hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature
The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature (German: Differenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Naturphilosophie) is a work completed in 1841 by German philosopher Karl Marx as his doctoral dissertation at the University of Jena. The thesis is a comparative study on atomism of Democritus and Epicurus on contingency and dedicated to Marx's friend, mentor, and future father-in-law, Ludwig von Westphalen. Francis Wheen describes it as "a daring and original piece of work in which Marx set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy".

Contingency (philosophy)
In logic, contingency is the feature of a statement making it neither necessary nor impossible. Contingency is a fundamental concept of modal logic. Modal logic concerns the manner, or mode, in which statements are true. Contingency is one of three basic modes alongside necessity and impossibility. In modal logic, a contingent statement stands in the modal realm between what is necessary and what is impossible, never crossing into the territory of either status. Contingent and necessary statements form the complete set of possible statements.  While this definition is widely accepted, the precise distinction (or lack thereof) between what is contingent and what is necessary has been challenged since antiquity.
Figge Norling
Fredrik Olof Johan "Figge" Norling (born 1 May 1965) is a Swedish actor and theatre director. He is known for being the voice for Emperor Kuzco from the Swedish dub of The Emperor's New Groove.

Norling was born  in Lycksele, Sweden. He was educated at the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting in Stockholm. He has been engaged at the National Swedish Touring Theatre, the Royal Dramatic Theatre, the Boulevardteatern and Intiman. His voice is best known from SR's program Clownen luktar bensin, where he also was active as screenwriter.

He is married to the actress Tova Magnusson Norling.

Sveriges Radio
Sveriges Radio AB (Swedish: [ˈsvæ̌rjɛs ˈrɑ̌ːdɪʊ]; lit. 'Sweden's Radio'; SR), also called Swedish Radio in English, is Sweden's national publicly funded radio broadcaster. Sveriges Radio is a public limited company, owned by an independent foundation, previously funded through a licensing fee, the level of which is decided by the Swedish Riksdag. As of 1 January 2019, the funds stem from standard taxation. No advertising is permitted. Its legal status could be described as that of a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization.
Isothetic polygon
An isothetic polygon is a polygon whose alternate sides  belong to two parametric families of straight lines which are pencils of lines with centers at two points (possibly the point at infinity). The most well-known example of isothetic polygons are rectilinear polygons, and the former term is commonly used as a synonym for the latter one.

Line (geometry)
In geometry, a straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature. It is a special case of a curve and an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge, a taut string, or a ray of light. Lines are spaces of dimension one, which may be embedded in spaces of dimension two, three, or higher. The word line may also refer, in everyday life, to a line segment, which is a part of a line delimited by two points (its endpoints).

Euclid's Elements defines a straight line as a "breadthless length" that "lies evenly with respect to the points on itself", and introduced several postulates as basic unprovable properties on which the rest of geometry was established. Euclidean line and Euclidean geometry are terms introduced to avoid confusion with generalizations introduced since the end of the 19th century, such as non-Euclidean, projective, and affine geometry.
Gorodishchensky District
Gorodishchensky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia.

Gorodishchensky District, Penza Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Penza Oblast

Gorodishchensky District, Volgograd Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Volgograd Oblast

Gorodishchensky District, Penza Oblast
Gorodishchensky District (Russian: Городи́щенский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Penza Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,053 square kilometers (793 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Gorodishche. Population: 52,480 (2010 Census);  53,125 (2002 Census); 58,266 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Gorodishche accounts for 15.4% of the district's total population.
Dawa Chaffa
Dawa Chaffa is a district located in the Oromia Zone of the Amhara region of Ethiopia.  Dawa Chaffa (10°49′N 39°49′E﻿ / ﻿10.82°N 39.81°E﻿ / 10.82; 39.81) is bordered on the south by Artuma Fursi, on the southwest by the Semien Shewa Zone, on the northwest by the Debub Wollo Zone, on the northeast by the Argobba special woreda, and on the east by Dawa Harewa. Towns in Dawa Cheffa include Welede. Dawa Chaffa was part of former Chaffa Gola Dewerahmedo woreda. The town of Kamisee is surrounded by Dawa Chaffa.

Amhara Region
The Amhara Region (Amharic: አማራ ክልል, romanized: Åmara Kilil), officially the Amhara National Regional State (Amharic: የአማራ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግሥት, romanized: yeämara bıħérawi kılılawi mengıct), is a regional state in northern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Amhara, Awi, Argobba, and Qemant people. Its capital is Bahir Dar which is the seat of the Regional Government of Amhara. Amhara is the site of the largest inland body of water in Ethiopia, Lake Tana (which is the source of the Blue Nile), Grand Renaissance Dam and Semien Mountains National Park (which includes Ras Dashan, the highest point in Ethiopia). Amhara is bordered by Sudan to the west and northwest and by these regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to southwest, and Oromia to the south. Towns and cities in Amhara include: Dessie, Gonder, Debre Birhan, Debre Tabor, Kombolcha, Weldiya, Debre Markos, Seqota, Kobo, and Metema. The Regions name is said to mean “noble” or “highland”.
Gregory H. Robinson
Gregory H. Robinson FRSC is an American synthetic inorganic chemist and a Foundation Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of Georgia. Robinson's research focuses on unusual bonding motifs and low oxidation state chemistry of molecules containing main group elements such as boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus, magnesium, and silicon. He has published over 150 research articles, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2021.

Inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers chemical compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.
Otterington Bridge
Otterington Bridge is a historic structure connecting South Otterington and Newby Wiske, villages in North Yorkshire, in England.

The bridge, across the River Wiske, was constructed to carry the main road from Northallerton to Boroughbridge.  It was designed by John Carr and was completed in 1776.  The construction cost £680.  The bridge was grade II listed in 1987.

The bridge is built of stone and consists of five segmental arches, the middle arch larger, with voussoirs and hood moulds. By the ends of the bridge are pilaster buttresses, and the parapet is coped.

River Wiske
The River Wiske is a tributary of the River Swale in Yorkshire, England. The Wiske gives its name to several villages it passes through. The name Wiske is derived from an Old English word wisca meaning a water meadow. It was once known as the Foulbroke, a name for which some writers commented that it was well deserved.

The river was maintained by the River Wiske Internal Drainage Board, which was part of the Shires Group of IDBs. It is within the national character areas (NCAs) of the Vale of Mowbray and the Tees Lowlands.
The Hidden Blade
The Hidden Blade (隠し剣 鬼の爪, Kakushi ken: Oni no tsume; literally "Hidden Blade: Oni's Claw") is a 2004 film set in 1860s Japan, directed by Yoji Yamada. The plot revolves around several samurai during a time of change in the ruling and class structures of Japan. The film was written by Yamada with Yoshitaka Asama and, like its predecessor The Twilight Samurai (2002), based on a short story by Shūhei Fujisawa. The soundtrack is an original composition by Isao Tomita.

Yukiyoshi Ozawa
Yukiyoshi Ozawa (小澤 征悦, Ozawa Yukiyoshi; born 6 June 1974, in San Francisco) is an American-born Japanese actor. He gained notable fame near the end of 2017 for his involvement in the Long Long Man commercials produced by UHA for their Sakeru Gummy brand, in which he portrayed the titular character.
Martin Hinton (judge)
Martin Gerard Hinton KC is the Director of Public Prosecutions for South Australia, and a former justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia and Solicitor-General of South Australia. Hinton was admitted to legal practice in December 1989 after completing his studies at the University of South Australia. He worked in the United Kingdom for the Crown Prosecution Service. On his return to Adelaide he worked as a prosecutor for the Director of Public Prosecutions and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 2006. He was appointed Solicitor-General in 2008 and held that office until 2016 when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of South Australia. He resigned as a Judge in late 2019 to take up an appointment as the Director of Public Prosecutions. Hinton is also an adjunct professor at the University of Adelaide and at the University of South Australia, teaching Constitutional Law.

Adjunct professor
An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time. The terms of this appointment and the job security of the tenure vary in different parts of the world, but the term is generally agreed to mean a bona-fide part-time faculty member in an adjunct position at an institution of higher education.
International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981
International cricket in South Africa between 1971 and 1981 consisted of four private tours arranged by English sports promoter Derrick Robins, two tours by a private team called the "International Wanderers", and one women's Test match. The apartheid policy followed by the South African Governments of the day meant that no Test match playing nation was willing to tour, thereby depriving world cricket of leading stars such as Graeme Pollock, Barry Richards, Clive Rice and Eddie Barlow.

Clive Radley
Clive Thornton Radley MBE (born 13 May 1944) is an English former cricketer, who played eight Test matches and four One Day Internationals for England. He was selected as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1979.
Jimmy Endeley
Jimmy Endeley (born 3 September 1971) is a Swedish actor.

Endeley studied at Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting in Stockholm 1992–95. He has been involved at Folkteatern in Gävle, Uppsala City Theatre and the Royal Dramatic Theatre. Endeley is best known for his role as Robban in the films about the police Martin Beck.

Royal Dramatic Theatre
The Royal Dramatic Theatre (Swedish: Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern, colloquially Dramaten) is Sweden's national stage for "spoken drama", founded in 1788. Around one thousand shows are put on annually on the theatre's five running stages.

The theatre has been at its present location in the Art Nouveau building at Nybroplan, Stockholm, since 1908. The theatre was built by the architect Fredrik Lilljekvist. Famous artists like Carl Milles and Carl Larsson were involved in making the decorations, and some of the interior decorations were made by Prince Eugen.

The theatre's acting school, the Royal Dramatic Training Academy, produced many actors and directors who would go on to be famous, including Gustaf Molander (who also taught there), Alf Sjöberg, Greta Garbo, Vera Schmiterlöw, Signe Hasso, Ingrid Bergman, Gunnar Björnstrand, Max von Sydow, and Bibi Andersson. The school was split off as a separate institution in 1967 (see Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting).
Alexandru Dobra
Catholicism portal

Alexandru Dobra (15 February 1794 – 13 April 1870) was a Romanian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was the first bishop of the new created Romanian Catholic Eparchy of Lugoj from 1854 to 1870.

Born in Șopteriu, Bistrița-Năsăud, Habsburg monarchy (present day – Romania) in 1794, he was ordained a priest on 1 November 1818. He was confirmed the Bishop by the Holy See on 16 November 1854. He was consecrated to the Episcopate on 28 October 1855. The principal consecrator was Archbishop Alexandru Sterca-Șuluțiu, the co-consecrators were Bishop Vasile Erdeli and Bishop Angelo Parsi.

He died in Lugoj (present day – Romania) on 13 April 1870.

Episcopal polity
An episcopal polity, also known as episcopalianism, is a hierarchical form of church governance in which the chief local authorities are called bishops. The word "bishop" here is derived via the British Latin and Vulgar Latin term *ebiscopus/*biscopus, from Ancient Greek  ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos) 'overseer'. It is the structure used by many of the major Christian Churches and denominations, such as the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, Anabaptist, Lutheran, and Anglican churches or denominations, and other churches founded independently from these lineages. Many Methodist denominations have a form of episcopal polity known as connexionalism.
Guy Russell
Admiral Sir Guy Herbrand Edward Russell, GBE, KCB, DSO (14 April 1898 – 25 September 1977) was a senior Royal Navy officer. He served as Commander-in-Chief, Far East Fleet from 1951 to 1953 during the Korean War, Second Sea Lord from 1953 to 1955, and Commandant of the Imperial Defence College from 1956 until his retirement in 1958.

Admiral (Royal Navy)
Admiral (Adm) is a senior rank of the Royal Navy, which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9, outranked only by the rank of admiral of the fleet. Royal Navy officers holding the ranks of rear admiral, vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of the fleet being in abeyance except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the royal family.

The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is general; and in the Royal Air Force, it is air chief marshal.
Baihao Yinzhen
Baihao Yinzhen (simplified Chinese: 白毫银针; traditional Chinese: 白毫銀針; pinyin: báiháo yínzhēn; Wade–Giles: bai2-hao2 yin2-chên1; pronounced [pǎɪ.xǎʊ ǐn.ʈʂə́n]), also known as White Hair Silver Needle, is a white tea produced in Fujian Province in China. Amongst white teas, this is the most expensive variety and the most prized, as only top buds (leaf shoot) of the Camellia sinensis plant are used to produce the tea. Genuine Silver Needles are made from cultivars of the Da Bai (Large White) tea tree family. There are other productions that look similar with downy leaf shoots but most are green teas, and as green teas, they taste differently and have a different biochemical potency than the genuine white tea Silver Needle. It is commonly included among China's famous teas.

Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree in the flowering plant family Theaceae. Its leaves, leaf buds, and stems are used to produce tea. Common names include tea plant, tea shrub, and tea tree (unrelated to Melaleuca alternifolia, the source of tea tree oil, or the genus Leptospermum commonly called tea tree).

White tea, yellow tea, green tea, oolong, dark tea (which includes pu-erh tea) and black tea are all made from two of the five varieties which form the main crops now grown, C. sinensis var. sinensis and C. s. var. assamica, but are processed differently to attain varying levels of oxidation with black tea being the most oxidized and white being the least. Kukicha (twig tea) is also made from C. sinensis, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves.
William Badgley
William Badgley (27 March 1801 – 24 December 1888) was a Canadian born in Lower Canada, educated there, and admitted to the Lower Canadian bar in 1823. He became a judge and attorney general for Canada East.

He was also the founder of a law firm now known as the Montreal office of Borden Ladner Gervais LLP.

From 1855 to 1857 he was professor of law at McGill College and was the first dean of the Faculty of Law.

He was the son of Francis Badgley (1767–1841), a merchant with family business connections to the London fur trade. He was a brother to Francis and Elizabeth, wife of William Molson.

Fur trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, and the South Shetland and South Sandwich Islands.

Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas.
Prisoners (Gotham)
"Prisoners" is the sixteenth episode of the second season, and 38th episode overall from the Fox series Gotham. The episode was written by executive producer Danny Cannon and directed by Scott White. It was first broadcast on March 28, 2016. In the episode, Gordon is sent to prison after being framed by Nygma into the murder of Theo Galavan and Carl Pinkney. Meanwhile, Cobblepot continues to bond with his father while his stepmother and step-siblings plan to kill him. This episode also has the fewest cast members as only Ben McKenzie, Donal Logue, Robin Lord Taylor and Cory Michael Smith appear.

The episode received positive reviews with critics praising Reubens' chemistry with Taylor and the episode's comparison to The Shawshank Redemption.

Melinda Clarke
Melinda Patrice Clarke (born April 24, 1969) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Faith Taylor on the soap opera Days of Our Lives (1989–1990), Julie Cooper on Fox's teen drama series The O.C. (2003–2007), Lady Heather on CBS's crime drama series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2001–2015) and Amanda on the action thriller series Nikita (2010–2013).
Titus Junius Montanus
Titus Junius Montanus was a Roman of the first century and suffect consul in AD 81 with Lucius Julius Vettius Paullus as his colleague. An inscription found in Alexandria Troas indicates that was his hometown, making Montanus the first person from the Greek portion of the Roman Empire admitted to the Roman senate.

Syme further identifies Montanus with "the slow fat senator of Juvenal 4.107", and suggests that he may be the Montanus mentioned in another passage (4.137).

Alexandria Troas
Alexandria Troas ("Alexandria of the Troad"; Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια Τρωάς; Turkish: Eski Stambul, "Old Istanbul") is the site of an ancient Greek city situated on the Aegean Sea near the northern tip of Turkey's western coast, the area known historically as Troad, a little south of Tenedos (modern Bozcaada). It is located southeast of modern Dalyan, a village in the Ezine district of Çanakkale Province. The site sprawls over an estimated 400 hectares (990 acres); among the few structures remaining today are a ruined bath, an odeon, a theatre, gymnasium complex and a recently uncovered stadion.  The circuit of the old walls can still be traced.
Crippa
Crippa is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dante Crippa (1937–2021), Italian footballer

Edward D. Crippa (1899–1960), American politician

Fábio Crippa (1928–2011), Brazilian footballer

Maddalena Crippa (born 1957), Italian actress

Massimo Crippa (born 1965), Italian footballer

Yemaneberhan Crippa (born 1996), Italian athlete

Massimo Crippa
Massimo Crippa (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmassimo ˈkrippa]; born 17 May 1965) is an Italian former professional footballer, who played as a midfielder; he is the current sporting director of Renate. Crippa played for several Italian clubs throughout his career, winning several titles during his spells with Napoli and Parma. At international level, he represented the Italy national football team at the 1988 and the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Heritage Place (Ottawa)
Built in 1985, Heritage Place is located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and home to many Government of Canada offices. The government departments in the building include Environment Canada and Industry Canada.

The building has 14 storeys and offers views of the Sparks Street Mall and Parliament Hill. The building offers underground parking as well as a small café called Biscotti's Coffee House which offers lunch specials and snacks.

Since the opening of the Confederation Line in September 2019, the corner of O'Connor and Queen features an integrated entrance to Parliament station.

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED; French: Innovation, Sciences et Développement économique Canada; ISDE) is a department of the Government of Canada. ISED is responsible for a number of the federal government's functions in regulating industry and commerce, promoting science and innovation, and supporting economic development. The department was known as Industry Canada (IC) prior to 2015.

The department is led by the Minister of Industry (currently Mélanie Joly), who also serves as the Minister responsible for Canada Economic Development for Quebec Regions. Several other ministerial portfolios are associated with the department. While the minister is head of the department, and provides policy/political direction, the day-to-day operations of the department are managed by the deputy minister, who is a public servant. The department headquarters are located at the C.D. Howe Building at 235 Queen Street in Ottawa, Ontario.
Adamchini rice
Adamchini Chawal  is a variety of non-Basmati, traditional, short-grained aromatic rice mainly grown in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is a common and widely cultivated crop in Chandauli, Mirzapur, Varanasi and Sonebhadra, and Vindhya region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Under its Geographical Indication tag, it is referred to as "Adamchini Chawal ".

Varanasi district
Varanasi district is a district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, with the holy city of Varanasi as the district headquarters. It is also the headquarters of the Varanasi division which contains 4 districts (including Varanasi).

It is surrounded by Mirzapur district, Jaunpur district, Ghazipur district, Chandauli district, and Bhadohi district. The Ganga (Ganges) river flows through the district. Part of the Varanasi division, the district occupies an area of 1,535 square kilometres (593 sq mi) and as of the 2011 Census of India, it had a population of 3,676,841.