hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
The origins of the Hutu, Tutsi and Twa peoples is a major issue of controversy in the histories of Rwanda and Burundi, as well as the Great Lakes region of Africa. The relationship among the three modern populations is thus, in many ways, derived from the perceived origins and claim to "Rwandan-ness". The largest conflicts related to this question were the Rwandan genocide, the Burundian genocide (Hutu and Tutsi), and the First and Second Congo Wars.

Ugandan scholar Mahmoud Mamdani identifies at least four distinct foundations for studies that support the "distinct difference between Hutu and Tutsi" school of thought: phenotype and genotype, cultural memory of inhabitants of Rwanda, archeology, and linguistics.

Most Tutsis and Hutus both carry the Haplogroup E1b1a paternal haplogroup which is common among Bantu and most other Niger-Congo-speaking populations.

Mahmood Mamdani
Mahmood Mamdani FBA (born 23 April 1946) is a Ugandan anthropologist, academic, and political commentator. He is the Herbert Lehman Professor of Government and a professor of anthropology, political science, and African studies at Columbia University. He also serves as the chancellor of Kampala International University in Uganda, and honorary professor at the Centre for African Studies at the University of Cape Town.

He was previously the director of the Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR) in Kampala, Uganda, from 2010 until 2022. Mamdani specialises in the study of African and international politics, colonialism and post‐colonialism, and the politics of knowledge production. He is married to filmmaker Mira Nair. He and Nair are the parents of New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani.
The Collingswood Story
The Collingswood Story is a 2002 American computer screen supernatural horror film written and directed by Michael Costanza, and starring Stephanie Dees, Johnny Burton, Grant Edmonds, and Diane Behrens. Its plot follows a college-aged couple who attempt to maintain their long-distance relationship via video chatting; however, a chance encounter with an online psychic plunges their lives into a world of nightmarish supernatural phenomena.

The Collingswood Story began production in the year 2000, when video chatting was in its infancy and far from mainstream.  It is known today as the first screenlife film for its innovative video chat concept. In an August 2022 editorial "The Evolution of Found Footage: A History of Screenlife Horror" The Collingswood Story  is referred to as "the first true Screenlife horror flick." The film has been cited as a precursor to a number of horror films presented in the computer screen format, such as Host, and Unfriended.

Collingswood, New Jersey
Collingswood is a borough in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, located 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Center City Philadelphia. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 14,186, an increase of 260 (+1.9%) from the 2010 census count of 13,926, which in turn reflected a decline of 400 (−2.8%) from the 14,326 counted in the 2000 census.

Owing in part to its Quaker history, Collingswood was founded as a dry town where alcohol cannot be sold, however restaurant patrons are permitted to bring their own wine and beer to consume. In July 2015, the town introduced an ordinance that allows craft breweries to operate in the town but not serve food. The ordinance passed in August 2015.
Deb Hoffmann
Deb Hoffmann (born March 27, 1965) who resides in Waukesha, Wisconsin is recognized by Guinness World Records as the having the Largest Winnie-the-Pooh and Friends Memorabilia Collection.

In 2008 Hoffmann submitted her collection for adjudication to Guinness World Records and on January 17 received her first certificate for a collection totaling 3,891 unique items.  The collection consists of items including clothes, jackets, watches, clocks, figurines, dishes, mugs, toys and plush stuffed characters.  One plush in particular, a pre-Disney Piglet, was purchased from Victoria Price, the daughter of actor Vincent Price.

In deciding to keep her record current each year and because Guinness World Records only acknowledges uniquely different items, her husband Gary created a database and app which Hoffmann uses to catalog her collection.

Waukesha, Wisconsin
Waukesha (/ˈwɔːkɪʃɔː/ ⓘ WAW-ki-shaw) is a city in and the county seat of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 71,158 at the 2020 census. Located along the Fox River adjacent to the Village of Waukesha, it is the eighth-most populous city in Wisconsin. Waukesha is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area.
Słowik, Łódź Voivodeship
Słowik [ˈswɔvik] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zgierz, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Zgierz and 17 km (11 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Zgierz County
Zgierz County (Polish: powiat zgierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Zgierz, which lies 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź. The county contains four other towns: Ozorków, lying 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Zgierz, Aleksandrów Łódzki, lying 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Zgierz, Głowno, 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and Stryków, 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Zgierz.

The county covers an area of 853.71 square kilometres (329.6 sq mi). As of 2016, its total population is 165,206, out of which the population of Zgierz is 56,929, that of Ozorków is 19,809, that of Aleksandrów Łódzki is 21,380, that of Głowno is 14,534, that of Stryków is 3,477, and the rural population is 49,077.
Ryfylke District Court
Ryfylke District Court (Norwegian: Ryfylke tingrett) was a district court in Rogaland county, Norway. The court was based in the city of Stavanger. The court existed from 1591 until 2007. It had jurisdiction over the Ryfylke area of the county which included the municipalities of Finnøy, Forsand, Hjelmeland, Kvitsøy, Randaberg, Rennesøy, Sauda, Strand, and Suldal. Cases from this court could be appealed to Gulating Court of Appeal.

The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.

Rennesøy
Rennesøy is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It was merged into Stavanger municipality on 1 January 2020. It was located in the traditional district of Ryfylke. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vikevåg. Other villages in Rennesøy included Askje and Sørbø. The municipality encompassed a number of islands on the south side of the Boknafjorden, north of the city of Stavanger.

At the time of its dissolution, the 66-square-kilometre (25 sq mi) municipality was the 404th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Rennesøy was the 207th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,892. The municipality's population density is 75.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (195/sq mi) and its population has increased by 38.7% over the last decade.
Amyntas, Tetrarch of the Tectosagii
Amyntas (Greek: Ἀμύντας) was Tetrarch of the Tectosages and King of Cilicia Trachea between 36 BC and 25 BC. He was the predecessor of Polemon I of Pontus as King of Cilicia Trachea. Amyntas was a son of Dytilaos, Tetrarch of the Tectosagii.

Amyntas was the father of a Princess of the Tectosagii who married Artemidoros of the Trocmii, son of Amyntas, Tetrarch of the Trocmii, King of Galatia. Through his daughter and her husband he was grandfather of Gaius Julius Severus, a nobleman from Akmonia at Galatia, in turn the father of Gaius Julius Bassus, Proconsul in Bithynia in 98, and Gaius Julius Severus, a Tribune in Legio VI Ferrata.

Tribune
Tribune (Latin: Tribunus) was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.  The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes.  For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, holding the power of ius intercessionis to intervene on behalf of the plebeians, and veto unfavourable legislation.  There were also military tribunes, who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates.  Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes.  The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.
Passion Pop
Passion Pop is an Australian brand of alcoholic beverage classified as a carbonated, fruit-flavoured, sparkling wine. It is typically sold in 750ml glass champenoise bottles, similar to those used for other sparkling wines and champagnes.

The 'Original' variant is flavoured with passion fruit, while other available flavours include mixed berry, strawberry, peach, and watermelon.

Passion Pop was created by Frank "Pop" Miranda between 1977 and 1978 at the C-Seka winery in Griffith, New South Wales. The rights to the beverage were later acquired by Australian Vintage, which is currently responsible for its production and distribution.

Griffith, New South Wales
Griffith is a major regional city in the northern Riverina region of western New South Wales, known commonly as the food bowl of Australia. It is also the seat of the City of Griffith local government area.  Like the Australian capital, Canberra, and extensions to the nearby town of Leeton, Griffith was designed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin. Griffith was named after Arthur Hill Griffith, the then New South Wales Secretary for Public Works. Griffith was proclaimed a city in 1987, and at the 2021 census had a population of 20,569.

It can be accessed by road from Sydney and Canberra via the Hume Highway and the Burley Griffin Way and from Melbourne, via the Newell Highway and either by using the Kidman Way or the Irrigation Way. Griffith can be accessed from other places like Adelaide, Orange, and Bathurst through the Mid-Western Highway and the Rankins Springs road from Rankins Springs and the Kidman Way from Goolgowi.
Life Safety Code
The publication Life Safety Code, known as NFPA 101, is a consensus standard widely adopted in the United States. It is administered, trademarked, copyrighted, and published by the National Fire Protection Association and, like many NFPA documents, is systematically revised on a three-year cycle.

Despite its title, the standard is not a legal code, is not published as an instrument of law, and has no statutory authority in its own right. However, it is deliberately crafted with language suitable for mandatory application to facilitate adoption into law by those empowered to do so.

The bulk of the standard addresses "those construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger to life from the effects of fire, including smoke, heat, and toxic gases created during a fire.". The standard does not address the "general fire prevention or building construction features that are normally a function of fire prevention codes and building codes".

National Fire Protection Association
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a U.S.-based international nonprofit organization devoted to eliminating death, injury, property damage, and economic loss due to fire, electrical, and related hazards. As of 2025, the NFPA claims to have 50,000 members and 10,000 volunteers working with the organization through its 250 technical committees.
Sloane House YMCA
The William Sloane House YMCA at 356 West 34th Street in Manhattan was the largest residential YMCA building in the nation.

It was sold in 1993 for $5 million and later converted to rental apartments. At the time, its closure and sale was noted as part of a trend of fewer budget travelers choosing to stay at YMCAs. Paper related to its tenure as a YMCA building are located are archived at the University of Minnesota.

As of 2023, it is owned and managed by Kibel Company.

Real estate trends
A real estate trend is any consistent pattern or change in the general direction of the real estate industry which, over the course of time, causes a statistically noticeable change. This phenomenon can be a result of the economy, a change in mortgage rates, consumer speculations, or other fundamental and non-fundamental reasons.
Hardomil
Hardomil (Serbian Cyrillic: Хардомил; d. before 1327) was a Serbian nobleman that served king Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321), with the title of tepčija. He was mentioned as deceased in 1327, in a litigation between his sons' estates and Hilandar. His sons inherited notable land property, which evidents his social status and property state, but not his jurisdiction. The judgement established that his sons, Dmitar and Borislav (called the Hardomilić brothers in historiography), had unlawfully used Hilandar's property, and thus the property was returned to Hilandar. Hardomil was succeeded by Vladoje (fl. 1326), who served king Stefan Dečanski (r. 1321–31) as tepčija. The Serbian court hierarchy at that time was as follows: stavilac, čelnik, kaznac, tepčija and vojvoda, the supreme title.

Čelnik
Čelnik (Serbian Cyrillic: челник) was a high court title in the Kingdom of Serbia, Serbian Empire and Serbian Despotate.

In its early form, the holder was entrusted with the security of property belonging to the Orthodox Church from the aristocrats (compare Catholic Vidame), so the holder appeared in the role of a judge or executor of the ruler's decisions, in disputes between the church and the nobility.

At the beginning of the 15th century, during the Serbian Despotate, the title of veliki čelnik (велики челник, "grand čelnik") was the equivalent of count palatine and was the highest court title, with the title-holders holding great provinces, property and honours.
Te Puke (volcano)
Te Puke is a 136 metres (446 ft) high group of basaltic scoria cones, in the Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field in Northland, New Zealand. It is the easternmost volcano of the field, being located near Waitangi. The three or four small, cratered cones are in a southwest–northeast alignment. The last eruption was 1300 to 1800 years ago.

Cinder cone
A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep, conical landform of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic ash, clinkers, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or tall lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent.

As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either scoria which is also referred to cinder and clinker around the vent to form a cone that is often symmetrical, with slopes between 30° and 40° and a nearly circular base. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.
Wassa Amenfi West Municipal District
Wassa Amenfi West Municipal District is one of the fourteen districts in Western Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Wassa Amenfi District in 1988, which was created from the former Aowin-Amenfi District Council, until eastern part of the district was split off to create Wassa Amenfi East District in August 2004; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Wassa Amenfi West District. Later, another part of the district was split off to create Wassa Amenfi Central District on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been retained as Wassa Amenfi West District. However, on 15 March 2018, it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status to become Wassa Amenfi West Municipal District. The municipality is located in the northern part of Western Region and has Asankragua as its capital town.

Western Region (Ghana)
The Western region, located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast (Comoé District) in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi-Takoradi on the coast, coastal Axim, and a hilly inland area including Elubo. It includes Ghana's southernmost location, Cape Three Points, where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007. The region covers an area of 13,842 km2, and had a population of 2,060,585 at the 2021 Census. It has a coastline that stretches from South Ghana's border with the Ivory Coast to the boundary with the Central region on the east.
Margaretta Hicks
Margaretta Hicks was a British socialist activist.

The daughter of trade union activist Amie Hicks, Margaretta joined the Social Democratic Federation in 1883, along with her mother.  She soon began speaking on behalf of the party, and developed a particular interest in supporting unemployed women.

In 1904, Hicks stood for the St Pancras Board of Guardians, but she was not elected.  She succeeded Dora Montefiore as chair of the SDF's Women's Committee in 1910.  The following year, the SDF became part of the new British Socialist Party (BSP).  Hicks led the organisation of women in the new party, and launched a women's socialist newspaper, The Link.  In 1914, Hicks became the first full-time woman organiser of the BSP.

Social Democratic Federation
The Social Democratic Federation (SDF) was a British socialist political party. The first socialist party in Britain, it was founded by H. M. Hyndman in 1881. Its members included William Morris, George Lansbury, James Connolly and Eleanor Marx. Many of its early leading members had previously been active in the Manhood Suffrage League.

The SDF battled through defections of its right and left wings to other organisations in the first decade of the twentieth century before uniting with other radical groups in the Marxist British Socialist Party from 1911 until 1920.
We Laughed
"We Laughed" is a three-track single by English musician Billy Bragg as part of the Rosetta Life project. The single was released in 2005 in the UK and peaked at No. 11. It also reached No. 38 in Ireland in 2006. For the three songs on the single, Bragg collaborated with three patients of Trimar Hospice in Weymouth, who each wrote lyrics based on their illness and feelings. The songs were produced by English guitarist Robbie McIntosh.

Robbie McIntosh
Robbie McIntosh (born 25 October 1957) is an English guitarist. McIntosh is best known as a session guitarist and member of the Pretenders from 1982 until 1987. In 1988 he began doing session guitar work for Paul McCartney, joining his band full-time until early 1994. He continues to play sessions and has performed both with his own band and as a sideman with John Mayer.

McIntosh performed session guitar work for many artists throughout his career including Winter Mountain, Aynsley Lister, Kevin Ayers, Boyzone, Cher, Diane Tell, Eric Bibb, George Martin, Gordon Haskell, Heather Small, Joe Cocker, Daryl Hall, John Mayer, Kirsty McColl, Luz Casal, Mike and the Mechanics, Nine Below Zero, Paul Carrack, Paul Young, Mark Knopfler, John Illsley, Roger Daltrey, Russell Watson, Mark Hollis, Talk Talk, Tasmin Archer, Tears for Fears, Eros Ramazzotti, Thea Gilmore, Tina Arena, Tori Amos, Vin Garbutt, and Norah Jones.
Matthew FitzHerbert
Matthew FitzHerbert, (died 1231) Lord of Erlestoke and Stokenham, was an English nobleman and Sheriff of Sussex. FitzHerbert was one of the Counsellors named in Magna Carta in 1215. He was the son of Herbert FitzHerbert and Lucy de Hereford. His elder brother was Peter FitzHerbert.

Matthew was appointed Sheriff of Sussex by King John of England and also served during the reign of King Henry III of England. He lost his lordship of Ollonde, Normandy in 1204, after the French annexation of Normandy. FitzHerbert is listed as one of the Counsellors named in Magna Carta in 1215.

Erlestoke
Erlestoke is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, on the northern edge of Salisbury Plain. The village lies about 6 miles (10 km) east of Westbury and the same distance south-west of Devizes.

Erlestoke Prison, the only prison in Wiltshire, is within the parish.
James Henry Deakin (politician, born 1851)
James Henry Deakin (1851 – 8 November 1881) was a British Conservative politician, the son of Col. James Henry Deakin, a Manchester merchant.

In 1874 he was elected Member of Parliament for Launceston at a by-election, after his father's election had been nullified due to the use of corrupt practices. He resigned in 1877.

Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)
Launceston, also known at some periods as Dunheved, was a parliamentary constituency in Cornwall which returned two Members of Parliament to the British House of Commons from 1295 until 1832, and one member from 1832 until 1918. It was a parliamentary borough until 1885, and a county constituency thereafter.
Kattupalli Island
Kattupalli Island, also referred to sometimes as the Ennore Island is an island on the southern periphery of the Pulicat Lake and separated from the mainland by backwaters. The Kattupalli Shipyard is located on the island. The island is covered by scrub jungle and has some casuarina and coconut plantations. Many varieties of animals and birds are found here. The island is 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Fort St. George and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Ennore.

Fort St. George
Fort St. George (or historically, White Town) is a fortress at the coastal city of Chennai, India. Founded in 1639, it was the first English (later British) fortress in India. The construction of the fort provided the impetus for further settlements and trading activity, in what was originally an uninhabited land. Thus, it is a feasible contention to say that the city (named Madras since before the arrival of the Europeans until July 1996) evolved around the fortress. The fort currently houses the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly and other official buildings.
Braslaw district
Braslaw district or Braslaŭ district (Belarusian: Браслаўскі раён; Russian: Браславский район) is a district (raion) of Vitebsk region in Belarus. Its administrative centre is Braslaw.

The district is known for its numerous lakes. The national park and popular tourist region Braslaw Lakes is situated here. The four largest lakes here are Dryvyaty (the fifth largest in Belarus), Snudy (the ninth largest in Belarus), Strusta (the sixteenth largest in Belarus) and Rychy (the seventeenth largest in Belarus).

Districts of Belarus
A district or raion (Russian: район, romanized: rayon, pl. районы, rayony; Belarusian: раён, romanized: rajon, pl. раёны, rajony) in Belarus is the second-level administrative division in the country which are subordinate to regions (also known as oblasts).
Santa Maria (crater)
Santa Maria is an impact crater on Mars, located at 2.172°S, 5.445°W within the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, lying situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region.

This geological feature was first visited by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. It sits north west of the much larger Endeavour crater. The crater measures about 80–90 m (260–300 ft) across. Its name has not been officially recognized by the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature.

Mars Exploration Rover
NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission was a robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers to explore the Martian surface and geology; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004.  Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days: MER-A Spirit was active until March 22, 2010, while MER-B Opportunity was active until June 10, 2018.