hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Functional principal component analysis
Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a statistical method for investigating the dominant modes of variation of functional data. Using this method,  a random function is represented in the eigenbasis, which is an orthonormal basis of the Hilbert space L2 that consists of the  eigenfunctions of the autocovariance operator. FPCA represents functional data in the most parsimonious way, in the sense that when using a fixed number of basis functions, the eigenfunction basis explains more variation than any other basis expansion. FPCA can be applied for representing random functions, or in functional regression and classification.

Basis function
In mathematics,  a basis function is an element of a particular basis for a function space. Every function in the function space can be represented as a linear combination of basis functions. In finite-dimensional vector spaces this representation is purely algebraic and involves only finitely many basis functions, whereas in infinite-dimensional settings it typically takes the form of an infinite series whose convergence depends on the topology of the space.

In numerical analysis and approximation theory, basis functions are also called blending functions, because of their use in interpolation: In this application, a mixture of the basis functions provides an interpolating function (with the "blend" depending on the evaluation of the basis functions at the data points).
Dvija
Dvija (Sanskrit: द्विज) means "twice-born". The concept is premised on the belief that a person is first born physically and at a later date is born for a second time spiritually, usually when he undergoes the rite of passage that initiates him into a school for Vedic studies. The term also refers to members of the three varnas in the traditional Hindu social system, or social classes — the Brahmins (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors ), and Vaishyas (farmers, herders and merchants) — whose samskara of the Upanayana initiation was regarded as a second or spiritual birth.

The word Dvija is neither found in any Vedas and Upanishads, nor is it found in any Vedanga literature such as the Shrauta-sutras or Grihya-sutras. The word scarcely appears in Dharmasutras literature. Increasing mentions of it appear in Dharmasastras text of mid to late 1st-millennium CE texts. The presence of the word Dvija is a marker that the text is likely a medieval era Indian text.

Rite of passage
A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society. In cultural anthropology, the term is the anglicisation of rite de passage, a French term innovated by the ethnographer Arnold van Gennep in his work Les rites de passage, The Rites of Passage. The term is now fully adopted into anthropology as well as into the literature and popular cultures of many modern languages.
Skalariak
Skalariak is a Spanish ska band founded in 1994 in Navarre by Juantxo Skalari and Peio Skalari. Their lyrics are in Spanish and Basque. In their works the sounds of punk, reggae, and other styles can also be found.

Bass (sound)
Bass (/beɪs/ BAYSS) (also called bottom end) describes tones of low (also called "deep") frequency, pitch and range from 16 to 250 Hz (C0 to middle C4) and bass instruments that produce tones in the low-pitched range C2-C4. They belong to different families of instruments and can cover a wide range of musical roles. Since producing low pitches usually requires a long air column or string, and for stringed instruments, a large hollow body, the string and wind bass instruments are usually the largest instruments in their families or instrument classes.
Vandling, Pennsylvania
Vandling is a borough in the northeastern corner of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 730 at the 2020 census. It is located immediately south of Forest City (population 1,911), which is in Susquehanna County.

Borough (Pennsylvania)
In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a borough (sometimes spelled boro) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city, but with a similar population density in its residential areas.  Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities.
Sensistor
Sensistor is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature.

The resistance increases exponentially with temperature, that is the temperature coefficient is positive (e.g. 0.7% per degree Celsius).

Sensistors are used in electronic circuits for compensation of temperature influence or as sensors of temperature for other circuits.

Sensistors are made by using very heavily doped semiconductors so that their operation is similar to PTC-type thermistors. However, very heavily doped semiconductor behaves more like a metal and the resistance change is more gradual than it is the case for other PTC thermistors.

Temperature coefficient
A temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a physical property that is associated with a given change in temperature. For a property R that changes when the temperature changes by dT, the temperature coefficient α is defined by the equation below:

Here α has the dimension of an inverse temperature and can be expressed e.g. in 1/K or K−1.

If the temperature coefficient itself does not vary too much with temperature and , a linear approximation will be useful in estimating the value R of a property at a temperature T, given its value R0 at a reference temperature T0:

where ΔT is the difference between T and T0.

For strongly temperature-dependent α, this approximation is only useful for small temperature differences ΔT.

Temperature coefficients are specified for various applications, including electric and magnetic properties of materials as well as reactivity. The temperature coefficient of most of the reactions lies between 2 and 3.
Syamsul Chaeruddin
Syamsul Bachri Chaeruddin (born 9 February 1983) is an Indonesian former footballer who played as a midfielder for the Indonesia national football team.

Born in Gowa, South Sulawesi, Syamsul played for PSM Makassar in the 2005 AFC Champions League group stage, where he scored one goal.

Syamsul is one of the best defensive midfielders in his country with his aggression and a courageous playing style, despite his small stature. He made his international debut for the national team in the 0–0 drew  in a friendly match against Malaysia on 12 March 2004. At the Asian Cup 2007 he played 3 times: in a 2–1 win against Bahrain (as substitute for Mahyadi Panggabean, who was injured); in a 1–2 loss against Saudi Arabia, and in a 0–1 loss to South Korea, the last game in Group D.

2005 AFC Champions League
The 2005 AFC Champions League was the 24th edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament and the 3rd edition under the current AFC Champions League title. The championship was retained by the Saudi Arabian club Al-Ittihad with a 5–3 aggregate victory over Al Ain from the United Arab Emirates. Following a 1–1 draw at the Tahnoun bin Mohammed Stadium in Al Ain in the first leg, Al-Ittihad recorded a 4–2 victory at the Prince Abdullah Al Faisal Stadium in Jeddah to lift the trophy for the second consecutive season. They also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup.
Sierra Juarez hidden salamander
The Sierra Juarez hidden salamander (Thorius adelos), also known as the Sierra Juarez moss salamander, or simply Sierra Juarez salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the Caribbean slopes of the Sierra de Juarez and Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Sierra Mazateca
The Sierra Mazateca is a mountainous area, part of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca mountain range, located in the northern part of the state of Oaxaca in Southern Mexico. It is named after the Mazatec people, who are indigenous to the area.
Yomna Farid
Yomna Farid (Arabic: يمنى فريد; born 28 June 1983) is a retired Egyptian tennis player.

Farid has career-high WTA rankings of 607 in singles and 480 in doubles, both achieved in 2003. In her career, she won one doubles title on the ITF circuit.

Playing for Egypt in Fed Cup, Farid has a win–loss record of 9–19.

WTA rankings
The WTA rankings are the ratings defined by the Women's Tennis Association, introduced in November 1975. The computer that calculates the ranking is nicknamed "Medusa".

Aryna Sabalenka is the current world No. 1 in women's singles.
Sigmaringen station
Sigmaringen is a railway station in the town of Sigmaringen, located in the Sigmaringen district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The station lies on the Tübingen–Sigmaringen railway, the Ulm–Sigmaringen railway and the Engstingen–Sigmaringen railway. The train services are operated by DB Regio Baden-Württemberg and SWEG Südwestdeutsche Landesverkehrs-AG.

DB Regio
DB Regio AG (German pronunciation: [deːbeː ˈʁeɡi̯o]) is a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn which operates regional and commuter train services in Germany. It is a 100% subsidiary of the Deutsche Bahn Group and therefore part of the DB Regio business segment, which also includes DB Regionnetz Verkehrs GmbH and other independent subsidiaries headquartered in Frankfurt am Main.

The company as a mainly nationwide operational company is responsible for all regional transport activities (rail and bus) of the DB Group in Germany. This includes traffic in neighboring countries. DB Regio serves 310 lines with 22,800 trains and 295,000 stops every day, serving about ten million customers.
Minister for the Interior (Ghana)
The Minister for the Interior is the Ghanaian government official responsible for the Ministry of Interior. He is thus responsible for internal security and law and order in Ghana. The most recent person in this position is Hon.Ambrose Dery. The position has also been known as Minister for Internal Affairs in the past.

Ambrose Dery
Ambrose Dery (on 23 August 1956), a Ghanaian lawyer, politician and member of Parliament for Nandom Constituency. He won the constituency during the 2016 elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party. He was interior minister of Ghana from 2017 to February 2024.
1841 Belgian general election
Partial legislative elections were held in Belgium on Tuesday 8 June 1841 in which 48 of the 95 seats in the Chamber of Representatives were elected. Voter turnout was 77.0%, although only 24,887 people were eligible to vote. Under the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders.

The number of seats in the Chamber decreased from 98 to 95 following the 1839 independence of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; its three districts (Luxembourg, Grevenmacher and Diekirch) had one representative each.

The Lebeau Government, the first homogeneously Liberal government, resigned shortly before the elections. The unionist Nothomb Government took over on 13 April 1841.

Jean-Baptiste Nothomb
Jean-Baptiste, Baron Nothomb (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist baʁɔ̃ nɔtɔ̃]; 3 July 1805 – 16 September 1881) was a Belgian statesman and diplomat, who served as the prime minister of Belgium from 1841 to 1845.
Anthony Lima
Anthony "Tony" Lima, MBE RD (born 17 January 1946) is a Gibraltarian politician, and former Mayor of Gibraltar. He was appointed to the office of deputy mayor on 1 August 2011 and to that of mayor on 1 August 2012. He was a former Customs Collector and Commanding officer of the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) unit HMS Calpe.

Gibraltar Parliament
36°08′27″N 5°21′14″W﻿ / ﻿36.140775°N 5.353758°W﻿ / 36.140775; -5.353758

The Gibraltar Parliament is the legislature of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. Between 1969 and 2006, it was called the Gibraltar House of Assembly.
Road texture
Road surface textures are deviations from a planar and smooth surface, affecting the vehicle/tyre interaction. Pavement texture is divided into: microtexture with wavelengths from 0 mm to 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in), macrotexture with wavelengths from 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) to 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and megatexture with wavelengths from 50 millimetres (2.0 in) to 500 millimetres (20 in).

Fracture
Fracture is the appearance of a crack or complete separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If a displacement develops perpendicular to the surface, it is called a normal tensile crack or simply a crack; if a displacement develops tangentially, it is called a shear crack, slip band, or dislocation.

Brittle fractures occur without any apparent deformation before fracture. Ductile fractures occur after visible deformation. Fracture strength, or breaking strength, is the stress when a specimen fails or fractures. The detailed understanding of how a fracture occurs and develops in materials is the object of fracture mechanics.
Padmaja Rao
Padmaja Rao is an Indian actress, television soap director and producer in Karnataka, India.  She is a versatile actor known for playing a wide variety of character roles in various film genres. Some of the notable films of Padmaja Rao as an actress include  Hatavadi (2006) Mungaru Male (2006), Gaalipata (2008), Ugramm (2014). She has also forayed into tulu film industry with the blockbuster Chaali Polilu (2014)

Zee Kannada
Zee Kannada also known as Z Kannada is an Indian Kannada pay television general entertainment channel that was launched in the year 2006 and owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. It is also being as the first mainstream satellite channel in Kannada.
Rasulpur, Haryana
Rasulpur  is a village and gram panchayat in the state of Haryana, district Palwal in northern India. It belongs to Gurgaon Division. Village is about 10 kilometres from Palwal City on the Hasanpur road. Village also connected with to Palwal-Aligarh Road.

Palwal district
Palwal district is the 21st district of Haryana state in Delhi NCR region of northern India. It was created on 15 August 2008. Palwal City is the headquarters of the district. It is part of the Braj region.

The city is situated 60 km (37 mi) from Delhi, 29 km (18 mi) from Faridabad and 50 km (31 mi) from Gurugram on the Delhi-Agra national highway. The area of the city is 40 km2 (15 sq mi).
St. Margaret Mary Church (Omaha)
The St. Margaret Mary Church is a parish of the Catholic Church in Omaha, Nebraska, part of the Archdiocese of Omaha. The limestone church with High Gothic bell tower is prominently situated on a ridge overlooking Elmwood Creek along the original route of the Lincoln Highway, today known as U.S. Route 6 in the Fairacres Historic District. Adjacent to Memorial Park (Omaha) and the University of Nebraska Omaha it is widely known for its display of an enshrined relic of St Margaret Mary Alacoque, the French Catholic Visitation nun and mystic who promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

Parish (Catholic Church)
In the Catholic Church, a parish (Latin: parochia) is a stable community of the faithful within a particular church, whose pastoral care has been entrusted to a parish priest (Latin: parochus), under the authority of the diocesan bishop. It is the lowest ecclesiastical subdivision in the Catholic episcopal polity, and the primary constituent unit of a diocese or eparchy. Parishes are extant in both the Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches. In the 1983 Code of Canon Law, parishes are constituted under cc. 515–552, entitled "Parishes, Pastors, and Parochial Vicars."
Janis Babson
Janis Anne Babson (September 9, 1950 – May 12, 1961) was a Canadian girl who received posthumous acclaim with the donation of her corneas for transplant after her death from leukemia at the age of 10. Her story was reported in a newspaper article syndicated across Canada, inspiring two books and other memorials. When Janis died of leukemia in 1961, corneal transplantation was a relatively unknown procedure. Although parents who lose young children frequently donate some of their organs to others, Janis's bequest was significant because the donation of her eyes at her death was her own idea, and it inspired many other people—across Canada and elsewhere—to become cornea donors as well.

Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eyeball which covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Along with the anterior chamber and lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK.

While the cornea contributes most of the eye's focusing power, its focus is fixed. Accommodation (the refocusing of light to better view near objects) is accomplished by changing the geometry of the lens.  Medical terms related to the cornea often start with the prefix "kerat-" from the Greek word κέρας, horn.
Laser Stratos
The Laser Stratos is an all-round cruising and racing boat designed by Phil Morrison and built by LaserPerformance, the same company as the famous Laser Standard dinghy. It is built from fibre-glass and foam sandwich. The Laser Stratos comes in two forms, one with a keel (similar to most yachts) and one with a centreboard (like nearly all dinghies). The centreboard version is red and the keel version is blue. The Stratos is quite spacious and most of the rigging is kept out of the way. The boat can optionally be fitted with trapeze lines and an engine bracket for carrying an outboard engine.

Laser Standard
The Laser Standard or ILCA 7 is a popular one-design class of single-handed sailing dinghy, originally built by Performance Sailcraft Canada. The laser is cat rigged, with a single mainsail and is a simple, light and fast boat to sail. The Laser Standard is the original of the Laser family of dinghies, which also includes the Laser Radial and Laser 4.7, both of which use the same hull, but have smaller rigs.
Denise Hayman
Denise Hayman (born January 1, 1951) is an American politician who is currently serving in the Montana Senate as the senator from the 33rd District in Bozeman. She previously served as a member Montana House of Representatives for the 66th district from 2015 to 2023.

Prior to her legislative tenure, she spent fifteen years as a member of the Bozeman School Board.

Montana Senate
The Montana State Senate is, along with the Montana House of Representatives, one of the two houses that composes the Montana Legislature, the state legislative branch of the U.S. state of Montana. The body is composed of 50 senators elected for four years. Half of the Senate is up for election every two years.
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 440
Route 440 (also known as Admiral Palliser's Trail) is a relatively short highway in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, on the West Coast.  The highway was named in honor of Admiral Hugh Palliser.  The highway starts at an interchange at Route 1 in Corner Brook, and terminates at Cox's Cove.  The speed limit is 80 km/h except in communities where the speed is reduced to 50 km/h (except in Cox's Cove where the speed is reduced to 30 km/h).

There are no local roads or communities branching off Route 440, except in Cox's Cove, where the route ends to a T-intersection.

Hugh Palliser
Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser, 1st Baronet (26 February 1723[a] – 19 March 1796) was a Royal Navy officer, politician and colonial administrator. As captain of the 58-gun HMS Eagle, he engaged and defeated the French 50-gun Duc d'Aquitain off Ushant in May 1757 during the Seven Years' War. Palliser went on to serve as Commodore Governor of Newfoundland, then Controller of the Navy and then First Naval Lord. During the American Revolutionary War he came into a famous dispute with Augustus Keppel over his conduct as third-in-command of the Channel Fleet at the inconclusive Battle of Ushant in July 1778; the dispute led to Palliser being court-martialled; he was acquitted. In retirement Palliser became Governor of Greenwich Hospital.
Jagatipur
Jagatipur is a former village development committee in Jajarkot District in the Karnali Province of Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4614 living in 816 individual households.

Karnali Province
Karnali Province (Nepali: कर्णाली प्रदेश, romanized: Karṇālī pradēśa) is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal formed by the new constitution, which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The total area of the province is 27,984 square kilometres (10,805 mi2), making it the largest province in Nepal with 18.97% of the country's area. According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418, making it the least populous province in Nepal. The province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south. Birendranagar with a population of 154,886 is both the province's capital and largest city.
2010 Gastein Ladies
The 2010 Gastein Ladies (also known as NÜRNBERGER Gastein Ladies for sponsorship purposes) was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 4th edition of the Gastein Ladies, and was part of the WTA International tournaments of the 2010 WTA Tour. It was held in Bad Gastein, Austria, from 19 July until 25 July 2010. Unseeded Julia Görges won the singles title.

WTA International tournaments
The WTA International tournaments was a category for tennis tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association from the 2009 WTA Tour until 2020, which replaced the previous Tier III and Tier IV categories. As of 2021, these events have been reclassified as WTA 250 tournaments. The winner of a WTA 250 tournament adds 250 points to her WTA ranking.

For the 2025 season, there were 21 WTA 250, all knock-out tournaments with a prize money for every event at $275,094.
Fannett-Metal School District
The Fannett-Metal School District is a diminutive, rural, public school district that serves Fannett and Metal townships in Franklin County, as well as a small portion of Toboyne Township in Perry County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses approximately 128 square miles (330 km2). According to 2000 federal census data, it served a resident population of 4,091. According to 2010 local census data, it serves a resident population of 4,426. The educational attainment levels for the school district population (25 years old and over) were 72% high school graduates and  9.2% college graduates. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $15,304, while the median family income was $38,165. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501  and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100. In Franklin County the median household income was $51,035.

Fannett Township, Pennsylvania
Fannett Township is a township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,483 at the 2020 census. The township derives its name as an older variant spelling of Fanad, County Donegal, from early Irish settlement in the area. It was formed before 1762, and until about 1795 included the area now in Metal Township.