hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Warner Bros. Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.
Warner Bros. Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 720 F.2d 231 (2d Cir. 1983), the case of Superman v. The Greatest American Hero, is the third case in a Second Circuit trilogy of 20th century copyright infringement cases in which the proprietors of Superman copyrights sued other companies for publishing fictional exploits of a cape-wearing superhero. Although the plaintiffs were successful in the first two cases, Superman v. Wonderman and Superman v. Captain Marvel, they were completely unsuccessful in Superman v. The Greatest American Hero. The court (in an opinion by Circuit Judge Newman) held that "as a matter of law  . . . 'The Greatest American Hero' is not sufficiently similar to the fictional character Superman, the hero of comic books, television, and more recently films, so that claims of copyright infringement and unfair competition may be dismissed without consideration by a jury."

Federal Reporter
The Federal Reporter (ISSN 1048-3888) is a case law reporter in the United States that is published by West Publishing and a part of the National Reporter System. It begins with cases decided in 1880; pre-1880 cases were later retroactively compiled by West Publishing into a separate reporter, Federal Cases. The fourth and current Federal Reporter series publishes decisions of the United States courts of appeals and the United States Court of Federal Claims; prior series had varying scopes that covered decisions of other federal courts as well. Though the Federal Reporter is an unofficial reporter and West is a private company that does not have a legal monopoly over the court opinions it publishes, it has so dominated the industry in the United States that legal professionals, including judges, uniformly cite to the Federal Reporter for included decisions.  Approximately 30 new volumes are published each year.
G305.4–2.2
G305.4–2.2 is a supernova remnant located at a distance of 2.3 kpc with a rare circular symmetry in shape, nicknamed Teleios (Greek: τέλειος "perfect"). It has a radius of 3.3 parsecs. It is one of the most circular known supernova remnants. The age of G305.4-2.2 is not known with much precision with it either being young and under 1000 years old or an older remnant being over 10,000 years old.

It was identified in the radio-continuum images of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) Evolutionary Map of the Universe by a group of astronomers led by Miroslav D. Filipović of Western Sydney University.

Western Sydney University
Western Sydney University, formerly the University of Western Sydney, is an Australian multi-campus public research university in the Greater Western region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The university in its current form was founded in 1989 as a federated network university with an amalgamation between the Nepean College of Advanced Education and the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. The Macarthur Institute of Higher Education was incorporated in the university in 1989. In 2001, the University of Western Sydney was restructured as a single multi-campus university rather than as a federation. In 2015, the university underwent a rebranding which resulted in a change in name from the University of Western Sydney to Western Sydney University. It is a provider of undergraduate, postgraduate, and higher research degrees with campuses in Bankstown, Blacktown, Campbelltown, Hawkesbury, Liverpool, Parramatta, Penrith, and Surabaya.
Lewers
Lewers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Benjamin Lewers (1932–2015), English Anglican priest

Iain Lewers (born 1984), British field hockey player

Margo Lewers (1908–1978), Australian artist

Rick Lewers (born 1957/1958), Australian Anglican bishop

Robert Lewers (1836-1926), American businessman at Hawaii

Benjamin Lewers
Christianity portal

Benjamin Hugh Lewers (25 March 1932 – 25 March 2015) was an Anglican priest in the second half of the 20th century.

Lewers was born on 25 March 1932, educated at  Sherborne School and  Selwyn College, Cambridge, and ordained in 1962. After a curacy at St Mary, Northampton he was  Priest in charge of the Church of the Good Shepherd, Hounslow. From 1968 to 1975 he was an industrial chaplain at Heathrow Airport. After a further incumbency at Newark he was appointed the fifth Provost of Derby Cathedral in 1981. He resigned in 1997 and lived in Marshwood, Dorset, where for many years he assisted at the local church, St Mary the Virgin.

Lewers died on 25 March 2015.
Robert Allason Furness
Sir Robert Allason Furness KBE CMG (1883 – 4 December 1954), also known as Robin Furness, was Professor of English at Cairo University and the representative in Egypt of the British Council between 1945 and 1950. He was an expert adviser on the establishment of BBC Arabic, the BBC's first radio station to broadcast in Arabic.

Shortly after Sir Robert's death, the writer and historian Hilary Wayment sent a tribute to The Times stating that Sir Robert 'seemed to have the gift of perpetual youth and to enter into the enthusiasms of his younger colleagues with the zest of an undergraduate'. The tribute concluded that to his friends in England and Egypt, 'the lasting impression he will leave behind is one of generous and high-spirited enjoyments, and of sheer charm and quality of mind'.  He was also described as 'a very tall, elegant, sardonic man, learned about the poets of Ancient Alexandria, and with a line in extravagant bawdry'.

BBC Arabic
BBC Arabic (Arabic: بي بي سي عربي) consisted of the Literary Arabic language radio station which was run by the BBC World Service, as well as the BBC's satellite TV channel, and the website that serves as a Literary Arabic language news portal and provides online access to both the TV and radio broadcasts.

The radio service was broadcast from Broadcasting House in London as well as from a BBC bureau in Riyadh. The target audience was in the Arab world (North Africa and Western Asia).

In September 2022, the World Service announced the proposed closure of its Arabic radio service as part of a cost-cutting plan, but said that an online service would remain.

On Friday, 27 January 2023, BBC Arabic's radio broadcasts ended at 13:00 UTC. The service had been on air since 1938.
Oukasie township
Oukasie Township is a township located north of Brits town in Madibeng Local Municipality in the North West Province of South Africa. The population of Oukasie is made up primarily of Black Africans from the Tswana, Pedi and Tsonga ethnic groups, with a small number of Coloureds and other race groups present as well. It was established in 1927 as a labour camp. In 2005 Oukasie was officially declared as a township. It is demarcated into several sub-sections namely:

Masenkeng

Greenside

Vuka

Noodkamp

Oukasie library buildingPhase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

There are also informal settlements in Oukasie (i.e. Siyahlala, Mountainwiew, Lindelani, Phase 4 and Corrie Sanders).

Township (South Africa)
In South Africa, the terms township and location usually refer to an under-developed, racially segregated urban area, from the late 19th century until the end of apartheid, which were reserved for non-whites, namely Black Africans, Coloureds and Indians. Townships were usually built on the periphery of towns and cities. The term township also has a distinct legal meaning in South Africa's system of land title, which carries no racial connotations.

Townships for non-whites were also called locations or lokasies in Afrikaans and are often still referred to as such in the smaller towns. The slang term "kasie / kasi", a popular short version of "lokasie" is also used. Townships sometimes have large informal settlements nearby.
Katanglad shrew-mouse
The Katanglad shrew-mouse (Crunomys suncoides), also known as the Kitanglad shrew-mouse is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is known only from one specimen taken at 2250 m on Mount Kitanglad, Bukidnon Province, Philippines.

Muridae
The Muridae, or murids, are either the largest or second-largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing approximately 870 species, including many species of mice, rats, and gerbils found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.

The name Muridae comes from the Latin mus (genitive muris), meaning "mouse", since all true mice belong to the family, with the more typical mice belonging to the genus Mus.
Margravial Opera House
The Margravial Opera House (German: Markgräfliches Opernhaus) is a Baroque opera house in the town of Bayreuth, Germany. Built between 1745 and 1750, it is one of Europe's few surviving theatres of the period and has been extensively restored. On 30 June 2012, the opera house was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List because of its exceptional Baroque architecture.

Margrave
In the German nobility, margrave was a rank equivalent to marquess. It originated as the medieval title for the military commander assigned to maintain the defence of one of the border provinces of the Holy Roman Empire or a kingdom. That position became hereditary in certain feudal families in the Empire and the title came to be borne by rulers of some Imperial principalities until the abolition of the Empire in 1806 (e.g., Margrave of Brandenburg, Margrave of Baden). Thereafter, those domains (originally known as marks or marches, later as margraviates or margravates) were absorbed into larger realms or the titleholders adopted titles indicative of full sovereignty.
Eugène Martineau (politician)
Eugène Martineau (1837–1880) was mayor of Ottawa from 1872 to 1873, the first francophone mayor for Ottawa after the town's name was changed from Bytown.

He was born in Saint-Nicholas, Lower Canada in 1837. Martineau came to Ottawa some time before 1860. A stone building on Murray Street in the Byward Market area now known as Heritage House, previously known as the Martineau Hotel, was built by Martineau in 1872. He served at least 16 years as alderman on the City Council. Martineau promoted the building of an aqueduct across the Lebreton Flats to provide water to the city. Late in life, he encountered financial problems in his business interests and died in 1880.

Bytown
Bytown is the former name of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was founded on September 26, 1826, incorporated as a town on January 1, 1850, and superseded by the incorporation of the City of Ottawa on January 1, 1855. The founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Governor General Dalhousie which authorized Lieutenant Colonel John By to divide up the town into lots.  Bytown came about as a result of the construction of the Rideau Canal and grew largely due to the Ottawa River timber trade.  Bytown's first mayor was John Scott, elected in 1847.
Aloe humilis
Aloe humilis, also known as spider aloe is a species of succulent plant  in the genus Aloe. It is endemic to South Africa's Cape Province, and is a low growing, short stemmed aloe with small spines and which grows in dense clusters.

Cape Province
The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred to as "the Cape Province" (Afrikaans: Kaapprovinsie) and colloquially as "The Cape" (Afrikaans: Die Kaap), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, as well as Walvis Bay, and had Cape Town as its capital. In 1994, the Cape Province was divided into the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces, along with part of the North West.
Majid Al Futtaim Group
Majid Al Futtaim Holding (Arabic: شركة ماجد الفطيم القابضة) is an Emirati holding company based in Dubai. The family-owned conglomerate owns and operates shopping malls, retail, and hotel establishments in the Middle East and North Africa.

The firm was established by Majid Al Futtaim in 1992 and is best known as the owner of the Mall of the Emirates in Dubai and being the franchisee of French hypermarket chain Carrefour in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia.

In 2023, MAF had AED 34.5 billion in revenues and AED 2.7 billion in net profit.

Chain store
A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management, and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A franchised retail establishment is one form of a chain store.  In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.
Reza Abedini
Reza Abedini (born 1967) is a visual artist and graphic designer from Tehran, Iran. Between 1985 and 1990, he studied for degrees in design and the visual arts at the School of Fine Arts in Tehran and the Art University of Tehran. Subsequently, he has been working as a graphic designer since 1989. Abedini founded his studio, Reza Abedini Studio, in 1993. In his work, Abedini often blurs the lines between design and art. He engages with his Iranian Heritage in creative ways, often through calligraphy and typography. Typography is a crucial aspect of Abedini’s work, and he utilizes the Persian language as both an aesthetic and conceptual element in his designs. Reza Abedini was a participating artist for the first iteration of Framer Framed’s exhibition Crisis of History, between 2 May to 28 August 2014, curated by Robert Kluijver.

Ebrahim Nabavi
Seyyed Ebrahim Nabavi (Persian: سید ابراهیم نبوی; 13 November 1958 – 15 January 2025) was an Iranian satirist, writer, diarist and researcher. He contributed to the news website Gooya and the online newspaper Rooz, and had a satirical program for the website and broadcasts on the Amsterdam based Radio Zamaneh.
Spectral asymmetry
In mathematics and physics, the spectral asymmetry is the asymmetry in the distribution of the spectrum of eigenvalues of an operator.  In mathematics, the spectral asymmetry arises in the study of elliptic operators on compact manifolds, and is given a deep meaning by the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem. In physics, it has numerous applications, typically resulting in a fractional charge due to the asymmetry of the spectrum of a Dirac operator. For example, the vacuum expectation value of the baryon number is given by the spectral asymmetry of the Hamiltonian operator. The spectral asymmetry of the confined quark fields is an important property of the chiral bag model. For fermions, it is known as the Witten index, and can be understood as describing the Casimir effect for fermions.

Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system's energy spectrum or its set of energy eigenvalues, is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the system's total energy. Due to its close relation to the energy spectrum and time-evolution of a system, it is of fundamental importance in most formulations of quantum theory.

The Hamiltonian is named after William Rowan Hamilton, who developed a revolutionary reformulation of Newtonian mechanics, known as Hamiltonian mechanics, which was historically important to the development of quantum physics. Similar to vector notation, it is typically denoted by , where the hat indicates that it is an operator. It can also be written as  or .
Seven Inches of Satanic Panic
Seven Inches of Satanic Panic is the third EP by the Swedish rock band Ghost. First released digitally on 13 September 2019 by Loma Vista Recordings, it features the songs "Kiss the Go-Goat", "Mary on a Cross" and "The Future Is A Foreign Land", written by vocalist Tobias Forge along with songwriters Salem al Fakir and Vincent Pontare. It was later released on 7" vinyl. Seven Inches of Satanic Panic has been described as a two-track EP and as a single.

In 2022, "Mary on a Cross" charted in the top 40 of thirteen European countries after trending on TikTok. The song was also certified Gold in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, Platinum in Australia, Austria, New Zealand and Switzerland, and 2× Platinum in Brazil, Poland and the United States.

Salem Al Fakir
Lars Salem Al Fakir (Arabic: لارس سليم الفقير; born 27 October 1981) is a Swedish musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He regularly collaborates with Vincent Pontare as the songwriting and production duo Vargas and Lagola. Together, they have worked with many artists, including Avicii, Axwell & Ingrosso, Madonna, Seinabo Sey, Lady Gaga and the Swedish band Ghost. In addition to his songwriting and production work, he releases alternative pop music as Vargas & Lagola.
Winifreda
Winifreda is a town in the province of La Pampa, Argentina, 50 kilometres from Santa Rosa, in the department of Conhelo.

The town was founded on April 3, 1915 (tough some version set it on March 11, 1916), at the location of the railway station that was previously known as "Punta de Rieles" and "El Quemado". It is named in honor of Winifred Maud Drysdale Gibson (1899-1983), one of the daughters of Joseph Norman Drysdale, owner of the land where the town was founded.

It currently holds 2,124 inhabitants, plus 844 in the rural surrounding area.

La Pampa Province
La Pampa (Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈpampa]) is a sparsely populated province of Argentina, located in the Pampas in the center of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise San Luis, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Neuquén and Mendoza.
Thato Lingwati
Cyril Thato Lingwati (born 11 June 1992) is a South African soccer player who last played as a centre-back for South African Premier Division side Royal AM.

While at Bloemfontein Celtic, he would form a duo in central defense with Alfred Ndengane, but Ndengane soon left the club.

In 2024 Lingwati left Royal AM following a wage dispute, alongside Ruzaigh Gamildien and Menzi Masuku.

Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.
Bloemfontein Celtic Football Club (simply known as Celtic) is a South African soccer club based in Bloemfontein.

Bloemfontein Celtic has a large fan base in the Free State and competed in the Premiership before selling their status to Royal AM before the start of the 2021–22 South African Premiership season.

Its supporters were known as Siwelele.
Scotch and soda
Scotch and soda is a mixed drink consisting of Scotch whisky and soda water or other sparkling water.

There is no fixed ratio of the ingredients: the amount of water can vary according to taste from a splash to several times that of the whisky. The drink can be variously served with or without ice, and sometimes also with a simple garnish such as a citrus twist.

The glassware used can be any of the tumbler type, most commonly either old fashioned or highball glass. The latter, being larger, is used especially when adding ice or a relatively larger quantity of water.

Tumbler (glass)
A tumbler is a flat-floored beverage container usually made of plastic, glass or stainless steel.

Theories vary as to the etymology of the word tumbler.  One such theory is that the glass originally had a pointed or convex base and could not be set down without spilling.  Another is that they had weighted bottoms which caused them to right themselves if knocked over.

The modern tumbler comes in various sizes and shapes, designed to accommodate a wide range of beverages from water and juice to sophisticated cocktails.
Ketanserin
Ketanserin, sold under the brand name Sufrexal, is an antihypertensive agent which is used to treat arterial hypertension and vasospastic disorders. It is also used in scientific research as an antiserotonergic agent in the study of the serotonin system; specifically, the 5-HT2 receptor family. The drug is taken orally.

Side effects of ketanserin include dizziness, tiredness, edema, dry mouth, weight gain, and QT interval prolongation. Ketanserin acts as a selective antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A, α1-adrenergic, and histamine H1 receptors. It also shows lower affinity for various other targets.

Ketanserin was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1980. It was the first serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist to be discovered that showed selectivity over other serotonin receptors. The drug is not available in the United States and is mostly no longer marketed throughout the rest of the world.

Biological target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and can refer to the biological target of a  pharmacologically active drug compound, the receptor target of a hormone (like insulin), or some other target of an external stimulus.  Biological targets are most commonly proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, and receptors, but in recent years DNA's and RNA's became more targeted than in the past.
Kurów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Kurów [ˈkuruf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipnik, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 1 km (1 mi) south of Lipnik, 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Opatów, and 65 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Opatów
Opatów ([ɔˈpatuf] ⓘ; Yiddish: אַפּטאַ, אַפּט, romanized: Apt, Apte) is a town in southeastern Poland, within Opatów County in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Historically, it was part of a greater region called Lesser Poland. In 2012 the population was 6,658. Opatów is located among the hills of Lesser Polish Upland, with the Opatówka river dividing the town into two parts.

A town with a history of some 1,000 years, Opatów is one of the province's best-preserved historic towns and once one of the largest cities in its territory, owing its prosperity to crafts and trade. Its landmarks include the Collegiate Church of St. Martin, listed as a Historic Monument of Poland as one of the most precious examples of Romanesque architecture in Poland, the Baroque Bernardine monastery, town hall and underground tourist routes in late medieval cellars under the old town. Opatów is home to local specialties such as pączki, krówki and kiełbasa.
Al-Zulfi
Az Zulfi (also Zulfi,  Zulfy City or Al Zulfi or Az Zilfi) is a city in Riyadh Province in central Saudi Arabia, about 260 kilometres northwest of Riyadh. It is connected by Roads 418 and 535 which both link with the main Highway 65 which connects Riyadh to Buraidah which is about 101 kilometres by road to the west of Al Zulfi. Zulfi also forms a governorate of Riyadh Province. The Al-Yamama/Tuwaiq mountain range begins in the desert to the north of Al Zulfi.

Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
Buraidah (Arabic: بريدة; also spelled as Buraydah)  is the capital and largest city of Al-Qassim Province in north-central Saudi Arabia. The city is regarded as the agricultural capital of Saudi Arabia and has been described as the Kingdom's breadbasket due to the diversity of its produce. Buraidah is particularly renowned for its date production, hosting one of the largest date markets in the world. In addition, its farms produce a variety of fruits and vegetables, including figs, strawberries, grapes, and pomegranates.

In 2021, Buraidah was recognized by UNESCO as a Creative City in Gastronomy, becoming the first Gulf city and the second Arab city to receive this designation.