hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crucifixion (Bellini)
Crucifixion is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Giovanni Bellini, created around 1455–1460. It is housed in the Museo Correr in Venice.

The work was originally in the church of San Salvador of Venice, and is part of the Mantegna-influenced phase of Bellini's early career.

Giovanni Bellini
Giovanni Bellini (Italian: [dʒoˈvanni belˈliːni]; Venetian: Zuane Belin; c. 1430 – 29 November 1516) was an Italian Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters. He was raised in the household of Jacopo Bellini, formerly thought to have been his father, but now that familial generational relationship is questioned. An older brother, Gentile Bellini, was more highly regarded than Giovanni during his lifetime, but the reverse is true today. His brother-in-law was Andrea Mantegna.

Giovanni Bellini was considered to have revolutionised Venetian painting, moving it toward a more sensuous and colouristic style. Through the use of clear, slow-drying oil paints, Giovanni created deep, rich tints and detailed shadings. His sumptuous colouring and fluent, atmospheric landscapes had a great effect on the Venetian painting school, especially on his pupils Giorgione and Titian. The Bellini cocktail is named in his honour.
Hamayne
Hamayne is an alkaloid present in plants of the family Amaryllidaceae, including Iberian Narcissus species and two Nigerian Crinum species, reported to have acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The product has been made via total synthesis as well.

Crinum
Crinum is a genus of about 180 species of perennial plants that have large showy flowers on leafless stems, and develop from bulbs. They are found in seasonally moist areas, including marshes, swamps, depressions and along the sides of streams and lakes in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.
Gallium antimonide
Gallium antimonide (GaSb) is a semiconducting compound of gallium and antimony of the III-V family. It has a room temperature lattice constant of about 0.610 nm. It has a room temperature direct bandgap of approximately 0.73 eV.

Antimony
Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (from Latin  stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous grey metal or metalloid, it occurs in nature mainly in the form of the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl.

China is the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial methods for refining antimony from stibnite are roasting followed by reduction with carbon, or direct reduction of stibnite with iron.

The most common applications for metallic antimony are in alloys with lead and tin, which have improved properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. It improves the rigidity of lead-alloy plates in lead–acid batteries. Antimony trioxide is a prominent additive for halogen-containing flame retardants. Antimony is used as a dopant in semiconductor devices.
Comparative endocrinology
Comparative endocrinology focuses on the complexities of vertebrate and invertebrate endocrine systems across sub-molecular, molecular, cellular, and organismal levels of analysis. It is an interdisciplinary field that bridges biology and medicine, addressing the morphological and functional aspects of organismal development.  The discovery of new hormones often first occurs in model organisms before their orthologs are identified in mammals.

Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a duplication event (paralogs), or else a horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer event (xenologs).

Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by evolutionary changes from a common ancestral sequence. Alignments of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous.
Bourdin
Bourdin is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Claude Bourdin (1943–2025), French politician

Françoise Bourdin (1952–2022), French author

Frédéric Bourdin (born 1974), French impostor

Gilbert Bourdin (1923–1998), founder of Aumism

Guy Bourdin (1928–1991), French artist and photographer

Jacques Bourdin (died 1567), French diplomat

Jean-Jacques Bourdin (born 1949), French journalist and television presenter

Joël Bourdin (1938–2025), French politician

Lise Bourdin (1925–2025), French actress

Martial Bourdin (1868–1894), French anarchist

Pierre Bourdin (born 1994), French footballer

Roger Bourdin (1900–1973), French baritone

Roger Bourdin (1923–1976), French flautist

Thierry Bourdin (born 1962), French wrestler

Lise Bourdin
Lise Bourdin (30 November 1925 – 28 November 2025) was a French actress and model who appeared during the Golden Age of French classic cinema. She was a leading figure in post-war French cinema and fashion known for her role as one of the many girlfriends of Gary Cooper's character in the 1957 Billy Wilder romantic comedy, Love in the Afternoon.

Bourdin died at her home in Labastide-d’Armagnac, France, on 28 November 2025, aged 99, two days before her 100th birthday.
Pierre Honoré Kazadi Lukonda Ngube-Ngube
Pierre Honoré Kazadi Lukonda Ngube-Ngube (born 28 July 1963, Lubumbashi, Katanga Province) is a Congolese economist and politician who is a former member of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Previously he had been an economics professor at the universities of Kasaï and Katanga, and is also a Protestant chaplain. He was a presidential candidate for the Popular Front for Justice party (FPJ) in the 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election.

Lubumbashi
Lubumbashi (UK: /ˌluːbʊmˈbæʃi/ LOO-buum-BASH-ee, US: /ˌluːbuːmˈbɑːʃi/ LOO-boom-BAH-shee), formerly Élisabethville ([elizabɛtvil]; Dutch: Elisabethstad [eːˈlisaːbɛtstɑt] ⓘ), is the second-largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the country's southeasternmost part, near the border with Zambia. The capital and principal city of the Haut-Katanga Province, Lubumbashi is the center of mining in the region, acting as a hub for many of the country's largest mining companies. No definite population figures are available, but the population of the city's urban area is estimated to be around 2,584,000 in 2021.
Schizothorax biddulphi
Schizothorax biddulphi is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Schizothorax from the family Cyprinidae. It is found in the Tarim River and Boston Lake in Xijiang, China. Where it occurs in rivers and lakes with little or no current where it feeds on benthic invertebrates, algae and small fragments of macrophytes.

Cyprinidae
Cyprinidae is a family of cyprinoid freshwater fishes commonly referred to as the carp family, which includes the carps, barbs, and barbels, among others. These cyprinids also share sister taxa with the danionins and minnows under the suborder Cyprinoidei. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest family of vertebrates overall, with roughly 1,780 species split into 166 valid genera.

Cyprinids range from the 12 mm (0.5 in)-long glassfishes, to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis). The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos (κυπρῖνος 'carp').
Giuseppe Bianchi (astronomer)
Giuseppe Bianchi (13 October 1791 in Modena – 25 December 1866) was an Italian astronomer.

After studying mathematics, physics, and astronomy at Padua, Bianchi taught astronomy at the University of Modena starting in 1819. He collaborated with Giovanni Battista Amici to direct the construction of the Observatory of Modena, and from there, astronomical observations started in 1827.  In 1859 he was transferred to the marchese Montecuccoli's private observatory at Modena for political reasons.

He took part in the Commissione dei Pesi e Misure (Commission for Weights and Measures) and numerous scientific academies, and was secretary of the "Società italiana delle Scienze" (Italian Society of Science).

In 1834, he published "Acts of the Reale Osservatorio of Modena", describing the Observatory and all the work and observations he had carried out up to that year.

Marquess
A marquess (UK: /ˈmɑːrkwɪs/; French: marquis [maʁki]) is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German-language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave) and the Italian-language equivalent Marchese. A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife (or widow) of a marquess is a marchioness (/ˈmɑːrʃənɛs/) or marquise (French: [maʁkiz] ⓘ). These titles are also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in Imperial China and Imperial Japan.
John Wilfred Kennedy
John Wilfred Kennedy (October 10, 1879 – November 19, 1949) was a farmer and political figure in Ontario. Canada. He represented Glengarry and Stormont in the House of Commons of Canada from 1919 to 1925 as a United Farmers and then Progressive Party member.

He was born in Apple Hill, Ontario, the son of John Kennedy and Catherine McDougall, and was educated in Alexandria, Ontario and the Ontario Agricultural College. In 1915, Kennedy married Helen Meehan. He farmed at Apple Hill. He served on the council for Kenyon Township from 1913 to 1916 and was deputy reeve from 1917 to 1918 and reeve in 1919. Kennedy was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1925 in the restructured riding of Glengarry. Kennedy later sold his farm and opened a business college in Ottawa, Ontario. For a time, he was employed by the federal Income Tax department.

Glengarry (federal electoral district)
Glengarry was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917, and from 1925 to 1953. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act 1867, and consisted of Glengarry county.

The electoral district was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Glengarry and Stormont riding.

It was recreated in 1924, consisting again of the county of Glengarry.

The electoral district was abolished in 1952 when it was merged into Glengarry—Prescott ridings.
Nathaniel Merriman
Christianity portal

Nathaniel James Merriman (4 April 1809 – 15 August 1882) was the third Bishop of Grahamstown from 1871 until his death.

He was educated at Winchester College and  Brasenose College, Oxford; and ordained in 1833. He was  curate then Vicar of Street, Somerset until he emigrated to South Africa. He rose to become Archdeacon of Grahamstown then Dean of Cape Town  before being elevated the Episcopate.

Conflict arose between Merriman, who was at this time the Bishop of Grahamstown and Frederick Williams, Dean of Grahamstown regarding the status of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa versus the Church of England and the validity of the appointments of bishops. Dean Williams then excluded Bishop Merriman from his Cathedral. This action resulted in many court cases which Williams won.

St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town
St George's Cathedral (also referred to as The Cathedral Church of St George the Martyr) is the Anglican cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa, and the seat of the Archbishop of Cape Town. St. George's Cathedral is both the metropolitical church of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa and a congregation in the Diocese of Cape Town.

The cathedral was designed by Sir Herbert Baker and the first stones of the foundation were laid in 1901. The cathedral replaced an incomplete church that was originally built at that site.
Grov, Troms
Grov (Norwegian) or Roabadállu (Northern Sami) is a village in Tjeldsund Municipality in Troms county, Norway. The village is located 12 km (7.5 mi) east of the village of Tovik along the Grovfjorden at a very narrow point in the fjord. It is about 60 km (37 mi) southeast of the town of Harstad and about 71 km (44 mi) west of the town of Narvik. The Moelva and Gårdselva rivers flow through the village into the fjord. The 0.61-square-kilometre (150-acre) village has a population (2023) of 411 and a population density of 674 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,750/sq mi).

Grov is the location of the local primary and secondary schools, Astafjord Church, and a library. There are some local industries that mostly center on agriculture, fish farming, and boat building. Grov was the municipal center of the old Astafjord Municipality which existed from 1926 until 1964. The lake Skoddebergvatnet lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south of Grov.

Boat building
Boat building is the design and construction of boats (instead of the larger ships) — and their on-board systems. This includes at minimum the construction of a hull, with any necessary propulsion, mechanical, navigation, safety and other service systems as the craft requires.

The boat building industry provides for the design, manufacturing, repair and modification of human-powered watercrafts, sailboats, motorboats, airboats and submersibles, and caters for various demands from recreational (e.g. launches, dinghies and yachts), commercial (e.g. tour boats, ferry boats and lighters), residential (houseboats), to professional (e.g. fishing boats, tugboats, lifeboats and patrol boats).
Prostaglandin F synthase
In enzymology, prostaglandin-F synthase (PGFS; EC 1.1.1.188) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:

The three substrates of this enzyme are prostaglandin D2, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and a proton. Its products are prostaglandin F2α and oxidised NADP+.

PGFS is a monomeric wild-type protein that was first purified from bovine lung (PDB ID: 2F38). This enzyme belongs to the family of aldo-keto reductase (AKR) based on its high substrate specificity, its high molecular weight (38055.48 Da) and amino acid sequence. In addition, it is categorized as C3 (AKR1C3) because it is an isoform of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

The function of PGFS is to catalyze the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. In humans, these reactions take place mostly in the lungs and in the liver. More specifically, PGFS catalyzes the reduction of PGD2 to 9α,11β–PGF2 and PGH2 to PGF2α by using NADPH as cofactor.

Ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone /ˈkiːtoʊn/ is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). A ketone derived from an alkane is an alkanone. The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' are methyl), with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids, e.g., testosterone, and the solvent acetone.
Malek Rahmati
Malek Rahmati (Persian: مالک رحمتی; 1982 – 19 May 2024) was an Iranian politician who served as governor-general of East Azerbaijan province from January 2024 until his death in May 2024. He had previously served as deputy director of the Astan Quds Razavi from 2021 to 2023, and headed the Privatization Organization of Iran from 2023 to 2024.

Rahmati graduated from Imam Sadiq University, and then attained a law degree from Kharazmi University. His father-in-law was Mostafa Seyyed Hashemi, an influential politician in East Azerbaijan province who served in the Islamic Consultative Assembly representing the constituency of Maragheh and Ajabshir for four terms from 1992 to 2008, and subsequently as a deputy at the Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order.

Islamic Consultative Assembly
The Islamic Consultative Assembly of Iran (Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی ایران, romanized: Majles-e Shurâ-ye Eslâmi Iran), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the unicameral national legislative body of Iran. The parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an increase from the previous 270 seats since the 18 February 2000 election.
Qatur River
The Qotur (Azerbaijani: Qotur çay, Persian: قطورچای, Turkish: Kotur çayı, also transliterated as Ghotour) is a transboundary river flowing in eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. It is a right tributary of the river Aras. It rises in the Saray District of eastern Turkey's Van province, where it is also referred to as Çaybağı Çayı. The Ghotour Bridge, part of the Van–Sufian railway, crosses the river near the city of Khoy.

The area has a cold, semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk).

Khoy
Khoy (Persian: خوی) is a city in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Occupied since Median times, it shares a long history as an important Christian center.
Chris Corry
Chris Corry (born 1982) is an American politician and businessman serving as a member of the Washington House of Representatives from the 15th district, which includes portions of Yakima County, Washington.

Washington House of Representatives
The Washington House of Representatives is the lower house of the Washington State Legislature, and along with the Washington State Senate makes up the legislature of the U.S. state of Washington. It is composed of 98 Representatives from 49 districts, each of which elects one Senator and two members of the House. They are elected to separate positions with the top-two primary system. All members of the House are elected to a two-year term without term limits. The House meets at the State Capitol in Olympia.
Dictation
Dictation can refer to:

Dictation (exercise), when one person speaks while another person transcribes

Dictation: A Quartet, a collection of short stories by Cynthia Ozick, published in 2008

Digital dictation, the use of digital electronic media for dictation

Music dictation, an ear training exercise in which the student copies down music while listening to it

Dictation machine
A dictation machine is a sound recording device most commonly used to record speech for playback or to be typed into print. It includes digital voice recorders and tape recorders.

The name "Dictaphone" is a trademark of the American Graphophone Company, but it has also become a common term for all dictation machines, as a genericized trademark.
Dan Lederman
Dan Lederman (born November 25, 1972) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the South Dakota Senate representing District 16 from January 11, 2011, until he resigned on March 30, 2015.  Lederman served consecutively in the South Dakota Legislature from January 2009 until January 11, 2011, in the South Dakota House of Representatives District 16 seat.

In February 2017, Lederman was elected State Chairman of the South Dakota Republican Party in the first contested party chair election in decades.  In February 2019, Lederman was re-elected on an uncontested basis to another term of office as chair of the South Dakota Republican Party. In January 2023, Lederman did not seek re-election and was succeeded by John Wiik.

South Dakota Republican Party
The South Dakota Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in South Dakota. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling South Dakota's at-large U.S. House seat, both U.S. Senate seats, the governorship, and has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature. State Sen. John Wiik has served as the party's chairman since 2023.
Richard's paradox
In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy of set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905. The paradox is ordinarily used to motivate the importance of distinguishing carefully between mathematics and metamathematics.

Kurt Gödel specifically cites Richard's antinomy as a semantical analogue to his syntactical incompleteness result in the introductory section of "On Formally Undecidable Propositions in Principia Mathematica and Related Systems I". The paradox was also a motivation for the development of predicative mathematics.

Lexicographic order
In mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, or dictionary order) is a generalization of the alphabetical order of the dictionaries to sequences of ordered symbols or, more generally, of elements of a totally ordered set.

There are several variants and generalizations of the lexicographical ordering. One variant applies to sequences of different lengths by comparing the lengths of the sequences before considering their elements.

Another variant, widely used in combinatorics, orders subsets of a given finite set by assigning a total order to the finite set, and converting subsets into increasing sequences, to which the lexicographical order is applied.

A generalization defines an order on an n-ary Cartesian product of partially ordered sets; this order is a total order if and only if all factors of the Cartesian product are totally ordered.
Sceloporus angustus
Sceloporus angustus, the Isla Santa Cruz sator, is a species of phrynosomatid lizard
found on Isla Santa Cruz and Isla San Diego in the Gulf of California, Baja California Sur, Mexico, where it exploits a great variety of temperate habitats, such as rocky areas, caves along beaches, areas of beach cobblestones, and sandy substrates. It is also seen on the branches of small bushes and the limbs of cardones (cacti).

Gulf of California
The Gulf of California (Spanish: Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortés (Mar de Cortés) or Sea of Cortez, or less commonly as the Vermilion Sea (Mar Vermejo), is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California peninsula from the Mexican mainland. It is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km (2,500 mi). Rivers that flow into the Gulf of California include the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. The surface of the gulf is about 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi). Maximum depths exceed 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) because of the complex geology, linked to plate tectonics.

The gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on Earth and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates. Parts of the Gulf of California are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Titanostrombus galeatus
Titanostrombus galeatus, the Eastern Pacific giant conch, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs and their allies.

It is an eastern Pacific species that occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru.

The shells of this species were used as a wind instruments by the Chavín, an ancient civilization from the northern Andean highlands of Peru. They are still used for this purpose in the Andes, where they are known as pututu.

Eagle ray
The eagle rays are a group of cartilaginous fishes in the family Myliobatidae, consisting mostly of large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.

Eagle rays feed on mollusks and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth. They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several meters above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails and well-defined, rhomboidal bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from 0.48 to 5.1 m (1.6 to 16.7 ft) in length and 7 m (23 ft) in wingspan.