hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tiger, Tiger Burning Bright
Tiger, Tiger Burning Bright is a dramatic stage play written by American playwright Peter Feibleman. The play premiered on Broadway at the Booth Theatre in 1962. Claudia McNeil was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in the production. Critically acclaimed, the play closed after only 33 performances, which was blamed on the 1962–1963 New York City newspaper strike. The play is a stage adaptation of Feibleman's novel A Place Without Twilight, first published in 1958. The title is taken from the poem by William Blake first published in 1794, titled The Tyger.

The Tyger
The Tyger (also spelt The Tiger) is a poem by William Blake, published in 1794 in Songs of Experience, as Blake was rising to prominence as a poet. The poem is one of the most anthologised in the English literary canon; it has been the subject of much literary criticism, and the inspiration for many musical settings and other adaptations. It explores Christian religious paradigms prevalent in late-18th-century and early-19th-century England, questioning  the intention and motivation behind God's creation of such disparate beings as the "Lamb" and the eponymous "Tyger."
Wave turbulence
In continuum mechanics, wave turbulence is a set of nonlinear waves deviated far from thermal equilibrium. Such a state is usually accompanied by dissipation. It is either decaying turbulence or requires an external source of energy to sustain it. Examples are waves on a fluid surface excited by winds or ships, and waves in plasma excited by electromagnetic waves etc.

Ship
A ship  is a large watercraft designed for travel across the surface of a body of water, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized tasks such as warfare, oceanography and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.

The word ship has meant, depending on era and context, either simply a large vessel or specifically a full-rigged ship with three or more masts, each of which is square rigged.

The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BC. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).
Colin Smythe
Colin Smythe (born 1942) is a bibliographer of W.B. Yeats and other Irish authors and is a literary agent. He is also a publisher, having founded his publishing house in 1966, and is based in Buckinghamshire, England.

Smythe published the first five Terry Pratchett novels and later acted as Pratchett's agent. In 1971, Smythe published Konstantin Raudive's Breakthrough, the first book in the English language on the Electronic Voice Phenomenon (EVP) and the inspiration for the film White Noise. Other authors published include George Moore, Lady Gregory and Oliver St John Gogarty.

George Moore (novelist)
George Augustus Moore (24 February 1852 – 21 January 1933) was an Irish novelist, short-story writer, poet, art critic, memoirist and dramatist. Moore came from a landed family of Catholics who lived at Moore Hall in Carra, County Mayo. He originally wanted to be a painter, and studied art in Paris during the 1870s. There, he befriended many of the leading French artists and writers of the day.

As a naturalistic writer, he was amongst the first English-language authors to absorb the lessons of the French realists, and was particularly influenced by the works of Émile Zola. His writings influenced James Joyce, according to the literary critic and biographer Richard Ellmann, and, although Moore's work is sometimes seen as outside the mainstream of both Irish and British literature, he is as often regarded as the first great modern Irish novelist.
Consent (2023 French film)
Consent (French: Le Consentement) is a 2023 biographical drama film directed by Vanessa Filho, from a screenplay co-written by Filho, Vanessa Springora, and François Pirot,  based on Springora's 2020 best-selling memoir of the same title describing the sexual abuse she experienced beginning at age 14 from author Gabriel Matzneff, then 49. It stars Kim Higelin, Jean-Paul Rouve, Laetitia Casta, and Élodie Bouchez. The film is a co-production between France and Belgium. It was released theatrically in France by Pan Distribution and in Belgium by Anga Distribution on 11 October 2023.

The film received two nominations at the 2024 César Awards, Best Adaptation and Best Female Revelation.

César Award for Best Adaptation
The César Award for Best Adaptation (French: César de la meilleure adaptation) is an award presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma. It was initially awarded from 1983 to 1985, and then awarded again in 2006, when the original category (César Award for Best Original Screenplay or Adaptation) was split into two awards, the other being César Award for Best Original Screenplay.
Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas
The Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas, known as CIFAS is a Spanish intelligence agency, part of the Defence Staff (EMAD).  It has the function of providing the Chief of the Defence Staff, the Ministry of Defence and the Prime Minister with information on risk situations and crises from abroad. It is led by a director with the rank of general.

It is a unique and joint body of the Spanish Armed Forces in matters of military intelligence; it controls the systems of intelligence and electronic warfare, maintaining the intelligence centers of the Army, Navy and Air Force, functional dependence on the CIFAS. Founded in 2004, it replaces the former Intelligence Division of the Defence Staff.

Spanish Armed Forces
The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Kingdom of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution of 1978. They are composed of: the Army, the Air and Space Force, the Navy, the Royal Guard, and the Military Emergencies Unit, as well as the so-called Common Corps.

Spain occupies a prominent position in the structure of NATO, which it joined in 1982. Nevertheless, it spends less than the minimum of 2% of GDP on defence recommended by NATO.

Spain has the oldest Marine Infantry in the world and the oldest permanent military units in the world: the Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1 and the Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. 9.
Li Qianyuan
Li Qianyuan (Chinese: 李乾元; pinyin: Lǐ Qiányuán; born 12 March 1942) is a general (shangjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). He a member of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress. He was a member of the 13th and 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and an alternate member of the 14th and 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1997 to 2002. The 14th Central Committee preceded it. It was followed by the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. This was the first Central Committee that current CCP general secretary Xi Jinping was elected to, as an alternative member.

It elected the 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1997. Plenary sessions were held by the politburo.
Snake Range National Park
Snake Range is a national park in Central Queensland, Australia, 665 km northwest of Brisbane.  The park lies within the Nogoa River drainage basin in the Brigalow Belt bioregion. It is only accessible to the public via tracks over private land.

Snake Range was gazetted for its high scenic, biological and cultural heritage values. The land is mountainous, with weathered sandstone ridges and small gorges. There are balancing rocks, cliffs, buttresses, wind blown caves and flowing springs. No cultural survey has been undertaken, but there is evidence of cultural sites throughout the park. The Queensland Department of National Parks considers the Rubbervine, Cryptostegia grandiflora, to be a moderate threat to the ecology of the park.

Cryptostegia grandiflora
Cryptostegia grandiflora, commonly known as rubber vine, is a woody-perennial vine that is native to south-west Madagascar. It is also a significant weed in northern Australia, sometimes regarded as the worst weed in all of Australia. It has also been introduced to most other tropical and subtropical regions because of its attractive flowers and its latex containing commercial quality rubber (hence the name). It is now naturalised in the Caribbean, East Africa, Mauritius, India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Latin America, the southern United States, Fiji and New Caledonia. It is very similar to the purple rubber vine (C. madagascariensis), which is also native to Madagascar.
Agra Central Jail
Agra Central Jail began construction in 1849, under the supervision of William Woodcock, of the Bengal Civil Service. John W. Tyler took over as its superintendent in 1876. In the late 19th century the prison became a major exporter of carpets. Abdul Karim was assistant clerk there before travelling to London to attend the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. Sir Horace Williamson was based there in the early 20th century.

Colonial and Indian Exhibition
The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 was held in South Kensington in London with the objective to (in the words of the then Prince of Wales) "stimulate commerce and strengthen the bonds of union now existing in every portion of her Majesty's Empire". The exhibition was opened by Queen Victoria, and had received 5.5 million visitors by the time it closed.

It was housed in a collection of purpose-built buildings designed in an Indian style.
2018 California State Treasurer election
The 2018 California State Treasurer general election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect the State Treasurer of California. Incumbent Democratic Treasurer John Chiang did not run for re-election to a second term and instead ran unsuccessfully for governor.

The race was between Fiona Ma, Democratic, Chair of the State Board of Equalization (California), and Greg Conlon, Republican, former president of the California Public Utilities Commission, after they won the two top spots from the June 5 direct primary election. Ma won the November election handily with more than 64% of all votes, and garnering more votes than any other candidate for Treasurer in the state's history. Ma's victory made her the first woman of color and only the 2nd CPA to ever serve as California State Treasurer.

California Democratic Party
The California Democratic Party, also known as the Democratic Party of California, is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of California. It is headquartered in Sacramento, California.

With 45.27% of the state's registered voters as of February 2025, the Democratic Party has the highest number of registrants of any political party in California. It is currently the dominant party in the state, and is one of the largest affiliates of the national Democratic Party. The party currently controls the majority of California's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, the governorship, and has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.
Tetrabromobisphenol A diglycidyl ether
Tetrabromobisphenol A diglycidyl ether is an epoxy resin consisting of tetrabromobisphenol A with ether linkages to two epichlorohydrin groups. An alternative structural comparison is as brominated form of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether. It is a brominated aromatic chemical used principally for giving flame retardant properties to materials. It is TSCA and REACH registered and has the molecular formula C21H20Br4O4. The IUPAC name is 2-{[2,6-dibromo-4-(2-{3,5-dibromo-4-[(oxiran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl}propan-2-yl)phenoxy]methyl}oxirane.

Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a European Union regulation dating from 18 December 2006, amended on 16 December 2008 by Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances, and their potential impacts on both human health and the environment.  Its 849 pages took seven years to pass, and it has been described as the most complex legislation in the Union's history and the most important in 20 years. It is the strictest law to date regulating chemical substances and will affect industries throughout the world. REACH entered into force on 1 June 2007, with a phased implementation over the next decade. The regulation also established the European Chemicals Agency, which manages the technical, scientific and administrative aspects of REACH.
European Cyclists' Federation
The European Cyclists' Federation (ECF) is a non-profit member-based umbrella federation of local, regional and national civil society organisations that promote cycling for both transportation and leisure.

ECF has around 70 member organisations across more than 40 countries that it represents at the European level and internationally. ECF’s activities include conducting cycling advocacy and research, providing tools and resources, developing the EuroVelo network and organising the Velo-city conference series.

Based in Brussels and founded in 1983, ECF’s slogan is “more and better cycling for all.” In 2013 they founded the World Cycling Alliance.

Umbrella organization
An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions who work together formally to coordinate activities and/or pool resources. In business, political, and other environments, it provides resources and identities to the smaller organizations. In this kind of arrangement, it is sometimes responsible, to some degree, for the groups under its care. Umbrella organizations are prominent in cooperatives and in civil society, and can engage in advocacy or collective bargaining on behalf of their members.
Huehuecuetzpalli
Huehuecuetzpalli (translating to "the ancient lizard" in Nahuatl) is an extinct genus of lizard from the Early Cretaceous (late Albian) Tlayúa Formation, a Lagerstätte near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Central Mexico. One species, H. mixtecus, is known. Although it is not the oldest known lizard, Huehuecuetzpalli may be amongst the most basal members of Squamata (the group that includes lizards and snakes), and has been variously considered a close relative of Bavarisaurus, Bellairsia, Marmoretta and Oculudentavis, or as the most basal iguanomorphan. Its basal position makes it an important taxon in understanding the origins of squamates.

Huehuecuetzpalli had peg-like teeth of even size, suggesting that it hunted small prey like insects. Its limb proportions are similar to those of modern lizards that practise bipedal locomotion, with hind limbs far smaller than the forelimbs. This suggests that it may, at least on occasion, have walked bipedally.

Premaxilla
The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla. The "premaxilla" of therian mammals has been usually termed as the incisive bone. Other terms used for this structure include premaxillary bone or os premaxillare, intermaxillary bone or os intermaxillare, and Goethe's bone.
Alice Guy-Blaché
Alice Ida Antoinette Guy-Blaché (née Guy; French: [alis gi blɑʃe]; 1 July 1873 – 24 March 1968) was a French pioneer film director. She was one of the first filmmakers to make a narrative fiction film, as well as the first woman to direct a film. From 1896 to 1906, she was probably the only female filmmaker in the world. She experimented with Gaumont's Chronophone sync-sound system, and with color-tinting, interracial casting, and special effects.

She was artistic director and a co-founder of Solax Studios in Flushing, New York. In 1912, Solax invested $100,000 ($3.34 million in 2025) for a new studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, the center of American filmmaking prior to the establishment of Hollywood. That year, she made the film A Fool and His Money, probably the first to have an all-African-American cast. The film is now preserved at the National Center for Film and Video Preservation at the American Film Institute for its historical and aesthetic significance.

Cinémathèque française
The Cinémathèque française (French pronunciation: [sinematɛk fʁɑ̃sɛːz]; French cinematheque), founded in 1936, is a French non-profit film organization that holds one of the largest archives of film documents and film-related objects in the world. Based in Paris' 12th arrondissement, the archive offers daily screenings of films from around the world. It is the second oldest cinematheque in France, after Cinematheque de Saint-Etienne, which was founded in 1922.
Rail transport in Namibia
The rail service in Namibia is provided by TransNamib. The Namibian rail network consists of 2,687 km of tracks (2017).

Namibia has a history of more than 100 years of railway service. During the colonialisation by the German Empire between 1894 and 1915, a number of railways were built, of which some are still in service today.

Grootfontein
Grootfontein (lit. 'great fountain') is a city with 26,839 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of central Namibia. It is one of the three towns in the Otavi Triangle, situated on the B8 national road that leads from Otavi to the Caprivi Strip.
Sliding Rock
Sliding Rock is a waterfall in Western North Carolina, located near Brevard, so named because visitors can slide all the way down the waterfall into the plunge pool below. The plunge pool is around 8 feet deep in the middle, with a strong churning river current, so users must be able to swim or wear a life vest. The water in the river and the plunge pool remains near 55 degrees Fahrenheit year round. Sliding Rock is a small slide-type waterfall on Looking Glass Creek, in the Pisgah National Forest, near Brevard, North Carolina. It has a gentle slope and is about 60 feet long, ending in a large, deep pool (between 6–8 feet deep) at the bottom.

U.S. Route 276
U.S. Route 276 (US 276) is a United States highway that runs for 106.4 miles (171.2 km) from Mauldin, South Carolina to Cove Creek, North Carolina.  It is known both as a busy urban highway in Greenville, South Carolina and a scenic back-road in Western North Carolina. Despite its numbering, it does not intersect its parent route U.S. Route 76.
Overseas Investment Commission
The Overseas Investment Commission was a New Zealand government agency responsible for regulating foreign direct investment into New Zealand.

The commission was administratively part of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (New Zealand's central bank). This link recognises a historical foreign exchange control role of the commission.

The commission was responsible for high value investments (2005: NZD $50m+), investments in sensitive land and investments in fishing quota.

The commission was replaced by the Overseas Investment Office from 25 August 2005. The Office is part of Land Information New Zealand, the New Zealand Government Agency responsible for survey, land valuation, land titles and mapping. This link recognises that the majority of the Office's work relates to the control of sensitive land.

Reserve Bank of New Zealand
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) (Māori: Te Pūtea Matua) is the central bank of New Zealand. It was established in 1934 and is currently constituted under the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 2021. The current governor of the Reserve Bank, Anna Breman, is responsible for New Zealand's currency and operating monetary policy.
1949 Ipswich state by-election
The 1949 Ipswich state by-election was a by-election held on 10 September 1949 for the Queensland Legislative Assembly seat of Ipswich, based in the centre of Ipswich to the south-west of Brisbane. At the time of the election, the seat included the suburbs of Ipswich, Booval, Bundamba, Newtown, Silkstone, West Ipswich, Woodend and part of East Ipswich.

The by-election was triggered by the death of Labor member and Attorney-General of Queensland David Gledson on 14 May 1949. Gledson had held the seat since the 1915 election, with one brief interruption during the Great Depression. It was expected to be retained by the party.

Attorney-General of Queensland
The attorney-general of Queensland is a ministerial position of the Government of Queensland with responsibility for the state's legal and justice system.

Upon the election of the Crisafulli  Government, Deb Frecklington was appointed the attorney-general of Queensland as of 1 November 2024.
Pete Schmidt (American football)
Peter J. Schmidt (April 24, 1948 – September 29, 2000) was an American football coach. He was the head football coach at Albion College from 1983 to 1996 and led the school to nine Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) championships and the NCAA Division III Football Championship in 1994. He has also served as the offensive coordinator at Indiana University from 1997 to 1999. Schmidt died in September 2000 at age 52 after a year-long battle with cancer. Schmidt's overall record in 14 years as a college football head coach is 104–27–4. Since 2001, the Pete Schmidt Memorial Scholar-Athlete Award has been presented each year by the MIAA football coaches to an outstanding scholar-athlete at an MIAA school.

Schmidt served as the head football coach for Stockbridge High School and Okemos High School an amassed an overall record of 64–20.

Okemos High School
Okemos High School is a public high school in Okemos, Michigan, United States.  It is the only high school in the Okemos Public Schools district.  It is located southeast of the main campus of Michigan State University, between Bennett and Jolly Roads on the North and South, and Hulett and Hagadorn Roads on the East and West. The current building was completed in 1994, replacing the now Chippewa Middle School building as the district's high school. Former students of Chippewa 7-8 School comprise the school's student body.
Cladonia fimbriata
Cladonia fimbriata or the trumpet cup lichen is a species cup lichen belonging to the family Cladoniaceae.

As of July 2021, its conservation status has not been estimated by the IUCN. In Iceland, its conservation status is denoted as data deficient (DD).

Data deficient
A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation.
Scout Network
The Scout Network is the sixth and final youth section of The Scout Association in the United Kingdom, catering for those aged between 18 and 25 years. The section was formally introduced in February 2002 alongside Explorer Scouts, with both replacing the former Venture Scouts section for fifteen-and-a-half to twenty-year-olds.

Its programme is structured differently from the other sections, focusing on achieving the top awards of the section, such as the King's Scout award rather than other badges. It is largely self run by the members of the section, as opposed to being led by a team of adult leaders.

The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (commonly abbreviated DofE) is a youth awards programme founded in the United Kingdom in 1956 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, which has since expanded to 144 nations. The awards recognise adolescents and young adults for completing a series of self-improvement exercises modelled on Kurt Hahn's solutions to his "Six Declines of Modern Youth".