hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nicholas Poppe
Nicholas Poppe (Russian: Николай Николаевич Поппе, romanized: Nikolay Nikolayevich Poppe; 8 August 1897 – 8 June 1991) was a Russian linguist and Nazi collaborator. He is also known as Nikolaus Poppe, with his first name in its German form. He is often cited as N.N. Poppe in academic publications.

Poppe was a leading specialist in the Mongolic languages and the hypothetical (and controversial) Altaic language family to which the Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic languages are supposed to belong. Poppe was open-minded toward the inclusion of Korean in Altaic, but regarded the evidence for the inclusion of Korean as weaker than that for the inclusion of Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic.

Tungusic languages
The Tungusic languages (/tʊŋˈɡʊsɪk/; also known as Manchu–Tungus and Tungus) form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria by Tungusic peoples. Many Tungusic languages are endangered. There are approximately 75,000 native speakers of the dozen living languages of the Tungusic language family. The term "Tungusic" is from an exonym for the Evenk people (Ewenki) used by the Yakuts ("tongus").
Thomas Schmidt-Kowalski
Thomas Schmidt-Kowalski (21 June 1949 – 5 January 2013) was a German composer.

Schmidt-Kowalski was born at Oldenburg in 1949.  He studied composition at the Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts in Berlin under Frank Michael Beyer (1971) and at the Musikhochschule Hannover under Alfred Koerppen (1972–77). In the course of his studies, Schmidt-Kowalski turned from the musical avant-garde and chose to write in a more traditional vein. Since the late 1970s he worked as a freelance composer, mainly writing commissioned works for soloists and events. His compositions have been performed in London, Oxford, Cambridge, Sydney, Melbourne, Mexico City, and Yokohama, and have been recorded on the Naxos label. Schmidt-Kowalski latterly emerged as a conductor of his own works.

Alfred Koerppen
Alfred Koerppen (16 December 1926 – 5 July 2022) was a German organist, music pedagogue, composer and academic teacher. He taught composition and music theory at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hannover from 1948 to 1991. His compositions focus on choral music with and without accompaniment, but he also wrote symphonies, chamber music and stage works.
Tubul Formation
Tubul Formation (Spanish: Formación Tubul) is an Early Pleistocene (formerly described as Middle Pliocene in 1968 and Late Pliocene in 1976) sedimentary formation located in Arauco Province in south–central Chile. Its sediments were deposited in marine conditions. It overlies unconformably the folded sedimentary formations of Ranquil (Miocene–Pliocene), Quiriquina (Late Cretaceous) and the Lebu Group (Paleocene-Eocene).

Mollusc fossils found in the formation derives from soft-bed environments (contrary to rocky coasts). Evidence from the fossil mollusc fauna of the Tubul Formation seem to indicate that local water temperatures were lower in the Pliocene than today. Waters and mollusc faunas of Magallanes Region are modern-day equivalents of Tubul Formation.

The formation was first defined by Egidio Feruglio in 1949.

Arauco Province
Arauco Province (Spanish: Provincia de Arauco) is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Bío Bío. It spans a coastal area of 6,366 km2 (2,458 sq mi) just south of the mouth of the Biobío River, the traditional demarcation between the nation's major natural regions, Zona Central and Zona Sur. The province originally covered the once-independent indigenous territory of Araucanía, but this was afterward divided into four provinces. It is devoted largely to agricultural pursuits. The capital Lebu (population 25,000) is situated on the coast about 90 km (56 mi) south of Concepción with which it is connected by rail.
Hawthorn Greyhound Track
The Hawthorn Greyhound Track was a former greyhound racing track in Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales.

The stadium was situated on Fairfield Lane off Cardiff Road and on the south side of the Rhyd-y-Felin railway branch (now the A470). Racing began in March 1932 and ended in 1970s with the site now being a football ground used by Rhydyfelin AFC and is called the old dog track.

Pontypridd
Pontypridd (/ˌpɒntɪˈpriːð/ PON-tih-PREEDH, Welsh: [ˌpɔntəˈpriːð]), colloquially referred to as Ponty, is a town and a community in Rhondda Cynon Taf, South Wales, approximately 10 miles (16 km) north west of Cardiff city centre.
2013 Brisbane International
The 2013 Brisbane International was a joint 2013 ATP World Tour and 2013 WTA Tour tennis tournament, played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 5th edition of the tournament and took place at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. It was held from 30 December 2012 to 6 January 2013. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year.

Radek Štěpánek
Radek Štěpánek (Czech pronunciation: [ˈradɛk ˈʃcɛpaːnɛk]; born 27 November 1978) is a Czech former professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking was world No. 8 and best doubles ranking was world No. 4. Štěpánek's biggest achievements are reaching two Masters 1000 event finals and the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 2006, as well as winning the deciding match for Czech Republic's Davis Cup winning team in 2012 and again in 2013. In doubles, he won his first Grand Slam title at the 2012 Australian Open, along with Indian partner Leander Paes, defeating the Bryan Brothers in the final. Paes and Štěpánek also won the men's doubles title at the 2013 US Open, defeating Bruno Soares and Alexander Peya in the final. In November 2017, he became a coach of Novak Djokovic and in May 2019, he joined Andre Agassi as part of Grigor Dimitrov's coaching staff.
Rico Engler
Rico Engler (born April 28, 1987) is a German footballer who  plays as a striker for SV 1900 Flößberg. He first joined the club as a youth (when they were still called VfB Leipzig), and broke into the first team in 2006. Four years later he joined SV Babelsberg 03 of the 3. Liga, and made his debut as a substitute for Anton Müller in a 1–0 defeat to SV Wehen Wiesbaden. After one season with the Potsdam club, he returned to Lokomotive Leipzig in July 2011.

SV Wehen Wiesbaden
SV Wehen Wiesbaden is a German association football club based in Wiesbaden, Hesse. The club was previously known as SV Wehen but added  Wiesbaden to its name during the summer of 2007. They left their previous ground, the Taunusstein, that same summer and have played at the BRITA-Arena ever since.
The Infinity Race
The Infinity Race is a BBC Books original novel written by Simon Messingham and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and Anji.

Science fiction on television
Science fiction (Sci-fi) first appeared in television programming in the late 1930s, during what is called the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Special effects and other production techniques allow creators to present a living visual image of an imaginary world not limited by the constraints of reality.
Edward Clarke (MP for Norwich)
Edward Clarke (c. 1636 – 1723) was an English politician. Christened on the 5 February 1636–7 at East Raynham, he was the son of Rev. Samuel Clarke (d. 1692) rector of Raynham, Norfolk and Katherine Symonds (d. 1686) of Stody, Norfolk. He was a member of the Norfolk gentry and a descendant of Member of Parliament and English courtier, Sir Anthony Lee by his first wife, Margaret Wyatt.

Anthony Lee (politician)
Sir Anthony Lee (c. 1510 – 24 November 1549) was an English courtier and Member of Parliament, and the father of Elizabeth I's champion, Sir Henry Lee. He was at the court of Henry VIII in his youth, and served as a Justice of the Peace and Knight of the Shire for Buckinghamshire. He was a close friend of his brother-in-law, the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt.
Devegeçidi Dam
Devegeçidi Dam is one of the 22 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey, Diyarbakır. It is near Diyarbakır on a branch of the Tigris river. It was constructed for irrigation purposes between 1965 and 1972.

Tigris
The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf.

The Tigris passes through historical cities such as Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants such as the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.

Today the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.
Simple Gifts (band)
Simple Gifts is a folk trio from Central Pennsylvania founded in 1989. Since 1995, it has consisted of Linda Littleton (fiddle, hammered dulcimer, bowed psaltery, recorders, percussion), Karen Hirshon (vocals, fiddle, baritone fiddle, guitar, mandolin, banjo, banjolin, banjo guitar, spoons, percussion), and Rachel Hall (English concertina, keyboards, percussion). The band plays primarily traditional instrumental tunes from Appalachia; Israel and other Middle Eastern countries; and many European countries, including Ireland, Scotland, Romania, Finland, and Sweden.

Mandolin-banjo
The mandolin-banjo is a hybrid instrument, combining a banjo body with the neck and tuning of a mandolin. It is a soprano banjo. It has been independently invented in more than one country, variously being called mandolin-banjo, banjo-mandolin, banjolin and banjourine in English-speaking countries, banjoline and bandoline in France, and the Cümbüş in Turkey.

The instrument has the same scale length as a mandolin (about 14 inches); with 4 courses of strings tuned identically to the violin and mandolin (low to high: GDAE). The movable bridge stands on a resonant banjo-like head typically 10 inches in diameter and currently usually made of plastic. Originally heads were made of skin and varied in diameter to as small as five inches. Larger heads were favored, however, as they were louder, and thus more audible in band settings.
Beacon Valley
Beacon Valley (77°49′S 160°39′E﻿ / ﻿77.817°S 160.650°E﻿ / -77.817; 160.650) is an ice-free valley between Pyramid Mountain and Beacon Heights, in the Quartermain Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13, and named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1958–59) after Beacon Heights.

Victoria Land
Victoria Land is a region in eastern Antarctica which fronts the western side of the Ross Sea and the Ross Ice Shelf, extending southward from about 70°30'S to 78°00'S, and westward from the Ross Sea to the edge of the Antarctic Plateau. It was discovered by Captain James Clark Ross in January 1841 and named after Queen Victoria. The rocky promontory of Minna Bluff is often regarded as the southernmost point of Victoria Land, and separates the Scott Coast to the north from the Hillary Coast of the Ross Dependency to the south.
Nesser
Nesser is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Al Nesser (1893–1967), American football player

Charlie Nesser (1902–1970), American football player

Frank Nesser (1889–1953), American football player

Fred Nesser (1887–1967), American football player

Håkan Nesser (born 1950), Swedish author and teacher

John Nesser (1876–1931), German-American American football player

Phil Nesser (1880–1959), German-American American football player

Ray Nesser (1898–1969), American football player

Ted Nesser (1883–1941), American football player-coach

Phil Nesser
Phillip Gregory Nesser  (December 10, 1880 – May 9, 1959) was a German-American professional American football player in the Ohio League and the early National Football League (NFL) for the Columbus Panhandles. He was also a member of the Nesser Brothers, a group consisting of seven brothers who made up the most famous football family in the United States from 1907 until the mid-1920s. He is distinguished as being the first German to play in the NFL.

Phil was primarily a tackle, although he often carried the ball on several plays.

Outside of football, Phil was considered a math genius although he never attended school past the fourth grade. According to his daughter, Phil later taught at Central High School in Columbus until the school's administrators found out he did not have a degree and forced him to resign. In addition to football, he was a champion hammer thrower.
Bretherton equation
In mathematics, the Bretherton equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation introduced by Francis Bretherton in 1964:

with  integer and  While  and  denote partial derivatives of the scalar field

The original equation studied by Bretherton has quadratic nonlinearity,  Nayfeh treats the case  with two different methods: Whitham's averaged Lagrangian method and the method of multiple scales.

The Bretherton equation is a model equation for studying weakly-nonlinear wave dispersion. It has been used to study the interaction of harmonics by nonlinear resonance. Bretherton obtained analytic solutions in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions.

Jacobi elliptic functions
In mathematics, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a set of basic elliptic functions.  They are found in the description of the motion of a pendulum, as well as in the design of electronic elliptic filters. While trigonometric functions are defined with reference to a circle, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a generalization which refer to other conic sections, the ellipse in particular. The relation to trigonometric functions is contained in the notation, for example, by the matching notation  for . The Jacobi elliptic functions are used more often in practical problems than the Weierstrass elliptic functions as they do not require notions of complex analysis to be defined and/or understood. They were introduced by Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi (1829). Carl Friedrich Gauss had already studied special Jacobi elliptic functions in 1797, the lemniscate elliptic functions in particular, but his work was published much later.
South Street Historic District
South Street Historic District can refer to:

South Street Historic District (Greenville, Alabama)

South Street Historic District (Brockton, Massachusetts)

South Street Historic District (Gorham, Maine)

South Street Historic District (Kalamazoo, Michigan)

South Street Historic District (Cuba, New York)

South Street Historic District (Pawtucket, Rhode Island)

South Street Historic District (Cuba, New York)
South Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Cuba in Allegany County, New York. The district consists of 12 acres (49,000 m2) and includes 48 contributing buildings.  It encompasses the village of Cuba's most distinguished residential enclave.  The structures date from about 1840 to about 1938-1939 and reflect a variety of popular architectural styles. The district consists of 37 residential properties dating from 1840 to 1940 and three churches : First Baptist and Christ Episcopal, 1871, and Our Lady of Angels Roman Catholic, 1926. The district begins at the First Baptist Church and ends at the railroad underpass at the south end.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
Zooillogix
Zooillogix is a zoology blog on the ScienceBlogs network, created and edited by Andrew and Benny Bleiman. The site has been featured on ABC News, in Seed magazine, Mental Floss, FHM, and the Annals of Improbable Research, awarders of the Ig Nobel Prize. The site attracts a diverse readership from notable scientists, such as PZ Myers, to biology students to young children.

Ig Nobel Prize
The Ig Nobel Prize (/ˌɪɡ noʊˈbɛl/) is a satirical prize awarded annually since 1991 to promote public engagement with scientific research. Its aim is to "honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think." The name of the award is a pun on the Nobel Prize, which it parodies, and on the word ignoble. Most awards are for genuine scientific achievements with an unorthodox, obvious or humorous slant, while other awards are given ironically to various fraudsters, politicians, media figures, or promoters of pseudoscience.

Organized by the scientific humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research (AIR), the Ig Nobel Prizes are presented by Nobel laureates in a ceremony at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The winners also deliver public lectures. The Ig Nobel Prize monetary award is given in a solitary banknote for the amount of 10 trillion Zimbabwean dollars (US$0.40, but the banknote is worth more as a collector's item).
Abu Umair bin Abi Talha
Abu Umair ibn Abi Talha (Arabic: أبو عمير بن أبي طلحة) was a young companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the son of the prominent companions Abu Talha al-Ansari and Umm Sulaym bint Milhan. He is primarily known from a famous hadith narrated by his elder step-brother, Anas ibn Malik, which highlights Muhammad's kindness and compassion towards children.

Anas ibn Malik
Anas ibn Mālik ibn Naḍr al-Khazrajī al-Anṣārī (Arabic: أنس بن مالك الخزرجي الأنصاري; c. 612 –  c. 712) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was nicknamed Khadim al-Nabi (lit. Servant of the Prophet) for serving Muhammad for ten years.
Canada at the 2030 Winter Olympics
Canada is expected  to compete at the 2030 Winter Olympics in the French Alps and Nice, which is scheduled to take place from 1 February 2030 to 17 February 2030. This would be Canada's 26th appearance at the Winter Olympics, having competed at every winter games since the inaugural games in 1924.

The Fondazione Milano Cortina 2026 (Milan Cortina 2026 Olympic Foundation) has named  Macklin Celebrini of Canada as one of four "Rising stars to watch at French Alps 2030 Winter Olympics".

There is speculation in the news media that Canada's Winter Olympic roster in 2030 will be significantly different but Sidney Crosby is expected to compete.

Vancouver considered a bid for the 2030 Winter Olympics but the NDP led provincial government did not support it.

Macklin Celebrini
Macklin Celebrini (born June 13, 2006) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who is a centre and alternate captain for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played college hockey for the Boston University Terriers. During his freshman season he won the Hobey Baker Award, becoming the youngest player to win the award. Celebrini was selected first overall by the Sharks in the 2024 NHL entry draft, and went on to finish as a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy as the league's best rookie.

Internationally, Celebrini has represented Canada multiple times, competing in the 2024 World Junior Championships, the 2025 IIHF World Championship, and the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan–Cortina, among others.
Hank Johnson
Henry Calvin Johnson Jr. (born October 2, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Georgia's 4th congressional district since 2007. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district is anchored in Atlanta's inner eastern suburbs, including the majority of DeKalb County—which encompasses Decatur, Lithonia, Stone Mountain, Dunwoody, Brookhaven, and Doraville—as well as parts of Gwinnett County, including Peachtree Corners, Lawrenceville, Duluth, and Norcross, along with a small portion of the city of Atlanta.

Stone Mountain, Georgia
Stone Mountain is a city in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The population was 6,703 as of 2020. Stone Mountain is in the eastern part of DeKalb County and is a suburb of Atlanta that encompasses nearly 1.7 square miles. It lies near and touches the western base of the geological formation of the same name. Locals often call the city "Stone Mountain Village" to distinguish it from the larger unincorporated area traditionally considered Stone Mountain and Stone Mountain Park.
Midland Mall
Midland Mall is an enclosed shopping mall serving Midland, Michigan, United States. Opened in 1991, the mall's anchor stores are Target, Hobby Lobby, Barnes & Noble, Dunham's Sports, and Planet Fitness. A fourth anchor store space, once occupied by Sears, is occupied by MyMichigan Health System and is non-commercial. The mall was owned and managed by the Kohan Retail Investment Group until 2023 when local businessman Jordan Dice purchased it at auction.

Elder-Beerman
Elder-Beerman, was an American chain of department stores founded in 1883 and whose last stores closed in 2018. The chain, based primarily in the Midwestern United States, was composed of 31 stores in eight states at the time of its liquidation in 2018, and peaked around 2003 with 68 stores and $670 million in annual sales.
Rudolf Nierlich
Rudolf "Rudi" Nierlich (20 February 1966 – 18 May 1991) was an Austrian alpine skier. Born in Sankt Wolfgang im Salzkammergut (Upper Austria), he won a total of eight races in the Alpine Skiing World Cup, and was three times World Champion (1989 and 1991), in Slalom and giant slalom.

FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts that included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France (Honore Bonnet) and the USA (Bob Beattie). It was soon backed by International Ski Federation president Marc Hodler during the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966 at Portillo, Chile, and became an official FIS event in the spring of 1967 after the FIS Congress at Beirut, Lebanon.

The inaugural World Cup race was held on 5 January 1967 in Berchtesgaden, West Germany, a slalom won by Heinrich Messner of Austria. Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the overall winners for the first two seasons.
Kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
In enzymology, kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Its products are 7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid, reduced NADH, and a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate dehydrogenase, and 7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid 7,8-diol dehydrogenase.  This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.