hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jhamra
Jhamra (Punjabi: جھامرا) is a village of the Faisalabad District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is known for being the birthplace and final resting place of Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal, a famous Punjabi Muslim freedom fighter of the War of Independence (1857),  who was known as the Nawab of Jhamra. He died fighting against the forces of the British British East India Company on 23 September 1857.

Punjabi Muslims
Punjabi Muslims (Punjabi: پن٘جابی مُسلمان) are Punjabis who are adherents of Islam. With a population of more than 112 million, they are the third-largest predominantly Islam-adhering Muslim ethnicity in the world, after Arabs and Bengalis.

The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of Sunni Islam, while a minority adhere to Shia Islam. Most of them are primarily geographically native to the Pakistani province of Punjab, but a large group of them have ancestry across the Punjab region as a whole. Punjabi Muslims speak or identify with the Punjabi language (under a Perso-Arabic script known as Shahmukhi) as their mother tongue.
2007 Melbourne CBD shootings
The 2007 Melbourne CBD shooting was an incident that occurred in the Melbourne central business district, Australia on 18 June 2007. Three people were shot, one fatally, by Christopher Wayne Hudson, 31, a member of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, who opened fire on two men and a woman during an argument on the corner of William Street and Flinders Lane at about 8:20 a.m. Hudson fled from the scene and went into hiding for two days, before turning himself in to police on 20 June 2007 in Wallan, north of Melbourne.

In May 2008, Hudson pleaded guilty to the murder of Brendan Keilar and was sentenced that September to life imprisonment with a minimum of 35 years before becoming eligible for parole.

Flinders Lane
Flinders Lane is a minor street and thoroughfare in the Melbourne central business district of Victoria, Australia. The laneway runs east–west from Spring Street to Spencer Street in-between Flinders and Collins streets. Originally laid out as part of the Hoddle Grid in 1837, the laneway was once the centre of Melbourne's rag trade and is still home to boutique designers and high-end retailers including Chanel, now perched alongside numerous upscale hotels like the W Hotel Melbourne and Adelphi Hotel, loft apartments, cafes and bars.

Many historic buildings are found on Flinders Lane with a history of strict height limits helping to preserve the buildings from redevelopment. Despite the loss of some significant buildings over time, it is still known for its SoHo atmosphere and chic, well-preserved historic buildings.
William McWaters
William McWaters (ca. 1844–1875) was an American gunfighter from Missouri who once rode with William Clarke Quantrill. Though not as well known today as the likes of the James-Younger Gang, McWaters did belong to that fraternity of dangerous men spawned by the Kansas-Missouri border wars and American Civil War.

Nebraska City, Nebraska
Nebraska City is a city in and the county seat of Otoe County, Nebraska, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,222.

The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated city in the state, as it was the first approved by a special act of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1855.

Nebraska City is the home of Arbor Day, the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center (which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition), and the Mayhew Cabin, the only site in the state recognized by the National Park Service as a station on the Underground Railroad.
Porsche flat-twelve engine
Porsche produced a series of flat-twelve engines for their Porsche 917 sports prototype between 1969 and 1973. The early engines were naturally-aspirated, while later examples were twin-turbocharged and extremely powerful.

Twin-turbo
Twin-turbo is a type of turbo layout in which two turbochargers are used to compress the intake air/fuel mixture (or intake air, in the case of a direct-injection engine). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in parallel, each processing half of a V engine's produced exhaust through independent piping. The two turbochargers can either be matching or different sizes.
Federal Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Germany)
The Federal Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung, ) was a government ministry in the Federal Republic of Germany from 22 October 2002 to 18 October 2005. It was formed with during the first Government of Angela Merkel and dissolved with the Second Gerhard Schröder Cabinet. The function of the ministry was then transferred to the Federal Ministry of Health and the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.

Ulla Schmidt was the only head of the ministry.

First Merkel cabinet
The First Merkel cabinet (German: Kabinett Merkel I) was the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany from 22 November 2005 to 27 October 2009 throughout the 16th legislative session of the Bundestag. Led by Christian Democrat Angela Merkel, the first female Chancellor in German history, the cabinet was supported by a grand coalition between the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

It was installed following the 2005 federal election and succeeded the second Schröder cabinet. It ceased to function after the formation of second Merkel cabinet, which was installed after the 2009 federal elections and sworn in on 28 October 2009.
National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
The National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Dari: جنبش ملی اسلامی افغانستان, Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan), sometimes called simply Junbish, was a political party in Afghanistan founded by Abdul Rashid Dostum in 1992 made from his loyalist remnants from the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan's communist government.

It is described as "an organisation heavily peopled with former Communists and Islamists," and is regarded as somewhat secular and left-leaning. Its voter base is mostly Uzbeks, and it is strongest in Jowzjan, Balkh, Faryab, Sar-e Pol, and Samangan provinces. It was mainly supported by Uzbekistan during the Second Afghan Civil War and the Third Afghan Civil War.

Politics of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a theocratic emirate with a totalitarian regime ruled by the Taliban, a political and militant Islamist movement adhering to the Deobandi jihadist ideology with Pashtunwali influences, which holds a monopoly on power. Dissent is not permitted, and politics are mostly limited to internal Taliban policy debates and power struggles. There is no constitution or other basis for the rule of law. The structure is autocratic, with all power concentrated in the hands of the supreme leader and his clerical advisors. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Afghanistan was as of 2023 the 4th least electoral democratic country in the world.

Afghanistan has been unstable for decades, with frequent coups, civil wars, and violent transfers of power. Most recently, the Taliban seized power in 2021 from the Western-backed Islamic Republic, and re-formed the government to implement a far stricter interpretation of Sharia law according to the Hanafi school.
2023 Basketball Champions League Final Four
The 2023 Basketball Champions League (BCL) Final Four was the 7th Basketball Champions League tournament and the 5th in the format of Final Four. It was the concluding phase of the 2022–23 Basketball Champions League season.

It was the first time the tournament was held in Málaga. The championship was won by Telekom Baskets Bonn, who became the first German BCL champions. They defeated runners-up Hapoel Jerusalem in the final. Lenovo Tenerife finished in third place, Unicaja in fourth place.

Telekom Baskets guard T. J. Shorts won the Final Four MVP award, becoming the first player in league history to win both the season MVP and Final Four MVP award in the same season. He scored 50 points in his two games, setting a new record for most points by a player, formerly held by Kevin Punter (2018). Shorts also set a record for most points in both a final four game by scoring 29 points in the final.

Kevin Punter
Kevin Xavier Punter Jr. (born June 25, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for FC Barcelona of the Spanish Liga ACB and the EuroLeague. In addition to being a citizen of the United States, Punter also has Serbian citizenship.

After playing two years each of college basketball at State Fair Community College and Tennessee, Punter went undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft. He started his professional career in Europe, where he has played for elite teams like Virtus Bologna, Olympiacos, Crvena zvezda, Olimpia Milano, and Partizan.
Erling Anger
Erling Anger (17 April 1909 – 22 April 1999) was a Norwegian civil servant.

He was born in Kristiansund, and is a cand.jur. by education. He was hired as chief administrative officer of finances in Trondheim in 1950, and as County Governor of Møre og Romsdal in 1958. In 1965 he served as acting permanent under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Local Government and Labour, before serving as County Governor of Hedmark from 1966 to 1979. From 1980 to 1984 he chaired the Labour Court of Norway.

He was buried in Hamar.

Kristiansund Municipality
Kristiansund (US: /ˈkrɪstʃənsʌnd, ˈkrɪstiənsʊn/, Norwegian: [krɪstjɑnˈsʉnː] ⓘ; historically spelled Christianssund and earlier named Fosna) is a municipality on the western coast of Norway in the Nordmøre district of Møre og Romsdal county. The administrative center of the municipality is the town of Kristiansund (established in 1742), which is the major town for the whole Nordmøre region. Other notable settlements in the municipality include the villages of Kvalvåg, Rensvik, and Nedre Frei.

The 87-square-kilometre (34 sq mi) municipality is the 334th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Kristiansund Municipality is the 53rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 24,404. The municipality's population density is 279.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (723/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0.04% over the previous 10-year period.
1827 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1827 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 1, 1827, to elect the governor of Georgia. Due to the death of the Democratic-Republican Clark candidate Matthew Talbot, Jacksonian Troup candidate John Forsyth won in a landslide against a divided opposition.

John Forsyth (politician)
John Forsyth Sr. (October 22, 1780 – October 21, 1841) was a 19th-century American politician from Georgia. He represented the state in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, and also served as the 33rd Governor of Georgia. As a supporter of the policies of President Andrew Jackson, Forsyth was appointed the 13th United States Secretary of State by Jackson in 1834, and continued in that role until 1841 during the presidency of Martin Van Buren. He also served as US Minister to Spain during the presidency of James Monroe.
Valenzano railway station
Valenzano is a railway station in Valenzano, Italy. The station is located on the Bari-Casamassima-Putignano railway. The train services and the railway infrastructure are operated by Ferrovie del Sud Est.

Bari–Casamassima–Putignano railway
40°51′23.4″N 17°7′24.3″E﻿ / ﻿40.856500°N 17.123417°E﻿ / 40.856500; 17.123417

The Bari-Casamassima-Putignano railway is a 43-kilometre (27 mi) long Italian railway line, that connects Bari with Putignano via Casamassima.

The line was opened on 6 September 1905.
Kroes
Kroes is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Doutzen Kroes (born 1985), Dutch model and actress

Evert Kroes (born 1950), Dutch rower

Hans Kroes (born 1965), Dutch swimmer

Iris Kroes (born 1992), Dutch singer and harpist

Neelie Kroes (born 1941), Dutch politician

Wolter Kroes (born 1968), Dutch singer

Doutzen Kroes
Doutzen Kroes (West Frisian: [ˈdɔutsn̩ ˈkrus], Dutch: [ˈdʌutsə(ŋ) ˈkrus]; born 23 January 1985) is a Dutch fashion model. She began her modelling career in 2003, in the Netherlands and was quickly sent by her agency to New York where she was cast by lingerie brand Victoria’s Secret. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2008 until 2014, making her the second Dutch to earn the coveted title after Karen Mulder. She has been a brand ambassador for L'Oréal Paris since 2006. Kroes has been one of the highest-paid models, with an estimated income of more than $5 million per year, since 2008. In 2014, she came in second on the Forbes top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8 million in one year. In 2013, she became the first model to land four different solo international covers of Vogue's September issue in a single year.

Her film debut was in Nova Zembla (2011).
Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas
"Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas" is verse 490 of Book 2 of the Georgics (29 BC), by the Latin poet Virgil (70 – 19 BC). It is literally translated as: "Fortunate, who has been able to know the causes of things". Dryden rendered it: "Happy the Man, who, studying Nature's Laws, / Thro' known Effects can trace the secret Cause" (The works of Virgil, 1697).

Virgil may have had in mind the Roman philosopher Lucretius, of the Epicurean school.

Ancient Roman philosophy
Ancient Roman philosophy is philosophy as it was practiced in the Roman Republic and its successor state, the Roman Empire. Roman philosophy includes philosophy written in Latin as well as philosophy written in Greek in the late Republic and Roman Empire. Important early Latin-language writers include Lucretius, Cicero, and Seneca the Younger. Greek was a popular language for writing about philosophy, so much so that the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius chose to write his Meditations in Greek.
Maya Nakanishi
Maya Nakanishi (中西 麻耶, Nakanishi Maya; born 3 June 1985) is a Paralympic athlete from Japan, competing in category T44 sprint and long jump events. She was born in Ōsaka, Ōsaka Prefecture, and played soft tennis competitively.

T44 (classification)
T44 is a disability sport classification for disability athletics, applying to "Single below knee amputation or an athlete who can walk with moderately reduced function in one or both legs."  It includes ISOD A4 and A9 classes.
Kharraqan Towers
The Kharraqan Towers (Persian: برج‌های خرقان, romanized: Borj ha-ye Kharraqan), also known as the Kharrakhan or the Domes of Kharaghan, are a pair of mausolea built in 1067 and 1093 CE, in the Kharraqan region, in Hesar-e Valiyeasr, near Qazvin, Qazvin province, northern Iran. They are notable for being an early example of a geometric ornament,: 142–144  an early example of double domes, and one of the earlier tomb towers that appeared in the Seljuk era during the 11th century.

The octagonal brick structures stand 13 metres (43 ft) tall, and each side is 4 metres (13 ft) wide. The surface of both mausolea demonstrate extensive use of geometry. The interior walls of the older mausoleum are decorated with paintings of various subjects.: 42  The eastern tower dates from 1067–68, and the western tower dates from 1093.

Qazvin province
Qazvin province (Persian: استان قزوین; IPA: [ɢæzˈviːn] ⓘ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country, with the city of Qazvin as its capital.

The province was carved out of Tehran and Zanjan provinces in 1997. The province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.
Flight 21
Flight 21 is the name of

Eastern Air Lines Flight 21, crashed on 26 February 1941

Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21, crashed on 8 July 1965

Singapore Airlines Flight 21, one of the longest regularly scheduled non-stop flights

1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash (Flight IFO-21), US Air Force plane that crashed on 3 April 1996

True Aviation Flight 21 crashed on 9 March 2016

True Aviation Flight 21
True Aviation Flight 21 was a regularly scheduled domestic cargo flight in Bangladesh, flying from Cox's Bazar to Jashore. On 9 March 2016, the Antonov An-26 crashed into the Bay of Bengal shortly after take-off from Cox's Bazar Airport. The aircraft was attempting to return to the airport after experiencing an engine failure. Three of the four crew members on board were killed in the accident.
Linux XP
Linux XP (pronounced Linux ex-pee) was a Fedora Linux-based shareware Linux distribution designed to imitate Windows environment using GNOME desktop; it could run some Microsoft Windows programs using the Wine compatibility layer. Linux XP had to be registered within 99 startups after installation, or the OS would deactivate.

Wine (software)
Wine is a compatibility layer to allow application software and computer games developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems. Wine is free and open-source software and is predominantly written using black-box testing reverse engineering, to avoid copyright issues.

Wine is primarily developed for Linux, macOS and FreeBSD. Developers can compile Windows applications against WineLib to help port them to Unix-like systems. No code emulation or virtualization occurs, except on Apple silicon Mac computers, where Rosetta 2 is used to translate x86 code to ARM code.

In a 2007 survey by desktoplinux.com of 38,500 Linux desktop users, 31.5% of respondents reported using Wine to run Windows applications. This plurality was larger than all x86 virtualization programs combined, and larger than the 27.9% who reported not running Windows applications.
Mihrdat I
Mithridates I (Mihrdat I) (Georgian: მითრიდატე I) was the 1st-century king (mepe) of Iberia (Kartli, Georgia) whose reign is evidenced by epigraphic material. Cyril Toumanoff suggests 58–106 as the years of his reign.

Mepe
Mepe (Old Georgian: ႫႴ; Georgian: მეფე [ˈmepʰe]; meh-PEH) is a royal title used to designate the Georgian monarch, whether it is referring to a king or a queen regnant. The title was originally a male ruling title.
Bahraini dinar
The dinar (Arabic: دينار بحريني‎ Dīnār Baḥrēnī) (sign: .د.ب‎ or BD; code: BHD) is the currency of Bahrain. It is divided into 1000 fils (فلس‎). The Bahraini dinar is abbreviated د.ب‎ (Arabic) or BD (Latin). It is usually represented with three decimal places denoting the fils.

The name dinar derives from the Roman denarius.

As of December 2021, the Bahraini dinar is the second highest-valued currency unit after the Kuwaiti dinar, at 2.65 United States dollars per unit.

Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet, or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is a unicameral script written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual forms. Unlike the modern Latin alphabet, the script has no concept of letter case. The Arabic alphabet is an abjad, with only consonants required to be written (though the long vowels – ā ī ū – are also written, with letters used for consonants); due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad.
Limnonectes isanensis
Limnonectes isanensis is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It was discovered in Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province, Thailand in 2012. It belongs to the Limnonectes kuhlii species complex.

Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary
Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary (Thai: เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าภูหลวง) is a wildlife sanctuary in northern Thailand, located in the Phu Luang mountain area, in the south of Loei Province. The area around the mountain is part of the Luang Prabang montane rain forests ecoregion.

It covers an area of 897 km2 (346 sq mi), covering area of the tambon Pla Ba and Tha Sala of Phu Ruea District, Phon Sung, Wang Yao and I Pum of Dan Sai, Nong Ngio and Saikhao of Wang Saphung, and Phu Ho of Phu Luang District.
Quantum machine
A quantum machine is a human-made device whose collective motion follows the laws of quantum mechanics.  The idea that macroscopic objects may follow the laws of quantum mechanics dates back to the advent of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century.  However, as highlighted by the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, quantum effects are not readily observable in large-scale objects. Consequently, quantum states of motion have only been observed in special circumstances at extremely low temperatures.  The fragility of quantum effects in macroscopic objects may arise from rapid quantum decoherence. Researchers created the first quantum machine in 2009, and the achievement was named the "Breakthrough of the Year" by Science in 2010.

Quantum decoherence
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence.  It involves generally a loss of information of a system to its environment. Quantum decoherence has been studied to understand how quantum systems convert to systems that can be explained by classical mechanics.  Beginning out of attempts to extend the understanding of quantum mechanics, the theory has developed in several  directions and experimental studies have confirmed some of the key issues. Quantum computing relies on quantum coherence and is one of the primary practical applications of the concept.
Change, Nepal
Change is a village development committee in the Himalayas of Taplejung District in the Province No. 1 of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4034  people living in 861 individual households.

This Village Development Committee (now changed to Gaun Palika, गाँऊ पालिका) is mainly inhabited by Limbu and Mongolian ethnic groups, more specifically Angbuhang, an indigenous tribe. This VDC produces cash crops like oranges, cardamom  and tobacco. West/south to North/east orientation of land and south facing slope has provided opportunity to get more sunny hours. Change has the hiking route (now being introduced as a rhododendron hiking trail) Taplejung-Gorja-Basantapur, which passes from the middle along its length.

2011 Nepal census
Nepal conducted a widespread national census in 2011 by the Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics. Working in cooperation with the 58 municipalities and the 3,915 Village Development Committees at a district level, they recorded data from all the municipalities and villages of each district. The data included statistics on population size, households, sex and age distribution, place of birth, residence characteristics, literacy, marital status, religion, language spoken, caste/ethnic group, economically active population, education, number of children, employment status, and occupation.
Whale tail
Whale tail is the Y-shaped rear portion of a thong or G-string when visible above the waistline of low-rise pants, shorts, or skirts that resembles a  whale's tail. The fashion was popular in the early 2000s and waned within the decade, but has become more fashionable in recent years.

Low-waisted trousers, such as low-rise jeans or hip-huggers, and higher-cut thongs led to greater exposure of the whale tail. The trend was also associated with the trend of sporting lower back tattoos.

The word was selected by the American Dialect Society in January 2006 as the "most creative word" of 2005.

Fin
A fin is a thin appendage or component attached to a larger body or structure. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability to steer or stabilize motion while traveling in water, air, or other fluids. Fins are also used to increase surface areas for heat transfer purposes, or simply as ornamentation.

Fins first evolved on fish as a means of locomotion. Fish fins are used to generate thrust and control the subsequent motion. Fish and other aquatic animals, such as cetaceans, actively propel and steer themselves with pectoral and tail fins. As they swim, they use other fins, such as dorsal and anal fins, to achieve stability and refine their maneuvering.

The fins on the tails of cetaceans, ichthyosaurs, metriorhynchids, mosasaurs and plesiosaurs are called flukes.