hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ashland, Pennsylvania
Ashland is a borough in Schuylkill and Columbia counties in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Pottsville. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. A small part of the borough also lies in Columbia County, although all of the population resided in the Schuylkill County portion as of the 2020 census. The borough lies in the anthracite coal region of eastern Pennsylvania. Settled in 1850, Ashland was incorporated in 1857, and was named for Henry Clay's estate near Lexington, Kentucky. The population in 1900 was 6,438, and in 1940, 7,045, but had dropped to 2,471 at the 2020 census.

It is the location of Pioneer Tunnel, a tourist attraction featuring a tour of a coal mine on mine cars and a separate 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge steam train ride.

3 ft 6 in gauge railways
Railways with a track gauge of 3 feet 6 inches (1,067 mm) were first constructed as horse-drawn wagonways. The first intercity passenger railway to use the 3 ft 6 in gauge was constructed in Norway by Carl Abraham Pihl. From the mid-nineteenth century, the gauge became widespread in the British Empire. In Africa it became known as the Cape gauge as it was adopted as the standard gauge for the Cape Government Railways in 1873, even though it had already been established in Australia and New Zealand before that. It was adopted as a standard in New Zealand, South Africa, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Queensland (which has the second largest narrow gauge network in the world) in Australia.

There are approximately 112,000 kilometres (70,000 mi) of 1,067 mm gauge track in the world, which are classified as narrow-gauge railways.
Acunaeanthus
Acunaeanthus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family of Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one known species; Acunaeanthus tinifolius, which is endemic to Cuba.

The genus name of Acunaeanthus is in honour of Julián Acuña Galé (1900–1973), a Cuban botanist who served as director of the Agricultural Experimental Station in Santiago de Las Vegas. The Latin specific epithet of tinifolius with leaves like Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus).
Both the genus and the species were first described and published in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. Vol.26 on page 282 (1980, published in 1981).

Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae (/ruːbiˈeɪsiːˌiː, -siˌaɪ/) is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules and sympetalous actinomorphic flowers. The family contains about 14,200 species in about 615 genera, which makes it the fourth-largest angiosperm family by number of species. Rubiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution; however, the largest species diversity is concentrated in the tropics and subtropics. Economically important genera include  Coffea, the source of coffee; Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine; ornamental cultivars (e.g., Gardenia, Ixora, Pentas); and historically some dye plants (e.g., Rubia).
Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppe, is an area of grassland in Eurasia that is mostly located in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. It stretches some 8000 kilometres (5000 miles) from Manchuria in the east through Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, to Hungary and Slovakia in the west.

Since the Paleolithic age, the Steppe Route has been the main overland route between Eastern Europe, North Asia, Central Asia and East Asia economically, politically, and culturally. The Steppe route is a predecessor not only of the Silk Road, which developed during antiquity and the Middle Ages, but also of the Eurasian Land Bridge in the modern era. It has been home to nomadic empires and many large tribal confederations and ancient states throughout history, such as the Xiongnu, Scythia, Cimmeria, Sarmatia, Hunnic Empire, Sogdia, Xianbei, Mongol Empire, Magyar tribes, and Göktürk Khaganate.

Cimmerians
The Cimmerians were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia. Although the Cimmerians were culturally Scythian, they were ethnically distinct from the Scythians proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related and who displaced and replaced the Cimmerians.

The Cimmerians themselves left no written records, and most information about them is largely derived from Neo-Assyrian records of the 8th to 7th centuries BC and from Graeco-Roman authors from the 5th century BC and later.
Where Are You Going, Billy Boy
"Where Are You Going, Billy Boy" is a song written by Dave Kirby and Glenn Martin. It was first recorded as a duet by American country artists Bill Anderson and Mary Lou Turner. It was released as a single in 1977 via MCA Records and became a major hit the same year.

Mary Lou Turner
Mary Lou Turner (born June 13, 1947) is an American country music artist. She began her career as a regular on the Wheeling Jamboree in the early 1970s and in 1974 signed to replace Jan Howard as the "girl singer" (who had left to pursue her solo career full-time) on The Bill Anderson Show, both his touring show and syndicated TV series. Between 1976 and 1977 she recorded two duet albums with Bill Anderson, and charted four duets with him. One of their duets, "Sometimes", reached No. 1 in 1976. Turner also charted two solo Top 40 country singles in 1976, and several more solo singles.
Gordon Sturtridge (Canadian football)
Gordon Henry Sturtridge (1929 – December 9, 1956) was a professional Canadian football player, and was one of 62 people who died on Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, on December 9, 1956.

Sturtridge played his entire five-year professional football career as a defensive end for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Western Interprovincial Football Union, and his #73 jersey is one of eight that has been retired by the club.

Sweater
A sweater (North American English) or pullover, also called a jersey or jumper (British English, Hiberno-English and Australian English), is a piece of clothing, typically with long sleeves, made of knitted or crocheted material that covers the upper part of the body. When sleeveless, the garment is often called a slipover,  tank top, or sweater vest.

Sweaters are worn by adults and children, often over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or another top, but sometimes next to the skin. Sweaters were traditionally made from wool but can now be made of cotton, synthetic fibers, or any combination of these. There are also seasonal sweaters, including the familiar holiday-themed Christmas sweater.
František Máka
František Máka (born 27 September 1968 in Jičín) is a former Czech nordic combined skier who competed from 1990 to 1997. Competing in two Winter Olympics in the 3 × 10 km team event, he finished sixth in 1992 and fifth in 1994.

Máka's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was sixth at Val di Fiemme in 1991. His best World Cup career finish was fourth in a 15 km individual event in Czechoslovakia in 1990.

Jičín
Jičín (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjɪtʃiːn]; German: Jitschin or Gitschin) is a town in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 16,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.

The town's history is connected with Albrecht von Wallenstein who had rebuilt the town, and many sights bear his name.
Tottington Wood
Tottington Wood is a  5.1-hectare (13-acre) Local Nature Reserve in Small Dole in West Sussex. It is owned by Hopegar Properties and managed by The Tottington Woodlanders.

This semi-ancient wood is recorded back to 1600 and it has an oak tree which is over 250 years old. Mammals include roe deer and bats and there are birds such as woodpeckers and blue tits.

There is access by a footpath from Henfield Road.

Small Dole
Small Dole is a village in the Horsham District of West Sussex, in England. It lies on the A2037 road two miles (3.2 km) south of Henfield.

In the late 1970s the Church of England altered its ecclesiastical parish boundaries, transferring Small Dole from the parish of Upper Beeding (where the population at the 2011 Census is included) to the parish of Henfield. The civil parish boundary continues to use the older ecclesiastical boundary. Thus Small Dole is part of the civil parish of Upper Beeding and the ecclesiastical parish of Henfield, adding to the local feeling of being torn between the two larger communities.
Quebec Route 247
Route 247 is a north/south highway on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River in the Estrie region of Quebec. Its northern terminus is in Magog at the junction of Route 112 and its southern terminus is in Stanstead, at the junction of Autoroute 55 less than 1 kilometre north of the Canada–United States border.

Part of this highway straddles the Canada–United States border along Canusa Street, separating Beebe Plain, Vermont from Beebe Plain, Quebec.

Estrie
Estrie (French pronunciation: [ɛstʁi]) is an administrative region of Quebec that comprises the Eastern Townships. Estrie, a French neologism, was coined as a derivative of est, "east". Originally settled by anglophones, today it is about 90 per cent francophone. Anglophones are concentrated in Lennoxville, home of the region's only English-speaking university, Bishop's University. The English-language Eastern Townships School Board runs 20 elementary schools, three high schools, and a learning centre.

The region originally consisted of 6 regional county municipalities. In 2021, La Haute-Yamaska & Brome-Missisquoi joined Estrie, transferring from Montérégie.
Doniger
Doniger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Sundel Doniger (1888–1972), Polish-born American businessman

Walter Doniger (1917–2011), American film and television director

Wendy Doniger (born 1940), American Indologist

Wendy Doniger
Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (born November 20, 1940) is an American Indologist whose professional career has spanned five decades.  A scholar of Sanskrit and Indian textual traditions, her major works include The Hindus: An Alternative History; Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva; Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook; The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology; Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts; and The Rig Veda: An Anthology, 108 Hymns Translated from the Sanskrit.

She is the Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor Emerita of History of Religions at the University of Chicago, and has taught there since 1978. In 1998 she served as president of the Association for Asian Studies .
2018 Kangaroo Cup – Doubles
Eri Hozumi and Miyu Kato were the defending champions, but Kato chose to compete at the 2018 J&T Banka Prague Open. Hozumi chose to partner Makoto Ninomiya but lost in the semifinals to Ksenia Lykina and Emily Webley-Smith.

Rika Fujiwara and Yuki Naito won the title, defeating Lykina and Webley-Smith in the final, 7–5, 6–4.

Makoto Ninomiya
Makoto Ninomiya (二宮 真琴, Ninomiya Makoto; born 28 May 1994) is a Japanese professional tennis player.
She achieved a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 20 on 22 October 2018, and peaked at No. 280 in singles on 22 February 2016.
Partnered with Eri Hozumi, she reached the final of the 2018 French Open.

In doubles, she has won eight titles on the WTA Tour, one title on the WTA Challenger Tour as well as 21 ITF titles. In singles, there is only one ITF Circuit title.

Playing for Japan Fed Cup team, she has a win–loss record of 5–1 as of June 2024.
Donostialdea
Donostialdea is one of the eight regions of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Autonomous Community, corresponding to the basin of the lower Urumea River, along with a strip of basin corresponding to the Oria River. The region's name is derived from Donostia-San Sebastián, the capital city of Gipuzkoa in Spain. The region comprises eleven municipalities extending in an area of 305.72 km2 (see below, data released in 2006). It borders in the east with the region or subcomarca of Oarsoaldea, on the south with Leitzaldea or Norte de Aralar in Spanish (Navarre), on the west with Urola Kosta and on the north with the Bay of Biscay.

The area is served by the San Sebastián Metro, part of the Euskotren Trena network operated by Euskotren.

Euskotren
Euskotren, formally known as Basque Railways (Basque: Eusko Trenbideak, Spanish: Ferrocarriles Vascos), is a public railway company controlled by the Basque Government and officially established in 1982 to operate several 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) narrow gauge railways inside the autonomous community of the Basque Country, under the terms of the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country. Originally operating under the commercial brand ET/FV, it took control of the management and operations of the narrow gauge lines formerly operated by the railway company FEVE. The commercial brand eventually changed to Euskotren, as it remains today. Since 2006, the infrastructure on which the company runs its trains has been owned by Euskal Trenbide Sarea.
Newtonville, New Jersey
Newtonville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Buena Vista Township in Atlantic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Newtonville is located on a Conrail line 4.7 miles (7.6 km) east-northeast of Buena. Newtonville has a post office with ZIP Code 08346.

Atlantic County, New Jersey
Atlantic County is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 census, the county was the state's 15th-most-populous county, with a population of 274,534, a drop of 15 from the 2010 census count of 274,549. The United States Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program estimated a 2024 population of 279,114, an increase of 4,580 (+1.7%) from the 2020 decennial census. Its county seat is the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township. The county is part of the Jersey Shore and of the South Jersey region of the state.

The most populous place in Atlantic County is Egg Harbor Township, with 47,842 residents at the time of the 2020 census; Galloway Township, covered 115.21 square miles (298.4 km2), the largest total area of any municipality, though Hamilton Township has the largest land area, covering 111.13 square miles (287.8 km2). Atlantic County forms the Atlantic City–Hammonton metropolitan statistical area, which is also part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area.
Johnny Bedford
Johnny Bedford (born January 6, 1983) is an American retired mixed martial artist and bare-knuckle boxer. A professional from 2003 to 2017, he fought in the UFC, Bellator, the Legacy Fighting Alliance, and was a competitor on Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller. He also fought for the Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship (BKFC), where he was a former BKFC Bantamweight Champion.

Legacy Fighting Alliance
The Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Houston, Texas. It was created as a result of the Legacy Fighting Championship and Resurrection Fighting Alliance merger in 2016.
Pisgah phase
The Pisgah phase (1000 to 1450/1500 CE) is an archaeological phase of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture (a regional variation of the Mississippian culture) in Southeast North America. It is associated with the Appalachian Summit area of southeastern Tennessee, Western North Carolina, and northwestern South Carolina in what is now the United States.

The historic Cherokee and Catawba peoples of this region were generally the ones to encounter European explorers and colonists, beginning in the mid-16th century. Some peoples of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture chiefdoms also encountered the Spanish expeditions. The Mississippian cultures are believed to have been ancestral to the Creek and Catawba in this area.

Pigeon River (Tennessee–North Carolina)
The Pigeon River of Western North Carolina and East Tennessee rises above Canton, North Carolina, is impounded by Walters Dam, enters Tennessee, and flows into the French Broad River, just past Newport, Tennessee.  The river traverses the Pisgah National Forest and the Cherokee National Forest, and drains much of the northeastern Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

The river takes its name from the passenger pigeon, an extinct bird whose migration route once included the river valley in North Carolina.
John R. Kinnear
John Ritchey Kinnear (July 26, 1842 – March 31, 1912) was a politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington State Senate from 1889 to 1895.

He died at his home in Seattle on March 31, 1912.

Washington State Senate
The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of approximately 160,000. The state senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia.

As with the lower House of Representatives, state senators serve without term limits, and senators serve four-year terms. Senators are elected from the same legislative districts as House members, with each district electing one senator and two representatives. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the state senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions, and boards.
Fleet Staff
The Fleet Staff (Swedish: Flottans stab) was a staff in the Swedish Navy created in 1884, that corresponded to the General Staff in the Swedish Army. It consisted of a commander with the rank of flag officer or captain, as well as a number of officers (17 in 1907) from the Swedish Navy and the Swedish Coastal Artillery, who were assigned to serve on the staff. The Fleet Staff's tasks included developing plans for the mobilization of the navy and handling issues related to the maintenance and use of naval forces; monitoring and proposing training and exercises for the personnel; monitoring the development of naval warfare both within and outside the country; conducting research in naval warfare history, drafting necessary regulations, and similar tasks; and conducting investigations in maritime military matters. The Fleet Staff was renamed on 31 December 1907 and became the Naval Staff.

Swedish Army
The Swedish Army (Swedish: Svenska Armén) is the land force of the Swedish Armed Forces of the Kingdom of Sweden. Beginning with its service in 1521, the Swedish Army has been active for more than 500 years.
Gertrude Nya Mkandawire
Gertrude Nya Mkandawire is a Malawian politician, she was a member of the National Assembly in 2004 for the People's Transformation Party. She was then in the Democratic Progressive Party and she withdrew in the 2008 election's primaries because of the abuse and demands for bribes from party members. She stood as an independent (and unsuccessful) candidate in that constituency.

Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a political party in Malawi. It was formed in February 2005 by then-President of Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika after a dispute with his party, the United Democratic Front (UDF), which was led by him in the 2004 general election and chaired by his predecessor, Bakili Muluzi.
Emily Ronalds
Emily Ronalds (25 September 1795 – 10 December 1889) was a British social reformer. She supported pioneering cooperative communities, and also had extended theoretical and practical involvement in early childhood education through the formative years of the infant school movement in England.

James Pierrepont Greaves
James Pierrepont Greaves (1 February 1777 – 11 March 1842), was an English mystic, educational reformer, socialist and progressive thinker who founded Alcott House, a short-lived utopian community and free school in Surrey. He described himself as a "sacred socialist" and was an advocate of vegetarianism and other health practices.
Abgar V
Abgar V (c. 1st century BC – c. AD 50), called Ukkāmā (meaning "the Black" in Syriac and other dialects of Aramaic), was an Arab King of Osroene with his capital at Edessa and described as  "king of the Arabs".

Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. AD 260/265 – 30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist from the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima.

Together with Pamphilus, Eusebius was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote the Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. His work Onomasticon is an early geographical lexicon of places in the Holy Land mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337.
Belhaven University
Belhaven University (Belhaven or BU) is a private evangelical Christian university in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. Founded in 1883, the university offers traditional majors, programs of general studies, and pre-professional programs in Christian ministry, medicine, dentistry, law, and nursing.

National Association of Schools of Music
The National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) is an association of post-secondary music schools in the United States and the principal U.S. accreditor for higher education in music.  It was founded on October 20, 1924, and it began accrediting schools in 1939. It is based in Reston, Virginia.
Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant
Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant (1746 – October 8, 1793) was an American politician who served as a member of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey from 1774 to 1776. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution of New Jersey. He served as a delegate from the Province of New Jersey to the Second Continental Congress in 1776 and 1777, and as Pennsylvania Attorney General from 1777 to 1780.

Constitution of New Jersey
The Constitution of the State of New Jersey is the basic governing document of the State of New Jersey. In addition to three British Royal Charters issued for East Jersey, West Jersey and united New Jersey while they were still colonies, the state has been governed by three constitutions. The first was adopted on July 2, 1776, shortly before New Jersey ratified the United States Declaration of Independence and the second came into effect in 1844. The current document was adopted in 1947 and has been amended several times.

The state constitution reinforces the basic rights found in the United States Constitution, but also contains several unique provisions, such as regulations governing the operation of casinos. At 26,159 words, the document is slightly shorter than the average American state constitution (about 28,300 words).
Jackson Township, Newton County, Arkansas
Jackson Township is a township in Newton County, Arkansas, United States. Its total population was 1,620 as of the 2010 United States census, an increase of 1.76 percent from 1,592 at the 2000 census.

According to the 2010 Census, Jackson Township is located at 36°00′10″N 93°10′50″W﻿ / ﻿36.002703°N 93.180608°W﻿ / 36.002703; -93.180608 (36.002703, -93.180608). It has a total area of 59.933 square miles (155.23 square kilometers); of which 59.573 sq mi (154.29 km2) is land and 0.360 sq mi (0.93 km2) is water (0.60%). As per the USGS National Elevation Dataset, the elevation is 994 feet (303 m).

The city of Jasper is located within the township.

Newton County, Arkansas
Newton County is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,225. The county seat is Jasper.  Newton County is Arkansas's 46th county, formed on December 14, 1842, and named for Thomas W. Newton, an Arkansas Congressman.

Newton County is part of the Harrison, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area.

It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county.