hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Allylic rearrangement
An allylic rearrangement or allylic shift is an organic chemical reaction in which reaction at a center vicinal to a double bond causes the double bond to shift to an adjacent pair of atoms:

It is encountered in both nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution, although it is usually suppressed relative to non-allylic substitution.  For example, reaction of 1-chloro-2-butene with sodium hydroxide gives 2-buten-1-ol and 3-buten-2-ol:

In the similar substitution of 1-chloro-3-methyl-2-butene, the secondary 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol is produced in a yield of 85%, while that for the primary 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol is 15%.

Allylic shifts occur because the transition state is an allyl intermediate.  In other respects they are similar to classical nucleophilic substitution, and admit both bimolecular and monomolecular mechanisms (respectively the SN2' and SN1'/SNi' substitutions).

Side reaction
A side reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs at the same time as the actual main reaction, but to a lesser extent. It leads to the formation of by-product, so that the yield of main product is reduced:

P1 is the main product if k1> k2. The by-product P2 is generally undesirable and must be separated from the actual main product (usually in a costly process).
Swimming at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke S11
The women's 100m backstroke S11 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the  London Aquatics Centre on 2 September. There were two heats; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.

London Aquatics Centre
The London Aquatics Centre is an indoor facility with two 50-metre (164-foot) swimming pools and a 25-metre (82-foot) diving pool in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, London. The centre, designed by architect Zaha Hadid as one of the main venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, was used for the swimming, diving and synchronised swimming events. After significant modification, the centre opened to the public in March 2014.
Freddie Fox (jockey)
Frederick Sidney Fox (1888–12 December 1945), referred to in his retirement as "The Mayor of Wantage" was a British horse racing jockey. He was a British Classic winner in his early twenties, but it was not until the last quarter of his thirty-year career that he had his greatest successes. He became the British flat racing Champion Jockey in 1930, making him one of only three jockeys to interrupt Gordon Richards' three decade run as champion and won two Derbies on Cameronian in 1931 and Bahram in 1935. He narrowly missed out on the British Triple Crown. He was ranked the 20th best jockey of the 20th century by Britain's industry paper, the Racing Post.

Letcombe Regis
Letcombe Regis is a village and civil parish in the Vale of White Horse. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred the Vale of White Horse to Oxfordshire. The village is on Letcombe Brook at the foot of the Berkshire Downs escarpment about 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of the market town of Wantage. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 578.
Apex Hides the Hurt
Apex Hides the Hurt is a 2006 novel by American author Colson Whitehead.

The novel follows an unnamed nomenclature consultant who specializes in creating memorable names for new consumer products. He is asked to visit the town of Winthrop, which is considering changing its name. During his visit, the main character is introduced to several citizens attempting to persuade him in favor of their preferred name for the town.

The novel has received mostly positive reviews from critics, with few negative comments. In a positive review for American magazine Entertainment Weekly, Jennifer Reese called the book "a blurry satire of American commercialism", adding, "it may not mark the apex of Colson Whitehead's career, but it brims with the author's spiky humor and intelligence." The  book was included among The New York Times 100 Most Notable Books of the Year for 2006.

Product naming
In marketing, product naming is the discipline of deciding what a product will be called, and is very similar in concept and approach to the process of deciding on a name for a company or organization. Product naming is considered a critical part of the branding process, which includes all of the marketing activities that affect the brand image, such as positioning and the design of logo, packaging and the product itself.
The process involved in product naming can take months or years to complete. Some key steps include specifying the objectives of the branding, developing the product name itself, evaluating names through target market testing and focus groups, choosing a final product name, and finally identifying it as a trademark for protection.
Niagara Frontier Transit Buildings
Niagara Frontier Transit Buildings, also known as the Buffalo East Side Railway Co. Horse and Car Barn, was a set of historic transit-related buildings located at Buffalo, Erie County, New York.  They were built between about 1881 and 1883, and consisted of two interconnected Italianate style brick buildings.  They were built by the Buffalo East Side Railway Company to stable its horse and horse-drawn streetcars.   It later housed electric trolleys of the International Railway Company and buses of the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. The buildings have been demolished.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and delisted in 1981.

Erie County, New York
Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in the western region of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236. However, in 2023 the estimated population was 946,147. The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population. Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns.
1831 Mississippi gubernatorial election
The 1831 Mississippi gubernatorial election was held on August 1, 1831, to elect the governor of Mississippi. Abram M. Scott, a National Republican won against Democrats Hiram G. Runnels and Charles Lynch. Two other candidates, Wiley P. Harris and Adam Gordon, received scattered votes.

Governor of Mississippi
The governor of Mississippi is the head of government of Mississippi and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Mississippi Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and, except in cases of treason or impeachment, to grant pardons and reprieves.
2si 230
The 2si 230 is a family of single-cylinder, two-stroke, single ignition, aircraft engines that were designed for ultralight aircraft.

The basic engine was originally designed and produced by JLO-Motorenwerke of Germany and was later acquired by the AMW Cuyuna Engine Company of Beaufort, South Carolina and marketed under the Cuyuna brand name. Later the engine was marketed by Cuyuna under the Two Stroke International (2si) brand. Cuyuna no longer markets engines for aircraft use although the 230 is still in production as a diesel/multifuel or gasoline industrial and marine engine.

Beaufort, South Carolina
Beaufort (/ˈbjuːfərt/ BEW-fərt) is a city in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States, and its county seat. Chartered in 1711, it is the second-oldest city in South Carolina, behind Charleston. The city's population was 13,607 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hilton Head Island metropolitan area.

Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, in the heart of the Sea Islands and South Carolina Lowcountry. The city is renowned for its scenic location and for maintaining a historic character by preservation of its antebellum architecture. The prominent role of Beaufort and the surrounding Sea Islands during the Reconstruction era after the U.S. Civil War is memorialized by the Reconstruction Era National Monument, established in 2017. The city is also known for its military establishments, being located in close proximity to Parris Island, a U.S. naval hospital, and the Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort.
Aperahama Taonui
Aperahama Taonui (died 23 September 1882) was a New Zealand tribal leader, prophet, historian, teacher and assessor. He was a leader of the Te Popoto hapū of the Ngāpuhi iwi. He was born in Whangaroa, Northland, probably in the 1810s. His father was Makoare Te Taonui.

Northland Region
Northland (Māori: Te Tai Tokerau), officially the Northland Region, is the northernmost of New Zealand's 16 local government regions. The region is known for its warm weather. The major population centre is the city of Whangārei, and the largest town is Kerikeri. At the 2018 New Zealand census, Northland recorded a population growth spurt of 18.1% since the previous 2013 census, placing it as the fastest growing region in New Zealand, ahead of other strong growth regions such as the Bay of Plenty Region (2nd with 15%) and Waikato (3rd with 13.5%).
Metal Workers Alliance of the Philippines
The Metal Workers Alliance of the Philippines (MWAP) is a trade union federation of metal workers in the Philippines. This includes workers in the electronics industry. MWAP is an affiliate of IndustriALL Global Union.

Collective agreement
A collective agreement, collective labour agreement (CLA) or collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is a written contract negotiated through collective bargaining for employees by one or more trade unions with the management of a company (or with an employers' association) that regulates the terms and conditions of employees at work. This includes regulating the wages, benefits, and duties of the employees and the duties and responsibilities of the employer or employers and often includes rules for a dispute resolution process.
Longtan station
Longtan station (simplified Chinese: 龙潭站; traditional Chinese: 龍潭站; pinyin: Lóngtán Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Lùhngtàahm Jaahm) is an interchange station between Line 11 and Line 18 of the Guangzhou Metro, located underground between Xinjiao Middle Road and Taichong in Guangzhou's Haizhu District. It opened on 28 September 2021. Line 11 started operations at this station on 28 December 2024.

The rails for Line 11 at this station connects to the nearby Chisha Depot. Thus, this is the terminating station for Outer Circle Line 11 trains returning to the depot.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.
Hotinja Vas
Hotinja Vas (pronounced [xɔˈtiːnja ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Hotinja vas) is a village in the Municipality of Hoče–Slivnica in northeastern Slovenia. It lies on the edge of the flatlands on the right bank of the Drava River south of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

The village chapel-shrine dates to 1921.

Wayside shrine
A wayside shrine is a religious image, usually in some sort of small shelter, placed by a road or pathway, sometimes in a settlement or at a crossroads, but often in the middle of an empty stretch of country road, or at the top of a hill or mountain.  They have been a feature of many cultures, including Chinese folk religious communities, Catholic and Orthodox Europe and some Asian regions.
Nizhny Aradirikh
Nizhny Aradirikh (Russian: Нижний Арадирих; Avar: Гъоркьа Гьарадерихъ) is a rural locality (a selo) in Aradirikhsky Selsoviet, Gumbetovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 307 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Avar language
Avar (авар мацӏ, avar maⱬ [ʔaˈwar mat͡sʼː] or магӏарул мацӏ, maⱨarul maⱬ [maʕarul mat͡sʼː], 'language of the mountains'), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan. In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia.
Jesse Wallingford
Jesse Alfred Wallingford (25 January 1872 – 6 June 1944) was a British sport shooter, who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was also an assistant adjutant with the New Zealand Army, during World War One.

In the 1908 Olympics, Wallingford won a bronze medal in the team pistol event. He was also fifth in the individual pistol event, sixth in team free rifle event and tenth in 300 m free rifle event. The same year, he set a mad minute record, scoring 36 hits in one minute on a 48-inch target at 300 yards.

Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre free rifle, team
The men's team free rifle at 300 metres was one of 15 events on the shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. The competition was held on Thursday, 9 July 1908 and was extended after sunset to Friday, 10 July 1908 — it was the first shooting event of the Games. Fifty-four sport shooters from nine nations competed. The event was won by the team from Norway, improving on their second-place finish in 1900. Sweden made its debut in the event, taking silver. France repeated as bronze medalists.

Ole Sæther was the first man to earn multiple medals in the event, having been on the 1900 Norwegian team as well as this year's squad.
Interpenetrating polymer network
An Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) is a polymer comprising two or more networks which are at least partially interlaced on a polymer scale but not covalently bonded to each other. The network cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken. The two or more networks can be envisioned to be entangled in such a way that they are concatenated and cannot be pulled apart, but not bonded to each other by any chemical bond.

Simply mixing two or more polymers does not create an interpenetrating polymer network (polymer blend), nor does creating a polymer network out of more than one kind of monomers which are bonded to each other to form one network (heteropolymer or copolymer).

There are semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPN) and pseudo-interpenetrating polymer networks.

To prepare IPNs and SIPNs, the different components are formed simultaneously or sequentially.

Polymer blend
In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties.
North Carolina Religious Coalition for Marriage Equality
The North Carolina Religious Coalition for Marriage Equality (also known as NCRC4ME) was an interfaith same-sex marriage advocacy group composed of religious leaders in North Carolina. The group's headquarters were at Pullen Memorial Baptist Church in Raleigh which has hosted speeches with James A. Forbes of the Riverside Church in regards to LGBT rights. The steering committee included executive director Jimmy Creech, group coordinator Chantelle Fisher-Borne, Mary E. Grigolia of the Eno River Unitarian Universalist Fellowship, Jack McKinney of Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Susan Parker of Wake Forest Baptist Church, Steve Smith of the North Carolina Council of Churches, and Wanda Floyd of the Imani Metropolitan Community Church.

In 2004, NCR4ME issued a statement calling for equality of same-sex and opposite-sex marriage,  signed by North Carolina religious leaders.

National Council of Churches
The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, usually identified as the National Council of Churches (NCC), is the largest ecumenical body in the United States. NCC is an ecumenical partnership of 38 Christian faith groups in the United States. Its member communions include mainline Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, African-American, evangelical, and historic peace churches. Together, it encompasses more than 100,000 local congregations and 40 million adherents. It began as the Federal Council of Churches in 1908, and expanded through merger with several other ecumenical organizations to become the National Council of Churches in 1950. Its Interim President and General Secretary is Bishop Vashti Murphy McKenzie.
Suwa Tadamasa
Suwa Tadamasa (諏訪忠誠; June 7, 1821 – February 19, 1898) was the 9th daimyō of Suwa Domain in Shinano Province, Honshū, Japan (modern-day Nagano Prefecture) and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan. His courtesy titles before the Meiji restoration were Inaba-no-kami and Jijū, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade, which was posthumously raised to Third Rank.

Courtesy title
A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but is rather used by custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title).

In some contexts, courtesy title is used to mean the more general concept of a title or honorific such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Madam, Sir for those who have not been awarded a knighthood or a baronetcy, as well as Dr. for physicians who have not actually achieved a doctorate.
Lord of Cumbernauld
Lord of Cumbernauld or Baron of Cumbernauld is a title of nobility in the Baronage of Scotland. The caput baronium for this title was originally located at Cumbernauld Castle in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.

The Comyn family held this title for a period of time, but it was eventually forfeited. In 1314, the title was then granted to the Fleming family.

Caput baroniae
In the customs of the kingdom of England, the caput baroniae (from Latin 'head of the barony') was the ancient, or chief, seat or castle of a nobleman, which was not to be divided among the daughters upon his death, in case there be no son to inherit. Instead, it was to descend entirely to the eldest daughter caeteris filiabus aliunde satisfactis, 'other daughters having been satisfied elsewhere'.

The Leges Henrici Primi stated that a lord's tenants would have to go to the caput of the lord, even if it was in another county.‍

The central settlement in an Anglo-Saxon multiple estate was called a caput‍(also short for caput baroniae). The word is also used for the centre of administration of a hundred as well as the early feudal honour.
Emarosa (album)
Emarosa is the second studio album by American rock band Emarosa. It was released on June 29, 2010 through Rise Records. The album was produced by Brian McTernan, and it is also the last album to feature vocalist Jonny Craig.

Jonny Craig
Jonathan Monroe Craig (born March 26, 1986) is an American-Canadian singer, widely recognised for his tenure as the former lead vocalist of renowned post-hardcore bands such as Dance Gavin Dance, Emarosa, and then Slaves, as well as his role as co-lead vocalist in the short-lived supergroup Isles & Glaciers. Presently, he serves as the lead vocalist for the American post-hardcore band Old Flame. As a solo artist, Craig has released two studio albums, two EPs, and a live album, garnering acclaim for his distinctive soul-based singing style.
Presentation Convent School, Jhelum
Presentation Convent High School, Jhelum, is a school located in Jhelum Cantonment. It was founded by the Presentation Sisters and is regulated by the Catholic Board of Education under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lahore.

Catholic Board of Education, Pakistan
The Catholic Board of Education is the arm of the Roman Catholic Church in Pakistan responsible for education. Each diocese has its own board. Collectively the Catholic Church runs 534 schools, 8 colleges, and 7 technical institutes in its 2 archdioceses, 4 dioceses, and one Apostolic Prefecture.

The Government of Pakistan nationalised most church schools and colleges in Punjab and Sindh in 1972. Elite schools such as St Patrick's High School, Karachi, St Joseph's Convent School (Karachi) and St Michael's Convent School Lahore were never nationalised.

The Government of Sindh oversaw a denationalisation programme from 1985 to 1995, and the Government of Punjab began a similar program in 1996. In 2001, the Federal Government and the courts ordered the provincial governments to complete the denationalisation process. In May 2005, the Sindh Government announced its intention to handover St. Patrick's and St. Joseph's colleges to the Catholic Board of Education.
Namgwangju station (1930–2000)
Namgwangju station (남광주역, means South Gwangju station) was a train station in Gyeongjeon Line, located in Gwangju, South Korea. The station was opened at December 25, 1930, as Singwangju station. Namgwangju station has successfully dispersed the passengers of Gwangju station, and grew as major station in Gwangju.

However, because Gyeongjeon line has moved outside of the city, Namgwangju station has closed, and moved the station function to Seogwangju station.

Gwangju
Gwangju (Korean: 광주; Korean: [kwaŋ.dʑu] ⓘ), formerly romanized as Kwangju, is South Korea's sixth-largest metropolis. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until its promotion to a metropolitan city in 2005, upon which the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County.

Its name is composed of the words gwang (Korean: 광; Hanja: 光) meaning "light" and ju (주; 州) meaning "province". Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju (무주; 武州), in which "Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju, Ungju, Jeonju, Muju and various counties, plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla" in the Samguk sagi. In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine.
Cherkizovsky Market
The Cherkizovsky Market (Russian: Черкизовский рынок), also known as Cherkizon (Russian: Черкизон) was Europe's largest marketplace, located in Izmaylovo District, Moscow, Russia, near the Lokomotiv Stadium and Cherkizovskaya Moscow Metro station. Owned by Telman Ismailov's AST Group, in its heyday the market generated employment for an estimated 100,000 workers, mostly Asian immigrants. Moscow city authorities closed the market down on June 29, 2009 on grounds of numerous violations of regulations and illegal activities. In July 2009 Moscow authorities confirmed that a Chinatown would replace the market.

Cherkizovskaya
Cherkizovskaya (Russian: Черки́зовскаяpronunciationⓘ) is a Moscow Metro station in the Preobrazhenskoye District, Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Sokolnicheskaya Line, between Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad and Ulitsa Podbelskogo stations.