hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthurite
Arthurite is a mineral composed of divalent copper and iron ions in combination with trivalent arsenate, phosphate and sulfate ions with hydrogen and oxygen. Initially discovered by Sir Arthur Russell in 1954 at Hingston Down Consols mine in Calstock, Cornwall, England, arthurite is formed as a resultant mineral in the oxidation region of some copper deposits by the variation of enargite or arsenopyrite. The chemical formula of Arthurite is CuFe23+(AsO4,PO4,SO4)2(O,OH)2·4H2O.

Arthurite is named after Arthur W. G. Kingsbury (1906–1968), a British mineralogist, and Sir Arthur Russell (1878–1964), a collector of minerals.

Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bonds are considered to be two bonds, triple bonds to be three, quadruple bonds to be four, quintuple bonds to be five and sextuple bonds to be six. In most compounds, the valence of hydrogen is 1, of oxygen is 2, of nitrogen is 3, and of carbon is 4. Valence is not to be confused with the related concepts of the coordination number, the oxidation state, or the number of valence electrons for a given atom.
Sven Beckert
Sven Beckert is Laird Bell Professor of History at Harvard University, where he teaches the history of the United States in the nineteenth century, and global history. With Christine A. Desan, he is the co-director of the Program on the Study of Capitalism at Harvard University.

He was an American Council of Learned Societies Fellow in 2008. He was a Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies Fellow.
He was a New York Public Library Fellow.
He is a Guggenheim Fellow.

American Council of Learned Societies
The American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) is a private, nonprofit federation of 75 scholarly organizations in the humanities and related social sciences founded in 1919. It is best known for its fellowship competitions which provide a range of opportunities for scholars in the humanities and related social sciences at all career stages, from graduate students to distinguished professors to independent scholars, working with a number of disciplines and methodologies in the U.S. and abroad.
Pitkänen
Pitkänen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ilmari Pitkänen, (1880–1927), Finnish writer

Ilmari Pitkänen (born 1990), Finnish ice hockey player

Joni Pitkänen (born 1983), Finnish ice hockey player

Matti Pitkänen (born 1951), Finnish cross-country skier

Miikka Pitkänen (born 1996), Finnish ice hockey player

Pauli Pitkänen (1911–1941), Finnish cross-country skier

Riku Pitkänen (born 1991), Finnish ice hockey player

Päsi Pitkänen (born 1984) Finnish artist

Toimi Pitkänen (1928–2016), Finnish rower

Pauli Pitkänen
Pauli Pitkänen (4 November 1911 –  28 September 1941) was a Finnish cross-country skier who competed in the 1930s. He won three gold medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two in 1938 (18 km and 4 × 10 km relay) and one in 1939 (4 × 10 km relay). He was born in Nilsiä. He was killed during the Continuation War.
Munda Hi Chahida
Munda Hi Chahida is a 2019 Indian Punjabi-language family drama film directed by Santosh Subhash Thite and Deepak Thaper. Co-produced by Neeru Bajwa Entertainment and Shri Narotam Ji Films, it stars Harish Verma and Rubina Bajwa in lead roles. The film was released worldwide on 12 July 2019.

Neeru Bajwa
Neeru Bajwa (born 26 August 1980) is a Canadian actress, director and producer who has worked in Indian cinema mainly in Punjabi and Hindi films. One of the highest-paid actress of Punjabi cinema,  Bajwa started her career in 1998 with Dev Anand's Hindi film Main Solah Baras Ki and then moved on to working in Hindi television and Punjabi films. Bajwa has since worked in commercially successful Punjabi films like Jatt & Juliet (2012), Jatt & Juliet 2 (2013), Sardaar Ji (2015), Laung Laachi (2018), Shadaa (2019), Kali Jotta (2023) and Jatt & Juliet 3 (2024).

She is a three-time PTC Punjabi Film Award winner and received the Critics’ Award for Best Actress at the inaugural Filmfare Awards Punjabi for Channo Kamli Yaar Di (2017). She made her Hollywood debut with the supernatural thriller It Lives Inside (2023).
James J. Lenihan Dam
James J. Lenihan Dam is an earthen structure across the Los Gatos Creek  creating the Lexington Reservoir in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Santa Clara County, California south of Los Gatos. The name was changed from Lexington Dam in 1996 for the retirement of James J. Lenihan, the Santa Clara Valley Water District's longest-serving director.

Embankment dam
An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a water-resistant natural covering for its surface, and may feature a dense, watertight core to resist surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance.
Chyorny Yar
Chyorny Yar (Russian: Чёрный Яр) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Chyorny Yar, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Lyavlensky Selsoviet of Primorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast

Chyorny Yar, Astrakhan Oblast, a selo in Chernoyarsky Selsoviet of Chernoyarsky District of Astrakhan Oblast

Chyorny Yar, Komi Republic, a settlement in Ust-Vym Selo Administrative Territory of Ust-Vymsky District of the Komi Republic

Chyorny Yar, Perm Krai, a selo in Kishertsky District of Perm Krai

Chyorny Yar, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Novolyalinsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast

Chyorny Yar, Tomsk Oblast, a settlement in Teguldetsky District of Tomsk Oblast

Chernoyarsky District
Chernoyarsky District (Russian: Черноя́рский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,217.99 square kilometers (1,628.58 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Chyorny Yar. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 20,220, with the population of Chyorny Yar accounting for 38.5% of that number.
Eric Boehlert
Eric Boehlert (December 6, 1965 – April 4, 2022) was an American journalist, writer, and media critic. He was a senior fellow at Media Matters for America for ten years and a staff writer at both Salon and Billboard.

In 2020, Boehlert started a digital newsletter, Press Run, as a venue for his commentary. He described it as "an unfiltered, passionate, and proudly progressive critique of the political press in the age of Trump."

Free Press (publisher)
Free Press was an American independent book publisher that later became an imprint of Simon & Schuster. It was one of the best-known publishers specializing in serious nonfiction, including path-breaking sociology books of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. After a period under new ownership in the 1980s of publishing neoconservative books, it was purchased by Simon & Schuster in 1994. By 2012, the imprint ceased to exist as a distinct entity; however, some books were still being published using the Free Press imprint.
Saffman–Delbrück model
The Saffman–Delbrück model describes a lipid membrane as a thin layer of viscous fluid, surrounded by a less viscous bulk liquid.  This picture was originally proposed to determine the diffusion coefficient of membrane proteins, but has also been used to describe the dynamics of fluid domains within lipid membranes. The Saffman–Delbrück formula is often applied to determine the size of an object embedded in a membrane from its observed diffusion coefficient, and is characterized by the weak logarithmic dependence of diffusion constant on object radius.

Viscous liquid
In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the terms viscous liquid, supercooled liquid, and glass forming liquid are often used interchangeably to designate liquids that are at the same time highly viscous (see Viscosity of amorphous materials), can be or are supercooled, and able to form a glass.
Erin Stern
Erin Stern (born February 5, 1980) is an American IFBB fitness professional and two-time Figure Olympia champion. She is a self-proclaimed lifetime natural athlete and now competes in the IFBB bikini division.

Arnold Sports Festival
The IFBB Pro Arnold Sports Festival, also known as the Arnold Schwarzenegger Sports Festival, is an annual multi-sport event consisting of professional bodybuilding (Arnold Classic), strongman (Arnold Strongman Classic), armlifting, fitness, figure, bikini and several others as a weekend expo. It was established in 1989 and is named after Arnold Schwarzenegger. The main event is held annually around late February or early March in Columbus, Ohio, by the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness Professional League (IFBB Pro League). It is considered the second-most-prestigious event in professional men's bodybuilding, physique, figure and bikini after Joe Weider's Olympia.
When the Ms. International competition was hosted, until 2013, it was the second-most-prestigious event in professional female bodybuilding (after Ms. Olympia).
Sidwell (surname)
Sidwell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aaron Sidwell (born 1988), English actor, singer, musician and producer

Ezra Sidwell (1885–1949), English rugby league footballer

Henry Sidwell (1857–1936), Anglican bishop

Ken Sidwell (1936–2022), American college head basketball and baseball head coach

Martindale Sidwell (1916–1998), English organist, composer and teacher

Paul Sidwell, Australian linguist

Steve Sidwell (born 1982), English footballer

Steve Sidwell (American football) (1944–2023), American football coach

Steve Sidwell (musician), British arranger, composer, and trumpeter

Tom Sidwell (1888–1958), English cricketer

Ken Sidwell
Kenneth Boyd Sidwell (January 23, 1936 – December 25, 2022) was an American college head basketball and baseball head coach. He coached Belmont's basketball team from 1962 to 1964 and again from 1972 to 1974, as well as Tennessee Tech from 1964 to 1969. In baseball, Sidwell coached Belmont from 1963 to 1964. He was also the first full-time athletic director in Belmont's history. He was inducted into Belmont's Hall of Fame as a coach and administrator in 1993.

As an athlete, Sidwell starred in both sports when he attended Tennessee Tech. In his four-year basketball career, Sidwell was a three-time all-Ohio Valley Conference player, a Little College All-American, and when he graduated he was the school's all-time leading scorer. He had his jersey retired and was inducted into Tennessee Tech's Hall of Fame in 1977.

Sidwell died in Franklin, Tennessee, on December 25, 2022, at the age of 86.
Gand Island
Gand Island, also Ghent Island or Genteiland in Dutch is an ice-covered island, 3 nautical miles (6 km) long and 1.5 nautical miles (3 km) wide, lying at the north end of Schollaert Channel, between Anvers Island and Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, and named by Adrian de Gerlache after "Gand", the French form of Ghent, a city in Belgium where subscription drives were held to help finance the expedition.

Schollaert Channel
Schollaert Channel (64°30′S 62°50′W﻿ / ﻿64.500°S 62.833°W﻿ / -64.500; -62.833) is a channel in the Antarctic between Anvers Island on the southwest and Brabant Island on the northeast, connecting Dallmann Bay and Gerlache Strait, in the Palmer Archipelago. It was discovered in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, who named it for the Belgian statesman Frans Schollaert.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Schollaert Channel". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Les Chemins de verre
Les Chemins de verre is the fourth studio album by Québec indie rock group Karkwa. The album's title literally translates as "The Glass Pathways" or "The Glass Roads", although it is also a pun on the French language phrase chemins de fer, or "railroads".

The entire album was written and recorded over the span of 21 days.

The album won the 2010 Polaris Music Prize, making Karkwa the first francophone band to win the award. The album subsequently also won the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year at the 2011 Juno Awards.

The album has received a gold certification by Music Canada, selling 40,000 copies as of December 8, 2011.

Music Canada
Music Canada is a non-profit trade organization that was founded 9 April 1963 in Toronto to represent the interests of companies that record, manufacture, produce, and distribute music in Canada. It also offers benefits to some of Canada's leading independent record labels and distributors. It was known as the Canadian Record Manufacturer's Association (French: Association canadienne des fabricants de disques) until 1972 and the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) (French: Association de l'industrie canadienne de l'enregistrement) until 2011.
Marco Pellegrini
Marco Pellegrini (fl. ca. 1500) was a Dominican friar and Vicar-General of the Dominicans in Lombardy from October 1506.  As a novice he took part in the Coppini Mission to England.  He was noted for his opposition to the doctrines of Savonarola and as Vicar-General implemented stern measures to stamp them out in religious houses.

Francesco Coppini
Francesco Coppini or dei Coppini (born before 1415 in Prato, died as Ignatius on 29 September 1464 in Rome) was an Italian prelate whom Pope Pius II sent to England in 1459 to arrange a reconciliation between the houses of Lancaster and York during the Wars of the Roses.
Margaret T. Fuller
Margaret "Minx" T. Fuller is an American developmental biologist known for her research on the male germ line and defining the role of the stem cell environment (the hub cells that establish the niche of particular cells) in specifying cell fate and differentiation.

Fuller is the Reed-Hodgson Professor of Human Biology at Stanford University, and former chair of the Stanford Department of Developmental Biology.

Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the scientific study of the processes by which animals and plants grow and develop. The field of developmental biology is further defined by its study of phenomena such as regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells within the adult organism.
Leitch's Station
Leitch's Station was the first settlement in Campbell County, Kentucky, USA, now the City of Wilder, Kentucky on the Licking River. It was located six miles south of the mouth of the Licking and was named for Major David Leitch (1753–1794), who was given the land for his service in the American Revolutionary War. David Leitch served as Aide-de-Camp to General Lawson during the War. Leitch died at the age of 41. His young widow, Ketura Moss Leitch married General James Taylor Jr. The marriage united the two largest landowners in the area, who collectively owned most of what is now known as Newport, Bellevue, Southgate, Wilder, Fort Thomas, Highland Heights, Cold Run, and Alexandria.

Licking River (Kentucky)
The Licking River is a partly navigable, 303-mile-long (488 km) tributary of the Ohio River in northeastern Kentucky. The river and its tributaries drain much of the region of northeastern Kentucky between the watersheds of the Kentucky River to the west and the Big Sandy River to the east.  The North Fork Licking River, in Pendleton County, Kentucky, is one of its tributaries.  The South Fork Licking River, in counties including Harrison County, Kentucky, is another.
Classic Stage Company
Classic Stage Company, or CSC, is a classical Off-Broadway theater company. Founded in 1967, Classic Stage Company is one of Off-Broadway's oldest theater companies.

CSC is led by Producing Artistic Director Jill Rafson.  John Doyle previously served as Artistic Director from 2016 until 2022.  CSC's 199-seat Lynn F. Angelson Theater is the former Abbey Theatre located at 136 East 13th Street between Third and Fourth Avenues in the East Village near Union Square, Manhattan, New York City.

CSC's productions have been cited repeatedly by the major Off-Broadway theater awards: Obie Award, Drama Desk Award, Outer Critics Circle Award, Drama League Award and 1999 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Body of Work.

Outer Critics Circle Awards
The Outer Critics Circle Awards are presented annually for Broadway and Off-Broadway theatrical achievements. They are presented by the Outer Critics Circle (OCC), the official organization of New York theater writers for out-of-town newspapers, digital and national publications, and other media beyond Broadway. The awards were first presented during the 1949–50 theater season.
Ice buko
Ice buko, also known as buko ice candy or coconut popsicle, is a Filipino frozen dessert made from condensed milk, young coconut (buko) strips, and coconut water. It is basically a frozen version of the buko salad. They can be sold on popsicle sticks or in plastic bags as ice candy. They commonly include other ingredients like peanuts, pinipig (toasted young rice), macapuno, pandan leaf extracts, various fruits, including pitaya or dragon fruit or sweetened mung beans (or adzuki beans). They are popular desserts during the summer and are commonly sold by sari-sari stores and sorbeteros.

Frozen dessert
Frozen dessert is a dessert made by freezing liquids, semi-solids, and sometimes solids. They may be based on flavored water (shave ice, ice pops, sorbet, snow cones), on fruit purées (such as sorbet), on milk and cream (most ice creams, sundae, sherbet), on custard (frozen custard and some ice creams), on mousse (semifreddo), and others. It is sometimes sold as ice-cream in South Asia and other countries.
Samantha Sencer-Mura
Samantha Sencer-Mura (born February 2, 1989) is an American politician serving in the Minnesota House of Representatives since 2023. A member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), Sencer-Mura represents District 63A in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which includes parts of Minneapolis in Hennepin County.

Hennepin County, Minnesota
Hennepin County (/ˈhɛnəpɪn/ HEN-ə-pin) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,281,565, and was estimated to be 1,273,334 in 2024, making it the most populous county in Minnesota and the 34th-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Minneapolis, the most populous city in Minnesota and the 46th-most populous city in the United States. The county is named for the 17th-century explorer Louis Hennepin. It extends from Minneapolis to the suburbs and outlying cities in the western part of the county. Its natural areas are covered by extensive woods, hills, and lakes. It contains over 21.98% of the state's population. It is included in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul–Bloomington metropolitan statistical area.
1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 13, 1826. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated former senator and Federalist Party candidate David Daggett, winning with 56.77% of the vote.

David Daggett
David Daggett (December 31, 1764 – April 12, 1851) was a U.S. senator, mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors,  and a founder of the Yale Law School. He helped block plans for the first college for African Americans in the United States and presided over the conviction of a woman running a boarding school for African Americans in violation of Connecticut's recently passed Black Law. He judged African Americans not to be citizens and supported their colonization to Africa.
Radhe Radhe
Radhe Radhe, (Braj: राधे राधे, IAST: Rādhe Rādhe), also spelled Radhey Radhey, is a Braj Bhasha expression used as a greeting and salutation in the Braj region of India. The greeting is associated with the Hindu goddess Radha, who is the consort of Krishna. She is worshiped as the queen of the Braj region, which includes Vrindavan, Barsana, Gokul, Nandgaon, Mathura, Govardhan and Bhandirvan.

Barsana
Barsana is a historical town and nagar panchayat in the Mathura district of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The town holds cultural and religious significance as the birthplace of Hindu goddess Radha, the chief consort of Krishna. Barsana is situated in the Braj region. The main attraction of the town is the historical Radha Rani Temple which attracts huge number of devotees throughout the year.

Barsana is an integral part of the Krishna pilgrimage circuit which also includes Mathura, Vrindavan, Govardhan, Kurukshetra and Dwarka.
1980 12 Hours of Sebring
The Coca-Cola Twelve Hours of Sebring International Grand Prix of Endurance, was the second round of the 1980 IMSA GT Championship and was held at the Sebring International Raceway, on 22 March 1980. Victory overall went to the No. 6 Dick Barbour Racing Porsche 935 driven by John Fitzpatrick and Dick Barbour.

Sebring International Raceway
Sebring International Raceway is a road course auto racing facility in the southeastern United States, located near Sebring, Florida.

Sebring Raceway is one of the oldest continuously operating race tracks in the U.S., its first race being run in 1950. Sebring is one of the classic race tracks in North American sports car racing, and plays host to the 12 Hours of Sebring.

The raceway occupies a portion of Sebring Regional Airport (an active airport for private and commercial traffic that was originally built as Hendricks Army Airfield, which was a World War II training base for the United States Army Air Forces).
NGC 3977
NGC 3977 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 5,975±13 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 287.4 ± 20.1 Mly (88.13 ± 6.17 Mpc). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 13 April 1784. It was also observed by Lewis Swift on 16 April 1885, causing this galaxy to be listed twice in the New General Catalogue, as both NGC 3977 and NGC 3980.

NGC 3977 along with NGC 3972 are listed together as Holm 304 in Erik Holmberg's A Study of Double and Multiple Galaxies Together with Inquiries into some General Metagalactic Problems, published in 1937. This grouping is purely optical, as NGC 3977 is about four times farther away than NGC 3972.

The SIMBAD database lists NGC 3977 as a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.

Erik Holmberg (astronomer)
Erik Holmberg (13 November 1908 – 1 February 2000) was a Swedish astronomer and cosmologist. He is most famous for his work in the effects of interacting galaxies. This research showed that galaxies that came near each other would likely combine to form a larger galaxy.

In 1908, Holmberg was born to Malcolm and Anna Holmberg in Skillingaryd, Sweden. In 1947 he married Martha Asdahl. They had one daughter named Osa, who was born in 1953. He died on 1 February 2000 in Gothenburg, at the age of 91.