hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1980 Massachusetts Proposition 2½
Proposition 2½ (Mass. Gen. L. c. 59, § 21C) is a Massachusetts statute that limits property tax assessments and, secondarily, automobile excise tax levies by Massachusetts municipalities. The name of the initiative refers to the 2.5% ceiling on total property taxes annually as well as the 2.5% limit on property tax increases. It was passed by ballot measure, specifically called an initiative petition within Massachusetts state law for any form of referendum voting, in 1980 and went into effect in 1982.  The effort to enact the proposition was led by the anti-tax group Citizens for Limited Taxation. It is similar to other "tax revolt" measures passed around the same time in other parts of the United States. This particular proposition followed the movements of states such as California.

Property tax
A property tax (whose rate is expressed as a percentage or per mille, also called millage) is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.

The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. This can be a national government, a federated state, a county or other geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property.

Often a property tax is levied on real estate. It may be imposed annually or at the time of a real estate transaction, such as in real estate transfer tax. This tax can be contrasted with a rent tax, which is based on rental income or imputed rent, and a land value tax, which is a levy on the value of land, excluding the value of buildings and other improvements.

Under a property tax system, the government requires or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value.
Kigombe
Kigombe (Kata ya Kigombe, in Swahili)  is an administrative ward in Muheza District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. Tanga's Kirare and Tongoni wards border the ward on its northern side. The Pemba Channel is located to the east. Kimang'a, Madanga, and Bushiri of Pangani are to the south. Mpapayu and Ngomeni wards are to the west. The ward covers an area of 110.7 km2 (42.7 sq mi), According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,758.

Muheza District
Muheza District, officially the, Muheza District Council (Wilaya ya Muheza, in Swahili) is one of eleven administrative districts of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The District covers an area of 1,498 km2 (578 sq mi). It is bordered to the north by Mkinga District, to the east by Tanga and the Indian Ocean, to the south by the Pangani District and Handeni District, and to the west by the Korogwe District.  The district is comparable in size to the land area of Guadeloupe. The town of Muheza, after which the district is named, serves as its administrative capital. According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Muheza District had decreased to 238,260; this is less than ten years before, because Mkinga District was created that same year. The highest point in Muheza District is Kimbo Peak at 1,063m.
Sir Walter Calverley, 1st Baronet
Sir Walter Calverley, 1st Baronet (1670 – 15 October 1749) was an English aristocrat.

He was the only son of Walter Calverley of Calverley, Yorkshire, and Frances Thompson, daughter and heiress of Henry Thompson of Esholt, Yorkshire. He was baptised on 16 January 1670 at Calverley, and matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, on 30 June 1687, aged 17.

He married Julia Blackett, eldest daughter of Sir William Blackett on 7 January 1707 at Newcastle. In about 1709, he completed the building of a new house at Esholt Hall, Esholt.

He was created a baronet on 11 December 1711. His wife died on 17 September 1736; he died on 15 October 1749, aged 79, and was buried at Calverley. He was succeeded by his son Walter.

Calverley
Calverley is a village in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England, on the A657 road, about ten miles (16 km) from Leeds city centre and four miles (7 km) from Bradford, and lying north of the town of Pudsey. The population of Calverley in 2011 was 4,328. It is part of the City's Calverley and Farsley ward, with a population of 22,594 at the 2011 census.
1978 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Doubles
The 1978 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Doubles was an event of the 1978 ABN World Tennis Tournament tennis tournament and was played on indoor carpet courts at Rotterdam Ahoy in the Netherlands, between 3 April and 9 April 1978. The draw comprised 11 teams and four of them were seeded. Second-seeded Wojciech Fibak and Tom Okker were the defending Rotterdam Open  doubles champions but lost in the quarterfinals. The fourth-seeded team of Fred McNair and Raúl Ramírez won the doubles title after a win in the final against first-seeded pairing Bob Lutz and Stan Smith, 7–5, 7–5.

Rotterdam Open
The ABN AMRO Open, also known as the Rotterdam Open, is a professional men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It is part of the ATP Tour 500 series on the ATP Tour and has been held annually at Rotterdam Ahoy in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Yli-Kitka
Yli-Kitka is a lake in Finland, in the municipalities of Kuusamo and Posio. The lake is connected to the medium-sized lake Ala-Kitka at Kilkilösalmi strait. Yli-Kitka combined with Ala-Kitka is the largest unregulated lake in Finland. Together they are called Kitkajärvi or simply Kitka. Riisitunturi National Park is located north of the lake. From Ala-Kitka the waters flow through the Kitkanjoki river to the Oulankajoki river which is part of the Kovda River basin that drains into the White Sea in Russia.

Kuusamo
Kuusamo (Finnish: [ˈkuːsɑmo]; Northern Sami: Guossán; Inari Sami: Kuáccám; Russian: Куусамо) is a town and municipality in Finland. It is located in Koillismaa, the northeastern part of the Northern Ostrobothnia region. The municipality has a population of 14,784 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 5,808.92 square kilometres (2,242.84 sq mi) of which 830.81 km2 (320.78 sq mi) is water. The population density is 2.97 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.7/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Kuusamo is a major center for winter sports and receives approximately a million tourists every year. One of the largest ski resorts in Finland, Ruka, is situated in Kuusamo. Ruka is also the host of many international competitions in ski jumping, cross-country skiing, and Nordic combined. The 2005 World Championships of Freestyle Skiing was held in Kuusamo. Kuusamo Airport is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) northeast of Kuusamo's town centre.
Swiss Innovation Park
Switzerland Innovation (German: Schweizerischer Innovationspark; French: Parc suisse d'innovation), organised through the Switzerland Innovation Foundation is the Swiss national network of science parks.

It was inaugurated by Johann Schneider-Ammann on 18 January 2016 and will be organised around five locations:

Swiss Innovation Park Basel Area (in Allschwil);

Swiss Innovation Park innovaare (near the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen);

Swiss Innovation Park Zurich (on areas of the Dübendorf Air Base);

Swiss Innovation Park Biel/Bienne;

Switzerland Innovation Park Network West EPFL ("Romandy hub"):
EPFL Innovation Park
Biopôle in Épalinges;
Microcity in Neuchâtel;
Energypolis in Sion;
Bluefactory in Fribourg;
Campus Biotech in Geneva.

Johann Schneider-Ammann
Johann Niklaus Schneider, colloquially Johann Schneider-Ammann (born 18 February 1952), is a Swiss businessman, electrical engineer and politician who most notably served as President of Switzerland in 2016, and concurrently as a member of the Federal Council (Switzerland) for The Liberals.

During his tenure as a federal councillor, Schneider-Ammann headed the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research. The Schneider-Ammann family is among the richest Swiss citizens with an estimated net worth of 650 million Swiss Francs (approximately $725 million in 2024) by Handelszeitung.
Matta (river)
The Matta (Russian: Матта; Yakut: Маатта) is a river in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Sinyaya. It is 195 kilometres (121 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 4,110 square kilometres (1,590 sq mi).

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Humberto Domingo Mayans
Humberto Domingo Mayans Canabal (born 6 February 1949) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He currently serves as Senator of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Tabasco. He also served as Senator between 1994 and 2000 and as Deputy between 2000 and 2003.

Tabasco
Tabasco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco, is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 17 municipalities and its capital city is Villahermosa.

It is located in southeast Mexico and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the northeast, Veracruz to the west, and Chiapas to the south and the Petén department of Guatemala to the southeast. It has a coastline to the north with the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the state is covered in rainforest as, unlike most other areas of Mexico, it has plentiful rainfall year-round. The state is also home to La Venta, the major site of the Olmec civilization, considered to be the origin of later Mesoamerican cultures. It produces significant quantities of petroleum and natural gas.
Hubert Houben (historian)
Hubert Houben (born 4 February 1953, in Heinsberg) is a German historian who specialized in the medieval history of Southern Italy. Living at Lecce since 1980, he acquired Italian citizenship in 1988.

He is corresponding member of the Accademia Pontaniana based in Naples (from 2006) and of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East (SSCLE).

Heinsberg
Heinsberg (German: [ˈhaɪnsbɛʁk] ⓘ; Limburgish: Hinsberg [ˈɦɪnzˌbæʀ˦(ə)x]) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the seat of the district Heinsberg. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Wurm, approx. 20 km north-east of Sittard and 30 km south-west of Mönchengladbach.
Of the Farm
Of the Farm is a 1965 novel by the American author John Updike. Of the Farm was his fourth novel.  The story concerns Joey Robinson, a divorced, thirty-five-year-old Manhattan advertising executive who visits his mother on her unfarmed farm in rural Pennsylvania.  He has come with his new wife, Peggy and her son, Richard, a precocious eleven-year-old.  The novel explores both Joey's relationship to his widowed mother, a flinty woman who reveres her farm, and to Peggy, a kind, sensual woman.  Joey feels guilt for leaving his mother, and anger at her stubborn refusal to leave the farm, and anger at her from having uprooted his late father from the suburbs to move to the farm decades ago.  Joey is buffeted by doubt, angst, and anger, and is pinballed between his dueling mother and Peggy.

G. K. Hall & Co.
G. K. Hall & Co. is an American book publisher based in Boston. It was founded sometime in the late 1950s by Garrison Kent Hall (1917–1973), who also had been an accountant.  The firm initially, in the late 1950s through the 1960s, produced catalogs, in print and microform, of collections of renowned libraries –  notably the New York Public Library. In the 1960s, Betty Jensen Hall’s new marketing strategy increased profits markedly and the firm expanded, producing other library references in the sciences, humanities, fine arts, and music. Beginning in 1971, two years after being acquired by ITT, the firm became a leading pioneer of publishing large-print editions of best-selling fiction and non-fiction books. In 1972 it acquired Gregg Press the scholarly reprint company. In 1973 it acquired Twayne Publishers. In 1989 it acquired Sandak, the art slide publisher. In 1990 it acquired Thorndike Press, its main American large print competitor.
Sadequain
Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi (Urdu: سیّد صادِقَین احمد نقوی) TI PP SI NI (30 June 1930 – 10 February 1987), and often referred to as Sadequain Naqqash, was a historical Pakistani artist and poet best known for his skills as a calligrapher and a painter. He is considered one of the finest painters and calligraphers Pakistan has ever produced, having painted around 15000 paintings.  He is also recognised as the only artist in Pakistan to have received all four civilian awards such as the Nishan-i-Imtiaz, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, Tamgha-i-Imtiaz, and Pride of Performance.

He was also a poet, writing hundreds of rubāʿiyāt in the style of Omar Khayyam and Sarmad Kashani.

Sarmad Kashani
Sarmad Kashani (c. 1590–1661) was a Persian-speaking Armenian mystic and poet who travelled to and made the Indian subcontinent his permanent home during the 17th century. Originally Jewish, he may have renounced his religion to adopt Islam. However his conversion was probably only nominal and superficial, since he himself used to warn the Jews not to convert themselves. Sarmad, in his poetry, stated that he is neither Jewish, nor Muslim, nor Hindu.
2024 Open de Oeiras – Doubles
Luke Johnson and Sem Verbeek were the defending champions but only Verbeek chose to defend his title, partnering André Göransson. He lost in the quarterfinals to Manuel Guinard and Grégoire Jacq.

Filip Bergevi and Mick Veldheer won the title after defeating Sergio Martos Gornés and Petros Tsitsipas 6–1, 6–4 in the final.

Mick Veldheer
Mick Veldheer (born 5 April 1996) is a Dutch tennis player who specializes in doubles.
He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 90 achieved on 22 September 2025. Veldheer has won five ATP Challenger doubles titles. 
He also has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 509 achieved on 24 August 2020.
Beverly Boulevard
Beverly Boulevard is one of the main east–west thoroughfares in Los Angeles, in the U.S. state of California. It begins off Santa Monica Boulevard in Beverly Hills and ends on the Lucas Avenue overpass near downtown Los Angeles to become 1st Street. A separate Beverly Boulevard (carrying Montebello Transit line 40 and nearby Atlantic E Line station) begins off 3rd Street and Pomona Boulevard in East Los Angeles, runs through Montebello and Pico Rivera, and becomes Turnbull Canyon Road in Whittier near Rose Hills Memorial Park.

Turnbull Canyon
Turnbull Canyon near Whittier, California is an east–west canyon with relatively steep drainage. The canyon has a creek at its bottom that supports a narrow strip of riparian woodland dominated by sycamore trees, while the slopes are covered in coastal sage and native and non-native grasses. The Puente Hills Preserve has a 4-mile loop trail that lies in the northern-central part of the preserve.
Brewster Medal
The William Brewster Memorial Award, usually referred to as the Brewster Medal, is awarded by the American Ornithologists' Union and is named for ornithologist William Brewster. It is given to an author, or coauthors who are not previous recipients, of an exceptional body of work on Western Hemisphere birds. The award comprises a medal and an honorarium provided through the William Brewster Memorial Fund. Established in 1919, the award was first given in 1921, to Robert Ridgway. From 1921 to 1937, it was given biennially; since then it has usually been made annually.

Honorarium
An honorarium is an ex gratia payment, i.e., a payment made, without the giver recognizing themself as having any liability or legal obligation to the recipient for their volunteered services, or for services for which fees are not traditionally required. It is a common remuneration practice in schools or sports clubs, for teachers and coaches. Another example includes the payment to guest speakers at a conference meeting to cover their travel, accommodation, or preparation time. Services for funerals and/or memorial services are often paid by honorarium, as the clergy and other people such as musicians who commonly have roles at these events, out of care, do not have a set fee for services to grieving families. Likewise, wedding officiants are sometimes paid through honorarium. When required, honorariums may be termed altarages, although an altarage may be paid to a church or parish rather than a person.
Guerilla Warfare School
The Guerilla Warfare School was a commando and special operations training centre at Tidal River, Victoria, Australia during the Second World War. The training centre was set up in 1941, known as No. 7 Infantry Training Centre, and the special operations course was run until July 1942, before transferring to the Z Experimental Station, Cairns, Queensland.

Australian commandos
The name commando has been applied to a variety of Australian special forces and light infantry units that have been formed since 1941–42. The first Australian "commando" units were formed during the Second World War, where they mainly performed reconnaissance and long-range patrol roles during Australia's campaigns in New Guinea and Borneo, although other units such as M and Z Special Units performed more clandestine roles. These units were disbanded following the end of the war; however, in the 1950s it was realised that there was a need for such units again in the Australian forces. In the 2020s, the Australian Army possesses a number of units that perform more conventional direct-action type commando roles, as well as counter-terrorism response, long-range patrolling, and clandestine deep-penetration operations.
Daniel Kelly (footballer, born 1996)
Daniel Kelly (born 21 May 1996) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a winger for Shelbourne, a club in the League of Ireland Premier Division. His previous clubs include St Patrick's CY (over 2 spells), Crumlin United, Bray Wanderers, Bohemians, Dundalk, and Derry City.

Ryan McBride Brandywell Stadium
The Ryan McBride Brandywell Stadium (Irish: Tobar an Fhíoruisce1) is a municipal football stadium  in Derry, Northern Ireland. It is the home ground of League of Ireland team Derry City F.C., (temporarily) NIFL Championship team Institute, and also to NIWFA Championship Ladies Team Foyle Belles FC.

Until September 2018, the stadium was known as the Brandywell Stadium before it was renamed to honour Ryan McBride.
Meriden Firearms Co.
The Meriden Firearms Company of Meriden, Connecticut, USA manufactured small arms from 1905 to 1918.  Meriden manufactured 20 varieties of hammer and hammerless revolvers with an output of 100 handguns a day in 1906. In addition to revolvers the company manufactured shotguns and  rifles.

The Meriden Firearms Company was formed when Sears, Roebuck & Co. purchased the Andrew Fyrberg & Sons firearms manufacturing plant and moved the plant and machinery to Meriden, Connecticut, in 1905 in the Malleable Iron Company's plant. The company sold their firearms through the Sears catalog as well as via other retailers (using different trade names). Meriden introduced the Model 15 slide-action .22 rifle based on Savage patents in the fall of 1912. The main plant of the company was sold to New England Westinghouse in 1916 (which soon resold it to Colt), and in 1918 due to the end of WWI Sears closed the Meriden Firearms Company.

.22 long rifle
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22 LR or 5.7×15mmR, is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers and submachine guns.  It is a well-established small game round, but is not typically used for hunting larger game as it lacks the necessary stopping power.

In terms of quantities sold, the .22 Long Rifle is by far the most common ammunition that is currently manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and is inexpensive to purchase, making it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.
Albissola Marina
Albissola Marina (Ligurian: A Moenn-a d'Arbisseua) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Genoa and about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northeast of Savona.

The 16th-century Spaniard Gonzalo Argote de Molina identified Albissola Marina as the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, though the details of Columbus' origin remain a matter of dispute.

Lucio Fontana
Lucio Fontana (Italian: [ˈluːtʃo fonˈtaːna]; 19 February 1899 – 7 September 1968) was an Argentine-Italian painter, sculptor, and theorist. He is known as the founder of Spatialism and exponent of abstract painting as the first known artist to slash his canvases – which symbolizes an utter rejection of all prerequisites of art.
Mamyan
Mamyan (Urdu: ممیان) is a village located 20 km south-west of Jhelum, 3 km west of River Jhelum and 0.5 km north of River Bunhan in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan.

Nearby settlements include:

West - Jagta 2 km

North - Alang 1.3 km, Kolian 1 km

East - Khurd 1.5 km, Chotala 2 km

South - Padiala, Darapur, Chakri

Naalah Bunhan
Naalah Bunhar (Urdu: نالہ بنہاں, also "Bunhā torrent") is a river in, Punjab, Pakistan. It begins in Saral, Chakwal District, and then enters Jhelum District and flows into the River Jhelum near Darapur. It runs south of Tilla Jogian and the Salt Range, where, with rainfall, its width reportedly "spreads over a mile of country". It forms the only ravine in the wide fertile plateau of Jhelum Tehsil that drains into the Jhelum River; all others drain into the Soan River. Many waterfalls from Tilla Jogian also fall into the Bunhar. Near Pind Sawika and Wagh villages, this river's bed takes the form of a desert.
Independent Power Corporation
Independent Power Corporation PLC (IPC) is a low carbon independent power producer (IPP) based in Millbank Tower.

It develops, owns, and operates thermal and hydropower generation facilities in Latin America, North America, Middle East, South Africa, Asia, and Europe. In recent years the company has been pursuing hybrid solar and wind projects.

The company also provides operations and maintenance services for generation and distribution assets, acting as technical operator for power plants worldwide.

Its projects include Hybrid solar and wind, coal-fired, gas-fired, diesel-fired, and hydroelectric power plants.

Low-carbon electricity
Low-carbon electricity or low-carbon power is electricity produced with substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions over the entire lifecycle than power generation using fossil fuels. The energy transition to low-carbon power is one of the most important actions required to limit climate change.

Low carbon power generation sources include wind power, solar power, nuclear power and most hydropower. The term largely excludes conventional fossil fuel plant sources, and is only used to describe a particular subset of operating fossil fuel power systems, specifically, those that are successfully coupled with a flue gas carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. Globally almost 40% of electricity generation came from low-carbon sources in 2020: about 10% being  nuclear power, almost 10% wind and solar, and around 20% hydropower and other renewables. Very little low-carbon power comes from fossil sources, mostly due to the cost of CCS technology.