hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake
The 1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake was a devastating magnitude 7.5 Mw earthquake that struck near the town of Waipukurau, New Zealand, on 23 February 1863. It remained the single largest earthquake to strike Hawke's Bay until 1931, where a magnitude 7.8 quake levelled much of Napier and Hastings, and killed 256 people.

Gisborne, New Zealand
Gisborne is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District (or Gisborne Region). It has a population of 38,100 (June 2025). Gisborne District Council has its headquarters in the central city.
Eremophila humilis
Eremophila humilis is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a low, rounded shrub with club-shaped leaves and white bell-shaped flowers and which is only found in a restricted area near Meekatharra.

Scrophulariaceae
The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family.  The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs.  Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial  (actinomorphic) symmetry.  The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains.  The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.
Theology of Aristotle
The Theology of Aristotle, also called Theologia Aristotelis (Arabic: أثولوجيا أرسطو, romanized: Athulujiya Aristu) is a paraphrase in Arabic of parts of Plotinus' Six Enneads along with Porphyry's commentary. It was traditionally attributed to Aristotle, but as this attribution is certainly untrue it is conventional to describe the author as "Pseudo-Aristotle". It had a significant effect on early Islamic philosophy, due to Islamic interest in Aristotle. Al-Kindi (Alkindus) and Avicenna, for example, were influenced by Plotinus' works as mediated through the Theology and similar works. The translator attempted to integrate Aristotle's ideas with those of Plotinus — while trying to make Plotinus compatible with Christianity and Islam, thus yielding a unique synthesis.

Shlomo Pines
Shlomo Pines (/ˈpiːnɪs/; Hebrew: שלמה פינס; 5 August 1908 – 9 January 1990) was an Israeli scholar of Jewish and Islamic philosophy, best known for his English translation of Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed.
Women and vegetarianism and veganism advocacy
Women and vegetarianism and veganism advocacy surveys women's involvement in promoting vegetarian and vegan diets, from early reform circles to the suffrage era and into the present. It outlines recurring motivations—ethical, health, temperance, domestic-labour, environmental and spiritual—alongside evidence of gendered patterns in adoption and attitudes. The article examines intersections with feminism, including first-wave activism, anti-vivisection, and later vegetarian ecofeminism and care-based ethics, and notes the role of periodical publishing and cookery writing in popularising meat-free diets. It also profiles notable advocates, organisations and venues, and describes cultural portrayals that have influenced public discussion of women and meat-free diets.

Women's Freedom League
The Women's Freedom League was an organisation in the United Kingdom from 1907 to 1961 which campaigned for women's suffrage, pacifism and sexual equality. It was founded by former members of the Women's Social and Political Union after the Pankhursts decided to rule without democratic support from their members.
Jinjiang railway station
Jinjiang railway station (Chinese: 晋江站) is a railway station in Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China, on the Fuzhou–Xiamen railway which operated by China Railway Nanchang Group, China Railway Corporation.

China Railway
China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中国国家铁路集团有限公司), short form China Railway (CR), is the state-owned rail transport operator and rail infrastructure manager in Mainland China.

China Railway operates passenger and freight transport throughout China with 18 regional bureaus. China has the highest railway usage in the world.
Benhazin Joseph Dahah
Benhazin Joseph Dahah (born 8 February 1969) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Asutifi North Constituency in the Brong-Ahafo Region on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party (NPP).

Asutifi North (Ghana parliament constituency)
Asutifi North is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Ebenezer Kwaku Addo is the member of parliament for the constituency. He was elected on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress and won a majority of 18,584 votes.
Firmin Dugas
Firmin Dugas (March 8, 1830 – March 16, 1889) was a Quebec businessman and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Montcalm from 1871 to 1887 and in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1874.

He was born in Rawdon Township, Lower Canada in 1830 and studied at Collège de l'Assomption. Dugas owned and operated several sawmills and flour mills at Saint-Liguori. He was mayor of Saint-Liguori from 1860 to 1862. He was elected to the Quebec assembly in 1867; he was elected to the House of Commons in an 1871 by-election after Joseph Dufresne resigned his seat to accept a post as sheriff. Dugas resigned his seat in the Quebec assembly in 1874 when it became illegal to hold seats in both houses.

He died at Saint-Liguori in 1889.

His son Joseph-Louis-Euclide also later represented Montcalm in the House of Commons.

Collège de l'Assomption
Collège de l'Assomption (English: College of the Assumption) is a private secondary school located in the municipality of L'Assomption in Montreal. It was founded in 1832 by Jean-Baptiste Meilleur. Meilleur served as the first superintendent of education for Lower Canada from 1842 to 1855. Canada's seventh prime minister, Wilfrid Laurier, is an alumnus of the school. In 1864 a book on the history of the school, Annales historiques du Collège de l'Assomption depuis sa fondation by Canadian journalist Arthur Dansereau, was published by Eusèbe Senécal. A second history of the college, Histoire du Collège de l'Assomption by Anastase Forget, was published in 1933 by Imprimerie populaire; an imprint of Le Devoir.
Monuments of Tonga
The Kingdom of Tonga has a number of historical monuments, linked to the chiefly dynasties which ruled over the islands for centuries.

In 2007, Tonga submitted several of these monuments collectively for consideration as a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site. They were to be considered as "the Ancient Capitals of the Kingdom of Tonga", covering the Haʻamonga 'a Maui Historical Park (including the Haʻamonga 'a Maui itself and the Maka Faʻakinanga slab) and the royal tombs (langi) in Muʻa. Heketa, included in the Park, was the country's capital from the 10th to the 13th century, while Muʻa was the capital from the 13th to the 19th century.

George Tupou I
George Tupou I (4 December 1797 – 18 February 1893), originally known as Tāufaʻāhau I, was the first king of modern Tonga. Originally controlling a disputed piece of land in Haʻapai, he expanded to control Vavaʻu, Tongatapu, and other islands.
Max Clifford
Maxwell Frank Clifford (6 April 1943 – 10 December 2017) was an English publicist and convicted sex offender who was particularly associated with promoting "kiss and tell" stories in tabloid newspapers.

In December 2012, as part of Operation Yewtree, Clifford was arrested on suspicion of sexual offences. He was sentenced to eight years in prison in May 2014 after being found guilty of eight counts of indecent assault on four girls and women aged between 15 and 19. He died in December 2017 after suffering a heart attack in HM Prison Littlehey.

Tabloid (newspaper format)
A tabloid is a newspaper format characterized by its compact size, smaller than a broadsheet. The term originates from the 19th century, when the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. used the term to describe compressed pills, later adopted by newspapers to denote condensed content. There are two main types of tabloid newspaper: red tops and compact, distinguished by editorial style.

Red top tabloids are distinct from broadsheet newspapers, which traditionally cater to more affluent, educated audiences with in-depth reporting and analysis. However, the line between tabloids and broadsheets has blurred in recent decades, as many broadsheet newspapers have adopted tabloid or compact formats to reduce costs and attract readers.

Globally, the tabloid format has been adapted to suit regional preferences and media landscapes. In countries like Germany and Australia, tabloids such as Bild and The Daily Telegraph have significant readerships and political clout.
Sierra Nevada upper montane forest
The Sierra Nevada upper montane forest is a vegetation type found below the treeline in the United States Sierra Nevada range. It is generally located above the mixed coniferous forest and below the alpine zone.  Overstory trees are typically cone shaped to shed the snow.

Characteristic trees including lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana ), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), western white pine (Pinus monticola) California red fir (Abies magnifica), and Sierra juniper (Juniperus grandis), and typical understory trees and shrubs such as huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifolia) and red heather (Phyllodoce breweri). Montane chaparral can occur in areas with recent fires or with high exposure to wind.. In the northern Sierra, quaking aspen occur in this ecoregion.

Vegetation classification
Vegetation classification is the process of classifying and mapping the vegetation over an area of the Earth's surface. Vegetation classification is often performed by state based agencies as part of land use, resource and environmental management. Many different methods of vegetation classification have been used. In general, there has been a shift from structural classification used by forestry for the mapping of timber resources, to floristic community mapping for biodiversity management. Whereas older forestry-based schemes considered factors such as height, species and density of the woody canopy, floristic community mapping shifts the emphasis onto ecological factors such as climate, soil type and floristic associations. Classification mapping is usually now done using geographic information systems (GIS) software.
Verkh-Tula
Verkh-Tula (Russian: Верх-Тула) is a settlement (a posyolok) and the administrative center of Verkh-Tulinsky Selsoviet in Novosibirsky District of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It was founded in 1654. Population: 6020 (2010 Census).

Novosibirsky District
Novosibirsky District (Russian: Новосиби́рский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,900 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Novosibirsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 127,891 (2010 Census);  113,047 (2002 Census); 130,300 (1989 Soviet census).
Mount Huaguo
Mount Huaguo (traditional Chinese: 花果山; pinyin: Huāguǒ Shān; Wade–Giles: Hua1kuo3 Shan1; Japanese: Kakazan; Vietnamese: Hoa Quả Sơn), or Flowers and Fruit Mountain, is a major area featured in the novel Journey to the West (16th century). A number of real-world locations have been connected with the Mount Huaguo, although the eponymous mountain in Lianyungang, Jiangsu is most commonly identified as its source of inspiration.

According to folklore, when Guanyin Bodhisattva passed through Flower Fruit Mountain, she meditated on a large rock. Imbued with divine essence, the stone miraculously gave birth to Sun Wukong. In a folktale, the mother goddess Nüwa sacrificed herself, transforming into thousands of colorful crystals to repair the sky. One of these crystals fell onto Flower and Fruit Mountain, where it absorbed the essence of the sun and moon, eventually giving birth to a stone monkey.

Lianyungang
Lianyungang (simplified Chinese: 连云港; traditional Chinese: 連雲港; pinyin: Liányúngǎng) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangsu province, China. It borders Yancheng to its southeast, Huai'an and Suqian to its south, Xuzhou to its southwest, and the province of Shandong to its north. Its name derives from Lian Island, the largest island in Jiangsu which lies off its coastline, and Yuntai Mountain, the highest peak in Jiangsu, a few miles from the city center, and the fact that it is a port. The name can be literally translated as the Port Connecting the Clouds.

Lianyungang was home to 4.65 million inhabitants as of the 2020 census whom 1,210,767 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Haizhou and Lianyun counties. Lianyungang was known in the West as Haichow (Postal romanization), which means the City of Sea. Haichow was opened to foreign trade by the Qing imperial government in 1905.
Flash Flanagan
Christopher Kindred (born April 6, 1974) is an American professional wrestler who has appeared in numerous independent wrestling leagues, such as Xtreme Championship Wrestling, as well as the global phenomenon companies, World Wrestling Entertainment, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and the International Wrestling Association, and is best known by his ring names Flash Flanagan and Slash Venom.

IWA World Tag Team Championship
The IWA World Tag Team Championship is a Tag Team Championship defended in Puerto Rico.The titles were first introduced in the first incarnation of the International Wrestling Association, where they are defended. They also made a brief appearance in the World Wrestling League (WWL) during 2018. It was introduced on January 6, 2000.

In 2021, Fernando Tonos and Manny Ferno created La Alianza IWE with the intention of completing a hostile takeover on behalf of International Wrestling Entertainment. Members of the stable won all of the IWA-PR titles. In response, general manager Chicky Starr and Savio Vega introduced parallel titles for each division in March 2022. While the storyline continued, there two sets of belts were contested independently of each other, with the originals being referenced to as the "IWE World Tag Team Championship".
Arber
Arber is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Agnes Arber (1879–1960), British botanist and philosopher of biology

Edward Arber (1836–1912), British academic and writer

Edward Alexander Newell Arber,  British paleobotanist

Silvia Arber (born 1968), Swiss neurobiologist

Werner Arber (born 1929), Swiss microbiologist and geneticist

Agnes Arber
Agnes Arber FRS (née Robertson; 23 February 1879 – 22 March 1960) was a British plant morphologist and anatomist, historian of botany and philosopher of biology. She was born in London but lived most of her life in Cambridge, including the last 51 years of her life. She was the first woman botanist to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (21 March 1946, at the age of 67) and the third woman overall. She was the first woman to receive the Gold Medal of the Linnean Society of London.

Her scientific research focused on the monocotyledon group of flowering plants. She also contributed to development of morphological studies in botany during the early part of the 20th century. Her later work concentrated on the topic of philosophy in botany, particularly on the nature of biological research.
Dwarfie Stane
The Dwarfie Stane is a megalithic chambered tomb carved out of a titanic block of Devonian Old Red Sandstone located in a steep-sided glaciated valley between the settlements of Quoys and Rackwick on Hoy, an island in Orkney, Scotland. The stone is a glacial erratic located in desolate peatland. The site is managed by Historic Environment Scotland.

Historic Environment Scotland
Historic Environment Scotland (HES) (Scottish Gaelic: Àrainneachd Eachdraidheil Alba) is an executive non-departmental public body responsible for investigating, caring for and promoting Scotland's historic environment. HES was formed in 2015 from the merger of government agency Historic Scotland with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS).
Godwin Hall
Godwin Hall is a building on the campus of James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia, housing the School of Kinesiology, the School of Theatre and Dance, and the JMU Athletics department.  It is named after Virginia governor Mills E. Godwin, and his wife and JMU alumna Katherine Godwin.

The building is home to Sinclair Gymnasium, a 5,000 seat multi-purpose arena, named for Caroline Sinclair, who was the head of the physical education department at the time.  It was home to the James Madison Dukes basketball team until the James Madison University Convocation Center opened in 1982.  The building also houses Savage Natatorium, an Olympic-size swimming pool, with seats for 800 spectators.  The facility was named for Dorothy Savage, a former physical education instructor.

James Madison University
James Madison University (JMU, Madison, or James Madison) is a public research university in Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1908, the institution was renamed in 1938 in honor of the fourth president of the United States, James Madison. It has since expanded from its origins as a normal school and teacher's college into a comprehensive university. It is situated in the Shenandoah Valley, just west of Massanutten Mountain.
A.E. Karaiskakis F.C.
A.E. Karaiskakis Football Club (Greek: Α.Ε. Καραϊσκάκης) was a Greek professional football club based in Arta, Greece. The club founded in 2012 and their home ground was Municipal Agioi Anargiroi Stadium.

Arta, Greece
Arta (Greek: Άρτα) is a city in northwestern Greece and the capital of the regional unit of Arta, in the region of Epirus. The city was known in antiquity as Ambracia (Ancient Greek: Ἀμβρακία) and had served as the capital of ancient Epirus. Arta is known for its medieval bridge over the Arachthos River, as well as for its ancient sites from the era of Pyrrhus of Epirus and its well-preserved 13th-century castle. Arta's Byzantine history is reflected in its many Byzantine churches; perhaps the best known is the Panagia Paregoretissa (Mother of God the Consoling), built in about 1290 by Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas.
Gone, Gone, Gone (Phillip Phillips song)
"Gone, Gone, Gone" is a song recorded by American recording artist  Phillip Phillips from his debut album The World from the Side of the Moon. It was released on February 11, 2013, by Interscope Records as the second single from the album. The song was co-written by Derek Fuhrmann, Todd Clark, and Gregg Wattenberg, Wattenberg also produced the song himself. "Gone, Gone, Gone" became a commercial success in the United States as it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold more than two million digital copies since its release.

American Idol season 12
The twelfth season of American Idol premiered on January 16, 2013, as part of the mid-season of the 2012–13 network television season. Ryan Seacrest returned as host. Randy Jackson returned for his twelfth season as judge and was joined by new judges Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj, and Keith Urban, who replaced Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler.

On May 16, 2013, Candice Glover was crowned the winner, defeating Kree Harrison, who was the runner-up. In a series first, Glover's debut album, Music Speaks, was available for preorder immediately following the finale broadcast. Both Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left after this season, having only served on the judges panel for one season, to focus on their music careers.
1st Wiltshire Battery, Royal Field Artillery
The 1st Wiltshire Battery, Royal Field Artillery, and its successors were part-time Territorial Force units of the British Army from 1908 to 1950. It carried out garrison duties in India during World War I and saw active service in the Third Afghan War. It served in various units in the interwar years, finally becoming a full regiment (as 112th (Wessex) Field Regiment) in time for World War II. It saw action with 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in the campaign in North West Europe, including Operations Epsom, Jupiter and Bluecoat in Normandy, the crossing of the Seine, the battle for Arnhem (Operation Market Garden) in the Low Countries, and then Operations Clipper, Blackcock, Veritable and Plunder across Germany. Its short-lived postwar successor unit had little or no Wiltshire connection.

Ordnance QF 25-pounder
The Ordnance QF 25-pounder, or more simply 25-pounder or 25-pdr, with a calibre of 3.45 inches (87.6 mm), was a piece of field artillery used by British and Commonwealth forces in the Second World War. Durable, easy to operate and versatile, it was the most produced and used British field gun and gun-howitzer during the war.

It was introduced into service just before the War started and combined both high-angle and direct-fire abilities, a relatively high rate of fire, and a reasonably lethal shell, with a highly mobile piece. Initial production was slow but, by 1945, over 12,000 had been manufactured. It remained the British Army's primary artillery field piece well into the 1960s, with smaller numbers used in training units until the 1980s. Many Commonwealth countries used theirs in active or reserve service until about the 1970s, and ammunition for the weapon is currently (2020s) being produced by Pakistan Ordnance Factories.
Severity Order
The Severity Order or Reichenau Order was the name given to an order promulgated within the German Sixth Army on the Eastern Front during World War II by Generalfeldmarschall Walter von Reichenau on 10 October 1941.

Generalfeldmarschall
Generalfeldmarschall (German: [ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal] ⓘ; from Old High German marahscalc, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; often abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall); in the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was the equivalent to Großadmiral (English: Grand Admiral) in the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine, a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.
1926 Spanish Grand Prix
The 1926 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the II Gran Premio de España) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Circuito Lasarte on 25 July 1926. The race was held over 40 laps of a 17.315 km circuit, for a total race distance of 692.6 km. The race was won by Bartolomeo Costantini driving a Bugatti.

The race was held just one week after the 1926 European Grand Prix held on the same circuit. The European Grand Prix was a round of the 1926 AIACR World Championship, so was held to the 1.5 litre formula. The Spanish Grand Prix was held to Formula Libre, and so the Bugatti and Delage factory entries ran their 1925 2-litre cars.

Bartolomeo Costantini
Bartolomeo "Meo" Costantini (14 February 1889 in Vittorio Veneto – 19 July 1941 in Milan) was an Italian aviator and racing car driver, known for being the sporting manager of the Bugatti car manufacturer.
2016 World Open (snooker)
The 2016 Hanteng Autos World Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 25 and 31 July 2016 at the Yushan No.1 Middle School in Yushan, China. It was the third ranking event of the 2016/2017 season.

Shaun Murphy was the defending champion, but he lost 2–5 to Joe Perry in the quarter-finals.

Ali Carter won the fourth ranking title of his career, defeating Perry 10–8 in the final.

Hanteng Autos
Hanteng Autos (Chinese: 汉腾汽车; officially Jiangxi Hanteng Automobile Co., Ltd.) was a privately owned Chinese automobile manufacturer headquartered in Shangrao, Jiangxi, China. It is a private automobile manufacturing company that mainly focused on the research and development, manufacture and marketing of traditional fuel-powered vehicles, new energy vehicles, and automotive parts.