hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Falls of Niagara
Falls of Niagara is a 1774 landscape painting by the British artist Richard Wilson. It depicts a view of Niagara Falls.  Wilson had never visited North America, but based this scene on a sketch produced by an officer of the Royal Artillery. It was likely commissioned by the engraver William Byrne who planned to make a print based on the picture. It is strikingly different from many of Wilson's paintings, more obviously reflecting the Sublime that would become such a feature during the Romantic movement.

The painting was displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1774 held in Pall Mall in London. Today it is in the collection of the Wolverhampton Art Gallery which acquired it in 1884.

Pall Mall, London
Pall Mall /ˌpæl ˈmæl/ ⓘ is a street in the St James's area of the City of Westminster, Central London. It connects St James's Street to Trafalgar Square and is a section of the regional A4 road. The street's name is derived from pall-mall, a ball game played there during the 17th century, which in turn is derived from the Italian pallamaglio, literally "ball-mallet".

The area was built up during the reign of Charles II with fashionable London residences. It is known for high-class shopping in the 18th century until the present, and gentlemen's clubs in the 19th. The Reform, Athenaeum and Travellers clubs have survived to the 21st century. The War Office was based on Pall Mall during the second half of the 19th century, and the Royal Automobile Club's headquarters have been on the street since 1908.
Edith Gardens
Edith Gardens is a 0.44 hectares (1.1 acres) Local Nature Reserve and Site of Local Importance for Nature Conservation in Berrylands in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in London. It was designated in 1992.

The site is abandoned allotments next to Tolworth Brook. The stream is of low wildlife value as it is in culvert with no vegetation. There is a dense thicket of elms and a trip next to the brook which has mature oak, ash and sycamore trees. Most of the site is grassland dominated by oat grass and cock's foot.

The entrance in the road called Edith Gardens, off Raeburn Avenue, is kept locked and there is no public access.

As of spring 2021, the social enterprise organization, Citizen Zoo, is working to transform Edith Gardens into a small nature reserve, particularly for people with disabilities to help them engage with nature.

Berrylands
Berrylands is a residential neighbourhood in Surbiton, London, originally forming part of the Municipal Borough of Surbiton, and since 1965 is part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. It is a suburban development situated 10.1 miles (16.3 km) south west of Charing Cross. Nearby places include Surbiton, New Malden, Old Malden, Tolworth and Chessington. Berrylands railway station is 24 minutes from London Waterloo by train.
Vladimir Plotnikov (politician)
Vladimir Nikolayevich Plotnikov (Russian: Владимир Николаевич Плотников; born 6 November 1961, Gusyovka, Olkhovsky District) is a Russian political figure and a deputy of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 8th State Dumas.

In 1995, Plotnikov was granted a Candidate of Sciences degree in Agricultural Sciences. From 1984 to 1993, he worked as a chief agronomer of the Olkhovsky District. In 1993-2007, he was the deputy of the State Duma of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th convocations.

Initially, Plotnikov was a member of the Agrarian Party of Russia, but in October 2008, he joined the United Russia instead. From April 2004 to 2008 he served as chairman of the Agrarian Party after Mikhail Lapshin stepped down.

On 1 March 2009 he was elected deputy of the Volgograd Oblast Duma. In 2009-2014, Plotnkov was a member of the Federation Council. In 2016 and 2021, he was re-elected for the 7th and 8th State Dumas respectively.

1st State Duma
The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 1st convocation (Russian: Государственная Дума Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации I созыва) is a former convocation of the State Duma, Lower House of the Federal Assembly. The first few months, the State Duma was located in the Comecon building on New Arbat Avenue, then moved to the State Duma building on Okhotny Ryad.
Swimming at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre backstroke
The men's 100 metre backstroke at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships took place on 26 March (heats and semifinals) and the evening of 27 March (final) at the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne, Australia. 92 swimmers were entered in the event, of which 90 swam.

Existing records at the start of the event were:

World record (WR):  53.17, Aaron Peirsol (USA), 2 April 2005 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

Championship record (CR): 53.61, Aaron Peirsol (USA), Barcelona 2003 (22 July 2003)

2003 World Aquatics Championships
The 10th FINA World Aquatics Championships were held July 12–27, 2003 in Barcelona, Spain. The championships featured competition in all 5 of FINA's disciplines: Swimming, Diving, Synchronised swimming, Water Polo, and Open Water Swimming.

Competition was held in the facilities all around the city: Palau Sant Jordi, Piscines Bernat Picornell, Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc, Club de Natació de Barcelona and Port Vell.
Robert Kelley (academic administrator)
Robert O. Kelley (born 1944) was the 11th president of the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota. His term began on July 1, 2008. Kelley was previously dean of the College of Health Sciences and professor of medical education and public health at the University of Wyoming.

Kelley earned a B.S. in biology and chemistry from Abilene Christian University in 1965, and earned a M.S. in cell and developmental biology in 1966 from the University of California, Berkeley, where he would go on to earn his doctorate from in 1969.

As president, Kelley presided over the renaming of the Fighting Sioux as the Fighting Hawks.

In 2015, Kelley announced his retirement as president of the university, effective in January 2016. On January 14, 2016, he stepped down and was succeeded by Ed Schafer, who started his term as interim president the following day. Following his retirement, Kelley intends to move to Colorado to be closer to family.

Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the scientific study of the processes by which animals and plants grow and develop. The field of developmental biology is further defined by its study of phenomena such as regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells within the adult organism.
Sorrow (Van Gogh)
Sorrow is a drawing by Vincent van Gogh, produced in 1882.

The work, created two years after Van Gogh had decided to become an artist, depicts 32-year-old pregnant woman Clasina Maria Hoornik, familiarly known as Sien. The drawing is part of the Garman Ryan Collection held at The New Art Gallery Walsall. Previously, it was in the private collection of artist Sally Ryan, who had the work hung in her permanent suite at the Dorchester Hotel in London.

The drawing is one of a series using Sien Hoornik as model. It is mentioned in a number of letters by Van Gogh, and he appears to have thought highly of it, considering it an important work and describing the drawing as "the best figure I've drawn". In a letter from July 1882, Van Gogh states; I want to make drawings that touch some people. Sorrow is a small beginning [...] there is at least something directly from my own heart.  The piece is numbered as F929a in the catalogue raisonné by Jacob Baart de la Faille.

Jacob Baart de la Faille
Jacob Baart de la Faille (1 June 1886 – 7 August 1959) was a Dutch art historian and jurist best known for compiling the first catalogue raisonné of the work of Vincent van Gogh, published in 1928. The catalogue was revised and republished by an editorial committee in 1970, and this version is considered to be the definitive catalogue of van Gogh's work.

His catalogue numbers are preceded by an "'F": thus The Starry Night is designated F612.

Shortly after the publication of the original catalogue, de la Faille became involved in a major fraud affair concerning the Berlin art dealer Otto Wacker. De la Faille had certified the authenticity of 30 paintings which were later determined to be fakes.
Lecithocera schoutedeniella
Lecithocera schoutedeniella is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Jean Ghesquière in 1940. It is found in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the former Orientale Province), Ghana and Ivory Coast.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on Coffea robusta, a species of coffee.

Lecithoceridae
The Lecithoceridae, or long-horned moths, are a family of small moths described by Simon Le Marchand in 1947. Although lecithocerids are found throughout the world, the great majority are found in the Indomalayan realm and the southern part of the Palaearctic realm.
Edith Robinson
Edith Frances "Edie" Robinson (26 February 1906 – 7 October 2000) was an Australian sprinter who was the first Australian female track and field athlete to compete at an Olympic Games.

In the 1928 Amsterdam Games, the first to feature women's athletics events, Robinson was run out in the semi-finals of the 100 metres and the heats of the 800 metres. Though Robinson had never before competed in an 800m race, she was urged to run by her male Olympic colleagues.

Later, Robinson won Australian Championships over 100 yards (1935) and 220 yards (1933/1935/1936), but never again represented Australia.  In 1934, she unofficially tied the world record for 100 yards of 11.0 seconds and, through her career, set Australian records from 100 to 440 yards.

During the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, as Australia's oldest living Olympian, Robinson was awarded the honour of officially opening the Olympic Village.  She died on 7 October 2000, six days after the end of the Games .

Australian Athletics Championships
The Australian Athletics Championships or Australian Open Track and Field Championships are held annually to determine Australia's champion athletes in a range of athletics events.  The championships are the primary qualification trial for athletes wishing to compete at the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games or World Championships. The event is conducted by Australian Athletics.

The 2023 Australian Championships were the 100th edition of the event, which dates back to 1890 for men, and 1931 for women. These championships has been held in all states of Australia, with the Queensland Sport & Athletics Centre being the venue that has held the most editions of the event (12).

Initially, men’s and women’s events were held separately, in different places, until the Olympic selections of 1972 and 1976, and as a single event since 1978.

These championships are considered open: athletes from other countries such as New Zealand and the USA have competed in and won events.
Ship's cat
The ship's cat has been a common feature on many trading, exploration, and naval ships dating to ancient times. Cats have been brought on ships for many reasons, most importantly to control rodents. Vermin aboard a ship can cause damage to ropes, woodwork, and more recently, electrical wiring. In addition, rodents threaten ships' stores, devour crews' foodstuff, and can cause economic damage to ships' cargo, such as grain. Vermin are also a source of disease, which is dangerous for ships that are at sea for long periods of time. Rat fleas are carriers of plague, and rats on ships were believed to be a primary vector of the Black Death.

Cats naturally attack and kill rodents and adapt to new surroundings, which makes them suitable for service on a ship. In addition, they offer companionship and a sense of home, security and camaraderie to sailors away from home.  The tradition that every ship needs a mascot made cats very welcome among sailors.

Vermin
Vermin (colloquially varmint(s) or varmit(s)) are pests or nuisance animals that spread diseases and destroy crops, livestock, and property. Since the term is defined in relation to human activities, which species are included vary by region and enterprise.

The term derives from the Latin vermis (worm), and was originally used for the worm-like larvae of certain insects, many of which infest foodstuffs. The term varmint (and vermint) has been found in sources from c. 1530–1540s.
Victoria Vesna
Victoria Vesna (born 1959) is a digital media artist, theorist, and professor whose work investigates the interplay between art, science, technology, and consciousness. She is widely recognized as a pioneer of early Internet art: her projects Virtual Concrete (1993) and Bodies INC (1997) were among the first to use the web as a participatory, social, and performative environment, exploring virtual identity, collective authorship, and embodied presence online.

Since the early 80s, Vesna has developed large-scale installations and long-term collaborations with scientists—including nanoscientists, plasma physicists, biologists, and neuroscientists—resulting in influential works such as NanoMandala, Zero@WaveFunction, Blue Morph, Noise Aquarium, Alien Star Dust, and [SUN]Flower Plasma.

San Francisco Art Institute
San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI) was a private college of contemporary art in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1871, SFAI was one of the oldest art schools in the United States and the oldest west of the Mississippi River. Approximately 220 undergraduates and 112 graduate students were enrolled in 2021. The institution was accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) and the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), and was a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). The school closed permanently in July 2022.
Oreoglanis
Oreoglanis is a genus of fish in the family Sisoridae native to Asia. These fish live in fast-flowing streams in China, mainland Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. They are mainly distributed in the Mekong, upper Salween and Irrawaddy River drainages. They range from the Brahmaputra basin to the Lam River drainage in central Vietnam. They are easily distinguished from other catfishes by their strongly depressed head and body and greatly enlarged paired fins that have been modified to form an adhesive apparatus. The flattened shape of these fish and the large pectoral and pelvic fins provide essential adhesion in the fast-flowing waters they live in.

Rapids
Rapids are sections of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient, causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence. Flow, gradient, constriction, and obstacles are four factors that are needed for a rapid to be created.
El Djem
El Djem or El Jem (Tunisian Arabic: الجمّ, il-Jammⓘ) is a town in Mahdia Governorate, Tunisia. Its population was 21,544 at the 2014 census. It is home to Roman remains, including the Amphitheatre of El Jem.

Gordian I
Gordian I (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus; c. 158 – April 238) was Roman emperor in AD 238 with his son Gordian II during the Year of the Six Emperors. Caught up in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, he was defeated in battle and committed suicide after the death of his son. He had the second shortest reign in imperial history, reigning for only 22 days.
Simple Symphony
The Simple Symphony, Op. 4, is a work for string orchestra or string quartet by Benjamin Britten.
It was written between December 1933 and February 1934 in Lowestoft, using material that the composer had written as a child, between 1923 and 1926.  It received its first performance in 1934 at Stuart Hall in Norwich, with Britten conducting an amateur orchestra.

The piece is dedicated to Audrey Alston (Mrs Lincolne Sutton), Britten's childhood viola teacher.
The piece is based on eight themes which Britten wrote during his childhood (two per movement) and for which he had a particular fondness. He completed his final draft of this piece at age twenty.

Lowestoft
Lowestoft (/ˈloʊ(ɪ)stɒft, ˈloʊstəf/ LOH-(ih)-stoft, LOH-stəf) is a coastal town and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. As the most easterly UK settlement, it is 38 miles (61 km) north-east of Ipswich and 22 miles (35 km) south-east of Norwich, and the main town in its district. Its development grew with the fishing industry and as a seaside resort with wide sandy beaches. As fishing declined, oil and gas exploitation in the North Sea in the 1960s took over. In 2021 the built-up area had a population of 71,327 and the parish had a population of 47,879.
Owensboro and Nashville Railway
The Owensboro and Nashville Railway was a 19th- and early-20th-century railway company in western Kentucky in the United States. It operated from 1881, when it purchased the defunct Owensboro & Nashville and Tennessee & Kentucky railroads, until 1921, when it was purchased by the L&N. Its former rights-of-way currently form parts of the class-I CSX Transportation railway.

It connected with the Paducah and Elizabethtown and its successors (all subsequently part of the Illinois Central) at Central City in Muhlenberg County.

Rail transport company
A rail transport company is a company active within the rail industry. It can be:

a manufacturing company,

a railway undertaking providing services through operating rolling stock,

a railway infrastructure manager.

In some jurisdictions such as the United States, railway companies may combine these roles. Railway companies can be private or public.
2010 Tallahassee mayoral election
The 2010 Tallahassee mayoral election was held on August 24, 2010, to elect the Mayor of Tallahassee, Florida.

Incumbent mayor John Marks was reelected for a 3rd term with 51.10% of the vote. He primarily faced a challenge from Steve Stewart, founder and editor of the Tallahassee Reports.

John Marks (mayor)
John Robert Marks III (born July 25, 1947) is an American lawyer, politician, and former Mayor of Tallahassee, Florida from February 2003 until November 2014. Marks is the longest-serving mayor in Tallahassee's history. He was elected to three consecutive terms as the city's Mayor, spanning nearly ten years. He won a third term in 2010, but declined to seek re-election for a fourth term in 2014. He was succeeded by Andrew Gillum on November 21, 2014.

Marks was Tallahassee's fifth African-American mayor but the first to be elected.
Boston Weekly Magazine
The Boston Weekly Magazine (1802–1808) of Boston, Massachusetts, was established by Gilbert & Dean in 1802, "devoted to morality, literature, biography, history, the fine arts, agriculture, &c. &c.". Joshua Belcher, Samuel T. Armstrong, Oliver C. Greenleaf, and Susanna Rowson were also affiliated with its production. The magazine ceased in 1808.  The magazine was later published under the same name by David H. Ela and John B. Hall in 1840–41.

Et cetera
Et cetera (English: /ɛtˈsɛt(ə)rə, ɪt-/, Latin: [ɛt ˈkeːtɛra]), abbreviated to etc. or et cet., is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean "and all the rest". The ampersand "&"  is a ligature of "et", thus it can also be abbreviated &c. . Translated literally from Latin, et can mean 'and', while cētĕra can mean 'the rest'; thus, the expression translates to 'and the rest'.

Et cetera is a calque (loanword/phrase) of the Koine Greek καὶ τὰ ἕτερα (kai ta hetera) meaning 'and the other things'. The typical Modern Greek form is και τα λοιπά (kai ta loipá) 'and the remainder'.
Josef Walcher
Josef "Sepp" Walcher (December 8, 1954 – January 22, 1984) was an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer. He specialized in the downhill event and won the gold medal at the World Championships in 1978 at Garmisch, West Germany.

FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1978
The FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1978 were held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, West Germany, between 29 January and 5 February. It held competitions in alpine skiing like downhill, special slalom, giant slalom and combined. The combined was only a "paper race".

The event is the last time the championships were held here until 2011. Garmisch hosted the first Olympic alpine skiing competition (Combined event), at the 1936 games.
She's Lost Control
"She's Lost Control" is a song by the English rock band Joy Division. Released on their 1979 debut album, Unknown Pleasures, "She's Lost Control" was first performed live by the band in June 1978 and draws primary lyrical inspiration from a young woman experiencing a violent epileptic seizure.

Two separate recordings of the song have been released: the version appearing on the band's debut album, and an extended, more electronic version released in 1980 as a 12" single. This 12" single version contains an additional verse not present on the initial version of the song, and was recorded in March 1980 at Strawberry Studios, Stockport, making this song one of the band's last studio recordings prior to the May 1980 suicide of their lead singer, Ian Curtis. On the US release of the 12" single, "She's Lost Control" appeared as the A-side (with "Atmosphere" as the B-side), as opposed the UK version, where the song appeared as the B-side to "Atmosphere".

Strawberry Studios
Strawberry Studios was a recording studio in Stockport, historically in Cheshire, now within Greater Manchester, England. Founded in 1968, it operated until the early 1990s. Strawberry Studios was used by a range of artists including the Ramones,  10cc, Joy Division, Neil Sedaka, Barclay James Harvest, the Smiths, the Stone Roses, the Moody Blues, Paul McCartney, Wax and Cliff Richard.
History of Bolivia (1982–present)
The history of Bolivia since 1982 begins with the restorations of democracy after the rule of the military junta of 1982. Evo Morales held the presidency from 2006 to 2019. A new constitution was enacted in 2009. Bolivia's population has roughly doubled over this period, from 5 million in 1980 to 10 million as of 2012.

President of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and may serve a maximum of two terms. A strict and inviolable two-term limit is enshrined in the Bolivian Constitution. If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election.

Rodrigo Paz is the 68th and current president of Bolivia, having assumed office on 8 November 2025.
Zakaria ibn Adam Ash'ari Qomi
Zakaria ibn Adam Ash'ari Qomi (Persian: زکریا بن آدم اَشْعَری قمی) was an 8th century Shia Muslim muhaddith and a companion of sixth Shia Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (c. 732–765). He was also a narrator (Hadith transmitter) from the seventh Shia Imam Musa al-Kadhim (c. 765–799), and an agent of the eighth and ninth Shia Imams, Ali al-Ridha (c. 766–818) and Muhammad al-Jawad (c. 819–835) respectively, in Qom.

Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tūsī (Persian: شیخ طوسی), full name Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Tūsī (Arabic: أَبُوْ جَعْفَرِ مُحَمَّدُ بِنْ الحَسَنِ الطُوْسِّيّ, romanized: Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī), known as Shaykh al-Ta'ifah (Arabic: شَيْخِ الطَائِفَةِ, romanized: Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifah) was a Twelver Shia Muslim scholar, jurist, mufassir, theologian and hadith compiler of Persian descent. He is the author of two of the Four Books of Shia hadith; namely, Tahdhib al-Ahkam and al-Istibsar, and is believed to have founded the Hawza of Najaf. In addition, he was a scholar of ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh (Principles of Islamic jurisprudence) and is widely acknowledged as one of the most influential thinkers in Shi’i history.