hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Simon Foucher
Simon Foucher (1 March 1644 – 27 April 1696) was a French polemic philosopher. His philosophical standpoint was one of Academic skepticism: he did not agree with dogmatism, but didn't resort to Pyrrhonism, either.

Academic skepticism
Academic skepticism was the philosophy of the skeptical period of the Academy dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although individual philosophers, such as Favorinus and his teacher Plutarch, continued to defend skepticism after this date. Unlike the existing school of skepticism, the Pyrrhonists, they maintained that knowledge of things is impossible. Ideas or notions are never true; nevertheless, there are degrees of plausibility, and hence degrees of belief, which allow one to act. The school was characterized by its attacks on the Stoics, particularly their dogma that convincing impressions led to true knowledge. The most important Academics were Arcesilaus, Carneades, and Philo of Larissa. The most extensive ancient source of information about Academic skepticism is Academica, written by the Academic skeptic philosopher Cicero.
Otley R.U.F.C.
Otley Rugby Union Football Club is an English rugby union club representing Otley in the City of Leeds, district of West Yorkshire. The club runs two senior teams – the first XV, the Saracens (2nd XV), as well as a full range of junior teams. The first XV play in National League 2 North.

City of Leeds
The City of Leeds, also known officially as Leeds, is a metropolitan borough with city status in West Yorkshire, England. It occupies the north east of the county and includes Leeds and its surrounding towns, including Wetherby, Garforth, Morley, and Otley. The borough had an estimated population of 845,189 in 2024, making it the second largest district in England by population after Birmingham.

The borough was created in 1974 as part of a reform of local government in England. It is one of five metropolitan boroughs within the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, which was created at the same time. Local government was shared between Leeds City Council and West Yorkshire County Council until 1985, when the county council was abolished and the city council took on its responsibilities. The city council is a member of the West Yorkshire Combined Authority, a strategic body for the county.
Uthlande
Uthlande, Utlande (Low German or Old Danish: The outer lands, in Danish also: Friselagen) is a term for the islands, halligen and marshes off the mainland of North Frisia in the Southwest Jutland, modern Nordfriesland district, Germany.

Eiderstedt
Eiderstedt (German: Eiderstedt, pronounced [ˈaɪdɐʃtɛt] ⓘ; Danish: Ejdersted; North Frisian: Ääderstää) is a peninsula in the district of Nordfriesland in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein.
Coolmore Plantation
Coolmore Plantation, also known as Coolmore and the Powell House, is a historic plantation house located near Tarboro, Edgecombe County, North Carolina.  Built in 1858–61, the main house is one of the finest Italianate-style plantation houses in the state.  The house and its similarly styled outbuildings were designed by Baltimore architect E. G. Lind for Dr. Joseph J.W. and Martha Powell. Paintwork is by Baltimore artist Ernst Dreyer.  Coolmore was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 1978, and is a Save America's Treasures project.

Save America's Treasures
Save America's Treasures is a United States federal government initiative to preserve and protect historic buildings, arts, and published works. It is a public–private partnership between the U.S. National Park Service and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities, and Institute of Museum and Library Services are also partners in the work. In the early years of the program, Heritage Preservation and the National Park Foundation were also involved.
Groovy (horse)
Groovy (1983–2006) was an American Thoroughbred Champion sprint racehorse known for his love of jelly donuts. He is the only horse to break the 130 Beyer Speed Figure, accomplishing that milestone in his first two starts of 1987. In the Roseben Handicap at Belmont Racetrack, he earned a 131 rating, which he followed up with a 134 in the True North Handicap.

Bred in Texas by Marshall T. Robinson, Groovy was out of the mare Tinnitus and sired by 1976 Canadian Horse of the Year Norcliffe, who was a son of U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Buckpasser. Groovy was purchased at auction in February 1985 for $81,000 by Edith Libutti, the daughter of agent Ralph Libutti. Two months later, she sold the colt to New Jersey banker Theodore V. Kruckel.

Jelly doughnut
A jelly doughnut, or jam doughnut, is a doughnut with a fruit preserve filling.

Varieties include the German Berliner, the Polish pączki, the Jewish sufganiyot, the Southern European krafne and the Italian bombolone.
2017 BFD Energy Challenger
The 2017 BFD Energy Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Italy between 25 September and 1 October 2017.

Daniel Gimeno Traver
Daniel Gimeno Traver (Spanish pronunciation: [daˈnjel xiˈmeno tɾaˈβeɾ]; born 7 August 1985) is a inactive professional Spanish tennis player who turned pro in 2004, when he was eighteen years old. He reached the final of Casablanca in 2015 and has won 12 Challenger Tour events, achieving a career-high singles ranking of World No. 48 in March 2013.
Pērse
The Pērse is a right tributary to the river Daugava in Latvia, flowing through Ērgļi, Pļaviņas and Koknese municipalities. The river crosses roads A6, P79, P80 and the Riga-Krustpils railway line.

The 50-km long Pērse begins in Kārdeces forest in Sausnēja parish.

Koknese Municipality
Koknese Municipality (Latvian: Kokneses novads) was a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed on 1 July 2009 by merging Bebri parish, Irši Parish and Koknese Parish the administrative centre being Koknese.

On 1 July 2021, Koknese Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Aizkraukle Municipality as Koknese Parish.
Bjarne Hansen (footballer, born 1894)
Bjarne Hansen (25 September 1894 – 28 July 1915) was a Norwegian footballer. He played once for the Norway national football team in 1913.

He played for Larvik Turn for five years. He died at Skien Hospital. At his funeral, members of Larvik Turn were casket-bearers, as well as the club flag being flown.

Larvik Turn
Larvik Turn & Idrettsforening is a Norwegian sports club that does football, handball, athletics, wrestling, and gymnastics.

The club was founded as early as 1865, and has been playing football since 1906. The football team was at its best during the 1950s, when it won the Norwegian Premier League three times; in 1953, 1955, and 1956. The club's only cup final appearance came in 1956, but this match was lost 2–1 to Skeid. Former Norwegian internationals Gunnar Thoresen, Hallvar Thoresen, Tom Sundby and Gunnar Halle have all played for Larvik Turn & I.F.

The most prominent representative of the athletics section is Lars Martin Kaupang, who had the Norwegian record in 1500 metres with 3:37.4 minutes from 30 June 1976 until 29 April 2012.
Electric Railway Journal
Electric Railway Journal was an American magazine primarily about electric urban rail transit in North America, published by McGraw Hill from June 1908 until December 1931. It was founded when publications Street Railway Journal (first published November 1884) and Electric Railway Review (first published January 1891) merged. Initially published weekly, it became monthly in April 1929. The magazine ceased publishing under this name in December 1931; it was renamed Transit Journal.

Urban rail transit
Urban rail transit is a wide term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
Giovanni Conso
Giovanni Battista Conso (23 March 1922 – 2 August 2015) was an Italian jurist who served on the Constitutional Court of Italy for nine years beginning in 1982, and  served as President of the Accademia dei Lincei from 1989 until his death in 2015.

Conso was the Minister of Justice in the Amato I Cabinet and in the Ciampi Cabinet between 1993 and 1994. He was also vice-president of the Italian Society for International Organizations.

He died in Rome in 2015.

Minister of Justice (Italy)
This is a list of the Italian ministers of justice since 1946. The minister of justice is a senior member of the Italian Cabinet and leads the Ministry of Justice.

The first Italian minister of justice is Giovanni Battista Cassinis, member of the Historical Right, who held the office in 1861 in the government of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour; while the longest-serving minister was Alfredo Rocco, who served in the fascist government of Benito Mussolini from 1925 until 1932. The current minister is Carlo Nordio, appointed on 22 October 2022 in the government of Giorgia Meloni.
2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 37th edition of the event known that year as the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships, and was part of the 500 Series of the 2010 ATP World Tour. It was held at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo, Japan, from October 4 through October 11, 2010. First-seeded Rafael Nadal won the singles title.

Ariake Coliseum
35°38′11″N 139°47′25″E﻿ / ﻿35.6364°N 139.7903°E﻿ / 35.6364; 139.7903

Ariake Coliseum (有明コロシアム, Ariake Koroshiamu) is an indoor sporting arena in Ariake Tennis Park located in Ariake, Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan. It has a capacity of 10,000 and is one of the few professional tennis venues which has a retractable roof.

When Ariake Coluseum first opened, it had no roof, but its sliding roof was installed in April 1991, making it the first stadium in Japan with a retractable roof, and the third overall after the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne and the SkyDome in Toronto.
John Hillkirk
John Ritson Hillkirk (25 June 1845 – 8 October 1921) was an English cricketer active from 1871 to 1877 who played for Lancashire. He was born in Manchester and died in Cowes, Isle of Wight. He appeared in 31 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman and occasional wicketkeeper. He scored 607 runs with a highest score of 56* and held 18 catches with one stumping.

Cowes
Cowes (/kaʊz/) is an English seaport town and civil parish on the Isle of Wight. Cowes is located on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina, facing the smaller town of East Cowes on the east bank. The two towns are linked by the Cowes Floating Bridge, a chain ferry.

Cowes has a population of 14,370 according to the 2021 Census.

Charles Godfrey Leland's 19th-century verses describe the towns poetically as "The two great Cowes that in loud thunder roar/This on the eastern, that the western shore".

Cowes has been seen as a home for international yacht racing since the founding of the Royal Yacht Squadron in 1815. It gives its name to the world's oldest regular regatta, Cowes Week, which occurs annually in the first week of August. Later, powerboat races are held.

Much of the town's architecture is still heavily influenced by the style of ornate building that Prince Albert popularised.
Prača (river)
The Prača (Serbian Cyrillic: Прача) is a left tributary of the Drina in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It source is in Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina at an altitude of 1540 m. After 55 km it flows into the Drina in Ustiprača. The Prača Canyon is declared a nature monument and a protected landscape, including caves of Mračna Pećina (also known as Banj or Banja Stijena) and Govještica (also known as Dugovještica) as Special geo-morphological reserves of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Prača offers terrains for recreational fishing on salmonids and numerous other fish species, but is primarily an important spawning ground for huchen and nase, both of which enter the river from the Drina.

Pale, Republika Srpska
Pale (Serbian Cyrillic: Пале) is a town and municipality of the city of Istočno Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated southeast of the inner city of Sarajevo, making it de facto a 
town and suburb of Sarajevo. As of 2013, it had a population of 22,282 inhabitants, while the town of Pale has a population of 13,883 inhabitants.

The famous Jahorina ski resort is located some 15 km (9.3 mi) from the municipality.

The Romanija mountainous region separates Pale from Sokolac, with highlands stretching out as far as Vlasenica and Rogatica.
Struggle of the Heroes
Struggle of the Heroes (aliases: Clash of the Heroes; Arabic: صراع الأبطال, translit: Sira’ Al-Abtal) is a 1962 Egyptian film directed by Tewfik Saleh, who also co-wrote the screenplay. It is listed in the Top 100 films in the Egyptian cinema of the 20th century list and Bibliotheca Alexandrina's 100 Greatest Egyptian Films.

Bibliotheca Alexandrina's 100 Greatest Egyptian Films
The Bibliotheca Alexandrina's 100 Greatest Egyptian Films is a list compiled in November 2006 by a committee formed by Bibliotheca Alexandrina, which includes Ahmed El Hadari as the committee head, with the membership of Samir Farid and Kamal Ramzi.
Cifax Rural Historic District
Cifax Rural Historic District is a national historic district located near Cifax, Bedford County, Virginia. It encompasses 51 contributing buildings, 7 contributing sites, and 2 contributing structures.  The district includes the
dwellings and outbuildings of prominent families, the houses of the poor and middling farmers and the laborers who in part depended on them for employment, and the stores, schools, and churches that served them.  Notable buildings include the Dillard-Coffey House, Logwood-Williams House, Old Nazareth
Methodist Episcopal Church, Poplar Springs Baptist Church, Cifax School, The Cedars, Noell-Lankford House, Poindexter-Ellett-Higginbotham Farm, and Glen Alpine designed by architect Pendleton S. Clark with landscaping by Charles F. Gillette.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Bedford County, Virginia
Bedford County is a United States county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Its county seat is the town of Bedford, which was an independent city from 1968 until rejoining the county in 2013.

Bedford County was created in 1753 from parts of Lunenburg County, and several changes in alignment were made until the present borders were established in 1786. The county was named in honor of John Russell, an English statesman and fourth Duke of Bedford.

Bedford County is part of the Lynchburg metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, Bedford's population was 79,462. The county population has more than doubled since 1980.
Thomas Levenson
Thomas Levenson is an American academic, science writer and documentary film-maker. As of 2012, he is Professor of Science Writing and director of the graduate program in science writing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has written six books: Ice Time: Climate, Science and Life on Earth; Measure for Measure: A Musical History of Science; Einstein in Berlin; The Hunt for Vulcan: And How Albert Einstein Destroyed a Planet, Discovered Relativity, and Deciphered the Universe (shortlisted for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016); Newton and the Counterfeiter and Money for Nothing: The Scientists, Fraudsters, and Corrupt Politicians Who Reinvented Money, Panicked a Nation, and Made the World Rich.

He also writes articles and reviews for newspapers and magazines.

Royal Society Science Book Prize
The Royal Society Science Book Prize is an annual £25,000 prize awarded by the Royal Society to celebrate outstanding popular science books from around the world. It is open to authors of science books written for a non-specialist audience, and since it was established in 1988 has championed writers such as Stephen Hawking, Jared Diamond, Stephen Jay Gould and Bill Bryson. In 2015 The Guardian described the prize as "the most prestigious science book prize in Britain".
Stiff-arm fend
The stiff-arm fend (also known as a hand off or fend off in rugby league and rugby union, sometimes as a don't argue in Australian rules football, or a stiff arm or straight arm in American football) is a tactic employed by the ball-carrier in many forms of contact football.

Nathan Jones (Australian footballer)
Nathan Jones (born 20 January 1988) is a former Australian rules footballer and current coach known for playing for and coaching  the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League. He is the older brother of St Kilda player Zak Jones. He served as the captain of Melbourne from 2014 until he stepped down at the end of the 2019 season.
Great Allentown Fair
The Great Allentown Fair is an annual fair and agricultural show that is held at the Allentown Fairgrounds in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It is operated by the Lehigh County Agricultural Society.  It is one of the oldest fairs in the United States, and one of the largest in the state of Pennsylvania.

The fair was first held in 1852 to showcase agricultural advancements and to entertain patrons. It has since evolved to appeal to a broader audience, adding more entertainment and dining options.  Although it stays true to its agricultural roots by offering petting zoos, livestock judging contests, and a farmer's market, the modern-day fair focuses more on entertainment; it boasts a carnival, talent shows, and concerts.

Traveling carnival
A traveling carnival (American English), usually simply called a carnival, travelling funfair or travelling show (British English), is an amusement show that may be made up of amusement rides, food vendors, merchandise vendors, games of chance and skill, thrill acts, and animal acts. A traveling carnival is not set up at a permanent location, like an amusement park, but is moved from place to place. Its roots are similar to the 19th century circus with both being fitted-up in open fields near or in town and moving to a new location after a period of time. In fact, many carnivals have circuses while others have a clown aesthetic in their decor. Unlike traditional Carnival celebrations, the North American traveling carnival is not tied to a religious observance.
Tye Hiatt
Tye Hiatt (born December 17, 1985) is an American high school coach. He is the head football coach for Cedar High School, a position he has held since 2024. In his second season he led Cedar High School to their first State Championship in school history (75 Years). For his efforts he was named UHSAA Coach of the Month presented by the Las Vegas Raiders. He was the head football coach for Eastern New Mexico University from 2021 to 2022. He also coached for Southern Virginia, Frostburg State, Shepherd, and Southern Utah. He played college football for Southern Virginia as a wide receiver.

Southern Virginia Knights football
The Southern Virginia Knights football program is a college football team that represents Southern Virginia University in the NCAA Division III. They are a member of the USA South Athletic Conference. The team has had 6 head coaches since its first recorded football game in 2003.
Shizuka Uchida
Shizuka Uchida (打田 しづか, Uchida Shizuka; born 26 July 1989) is a former Japanese badminton player who plays in singles and doubles event. She was born in Ōbu, Aichi, and graduated from the Okazaki Josei High School. Uchida competed at the 2007 and 2008 Asian Junior Badminton Championships, winning a mixed team bronze medal in 2007. She was join the Unisys badminton team in April 2008. Her best achievement is to reach the final round of the Superseries event at the 2013 Japan Open. She retired in February 2016, after the Japan league final match.

Unisys
Unisys Corporation is a technology company founded in 1986 and headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania. The company provides cloud, AI, digital workplace, logistics, and enterprise computing services.
Polish diaspora
The Polish diaspora comprises Poles and people of Polish heritage or origin who live outside Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish as Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance languages.

There are roughly 20,000,000 people of Polish ancestry living outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the world and one of the most widely dispersed. Reasons for displacement include border shifts, forced expulsions, resettlement by voluntary and forced exile, and political or economic emigration.

Substantial populations of Polish ancestry can be found in their native region of Central and Eastern Europe and many other European countries as well as in the Americas and Australia.

The Polonia in English-speaking countries often uses a dialect of Polish called Ponglish. It is made up of a Polish core with many English words inside it.

There are also smaller Polish communities in Asia and Africa, most notably Kazakhstan and South Africa.

Grodno region
Grodno Region, also known as Grodno Oblast or Hrodna Voblasts, is a region of Belarus. Its administrative centre and its namesake, Grodno, is the largest city in the whole region. As of 2024, it has a population of 992,556.

Located in western Belarus, it lies on the Neman River. The region borders the Minsk region to the east, the Brest region to the south, Poland (Podlaskie Voivodeship) to the west and the Vitebsk region and Lithuania (Alytus and Vilnius counties) to the north.
MV Cardiff Castle
The MV Cardiff Castle is a twin screw passenger vessel, operating on the River Dart in South Devon, UK, mainly on the cruise / ferry route between Dartmouth and Totnes, but also on circular cruises from Dartmouth, for Dart Pleasure Craft Ltd.

Cruising (maritime)
Cruising is a maritime activity that involves staying aboard a watercraft for extended periods of time when the vessel is traveling on water at a steady speed. Cruising generally refers to leisurely trips on yachts and luxury cruiseships, with durations varying from day-trips to months-long round-the-world voyages.
Svetozar Kurepa
Svetozar Kurepa (25 May 1929 – 2 February 2010) was a Yugoslavian and Croatian mathematician whose main contributions were in the areas of functional analysis and operator theory.  Kurepa published over 70 articles, 16 books, and numerous scientific reviews. He taught at the University of Zagreb, where he also served as the Dean of the College of Sciences. He taught in North America at the University of Maryland, at Georgetown University, and at the University of Waterloo. In Europe he worked at the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark and the University of Milan.

Operator theory
In mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators, and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis.

If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory.