hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dutch ship Tromp (1777)
Tromp was a Dutch fourth-rate ship of the line launched at Rotterdam in 1777. The Royal Navy captured her at the Capitulation of Saldanha Bay on 17 August 1796. The Royal Navy took her into service as HMS Tromp, sometimes referred to as HMS Van Tromp. In British service she served as a prison, troop, store, guard, hospital, or receiving ship until the Navy sold her in 1815.

Fourth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy, a fourth-rate was a ship of the line with two gun decks which mounted between 46 and 60 guns. They served in all conflicts the Royal Navy participated in during the early modern period until they were gradually phased out of active service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, as their usefulness was declining; though fourth-rates often remained in service on distant stations such as the East Indies. Several fourth-rates were created by razeeing larger ships of the line, and occasionally from East Indiamen such as HMS Calcutta.
Incensole
Incensole is a C20 diterpene alcohol and biomarker for some plants of the Boswellia genus. It, along with its acetate ester incensole acetate, is an abundant component of frankincense, the resin collected from Boswellia trees. Incensole is used archaeologically to assist in identifying trade routes and distinguishing the identity of frankincense from other resins which may have been used together in incense and other salves. Incensole has also been deemed to be an active component in medicinal frankincense.

Acetate
An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic, or radical base). "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called an anion) typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula C2H3O−2. The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a positive ion (called a cation) are also commonly called "acetates" (hence, acetate of lead, acetate of aluminium, etc.). The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate (called acetic acid) with corresponding salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion CH3CO−2, or CH3COO−.

Most of the approximately 5 million tonnes of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis.
Erhard Mahlknecht
Erhard Mahlknecht was an Italian luger who competed in from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. A natural track luger, he won a bronze in the singles event at the 1996 FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships in Oberperfuss, Austria.

Mahlknecht also won two men's singles medals at the FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships with a silver in 1991 and a bronze in 1987.

FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships
The FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships, part of the International Luge Federation (FIL), have taken place since 1970. A team event was added for the 2010 championships. For information on luge championships in Europe that have been contested since 1914, please see FIL European Luge Championships.
Refqa Abu-Remaileh
Refqa Abu-Remaileh (Arabic: رفقة أبو رميلة; born in Amman, Jordan) is a university teacher and author with a focus on Modern Arabic literature and film studies. Since 2020, she is associate professor in the department for Semitic and Arabic Studies at the Free University of Berlin, Germany. She is mainly known for her publications on the literature and films created by Palestinian people who often live as refugees and exiles, both in the Middle East and the world-wide Palestinian diaspora.

Film studies
Film studies is an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to cinema as an art form and a medium. It is sometimes subsumed within media studies and is often compared to television studies.

Film studies is less concerned with advancing proficiency in film production than it is with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural, economic, and political implications of the cinema. In searching for these social-ideological values, film studies takes a series of critical approaches for the analysis of production, theoretical framework, context, and creation. Also, in studying film, possible careers include critic or production. Overall the study of film continues to grow, as does the industry on which it focuses.

Academic journals publishing film studies work include Sight and Sound, Film Comment, Film International, CineAction, Screen, Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Film Quarterly, and Journal of Film and Video.
Tietgen
Tietgen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carl Frederik Tietgen (1829–1901), Danish financier and industrialist
SS C.F. Tietgen, ship named after the merchant

Lane Tietgen, American poet, composer and musician

Carl Frederik Tietgen
Carl Frederik Tietgen (19 March 1829 – 19 October 1901) was a Danish financier and industrialist. He played an important role in the industrialisation of Denmark as the founder of numerous prominent Danish companies, many of which are still in operation today. Tietgen notably formed conglomerates, thus several of Tietgen's companies attained monopoly-like status, cementing their durability.

Tietgen was a dedicated Grundtvigian, and  financed the completion of the Marble Church at his own expense.
Brstovnica
Brstovnica (pronounced [bəɾstɔu̯ˈniːtsa]) is a settlement on the left bank of the Savinja River in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Archaeological evidence shows that the area has been settled since prehistoric and Roman times.

Savinja
The Savinja (pronounced [saˈʋìːnja]) is a river in northeast Slovenia which flows mostly in the Upper and Lower Savinja Valley (Slovene: Zgornja in Spodnja Savinjska dolina) and through the cities of Celje and Laško. The Savinja is the main river of the Savinja Alps (Sln. Savinjske Alpe). It flows into the Sava River at the town of Zidani Most. It has often flooded, such as in the 1960s, 1990, and 1995. The Savinja has a length of 101.75 kilometres (63.22 mi) and a catchment area of 1,847.7 km2 (713.4 sq mi).
Gene Schall
Eugene David Schall (born June 5, 1970) is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman. He played during two seasons at the major league level for the Philadelphia Phillies. He was drafted by the Phillies in the 4th round of the 1991 amateur draft. Schall played his first professional season with their Class A (Short Season) Batavia Clippers in 1991, and his last with their Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons in 2002.

Schall played college baseball at Villanova, earning All-Tournament honors after the 1989 Big East Conference baseball tournament.  He was named an ABCA All-American in 1991.

Villanova Wildcats baseball
The Villanova Wildcats baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of Villanova University in Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States. The program's first season was in 1866, and it has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big East Conference since the start of the 1980 season. Its home venue is Villanova Ballpark at Plymouth, located 13 minutes from Villanova’s campus at 810 Germantown Pike Plymouth Meeting, PA. Kevin Mulvey is the team's head coach starting in the 2017 season. The program has appeared in 2 NCAA Tournaments at the Division I level.
Japanese cruiser Chikuma (1911)
Chikuma (筑摩) was the lead ship in the Chikuma class of protected cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy.  Chikuma had two sister ships, Hirado and the Yahagi. Chikuma was named for the Chikuma River in Nagano prefecture.

Protected cruiser
Protected cruisers, a type of cruiser of the late 19th century, took their name from the armored deck, which protected vital machine-spaces from fragments released by explosive shells. Protected cruisers notably lacked a belt of armour along the sides, in contrast to armored cruisers which carried both deck and belt armour.

Outside of a handful of very large designs in the major navies (which preceded the revival of armored cruisers), the majority of protected cruisers were of 'second-' or 'third-class' types, lighter in displacement and mounting fewer and/or lighter guns than armored cruisers.

By the early 20th-century, with the advent of increasingly lighter yet stronger armour, even smaller vessels could afford some level of both belt and deck armour. In the place of protected cruisers, these new 'light armored cruisers' would evolve into light cruisers and heavy cruisers, the former especially taking on many of the roles originally envisioned for protected cruisers.
HMS Arethusa (1849)
HMS Arethusa was a 50-gun fourth-rate sailing frigate of the Royal Navy launched in 1849 from the Pembroke Dockyard. The fourth naval ship to bear the name, she served in the Crimean War and then in 1861 was converted to a steam screw frigate.  Decommissioned in 1874, Arethusa became a school and training ship on the River Thames, preparing young boys for maritime careers, until she was broken up in 1934.

Fourth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy, a fourth-rate was a ship of the line with two gun decks which mounted between 46 and 60 guns. They served in all conflicts the Royal Navy participated in during the early modern period until they were gradually phased out of active service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, as their usefulness was declining; though fourth-rates often remained in service on distant stations such as the East Indies. Several fourth-rates were created by razeeing larger ships of the line, and occasionally from East Indiamen such as HMS Calcutta.
Shippo no Uta
"Shippo no Uta" (しっぽのうた; lit. 'Tail Song') is a song by Japanese voice actress and singer Maaya Sakamoto, released as her seventh single on June 21, 2000, through Victor Entertainment. Co-written by Hiroshi Ichikura and Yoko Kanno, the song served as the theme song for the Sega Dreamcast role-playing video game Napple Tale: Arsia in Daydream.

Napple Tale: Arsia in Daydream
Napple Tale: Arsia in Daydream (ナップルテール アリシア イン デイドリーム), more commonly called simply Napple Tale, is a 2.5D platform game for the Sega Dreamcast, released on October 19, 2000 in Japan. It is notable for cultivating a "feminine sensibility" in its design by employing primarily women for its creative staff. An unofficial English translation patch was released in 2019.
Welkom
Welkom (Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈvɛlkɔm]) is a city in the Free State province of South Africa, located about 140 kilometres (90 mi) northeast of Bloemfontein, the provincial capital. Welkom is also known as Circle City, City Within A Garden, Mvela and Matjhabeng. The city's Sesotho name, Matjhabeng means 'where nations meet', derived from the migrant labour system, where people of various countries such as Lesotho, Malawi and Mozambique etc. met to work in the mines of the gold fields.

A settlement was laid out on a farm named "Welkom" (which is the Afrikaans and Dutch word for "welcome") after gold was discovered in the region, and it was officially proclaimed a town in 1948. The town became a municipality in 1961. It now falls in the Matjhabeng Municipality, part of the Lejweleputswa District.

Sotho language
Sotho (/ˈsuːtuː/), also known as Sesotho (/sɪˈsuːtuː, sə-/), Southern Sotho, or Sesotho sa Borwa, is a Southern Bantu language spoken in Lesotho, as its national language, and South Africa, where it is an official language.

Like all Bantu languages, Sesotho is an agglutinative language, using numerous affixes and derivational and inflexional rules to build complete words.
Shorty (You Keep Playin' with My Mind)
"Shorty (You Keep Playin' with My Mind)" is the debut single from R&B group Imajin and features a rap from Keith Murray. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in 1998. The song contains a sample of "Dance With Me" by Peter Brown.

Imajin
Imajin was an American R&B boy band that is known for their hit "Shorty (You Keep Playing With My Mind)" with Keith Murray. The group also made a version of this song with Mr. Cheeks of the rap group The Lost Boyz. This single peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 20 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 22 in the UK Singles Chart in 1998.
William R. Carey
William R. Carey was one of a group of American volunteer soldiers who went to the frontier territory of Texas in 1835 during the Texas Revolution against Mexico.  He was born in Virginia in about 1806, the son of Moses Carey. He was killed in 1836 at the Battle of the Alamo.

Carey was the first Texas commander at the Alamo. Ranked as Captain, he commanded an artillery company at his own expense, which was dubbed "The Invincibles".  He also fought at San Antonio de Béxar, and wrote a letter to his brother and sister in Virginia describing the events of that battle.

Carey was killed in the Alamo by the Mexican troops of Antonio López de Santa Anna.

Texas Revolution
The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion by Anglo-American immigrants as well as Hispanic Texans (known as Texians and Tejanos respectively) against the centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. The uprising was part of a larger revolt against the Centralist Republic of Mexico that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States about a decade later.
Reyneke Island (Sea of Okhotsk)
Reyneke Island (Russian: Остров Рейнеке; Ostrov Reyneke) is an island in the Sea of Okhotsk, administratively part of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. The uninhabited island lies 45 kilometres (28 miles) to the south-east of Menshikov Island, and has an area of approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) in length and a maximum width of 1.6 kilometres (0.99 miles). It is a mountainous island located close to a headland of the continental shore, separated from mainland Khabarovsk Krai by a 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) wide sound.

Sound (geography)
In geography, a sound is a smaller body of water usually connected to a sea or an ocean. A sound may be an inlet that is deeper than a bight and wider than a fjord; or  a narrow sea channel or an ocean channel between two land masses, such as a strait; or also a lagoon between a barrier island and the mainland.
Mortal Causes
Mortal Causes is a 1994 novel by Ian Rankin. It is the sixth of the Inspector Rebus novels.  It was the fourth episode in the Rebus television series starring John Hannah, airing in 2004.

It also exists as an audiobook, narrated by James MacPherson.

John Hannah (actor)
John Hannah (born 23 April 1962) is a Scottish actor and narrator. He came to prominence in Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role as Matthew. His other film appearances include Sliding Doors (1998), The Hurricane (1999), and The Mummy trilogy (1999–2008).

His television roles include: Dr Iain McCallum in McCallum (1995–1998); D.I. John Rebus in Rebus (2000–2001); Jack Roper in New Street Law (2006–2007); Jake Osbourne in Cold Blood (2007–2008), Quintus Lentulus Batiatus in Spartacus (2010–2011), Jack Cloth in A Touch of Cloth (2012–2014), Jason's father (Aeson) in the BBC series Atlantis (2013–2015), Dr Holden Radcliffe in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2016–2017), Colin in Overboard (2018), and Archie Wilson in the BBC series Trust Me.
Melanophryniscus simplex
Melanophryniscus simplex is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae.

It is endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, intermittent freshwater lakes, and freshwater marshes.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Toad
Toad (also known as a hoptoad) is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoid glands.

In popular culture (folk taxonomy), toads are distinguished from frogs by their drier, rougher skin and association with more terrestrial habitats. However, this distinction does not align precisely with scientific taxonomy.
Caroline Dive
Caroline Dive CBE (born April 1962) is a British cancer research scientist. Dive is Professor of Cancer Pharmacology at the University of Manchester, Interim Director of the Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Manchester Institute, Director of the CRUK National Biomarker Centre and co-director of the CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence. She is the past president of The European Association for Cancer Research (EACR).

Dive's citation upon election as Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences describes her as internationally renowned for her work on the development of liquid biopsy methods which use biomarkers circulating in the blood, such as circulating tumour cells and cell-free tumour DNA, to diagnose and monitor cancer.

The Christie
The Christie, formerly known as Christie Hospital and The Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute, is a specialist National Health Service (NHS) single site cancer centre in Manchester, United Kingdom. The hospital is managed by The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, which as of 2024 had a turnover of £472 million and around 3,500 staff. Its work is supported by The Christie Charity.

The hospital was established in 1890 by Richard Copley Christie, after whom, along with his wife Mary, it is named. Initially situated off Oxford Road in Manchester, the centre moved to a purpose-built facility in Withington in 1932 and became part of the NHS in 1948.
Djam Karet
Djam Karet is an instrumental progressive rock band based in Topanga, California.  The band was founded in 1984 by guitarists Gayle Ellett and Mike Henderson, bassist Henry J. Osborne, and drummer Chuck Oken, Jr.  The band's name is an old spelling of an Indonesian word (pronounced by English speakers as 'jum car-RAT) that translates loosely as "elastic time".

Republican Spelling System
The Republican Spelling System (in Indonesian: ejaan Republik, when written in the current spelling system, or edjaan Repoeblik, when written in this spelling system) or Soewandi Spelling (in Indonesian: ejaan Suwandi, when written in the current spelling system, or edjaan Soewandi, when written in this spelling system) was the orthography used for Indonesian from 19 March 1947 until 17 August 1972. It was named after the Indonesian Minister of Learning at the time, Raden Soewandi.
North Carolina Highway 12
North Carolina Highway 12 (NC 12) is a 148.0-mile-long (238.2 km) primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina, linking the peninsulas and islands of the northern Outer Banks. Most sections of NC 12 are two lanes wide, and there are also two North Carolina Ferry System routes which maintain continuity of the route as it traverses the Outer Banks region. NC 12 is part of the Outer Banks Scenic Byway, a National Scenic Byway. The first NC 12 appeared on the 1924 North Carolina Official Map and at its greatest length ran from NC 30 in Pollocksville to NC 48 near Murfreesboro. Over time it was replaced by both U.S. Route 258 (US 258) and NC 58 and ceased to exist in 1958. The current NC 12 first appeared on the 1964 state highway map running from US 158 in Nags Head to Ocracoke. In 1976 NC 12 was extended to US 70 on the mainland and in 1987 was extended north to Corolla.

Pollocksville, North Carolina
Pollocksville is a town in Jones County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 268 at the 2020 census. It is part of the New Bern, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is situated on US 17 and Highway 58.
Aïn El Ibil District
Aïn El Ibil District is a district of Djelfa Province, Algeria.

The district is further divided into 4 municipalities:

Aïn El Ibel

Mouadjebara

Tadmit

Zaccar

34°21′00″N 3°13′00″E﻿ / ﻿34.3500°N 3.2167°E﻿ / 34.3500; 3.2167

Tadmit
Tadmit is a small town and commune in Djelfa Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 6,172. Tadmit is something of a secluded town, although it is located several kilometres southwest of Djelfa. It is accessed via a small road off the N1 Trans-Saharan Highway.
John G. Reid
John G. Reid is a Canadian historian.  The principal focus of his work is on the history of early modern northeastern North America (focusing especially on imperial-aboriginal issues in Acadia/Nova Scotia and northern New England), the history of Atlantic Canada, and the history of higher education. According to historian Geoffrey Plank, "No active historian studying the 17th and 18th century Maritime region has produced a richer or more varied body of scholarship than John G. Reid."  He was also an expert witness in a number of court cases, including the Mi’kmaw and Wulstukwiuk treaty rights case R. v. Donald Marshall Junior (See R v. Simon).

Royal Society of Canada
The Royal Society of Canada (RSC; French: Société royale du Canada, SRC), also known as the Academies of Arts, Humanities, and Sciences of Canada (French: Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada), is the senior national, bilingual council of distinguished Canadian scholars, humanists, scientists, and artists in Canada.

As Canada's national academy, the RSC exists to promote Canadian research and scholarly accomplishment in both of Canada's official languages; advise governments, non-governmental organizations, and Canadians generally on matters of public interest; recognize academic and artistic excellence; and mentor young scholars and artists.
Truth claim
A truth claim is an assertion held to be true in a religious belief system; however, it does not follow that the assertion can be proven true. For example, a truth claim in Judaism is that only one God exists, while other religions are polytheistic. Conflicting truth claims between different religions can be a cause of religious conflict. The theory of truth claims has been advanced by John Hick.

John Hick
John Harwood Hick (20 January 1922 – 9 February 2012) was an English philosopher of religion and theologian who taught in the United States for the larger part of his career. In philosophical theology he made contributions in the areas of theodicy, eschatology and Christology, and in the philosophy of religion he contributed to the areas of epistemology of religion and religious pluralism.