during the 18th-century Scottish Enlightenment. Reid emphasized man's innate ability to perceive common ideas and that this process is inherent in and interdependent with judgement. Common sense, therefore, is the foundation of philosophical inquiry. Though best remembered for its opposition to the pervasive philosophy of David Hume, Scottish common sense philosophy is influential and evident in the works of Thomas Jefferson and late 18th-century American politics.
Human Remains (Terry Allen album)
Human Remains is an album by Terry Allen, released in 1996 by Sugar Hill Records. The album featured guest appearances by David Byrne, Joe Ely, Charlie and Will Sexton and Lucinda Williams.

The song "Galleria Dele Armi" is dedicated to the Balvano train disaster.

Charlie Sexton
Charles Wayne Sexton is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Sexton is best known for his years as a guitarist in Bob Dylan's band, though also has become well known as a music producer. Sexton co-founded Arc Angels and created the Charlie Sexton Sextet. He was still a teenager when he gained fame for his 1985 hit, "Beat's So Lonely", from his debut studio album, Pictures for Pleasure.
Thacholi Varghese Chekavar
Thacholi Varghese Chekavar is a 1995 Indian Malayalam-language martial arts action thriller film directed by T. K. Rajeev Kumar and written by P. Balachandran, starring Mohanlal in the title role, along with Urmila Matondkar, Nedumudi Venu, Thilakan and Vineeth. The film features a soundtrack composed by Sharreth.

The plot follows Varghese, a Kalaripayattu expert who is persuaded by his favourite disciple Shyam to rescue his lover Maya from house arrest. Varghese kidnaps her but soon realises that Shyam lied and Maya is the only witness of a homicide.

Nedumudi Venu
Kesavan Venugopal (22 May 1948 – 11 October 2021), better known by his stage name Nedumudi Venu, was an Indian actor and screenwriter from Kerala, who predominantly worked in Malayalam cinema. He acted in more than 500 films, primarily in Malayalam and also in Tamil, in a career spanning nearly five decades. He wrote screenplays and directed one film. Nedumudi Venu won three National Film Awards, three Filmfare Award South and six Kerala State Film Awards for his performances in various movies.
Whiteside Marsh
Whiteside Marsh is a coastal estuary marsh and wetlands on the northwestern shore of San Pablo Bay in northern Marin County, California. It is in and adjacent to the city of Novato and the Bel Marin Keys community, in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area.

North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
The North Bay is a subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. The largest city is Santa Rosa, which is the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. It is the location of the Napa and Sonoma wine regions, and is the least populous and least urbanized part of the Bay Area. It consists of Marin, Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties.
Averaged Lagrangian
In continuum mechanics, Whitham's averaged Lagrangian method – or in short Whitham's method – is used to study the Lagrangian dynamics of slowly-varying wave trains in an inhomogeneous (moving) medium.
The method is applicable to both linear and non-linear systems. As a direct consequence of the averaging used in the method, wave action is a conserved property of the wave motion. In contrast, the wave energy is not necessarily conserved, due to the exchange of energy with the mean motion. However the total energy, the sum of the energies in the wave motion and the mean motion, will be conserved for a time-invariant Lagrangian. Further, the averaged Lagrangian has a strong relation to the dispersion relation of the system.

The method is due to Gerald Whitham, who developed it in the 1960s. It is for instance used in the modelling of surface gravity waves on fluid interfaces, and in plasma physics.

Gerald B. Whitham
Gerald Beresford Whitham FRS (13 December 1927 – 26 January 2014) was a British–born American applied mathematician and the Charles Lee Powell Professor of Applied Mathematics (Emeritus) of Applied & Computational Mathematics at the California Institute of Technology. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Manchester in 1953 under the direction of Sir James Lighthill. He is known for his work in fluid dynamics and waves.
Cyanophrys amyntor
Cyanophrys amyntor, the Amyntor greenstreak, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the lowland tropics from Mexico to Brazil. It is known in the United States from a single specimen from the Big Bend region of western Texas. It has also been recorded from Hawaii.

The wingspan is 24–28 mm. Adults are on wing from July to January in Mexico.

The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including species from the families Ulmaceae and Verbenaceae.

Ulmaceae
The Ulmaceae (/ʌlˈmeɪsi/) are a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus Ulmus), and the zelkovas (genus Zelkova). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia.

The family was formerly sometimes treated to include the hackberries, (Celtis and allies), but an analysis by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group suggests that these genera are better placed in the related family Cannabaceae.  It generally is considered to include ca 7 genera and about 45 species. Some classifications also include the genus Ampelocera.