hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colon (punctuation)
The colon, :, is a punctuation mark consisting of two equally sized dots aligned vertically. A colon often precedes an explanation, a list, or a quoted sentence. It is also used between hours and minutes in time, between certain elements in medical journal citations, between chapter and verse in Bible citations, between two numbers in a ratio, and, in the US, for salutations in business letters and other formal letters.

Salutation
A salutation is a greeting used in a letter or other communication. Salutations can be formal or informal. The most common form of salutation in an English letter includes the recipient's given name or title. For each style of salutation, there is an accompanying style of complimentary close, known as valediction. Examples of non-written salutations include bowing (common in Japan), waving, or addressing someone by their name. A salutation can be interpreted as a signal in which the receiver of the salutation is being acknowledged, respected, or thanked.
Another simple but typical example of a salutation is a military salute. By saluting another rank, that person is signalling or showing their acknowledgement of the importance or significance of that person and their rank. Some greetings are considered vulgar, others "rude", and others "polite".
Lower Hanson Lake
Lower Hanson Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The lake is approximately 8.7 miles (14.0 km) west of Stanley.  Lower Hanson Lake is accessed via Sawtooth National Forest trail 640 from the Stanley Lake trailhead on forest service road 455 from State Highway 21.

Upper and Middle Hanson Lakes are a short distance uphill from Lower Hanson Lake.  The stream that drains the Hanson Lakes goes over Bridal Veil Falls before flowing into Stanley Lake Creek.

Stanley, Idaho
Stanley is a town in the Sawtooth Valley in Custer County, Idaho, United States. The population was 116 at the 2020 census; up from 63 in 2010.  The center of population of Idaho in 2000 was located in Stanley.
Sonic Motor Racing Services
Sonic Motor Racing Services is an Australian racing team that is competes in the Porsche Carrera Cup Australia Championship, Porsche Sprint Challenge, the Australian Formula Ford Championship, and the Victorian Formula Ford Championship. The team was formed by Michael Ritter, son of long time touring car racer Graham Ritter and brother of V8 Supercar racer Greg Ritter. Ritter formed the team in 1998 to compete in the Australian Formula Ford Championship. The team used Van Diemen chassis' for the first decade of their existence, which brought them championship victories in the Australian Formula Ford Championship in 2001, 2002, and 2004.

Porsche Sprint Challenge Australia
The Porsche GT3 Cup Challenge Australia is a sports car racing series open to drivers of Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars. The series was first held in 2008 to fill the void between club racing and the Australian Carrera Cup Championship and Australian GT Championship for Porsche owners. The series currently consists of Type 991 Gen I and Type 991 Gen II Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars, with each model competing in a different class, though other models are eligible to compete.

The series runs on the Shannons Nationals Motor Racing Championships calendar, holding six rounds in the years season.
Halfpenny, Cumbria
Halfpenny is a hamlet in the civil parish of Stainton, in the Westmorland and Furness district, in the county of Cumbria, England. It is located roughly two and a half miles south east of Kendal. There is notably a ford over St Sunday's Beck, a tributary to the River Bela. Until sometime in the 20th century, there was also a watermill – Halfpenny Mill – in the village, which was by the mid-19th century producing flax, and then coconut matting, paper, and sweet manufacture. Halfpenny is accessible off of the A65.

Candy
Candy, also commonly called sweets, is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient. The category, also called sugar confectionery, encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. Vegetables, fruit, or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied.

Physically, candy is characterized by the use of a significant amount of sugar or sugar substitutes. Unlike a cake or loaf of bread that would be shared among many people, candies are usually made in smaller pieces. However, the definition of candy also depends upon how people treat the food. Unlike sweet pastries served for a dessert course at the end of a meal, candies are normally eaten casually, often with the fingers, as a snack between meals. Each culture has its own ideas of what constitutes candy rather than dessert. The same food may be a candy in one culture and a dessert in another.
Jean Oury
Jean Oury (5 March 1924 – 15 May 2014) was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who helped found the school of institutional psychotherapy.

He was the founder and director of the La Borde Clinic, a psychiatric clinic in Cour-Cheverny, where he worked until his death. He was a member of the École Freudienne de Paris, founded by Jacques Lacan, from inception until its dissolution. His brother, Fernand Oury, founded the school of institutional pedagogy.

École Freudienne de Paris
The École freudienne de Paris (EFP; English: "Freudian School of Paris") was a French psychoanalytic professional body formed in 1964 by Jacques Lacan. It became "a vital—if conflict-ridden—institution until its dissolution in 1980".
Sudhansu Bhushan Das
Sudhansu Bhushan Das (17 April 1915 – 1986) was an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. He was elected from Diamond Harbour, West Bengal  to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India. Das died in 1986.

Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency
Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 543 Parliamentary constituencies in India. The constituency centres on Diamond Harbour in West Bengal. All seven legislative assembly segments of No. 21 Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency are in South 24 Parganas district.
Abdominopelvic cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is a body cavity that consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. The upper portion is the abdominal cavity, and it contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. The lower portion is the pelvic cavity, and it contains the urinary bladder, the rest of the large intestine (the lower portion), and the internal reproductive organs.

There is no membrane that separates out the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity, so the terms abdominal pelvis and peritoneal cavity are sometimes used.

There are many diseases and disorders associated with the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Reproductive system
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.  Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring.
Charles Bilezikian
Charles Gregory Bilezikian (March 11, 1937 – July 26, 2016) was an American businessman, retail executive and philanthropist, who co-founded the Christmas Tree Shops retail chain with his wife, Doreen, in 1970.

Newton, Massachusetts
Newton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located roughly 8 miles (13 km) west of Downtown Boston, and comprises a patchwork of thirteen villages. The city borders Boston to the northeast and southeast (via the neighborhoods of Brighton and West Roxbury), Brookline to the east, Watertown and Waltham to the north, and Weston, Wellesley, and Needham to the west. At the 2020 U.S. census, the population of Newton was 88,923.

Newton is home to the Charles River, Crystal Lake, and Heartbreak Hill, among other landmarks. It is served by several streets and highways (including Route 9, Hammond Pond Parkway, and the Mass Pike), as well as the Green Line D branch run by the MBTA.

Historically, the area that is now Newton was settled in 1639, and was originally first part of Cambridge (then called "the newe towne"). It split from Cambridge in 1681, and became known by its present name of Newton in 1766. It then became a city in 1874.
Retransmission consent
Retransmission consent is a provision of the 1992 United States Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act that requires cable operators and other multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs) to obtain permission from commercial broadcasters before carrying their programming.

Under the provision, a broadcast station (or its affiliated/parent broadcast network) can ask for monetary payment or other compensation, such as carriage of an additional channel. If the cable operator rejects the broadcaster's proposal, the station can prohibit the cable operator from retransmitting its signal.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates this area of business and public policy pursuant to 47 U.S.C. Part II.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
Mpumalanga Division of the High Court of South Africa
The Mpumalanga Division of the High Court of South Africa is a superior court of law with general jurisdiction over the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. The main seat of the court in Mbombela (Nelspruit) opened on 13 May 2019. The court also has a local seat at Middelburg. Before the opening of the division, the Gauteng Division at Pretoria had jurisdiction over Mpumalanga and circuit courts of that division sat at Mbombela and Middelburg.

Superior court
In common law systems, a superior court is a court of general jurisdiction over civil and criminal legal cases. A superior court is "superior" in relation to a court with limited jurisdiction (see small claims court), which is restricted to civil cases involving monetary amounts with a specific limit, or criminal cases involving offenses of a less serious nature. A superior court may hear appeals from lower courts (see court of appeal). For courts of general jurisdiction in civil law system, see ordinary court.
Hein Htet Aung
Hein Htet Aung (Burmese: ဟိန်းထက်အောင်; born 5 October 2001) is a Burmese professional footballer who plays as a winger or a forward for Malaysia Super League club Kelantan The Real Warriors. Hein is a graduate of Myanmar Football Academy. He was named player of the month for the 2020 Myanmar National League in September.

Malaysia Super League
The Malaysia Super League (Malay: Liga Super Malaysia), known simply as the Super League (Malay: Liga Super), is the men's top professional football division of the Malaysian football league system. Administered by the Football Malaysia Limited Liability Partnership (FMLLP), now known as the Malaysian Football League (MFL), the Malaysia Super League is contested by 13 clubs. Until 2022, it operated on a system of promotion and relegation with the Malaysia Premier League, with the two lowest-placed teams relegated and replaced by the promoted top two teams in that division. It has replaced the former top-tier league, Liga Perdana 1, which ran from 1998 to 2003.

37 clubs have competed since the inception of the Malaysia Super League in 2004, with eight winning the title (Selangor, Kedah Darul Aman, Kelantan, Sri Pahang, Perlis, Negeri Sembilan, LionsXII and Johor Darul Ta'zim). The current champions are Johor Darul Ta'zim, which won their eleventh title in the 2024–25 edition.
Saw Kill (Hudson River tributary)
The Saw Kill is a 14.3-mile-long (23.0 km) tributary of the Hudson River, called the Metambesem by the Algonquin people of the area and sometimes called Sawkill Creek today. It rises in the town of Milan and drains a 22-square-mile (57 km2) area of northwestern Dutchess County, New York, that includes most of the town of Red Hook to the west and part of Rhinebeck to Red Hook's south.

It flows predominantly through forests and farmland. Just above its mouth, it descends more steeply through a wooded area with several waterfalls into South Tivoli Bay, between the Montgomery Place estate and Bard College, which uses the stream as both its primary water source and for disposal of its treated wastewater. In the 1840s, the owners of those properties made an agreement to prevent development along the stream, one of the earliest such conservation measures in American history.

Rhinebeck (village), New York
Rhinebeck is a village in the town of Rhinebeck in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 2,657 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area.

The postal ZIP code is 12572. U.S. Route 9 passes through the village.
Thud (band)
Thud was a death-doom band from Washington, D.C. The band comprised vocalist Robert Dotolo, drummer Gregg Hudson, bassist Chris Rasley and guitarist Adam Rutland, who played a combination of death-doom, stoner and thrash metal. They released the full-length studio album Life & Death and the EP Inevitable in 1992 and 1993 respectively before disbanding.

Death-doom
Death-doom (also known as death-doom metal or doom-death) is a fusion genre of death metal and doom metal. It combines the slow tempos and pessimistic or depressive mood of doom metal with the deep growling vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal. The genre emerged in the late 1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s, but had become less common by the turn of the 21st century. In turn, death-doom gave rise to the closely related genre of funeral doom as well as to the more melodic, gloomy and romantic gothic metal.
Ecclesiastical fief
In the feudal system of the European Middle Ages, an ecclesiastical fief, held from the Catholic Church, followed all the laws laid down for temporal fiefs. The suzerain, e.g. bishop, abbot, or other possessor, granted an estate in perpetuity to a person, who thereby became his vassal.

As such, the grantee at his enfeoffment did homage to his overlord, took an oath of fealty, and made offering of the prescribed money or other object, by reason of which he held his fief. These requirements had to be repeated as often as there was a change in the person of the suzerain or vassal. These fiefs were granted by churchmen to princes, barons, knights, and others, who thereupon assumed the obligation of protecting the church and domains of the overlord.

Feoffment
In the Middle Ages, especially under the European feudal system, feoffment /ˈfɛfmənt/ or enfeoffment was the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service. This mechanism was later used to avoid restrictions on the passage of title in land by a system in which a landowner would give land to one person for the use of another. The common law of estates in land grew from this concept.
Bathurst Courthouse
Bathurst Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at Russell Street, Bathurst, in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. Constructed in the Federation Free Classical style based on original designs by Colonial Architect, James Barnet, the building structure was completed in 1880 under the supervision of Barnet's successor, Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon. The property is owned by Attorney General's Department (State Government). It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Central West (New South Wales)
The Central West is a region in central New South Wales, Australia. The region stretches from Lithgow in the east and to as far west as Lake Cargelligo, on the Lachlan River. The Central West is known for its attractions such as the Jenolan Caves, near Oberon and also wineries, as well as rural farmland and natural landscapes. The region includes major towns like Bathurst, Orange, Mudgee, Lithgow, Parkes and Cowra. It has an area of 63,262 square kilometres (24,426 sq mi). The region also includes the sub-region known as the Central Tablelands, located in the eastern part of the region. The region known as the Orana, which includes the area surrounding Dubbo is typically classed as being a part of the Central West also.

Major population and service centres in the Central West include Bathurst, Cowra, Lithgow, Mudgee, Orange, and Parkes. Bathurst and Orange are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University, and Lithgow housing the University of Notre Dame Regional Clinical School.
2019 Qatar Total Open
The 2019 Qatar Total Open was a professional women's tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 17th edition of the event and a Premier tournament on the 2019 WTA Tour. It took place at the International Tennis and Squash complex in Doha, Qatar between 11 and 16 February 2019.

Kristýna Plíšková
Kristýna Plíšková (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkrɪstiːna ˈpliːʃkovaː]; born 21 March 1992) is a Czech former professional tennis player. In her career, she won one singles title and five doubles titles on the WTA Tour, with three titles on the WTA Challenger Tour (two in doubles). She also won nine singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 31 July 2017, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 35. On 14 June 2021, she peaked at No. 44 in the WTA doubles rankings. Plíšková won the 2010 Wimbledon Championships junior tournament, beating Sachie Ishizu in straight sets. She currently holds the record for the most aces (31) in a match on the WTA Tour, which she set in a second-round match against Monica Puig at the 2016 Australian Open.
Gabriele Kaiser
Gabriele Kaiser is a German mathematics educator. She is a professor of mathematics education at the University of Hamburg.

Kaiser completed a doctorate in 1986 and a habilitation in 1997 at the University of Kassel. Her doctoral dissertation, Anwendungen im Mathematikunterricht - Konzeptionen und Untersuchungen zur unterrichtlichen Realisierung, was supervised by Werner Blum. She became a professor at Hamburg in 1998, and served as vice dean of education from 2010 to 2016. Since 2005 she has been editor-in-chief of the journal ZDM Mathematics Education, and she is the editor or co-editor of 28 books on mathematics education.

Kaiser was a speaker at the 2002 International Congress of Mathematicians.
In 2012, a festschrift was published in her honor.

University of Kassel
The University of Kassel (German: Universität Kassel) is a university founded in 1971 located in Kassel, Hessen, in central Germany. As of February 2022 it had about 25,000 students and about 3300 staff, including more than 300 professors.

A special unit (Studienkolleg) prepares international students for their period of study (language and academic skills). International students come from over 115 countries.

Each academic year, more than 100 visiting scholars pursue research projects in cooperation with colleagues from the University of Kassel, making a valuable contribution to the academic and cultural life. The newly established International House is located on the campus. It offers hostels for international guests and is available for meetings, conferences, and cultural events.
Hanlon Dry Dock and Shipbuilding
Hanlon was a shipyard in Oakland Inner Harbor on the north bank of the Oakland Estuary at the foot of 5th Ave. In 1919 the site had 5 slipways and occupied 13 acres.

Founded in 1910, the yard produced a few barges and the cargo ships Bacchus and Joplin for the Herules Powder Company as well as 11 cargo ships for the United States Shipping Board, with 2 being requisitions and 9 built under contract. Hanlon was the sole producer of Design 1043 ships.

Governor John Lind, Major Wheeler in 1918 (all dates are delivery dates)

9 of 9 Design 1043 ships
Delfina, Delisle in 1918
Dellwood, Delrosa, Depere, Derblay, Jeptha (Denall), Medon in 1920
Memnon in 1921

In 1928 the yard was bought by the nearby General Engineering & Dry Dock Company, in 1940 the Hurley Marine Shipyard repair facility operated on the site.

37°47′20″N 122°15′45″W﻿ / ﻿37.78894°N 122.26242°W﻿ / 37.78894; -122.26242

Hercules Inc.
Hercules, Inc. was a chemical and munitions manufacturing company based in Wilmington, Delaware, United States, incorporated in 1912 as the Hercules Powder Company following the breakup of the DuPont explosives monopoly by the U.S. Circuit Court in 1911.  Hercules Powder Company became Hercules, Inc. in 1966,  operating under this name until 2008, when it was merged into Ashland Inc.

An earlier Hercules Powder Company was formed in 1882 by DuPont and Laflin & Rand Powder Company.  This company was dissolved on June 30, 1904.

Hercules was one of the major producers of smokeless powder for warfare in the United States during the 20th century. At the time of its spin-off, the DuPont Corp. retained the processes and patents for the production of "single-base" nitrocellulose gunpowders, whereas Hercules was given the patents and processes for the production of "double-base" gunpowders that combined nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine.
Billa II (soundtrack)
Billa II is the soundtrack album, composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, for the 2012 film of the same name, directed by Chakri Toleti that stars Ajith Kumar as the title character. The album consists of six tracks; five songs and a theme music track. Na. Muthukumar penned all lyrics for the songs. It was released through Sony Music India on 2 May 2012 and topped the charts upon release.

Chakri Toleti
Chakri Toleti is an Indian American business executive. He is the founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of care.ai, a Florida-based health technology company for healthcare facility automation.

Toleti was also a screenwriter, actor, and visual effects coordinator known for his works in Tamil cinema, and Hindi cinema. He has directed bilingual films such as Unnaipol Oruvan, Billa II, Khamoshi and Kolaiyuthir Kaalam.