hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Retirement planning
Retirement planning, in a financial context, refers to the allocation of savings or revenue for retirement. The goal of retirement planning is to achieve financial independence.

The process of retirement planning aims to:

Assess readiness-to-retire given a desired retirement age and lifestyle, i.e., whether one has enough money to retire

Identify actions to improve readiness-to-retire

Acquire financial planning knowledge

Encourage saving practices

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Clyde Lewis (cartoonist)
Clyde Lewis (1911–1976) was an American newspaper cartoonist for the Newspaper Enterprise Association syndicate (which became the United Feature Syndicate) and the King Features Syndicate.

His early work for the NEA included Hold Everything! and Herky.

After switching to King he produced Snickeroos, which was retitled Pvt. Buck. He continued Pvt. Buck as a member of the US Army during World War II.

Lewis continued to publish Pvt. Buck until 1952, when it was canceled. His last work was for The Sacramento Union in the 1970s, when he drew The Sacramentans.

King Features Syndicate
King Features Syndicate, Inc. is an American content distribution and animation studio, consumer product licensing and print syndication company owned by Hearst Communications that distributes about 150 comic strips, newspaper columns, editorial cartoons, puzzles, and games to nearly 5,000 newspapers worldwide. King Features Syndicate also produces intellectual properties, develops new content and franchises (like The Cuphead Show!, which it produced with Netflix), and licenses its classic characters and properties.

King Features Syndicate is a unit of Hearst Holdings, Inc., which combines the Hearst Corporation's cable-network partnerships, television programming, distribution activities, and syndication companies. King Features' affiliate syndicates are North America Syndicate and Cowles Syndicate.
Mohammad Omar (footballer, born 1976)
Mohammed Omar Mohammed Ahmed Al-Shaddadi, known as Mohammad Omar (Arabic: محمد عمر, born November 11, 1976, in Dubai, UAE) is a retired  Emirati footballer, serving as the CEO for Mumbai Tigers F.C. in India. He was the captain of the UAE national football team from 2002 to 2008. During his professional football career which spanned over 20 years he has played for many clubs including Al Wasl, Al Ain, Al Jazira, Al Dhafra, Al-Nasr, and Ajman Club. In Summer 2010, Omar announced that he would move back to the club that he started with, Al Wasl FC to play a final season and retire.  In 2002, he joined Omani club, Dhofar and competed with them in the final of the Sultan Qaboos Cup, and scored the only goal for the team in a game which they eventually lost to neighbor's, Al-Nasr.

Mohammed Omar is the younger brother of the UAE's football legend Zuhair Bakhit.

Mumbai Tigers FC
Mumbai Tigers Football Club (formerly known as Dodsal FC) was an Indian professional football club based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The club were formed in May 2012 as Dodsal Football Club with the aim of becoming the biggest football club in India and one of the biggest in Asia. They have completed in the I-League 2nd Division alongside Mumbai Football League.
Forest Comprehensive School
Forest Comprehensive School was a secondary school located in Hawbush Road, Harden, Walsall, West Midlands, England.

It was built during the 1950s to serve the council housing estates in the Blakenall Heath, Harden, Goscote and Coalpool areas, which had gradually developed since 1920, and was originally known as W.R. Wheway School (with secondary modern status) until becoming Forest Comprehensive in September 1973.

It remained open until July 1992 when it closed due to falling pupil numbers.

The school buildings have been retained as the Hawbush Centre, which serves the local community for activities such as recreation and adult education.

Goscote, Walsall
Goscote is a residential area of Walsall in the West Midlands of England. The Goscote name dates back several centuries and as recently as the 1920s it was a largely rural area that had survived the recent Industrial Revolution which dramatically altered the face of the region.
Congestion of the brain
"Congestion of the brain" and "cerebral congestion" were medical terms used before hypertension was understood. The term was first proposed by Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch in the nineteenth century and was widely used for the next 150 years, and had a major influence on the treatment of stroke. It was used for what are now known to be cerebral haemorrhage, lacunes, état criblé (widened perivascular spaces throughout the basal ganglia, particularly in the corpus striatum), depression, manic outbursts, headaches, coma, and seizures. It was said to be "more common... than any other affliction of the nervous system." The concept fell out of use with advances in medicine.

Lacunar stroke
Lacunar stroke or lacunar cerebral infarct (LACI) is the most common type of ischemic stroke, resulting from the occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide blood to the brain's deep structures. Patients who present with symptoms of a lacunar stroke, but who have not yet had diagnostic imaging performed, may be described as having lacunar stroke syndrome (LACS).

Much of the current knowledge of lacunar strokes comes from C. Miller Fisher's cadaver dissections of post-mortem stroke patients. He observed "lacunae" (empty spaces) in the deep brain structures after occlusion of 200–800 μm penetrating arteries and connected them with five classic syndromes. These syndromes are still noted today, though lacunar infarcts are diagnosed based on clinical judgment and radiologic imaging.
Michałów, Gmina Dmosin
Michałów [miˈxawuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dmosin, within Brzeziny County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) east of Dmosin, 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Brzeziny, and 30 km (19 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Brzeziny, Brzeziny County
Brzeziny ([bʐɛˈʑinɨ]; Yiddish: ברעזין, Brezin) is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship, about 20 km (12 mi) east of Łódź. It is the capital of Brzeziny County and has a population of 12,326 as of December 2021. It is situated on the Mrożyca River within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Yuta Bandoh
Yuta Bandoh (Japanese: 坂東 祐大, Hepburn: Bandō Yūta; born January 25, 1991), also known as Taku Matsushiba (松司馬拓), is a Japanese composer. He is best known for his work on Belle (2021), Yuri on Ice (2016), Kaiju No. 8 (2024), and Poupelle of Chimney Town (2020), as well as his collaborations with Kenshi Yonezu. Bandoh won the 45th Japan Academy Film Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Music for his work on Belle.

Kenshi Yonezu
Kenshi Yonezu (米津 玄師, Yonezu Kenshi; born March 10, 1991) is a Japanese singer and songwriter. He started releasing Vocaloid music under the stage name Hachi (ハチ) in 2009. In 2012, he debuted under his real name, releasing music with his own voice. He has sold at least 4.2 million physical copies and over 7 million digital copies in Japan.

Yonezu's 2018 single "Lemon" became his biggest hit in Japan, topping the Billboard Japan Hot 100 year-end chart for two consecutive years (2018–2019). His 2022 song "Kick Back" is his most successful single to date outside Japan, debuting on international charts including UK Rock & Metal Singles and US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs, and was certified Platinum by the RIAA for 1,000,000 sold copies in the United States, becoming the first song with Japanese lyrics to achieve it.
Tower Publications
Tower Publications was an American publisher based in New York City that operated from 1958 to 1982. Originally known for their Midwood Books line of erotic men's fiction, it also published science fiction and fantasy under its Tower Books line and published comic books in the late 1960s under its Tower Comics imprint. In the early 1970s, Tower acquired paperback publisher Belmont Books, forming the Belmont Tower line. Archie Comics' cofounder Louis Silberkleit was a silent partner in Tower's ownership; longtime Archie editor Harry Shorten was a major figure with Tower in all its iterations.

Erotic literature
The term erotic literature refers to fictional or factual stories and accounts of eros (passionate, romantic, or sexual relationships) intended to sexually arouse readers. This may overlap yet also contrast with erotica, which focuses more specifically on sexual feelings. Other common elements are satire and social criticism. Much erotic literature features erotic art to illustrate the text.

Although cultural disapproval of erotic literature has always existed, its circulation was not seen as a major problem before the invention of printing, as the costs of producing individual manuscripts limited distribution to a very small group of wealthy and literate readers. The invention of printing, in the 15th century, brought with it both a greater market and increasing restrictions, including censorship and legal restraints on publication on the grounds of obscenity. Because of this, much of the production of this type of material became clandestine.
Control volume
In continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, a control volume (CV) is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference, it is a fictitious region of a given volume fixed in space or moving with constant flow velocity through which the continuuum (a continuous medium such as gas, liquid or solid) flows. The closed surface enclosing the region is referred to as the control surface.

At steady state, a control volume can be thought of as an arbitrary volume in which the mass of the continuum remains constant. As a continuum moves through the control volume, the mass entering the control volume is equal to the mass leaving the control volume. At steady state, and in the absence of work and heat transfer, the energy within the control volume remains constant. It is analogous to the classical mechanics concept of the free body diagram.

Surface (topology)
In topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball. Other surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to any ambient space. For example, the Klein bottle is a surface that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.

Topological surfaces are sometimes equipped with additional information, such as a Riemannian metric or a complex structure, that connects them to other disciplines within mathematics, such as differential geometry and complex analysis. The various mathematical notions of surface can be used to model surfaces in the physical world.
Alexander (Aetolian general)
Alexander (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος) of Aetolia, in conjunction with Dorimachus, put himself in possession of the town of Aegeira in Achaea during the Social War, in 220 BC.  The conduct of Alexander and his associates disrespected the inhabitants and took so much of their resources, that the inhabitants of the town rose to expel the small band of the Aetolians. In the ensuing contest Alexander was killed while fighting.

Aetolia
Aetolia (Greek: Αἰτωλία, romanized: Aitōlía) is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, corresponding to the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. Ancient Aetolia was the core of the Aetolian League and also included parts of modern Evrytania.
Akassato
Akassato is a town and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Abomey-Calavi. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 17,197.

Akassato, like many areas of Benin, is home to a constituent monarchy.

Non-sovereign monarchy
A non-sovereign monarchy, subnational monarchy or constituent monarchy is one in which the head of the monarchical polity (whether a geographic territory or an ethnic group), and the polity itself, are subject to a temporal authority higher than their own. The constituent states of the German Empire or the princely states of the British Raj provide historical examples; while the Zulu king, whose power derives from the Constitution of South Africa, is a contemporary one.
Guillermo Fernández-Shaw
Guillermo Fernández-Shaw Iturralde (26 February 1893 - 17 August 1965) was a Spanish poet and journalist. He is particularly known as a writer of libretti, primarily for zarzuelas.  With Federico Romero, he wrote the libretti for two of the best-known zarzuelas of the 20th century, Doña Francisquita by Amadeo Vives and Luisa Fernanda by Federico Moreno Torroba. His father, Carlos Fernández Shaw, was also a playwright, poet and journalist who wrote libretti for several zarzuelas and operas, most famously Margarita la tornera and La vida breve. Guillermo Fernández-Shaw was born in Cádiz and initially trained as a lawyer before becoming a journalist. He was the editor of the Spanish newspaper La Epoca from 1911 to 1936, and a contributor to ABC as well as writing poetry for Blanco y Negro.  His partnership with Federico Romero began in 1916 with their libretto for Serrano's La canción del olvido. Guillermo Fernández-Shaw died in Madrid on 17 August 1965 at the age of 72.

Jesús Guridi
Jesús Guridi Bidaola (25 September 1886 – 7 April 1961) was a Spanish Basque composer who was a key player in 20th-century Spanish and Basque music. His style fits into the late Romantic idiom, directly inherited from Wagner, and with a strong influence from Basque culture. Among his best-known works are the zarzuela El Caserío, the opera Amaya, the orchestral work Ten Basque Melodies and his organ works, where the Triptych of the Good Shepherd can be highlighted.
St Martin's Church, Waithe
St Martin's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Waithe, Lincolnshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  It stands in open countryside near the A16 road between Grimsby and Louth.

Redundant church
A redundant church, now referred to as a closed church, is a church building that is no longer used for Christian worship. The term most frequently refers to former Anglican churches in the United Kingdom, but may also be used for disused churches in other countries. Redundant churches may be deconsecrated, but this is not always done.

Reasons for redundancy include population movements, changing social patterns, merging of parishes, and decline in church attendance (especially in the Global North). Historically, redundant churches were often demolished or left to ruin. Today, many are repurposed as community centres, museums or homes, or are protected under the care of heritage preservation organisations such as Friends of Friendless Churches or the Churches Conservation Trust, and are demolished only if no alternative can be found.
Brucea
Brucea is a genus of plant in the family Simaroubaceae. It is named for the Scottish scholar and explorer James Bruce.

As of December 2023, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:

Brucea antidysenterica J.F.Mill.

Brucea bruceadelpha (Noot.) Kosterm.

Brucea guineensis G.Don

Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.

Brucea macrocarpa Stannard

Brucea mollis Wall. ex A.W.Benn.

Brucea tenuifolia Engl.

Brucea tonkinensis (Lecomte) Gagnep.

Brucea trichotoma Spreng.

Simaroubaceae
The Simaroubaceae, also known as the quassia family, are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phylogeny of the family was published in 2007, greatly clarifying relationships within the family. Together with chemical characteristics such as the occurrence of petroselinic acid in Picrasma, in contrast to other members of the family such as Ailanthus, this indicates the existence of a subgroup in the family with Picrasma, Holacantha, and Castela.

The best-known species is the temperate Chinese tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima, which has become a cosmopolitan weed tree of urban areas and wildlands.

Well-known genera in the family include the tropical Quassia and Simarouba.

It is known in English by the common names of the quassia family or ailanthus family.
Goose Creek (River Raisin)
Goose Creek is a small stream in Hillsdale, Jackson and Lenawee counties in the U.S. state of Michigan.  It is a tributary of the River Raisin.  The headwaters form in Somerset Township in northeast Hillsdale County flowing northeast to join the River Raisin just north of the village of Brooklyn.  The total length of the creek is approximately 12 miles (19 km).  The Goose Greek subbasin covers an area of 40 sq mi (100 km2) with 44% used for agriculture and 38% forest, wetlands, and grasslands.  Only about 12% of the watershed is made up of urban development.  Of all the subbasins within the River Raisin watershed, Goose Creek has maintained the largest share of wetlands and maintains the lowest levels of pollutants.

Hillsdale County, Michigan
Hillsdale County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 45,746.  The county seat is Hillsdale. Hillsdale County is the only county in Michigan to border both Indiana and Ohio. Due to an angle in the state's border with Ohio, Hillsdale County has the southernmost point in Michigan. Hillsdale County is conterminous with the Hillsdale, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county is the home of Hillsdale College, a private liberal-arts college. The Hillsdale County Courthouse was designed by Claire Allen, a prominent southern Michigan architect.
Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife refuge in North America.  Established in 2001 and managed jointly by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service, it is located in a major metropolitan area. The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is one of over 540 National Wildlife Refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service within the Department of the Interior. It occupies 7.88 square miles (20.41 km2) of scattered property but has drawn boundaries for further expansion.

The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge consists primarily of coastal wetlands, several islands in the Detroit River, and waterfront parks. The refuge includes islands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline. It also includes Humbug Marsh, a wetland in southeastern Wayne County, which is classified as a wetland of international importance.

Grosse Ile Township, Michigan
Grosse Ile Township is a civil township of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 10,777 at the 2020 census.

The township encompasses several islands in the Detroit River, of which the largest is named as Grosse Ile. Named by French explorers in 1679, Grosse Île means "Big Island". Later taken under British rule after 1763, the island was not settled by European Americans until after the United States achieved independence in the American Revolutionary War. Grosse Ile Township was organized in 1914 after it split away from Monguagon Township.
Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands
Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands (Reserva de Biosfera y Tierra Comunitaria de Origen Pilón Lajas) is a protected area in Bolivia located in the departments of La Paz (Sud Yungas, Larecaja and Franz Tamayo provinces) and Beni (José Ballivián Province), in their northern and western parts, respectively, about 350 km northeast of La Paz and 50 km west of San Borja. It lies largely within the Bolivian Yungas ecoregion.
The main river that flows in the Pilon Lajas area is the Quiquibey River.

As of 2004, the indigenous population of Pilón Lajas was 1,394, distributed across 25 communities. Predominantly these residents are members of the Mosetén, Tsimané, and Tacana peoples, but they also include intermarried Quechuas, Aymaras, Lecos and Yuracarés.: 145

Aymara people
The Aymara or Aimara (Aymara: aymara, listenⓘ) people are an Indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America. Approximately 2.3 million Aymara live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

The Aymara have lived in the region for over 7,250 years. By the late 15th century or early 16th century, they became a subject people of the Inca Empire and later of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Following the Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1825), the Aymara became subjects to the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), Chile annexed territory inhabited by the Aymara population.
Khâi-Ma Local Municipality
Khâi-Ma Municipality (Afrikaans: Khâi-Ma Munisipaliteit; Tswana: Mmasepala wa Khâi-Ma) is a local municipality within the Namakwa District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Khâi-Ma is a Khoekhoe word meaning "to stand up".

Khoekhoe language
Khoekhoe or Khoikhoi (/ˈkɔɪ.kɔɪ/ KOY-koy; Khoekhoegowab, Khoekhoe pronunciation: [k͡xʰo̜͡ek͡xʰo̜͡egowab]), also known by the ethnic terms Nama (/ˈnɑː.mə/ NAH-mə; Namagowab), Damara (ǂNūkhoegowab), or Nama/Damara and formerly as Hottentot, is the most widespread of the non-Bantu languages of Southern Africa that make heavy use of click consonants and therefore were formerly classified as Khoisan, a grouping now recognized as obsolete. It belongs to the Khoe language family, and is spoken in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa primarily by three ethnic groups: Namakhoen, ǂNūkhoen, and Haiǁomkhoen.
Billietite
Billietite is an uncommon mineral of uranium that contains barium.  It has the chemical formula: Ba(UO2)6O4(OH)6•8H2O. It usually occurs as clear yellow  orthorhombic crystals.  
Billietite is named after Valere Louis Billiet (1903–1945), Belgian crystallographer at the University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.

Billietite was discovered in the locality of the Shinkolobwe uranium mine in the Haut-Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Orthorhombic crystal system
In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems. Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors, resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base (a by b) and height (c), such that a, b, and c are distinct. All three bases intersect at 90° angles, so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal.