hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hammett acidity function
The Hammett acidity function (H0) is a measure of acidity that is used for very concentrated solutions of strong acids, including superacids. It was proposed by the physical organic chemist Louis Plack Hammett and is the best-known acidity function used to extend the measure of Brønsted–Lowry acidity beyond the dilute aqueous solutions for which the pH scale is useful.

In highly concentrated solutions, simple approximations such as the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation are no longer valid due to the variations of the activity coefficients. The Hammett acidity function is used in fields such as physical organic chemistry for the study of acid-catalyzed reactions, because some of these reactions use acids in very high concentrations, or even neat (pure).

Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq). The word aqueous (which comes from aqua) means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Since water is frequently used as the solvent in experiments, the word solution refers to an aqueous solution, unless the solvent is specified.

A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is a liquid, but is not water.
Geography of Indiana
The geography of Indiana comprises the physical features of the land and relative location of U.S. State of Indiana. Indiana is in the north-central United States and borders on Lake Michigan. Surrounding states are Michigan to the north and northeast, Illinois to the west, Kentucky to the south, and Ohio to the east. The entire southern boundary is the Ohio River.

Wayne County, Indiana
Wayne County is a county located in east central Indiana, United States, on the border with Ohio. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 66,553.  The county seat is Richmond. Wayne County comprises the Richmond, Indiana Micropolitan Statistical Area. Richmond hosts Earlham College, a small private liberal arts college.
Matt James (game designer)
Matt James is an American game designer and a decorated veteran of the United States Army. As a game designer, James is best known for his online and print works for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game published by Wizards of the Coast, Pathfinder role-playing game by Paizo, and Privateer Press. He has also designed game content for Wolfgang Baur's Kobold Press (formerly Open Design LLC). In 2012 James won an ENnie Award for Monster Vault: Threats to the Nentir Vale and has been nominated for several Origins Awards. In 2014, James won an ENnie Award for Pathfinder Roleplaying Game: Bestiary 4.

Paizo
Paizo Inc. (/ˈpaɪzoʊ/; originally Paizo Publishing) is an American role-playing game publishing company based in Redmond, Washington, best known for the tabletop role-playing games Pathfinder and Starfinder. The company's name is derived from the Greek word παίζω paízō, which means 'I play' or 'to play'. Paizo also runs an online retail store selling role-playing games board games, comic books, toys, clothing, accessories and other products, as well as an internet forum community.
Sophie De Wit
Sophie De Wit (born 28 August 1973 in Deurne) is a Belgian lawyer and politician and is affiliated to the N-VA. She was elected as a member of the Flemish Parliament in 2009.  On 6 July 2010 her membership came to an end as she became that day a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives after being elected in June 2010.

De Wit graduated with a law degree from the Catholic University of Leuven in 1996 and then followed a one-year additional training in criminal law in Paris. She became a lawyer by profession.

She has also been mayor of Aartselaar since 2013.

Deurne, Belgium
Deurne (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdøːrnə] ⓘ) is the second largest district of the municipality of Antwerp, Belgium, (right after the Antwerp town district) and has 85,283 inhabitants (2025).

It was a separate municipality until 1983. On 1 January 1983, it was absorbed into the municipality of Greater Antwerp whereby Deurne became one of the 9 districts.

Deurne is best known for its green environment with the biggest park in Antwerp Rivierenhof.
1979 Tel Aviv Open
The 1979 Tel Aviv Open was a men's tennis tournament played on hard courts that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was played at the Israel Tennis Centers in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat HaSharon, Israel from October 8 through October 13, 1979. Second-seeded Tom Okker won the singles title.

Ramat HaSharon
Ramat HaSharon (Hebrew: רמת השרון, lit. 'The Sharon Highplain', רָמַת הַשָּׁרוֹן‎) is an affluent city located on Israel's central coastal strip in the south of the Sharon region, bordering the cities of Tel Aviv to the south, Hod-HaSharon to the east, and Herzliya and kibbutz Glil Yam to the north. It is part of the Tel Aviv District, within the Gush Dan metropolitan area. In 2023 Ramat HaSharon had a population of 49,002 and its citizens are nearly entirely Jewish.
Sudergoa
Together with Westergoa and Eastergoa Sudergoa was one of the three goaën of the Dutch province of Friesland during the Middle Ages.
From the 13th century on Sudergoa became a part of Westergoa.

Stavoren has been the centre of Sudergoa.

Stavoren
Stavoren (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈstaːvərə(n)]; West Frisian: Starum [ˈstaːrəm]; previously Staveren) is a city in the province of Friesland, Netherlands, on the coast of the IJsselmeer, about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Hindeloopen, in the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân.

Stavoren had a population of 950 in January 2017. It is one of the stops on the Elfstedentocht (English: "eleven cities tour"), an ice skating contest that occurs when the winter temperatures provide safe conditions. A ferry for pedestrians and cyclists operates between Stavoren and Enkhuizen, with increased frequency during summer months. The Friese Kustpad, a 131 kilometres (81 miles) long-distance trail to Lauwersoog, begins in Stavoren.
Hollings
Hollings is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chloé Hollings, French-Australian actress

Edmund Hollings (1556?–1612), English physician

Ernest Hollings (1922–2019), American politician

John Hollings (1683?–1739), English physician

Kenneth Hollings (1918–2008), British judge

Tony Hollings (born 1981), American football player

Tony Hollings
Tony Terrell Hollings (born December 1, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Houston Texans in the second round of the 2003 NFL draft Supplemental Draft out of Georgia Tech. He also played in the German Football League (GFL) for two seasons.
Katherine McDonald
Katherine McDonald is a British linguist and epigrapher studying the languages of pre-Roman Italy. She has written extensively on language contact and the history of multilingualism in ancient Mediterranean. She is currently an Associate Professor of Classics and Ancient History at Durham University.

She attained a PhD at Pembroke College, Cambridge. She was previously an Affiliated Lecturer at the Faculty of Classics, Cambridge, and a Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at University of Exeter.

In 2024, she was awarded the Philip Leverhulme Prize for outstanding research in Classical Studies. With this funding, she has begun a project titled "The Linguistics of Roman Slavery".

History of the Mediterranean region
The history of the Mediterranean region and of the cultures and people of the Mediterranean Basin is important for understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Carthaginian, Minoan, Greek, Persian, Illyrian, Thracian, Etruscan, Iberian, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Arab, Berber, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures. The Mediterranean Sea was the central superhighway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing three continents: Western Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe.

Various articles are available under the category: History of the Mediterranean
Rhodococcus fascians
Rhodococcus fascians (known as Corynebacterium fascians until 1984) is a Gram positive bacterial phytopathogen that causes leafy gall disease. R. fascians is the only phytopathogenic member of the genus Rhodococcus; its host range includes both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous hosts.  Because it commonly afflicts tobacco (Nicotiana) plants, it is an agriculturally significant pathogen.

Nicotiana
Nicotiana (/ˌnɪkoʊʃiˈeɪnə, nɪˌkoʊ-, -kɒti-, -ˈɑːnə, -ˈænə/) is a genus of herbaceous plants and shrubs in the family Solanaceae that is indigenous to the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. Various Nicotiana species, commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. N. tabacum is grown worldwide for the cultivation of tobacco leaves that are used for manufacturing and producing tobacco products, including cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, snuff, snus, etc.
Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games – Women's 100 metres
The women's 100 metres sprint competition of the athletics events at the 1979 Pan American Games took place on 7 and 8 July at the Estadio Sixto Escobar. The defending Pan American Games champion was Pamela Jiles of the United States.

1979 Pan American Games
The 1979 Pan American Games, officially the VIII Pan American Games (Spanish: VIII Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as San Juan 1979, were a multi-sport event governed by the Panam Sports Organization (PASO), and were held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from July 1 to  July 15, 1979. Volleyball and some baseball matches were held in Caguas, Puerto Rico. The 1980 documentary film A Step Away showcased a number of athletes competing in the Games.
Vesan
Vesan is a former lake in Sölvesborg, Blekinge County, Sweden. Originally Vesan was a strait. In the area between Ryssberget and Listerlandet, water from Hanöbukten flowed in and in effect cut off Listerlandet from the rest of the mainland. The sound was open to sail through until the 18th century, but increased growth of reeds made the opening too narrow.

The area around Vesan contains the earliest evidence of human habitation in Blekinge, a small settlement dating to 9700 BC. Nowadays the former lake is farmland. The church of Gammalstorp lies on the small hill that formerly was an island.

Hanö Bay
55°50′N 14°27′E﻿ / ﻿55.833°N 14.450°E﻿ / 55.833; 14.450

Hanö Bay (Swedish: Hanöbukten) is a sandy bay, stretching from Listerlandet in the north to Stenshuvud in the south, on the east coast of Skåne, South Sweden. It is named after Hanö island.
Percussion section
The percussion section is one of the main divisions of the orchestra and the concert band. It includes most percussion instruments and all unpitched instruments.

The percussion section is itself divided into three subsections:

Pitched percussion, consisting of pitched instruments such as glockenspiel and tubular bells.

Auxiliary percussion, consisting of all unpitched instruments such as snare drum and cymbals.

Timpani.

These three subsections reflect the three main skill areas that a percussionist studies.

Percussion sections, consisting of similar instruments, may also be found in stage bands and other musical ensembles.

Glockenspiel
The glockenspiel (/ˈɡlɒkənʃpiːl/ GLO-kən-shpeel; German pronunciation: [ˈɡlɔkənˌʃpiːl] or [ˈɡlɔkn̩ˌʃpiːl], Glocken: bells and Spiel: play) or bells is a percussion instrument consisting of pitched aluminum or steel bars arranged in a keyboard layout. This makes the glockenspiel a type of metallophone, similar to the vibraphone.

The glockenspiel is played by striking the bars with mallets, often made of a hard material such as metal or plastic. Its clear, high-pitched tone is often heard in orchestras, wind ensembles, marching bands, and in popular music.
11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Mechanized Brigade
The 11th Guards Mechanized Brigade is a unit of the Armed Forces of Belarus based in Slonim. The 11th Guards Brigade traces its history back to the 1942 formation of the 6th Tank Corps of the Soviet Army during World War II.

T-80
The T-80 is a main battle tank (MBT) that was designed and manufactured in the former Soviet Union and manufactured in Russia. The T-80 is based on the T-64, while incorporating features from the later T-72 and changing the engine to a gas turbine. When it entered service in 1976, it was the first production tank to be powered solely by turbine.

The chief designer of the T-80 was Soviet engineer Nikolay Popov. The T-80U was last produced in 2001 in a factory in Omsk, Russia. In 2023, the CEO of Uralvagonzavod announced that production would restart.

The Ukrainian T-80UD diesel engine variant continued to be produced in Ukraine. The T‑80 and its variants are in service in Belarus, Cyprus, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Ukraine further developed the T‑80UD as the T‑84.
Ohio State University Marching Band
The Ohio State University Marching Band (OSUMB) is a university marching band named for and a part of Ohio State University. The band, nicknamed The Best Damn Band in the Land (TBDBITL) (pronounced /təˈbɪtəl/), performs at football games and other events during the fall semester. It is one of the few collegiate all-brass and percussion bands in the country, and sometimes deemed the largest of its type in the world.

Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the world's largest parade, is an annual parade in New York City presented by the American department store chain Macy's. While not the first such event held in the United States, the Macy's Parade has become a traditional event watched by many millions of television viewers and in-person spectators each year. The parade was first held in 1924,: 9  tying it for the second-oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit (with both parades being four years younger than Philadelphia's Thanksgiving Day Parade). The three-hour parade is held in Manhattan, ending outside Macy's Herald Square, and takes place from 8:30 a.m. to noon Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day, and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1953.

The 100th anniversary of the first parade was 2024. Since the parade was canceled during World War II (1942–1944), the 100th parade will take place in 2026.
Daleszewo
Daleszewo [dalɛˈʂɛvɔ] (German Ferdinandstein) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfino, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Gryfino and 12 km (7 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has an approximate population of 1,100.

Gryfino
Gryfino [ɡrɨˈfʲinɔ] (German: Greifenhagen) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with 21,393 inhabitants (2017). It is the capital of Gryfino County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

The town is located on the Odra Wschodnia, the eastern branch of the Oder river, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) south of Szczecin in Poland. The western branch of the Oder, 2 km (1 mi) away from the town center, marks the border with Germany. There is a direct road link between Gryfino and the German town of Mescherin across the river.

The Crooked Forest is located in the village of Nowe Czarnowo, just outside Gryfino.
Louis Schindelmeisser
Louis (Ludwig) Alexander Balthasar Schindelmeisser (8 December 1811 - 30 March 1864) was a nineteenth-century German clarinetist, conductor and composer. He was born Königsberg, Prussia, and studied in Berlin and Leipzig. He was an early and enthusiastic partisan of Richard Wagner, arranging his first performances in Wiesbaden and Darmstadt of Tannhäuser, of which he conducted the premiere, Rienzi and Lohengrin.

Rienzi
Rienzi, der letzte der Tribunen (Rienzi, the last of the tribunes; WWV 49) is an 1842 opera by Richard Wagner in five acts, with the libretto written by the composer after Edward Bulwer-Lytton's novel of the same name (1835). The title is commonly shortened to Rienzi [ˈrjɛntsi]. Written between July 1838 and November 1840, it was first performed at the Königliches Hoftheater Dresden, on 20 October 1842, and was the composer's first success.

The opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzo (1313–1354), a late medieval Italian populist figure who succeeds in outwitting and then defeating the nobles and their followers and in raising the power of the people. Magnanimous at first, he is forced by events to crush the nobles' rebellion against the people's power, but popular opinion changes and even the Church, which had urged him to assert himself, turns against him. In the end the populace burns the Capitol, in which Rienzi and a few adherents have made a last stand.
Tetrahedral bipyramid
In 4-dimensional geometry, the tetrahedral bipyramid is the direct sum of a tetrahedron and a segment, {3,3} + { }. Each face of a central tetrahedron is attached with two tetrahedra, creating 8 tetrahedral cells, 16 triangular faces, 14 edges, and 6 vertices. A tetrahedral bipyramid can be seen as two tetrahedral pyramids augmented together at their base.

It is the dual of a tetrahedral prism, , so it can also be given a Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, , and both have Coxeter notation symmetry [2,3,3], order 48.

Being convex with all regular cells (tetrahedra) means that it is a Blind polytope.

This bipyramid exists as the cells of the dual of the uniform rectified 5-simplex, and rectified 5-cube or the dual of any uniform 5-polytope with a tetrahedral prism vertex figure. And, as well, it exists as the cells of the dual to the rectified 24-cell honeycomb.

Rectified 24-cell honeycomb
In four-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the rectified 24-cell honeycomb is a uniform space-filling honeycomb. It is constructed by a rectification of the regular 24-cell honeycomb, containing tesseract and rectified 24-cell cells.
Dapeng Subdistrict
Dapeng (Chinese: 大鹏街道; pinyin: Dàpéng jiēdào) is a subdistrict in the south east of Longgang District, in the prefecture-level city Shenzhen, in the Chinese province of Guangdong. In this area the main spoken dialects are Dapeng dialect and Bao'an Hakka.

Longgang, Shenzhen
Longgang District (simplified Chinese: 龙岗区; traditional Chinese: 龍崗區; pinyin: Lónggǎng Qū; Jyutping: lung4gong1 keoi1) is one of the nine districts of Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is located in northeastern Shenzhen. With an area of 682.87 square kilometres (263.66 sq mi), Longgang District is one of the largest districts by area in Guangdong province. The population of the district is 3,979,037 (2020).
Mathilda Batlayeri Airport
Mathilda Batlayeri Airport (Indonesian: Bandar Udara Mathilda Batlayeri) (IATA: SXK, ICAO: WAPS) is an airport located in Amfutu, Tumbur Village, Wertamrian  district (near the town of Saumlaki), Tanimbar Islands Regency, Maluku, Indonesia. The airport replaced the old Olilit Airport to the south, which has fallen into disuse. The airport is named after Mathilda Batlayeri, a heroine originating from Tanimbar Islands who died at South Kalimantan in 1953 while fighting the Darul Islam rebel movement.

The airport currently has two taxiways, each with an area of 2,530 m², and an apron with an area of 1,500 m², which can accommodate three ATR-72 aircraft. The terminal has an area of 1,440 m². According to the master plan, the terminal will be expanded to 4,000 m², with a further expansion to 7,000 m² in the next phase. The apron and taxiways will also be widened to accommodate larger aircraft. It served 19,000 passengers in 2024.

ATR 72
The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer ATR.
The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's typical standard seating capacity of 72 passengers.
The ATR 72 has also been used as a corporate transport, cargo aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft.

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in Toulouse, France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with Airbus SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a glass cockpit, and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft shares a high degree of commonality with the smaller ATR 42, which remains in production as of 2025.
Khanjali
Khanjali (Abkhaz: Аҩҽы/Кама; Adyghe: къамэ; Avar: Ханжар; Azerbaijani: Qəmə/xəncər; Chechen: шаьлта; Dargin: ханжал, Georgian: ხანჯალი; Ingush: шалта; Lezgin: Гапур; Ossetian: Хъама) also known as a kindjal, is a double-edged dagger used in the Caucasus. The shape of the weapon is similar to that of the ancient Roman gladius, the Scottish dirk and the ancient Greek xiphos. Inhabitants of Caucasus have used the Kindjal as a secondary weapon since the 18th century.

Such daggers and their scabbards are often highly engraved with gold or silver designs, and sometimes include embedded gemstones. The scabbard will generally feature a ballpoint extension on the tip, and the handle is usually made of materials such as wood or ivory.

Ossetian language
Ossetian (/ɒˈsɛtiən/ o-SET-ee-ən, /ɒˈsiːʃən/ o-SEE-shən, /oʊˈsiːʃən/ oh-SEE-shən), commonly referred to as Ossetic and rarely as Ossete, is an Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Russian-Georgian border in the Greater Caucasus region. It is the native language of the Ossetian people, and a relative and possibly a descendant of the extinct Scythian, Sarmatian, and Alanic languages.

The northern half of the Ossetian region is part of Russia and is known as North Ossetia–Alania, while the southern half is part of the de facto country of South Ossetia (recognized by the United Nations as Russian-occupied territory that is de jure part of Georgia). Ossetian-speakers number about 614,350, with 451,000 recorded in Russia per the 2010 Russian census.

Despite Ossetian being the official languages of both North and South Ossetia, since 2009 UNESCO has listed Ossetian as "vulnerable".
Toyota TR engine
The Toyota TR engine is a family of DOHC 16-valve petrol engines produced by Toyota, started in July 2003. These engines are primarily used in medium-sized passenger and commercial vehicles with body-on-frame platforms. They are designed for longitudinal mounting in both rear-wheel drive and four-wheel drive applications. Every engine in the TR series is a square engine, meaning the bore diameter and stroke length are equal.

In January 2015, the TR engines were updated with Dual VVT-i technology, identifiable by the additional VVT-i solenoid on the top of the cylinder head cover. However, the original single VVT-i configuration remains in production for specific vehicle models.

Commercial vehicle
A commercial vehicle is any type of motor vehicle used for transporting goods or paying passengers. Depending on laws and designations, a commercial vehicle can be any broad type of motor vehicle used commercially or for business purposes.