hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Curve (tonality)
In image editing, a curve is a remapping of image tonality, specified as a function from input level to output level, used as a way to emphasize colours or other elements in a picture.

Curves can usually be applied to all channels together in an image, or to each channel individually.

Applying a curve to all channels typically changes the brightness in part of the spectrum. Light parts of a picture can be easily made lighter and dark parts darker to increase contrast.

Applying a curve to individual channels can be used to stress a colour. This is particularly efficient in the Lab colour space due to the separation of luminance and chromaticity, but it can also be used in RGB, CMYK or whatever other colour models the software supports.

Luminance
Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.

The procedure for conversion from spectral radiance to luminance is standardized by the CIE and ISO.

Brightness is the term for the subjective impression of the objective luminance measurement standard (see Objectivity (science) § Objectivity in measurement for the importance of this contrast).

The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). A non-SI term for the same unit is the nit. The unit in the Centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS) (which predated the SI system) is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2.
Jonathan Sheppard Stakes
The Jonathan Sheppard Stakes (formerly known as the New York Turf Writers Cup) is a steeplechase race for Thoroughbred horses held at the Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York each year.  A Grade I event on the turf for 4-year-olds and up, it offers a purse of $150,000.

The race was originally named for the New York Turf Writers Association, which was founded in 1923. The first running of the race was contested in 1938.

In 2021, NYRA renamed the race in honor of thoroughbred trainer Jonathan E. Sheppard. Inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1990, Sheppard has won the New York Turf Writers Cup fifteen times between 1979 and 2019. Sheppard announced his retirement from the sport in January 2021 after a 56-year career.

Saratoga Springs, New York
Saratoga Springs is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 28,491 at the 2020 census. The name reflects the presence of mineral springs in the area, which has made Saratoga a popular resort destination for over 200 years. It is home to the Saratoga Race Course, a thoroughbred horse racing track operated by the New York Racing Association, and Saratoga Performing Arts Center, a music and dance venue. The city's official slogan is "Health, History, and Horses".
Kherwara tehsil
Kherwara is a tehsil of Udaipur district in Rajasthan, India. The tehsil consists of 195 revenue villages and 1 census town. The tehsil headquarter is located in the town of Kherwara Chhaoni. The tehsil is part of the Kherwara panchayat samiti (block).

Revenue Village
A Revenue Village is a small administrative region in India, a village with defined borders. One revenue village may contain many hamlets. Each revenue village is headed by a Village Administrative Officer (VAO) or Village Accountant, or Village Officer.
Florentino Asensio Barroso
Florentino Asensio Barroso (16 October 1877 – 9 August 1936) was a Spanish Catholic prelate who served as the Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Barbastro. He served as a chaplain of both the Little Sisters of the Poor and the Servants of Jesus as a priest. He was made a bishop in 1935 and killed in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War.

His appointment as administrator was opposed, and he was soon captured and tortured. In mid-1936 he was shot to death.

He was beatified in 1997 after it was determined that he was killed in hatred of the faith.

Little Sisters of the Poor
The Little Sisters of the Poor (French: Petites Sœurs des Pauvres) is a Catholic religious institute for women founded by Jeanne Jugan. Having felt the need to care for the many impoverished elderly who lined the streets of French towns and cities, Jugan established the congregation in 1839.
Frederick Harper
Frederick Harper (24 November 1863 – 19 January 1937) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played fourteen first-class matches for Otago between 1886 and 1895.

Harper was a stylish batsman and brilliant fieldsman who captained Otago in most of his matches. He made 53, the highest score of the match, and the highest score of the short New Zealand first-class season, in 1887-88 when Otago beat Canterbury.

After visiting England for the purposes of finding a suitable coach for the Otago Cricket Association, Harper secured the services of Joseph Lawton, who became the first professional cricket coach in New Zealand. Harper paid half of Lawton's salary for the first year. Lawton's success led to his re-engagement for several seasons.

Harper was a partner in the firm of Messrs McKerrow, Lees and Co, soft goods merchants. He retired to live in Timaru with his wife, who survived him.

Canterbury cricket team
Canterbury is a first-class cricket team based in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is one of six teams that compete in senior New Zealand Cricket competitions and has been the second most successful domestic team in New Zealand history. They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition and The Ford Trophy one day competition as well as in the Men's Super Smash competition as the Canterbury Kings.
Belashuru
Belashuru (transl. Start of the day) is a 2022 Bengali-language family drama film directed and produced by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee. According to the directors, this is not a prequel or sequel to their previous film Bela Seshe. Original photography of the film began on 30 November 2018 in Bolpur.

The film was released on 20 May 2022 after the deaths of its lead actors, Soumitra Chatterjee (died on 15 November 2020) & Swatilekha Sengupta (died on 16 June 2021) due to COVID-19 pandemic in India. Grossing over ₹4.38 crore, it became a box-office success and emerged as one of the highest grossing Bengali films of 2022.

Shiboprosad Mukherjee
Shiboprosad Mukherjee (pronounced [ʃiboprosad̪ mukʰärdʒi], Bengali: pronunciationⓘ; born 20 May 1974) is an Indian film director, writer and actor. With Nandita Roy as his co-director, he made his directorial debut with the film Icche, which garnered critical acclaim and commercial success. The director duo is known for making socially relevant films. They have also directed new age Bengali films like Praktan, Bela Seshe, Muktodhara, Accident, Alik Sukh and Ramdhanu, Haami, Konntho, Gotro which were critically acclaimed and enjoyed commercial success. He also serves as a partner at Windows Production. His film Praktan, bagged multiple National Awards and Alik Sukh was premiered at the Marche du Film section in Cannes Film Festival in 2013. His film Konttho was selected as the Indian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards but did not final Submission from India.
Chandrasekharan
Chandrasekharan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

E. Chandrasekharan (born 1948), Indian politician

Guru Chandrasekharan (1916–1998), Indian dancer and choreographer

K. S. Chandrasekharan (1920–2017), Indian number theorist

Kottakkal Chandrasekharan, Indian dancer

M. R. Chandrasekharan (1929–2024), Indian literary critic and author

Salem Chandrasekharan, Indian film producer

T. P. Chandrasekharan (1960–2012), Indian politician

T. P. Chandrasekharan
T. P. Chandrasekharan (23 July 1960 – 4 May 2012) was an Indian politician who was the founder of Revolutionary Marxist Party (RMP), a breakaway group of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). Born in Onchiyam, a rural village in Kozhikode district in Kerala, he posthumously shot to national prominence after he was hacked to death on 4 May 2012; CPI(M)'s local organization is widely blamed as the perpetrator of the murder.
Gray-box testing
Gray-box testing is a software testing method used to search for defects due to improper structure or application usage, where the tester has partial knowledge of the internal structure of the software. It is a combination of white-box testing, where the tester has broad access to the internal structure of the application, and black-box testing, where tester is unaware of the structure.

The knowledge available to gray-box testers may comprise both high-level and detailed documentation, such as software architecture, Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, Web Services Description Language (WSDL) information and state models. Testing tools and techniques include exception handling, regression testing, functional testing, and orthogonal array testing.

Gray-box testing is particularly used for testing web applications, that have distributed networks, and no source code or binaries that would allow for white box testing.

Orthogonal array testing
Orthogonal array testing is a systematic and statistically-driven black-box testing technique employed in the field of software testing. This method is particularly valuable in scenarios where the number of inputs to a system is substantial enough to make exhaustive testing impractical.
Orson K. Miller Jr.
Orson Knapp Miller Jr. (December 19, 1930 – June 9, 2006) was an American mycologist. He published numerous papers in mycology and was responsible for the naming of many taxa, as well as being one of the authors erecting the genus Chroogomphus. He described Omphalotus olivascens, several species of Amanita, and the ghoul fungus Hebeloma aminophilum.

He married Hope Hartigan Miller in 1953; both were mycologists and published books, including at least one together. Hope died on September 26, 2018.

Chroogomphus
Chroogomphus /kroʊ.əˈɡɒmfəs/ is a genus of fungi commonly known as pine-spikes or spike-caps, based on the shape of the mushrooms and because they often grow in association with pines. The genus is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, including North America and Eurasia.
Virginia Gamba (UN official)
Virginia Gamba de Potgieter (born 1954) is an Argentinian diplomat who served as United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres' Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict from 2017 to 2025.

United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (abbr.  UNODA, French: Bureau des affaires du désarmement) is an Office of the United Nations Secretariat established in January 1998 as the Department for Disarmament Affairs, part of United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan's plan to reform the UN as presented in his report to the General Assembly in July 1997.

Its goal is to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and the strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological weapons. It also promotes disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons, especially landmines and small arms, which are often the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts.

It is led by an Under-Secretary-General (USG) and High Representative (HR), Izumi Nakamitsu of Japan, who took office on 1 May 2017.
Kobler
Kobler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andreas Kobler (1816–1892), German historian

Daniel Köbler (born 1981), German politician

Erich Kobler, German film editor and director

Flurina Kobler, Swiss curler

Martin Kobler (born 1953), German diplomat

Robert Köbler (1912–1970), German organist

Daniel Köbler
Daniel Köbler (born 3 April 1981 in Mainz) is a German politician serving as a member of the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate since 2011. He has served as mayor of Oberstadt since 2019.
On 21 May 2025, the Mainz City Council elected him as Günter Beck's successor as mayor and head of the finance department of Mainz. He takes office in February 2026.
Limardo
Limardo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Francisco Limardo (born 1987), Venezuelan fencer

Jesús Limardo (born 1996), Venezuelan fencer

Maria Limardo (born 1960), Italian politician

Rubén Limardo (born 1985), Venezuelan fencer

Rubén Limardo
Rubén Dario Limardo Gascón (born 3 August 1985) is a Venezuelan left-handed épée fencer, five-time team Pan American champion, four-time individual Pan American champion, three-time Olympian, and 2012 individual Olympic champion.

Limardo competed in the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, and the 2024 Paris Olympic Games.

His younger brothers, Francisco and Jesus, also compete in fencing on the international level. In 2015 he was elected to the National Assembly for the United Socialist Party of Venezuela.
Zion's Daughter
"Zion's Daughter" is a 1982 Christmas single by German band Boney M., the second single to be released off their Christmas Album, released in November 1981. It was a re-worked up-tempo version of See, the conqu'ring hero comes!, a chorus from Georg Friedrich Händel's 1746 oratorio Judas Maccabaeus with English lyrics by Fred Jay. The tune is also used for the German advent hymn Tochter Zion, freue dich and the English hymn Thine Be the Glory, and is well known in England as part of Henry Wood's Fantasia on British Sea Songs (1905), performed every year at the BBC's Last Night of the Proms concert.

The single featured a manipulated photo from 1978 with new male singer Reggie Tsiboe inserted in place of original member Bobby Farrell. The single peaked at 41 in the German charts. In Scandinavia, "Feliz Navidad" was chosen as the 1982 Christmas single, and in Spain, Ariola opted for "Jingle Bells".

Jingle Bells
"Jingle Bells" is an American song and one of the most commonly sung Christmas songs in the world. It was written by James Lord Pierpont. It is an unsettled question where and when Pierpont originally composed the song that would become known as "Jingle Bells". It was published under the title "The One Horse Open Sleigh" in September 1857. Although it has no original connection to Christmas, it became associated with winter and Christmas in the 1860s and 1870s, and it was featured in a variety of parlor song and college anthologies in the 1880s. It was first recorded in 1889 on an Edison cylinder; this recording, believed to be the first Christmas record, is lost, but an 1898 recording—also from Edison Records—survives.
Khutba Periya Palli, Kayalpattinam
The Khutba Periya Palli, also known as the Al Jami'ul Kabeer (Tamil: குத்பா பெரிய பள்ளி, காயல்பட்டினம், romanized: Grand Jumu'ah Masjid, lit. 'Big Juma Mosque') and as the Periya Khutba Palli, is a Friday mosque, located in Kayalpattinam, in the Thoothukudi district of the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

Kayalpatnam
Kayalpatnam (also known as Kayal) is an 18-ward municipality in the Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Kayalpatnam (also spelled Kayalpattinam) is a historic coastal municipality in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is known for its centuries-old maritime trade history, Islamic heritage, Hindu temples (mandirs) and unique cultural identity. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 40,588.
Kenya Economic Stimulus Programme
The Economic Stimulus Programme (ESP) was a spending plan initiated by the Government of Kenya to boost economic growth and lead the Kenyan economy out of the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis and the Great Recession. It was introduced in the 2009/2010 Budget Speech in parliament by Finance Minister Uhuru Kenyatta. Its aim was to jumpstart the Economy of Kenya towards long term growth and development, after the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis and post-election violence that affected the Kenyan economy. Other economic problems included prolonged drought, a rally in oil prices and food prices, and the effects of the Great Recession. The stimulus was a response to the decline in the economic growth rate from 7.1% in 2007 to 1.7% in 2009.

The total budget allocated amounted to KSh.22 billion/= (260 million US$), with the money going towards the construction of schools, horticultural markets, jua kali sheds and public health centres in all the 210 constituencies.

Constituencies of Kenya
The constituencies of Kenya are used to elect members of the National Assembly, the lower chamber of the Kenyan Parliament. In accordance with Article 89 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya, there are 290 constituencies, based on a formula where these constituencies were to be delineated based on population numbers. Each constituency returns one Member of National Assembly. The constituencies are further divided into electoral wards.
2020 Chile Open – Singles
Fabio Fognini was the champion in 2014, when the event was last held, but chose to compete in Dubai instead.

Thiago Seyboth Wild won his first ATP Tour title, defeating Casper Ruud in the final, 7–5, 4–6, 6–3. Seyboth Wild also becomes the first player born in 2000 to win an ATP Tour title.

Martin Kližan
Martin Kližan (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈmartiŋ ˈkliʐan]; born 11 July 1989) is a Slovak former professional tennis player. He has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 24, achieved on 27 April 2015, and No. 73 in doubles, achieved on 4 May 2015. He won the 2006 French Open Junior singles title.
WQLN-FM
WQLN-FM (91.3 FM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Erie, Pennsylvania, United States. Co-owned with PBS station WQLN, the station carries a mixed public radio format of talk, classical and jazz. The studios and transmitter are in Summit Township, south of the Erie city limits (but with an Erie mailing address), adjacent to WJET-TV and WFXP off Peach Street (U.S. Route 19); WQLN's address is on Sesame Street, named for the popular PBS children's show.

WQLN-FM's signal covers Northwest Pennsylvania and small parts of New York State, Northeast Ohio and the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario. In addition, WQLN-FM programming is heard on a network of FM translators around the region.

Non-commercial educational station
A non-commercial educational station (NCE station) is a radio station or television station that does not accept on-air advertisements (TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and was originally intended to offer educational programming as part, or whole, of its programming. NCE stations do not pay broadcast license fees for their non-profit uses of the radio spectrum. Stations which are almost always operated as NCE include public broadcasting, community radio, and college radio, as well as many religious broadcasting stations.
Nearly all non-commercial radio stations derive their support from listener support, grants and endowments, such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) that distributes supporting funds provided by Congress to support public radio.
Janak Sapkota
Janak Sapkota (Nepali: जनक सापकोटा; born 1987) is a Nepalese haiku poet who works mainly in the English language. He is based in Finland.

Sapkota's books include Long Days of Rain (2016). His haiku have appeared internationally in poetry journals and magazines such as The Shop, Frogpond, Shamrock, Chrysanthemum, Ardea, Fri haiku, Notes from the Gean, and The Living Haiku Anthology. His haiku are also included in haiku anthologies such as A Vast Sky, Naad Anunaad, and Poems for the Hazara.

In 2006 he won the Smrufit Samhain International Haiku Award.

Frogpond
Frogpond is a haiku magazine published by the Haiku Society of America. It is published electronically three times per year and consists of English-language haiku and senryu, linked forms including sequences, renku, rengay, and haibun, essays and articles on these forms, and book reviews. Submissions may come from members and nonmembers. The first issue was published in February 1978.

Each issue of Frogpond features a $100 Best of Issue Frogpond Award sponsored by the Museum of Haiku Literature.
Haia Lifșiț
Haia Lifșiț or Lifschitz (Russian: Хая На́хмановна Ли́вшиц, romanized: Khaya Nakhmanovna Livshits; December 14, 1903 – August 17, 1929) was a Romanian communist who died as a result of a hunger strike while in detention for her political opinions.

Hunger strike
A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fast as an act of political protest, usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are named dry hunger strikers.

In cases where an entity (usually the state) has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker (such as a prisoner), the hunger strike is often terminated by the custodial entity through the use of force-feeding.
Bishrampur, Rautahat
Bishrampur  is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the census 2011 AD  it had a population of 11948 people living in 1229 individual households. Benauli is village which falls under this village. Now Bishrampur is a municipality named as Brindawan Municipality. The municipality consists of villages like Benauli, Ramauli, Bishrampur, Haraiya, Pipra, Harsaha, Bargajawa.

Narayani Zone
Narayani (Nepali: नारायणी अञ्चलListenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructuring of zones to Provinces, located in the central south of the country. The headquarter of Narayani zone was Hetauda. Narayani Zone is named after the Narayani River which is on the western border of the zone, separating it from the Gandaki and Lumbini zones. Narayani means beloved of Narayan which is Parvati his sister, and Narayan refers to Lord Vishnu (the preserver) in the Hindu religion.
1974 in Bangladesh
1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1974th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 974th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 74th  year of the 20th century, and the  5th   year of the 1970s decade.

The year 1974 was the third year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was also the third year of the first post-independence government in Bangladesh. The year saw a period of mass starvation beginning in March 1974 and ending in about December of the same year. The famine, allegedly causing death of a million people, is considered the worst in recent decades.

Bangladesh famine of 1974
The Bangladesh famine of 1974 (Bengali: চুয়াত্তরের দুর্ভিক্ষ, romanized: Cuāttōrēr Durbhikkhō) began in March 1974 and ended around December of the same year. The famine is considered one of the worst in the 20th century; it was caused by government mismanagement, food grain smuggling to neighboring countries and flooding along the Brahmaputra River among other issues, resulting in high mortality. The government of Bangladesh estimated the number of deaths at 27,000 while according to experts, the death of 1.5 million people in total would be attributed to the famine.
Nyctitheriidae
Nyctitheriidae is a family of extinct eulipotyphlan insectivores known from the Paleocene and Eocene epochs of North America and Asia and persisting into the Oligocene of Europe. Several genera, including Nyctitherium, Paradoxonycteris, and Wyonycteris, have initially been described as bats, although the family is more frequently placed in the order Eulipotyphla.

Epoch
In chronology and periodization, an epoch or reference epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular calendar era. The "epoch" serves as a reference point from which time is measured.

The moment of epoch is usually decided by congruity, or by following conventions understood from the epoch in question. The epoch moment or date is usually defined from a specific, clear event of change, an epoch event. In a more gradual change, a deciding moment is chosen when the epoch criterion was reached.