hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surface wave
In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media.  A common example is gravity waves along the surface of liquids, such as ocean waves.  Gravity waves can also occur within liquids, at the interface between two fluids with different densities.  Elastic surface waves can travel along the surface of solids, such as Rayleigh or Love waves.  Electromagnetic waves can also propagate as "surface waves" in that they can be guided along with a refractive index gradient or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a guided wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.

Plasma oscillation
Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (eponymously after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conductive media, most notably plasmas as well as metals, at frequencies typically corresponding to the ultraviolet band of the electromagnetic spectrum. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency depends only weakly on the wavelength of the oscillation. The quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of these oscillations is the plasmon.

Langmuir waves were discovered by American physicists Irving Langmuir and Lewi Tonks in the 1920s. They are parallel in form to Jeans instability waves, which are caused by gravitational instabilities in a static medium.
Fabio Borbottoni
Fabio Borbottoni (1820–1902) was an Italian painter, mainly of urban vedute of Florence.

His specialty was the depiction of churches and city scenes of antique Florence, for example: the Interior of the Duomo, Interior of Santa Croce, Church of the Certosa, Interior of the Santo Spirito. He also had a predilection for painting nostalgic scenes of cityscapes that were altered in the Risanamiento of Florence, such as the Mercato Vecchio. the Ancient Porta a San Giorgio; the Porta a Pinti; Firenze dall'Erta Canina; Belvedere; and San Miniato.

Porta San Giorgio, Florence
The Porta San Giorgio is a medieval gateway located on the south-east end of the Oltrarno walls of Florence, Italy. Ramparts of the Belvedere fortress, begun in 1590, stand adjacent to the gate. The road away from Florence soon passes the church of San Leonardo in Arcetri.
Thuận Nam district
Thuận Nam is a southernmost coastal district of Ninh Thuận province, in the Southeast of Vietnam.

Thuận Nam district has an area of 563.33 km2 (217.50 sq mi), population in 2019 is 54,768 people, population density reaches 101 people/km2.

Central Vietnam
Central Vietnam (Vietnamese: Trung Bộ or miền Trung), also known as Middle Vietnam or The Middle, formerly known as Trung Việt by the State of Vietnam, Trung Phần by the Republic of Vietnam, Trung Kỳ or Annam under French colonial rule, is one of the three geographical regions within Vietnam.

The name Trung Bộ was used by the emperor Bảo Đại when he established administrative level higher than Province in 1945, instead of the Trung Kỳ which recalled the French occupation. This name was officially used by government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and is popularly used today.
Tino Buazzelli
Agostino "Tino" Buazzelli (13 September 1922 – 20 October 1980) was an Italian stage, television and film actor. He appeared in 46 films between 1948 and 1978.

After a diploma in education, Buazzelli enrolled at the Accademia d'Arte Drammatica in Rome, graduating in 1946. He made his debut the following year, in the Maltagliati-Gassman stage company. He made his film debut in 1948, in Riccardo Freda's Il cavaliere misterioso. Buazzelli's major successes relate to theatre, notably several stage works played at the Piccolo Teatro in Milan between the 1950s and 1960s, and his performance of Brecht's Life of Galileo (1963) is referred to as the peak of his career. Buazzelli had a significant television success as Nero Wolfe in a series of television films in which he starred between 1969 and 1971.

Riccardo Freda
Riccardo Freda (24 February 1909 – 20 December 1999) was an Italian film director. He worked in a variety of genres, including sword-and-sandal, horror, giallo and spy films.

Freda began directing I Vampiri in 1956. The film became the first Italian sound horror film production.
Ixamatus caldera
Ixamatus caldera, also known as the tessellated wishbone spider or volcanic ground spider, is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Microstigmatidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1982 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven.

Robert Raven
Robert John Raven is an Australian arachnologist, being the Head of Terrestrial Biodiversity and the Senior Curator (Arachnida) at the Queensland Museum. Dr Raven has described over 450 species of spider in Australia and elsewhere, and is spider bite consultant to the Royal Brisbane Hospital, leading to much work on spider toxins.
SS Wallsend
Wallsend was the name of a number of steamships, mostly operated by the Burnett Steamship Co Ltd.

SS Wallsend (1893), in service from 1893–1915

SS Wallsend (1899), built for Newcastle Wallsend Co Ltd, in service until 1935

SS Wallsend (1917), torpedoed and sunk in 1918

SS Wallsend (1922), wrecked in 1934

SS Wallsend (1937), torpedoed and sunk in 1942

SS Wallsend (1943), built as Empire Buttress. In service from 1946–59

SS Wallsend (1943)
Wallsend was a 2,905 GRT cargo ship which was built in 1943 as Empire Buttress for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). Completed in July 1943, she was sold postwar and renamed Wallsend. In 1959 she was sold to Liberia and renamed Bordagain, a further change of ownership in 1967 saw her renamed Daring. She served until 1976, when she was scrapped.
Honey Lake
Honey Lake is an endorheic sink in the Honey Lake Valley in northeastern California, near the Nevada border. Summer evaporation reduces the lake to a lower level of 12 square kilometers (3,000 acres) and creates an alkali flat. Honey Lake dries almost completely in most years.

Honey Lake recreational activities include bird watching, picnicking, hiking, camping, warm-water fishing, and waterfowl hunting. The lake is part of the Honey–Eagle Lakes watershed of 2,770 sq mi (7,200 km2) which includes the Honey Lake Basin of 2,201 sq mi (5,700 km2).

Dry lake
A dry lake bed, also known as a playa (/ˈplaɪ-ə/), is a basin or depression that formerly contained a standing surface water body, which disappears when evaporation processes exceed recharge. If the floor of a dry lake is covered by deposits of alkaline compounds, it is known as an alkali flat. If covered with salt, it is known as a salt flat.
Ariyavan
Ariyavan is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by Mithran R Jawahar. The film stars Ishaaon and Prranali in the lead roles with Daniel Balaji, Sathyan, Supergood Subramani and Rama portraying supporting roles. The film was released theatrically on 3 March 2023. This marks the final film role of Daniel Balaji before his death on 29 March 2024.

Sathyan (Tamil actor)
Sathyan Sivakumar known mononymously as Sathyan, is an Indian actor and comedian who works in Tamil cinema. He is the only son of veteran producer Madhampatty Sivakumar. Making his debut as a junior artist in the movie Poovum Puyalum and as the lead in Ilaiyavan, he has subsequently been appearing mainly in supporting and comedic roles in over sixty Tamil films.
Craugastor brocchi
Craugastor brocchi is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae.
It is found in Guatemala and Mexico.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Craugastoridae
Craugastoridae, commonly known as fleshbelly frogs, is a family of New World direct-developing frogs. As delineated here, following the Amphibian Species of the World, it contains 129 species. They are found from the southern United States southwards to Central and South America.
St. Louis Southwestern Railway (Cotton Belt Route) Caboose No. 2325
The St. Louis Southwestern Railway (Cotton Belt Route) Caboose #2325 is a historic railroad caboose.  It was built in 1920 by the St. Louis Southwestern Railway (aka the Cotton Belt) at its Pine Bluff, Arkansas shop, and is one of only a few surviving 2300-series cabooses.  It was used by the railroad on its Paragould-Blytheville route and was acquired by the Paperton Junction Southern Railway in 1980 and restored.

The caboose was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.  At that time, it was located at the Paperton Junction Southern Railway rail yard in Pine Bluff. As of May 2024, the caboose has been moved from the Paperton Junction Southern Railway to the Arkansas Railroad Museum and is currently stored on the first shop track directly across from the main visitor's entrance.

Blytheville, Arkansas
Blytheville is one of two county seats of and the largest city in Mississippi County, Arkansas, United States. It is approximately 60 miles (100 km) north of West Memphis. The population was 13,406 at the 2020 census, down from 15,620 in 2010.
Elder Smith Road
Elder Smith Road is an east-west arterial road in northern Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. It opened in 2007 to connect Main North Road to Salisbury Highway, including a new bridge crossing the Gawler railway line and Adelaide–Port Augusta railway line. It lies entirely in or forms the border of the suburb of Mawson Lakes. It extends west past Salisbury Highway to provide access to a housing estate in Mawson Lakes on the south side and an industrial area of Greenfields on the north side. At Main North Road, it connects to the junction where Maxwell Road continues as the border between Para Hills West and Pooraka.

The Mawson Connector Project built Elder Smith Road in two stages, and also the new Mawson Interchange below the bridge over the railway lines. Construction began in January 2005 and it was completed in September 2007 for a total cost of A$44.3 million.

Gawler line
The Gawler line (also known as the Gawler Central line) is a suburban commuter railway line in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. The Gawler Line is the most frequent and heavily patronised line in the Adelaide rail network. It is also the only line to have no other interchange with another line except Adelaide.
Puloman
Puloman, also known as Puloma, is a figure in Hindu mythology. He is mentioned as one of the chiefs of the Danavas race, whose progenitors were the sage Kashyapa and his wife Danu. Puloman was also the father of Shachi, the wife of the god Indra.

Hindu mythology
Hindu mythology refers to the collection of myths associated with Hinduism, derived from various Hindu texts and traditions. These myths are found in sacred texts such as the Vedas, the Itihasas (the Mahabharata and the Ramayana), and the Puranas. They also appear in regional and ethnolinguistic texts, including the Bengali Mangal Kavya and the Tamil Periya Puranam and Divya Prabandham. Additionally, Hindu myths are also found in widely translated fables like the Panchatantra and the Hitopadesha, as well as in Southeast Asian texts influenced by Hindu traditions.
Reed Cowan
Darrin Reed Cowan (also known as Reed Abplanalp-Cowan) (born July 24, 1972) is an American journalist. He currently serves as an anchor for CBS News 24/7 as well as the co-anchor of the CBS News Bay Area Morning Edition.

Cowan co-directed the GLAAD Media Award winning 2010 documentary 8: The Mormon Proposition with Steven Greenstreet.

Rocky Mountain Emmy Awards
The Rocky Mountain Emmy Awards are a division of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The Rocky Mountain Southwest chapter was founded in 1959, and is responsible for granting the Rocky Mountain Emmy Awards, awarding scholarships, honoring industry veterans with the Gold & Silver Circle Society, conducting Student Production Awards, and operates a free research and a nationwide job bank. The chapter also participates in judging Emmy entries at the regional and national levels.
Shelly Desai
Shailesh H. "Shelly" Desai (December 3, 1935 – February 10, 2026) was an Indian-born American character actor best known for his work in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia and Men of a Certain Age. Desai's career on stage and screen spanned over 50 years. He also appeared in other series such as St. Elsewhere, The A-Team, Star Trek: The Next Generation, ER and Curb Your Enthusiasm and films such as Thelma & Louise (1991), Escape from L.A. (1996), Here Comes the Boom (2012) and Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 (2014).

Before becoming a screen actor, Desai appeared in Broadway and off-Broadway productions, including At the Hawks Well, Jungle of Cities, Gurney Campbell's Gandhi, and A Talent For Murder. His stage work also included A Journal of the Plague Year.

Desai died in Los Angeles on February 10, 2026, at the age of 90.

Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2
Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 is a 2015 American action comedy film directed by Andy Fickman and written by Kevin James and Nick Bakay. It is the sequel to 2009's Paul Blart: Mall Cop. In addition to James, Shirley Knight, Jayma Mays and Raini Rodriguez also reprise their roles with Gary Valentine playing a different character and Neal McDonough joining the cast. The film follows mall security guard Paul Blart (James), who is invited to a security officers' convention in Las Vegas and must stop a heist at the Wynn Las Vegas hotel.

Filming began in April 2014 at the Wynn Las Vegas casino resort. It was released the following year on April 17, 2015. Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 was the first film shot at the resort. It was also the first film to receive Nevada's film tax credit, enacted in 2013, netting the production a $4.3 million return on expenditures. The film was panned by critics and grossed $107 million worldwide at the box office.
WKKY
WKKY is a commercial FM radio station in Geneva, Ohio, USA, broadcasting at 104.7 MHz with a country music format. The station broadcasts using the HD Radio format.

The station was started by Donald E. Martin on April 28, 1982 as WDON. On September 16, 1987, Martin organized Ray-Mar Broadcasting Company, and assigned to the station to the company, which was subsequently turned over to Warren T. Jones who is the son of Theodore Jones in Chardon. The station's call letters were changed to WKKY on July 10, 1992. Ray-Mar changed its name to Music Express Broadcasting Corporation of Northeast Ohio on August 9, 1994.

Geneva, Ohio
Geneva is a city in northwestern Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,924 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area, 44 miles (71 km) northeast of Cleveland. The area which would become Geneva was originally settled in 1805, and was incorporated as a city in 1958. It is named after Geneva, New York.
Todd Fisher
Todd Emmanuel Fisher (born February 24, 1958) is an American business executive, architect, sound engineer, and filmmaker. He is the son of singer Eddie Fisher and actress Debbie Reynolds.

Fisher has a professional background in architectural design and sound engineering, with experience designing and building sound stages, recording studios, and television facilities. Fisher is also a business executive; the former CEO, president, CFO, and treasurer of the Debbie Reynolds Hotel & Casino (DRHC), Debbie Reynolds Management Company, Inc., and Debbie Reynolds Resorts, Inc. As of 2013, he is the CEO and curator of the Hollywood Motion Picture Museum, which is housed at Debbie Reynolds Studios (DR Studios) in North Hollywood and at his ranch.

North Hollywood, Los Angeles
North Hollywood (NoHo) is a neighborhood and district in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. The neighborhood contains the NoHo Arts District, El Portal Theater, several art galleries, and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. The North Hollywood Metro Rail station is the northern terminus of the B Line subway on the Los Angeles Metro.

North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887. It was first named "Toluca" before being renamed "Lankershim" in 1896 and finally "North Hollywood" in 1927.
Dual code
In coding theory, the dual code of a linear code

is the linear code defined by

where

is a scalar product.  In linear algebra terms, the dual code is the annihilator of C with respect to the bilinear form . The dimension of C and its dual always add up to the length n:

A generator matrix for the dual code is the parity-check matrix for the original code and vice versa.  The dual of the dual code is always the original code.

Dimension (vector space)
In mathematics, the dimension of a vector space V is the cardinality (i.e., the number of vectors) of a basis of V over its base field. It is sometimes called Hamel dimension (after Georg Hamel) or algebraic dimension to distinguish it from other types of dimension.

For every vector space there exists a basis, and all bases of a vector space have equal cardinality; as a result, the dimension of a vector space is uniquely defined. We say  is finite-dimensional if the dimension of  is finite, and infinite-dimensional if its dimension is infinite.

The dimension of the vector space  over the field  can be written as  or as  read "dimension of  over ". When  can be inferred from context,  is typically written.
Karan Gera
Karan Gera is an Indian artist. He is one of the youngest ever to win the Lalit Kala Akademi award. Recently he completed a solo exhibition at the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. His recent exhibition Grand India received positive reception from veteran artist Satish Gujral and South African painter Marlene Dumas.

Solo exhibition
A solo show or solo exhibition is an exhibition of the work of only one artist. Rather than a group of artists who collaborate to form an exhibition. The artwork may be paintings, drawings, etchings, collage, sculpture, or photography. The creator of any artistic technique may be the subject of a solo show. Other skills and crafts have similar types of shows for the creators. Having solo shows of one's artwork marks the achievement of success and usually is accompanied by receptions and a great deal of publicity. The show may be of current work being produced, those from a single time period, or representative work from different periods in the career of the artist, the latter is termed a retrospective.
Greg O'Donnell
Gregory Hugh O'Donnell (April 8, 1952 — May 26, 2016) was a businessman and former political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Memramcook and then Dieppe-Memramcook in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1987 to 1999 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Memramcook, New Brunswick, the son of William O'Donnell and Julia Leblanc. He was educated at the Université de Moncton. O'Donnell served as Minister of Supply and Services from 1998 to 1999. In 1995, he defeated Lord Bernard to win his seat in the provincial assembly. O'Donnell was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1999.

Department of Government Services (New Brunswick)
The Department of Government Services is a part of the Government of New Brunswick.  It is charged with providing central services, including purchase of goods and services, provincial archives, corporate marketing services, translation and printing, to government departments and agencies. It also oversees the Crown agencies Service New Brunswick and the New Brunswick Internal Services Agency.

Part of the Department of Public Works and Highways until 1967, it was known as the Department of Public Works until 1972, and the Department of Supply and Services until 2012.  In 2012, its ceded responsibility for maintenance of government buildings to the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure and took on responsibility for corporate marketing for the government.
Local 2
Local 2 can refer to American labor unions and broadcast stations:

"Local 2" refers to the New York City Teachers Guild (1935-1960), designed as "Local 2, AFT" by the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) in June 1941

The moniker Local 2 is used by the following stations:
KBCI-TV (now KBOI-TV) channel 2, a CBS affiliate in Boise, Idaho (used circa 2007)
KMID channel 2, an ABC affiliate in Midland, Texas (used from 2014 to 2018)
KPRC-TV channel 2, an NBC affiliate in Houston, Texas (used from 2004 to 2015)
KPSP-CD channel 38, a CBS affiliate in Palm Springs, California (seen on cable channel 2)
A cable channel operated by KUAM-TV in Hagåtña, Guam

KPRC-TV
KPRC-TV (channel 2) is a television station in Houston, Texas, United States, affiliated with NBC and owned by Graham Media Group. Its studios are located on Southwest Freeway (I-69/US 59) in the Southwest Management District (formerly Greater Sharpstown), and its transmitter is located near Missouri City, in unincorporated northeastern Fort Bend County. Houston is the largest television market in the United States where the NBC station is not owned and operated by the network.
Izmaylovskoye Municipal Okrug
59°54′27″N 30°18′29″E﻿ / ﻿59.907501°N 30.308188°E﻿ / 59.907501; 30.308188

Izmaylovskoye Municipal Okrug (Russian: муниципа́льный о́круг Изма́йловское) is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population: 26,355 (2010 census); 30,415 (2002 census).

It borders the Fontanka River in the north, Moskovsky Avenue in the east, Malaya Mitrofanevskaya Street in the south, and Mitrofanevskoye Highway and Lermontovsky Avenue in the west.

Places of interest include Warsaw Rail Terminal and the Trinity Cathedral.

Fontanka
The Fontanka (Russian: Фонтанка), a left branch of the river Neva, flows through the whole of Central Saint Petersburg, Russia – from the Summer Garden to Gutuyevsky Island. It is 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) long, with a width up to 70 metres (230 ft), and a depth  up to 3.5 metres (11 ft). The Moyka River forms a right-bank branch of the Fontanka. Lined along the Fontanka Embankment stand the former private residences of Russian nobility.
Santa Passera
Santa Passera is a church in the south of Rome on the other bank of the curve in the river Tiber from the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. The current church, erected in the ninth century, incorporated a Roman tomb. The church served a small community of miners who worked in the tuff quarries of the nearby hills.

The interior retains some remnants of medieval frescoes.

Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
The Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le Mura, Latin: Basilica Sancti Pauli extra mœnia) is one of Rome's four major papal basilicas, along with the basilicas of Saint John in the Lateran, Saint Peter's, and Saint Mary Major, as well as one of the city's Seven Pilgrim Churches. The basilica is the conventual church of the adjacent Benedictine abbey. It lies within Italian territory, but the Holy See owns the basilica and it is part of the Vatican's extraterritoriality.

One of the oldest church sites in Rome, it was constructed outside the city's Aurelian Walls at what tradition holds to be the burial site of Saint Paul. It suffered a catastrophic fire in the 19th century and the present building was completed in 1840.
Luigi Dottesio
Luigi Dottesio (14 January 1814 in Como – 11 October 1851 in Venice (then called Venezia)) was an Italian patriot who was very active in the distribution of anti-Austrian pamphlets, before and after 1848.
Intercepted by the gendarmes in Maslianico while he was trying to illegally cross the Swiss frontier, he was executed by Austrians in Venezia, in 1851.

Patriotism
Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to one's country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to nationalism, mostly civic nationalism and sometimes cultural nationalism.