hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ontario Highway 148
King's Highway 148, commonly referred to as Highway 148, is a provincially maintained highway in Ontario, Canada. The highway acts as an extension of Route 148 in Quebec, once connecting it with Highway 17, the Trans-Canada Highway, near Pembroke. It was shortened to its present terminus in 1997, and now connects downtown Pembroke to the provincial border. It follows a route that was once part of Highway 17 and Highway 62 until the Pembroke Bypass opened in 1982.

The 7.0-kilometre (4.3 mi) route of Highway 148 takes it along the Ontario shoreline of the Ottawa River from the outskirts of Pembroke to the opposite shore at L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, where it crosses the river into Quebec. The section within Pembroke is locally maintained under a Connecting Link agreement.

Ottawa River
The Ottawa River (French: Rivière des Outaouais, Algonquin: Kichi-Sìbì/Kitchissippi) is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It is named after the Algonquin word "to trade", as it was the major trade route of Eastern Canada at the time. For most of its length, it defines the border between these two provinces. It is a major tributary of the St. Lawrence River and the longest river in Quebec.
Ben McDonald (basketball)
Benjamin McDonald (born July 20, 1962) is an American former professional basketball player and former assistant coach for the Reno Bighorns of the NBA Development League. He played college basketball for the California-Irvine Anteaters. After graduating, he played for the Cleveland Cavaliers for one season and the Golden State Warriors for three seasons. In 176 games, he averaged 21.0 minutes and 6.0 points per game.  After his NBA career, McDonald played for Israeli team Hapoel Holon, and  also played two seasons in the Continental Basketball Association for the Albany Patroons, San Jose Jammers and Oklahoma City Cavalry.  For his CBA career, McDonald averaged 7.6 points and 5.8 rebounds in 70 games.

Bakersfield Jammers
The Bakersfield Jammers, known originally as the San Jose Jammers, were an American professional basketball team that were members of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) from 1989 to 1992. Originally based in San Jose, California, the team relocated to Bakersfield, California for their final season.

The team was created by former Oakland A's executive Fred Kuenzi through a CBA basketball league expansion. Although Fred was initially named as team spokesman and introduced as the team's first general manager, he had previous commitments that prohibited him from remaining on in that capacity. He served as a team consultant. Fred obtained capital investment funding by bringing in former assemblyman Dominic L. Cortese as majority owner. The Jammers' inaugural roster included high-scoring guards Freddie Banks (Las Vegas Silver Streaks) and Butch Hays, forward David Boone, and center Casey Crawford.

San Jose Jammers games were broadcast on radio station KSJX.
Benjamin Thompson
Colonel Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (26 March 1753 – 21 August 1814), was an American-born British military officer, scientist and inventor. Born in Woburn, Massachusetts, he supported the Loyalist cause during the American War of Independence, commanding the King's American Dragoons during the conflict. After the war ended in 1783, Thompson moved to London, where he was recognised for his administrative talents and received a knighthood from George III in 1784.

A prolific scientist and inventor, Thompson also created several new warship designs. He subsequently moved to the Electorate of Bavaria and entered into the employ of the Bavarian government, heavily reorganising the Bavarian Army. Thompson was rewarded for his efforts by being made an Imperial Count in 1792 before dying in Paris in 1814.

Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It had a population of 21,956 at the 2020 census. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine, Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Pease Air Force Base, since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease.
Oyster Bay, Tanzania
Oyster Bay (also spelled Oysterbay), also known as Cocoa Beach and Coco Beach, is an affluent neighbourhood in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It is popularly known for its attractive beach. Oyster Bay is located north west of Dar es Salaam's central business district along the Indian Ocean. Europeans have resided here since colonial times. Since independence, Europeans working for development aid organizations, and senior government officials, including ministers, permanent secretaries, directors and commissioners, reside here and the area is noted for its affluence and social exclusivity.

The area is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the east, Mawenzi Road on the North, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road to the south, and Ali bin Said Road to the West. Some local institutions are named Oysterbay, including a police station, a hospital and a school.

Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Ali Hassan Mwinyi (8 May 1925 – 29 February 2024) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the second president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Previous posts included Minister for Home Affairs and Vice President. He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996.

During Mwinyi's terms, Tanzania took the first steps to reverse the socialist policies of Julius Nyerere. He relaxed import restrictions and encouraged private enterprise. It was during his second term that multi-party politics were introduced under pressure for reform from foreign and domestic sources. Often referred to as Mzee Rukhsa ("everything goes"), he pushed for liberalization of morals, beliefs, values (without breaking the law), and the economy.
Double suspension theorem
In geometric topology,  the double suspension theorem of James W. Cannon (Cannon (1979)) and Robert D. Edwards states that the double suspension S2X of a homology sphere X is a topological sphere.

If X is a piecewise-linear homology sphere but not a sphere, then its double suspension S2X (with a triangulation derived by applying the double suspension operation to a triangulation of X) is an example of a triangulation of a topological sphere that is not piecewise-linear. The reason is that, unlike in piecewise-linear manifolds, the link of one of the suspension points is not a sphere.

Homology sphere
In algebraic topology, a homology sphere is an n-manifold X having the homology groups of an n-sphere, for some integer . That is,

and

for all other i.

Therefore X is a connected space, with one non-zero higher Betti number,  namely, . It does not follow that X is simply connected, only that its fundamental group is perfect (see Hurewicz theorem).

A rational homology sphere is defined similarly but using homology with rational coefficients.
2024 Hobart International – Doubles
Chan Hao-ching and Giuliana Olmos defeated Guo Hanyu and Jiang Xinyu in the final, 6–3, 6–3 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2024 Hobart International.

Kirsten Flipkens and Laura Siegemund were the reigning champions, but Flipkens retired from professional tennis in July 2023 and Siegemund chose to compete this year in Adelaide instead.

Chan Hao-ching
Chan Hao-ching (Chinese: 詹皓晴; pinyin: Zhān Hàoqíng;  Taiwanese  Mandarin: [tsán.xâu.tɕʰǐŋ]; born September 19, 1993), also known as Angel Chan, is a Taiwanese professional tennis player. She is primarily a doubles specialist, having won twenty-one WTA Tour, two WTA Challenger and six ITF titles in that discipline. Chan reached the final of the mixed-doubles competition at Wimbledon with Max Mirnyi in 2014, her first major final. She reached two more finals in 2017, the Wimbledon women's doubles with Monica Niculescu, and the US Open mixed doubles with Michael Venus.
Motta di Livenza
Motta di Livenza (Venetian: Mota de Łivensa or simply Mota) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Treviso, in the Italian region of Veneto.

Motta di Livenza borders the following municipalities:
Annone Veneto, Cessalto, Chiarano, Gorgo al Monticano, Meduna di Livenza, San Stino di Livenza.

San Stino di Livenza
San Stino di Livenza (Venetian: San Stin) is a town in the Metropolitan City of Venice, Veneto, northern Italy. It is connected by the SP61 provincial road and by the motorway A4. The main square (piazza) is the Piazza Aldo Moro.
Cursed (Ion Dissonance album)
Cursed is the fourth studio album by the Canadian mathcore band Ion Dissonance, released on August 24, 2010 through Century Media in North America, Doom Patrol Records in Japan, and Basick Records in Europe. This is the first Ion Dissonance album to feature 8-string guitars as well as clean vocals, as the song "Pallor" is the first Ion Dissonance song to ever feature clean singing.

Eight-string guitar
An eight-string guitar is a guitar with eight strings, or one more than the Russian guitar's seven. Eight-string guitars are less common than six- and seven-string guitars, but they are used by a few classical, jazz, and metal guitarists. The eight-string guitar allows a wider tonal range, or non-standard tunings (such as major-thirds tuning), or both.

Various non-standard guitars were made in the 19th century, including eight-string guitars played by Italians Giulio Regondi and Luigi Legnani.

Eight-string electric guitars gained popularity among metal bands, largely inspired by Swedish progressive metal band Meshuggah (formed in 1987). Contemporary use outside of metal has picked up in the last decade, and owes much to Animals as Leaders and their stylistic eclecticism.
Beatrice Gray
Beatrice Gray (March 3, 1911 – November 25, 2009) was an American actress and dancer best known for her appearances in a series of western films during the 1940s and 1950s.

Gray was born Bertrice Alice Kimbrough on a farm near Carthage, Illinois. She began working in the entertainment industry in Broadway productions, as well as a performer in nightclubs. She earned her first acting role in the musical, New Faces of 1935. After moving to California in 1937, she appeared in the New Faces of 1937 by RKO Pictures. She worked as a dancer for Busby Berkeley.

Gray appeared in a number of westerns throughout the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, many of which were produced by Monogram Pictures. Her other films were with Universal Pictures, including the 1958 movie, Wild Heritage. She ultimately appeared in three films starring Hoot Gibson and Bob Steele - The Utah Kid, Marked Trails and Trigger Law (all 1944).

Monogram Pictures
Monogram Pictures Corporation was an American film studio that produced mostly low-budget films between 1931 and 1953, when the firm completed a transition to the name Allied Artists Pictures Corporation. Monogram was among the minor studios in the golden age of Hollywood, generally referred to collectively as Poverty Row. Of the 11 permanent studios in Hollywood at the time, ranked in order of size, MGM was #1 -- and Monogram was #10 (the only one smaller was PRC).

The Monogram trademark is now owned by Allied Artists International. The original sprawling brick complex which functioned as home to both Monogram and Allied Artists remains at 4376 W Sunset Blvd, as part of the Church of Scientology Media Center (formerly KCET's television facilities).
Corrado Tommasi-Crudeli
Corrado Tommasi-Crudeli (31 January 1834 to 31 May 1900) was an Italian physician known for his works in pathology and hygiene. He studied for his medical degree at the University of Pisa. He was trained in pathology under the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow. He worked in medical services at Florence, Palermo, and Rome. He was Chair of Pathology at the Sapienza University of Rome. He was known to the public for his service during cholera outbreak and in establishing hospitals, particularly the Institute for Experimental Hygiene (Istituto di Igiene Sperimentale) in Rome. He was elected to Italian Senate during 1892–1893. He, with Edwin Klebs, discovered that typhoid and diphtheria were caused by bacteria. However, they made a mistake in declaring that a bacterium (which they called Bacillus malariae) was also responsible for malaria.

Hygiene
Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refers to maintaining the body's cleanliness. Hygiene activities can be grouped into the following: home and everyday hygiene, personal hygiene, medical hygiene, sleep hygiene, and food hygiene. Home and every day hygiene includes hand washing, respiratory hygiene, food hygiene at home, hygiene in the kitchen, hygiene in the bathroom, laundry hygiene, and medical hygiene at home.

While often equated with cleanliness in common usage, hygiene is a term encompassing the personal practices and environmental conditions that maintain health and prevent disease.
Baltasar de Figueroa (the Elder)
Baltasar de Figueroa the Elder was a New Granadian painter.

He was born in Spain around 1560 and moved to the New Kingdom of Granada. He has been previously confounded with a Seville painter of the same name.

He resided for a while in Santa Fe de Bogotá, and later in Turmequé and Mariquita. He married Catalina de Saucedo, and they had three children together: Melchor, Gaspar, and Bartolomé. His grandson, Baltasar Vargas de Figueroa, was also a painter.

He and his children worked as painters of churches in Turmequé.

New Kingdom of Granada
The New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada), or Kingdom of New Granada, was the name given to a group of colonial-era Spanish ultramarine provinces in northern South America governed by the president of the Real Audiencia of Santa Fe, an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia. The conquistadors originally organized it as a province with a Real Audiencia within the Viceroyalty of Peru and thus having a certain level of independence from it. The audiencia was established by the crown in 1549.

Later, the kingdom would become the Viceroyalty of New Granada, first in 1717, and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether around 1819 with the establishment of the first Republic of Colombia.
Power Macintosh 6100
The Power Macintosh 6100 (also sold as the Performa 6110 – 6118 and the Workgroup Server 6150) is a personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from March 1994 to March 1996. It is the first computer from Apple to use the new PowerPC processor created by IBM and Motorola. The pizza-box case was inherited from the Centris/Quadra 610 and 660AV models, and replaced the Macintosh Quadra series that used the Motorola 68040 processor, Apple's previous high-end workstation line.

For the consumer market, the 6100 was re-branded as a Macintosh Performa with model numbers in the 6110 – 6118 range denoting bundled software and hard drive sizes. An Apple Multiple Scan 15 Display and AppleDesign Keyboard were included as part of the package.  For the server market, a variant was offered with additional server software, called the Apple Workgroup Server 6150.

The 6100 was discontinued without a direct replacement.

Pizza-box form factor
In computing, a pizza box is a style of case design for desktop computers or network switches. Pizza box cases tend to be wide and flat, normally 1.5 to 4 in or 4 to 10 cm in height, resembling pizza delivery boxes and thus the name. This is in contrast to a tower system, whose case height is much greater than the width and has an "upright" appearance. In modern usage, the term "pizza box" is normally reserved for very flat cases with height no more than 2 inches (51 mm), while those taller than two inches are referred to as desktop cases instead.

The common setup of a pizza box system is to have the display monitor placed directly on top of the case, which serves as a podium to elevate the monitor more towards the user's eye level, and to have other peripherals placed in front and alongside the case. Occasionally, the pizza box may be laid on its sides in a tower-like orientation.
Suzanne Prentiss
Suzanne M. Prentiss (born October 6, 1964) is an American politician and nationally registered paramedic from Lebanon, New Hampshire. Prentiss is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, representing the 5th district. She has also served as a member of the Lebanon City Council since 2009 and served as mayor from 2017 to 2019.

New Hampshire Senate
The New Hampshire State Senate is the upper house of the New Hampshire General Court, alongside the New Hampshire House of Representatives. The Senate has been meeting since 1784. The senate consists of 24 members representing Senate districts based on population. There are 16 Republicans and 8 Democrats currently serving in the senate.
Burkard (surname)
Burkard is a German language surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfredo Cristiani Burkard (born 1947), Salvadoran politician

August Burkard (1894–?), German flying ace

Bob Burkard (1922–1992), American soccer goalkeeper

Chris Burkard (born 1986), American photographer

Christoph Burkard (born 1983), German retired Paralympic swimmer

Elena Burkard (born 1992), German long-distance runner

Franz Burkard, several people

Guido Burkard, Swiss physicist

Katja Burkard (born 1965), German television presenter

Jerome Burkard (born 2002), Dominican footballer

Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (born 1949), French historian

Michael Burkard (1947–2024), American poet and educator

Oscar Burkard (1877–1950), German-American soldier

Rainer Burkard (born 1943), Austrian mathematician

Roman Burkard (born 1940), Swiss sports shooter

Stephen F. Burkard (born 1897), New York state senator

Rainer Burkard
Rainer Ernst Burkard (born 28 January 1943, Graz, Austria ) is an Austrian mathematician. His research interests include discrete optimization, graph theory, applied discrete mathematics, and applied number theory.

He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Vienna in 1967 and received his habilitation from the University of Graz in 1971. From 1973–1981 Rainer Burkard was a full professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Cologne (Germany).
Since 1981 Rainer Burkard is a full professor at the Graz University of Technology.
Trent Clayton
Trent Clayton (born 24 May 1981) is a former French international rugby league footballer. He played for Toulouse Olympique in the Elite One Championship. He primarily played on the wing. He had previously played for the Sydney Roosters, Wests Tigers and Penrith Panthers in the National Rugby League.

Wests Tigers
The Wests Tigers are an Australian rugby league football team, based in the Inner West of Sydney and South Western Sydney. The Tigers have competed in the National Rugby League (NRL) since being formed at the end of the 1999 NRL season as a joint-venture club between the Balmain Tigers and the Western Suburbs Magpies.

The Wests Tigers started playing in the 2000 NRL season and they won their maiden premiership in 2005. The club also won the final edition of the World Sevens in 2004. The club has only qualified for three finals series since their inception (2005, 2010 and 2011).

The Wests Tigers play home games at two grounds: Leichhardt Oval (the home ground of Balmain) and Campbelltown Stadium (the home ground of Western Suburbs). They are currently coached by Benji Marshall.

The interim CEO is currently Shaun Mielekamp.
Gourangapur
Gourangapur is a village in Kanksa CD block in Durgapur subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The place has links with Ichhai Ghosh, king of Gopbhum, and it is believed that his capital, Dhekur, was located nearby. The area was earlier a part of Senpahari pargana.

Community development block
In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply a block is a sub-division of a district, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a block development officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
SS William Grayson
SS William Grayson was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after
William Grayson, a soldier, lawyer, and statesman from Virginia. Grayson was a delegate to the Confederation Congress from 1785 to 1787. He helped to pass the Northwest Ordinance, including a provision that forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory. He was one of the first two US Senators from Virginia, and belonged to the Anti-Federalist faction, he was also the first member of the United States Congress to die while holding office.

William Grayson
William Grayson (1736 – March 12, 1790) was a planter, lawyer and statesman from Virginia. After leading a Virginia regiment in the Continental Army, Grayson served in the Virginia House of Delegates before becoming one of the first two U.S. Senators from Virginia, as well as a leader of the Anti-Federalist faction. Grayson became the first member of the United States Congress to die while holding office.
Causal analysis
Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the possibility of common and alternative ("special") causes. Such analysis usually involves one or more controlled or natural experiments.

Common cause and special cause (statistics)
Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process, as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming. Briefly, "common causes", also called natural patterns, are the usual, historical, quantifiable variation in a system, while "special causes" are unusual, not previously observed, non-quantifiable variation.

The distinction is fundamental in philosophy of statistics and philosophy of probability, with different treatment of these issues being a classic issue of probability interpretations, being recognised and discussed as early as 1703 by Gottfried Leibniz; various alternative names have been used over the years. The distinction has been particularly important in the thinking of economists Frank Knight, John Maynard Keynes and G. L. S. Shackle.
Parkhali
Parkhali (Georgian: პარხალი), also known in Turkish as Barhal or Altıparmak, is a village that contains a medieval Georgian monastery and cathedral church. It is located near the town of Yusufeli, Artvin Province, Turkey, and part of Yusufeli District.

Artvin Province
Artvin Province (Turkish: Artvin ili; Georgian: ართვინის პროვინცია, Artvinis p'rovintsia; Laz: ართვინიშ დობადონა Artvinish dobadona;) is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the northeastern corner of the country, on the border with Georgia. Artvin also borders the Turkish provinces of Erzurum, Ardahan and Rize. Its area is 7,393 km2, and its population is 169,403 (2022). The provincial capital is the city of Artvin.