hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jervoise Smith
Jervoise Smith (3 October 1828 – 21 July 1884) was a British Liberal Party  politician and banker.

Smith was the son of former Chichester MP John Abel Smith and Anne née Clarke-Jervoise. He married Margaret Louisa Verney, daughter of Robert Verney in 1874, and they had issue.

He was a partner in the banking firm Smith, Payne, and Smiths, the first British bank believed to be formed outside London but later gaining a home on Lombard Street. In 1881, he worked at the bank with Samuel George Smith, Robert Smith, Oswald Augustus Smith, Eric Carrington Smith, and Martin Ridley Smith.

Smith was elected a Liberal MP for Penryn and Falmouth at a by-election in 1866 but lost the seat at the next general election in 1868.

Smith's Bank
Smith's Bank was a series of English banking partnerships in London and the provinces, all controlled by the Smith family that operated between 1658 and 1918. Although Smith's Bank was never a single entity, the first bank was established in Nottingham by Thomas Smith; often dated to 1658, it is believed to have been the first bank to be formed outside London.

Smith's grandson, Abel Smith the Younger, substantially increased the scale of the enterprise, opening banks in Lincoln and Hull and, most importantly, the London firm of Smith & Payne. Other banks were later opened or acquired in the east midlands area.

The bank lost its direction in the late nineteenth century and its solution was to merge with the Union Bank of London in 1902, forming the Union of London & Smith's Bank. This in turn was acquired by the National Provincial Bank in 1918, which merged into today's National Westminster Bank in 1970.
Bredgränd
Bredgränd (Swedish: Wide Alley) is an alley in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, Sweden.  Stretching from Skeppsbron to Österlånggatan, it forms a parallel street to Skeppar Karls Gränd and Kråkgränd.

Gamla Stan
Gamla Stan (Swedish: [ˈɡâmːla ˈstɑːn], "The Old Town"), until 1980 officially Staden mellan broarna ("The Town between the Bridges"), is the old town of Stockholm, Sweden. Gamla Stan consists primarily of the island Stadsholmen. Gamla Stan includes the surrounding islets Riddarholmen, Helgeandsholmen and Strömsborg. It has a population of approximately 3,000.

Gamla Stan has played a prominent role in the history of Swedish architecture, with many of Sweden's most renowned architects shaping the area; these include figures such as Nicodemus Tessin and Carl Hårleman, who worked on the Stockholm Palace, still located in the area.

Other notable buildings in the old town include Tessin Palace, the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building, Bonde Palace (seat of the Swedish Supreme Court) and the House of Nobility; the last of these buildings hosted the parliament for many years.
Pakistan Davis Cup team
The Pakistan men's national tennis team represents Pakistan in Davis Cup tennis competition. It is governed by the Pakistan Tennis Federation.

Pakistan currently compete in the Asia/Oceania Zone of Group I. They reached the World Group play-offs in 2005, and reached the Eastern Zone final in 1984.

1984 Davis Cup
The 1984 Davis Cup (also known as the 1984 Davis Cup by NEC for sponsorship purposes) was the 73rd edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 62 teams would enter the competition, 16 in the World Group, 25 in the Europe Zone, 12 in the Eastern Zone, and 9 in the Americas Zone. Singapore and Senegal made their first appearances in the tournament.

Sweden defeated the United States in the final, held at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden, on 16–18 December, to win their 2nd Davis Cup title.
Tudor Rose (film)
Tudor Rose (U.S. title: Nine Days a Queen) is a 1936 British film directed by Robert Stevenson and starring Cedric Hardwicke and Nova Pilbeam.

The film is a dramatization of Lady Jane Grey's brief reign as the queen of England. It opens with King Henry VIII on his deathbed stating the order of succession and ends with Jane's beheading. The story deviates from the historical record somewhat, including a fictional Earl of Warwick character who is similar to John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.

The title refers to the Tudor rose. The story of Lady Jane Grey was also the basis for the film Lady Jane (1986).

Cedric Hardwicke
Sir Cedric Webster Hardwicke (19 February 1893 – 6 August 1964) was an English stage and film actor whose career spanned over 50 years. His theatre work included notable performances in productions of the plays of Shakespeare and Shaw, and his film work included leading roles in several adapted literary classics.
Songs of a Rag Doll
Songs of a Rag Doll is the third studio album release by Swedish Singer-songwriter Miss Li. It was released on 17 October 2007, only five months after the release of God Put a Rainbow in the Sky. The album debuted and peaked at number 23 on the Swedish Albums Chart.

Miss Li
Linda Therese Karlsson (born 21 July 1982), known professionally as Miss Li, is a Swedish singer-songwriter. Since beginning her career in the early-2000s, she has released a total of eight studio albums, and several of her songs have been featured in Swedish commercials as well as numerous American television series.
ARA Murature (P-20)
Murature was a 900-ton World War II era Argentine Navy warship, originally classified as minelayer and later as patrol boat. The vessel was named after José Luis Murature, Foreign Minister of Argentina from 1916 to 1918.

Minelayer
A minelayer is any warship, submarine, military aircraft or land vehicle deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for installing controlled mines at predetermined positions in connection with coastal fortifications or harbor approaches that would be detonated by shore control when a ship was fixed as being within the mine's effective range.

An army's special-purpose combat engineering vehicles used to lay landmines are sometimes called "minelayers".
Brian R. Silliman
Brian Reed Silliman is a marine conservation biologist. He is currently the Rachel Carson Distinguished Professor of Marine Conservation Biology at the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University. Silliman received an A.B. and M.Sc. from the University of Virginia. He completed his Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Brown University in 2004.

Silliman was elected a Fellow of the Ecological Society of America in 2023.

Nicholas School of the Environment
The Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment is one of ten graduate and professional schools at Duke University and is headquartered on Duke’s main campus in Durham, N.C. A secondary coastal facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, is maintained in Beaufort, North Carolina. The Nicholas School is composed of three research divisions: Earth and Climate Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Policy, and Marine Science and Conservation. The current dean of the Nicholas School is Lori Bennear.
Sherry Hursey
Sherry Hursey is an American actress. She is best known for her recurring role as Ilene Markham on the sitcom Home Improvement and her 1988–1989 stint as Paula Carson on the soap opera Days of Our Lives.

Her other television credits include The Rookies, Happy Days, The Six Million Dollar Man, The Mary Tyler Moore Show
, Rhoda, Simon & Simon, Matlock, Step by Step, Major Dad, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, NYPD Blue and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. She also appeared in a number of television films and the theatrical films Tom and Huck (1995) and Bring It On (2000), playing the mother of Kirsten Dunst's character. In 1996, she appeared in the television film Lying Eyes.

In 2010, Hursey starred and produced the television pilot Lilly's Light, starring in the title role. The series was about Lilly (Hursey), a foster mother living in an enchanted lighthouse while raising three foster children. Actors Mindy Sterling and Fred Willard also co-starred.

Tom and Huck
Tom and Huck is a 1995 American adventure comedy-drama film based on Mark Twain's 1876 novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and starring Jonathan Taylor Thomas and Brad Renfro. The film was directed by Peter Hewitt and produced/co-written by Stephen Sommers (who also worked on Disney's adaptation of Twain's 1884 novel, 1993's The Adventures of Huck Finn). The film was released in North America on December 22, 1995.

In the film, mischievous young Tom Sawyer witnesses a murder by a vicious half-Native American criminal known as "Injun Joe". Tom befriends Huck Finn, a boy with no future and no family, and is forced to choose between honoring a friendship or honoring an oath, when the town drunk is accused of the murder.
Julius Arnold Koch
Julius Arnold Koch (August 15, 1864 – February 2, 1956) was an American chemist who was born in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. Koch graduated from the University of Pittsburgh in 1884. He was the first dean of the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy and held this position until his 1932 retirement. In 1897, he discovered, together with Ludwig Gattermann, the Gattermann-Koch reaction—a method of synthesis of benzaldehyde using carbon monoxide. He agreed to accept the status of dean only if the school's "sessions [were] changed from evening to the daytime."

Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. It is among the simplest aromatic aldehydes and one of the most industrially useful.

It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor similar to that of bitter almonds and cherry, and is commonly used in cherry-flavored sodas. A component of bitter almond oil, benzaldehyde can be extracted from a number of other natural sources. Synthetic benzaldehyde is the flavoring agent in imitation almond extract, which is used to flavor cakes and other baked goods.
Mandt (surname)
Mandt is a surname of Dutch origin. Notable people with the surname include:

André Mandt (born 1993), German footballer

Martin Wilhelm von Mandt (1799–1858), Prussian physician and naturalist

Michael Mandt (born 1971), American television producer

Neil Mandt (born 1969), American television producer

Sonja Mandt (born 1960), Norwegian politician

Martin Wilhelm von Mandt
Martin Wilhelm von Mandt (6 August 1799 – 20 November 1858) was a German physician and professor in Saint Petersburg in Imperial Russia. He was also a naturalist and collector of specimens. The species Uria mandtii (now a subspecies of the black guillemot), Lopholitodes mandtii and Dermaturus mandtii are named after him.
Maureen O'Connell
Maureen C. O'Connell (born May 23, 1950) is the County Clerk of Nassau County, New York, an adjunct faculty member of the Adelphi University School of Nursing, and a member of the School of Nursing Advisory Boards of Nassau Community College, Molloy College, and State University of New York at Farmingdale.

General election
A general election is an electoral process to choose most or all members of a governing body at the same time. They are distinct from by-elections, which fill individual seats that have become vacant between general elections. General elections typically occur at regular intervals as mandated by a country's constitution or electoral laws, and may include elections for a legislature and sometimes other positions such as a directly elected president. In many jurisdictions, general elections can coincide with other electoral events such as local, regional, or supranational elections. For example, on 25 May 2014, Belgian voters simultaneously elected their national parliament, 21 members of the European Parliament, and regional parliaments.

In the United States, "general election" has a slightly different, but related meaning: the ordinary electoral competition following the selection of candidates in the primary election.
Pope Callixtus I
Pope Callixtus I (Greek: Κάλλιστος), also called Callistus I, was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from c. 218 to his death c. 222 or 223. He lived during the reigns of the Roman emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue list his episcopate as having lasted five years (217–222). In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the Church converts from sects or schisms. He was killed for being Christian and is venerated as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church (the patron saint of cemetery workers).

Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon
The Ökumenische Heiligenlexikon (ÖHL) or Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints is an independent, ecumenical, private internet project administered by Protestant pastor Joachim Schäfer. It aims to provide information on the lives of saints.
R. Gallagher Generating Station
The R. Gallagher Generating Station was a four-unit coal-burning power plant located along the Ohio River some two miles (3 km) downstream from New Albany, Indiana in southernmost Floyd County, Indiana. The total aggregate capacity (year-around) of the plant's four identical units was 560MW. Unit 2 began operating in 1958; unit 1 in 1959; unit 3 in 1960 and unit 4 in 1961. In early 2012, both Units 1 and 3 were retired.  Units 2 and 4 continued to operate because Duke Energy installed baghouses, greatly reducing the pollution and meeting the current standards set by the EPA. The plant's 2012 output was 280 megawatts (each unit is rated at 140 megawatts). The plant is connected to the grid by 138 and 230 kilovolt transmission lines.

Floyd County, Indiana
Floyd County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. Its county seat is New Albany. The population of the county was 80,484 as of the 2020 United States census. Floyd County has the second-smallest land area in the entire state. It was formed in the year 1819 from neighboring Clark and Harrison counties. Floyd County is part of the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY–IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
First Battle of Saorgio
The First Battle of Saorgio (8–12 June 1793) saw a French army commanded by Gaspard Jean-Baptiste Brunet attack the armies of the Sardinia-Piedmont and Austria led by Joseph Nikolaus De Vins. The local Sardinian commander in the Maritime Alps was Charles-François Thaon, Count of Saint-André. Though the French were initially successful in this War of the First Coalition action, their main assaults against the strong defensive positions on the Massif de l'Authion and the Col de Raus failed with serious losses. Saorge is now located in France about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Nice, but in 1793 Saorgio belonged to Piedmont. In April 1794 the French seized the positions from the Austro-Sardinians in the Second Battle of Saorgio.

Maritime Alps
The Maritime Alps (French: Alpes Maritimes [alp maʁitim]; Italian: Alpi Marittime [ˈalpi maˈrittime]) are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps. They form the border between the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and the Italian regions of Piedmont and Liguria. They are the southernmost part of the Alps.
Good Trouble (album)
Good Trouble is the tenth studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in 1982 as a follow-up to Hi Infidelity. It peaked at #7 on the Billboard charts. The single "Keep the Fire Burnin'" gave the band a #7 hit on Billboard's Pop Singles Chart and a #2 hit on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, their highest-charting hit on this chart.

In 2013, the album was released on CD by UK-based company Rock Candy Records, with expanded liner notes and photos.

Kevin Cronin
Kevin Patrick Cronin Jr. (born October 6, 1951) is an American musician who was the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the rock band REO Speedwagon. The band had several hits on the Billboard Hot 100 throughout the 1970s and 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: "Keep On Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984).
Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion
The Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion is a historic event venue on the south side of U.S. Highway 16 northeast of Rockerville, South Dakota, near the Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns. Built in 1934, it hosted the Duhamel Sioux Indian Pageant, a Lakota tourist performance created by Black Elk in 1927. The pageant ran every summer until its discontinuation in 1957. A major attraction in the 1930s, its purpose was to not only profit off of tourism to the nearby Black Hills and Mount Rushmore but also—according to Black Elk—to represent Lakota traditions in a respectful, authentic way. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 as a venue of enduring cultural and religious significance, and for its association with Black Elk.

U.S. Route 16 in South Dakota
U.S. Highway 16 (US 16) is a 69-mile-long (111 km) east–west United States Numbered Highway in the western part of the state of South Dakota. It travels between Yellowstone National Park near Newcastle, Wyoming and Interstate 90 (I-90) in Rapid City.
Garden centre
A garden centre (Commonwealth English spelling; U.S. nursery or garden center) is a retail business that primarily sells plants and related products for domestic gardening. Gardening centres usually revolve around outdoor home improvement and décor, selling anything from plants to outdoor ordainments.

It evolved from the concept of a retail plant nursery, offering a broader range of outdoor products and additional on-site facilities.

Today, garden centres typically source their plants from specialist nurseries rather than propagating them on-site. In addition to plants, garden centres may offer a variety of other products and services, including homeware, gifts, and cafes.

Plant propagation
Plant propagation is the process by which new plants grow from various sources, including seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. Plant propagation can refer to both man-made and natural processes.

Propagation typically occurs as a step in the overall cycle of plant growth. For seeds, it happens after ripening and dispersal; for vegetative parts, it happens after detachment or pruning; for asexually-reproducing plants, such as strawberry, it happens as the new plant develops from existing parts.

Countless plants are propagated each day in horticulture and agriculture.

Plant propagation is vital to agriculture and horticulture, not just for human food production but also for forest and fibre crops,  as well as traditional and herbal medicine. It is also important for plant breeding.
Åstad
Astad is a village with less than 50 inhabitants (2005) on the island of  Öland, Kalmar County,  Sweden. It belongs to the municipality Borgholm.

56°45′00″N 16°42′00″E﻿ / ﻿56.7500°N 16.7000°E﻿ / 56.7500; 16.7000

Borgholm Municipality
Borgholm Municipality (Swedish: Borgholms kommun) is a municipality in Kalmar County, south-eastern Sweden, constituting the northern half of the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea. The municipal seat is located in the city of Borgholm.

Notable historic sites in this municipality are Borgholm Castle and Halltorps Estate.

The local government reform in the 1970s saw the creation of two municipalities on the island of Öland. Borgholm Municipality is the northern of the two and consists of sixteen original (pre-1952) entities. The southern half of the island is made up of Mörbylånga Municipality.

It is the birthplace of John Eke, A long distance runner who competed in the 1912 Olympics, He later competed for the Irish American Athletic Club in NYC
Salonius of Embrun
Salonius of Embrun and Sagittarius of Gap were two bishops who had been condemned at the Council of Lyon (c. 567). They were detained in Saint-Marcel-lès-Chalon (near Chalon, eastern Gaul). They succeeded, however, in persuading Guntram, King of Burgundy, that they had been condemned unjustly, and appealed to the pope. Influenced by the king's letters, Pope John III decided that they must be restored to their sees.

Guntram
Saint Gontrand (c. 532 in Soissons – 28 March 592 in Chalon-sur-Saône), also called Gontran, Gontram, Guntram, Gunthram, Gunthchramn, and Guntramnus, was the king of the Kingdom of Orléans from AD 561 to AD 592. He was the third-eldest and second-eldest-surviving son of Chlothar I and Ingunda. On his father's death in 561, he became king of a fourth of the Kingdom of the Franks, and made his capital at Orléans. The name "Gontrand" denotes "War Raven".
Charles Avery (artist)
Charles Avery (born 1973) is a Scottish artist from Oban. He currently lives and works in London. Since 2004 he has devoted his practice to the perpetual description of an imaginary island. Through drawings, sculptures and texts. Avery describes the topology, cosmology and inhabitants of this fictional territory, from the market of the main town Onomatopoeia to the Eternal Forest where an unknown beast called the Noumenon is held to reside. The project can be read as a meditation on some of the central themes of philosophy of art-making, and on the colonization and ownership of the world of ideas.

Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a type of word, or the process of creating a word, that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests a sound that it refers to. Common onomatopoeias in English include animal noises such as oink, meow, roar, and chirp, among various other noise-based verbs and nouns such as beep, simmer, or hiccup. Among the many words that likely began as onomatopoeias but whose original expressive iconicity goes unrecognized by modern speakers, examples include fanfare, pigeon, and cough.

Onomatopoeia tends to differ by language: it conforms to the broader linguistic system (conforming to its particular phonetic rules. Hence, the sound of a clock may be expressed variously across languages: as tick tock in English, tic tac in Spanish and Italian (see photo),  dī dā in Mandarin, kachi kachi in Japanese, or ṭik-ṭik in Hindi, Urdu, and Bengali.
Durham District School Board
The Durham District School Board (DDSB), known as English/French language Public District School Board No. 13 prior to 1999, is an English-language public-secular school board in the province of Ontario. The Board serves most of Durham Region, except for Clarington, which is a part of the Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board.

The Board has more than 7,600 staff who serve approximately 58,200 elementary and 25,100 secondary school students. Its headquarters is located in Whitby.

Durham has four independent, coterminous boards, serving English (Durham District School Board), serving English-Catholic (Durham Catholic District School Board), French-secular (Conseil scolaire Viamonde), and French-Catholic (Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir) students.

The DDSB is located on the traditional and treaty territory of the Mississauga of Scugog Island First Nation, the Mississauga Peoples and the treaty territory of the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation.

Clarington
Clarington (2021 population 101,427) is a lower-tier municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham in Ontario, Canada. It was incorporated in 1973 as the town of "Newcastle" with the merging of the town of Bowmanville, the Village of Newcastle, and the townships of Clarke and Darlington, and was established on January 1, 1974. In 1993, the town was renamed "Clarington", a blending of the names of the two former townships. Darlington today is largely suburban, while Clarke remains largely rural. Bowmanville is the largest community in the municipality and is the home of the municipal offices.

Clarington is part of the Oshawa census metropolitan area in the eastern end of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Major employers in Clarington include the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station, General Motors Canada, and several medium to large-sized manufacturing businesses. Most residents commute for work in Durham Region or Toronto.