hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company
The London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company was founded in 1854 by George Swan Nottage and Howard John Kennard (the son of Robert Kennard and grandfather of Jean Orr-Ewing). Known initially as the London Stereoscope Company, in 1856 it changed its name to the London Stereoscopic Company, then in May 1859, became the London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company. For most purposes, however, it was (and still is) referred to as the London Stereoscopic Company (LSC).

The firm appears to have been based originally at 313 Oxford Street, with an agent, William Williams, at 29 Moorgate Street. It soon opened its  own branch in the City of London at 54 Cheapside, which is first recorded in 1856. The Oxford Street store relocated to 108–110 Regent Street in 1866–1867.

The London Stereoscopic Company was dissolved in 1922, although a business bearing the same name was established in 2005, championed by rock guitarist Brian May.

Cheapside
Cheapside is a street in the City of London, the historic and modern financial centre of London, England, which forms part of the A40 London to Fishguard road. It links St Martin's Le Grand with Poultry. Near its eastern end at Bank Junction, where it becomes Poultry, is Mansion House, the Bank of England, and Bank station. To the west is St Paul's Cathedral, St Paul's tube station and square.

In the Middle Ages, it was known as Westcheap, as opposed to Eastcheap, another street in the City, near London Bridge. The boundaries of the wards of Cheap, Cordwainer and Bread Street run along Cheapside and Poultry; prior to boundary changes in 2003 the road was divided amongst Farringdon Within and Cripplegate wards in addition to the current three.

The contemporary Cheapside is the location of a range of retail and food outlets and offices, as well as the City's only major shopping centre, One New Change.
2008 Italian Senate election, North and Central American division
The 2008 Italian general election was the second in which Italian and dual citizens living outside the country could vote by postal ballot in international electoral districts. Twelve members of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and six members of the Italian Senate were elected in this way.

Italian and dual citizens in North America and Central America (including the Caribbean) elected one member of the Italian Senate. The winning candidate was Basilio Giordano from Silvio Berlusconi's party, known as the People of Freedom.

Renato Turano
Renato Guerino Turano (2 October 1942 – 5 December 2021) was an Italian and American politician and businessman. He served in the Italian Senate from 2006 to 2008 as a representative of Italian citizens in North and Central America and was re-elected to the same position in the 2013 Italian general election.
MAPK phosphatase
MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) are the largest class of phosphatases involved in down-regulating Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling. MAPK signalling pathways regulate multiple features of development and homeostasis. This can involve gene regulation, cell proliferation, programmed cell death and stress responses. MAPK phosphatases are therefore important regulator components of these pathways.

Phosphatase
In biochemistry, a phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol. Because a phosphatase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of its substrate, it is a subcategory of hydrolases. Phosphatase enzymes are essential to many biological functions, because phosphorylation (e.g. by protein kinases) and dephosphorylation (by phosphatases) serve diverse roles in cellular regulation and signaling. Whereas phosphatases remove phosphate groups from molecules, kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups to molecules from ATP. Together, kinases and phosphatases direct a form of post-translational modification that is essential to the cell's regulatory network.

Phosphatase enzymes are not to be confused with phosphorylase enzymes, which catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from hydrogen phosphate to an acceptor. Due to their prevalence in cellular regulation, phosphatases are an area of interest for pharmaceutical research.
Pastitsada
Pastitsada (Greek: Παστιτσάδα) is a Greek dish consisting of pasta topped with meat braised in a spicy tomato-based sauce. Often associated with the island of Corfu, where it is a traditional Sunday dinner, it is sometimes called pastitsada Korfiatiki.

The name comes from the Venetian pastizzada (standard Italian pasticciata) lit. 'something messed up', which is used for a large variety of Italian braised meat dishes, generally served with polenta, mashed potatoes, or pasta.

Pastitsada is based on veal, beef or poultry cooked in fresh or canned tomatoes, olive oil, minced onions, garlic, salt, black pepper, white wine, vinegar, cloves, bay leaf, cinnamon, butter and served over pasta. It is usually topped with  grated kefalotyri or Parmesan cheese. The dish shows Italian influence.

Clove
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum (/sɪˈzɪdʒiːəm ˌærəˈmætɪkəm/). They are native to the Maluku Islands, or Moluccas, in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice, flavoring, or fragrance in consumer products, such as toothpaste, soaps, or cosmetics. Cloves are available throughout the year owing to different harvest seasons across various countries.
Richard Neave
Richard Neave (born c 1936) is a British expert in forensic facial reconstruction.
Neave became an expert in anatomical art and was on the staff of the Unit of Art in Medicine at the University of Manchester.

He has used his skill in recreating faces from skulls in police forensic work and in producing images of historical figures. One of his reconstructions was of a bog body known as Yde Girl. In 1998, a murder investigation resulted in a successful prosecution as a result of Neave's work. Neave's archaeological reconstructions include Philip II of Macedon and Midas. In 2001, the television programme Son of God used one of three first-century Jewish skulls from a leading department of forensic science in Israel to depict Jesus in a new way. Neave constructed a face using forensic anthropology which suggested that Jesus would have had a broad face and large nose, and differed significantly from the traditional depictions of Jesus in Renaissance art.

Forensic facial reconstruction
Forensic facial reconstruction (or forensic facial approximation) is the process of recreating the face of an individual (whose identity is often not known) from their skeletal remains through an amalgamation of artistry, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy.  It is easily the most subjective—as well as one of the most controversial—techniques in the field of forensic anthropology.  Despite this controversy, facial reconstruction has proved successful frequently enough that research and methodological developments continue to be advanced.

In addition to identification of unidentified decedents, facial reconstructions are created for remains believed to be of historical value and for remains of prehistoric hominids and humans.
Kegashka
Kegaska is a locality in the Côte-Nord region of eastern Quebec, Canada, and part of the municipality of Côte-Nord-du-Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent. Kegaska is the easternmost point in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada to be reachable by road without passing through Newfoundland and Labrador. In the 2011 Canadian census, the locality had a population of 138. Quebec Route 138 reached the community on September 26, 2013, with the inauguration of a bridge across the Natashquan River.

It is an unconstituted locality (as defined by Statistics Canada in the Canada 2011 Census) within the municipality of Côte-Nord-du-Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent.

Magdalen Islands
The Magdalen Islands (French: Îles de la Madeleine, pronounced [il də la madlɛn]) are a Canadian archipelago in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Since 2005, the 12-island archipelago is divided into two municipalities: the majority-francophone Municipality of Îles-de-la-Madeleine and the majority-anglophone Municipality of Grosse-Île, in the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region, Quebec.
Tonga women's national rugby union team
The Tonga women's national rugby union team (Tongan: timi feohi ʻakapulu fakafonua fefine ʻa Tonga) are a national sporting side of Tonga, representing them at rugby union. They compete annually in the Oceania Rugby Women's Championship.

Tongan language
Tongan (English pronunciation: /ˈtɒŋ(ɡ)ən/ TONG-(g)ən; lea fakatonga) is an Austronesian language of the Polynesian branch native to the island nation of Tonga. It has around 187,000 speakers. It uses the word order verb–subject–object and, although primarily spoken, the written form uses Latin script.
Lauriston Castle
Lauriston Castle is a 16th-century tower house with 19th-century extensions overlooking the Firth of Forth, in Edinburgh, Scotland. It lies on Cramond Road South, between Cramond, Davidson's Mains, and Silverknowes. The substantial grounds, Lauriston Castle Gardens, operate as a local park. The castle was bequeathed to the Edinburgh Corporation (post 1975 known as Edinburgh City Council) and hosts the Lord Provost's annual Garden Party. The house is a Category A listed building and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

Tower house
A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation. Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages, especially in mountainous or limited access areas, to command and defend strategic points with reduced forces. At the same time, they were also used as an aristocrat's residence, around which a castle town was often constructed.
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (UK: /lɛfˈtɛnənt/), or more formally Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 until the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922). The office, under its various names, was often more generally known as the viceroy, and his wife was known as the vicereine. The government of Ireland in practice was usually in the hands of the Lord Deputy up to the 17th century, and later of the Chief Secretary for Ireland.

Celbridge
Celbridge (/ˈsɛlbrɪdʒ/; Irish: Cill Droichid [ˌciːl̠ʲ ˈd̪ˠɾˠeːdʲ]) is a town and townland on the River Liffey in County Kildare, Ireland. It is 23 km (14 mi) west of Dublin. Both a local centre and a commuter town within the Greater Dublin Area, it is located at the intersection of the R403 and R405 regional roads. As of the 2022 census, Celbridge was the third largest town in County Kildare by population, with 20,601 residents.

The town originated in the 13th century, the name Cill Droichid being anglicised to Celbridge after 1714.
Frederick S. Woods
Frederick Shenstone Woods (1864–1950) was an American mathematician.

He was a part of the mathematics faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1895 to 1934, being head of the department of mathematics from 1930 to 1934 and chairman of the MIT faculty from 1931 to 1933.

His textbook on analytic geometry in 1897 was reviewed by Maxime Bôcher.

In 1901 he wrote on Riemannian geometry and curvature of Riemannian manifolds. In 1903 he spoke on non-Euclidean geometry.

Maxime Bôcher
Maxime Bôcher (August 28, 1867 – September 12, 1918) was an American mathematician who published about 100 papers on differential equations, series, and algebra. He also wrote elementary texts such as Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry. Bôcher's theorem, Bôcher's equation, and the Bôcher Memorial Prize are named after him.
Estriol phosphate
Estriol phosphate (E3P), or estriol 17β-phosphate, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol 17β-(dihydrogen phosphate), is an estrogen which was never marketed. It is an estrogen ester, specifically an ester of estriol with phosphoric acid, and acts as a prodrug of estriol by cleavage via phosphatase enzymes in the body. Estriol phosphate is contained within the chemical structure of polyestriol phosphate (a polymer of estriol phosphate), and this medication has been marketed for medical use (brand names Gynäsan, Klimadurin, Triodurin).

Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula H3PO4. It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution, which is a colourless, odourless, and non-volatile syrupy liquid. It is a major industrial chemical, being a component of many fertilizers.

The compound is an acid. Removal of all three H+ ions gives the phosphate ion PO3−4. Removal of one or two protons gives dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO−4, and the hydrogen phosphate ion HPO2−4, respectively. Phosphoric acid forms esters, called organophosphates.

The name "orthophosphoric acid" can be used to distinguish this specific acid from other "phosphoric acids", such as pyrophosphoric acid. Nevertheless, the term "phosphoric acid" often means this specific compound; and that is the current IUPAC nomenclature.
7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles)
The 7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles) (7th RLM) was an auxiliary regiment raised in the county of Lancashire in North West England just before the Crimean War. It later became part of the Lancashire Fusiliers. Although primarily intended for home defence, its battalions saw active service during the Second Boer War. Following conversion to the Special Reserve (SR) under the Haldane Reforms it supplied reinforcements to the fighting battalions during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953.

13th Hussars
The 13th Hussars (previously the 13th Light Dragoons) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army established in 1715. It saw service for three centuries including the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War and the First World War but then amalgamated with the 18th Royal Hussars, to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars in 1922.
Byron Baer
Byron M. Baer (October 18, 1929 – June 24, 2007) was an American civil rights activist and Democratic Party politician who represented the New Jersey's 37th legislative district in the General Assembly from 1972 to 1994 and the Senate from 1994 to 2005.

Baer was the primary author of the Open Public Meetings Act, the basic public records law in New Jersey, which was later renamed in his honor. He was an advocate of open government throughout his legislative career. Baer also sponsored a bill establishing New Jersey's Office of the Child Advocate and the state's identity theft law.

Public records
Public records are documents or pieces of information that are not considered confidential and generally pertain to the conduct of government.

Depending on jurisdiction, examples of public records includes information pertaining to births, deaths, marriages, and documented transaction with government agencies.

Attitudes and expectations about what information should be made public have been studied.
Frédéric Schmied
Frédéric Schmied (26 July 1893 – 23 September 1972) was a Swiss sculptor. He attended the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Geneva (1916–1921). Schmied's work was exhibited at the Musée Rath in October 1931. His work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Musée Rath
The Musée Rath is an art museum in Geneva, used exclusively for temporary exhibitions. Its building is the oldest purpose-built art museum in Switzerland, and the original home of Geneva's Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

It is located on Place Neuve, in front of the old city walls, next to the Grand Théâtre and near the Conservatoire de Musique.
Ambrosini SAI.1
The Ambrosini SAI 1 was a two-seat biplane aircraft built in Italy to compete in the 1935 Avioraduno del Littorio ("Littorio Aviation Rally)"  air rally.  It was of conventional configuration, and featured a neatly cowled radial engine and a long canopy fairing for added streamlining.

Cowling
A cowling (or cowl) is the removable covering of a vehicle's engine, most often found on automobiles, motorcycles, airplanes, and on outboard boat motors. On airplanes, cowlings are used to reduce drag and to cool the engine. On boats, cowlings are a cover for an outboard motor. In addition to protecting the engine, outboard motor cowlings need to admit air while keeping water out of the air intake.
Sabhyata Dwar
The  Sabhyata Dwar or Civilization Gate is a sandstone arch monument located on the banks on River Ganga in the city of Patna in the Indian state of Bihar. The Sabhyata Dwar is built with a Mauryan-style architecture with a purpose to show the ancient glory of Pataliputra and traditions and culture of the state of Bihar. The monument was first envisioned by the former Lieutenant General Srinivas Kumar Sinha. The 32 metres (105 ft) high structure is taller than Gateway of India by 6 metres (20 ft) and was built at a cost of ₹ 5 crore (50 million). The monument is spread over an area of one acre within the campus of Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre. The arches of the Dwar contain inscriptions attributed to Megasthenes, Ashoka, Buddha and Mahavira. Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar inaugurated the monument on 21 May 2018.

Srinivas Kumar Sinha
Lieutenant General Srinivas Kumar Sinha, PVSM, ADC (7 January 1926 – 17 November 2016) was an Indian Army General who served as the Vice Chief of Army Staff. After his retirement, he served as Governor of the states of Jammu and Kashmir, and Assam.
California Desert Protection Act of 2010
The California Desert Protection Act of 2010 (S.2921, 111th Congress) was legislation proposed by U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein. The stated aim of the legislation was "to provide for conservation, enhanced recreation opportunities, and development of renewable energy in the California Desert Conservation Area."

Habitat conservation
Habitat conservation is a management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore habitats and prevent species extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range. It is a priority of many groups that cannot be easily characterized in terms of any one ideology.
Paula Contreras Márquez
Paula Contreras Márquez (Aldea de Los Zapateros, Córdoba, Andalusia, 8 January 1911 – Puerto Real, Cádiz, 3 February 2008) was a novelist and author of short stories and tales.

Marquez was honored by a route around the town of Moriles, which was depicted in many of her notable works.

Moriles
Moriles is a town and municipality in the province of Córdoba (Andalusia, Spain). In 2018 it had a population of 3,726. The municipality covers an area of about 20 km2 and has a population density of about 194 inhabitants/km2. The town is located about 65 km south of the provincial capital, Córdoba, at an altitude of 375 m above sea level.

It is known for its olive oil and fortified sherry-like wines known as Montilla-Moriles.
John Friedman
John N. Friedman is an economist who currently serves as Professor of Economics, Chair of Economics, and Professor of International and Public Affairs at Brown University. He additionally co-directs Opportunity Insights and is a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Since July 1, 2025, Friedman has been the inaugural dean of the Thomas J. Watson Jr. School of International and Public Affairs at Brown University.

National Bureau of Economic Research
The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is an American private nonprofit research organization "committed to undertaking and disseminating unbiased economic research among public policymakers, business professionals, and the academic community." The NBER is known for proposing start and end dates for recessions in the United States.

Many chairpersons of the Council of Economic Advisers were previously NBER research associates, including the former NBER president and Harvard professor Martin Feldstein. The NBER's current president and CEO is James M. Poterba of MIT.
Out of Vogue
Out of Vogue is the debut EP by American punk rock band the Middle Class. It was distributed locally by independent label Joke Records in January 1979, though it received only small local success in an era where punk had virtually no chance of radio airplay in the US. The band has achieved more recognition in recent years, being featured in the documentary American Hardcore in 2006. According to the documentary, vocalist Jeff Atta quoted that instead of learning instruments and adopting punk as a style, the band instead learned to play the first punk rock records, also relying on precision rather than perfection.

The EP, coming as it did before most other generally recognized landmarks of hardcore punk, is, along with Black Flag's Nervous Breakdown EP, sometimes considered the first record in the genre.

American Hardcore (film)
American Hardcore: The History of American Punk Rock 1980–1986 is a 2006 documentary film directed and produced by Paul Rachman and written by Steven Blush.
It is based on the 2001 book American Hardcore: A Tribal History also written by Blush.  It had its world premiere at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and was released on September 22, 2006 on a limited basis by Sony Pictures Classics. The film features some early pioneers of the hardcore punk music scene including Bad Brains, Black Flag, D.O.A., Minor Threat, Minutemen, SSD, and others. It was released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on February 20, 2007.
Timeline of hypertext technology
This article presents a timeline of hypertext technology, including "hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from ancient times and up to the present day. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson.

See also Graphical user interface, Multimedia; also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910.

Chronology
Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, 'time'; and -λογία, -logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as in a timeline or other sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".

Chronology is a part of periodization. It is also a part of the discipline of history including earth history, the earth sciences, and study of the geologic time scale.
The Copper Mark
The Copper Mark is a certification mark within the mining industry that assures that the production in a particular mine or ancillary facility is aligned with the to the United Nations sustainable development goals. The certificate is granted after approval in independent third-party assessment in 33 items divided into three categories; governance, social and environmental. The Copper Mark was created by the International Copper Association.

As of September 2022 the following mines in Chile hold The Copper Mark; Escondida, Spence, El Abra, Los Bronces, El Soldado, Antucoya, Centinela and Zaldívar. In addition, the copper smelter of Chagres also has the certification.

Escondida
Escondida is a large open-pit copper mine at 3,100 m (10,200 ft) elevation in the Atacama Desert in Antofagasta Region, Chile. It has for decades been one of world's most productive copper mines and is the mine that leads in copper and gold production in Chile. In 2019 it was estimated that the mine and its ancillary industries contributed to 2.5% to Chile's GDP. The mine's produce is largely exported to China as ore concentrate that contained as of 2020 an estimate of 4% chalcopyrite, 35% chalcocite and 46% pyrite.

As of 2024 Escondida has each year been the most productive copper mine in Chile since 1996 more than doubling the produce of the next largest mine, Collahuasi, in four of the last ten years up to 2024.