hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2008 decisions of the Supreme Court of Japan
Following is an incomplete list of the 2008 Decisions of the Supreme Court of Japan.

The Supreme Court of Japan (最高裁判所 Saikō-Saibansho; called 最高裁 Saikō-Sai for short), located in Chiyoda, Tokyo is the highest court in Japan. It has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Japanese constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). It has the power of judicial review; that is, it can declare Acts of Diet and Local Assembly, and administrative actions, to be unconstitutional.

The court decided a total of 51 cases in 2008.

Judicial review
Judicial review is a process under which a government's executive, legislative, or administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.: 79  In a judicial review, a court may invalidate laws, acts, or governmental actions that are incompatible with a higher authority. For example, an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful, or a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a constitution. Judicial review is one of the checks and balances in the separation of powers—the power of the judiciary to supervise (judicial supervision) the legislative and executive branches when the latter exceed their authority.

The doctrine varies between jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ between and within countries. The judiciary in United States has been described as having unusually strong powers of judicial review from a comparative perspective.
Medellin climbing salamander
The Medellin climbing salamander (Bolitoglossa phalarosoma) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.
It is found in Colombia and Panama.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Plethodontidae
Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders, are a family of salamanders. With over 500 species, lungless salamanders are by far the largest family of salamanders in terms of their diversity. Most species are native to the Western Hemisphere, from British Columbia to Brazil. Only two extant genera occur in the Eastern Hemisphere: Speleomantes (native to Sardinia and mainland Europe south of the Alps) and Karsenia (native to South Korea).
Coeymans Hollow, New York
Coeymans Hollow is a hamlet in Albany County, New York, United States. The community is located along New York State Route 143 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Ravena. Coeymans Hollow has a post office with ZIP code 12046.

Albany County, New York
Albany County (/ˈɔːlbəni/ ⓘ AWL-bə-nee) is a county in the state of New York, United States. Its northern border is formed by the Mohawk River, at its confluence with the Hudson River, which is to the east. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 314,848. The county seat and largest city is Albany, which is also the state capital of New York. As originally established by the English government in the colonial era, Albany County had an indefinite amount of land, but has had an area of 530 square miles (1,400 km2) since March 3, 1888. The county is named for the Duke of York and of Albany, who became James II of England (James VII of Scotland). The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
USS Peterson (DD-969)
USS Peterson (DD-969), named for Lieutenant Commander Carl Jerrold Peterson (1936–1969), was a Spruance-class destroyer laid down by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industries at Pascagoula, Mississippi. Peterson was sponsored by Mrs. Miriam C. Peterson, the mother of LCDR Carl J. Peterson. Matron of Honor was Peterson's sister, Mrs. John F. Elliott. She was commissioned on 9 July 1977 and decommissioned on 4 October 2002.

Pascagoula, Mississippi
Pascagoula (/pæskəɡulə/ PASS-kuh-GOOL-uh) is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County, Mississippi, United States. It is the principal city of the Pascagoula metropolitan area, and is part of the Gulfport–Biloxi–Pascagoula combined statistical area and the Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area. Its population was 22,010 at the 2020 census, down from 22,392 at the 2010 census and 26,200 at the 2000 census.

The city is served by three airports: Mobile Regional Airport, 34 miles (55 km) to the northeast in Alabama; Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport, about 40 miles (64 km) west of Pascagoula; and the Trent Lott International Airport, 9 miles (14 km) to the north in Jackson County. Amtrak service also began serving the city when the Mardi Gras Service debuted on August 18, 2025.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1738
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1738, adopted unanimously on December 23, 2006, after reaffirming resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1502 (2003) and 1674 (2006) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the Council condemned attacks against journalists in conflict situations. It was the last resolution adopted by the Security Council in 2006.

The text was sponsored by France and Greece.  The passage of Resolution 1738 was welcomed by media freedom groups such as Reporters Without Borders.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1502
United Nations Security Council resolution 1502, adopted unanimously on 26 August 2003, after recalling resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000) and 1460 (2003), the council condemned violence against humanitarian workers and called upon all states to ensure that such incidents did not remain unpunished.

The vote on the resolution, proposed by Mexico, was delayed due to opposition from the United States concerning the inclusion of language relating to the International Criminal Court, which the latter did not recognise; references to the court were later removed.
Makelan Corporation
The Makelan Corporation is an American aircraft manufacturer based in New Braunfels, Texas. The company provides kits for the Hatz Classic biplane design.

J. W. (Jeff) Shoemake is the company owner, while  Sylvia Shoemake is manager.

The company's sole product is a development of the Hatz CB-1, that was designed by John Hatz in the 1960s. The Hatz Classic is an improved model with additional cockpit room, designed by Billy Dawson of Seguin, Texas in the 1990s. Dawson's prototype first flew in 1996 and won several awards, including Reserve Grand Champion - Plans Built at Airventure 1996, Grand Champion Experimental and Reserve Grand Champion Open Cockpit - Biplane at the 1997 Biplane Expo and Grand Champion - Plans Built at AirVenture 1997.

By 1998 the company reported that five Hatz Classic kits had been sold and three aircraft were completed and flying. In September 2014 twelve examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

EAA AirVenture Oshkosh
EAA AirVenture Oshkosh (formerly the EAA Annual Convention and Fly-In), or just Oshkosh, is an annual air show and gathering of aviation enthusiasts held each summer at the Wittman Regional Airport and adjacent Pioneer Airport in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States. The southern part of the show grounds, as well as "Camp Scholler", are located in the town of Nekimi and a base for seaplanes is located on Lake Winnebago in the town of Black Wolf.

The airshow is arranged by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), an international general aviation organization based in Oshkosh, and is the largest of its kind in the world. The show lasts a week, usually beginning on the Monday of the last full week in July. During the gathering, the airport's control tower, frequency 118.5, is the busiest in the world.
Canada at the 2023 Parapan American Games
Canada is scheduled to compete in the 2023 Parapan American Games in Santiago, Chile from 17 November to 26 November 2023. The country was represented by 136 competitors in 14 sports at the 2023 games.

Wheelchair tennis player Rob Shaw and paralympic cyclist Shelley Gautier were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony.

The Canadian team did not compete in the sports of football 5-a-side (blind football), powerlifting and taekwondo.

Shelley Gautier
Shelley Gautier (born 31 October 1968) is a Canadian multi-medalist in para-cycling. 
At the UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships from 2010 to 2022, Gautier has won 16 golds as part of her 19 medals. At the Parapan American Games, Gautier won a silver at the mixed road time trial event held at the 2011 Parapan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games. As a Paralympic competitor, Gautier won a bronze at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in the women's time trial event. Apart from para-cycling, Gautier competed in disabled sailing. Gautier was inducted into the Niagara Falls Sports Wall of Fame in 2003 and nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability in 2015.
Borkhar County Mass Transit Organization
Borkhar County Mass Transit Organization (Persian: سازمان حمل و نقل جمعی شهرستان برخوار) is a public transport agency running Transit buses in Borkhar County, located north of Isfahan, in Greater Isfahan Region, Central Iran. This transit agency has 7 lines, 5 inter-urban, and 2 local. It serves the cities of Dastgerd, Dolatabad, Khorzuq, Habibabad, and Komeshcheh with the inter-urban lines that connect them to Isfahan, and the municipalities of Shadpurabad and Sin, connected to Dolatabad with two local lines.

The county is also served by a line operated by Shahinshahr and Suburbs Bus Organization, connecting Dastgerd, Dolatabad, and Habibabad to Shahinshahr and Gaz.

Gaz-e Borkhar
Gaz-e Borkhar (Persian: گز برخوار) is a city in the Central District of Shahinshahr County, Isfahan province, Iran. The city is the birthplace of Adib Boroumand, who is the founder of a cultural center in the city.
1986 World Sports Prototype Championship
The 1986 World Sports-Prototype Championship season was the 34th season of FIA "World Sportscar Championship" motor racing.  It featured the 1986 FIA World Sports Prototype Championship which was contested over a nine race series that ran from 20 April to 5 October 1986. The championship was open to Group C Sports Prototypes, Group C2 Sports Prototypes and IMSA GTP cars. The Drivers Championship was won by Derek Bell and the Teams Championship by Brun Motorsport.

236 drivers started in at least 1 (one) Grand Prix in the 1987 FIA World Sports Prototype Championship.

World Sportscar Championship
The World Sportscar Championship was the world endurance racing series run for sports car racing, sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), from 1953 to 1992. The championship evolved from a small collection of the most important sportscar, endurance, and road racing events in Europe and North America with dozens of gentleman drivers at the grid to a professional racing series where the world's largest automakers spent millions of dollars per year.

The official name of the series frequently changed throughout the years but was generally known as the World Sportscar Championship from its inception in 1953. Alongside the Formula One World Championship, it was one of the two major World Championships in circuit motor racing. The championship was revived in the 2012 season under the new name as the FIA World Endurance Championship.
Amirabad, Bojnord
Amirabad (Persian: اميراباد, also Romanized as Amīrābād) is a village in Gifan Rural District, Garmkhan District, Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 288, in 68 families.

North Khorasan province
North Khorasan province (Persian: استان خراسان شمالی) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country. Its capital is the city of Bojnord.

North Khorasan is one of the three provinces created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on 29 September 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on 18 May 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on 29 May 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5.
Heliopsis buphthalmoides
Heliopsis buphthalmoides is a New World species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is the only member of its genus native to both North America and South America. It is found in Mexico (from Durango and Sinaloa south to Chiapas), all 7 countries of Central America, and western South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Perú, and Bolivia).

Durango
Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the states which make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650, the 8th lowest of Mexico's states, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
Arabic Bayán
The Arabic Bayán (Arabic: البيان العربي, romanized: al-Bayān al-ʿarabī) is an unfinished book in Arabic written by the Báb around 1848. It functions as a significant scripture in Bábism, asserting that it is a product of divine revelation and inspiration.

Revelation
Revelation, or divine revelation, is the disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity (god) or other supernatural entity or entities in the view of religion and theology.
Tephrite
Tephrite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock,  with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. Mineral content is usually abundant feldspathoids (leucite or nepheline), plagioclase, and lesser alkali feldspar. Pyroxenes (clinopyroxenes) are common accessory minerals. Quartz and olivine are absent. The absence of olivine distinguishes them from the otherwise similar basanite. Its parameters are defined in the QAPF diagram. Occurrences include leucite nepheline tephrite from Hamberg bei Neckarelz near Heidelberg, Germany, phonolite-tephrite at Monte Vulture, Basilicata, Italy and basanite–tephrite intrusions in Namibia.

Extrusive rock
Extrusive rock refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff. In contrast, intrusive rock refers to rocks formed by magma which cools below the surface.

The main effect of extrusion is that the magma can cool much more quickly in the open air or under seawater, and there is little time for the growth of crystals. Sometimes, a residual portion of the matrix fails to crystallize at all, instead becoming a natural glass like obsidian.

If the magma contains abundant volatile components which are released as free gas, then it may cool with large or small vesicles (bubble-shaped cavities) such as in pumice, scoria, or vesicular basalt. Other examples of extrusive rocks are rhyolite and andesite.
Mziiki
Mziiki, meaning music in Swahili, is an African music streaming App launched in mid-2014 by Spice VAS Africa. Its library has content from over 1,500 African artists who have signed up. It can play streaming music or cache songs for offline playback. Music can be browsed or searched by artist, album, genre, playlist, or record label. Mziiki's brand partners/ambassadors were named in mid 2014 as Kevin Wyre, a Kenyan dancehall music veteran and BET Awards 2014 nominee Diamond Platnumz



Mziiki also has a YouTube channel called mziikitube where it has compiled videos from its licenses artists

BET Awards
The BET Awards are an American award show that was established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate Black entertainers and other minorities in music, film, sports and philanthropy. The awards, which are presented annually, are broadcast live on BET. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by artists; some of the awards of more popular interest are presented in a televised ceremony.
Soul Junction
Soul Junction is an album by the jazz pianist and composer Red Garland. It was released in 1960 through Prestige Records. It features tracks recorded on November 15, 1957, the same day the pieces for All Mornin' Long were recorded, with the same lineup.

Prestige Records
Prestige Records is a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City which issued recordings in the mainstream, bop, and cool jazz idioms. The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the leading jazz musicians of the day, sometimes issuing them on subsidiary labels. The company's began releasing jazz records in 78 and 45 RPM formats in 1950.  The Prestige label includes the 13000 and 25000 cat# series. Prestige International was a sub-label of Prestige, active from 1960 to 1969, that mostly released folk music. In 1971, the company was sold to Fantasy, which was later absorbed by Concord.
Jaxa (state)
Jaxa (Chinese: 雅克薩; Polish: Jaxa, Jaksa; Ukrainian: Якса; Russian: Якса, romanized: Yaksa) was a 17th-century microstate in North Asia with its capital in Albazino existing between 1665 and 1674. It was located on the border of the Tsardom of Russia and Qing China, by the Amur river. Its population was made up of Polish and Ruthenian refugees from the Tsardom of Russia, and the indigenous Evenks and Daurs. It was established from the territory of the Tsardom of Russia in 1665 by Nicefor Czernichowski and his men, who fled Russia, and existed until 1674 when it was incorporated back to that country.

Daur people
The Daurs, Dagur, Daghur, or Dahur (Dagur:ᡩᠠᡤᡠᠷDaure; Khalkha Mongolian: Дагуур, Daguur; simplified Chinese: 达斡尔族; traditional Chinese: 達斡爾族; pinyin: Dáwò'ěr zú; Russian: Дауры, Daury) are a Mongolic people originally native to Dauriya and now predominantly located in Northeast China (and Siberia, Russia, in the past). The Daur form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized in the People's Republic of China. They numbered 132,299 according to the latest census (2020) and most of them live in Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner in Hulun Buir, northeastern Inner Mongolia and Meilisi Daur District in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, Northeast China. Some Daur people also live near Tacheng in Xinjiang.
Acid-Fest: A Tribute to Trent Acid
Acid-Fest: A Tribute to Trent Acid was an interpromotional professional wrestling memorial event co-produced by the Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and Jersey All Pro Wrestling (JAPW) promotions, which took place on July 10, 2010, at the Viking Hall in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The show was held in honor of Trent Acid, one-half of the independent wrestling tag team The Backseat Boyz with Johnny Kashmere, who died of an accidental drug overdose at his home in Philadelphia less than a month before. It was the second such event held at the venue following the Pitbull/Public Enemy Memorial Cup, an event The Backseat Boyz had participated at, in 2006. It was the 106th wrestling event held by CZW in the building, once known as the ECW Arena, surpassing the record number of events held by Extreme Championship Wrestling. Six professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's card with all the participants being among Acid's closest friends in the industry.

South Philadelphia
South Philadelphia, nicknamed South Philly, is the section of Philadelphia bounded by South Street to the north, the Delaware River to the east and south, and the Schuylkill River to the west. A diverse working-class community of many neighborhoods, South Philadelphia is well known for its large Italian-American population, though it also contains large Asian-American, Irish-American, African-American, and Latino populations.
Chrysler Firepower
The Chrysler Firepower is a Dodge Viper-based concept car manufactured by Chrysler in 2005. It takes some of the styling cues from the Chrysler Crossfire. The car was once featured on the cover of Car and Driver.

Car and Driver
Car and Driver (CD or C/D) is an American automotive enthusiast magazine first published in 1955. In 2006 its total circulation was 1.23 million. It is owned by Hearst Magazines, who purchased it from its prior owner Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. in 2011. It was founded as Sports Cars Illustrated. The magazine is based in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Roger Carter (academic)
Roger Colenso Carter SOM (March 23, 1922 – February 10, 2009) was a practising lawyer, law professor and Dean of the University of Saskatchewan College of Law.  He is particularly notable for his contribution to enhanced access to legal education by aboriginal students.

University of Saskatchewan College of Law
The College of Law at the University of Saskatchewan is the university's law school. Located in Saskatoon in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, the College of Law was established in 1912 and is the oldest law school in Western Canada, a distinction it shares with the University of Alberta.

Approximately 126 students are admitted to the College of Law each year. In the fall term of 2011/2012, the college had 375 students. Previously, it had 373 students (2010/2011); 362 students (2009/2010); and 370 students (2008/2009). The current dean is Martin Phillipson.
Sperm Wars
Sperm Wars is a popular science book by evolutionary biologist Robin Baker about sperm competition. Originally published in English in 1996, it has since appeared in 25 languages and in 2006 a 10th anniversary edition was published in the United States.

Popular science
Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.

It may be written by scientists themselves or by professional journalists. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging.
Cyclooxygenase-1
Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (HUGO PTGS1), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS1 gene. In humans it is one of three cyclooxygenases. Clinically, COX-1 is notable as the target enzyme for aspirin.

Human Genome Organisation
The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) is a non-profit organization founded in 1988. HUGO represents an international coordinating scientific body in response to initiatives such as the Human Genome Project. HUGO has four active committees, including the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), and the HUGO Committee on Ethics, Law and Society (CELS).
Shayan Munshi
Shayan Munshi is an Indian actor and model. He made his debut in the 2003 Bollywood film Jhankaar Beats and has performed in award-winning films such as The Bong Connection and Carnival. Shayan has hosted Television series like Cook Na Kaho, High Tension, and worked with brands like L'Oreal, Levi's, Samsung and Bacardi.

He was a key witness in the murder trial of Jessica Lal. He is facing perjury charges as a result.

Bacardi
Bacardi Limited (/bəˈkɑːrdi/ bə-KAR-dee, Spanish: [bakaɾˈði], Catalan: [bəkəɾˈði]) is the largest privately held, family-owned spirits company in the world. Originally known for its Bacardí brand of white rum, it now has a portfolio of more than 200 brands and labels. Founded in Cuba in 1862 by Facundo Bacardí i Massó, a Spanish businessman born in Sitges, Bacardi Limited has been family-owned for seven generations, and employs more than 8,000 people with sales in approximately 170 countries. Bacardi Limited is the group of companies as a whole and includes Bacardi International Limited.

Bacardi Limited is headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda, and has a board of directors led by the original founder's great-great-grandson, Facundo L. Bacardí, the board's chairman. The company's Cathedral of Rum in Puerto Rico, the largest rum distillery in the world, produces 85% of Bacardi rum worldwide, while the remaining 15% originates from distilleries in Mexico and India.