hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Linux kernel version history
This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel, a free, open-source, and Unix-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide.

Since the Linux kernel's creation by Linus Torvalds in 1991, it grew rapidly as many developers contributed to the project.

The kernel became self-hosting as of version 0.11 in December 1991.
Linux 1.0.0 was released in March 1994, consisting of over 170,000 lines of source code.

The most recent stable release of the Linux kernel is 6.19, released on 8 February 2026.

Self-hosting (compilers)
In computer programming, self-hosting is the use of a program as part of the toolchain or operating system that produces new versions of that same program—for example, a compiler that can compile its own source code. Self-hosting software is commonplace on personal computers and larger systems. Other programs that are typically self-hosting include kernels, assemblers, command-line interpreters and revision control software.
Aureole (horse)
Aureole (1950–1974) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire who was owned by Elizabeth II. In a career that lasted from August 1952 until July 1954, he ran fourteen times and won eleven races. As a three-year-old in 1953, he won the Lingfield Derby Trial before finishing second to Pinza in both the Derby and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. He reached his peak as a four-year-old in 1954 when he won his last four races: the Victor Wild Stakes at Kempton, the Coronation Cup at Epsom, the Hardwicke Stakes at Royal Ascot and Britain's most prestigious all-aged race, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. After retiring from racing he was sent to stud, where he became a successful sire of winners.

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 211 yards (2,406 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.

It is Britain's most prestigious open-age flat race, and its roll of honour features some of the most highly acclaimed horses of the sport's recent history. The 1975 running, which involved a hard-fought battle to the finish between Grundy and Bustino, is frequently described as the "race of the century". Many of its winners subsequently compete in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and a number go on to have a successful career at stud. The race is often informally referred to as the "King George".
Meghalaya Democratic Party
The Meghalaya Democratic Party (MDP) is a political party in the north-east Indian state of Meghalaya formed in 2002. The party formed as a split from the United Democratic Party.

Following the 2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, the party secured four seats and joined the governing Meghalaya Democratic Alliance coalition under Chief Minister D. D. Lapang. The party secured three ministerial seats in the first cabinet, however, following implementation of 91st Constitutional amendment in 2004, the cabinet was reduced from 39 to 12, with the MDP losing all seats in the cabinet.

The party lost its four seats in the 2008 elections, was unable to win any seats in the 2013 election and did not field any candidates in the 2018 election.

2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election
The Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election was held on 27 February 2018 to elect 59 of 60 members to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, with the results declared on 3 March. The scheduled election in Williamnagar constituency was delayed to an undetermined date following the death of Nationalist Congress Party candidate Jonathone Sangma in an IED blast in East Garo Hills district on 18 February 2018. The incumbent Indian National Congress government, led by Chief Minister Mukul Sangma, attempted to win re-election for the third consecutive time but was defeated by the Meghalaya Democratic Alliance.
Jan Žumer
Jan Žumer (born 9 June 1982 in Ljubljana) is a Slovenian athlete who specializes in the 100 metres, 200 metres and the long jump.

In the long jump he competed at the 2002 European Indoor Championships, the 2005 European Indoor Championships and the 2006 European Championships without reaching the final round. In the 100 metres he competed at the 2006 European Championships (semi-final) and the 2007 World Championships (quarter-final) without reaching the final round.

He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering.

2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships
The 2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships were held from Friday, 1 March to Sunday, 3 March 2002 in Vienna, the capital city of Austria. This was the last edition to be held in an even year to avoid it occurring in the same year as the outdoor European Athletics Championships.
2012–13 Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball team
The 2012–13 Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball team represented Southern Illinois University Carbondale during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Salukis, led by first year head coach Barry Hinson, played their home games at the SIU Arena and were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 14–17, 6–12 in MVC play to finish in last place. They lost in the first round of the Missouri Valley tournament to Missouri State.

2013 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2013 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament, popularly referred to as "Arch Madness", as part of the 2012-13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season was played in St. Louis, Missouri March 7–10, 2013 at the Scottrade Center. The championship game was televised on CBS on Sunday March 10. The tournament's winner received the Missouri Valley Conference's automatic bid to the 2013 NCAA tournament.
Maria Zasypkina
Maria Yuryevna Zasypkina (Russian: Мария Юрьевна Засыпкина, born 9 December 1985) is a retired Russian artistic gymnast. She won a team silver medal at the 2001 World Championships and an individual bronze at the 2000 European Championships, on the vault. In November 2001 she sustained a severe spine injury and retired from gymnastics.

Zasypkina's mother is an engineer-designer working at Almaz-Antey. Her father is a retired competitive sprint runner. Her elder sister Anna is a retired competitive artistic gymnast.

Zasypkina shares surname with Svetlana Zasypkina, another Russian artistic gymnast who retired in 1988 after a similar spine injury. These events were presented in the film A Little Doll.

Almaz-Antey Corporation
JSC Concern VKO "Almaz-Antey" (Russian: ОАО "Концерн ВКО "Алмаз-Антей"») is a Russian state-owned company in the arms industry, a result of a merger of Antey Corporation and NPO Almaz, unifying some of the national military enterprises, in particular, the developers of anti-aircraft defence and cruise missile systems. The organisation is headquartered in Moscow and is the world's eighth-largest defence contractor measured by 2017 defence revenues. In 2017, Almaz-Antey had arms sales of $9.125 billion.

The Almaz-Antey group produce air defense systems, firearms for aircraft and armored vehicles, artillery shells and surface-to-surface missiles, airspace surveillance and coordination and artillery radars. The group also manufacture civilian products such as navigation systems, air traffic systems, civil airtraffic- and weather radars, sewage cleaning systems, ventilation valves for nuclear power plants, and plastic packaging for cosmetics and food products.
2008 Churchill Cup
The 2008 Churchill Cup took place between 7 June and 21 June 2008 in what was the sixth year of the Churchill Cup. Six rugby union teams took part: Canada, England Saxons, Ireland A, Scotland A, the USA, and an Argentinian XV.

England A national rugby union team
England A is England's men's second national rugby union team. The team has previously been known by a number of names, such as England B, Emerging England and, most recently, England Saxons. England A were unbeaten for 13 games until losing to Ireland A, now known as Ireland Wolfhounds, in the 2009 Churchill Cup Final on 21 June 2009.

England A was one of three sides that regularly competed in the now-defunct annual Churchill Cup competition, the others being the full national teams of Canada and the United States. From 2006 onwards, they also regularly played two matches against other European countries in parallel with the full Six Nations Championship.
Federico López
Federico López Camacho (March 26, 1962 – November 6, 2006), better known as Fico López, was a Puerto Rican professional basketball player. He was a member of the Mets de Guaynabo from 1981 to 1997. Together with his brother-in-law, Mario Morales, López won various championships in the Puerto Rican league.

Although he was born in Mexico, López represented the Puerto Rican national team. He played for Puerto Rico at the FIBA World Championship in 1986, 1990, 1994 — and at the Olympics in 1988 and 1992. During the 1990 World Championship, he was named to the WC All-Tournament Team after leading the tournament in assists and helping Puerto Rico to its best ever finish, fourth, after losing the bronze game to the United States by two points.

FIBA Basketball World Cup All-Tournament Team
The FIBA Basketball World Cup All-Tournament Team is an award, that is given by FIBA, to the five best players of the FIBA Basketball World Cup. The 2023 tournament marked the first time an All-Second Team was selected.

Oscar Schmidt and Wlamir Marques of Brazil have the most All-Tournament team awards with three each.
Melanie Onn
Melanie Onn (born 19 June 1979) is a British politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes since 2024. A member of the Labour Party, she previously served as MP for Great Grimsby from 2015 to 2019.

Onn was Shadow Deputy Leader of the House of Commons from 2015 to 2016, and a Shadow Minister for Housing from 2017 to 2019. At the 2019 general election, she was defeated by Lia Nici, the Conservative candidate.

After leaving Parliament, Onn served as Deputy Chief Executive of RenewableUK from 2020 to 2023. At the 2024 general election, she was elected as MP for the new constituency of Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes, defeating Nici in a rematch.

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for housing, communities, and local government in England. It was established in May 2006 and is the successor to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, established in 2001. The department shares its headquarters building, at 2 Marsham Street in London, with the Home Office.

There are corresponding departments in the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, and the Northern Ireland Executive, responsible for communities and local government in their respective jurisdictions.
Atelopus angelito
Atelopus angelito, the Angelito stubfoot toad, is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and rivers.

True toad
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
Gymnasium Remchingen
The Gymnasium Remchingen is a public secondary school (Gymnasium) located in the municipality of Remchingen, Enz district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The school operates under the G8 system, where students graduate with the Abitur after 12 years of education. Founded in 2003, Gymnasium Remchingen serves Remchingen and the surrounding area including the municipalities Pfinztal and Keltern.

Enzkreis
Enzkreis (German pronunciation: [ˈɛntskʁaɪs], Enz district) is a Landkreis (district) in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Karlsruhe, Heilbronn, Ludwigsburg, Böblingen and Calw. The district-free Pforzheim area in the south is nearly completely surrounded by Enz.
Opposition research
In politics, opposition research (also called oppo research) is the practice of collecting information on a political opponent or other adversary that can be used to discredit or otherwise weaken them. The information can include biographical, legal, criminal, medical, educational, or financial history or activities, as well as prior media coverage, or the voting record of a politician. Opposition research can also entail using trackers to follow an individual and record their activities or political speeches.

The research is usually conducted in the time period between announcement of intent to run and the actual election; however political parties maintain long-term databases that can cover several decades. The practice is both a tactical maneuver and a cost-saving measure. The term is frequently used to refer not just to the collection of information but also how it is utilized, as a component of negative campaigning.

Data collection
Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a research component in all study fields, including physical and social sciences, humanities, and business. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture evidence that allows data analysis to lead to the formulation of credible answers to the questions that have been posed.

Regardless of the field of or preference for defining data (quantitative or qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintain research integrity. The selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors.
A9 motorway (Switzerland)
The A9 motorway, a motorway in western Switzerland, is a divided highway connecting from Ballaigues (in northwest) to southwestern Switzerland. It is part of the National Road N9.

It is double-tracked as a divided highway (directionally separated) in most sections. The N9/A9 runs from Ballaigues on the French border via Vevey, Sion, Brig on the Simplon Pass up to Gondo on the Italian border. The line Sierre-Gamsen is still under construction and not passable. The construction of this 31-kilometre (19 mi) line will cost 2270 million CHF: it is funded at 4% by the Canton of Valais and at 96% by the Swiss federal government.

Sierre
Sierre (French pronunciation: [sjɛʁ] ⓘ; German: Siders [ˈzidərs]; Arpitan: Siérro [ˈʃiʁo] ⓘ) is the capital municipality of the district of Sierre, located in the Rhône valley in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It has a population of 18,020.
Sierre is nicknamed City of the Sun (French: Cité du Soleil) for its average of 300 days of sunshine a year.

It is the last official French-speaking city in Valais before the French–German language border of the canton located at the forêt de Finges, a few kilometres after the town. A German-speaking minority lives in Sierre, counting for around 8% of the population.
Tibicenini
Tibicenini is a former tribe name from the insect family Cicadidae (the true cicadas), based on the family group taxon established by Distant (1889). As of 2021, the name became unavailable to zoological nomenclature due to the suppression of its type genus Tibicen Berthold, 1827 by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Cicada genera grouped at the tribe level with genus Lyristes (the current name for the former genus Tibicen) are generally referenced under the name Cryptotympanini Handlirsch, 1925.

Lyristes
Lyristes is a genus of cicadas from Europe and the Middle East. It was described by G. Horvath in 1926.

Many authors previously listed the species of Lyristes under genus Tibicen Berthold, 1827, which shares the same type species. However, in 2021, this senior objective synonym was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by Opinion 2475 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

Beginning in 2015, many American and Asian species were moved from this genus to create the new genera Auritibicen, Hadoa, Neotibicen, and Megatibicen, following molecular and morphological evidence.
City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, 603 U.S. 520 (2024), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that local government ordinances with civil and criminal penalties for camping on public land do not constitute cruel and unusual punishment of homeless people.

Public land
In all modern states, a portion of land is held by central or local governments. This is called public land, state land, or Crown land (Commonwealth realms). The system of tenure of public land, and the terminology used, varies between countries.  The following examples illustrate some of the range.
Palatka, Magadan Oblast
Palatka (Russian: Палатка, lit. tent) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Khasynsky District of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the Kolyma Highway, 87 kilometers (54 mi) northwest of Magadan and about 100 kilometers (62 mi) south of Atka. Population:  4,244 (2010 census); 4,888 (2002 census); 10,496 (1989 Soviet census).

R504 Kolyma Highway
59°35′18″N 150°49′54″E﻿ / ﻿59.58829°N 150.8317°E﻿ / 59.58829; 150.8317

The R504 Kolyma Highway (Russian: Федеральная автомобильная дорога «Колыма», Federal'naya Avtomobil'naya Doroga «Kolyma», "Federal Automobile Highway 'Kolyma'"), part of the M56 route, is a road through the Russian Far East. It connects Magadan with the town of Nizhny Bestyakh, located on the eastern bank of the Lena River, opposite of Yakutsk. At Nizhny Bestyakh the Kolyma Highway connects to the Lena Highway.

The Kolyma Highway has been colloquially called the Road of Bones (Russian: Дорога Костей Doróga Kostéy). Locally, the road is known as the Kolyma Route (Russian: Колымская трасса Kolýmskaya trássa).
Hiji Bypass
Hiji Bypass (日出バイパス, Hiji Baipasu) is a toll road in Ōita Prefecture. It is owned and operated by the West Nippon Expressway Company (NEXCO West Japan). The route is signed E97 under Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism's  "2016 Proposal for Realization of Expressway Numbering."

West Nippon Expressway Company
The West Nippon Expressway Company Limited (西日本高速道路株式会社, Nishi-nihon Kōsoku-dōro Kabushiki-gaisha), abbreviated as NEXCO West (NEXCO西日本, NEXCO Nishi-Nihon), is one of the main operators of expressways and toll roads in Japan. It is headquartered on the 19th floor of Dojima Avanza in Kita-ku, Osaka.
The company was established on October 1, 2005, as a result of the privatization of Japan Highway Public Corporation. The company manages roadways mainly in the Kansai and Chūgoku regions as well as on Kyūshū, Shikoku, and Okinawa Island. Roadways in other regions of Japan are managed by East Nippon Expressway Company and Central Nippon Expressway Company.
21st century in ichnology
The 21st century in ichnology refers to advances made between the years 1900 and 1999 in the scientific study of trace fossils, the preserved record of the behavior and physiological processes of ancient life forms, especially fossil footprints.

1999 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1999.
Antonio Maria Bordoni
Antonio Maria Bordoni (19 July 1789 – 26 March 1860) was an Italian mathematician who did research on mathematical analysis, geometry, and mechanics. Joining the faculty of the University of Pavia in 1817, Bordoni is generally considered to be the founder of the mathematical school of Pavia. He was a member of various learned academies, notably the Accademia dei XL. Bordoni's famous students were Francesco Brioschi, Luigi Cremona, Eugenio Beltrami, Felice Casorati and Delfino Codazzi.

Mechanics
Mechanics (from Ancient Greek  μηχανική (mēkhanikḗ) 'of machines') is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to objects may result in displacements, which are changes of an object's position relative to its environment.

Theoretical expositions of this branch of physics have their origins in Ancient Greece, for instance, in the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes (see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics). During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Christiaan Huygens, and Isaac Newton laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics.

In the 20th century the concepts of classical mechanics were challenged by new discoveries, leading to fundamentally new approaches including relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics.
Mario Melchiot
Mario Dino Patrick Melchiot (born 4 November 1976) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played both as a right-back and as a centre-back, and also occasionally played in midfield. He represented the Netherlands national football team at UEFA Euro 2008, and mostly played abroad for football clubs in England, France and Qatar.

KNVB Cup
The KNVB Beker (pronounced [ˌkaːʔɛɱveːˈbeː ˈbeːkər]; English: KNVB Cup), branded as the Eurojackpot KNVB Beker for sponsorship reasons, is a competition in the Netherlands organised by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1898. It was based on the format of the English FA Cup. Outside the Netherlands, it is often referred to as the Dutch Cup. The tournament consists of all teams from the top four tiers of Dutch league football (Eredivisie, Eerste Divisie, Tweede Divisie and Derde Divisie), as well as the 24 semi-finalists (or replacements) of the six KNVB District Cups. The finals of the tournament traditionally takes place in De Kuip, and has been held there every season since the 1989 final. The winners of the cup compete against the winners of the Eredivisie for the Johan Cruyff Shield, (equivalent to a super cup) which acts as the curtain raiser for the following season.
Jan Jaroměřský
Jan Jaroměřský (born September 10, 1988) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman for HC Oceláři Třinec of the Czech Extraliga.

Jaroměřský previously played for HC Olomouc, joining the team in 2013 and helped them win promotion to the Czech Extraliga that season. He would go on to play 261 games for Olomouc over the next seven seasons. On April 30, 2020, Jaroměřský moved to HC Oceláři Třinec.

HC Olomouc
HC Olomouc is a professional ice hockey team in the Czech Extraliga, from the city of Olomouc. They won the Extraliga championship in the 1993/1994 season. In 1997, the club sold the Extraliga license to HC Karlovy Vary, and was thus relegated to the second-level league. They returned to the Extraliga in 2014.