hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2010–2013 Icelandic constitutional reform
An Icelandic Constitutional Council (Stjórnlagaráð) for the purpose of reviewing the Constitution of the Republic was appointed by a resolution of Althingi, the Icelandic parliament, on 24 March 2011. Elections were held to create a Constitutional Assembly (Stjórnlagaþing) body, but given some electoral flaws, had been ruled null and void by the Supreme Court of Iceland on 25 January 2011, leading the parliament to place most of the winning candidates into a Constitutional Council with similar mission. The question of whether the text of the proposed constitution should form a base for a future constitution was put to a non-binding referendum, where it won the approval of 67% of voters. However, the government's term finished before the reform bill could be passed, and following governments have not acted upon it.

Venice Commission
The Venice Commission (French: Commission de Venise, officially titled European Commission for Democracy through Law) is an advisory body of the Council of Europe, composed of independent experts in the field of constitutional law. It was created in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, at a time of urgent need for constitutional assistance in Central and Eastern Europe.
Universal Monsters Live Rock and Roll Show
Universal Monsters Live Rock and Roll Show (previously known as Beetlejuice's Graveyard Mash-Up, Beetlejuice's Graveyard Revue, Beetlejuice's Rock and Roll Graveyard Revue, and Beetlejuice's Rockin' Graveyard Revue) is a live musical revue stage show based on the film of the same name and Universal Monsters. It is located at Universal Studios Japan, and formerly played at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida.

The show closed in Hollywood in 1999, replaced by Spider-Man Rocks, and the show closed in Florida in 2016 to make way for Fast & Furious: Supercharged.

Kharis
Kharis (/kɑːˈriːs/) is a character featured in Universal Studios's Mummy series in the 1940s, following their original 1932 film The Mummy, which starred Boris Karloff as a different mummy character, Imhotep, though their backstories are practically identical. Universal's Mummy films were inspired by worldwide interest in Egyptian archeology during the first half of the 20th century.
Barry Jekowsky
Barry Jekowsky is an American musician and music director who founded the California Symphony.

Jekowsky has played with the National Symphony, the Detroit Symphony, and the Reno Philharmonic Orchestra.

Jekowsky left the California Symphony in 2010 after 24 years.
He resides in Marin County, California with his wife and 3 children.

California Symphony
The California Symphony is a professional orchestra based at the Lesher Center for the Arts in Walnut Creek, California, in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. It was founded in 1986 and is a member of the Association of California Symphony Orchestras. Since 2013 it has been led by Donato Cabrera.
Independence of the Seas
Independence of the Seas is a Freedom-class cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. The 15-deck ship was built in the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland. Originally built to be 154,407 GT, she joined Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels when she debuted. She is 1,112 feet (339 m) long, and typically cruises at 21.6 knots (40.0 km/h; 24.9 mph).

Independence of the Seas is the third of the Freedom-class vessels. In October 2009, Oasis of the Seas, the first ship in the Oasis class, displaced the Freedom class as the world's largest passenger ship.

Perno shipyard
Perno shipyard is a shipyard in Turku, southwest Finland, that specialises in building cruise ships, passenger ferries, special vessels and offshore projects. The yard area is 144 hectares (360 acres) and is operated by Meyer Turku Oy with a dry dock 365 metres (1,198 ft) long, 80 metres (260 ft) wide and 10 metres (33 ft) deep. It has one of the largest bridge crane in the Nordic region with a capacity of 1,200 tonnes and a smaller crane with a capacity of 600 tonnes.
Devils Garden (Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument)
The Devils Garden of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument (GSENM) in south central Utah, United States, is a protected area featuring hoodoos, natural arches and other sandstone formations. The area is also known as the Devils Garden Outstanding Natural Area within the National Landscape Conservation System.

The formations in the Devils Garden were created, and continue to be shaped, by various weathering and erosional processes. These natural processes have been shaping sandstone layers formed more than 166 million years ago during the Jurassic period's Middle epoch.

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administers the Devils Garden and the entire GSENM which is the first national monument assigned to the BLM.

Caprock
Caprock or cap rock is a hard, resistant, and impermeable layer of rock that overlies and protects a layer of softer material. In petroleum geology the softer lower layer may be a reservoir of oil or natural gas.  The caprock acts similarly to the crust on a pie where the crust (caprock) prevents leakage of the soft filling (softer material). In landforms like mesas and buttes the caprock consists of sturdy erosion-resistant rock like granite or basalt that resists weathering more strongly than its supporting rock and results in differential erosion. It also influences hydrology by creating waterfalls and aquifers where the movement of water is restricted and channeled by the harder layers. As petroleum reservoirs caprocks are often buried under other layers of rock and protected from weathering, they can consist of softer materials like sandstone, limestone, and evaporites, as long as they are highly impermeable and resist the flow of hydrocarbons through them.
Christian burial
A Christian burial is the burial of a deceased person with specifically Christian rites; typically, in consecrated ground. Until recent times Christians generally objected to cremation and practiced inhumation almost exclusively. Today this opposition has largely vanished among Protestants and Catholics alike, and this is rapidly becoming more common, although Eastern Orthodox Churches still mostly forbid cremation.

Veil
A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent in different forms in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The practice of veiling is especially associated with women and sacred objects, though in some cultures, it is men, rather than women, who are expected to wear a veil. Besides its enduring religious significance, veiling continues to play a role in some modern secular contexts, such as wedding customs.
Dimitar Peshev
Dimitar Yosifov Peshev (Bulgarian: Димитър Йосифов Пешев; 25 June 1894 – 20 February 1973) was the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Bulgaria and Minister of Justice (1935–1936), before World War II. He rebelled against the pro-Nazi cabinet and prevented the deportation of Bulgaria's 48,000 Jews. He was bestowed the title of "Righteous Among the Nations".

Deportation
Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people by a state from its sovereign territory. The actual definition changes depending on the place and context, and it also changes over time. A person who has been deported or is under sentence of deportation is called a deportee.
Segar (name)
Segar is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:

Charlie Segar, bluesman

E. C. Segar (1894–1938), American cartoonist

Joseph Segar (1804–1880), American lawyer

William Segar (circa 1564–1633), portrait painter

Rufus Segar (1932–2015), anarchist illustrator and graphic designer

Given name:

Segar Bastard (1854–1921), English amateur football player and referee

E. C. Segar
Elzie Crisler Segar (/ˈsiːɡɑːr/; December 8, 1894 – October 13, 1938), known by the pen name E. C. Segar, was an American cartoonist. He created Popeye in 1929, introducing the character in his comic strip Thimble Theatre.

Charles M. Schulz said of Segar's work: "I think Popeye was a perfect comic strip, consistent in drawing and humor". Carl Barks described Segar as "the unbridled genius as far as I was concerned".
Dolapo Is Fine
Dọlápọ̀ Is Fine is a live action short film directed by Ethosheia Hylton and written by Joan Iyiola and Chibundu Onuzo in 2020.

In 2020, it won the HBO Short Film Competition at American Black Film Festival.

This short film was co-produced by Joan Iyiola, Joe Bell and Chibundu Onuzo, and executive produced by Amy Dowd and Elisabeth Hopper. Dọlápọ̀ Is Fine is distributed worldwide by the International Production & Distribution company Salaud Morisset.

Live action
Live action is a form of cinematography or videography that uses photography instead of animation. Some works combine live action with animation to create a live-action animated feature film. Live action is used to define film, video games or similar visual media.

Photorealistic animation, particularly modern computer animation, is sometimes erroneously described as "live action", as in the case of some media reports about Disney's The Lion King (2019 remake). According to the Cambridge English Dictionary, live action involves "real people or animals, not models, or images that are drawn, or produced by computer".
GDC Correio da Manhã
Grupo Desportivo e Cultural do Correio da Manhã was a Portuguese sports club based in Lisbon. Founded in 1981 by employees of the newspaper Correio da Manhã, the club was better known for its futsal team whose greater successes included two Portuguese Futsal League wins and one Portuguese Futsal Cup. The futsal team ceased playing after the 2003–04 season ceding its spot in the league to Estrela da Amadora.

Campeonato Nacional da I Divisão de Futsal
Campeonato Nacional da I Divisão de Futsal (English: Futsal National Championship First Division), also known as Liga Placard for sponsorship reasons is the premier professional futsal league in Portugal. Benfica are the current champions, having won 9 titles.
.338 Ruger Compact Magnum
The .338 Ruger Compact Magnum or .338 RCM is a rimless, short-length rifle cartridge based on the .375 Ruger case. Sturm Ruger and Hornady jointly developed the round, which was released in 2008 and chambered in various Ruger rifles. The goal of the project was to produce a .338 caliber cartridge with magnum level performance that would fit in a compact, short action rifle. The .338 RCM is conceptually similar to the WSM cartridge family, but is somewhat smaller dimensionally. This often allows for a higher magazine capacity than the WSM equivalent. Like the .338 caliber cartridges which predated it, the round is designed for hunting medium to large sized North American game.

Winchester Short Magnum
Winchester Short Magnum, or WSM, refers to a family of rebated bottlenecked centerfire short magnum cartridges developed in the early 2000s by the U.S. Repeating Arms Company, the maker of Winchester rifles and one of the oldest firearms manufacturers in the United States. All of the WSM cartridges are inspired on the .404 Jeffery non-belted magnum cartridge which is shortened to fit a short rifle action (such as a .308 Winchester).

It was developed by Rick Jamison in 1997-1998 as shown in the 2003 lawsuit Jamison vs. Olin Corporation-Winchester division.  Jamison was given 7 patents on the cartridge design. U.S. Repeating Arms Company used the same concept and the same base case in creating its even shorter Winchester Super Short Magnum cartridges, three of which were introduced in 2003 and 2004.
Soliton (optics)
In optics, the term soliton is used to refer to any optical field that does not change during propagation because of a delicate balance between nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium. There are two main kinds of solitons:

spatial solitons: the nonlinear effect can balance the dispersion. The electromagnetic field can change the refractive index of the medium while propagating, thus creating a structure similar to a graded-index fiber. If the field is also a propagating mode of the guide it has created, then it will remain confined and it will propagate without changing its shape

temporal solitons: if the electromagnetic field is already spatially confined, it is possible to send pulses that will not change their shape because the nonlinear effects will balance the dispersion. Those solitons were discovered first and they are often simply referred as "solitons" in optics.

Helmholtz equation
In mathematics, the Helmholtz equation is the eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator. It corresponds to the elliptic partial differential equation:

where ∇2 is the Laplace operator, –k2 is the eigenvalue, and f is the (eigen)function. When the equation is applied to waves, k is known as the wave number. The Helmholtz equation has a variety of applications in physics and other sciences, including the wave equation, the diffusion equation, and the Schrödinger equation for a free particle.

In optics, the Helmholtz equation is the wave equation for the electric field.

The equation is named after Hermann von Helmholtz, who studied it in 1860.
Turki bin Mohammed Al Saud (born 1969)
Turki bin Mohammed bin Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( Arabic:الأمير تركي بن محمد بن ناصر عبد العزيز آل سعود), (born 1969) is a member of House of Saud. Prince Turki is the eldest son of Mohammed bin Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, governor of Jizan province.

Jazan Province
Jazan Province, also known as Jazan Region (Arabic: منطقة جازان‎, romanized: Minṭaqat Jāzān), is the second smallest province of Saudi Arabia after Al-Baha. It stretches approximately 300 km (190 mi) along the southern coast of the Red Sea, just north of the border with Yemen. Covering an area of 13,457 km2, it had a population of 1,404,997 according to the 2022 census. The Province has the highest population density in the Kingdom.

The province includes over 200 islands in the Red Sea. One of the major developments in the province is the Jazan City for Primary and Downstream Industries, a large-scale project intended to contribute to the province’s economic development. The Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia's first conservation protected area, are home to migratory birds from Europe during the winter.
Hickory Aviation Museum
Hickory Aviation Museum is an aviation museum at the Hickory Regional Airport  in Hickory, North Carolina. It features a museum located in the former airport terminal with artifacts, a hangar with aircraft and outdoor exhibits of aircraft on the former airport ramp.

Aviation museum
An aviation museum, air museum, or air and space museum is a museum exhibiting the history and artifacts of aviation. In addition to actual, replica or accurate reproduction aircraft, exhibits can include photographs, maps, models, dioramas, clothing and equipment used by aviators.
Bangladesh Carrom Federation
Bangladesh Carrom Federation is the national federation for carrom and is responsible for governing the sport in Bangladesh. A.F.M EHETESHAMUL HOQUE(TUHIN)  Joint Secretary,Ministry of Home Affairs is the President of the Bangladesh Carrom Federation.

Carrom
Carrom is a tabletop game of Indian origin in which players flick discs, attempting to knock them to the corners of the board, in a similar fashion to billiards. Throughout South Asia, many clubs and cafés hold regular carrom tournaments. Carrom is commonly played by families, including children, and at social gatherings. Different standards and rules exist in different areas.
Don Burgess (ice hockey)
Donald Ruben Burgess (August 6, 1946 – March 17, 2023) was a Canadian professional ice hockey winger who played 446 games in the World Hockey Association (WHA). He played with the Philadelphia Blazers, Vancouver Blazers, San Diego Mariners, and Indianapolis Racers.

Following the demise of the WHA, he played Senior hockey with the Western International Hockey League's Spokane Flyers, winning the league championship, and the Allan Cup, the Senior Hockey title in 1979–80.

Burgess remained in Washington State from that time, and died in Metaline Falls, Washington on March 17, 2023, at the age of 76.

Philadelphia Blazers
The Philadelphia Blazers were an ice hockey franchise in the World Hockey Association (WHA) for the 1972–73 WHA season based in Philadelphia. The team's home ice was the Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center.

The franchise was originally intended to be based in Miami, Florida, and called the Screaming Eagles, but due to money problems and a lack of a suitable arena, the franchise instead moved to Philadelphia.  After only one season in Philadelphia, the team relocated to Vancouver for the start of the 1973–74 WHA season and became the Vancouver Blazers. Two years later the franchise moved again, this time to Calgary where it was called the Calgary Cowboys. In 1977, the franchise folded.
Rajani Etimarpu
Rajani Etimarpu (born 9 June 1990) is an Indian field hockey player who plays as a goalkeeper for the India women's national field hockey team. She hails from Andhra Pradesh, India. In domestic competitions, she represents Railway Sports Promotion Board.

Railways Sports Promotion Board
Railways Sports Promotion Board (RSPB) (originally known as Railways Sports Control Board) is a sports board run by the Indian Railways. It was formed as the Indian Railways Athletic Association in 1928. It promotes 30 sporting disciplines and owns the Karnail Singh Stadium in New Delhi. The board is represented as Railways in the National Games of India.
Swansea District line
The Swansea District line is a section of railway line running through the northern part of Swansea, Wales and is primarily used for freight transportation, although minimal passenger services also traverse the route. It was built by the Great Western Railway in 1912 to provide a faster and less steeply graded route between London and Fishguard, in connection with the recently opened harbour at the latter place. It can thereby claim to be the last mainline railway to have been built in Wales. The double track line runs from Cwrt Sart junction at Briton Ferry on the South Wales Main Line to Morlais junction near Pontarddulais on the Heart of Wales line.

Fishguard
Fishguard (Welsh: Abergwaun, meaning "Mouth of the River Gwaun") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 3,400 (rounded to the nearest 100) as of the 2021 census. Modern Fishguard consists of two parts, Lower Fishguard and the "Main Town". Fishguard and Goodwick are twin towns with a joint Town Council.

Lower Fishguard is believed to be the site of the original hamlet from which modern Fishguard has grown. It is in a deep valley where the River Gwaun meets the sea, hence the Welsh name for Fishguard. It is a typical fishing village with a short tidal quay. The settlement stretches along the north slope of the valley.

The main town contains the parish church, the High Street and most of the modern development, and lies upon the hill to the south of Lower Fishguard, to which it is joined by a steep and winding road. The west part of the town that faces Goodwick grew in the first decade of the 20th century with the development of Fishguard Harbour.
Greystanes
Greystanes is a suburb in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Greystanes is located 25 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Cumberland Council. Founded in the late 1790s, Greystanes is one of the oldest suburbs in Sydney.

Maltese people
The Maltese (Maltese: Maltin) people are an ethnic group native to Malta who speak Maltese, a Semitic language descended from Siculo-Arabic with a substantial Romance superstratum, and share a common Maltese history and culture characterised by Latin Catholicism, which remains the state religion. Malta, an island country in the Mediterranean Sea, is an archipelago that also includes an island of the same name together with the islands of Gozo (Maltese: Għawdex) and Comino (Maltese: Kemmuna); people of Gozo, Gozitans (Maltese: Għawdxin) are considered a subgroup of the Maltese.
David Marshall (cricketer, born 1935)
David Alexander Cadman Marshall (29 December 1935 – 2 January 2019) was an English first-class cricketer and educator.

Marshall was born in December 1935 at Dore, Yorkshire. He was educated at Rugby School, before going up to Brasenose College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Oxford University against the Free Foresters at Oxford in 1957. Batting twice in the match, he ended the Oxford first innings of 347 for 6 declared unbeaten on 54, while in their second innings of 166 for 5 he was unbeaten on 14.

After graduating from Oxford, Marshall became a schoolteacher. He became the headmaster of Musselburgh Grammar School in August 1967. He died in January 2019 at Bourton, Warwickshire. His brother, John, also played first-class cricket.

Declaration and forfeiture
In the sport of cricket, a declaration occurs when a captain declares their team's innings closed and a forfeiture occurs when a captain chooses to forfeit an innings without batting. Declaration and forfeiture are covered in Law 15 of the Laws of Cricket. This concept applies only to matches in which each team is scheduled to bat in two innings; Law 15 specifically does not apply in any form of limited overs cricket.
Bust of Cardinal Giovanni Dolfin
The Bust of Cardinal Giovanni Dolfin or Delfin is a sculptural portrait by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which is part of a mausoleum for the Venetian Cardinal Giovanni Delfin, member of one of Venice's most ancient noble families. The tomb as a whole was a joint work commissioned of Bernini and his father Pietro. While Gianlorenzo executed the portrait bust, Pietro carried out the surrounding figures, including two allegorical figures of Faith and Hope as well as the Delfin family coat of arms. The work was completed in late 1621, and sits in the church of San Michele in Isola.

Pietro Bernini
Pietro Bernini (6 May 1562 – 29 August 1629) was an Italian sculptor. He was the father of one of the most famous artists of Baroque, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, as well as the sculptor-architect Luigi Bernini.
Beware the Gray Ghost
"Beware the Gray Ghost" is the eighteenth episode of Batman: The Animated Series. It was directed by series regular Boyd Kirkland and was first aired on November 4, 1992. The episode features guest star Adam West, best known for his portrayal of Batman in the 1960s Batman television series. West plays an actor known for his role as the Gray Ghost, a character that resembles Batman antecedent The Shadow.

Boyd Kirkland
Boyd Douglas Kirkland (November 4, 1950 – January 27, 2011) was an American television director of animated cartoons. He was best known for his work on X-Men: Evolution and Batman: The Animated Series.