hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Least absolute deviations
Least absolute deviations (LAD), also known as least absolute errors (LAE), least absolute residuals (LAR), or least absolute values (LAV), is a statistical optimality criterion and a statistical optimization technique based on minimizing the sum of absolute deviations (also sum of absolute residuals or sum of absolute errors) or the L1 norm of such values. It is analogous to the least squares technique, except that it is based on absolute values instead of squared values. It attempts to find a function which closely approximates a set of data by minimizing residuals between points generated by the function and corresponding data points. The LAD estimate also arises as the maximum likelihood estimate if the errors have a Laplace distribution. It was introduced in 1757 by Roger Joseph Boscovich.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP)  is a historical usage dictionary of words, expressions, or meanings which are native to Canada or which are distinctively characteristic of Canadian English  though not necessarily exclusive to Canada. The first edition was published by W. J. Gage Limited in 1967. The text of this first edition was scanned and  released as a free-access online dictionary in 2013.

A second edition of A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP-2), was then created by expanding and partially revising the first edition's data set. DCHP-2 was published in 2017 as an academic project by the University of British Columbia, and is only available as a free-access online dictionary.

A third edition (DCHP-3), this time in mobile-friendly format, was released in 2025 with 181 new meanings relating to minoritized groups and the originally more informal vocabulary.

Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary
A language-for-specific-purposes dictionary (LSP dictionary) is a reference work which defines the specialised vocabulary used by experts within a particular field, for example, architecture. The discipline that deals with these dictionaries is specialised lexicography.  Medical dictionaries are well-known examples of the type.
Diebels
Brauerei Diebels is a firm based in Issum on the Lower Rhine that manufactures various beer products. The company was a prominent shirt sponsor of the German Bundesliga clubs MSV Duisburg between 1977 and 1981 and Borussia Mönchengladbach during the 1990s.

In 2005 the company produced 1,006,000 hectoliters of beer. Compared to 2004, production fell by two percent, compared to 2001 by around 33 percent. With the introduction of a Diebels Pils in 2005, production could only be stabilized for a short time. In addition to the Diebels brands, various products from the Beck & Co. brewery, which also belongs to the Anheuser-Busch Inbev Group, are bottled in Issum. In 2016 only 350,000 hl of beer were produced.

Diebels was shirt sponsor of Borussia Mönchengladbach from 1994 to 1997 and of Fortuna Düsseldorf from 1993 to 1998. In addition, Diebels drove in the 1990s at the German Touring Car Championship with the Dane Kurt Thiim and Jörg van Ommen from Moers.

MSV Duisburg
Meidericher Spielverein 02 e. V. Duisburg, commonly known as simply MSV Duisburg (German pronunciation: [ʔɛm ʔɛs faʊ ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k]), is a German association football club based in Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia. Nicknamed Die Zebras for their traditional striped jerseys, the club was one of the original members of the Bundesliga when it was formed in 1963.
October Song
October Song might refer to

"October Song", a song performed by The Incredible String Band from their eponymous first album

"October Song", a song performed by Amy Winehouse from her debut album Frank

The Incredible String Band (album)
The Incredible String Band is the debut album by The Incredible String Band, released in the United Kingdom in October 1966 by record label Elektra. It is the only one of the band's albums to feature the original trio line-up with Clive Palmer, Robin Williamson and Mike Heron.
HMS Hedingham Castle
Two British Royal Navy warships have been named Hedingham Castle, after Hedingham Castle in Essex.  They were both Castle-class corvettes built during the Second World War.

HMS Hedingham Castle (K491) was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy before launching and renamed HMCS Orangeville.  She was launched on 26 January 1944.

HMS Hedingham Castle (K529) was launched on 30 October 1944 and broken up in 1958.

Hedingham Castle
Hedingham Castle, in the village of Castle Hedingham, Essex, is arguably the best preserved Norman keep in England. The castle fortifications and outbuildings were built around 1100, and the keep around 1140. However, the keep is the only major medieval structure that has survived, albeit less two turrets. It is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument. The keep is open to the public.
Animal-made art
Animal-made art consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office.

Celebes crested macaque
The Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra), also known as the crested black macaque, Sulawesi crested macaque, or the black ape, is an Old World monkey that lives in the tropical regions of north Sulawesi.
James Morgan (journalist)
James Morgan (29 December 1938 – 26 June 2002) was the BBC World Service's economics correspondent from 1974 to 1998. He was also a prominent national newspaper columnist, writing a personal column in the Financial Times from 1995 to 1999. He was known for his "wise, incisive" reporting style and ability to summarise complex economic issues comprehensibly. He began his working life on the Far Eastern Economic Review, a Malaysia-based magazine devoted to financial affairs, before moving to the Centre for Economic Policy Research. During his career at the World Service, he reported on all the major international economic events of the period, including the consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the first meetings of the G7.

His book, The Last Generation (1996), was a study of the prospects for economic intervention in the progress of global warming. It was written under the auspices of the World Humanity Action Trust (WHAT).

Far Eastern Economic Review
The Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER or The Review) was an Asian business magazine published from 1946 to 2009. The English-language news magazine was based in Hong Kong and published weekly until it converted to a monthly publication in December 2004 because of financial difficulties.

The Review covered a variety of topics including politics, business, economics, technology, and social and cultural issues throughout Asia, focusing on Southeast Asia and Greater China.
Izgrev, Varna Province
43°18′N 027°42′E﻿ / ﻿43.300°N 27.700°E﻿ / 43.300; 27.700

Izgrev (Bulgarian: Изгрев) is a village (село) in northeastern Bulgaria, located in the Suvorovo Municipality (Община Суворово) of the Varna Province (Област Варна).

Suvorovo Municipality
Suvorovo Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Суворово) is a municipality (obshtina) in Varna Province, Northeastern Bulgaria, not far from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. It is named after its administrative centre – the town of Suvorovo.

The municipality embraces a territory of 216 km2 (83 sq mi) with a population of 7,544 inhabitants, as of December 2009.
Con Mine
The Con Mine (1938–2003) was the first gold mine developed in the Northwest Territories, Canada, just south of Yellowknife. The property was staked by Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada (Cominco) in September 1935 in response to the discovery of visible gold nearby; the name "Con" is an abbreviation of "Consolidated". The advent of winter prevented any prospecting from being conducted, but work in the summer of 1936 led to the discovery of numerous gold veins. The Con Mine entered production in 1938 and ceased operations in 2003. It has produced over 5,000,000 ozt (160,000 kg) of gold from 12,195,585 tons of ore processed. The mine was over 6,000 ft (1,800 m) deep.

Owners of the mine have included Cominco (1938–1986), Nerco Minerals (1986–1993), Miramar Mining Corp. (1993–2008), and Newmont Mining Corp. (2008–present).

Geologically, the Con Mine is located within the Kam Group which is part of the Yellowknife greenstone belt.

Gold mining
Gold mining is the extraction of gold by mining.

Historically, gold mining from alluvial deposits used manual separation processes, such as gold panning. The expansion of gold mining to ores that are below the surface has led to more complex extraction processes such as pit mining and gold cyanidation. In the 20th and 21st centuries, large corporations produce the vast majority of the gold mined. However, as a result of the increasing value of gold, there are also millions of small, artisanal miners in many parts of the Global South.

As with all mining, human rights and environmental issues are important issues in the gold mining industry, and can result in environmental conflict. In mines with less regulation, health and safety risks are much higher.
Ignatius Knoblecher
Ignatius Knoblecher (Slovene: Ignacij Knoblehar or Knobleher; 6 July 1819 – 13 April 1858), also known by his Arabian nickname Abuna Soliman (meaning "Our Father Solomon"), was a Slovene Roman Catholic missionary in Eastern North Africa. He was one of the first explorers of the White Nile basin.

Archdiocese of Khartoum
The Archdiocese of Khartoum (Latin: Khartumen(sis)) is a Catholic jurisdiction within the Latin Church in Sudan, with its episcopal seat in the national capital of Khartoum. It is the head of an ecclesiastical province, including the suffragan Diocese of El Obeid, that covers the entirety of Sudan.
Union Church, Hong Kong
Union Church (Chinese: 香港佑寧堂) is an English-speaking, interdenominational church in Hong Kong, which was established in 1844. The latest Union Church building was the 4th generation building. It was located at No. 22A Kennedy Road, Mid-Levels, up the hill from Central and Admiralty, and next to where the Peak Tram bridge intersects with Kennedy Road. Demolition work started in 2017 and a residential building including a church at its base is to be built at the same location.

Admiralty, Hong Kong
Admiralty (金鐘; Gāmjūng) is the eastern extension of the central business district (adjacent to, but separate from, Central) on the Hong Kong Island of Hong Kong. It is located on the eastern end of the Central and Western District, bordered by Wan Chai to the east and Victoria Harbour to the north.

The name of Admiralty refers to the former Admiralty Dock in the area which housed a naval dockyard. The dock was later demolished when land was reclaimed and developed northward as the naval base HMS Tamar. The Cantonese name, Kam Chung (金鐘), lit. "Golden Bell", refers to a gold-coloured bell that was used for timekeeping at Wellington Barracks.
Gunnuhver
63°49′11″N 22°41′15″W﻿ / ﻿63.819861°N 22.687395°W﻿ / 63.819861; -22.687395

Gunnuhver (Icelandic: Gunnuhver) is an active geothermal area of hot springs, mud pools and fumaroles on the southwestern tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. It lies within the Reykjanes UNESCO Global Geopark and close to the Reykjanesviti lighthouse. The site has been the focus of safety measures and occasional closures due to changing geothermal activity.

Geothermal activity
Geothermal activity is a group of natural heat transfer processes, occurring on Earth's surface, caused by the presence of excess heat in the subsurface of the affected area, usually caused by the presence of an igneous intrusion underground. Geothermal activity can manifest itself in a variety of different phenomena, including, among others, elevated surface temperatures, various forms of hydrothermal activity, and the presence of fumaroles that emit hot volcanic gases.
Louis Pfenninger
Louis Pfenninger (born 1 November 1944) is a former Swiss racing cyclist who won the Tour de Suisse in 1968 and 1972. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics and rode the Tour de France in 1967. He was the Swiss National Road Race champion in 1971.

Tour de Suisse
The Tour de Suisse (English: Tour of Switzerland) is an annual road cycling stage race. Raced over eight days, the event covers two weekends in June, and along with the Critérium du Dauphiné, it is considered a proving ground for the Tour de France, which is on the calendar approximately two weeks after the end of the Tour de Suisse. Since 2011 the event is part of the UCI World Tour, cycling's highest level of professional races.

From 2021, a women's race has been held at the same time, with the event joining the UCI Women's World Tour from 2023.
Theresa Fu
Theresa Fu (born 22 September 1984) is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer, film and television actress, and model.

Fu was introduced by the Talent Bang model agency in order to become a pop star. She started her career in 2002 as one of the members of Cookies. The group disbanded in 2005.

In 2005, she recorded a duet, "自欺欺人", with Alex Fong. In 2006, she published a book with her personal drawings, stories and views on love. She is also good friends with her ex-bandmate, Stephy Tang.

In 2008, Fu performed at the S.U.C.C.E.S.S. charity gala in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with many other artists.

On 30 May 2008, Fu appeared as a special guest on Leo Ku's The Magic Moments Concert in Toronto to a crowd of 10,000 people at Rogers Centre.

Fu's parents were immigrants from Fujian and her ancestral origin is in Xianyou.

S.U.C.C.E.S.S.
The United Chinese Community Enrichment Services Society (traditional Chinese: 中僑互助會; simplified Chinese: 中侨互助会; pinyin: Zhōng Qiáo Hùzhù Huì or 中僑/中侨 Zhōng Qiáo) or S.U.C.C.E.S.S., is a Canadian social services organization headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Gunnlod (moon)
Gunnlod (Saturn LXII), provisionally known as S/2004 S 32, is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna on October 8, 2019 from observations taken between December 12, 2004 and January 19, 2007. It was given its permanent designation in August 2021. On 24 August 2022, it was officially named after Gunnlǫð, a jötunn from Norse mythology. She is the daughter of Suttungr and guarded the mead of poetry for him. But Odin in the form of a snake gained access to the chamber in Hnitbjorg where the mead was kept, seduced Gunnlǫð, and slept with her for three nights. In return Gunnlǫð allowed Odin three drinks of the mead, and he then immediately flew out of the cavern in the form of an eagle.

Gunnlod is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 21.214 million km in 1153.96 days, at an inclination of 159° to the ecliptic, in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.251.

Mead of poetry
In Norse mythology, the Poetic Mead or Mead of Poetry, also known as Mead of Suttungr, is a mythical beverage that whoever "drinks becomes a skald or scholar" able to recite any information and solve any question. This myth was reported by Snorri Sturluson in Skáldskaparmál. The drink is a vivid metaphor for poetic inspiration, often associated with Odin the god of 'possession' via berserker rage or poetic inspiration.
Puruarán
Puruarán is an inhabited place in Mexico. It is located in the municipality of Turicato in the state of Michoacán, in the western part of the country, 250 km west of the capital Mexico City. Puruarán is situated 1,117 meters above sea level and the number of inhabitants is 7,162.

The terrain around Puruarán is somewhat mountainous. The highest point nearby is Cerro Nombre de Dios, 1,655 meters above sea level, 3.8 km west of Puruarán.The area around Puruarán is quite sparsely populated, with 45 inhabitants per square kilometer. The nearest larger community is Tacámbaro de Codallos, 16,8 km north of Puruarán. In the surroundings around Puruarán, mainly savannah forest grows.

Forest–savanna mosaic
Forest–savanna mosaic is a transitory ecotone between the tropical moist broadleaf forests of Equatorial Africa and the drier savannas and open woodlands to the north and south of the forest belt. The forest–savanna mosaic consists of drier forests, often gallery forest, interspersed with savannas and open grasslands.
Niederrickenbach Station railway station
Niederrickenbach Station railway station is a Swiss railway station in the municipality of Wolfenschiessen in the canton of Nidwalden. It is on the Luzern–Stans–Engelberg line, owned by the Zentralbahn railway company. The station is adjacent to the lower station of the cable car, to the hamlet of Niederrickenbach and the convent of Maria-Rickenbach, from which it takes its name.

Niederrickenbach station is 2.3 km (1.4 mi) horizontally and 650 m (2,130 ft) vertically from Niederrickenbach hamlet. Unusually, and perhaps for this reason, the German language railway timetable includes the word Station as part of the name of this railway station. Because of the distance the station was made a request stop.

Oberdorf, Nidwalden
Oberdorf is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland. It consists of the villages and hamlets of Wil, Ennerberg, Waltersberg, Büren nid dem Bach and Niederrickenbach.

The Benedictine convent of Maria-Rickenbach is located within the municipality, next to the hamlet of Niederrickenbach. The convent lies at an altitude of 1,150 m (3,770 ft) and is accessible by cable car.
James Fergus (bishop)
James Fergus (23 December 1895 – 24 March 1989) was an Irish Roman Catholic clergyman who served as Bishop of Achonry from 1947 to 1976.

Fergus was born in Louisburgh, County Mayo. He was ordained in 1920 and began his career with a curacy at Glenamaddy. After that he was Secretary to Thomas Gilmartin (Archbishop of Tuam from 1918 to 1939). He was Parish Priest at Ballinrobe until his consecration as bishop.

Archbishop of Tuam
The Archbishop of Tuam (/ˈtjuːəm/ TEW-əm; Irish: Ard-Easpag Thuama) is an archbishop which takes its name after the town of Tuam in County Galway, Ireland. The title was used by the Church of Ireland until 1839, and is still in use by the Catholic Church.
Bill Cosby Is Not Himself These Days
Bill Cosby Is Not Himself These Days - Rat Own, Rat Own, Rat Own (1976) is a musical comedy album by Bill Cosby. He parodies various rhythm and blues artists including James Brown and Barry White. The songs were written with producer and keyboardist Stu Gardner. This is also his first album on Capitol Records, his fourth musical album release overall (not counting the 1971 band project Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral & Marching Band and its 1972 sequel).

Barry White
Barry Eugene White (né Carter; September 12, 1944 – July 4, 2003) was an American R&B and disco singer, songwriter, actor, and record producer. A two-time Grammy Award winner known for his bass voice and romantic image, his greatest success came in the 1970s as a solo singer and with the Love Unlimited Orchestra, crafting many enduring R&B, soul, and disco songs such as his two biggest hits: "Can't Get Enough of Your Love, Babe" and "You're the First, the Last, My Everything".

White recorded 20 studio albums during the course of his career, while multiple versions and compilations were released worldwide that were certified gold, 41 of which also attained platinum status. White had 20 gold and 10 platinum singles, with worldwide record sales in excess of 100 million records, and is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. His influences included James Cleveland, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, the Supremes, the Four Tops, and Marvin Gaye.
Grochowiska
Grochowiska may refer any of the following villages in Poland:

Grochowiska, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)

Grochowiska, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)

Grochowiska, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland), site of the Battle of Grochowiska in 1863

Grochowiska, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)

Grochowiska, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)

Grochowiska, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Grochowiska [ɡrɔxɔˈviska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczecinek, within Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) east of Szczecinek and 150 km (93 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 100.
Tim Seder
Timothy R. Seder (born September 17, 1974) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, Minnesota Vikings, and Jacksonville Jaguars. He played college football for the Ashland Eagles.

Ashland University
Ashland University is a private university in Ashland, Ohio, United States. The university consists of a 135-acre (55 ha) main campus and several off-campus centers throughout central and northern Ohio. Ashland was founded in 1878 as Ashland College.  It is affiliated with The Brethren Church.

In addition to a graduate school, the university consists of four colleges: the College of Arts and Sciences, the Schar College of Education, the Dauch College of Business and Economics, and the Schar College of Nursing and Health Sciences and offers over 60 college majors. Ashland Theological Seminary, a division of Ashland University, offers a Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) degree as well as master's degrees. Ashland is classified as a master's university with most graduate research being in a professional field.