hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bostaniçi
Bostaniçi is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of İpekyolu, Van Province, Turkey. Its population is 31,714 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde) in the central district of Van Province.

It lies within the metropolitan area of the city of Van. The Armenian name of the town was Sghka. Bostaniçi is located at the foot of Mount Erek (Erek Dağı), the highest mountain of Van.

Van Province
Van Province (Turkish: Van ili, Kurdish: Parezgêha Wanê, Armenian: Վանի մարզ) is a province and metropolitan municipality in the Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. Its area is 20,921 km2, and its population is 1,128,749 (2022). Its adjacent provinces are Bitlis to the west, Siirt to the southwest, Şırnak and Hakkâri to the south, and Ağrı to the north. The capital of the province is the city of Van, with a population of 525,016 as of 2022. The second-largest city is Erciş, with 92,945 inhabitants in 2022. The province was part of ancient province of Vaspurakan and is considered to be one of the cradles of Armenian civilization. Before the Armenian genocide, Van Province was one of the six Armenian vilayets. A majority of the population of the province is Kurdish and considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.
Cliff effect
In telecommunications, the (digital) cliff effect or brick-wall effect is a sudden loss of digital signal reception. Unlike analog signals, which gradually fade when signal strength decreases or electromagnetic interference or multipath increases, a digital signal provides data which is either perfect or non-existent at the receiving end. It is named for a graph of reception quality versus signal quality, where the digital signal "falls off a cliff" instead of having a gradual rolloff. This is an example of an EXIT chart.

The phenomenon is primarily seen in broadcasting, where signal strength is liable to vary, rather than in recorded media, which generally have a good signal. However, it may be seen in significantly damaged media that is at the edge of readability.

Analog signal
An analog signal (American English) or analogue signal (British and Commonwealth English) is any signal, typically a continuous-time signal, representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies in a manner analogous to the pressure of the sound waves.

In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized numeric values, typically but not necessarily in the form of a binary value. Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization noise.

The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.
Nkasi District
Nkasi District (formerly Nkansi District) is one of the three districts of the Rukwa Region of Tanzania, with its headquarters in the village of Namanyere.  It is bordered to the north by the Mpanda District of Katavi Region; to the east by the Sumbawanga District; to the south by the Sumbawanga Rural District and Zambia; and to the west by Lake Tanganyika across from the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The district covers 13,124 square kilometres (5,067 sq mi). As of 2022, the population of the Nkasi District was 425,420.

Lake Tanganyika
Lake Tanganyika (/ˌtæŋɡənˈjiːkə, -ɡæn-/ TANG-gən-YEE-kə, -⁠gan-; Kirundi: Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika) is an African Great Lake. It is the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and the second deepest, in both cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. It is also the 6th largest lake by area. The lake is shared among four countries—Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC), Burundi, and Zambia—with Tanzania (46%) and the DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. It drains via the Lukuga River into the Congo River system, which ultimately discharges at Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo into the Atlantic Ocean.
Arabella Campbell
Arabella Campbell is a Canadian artist based in Vancouver, British Columbia. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of British Columbia in 1996, and a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Emily Carr University of Art and Design (renamed in 2008) in 2002. She attended the San Francisco Art Institute from 1998 to 2000. She has exhibited locally, nationally, and internationally. She works out of a warehouse studio in False Creek Flats, Vancouver.

San Francisco Art Institute
San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI) was a private college of contemporary art in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1871, SFAI was one of the oldest art schools in the United States and the oldest west of the Mississippi River. Approximately 220 undergraduates and 112 graduate students were enrolled in 2021. The institution was accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) and the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), and was a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). The school closed permanently in July 2022.
Raivo Kotov
Raivo Kotov (born 11 October 1976 in Viljandi) is an Estonian architect.

From 1995 to 2000 Raivo Kotov studied in the Department of Architecture and City Planning of the Estonian Academy of Arts.

Raivo Kotov works in the architectural bureau KOKO Arhitektid OÜ.

Notable works by Raivo Kotov are the Expo 2000 Estonian pavilion in Hannover, the apartment building on Vabriku street, the Fahle building and the Metro Plaza office building in the centre of Tallinn. Raivo Kotov is a member of the Union of Estonian Architects.

Union of Estonian Architects
Union of Estonian Architects (or Estonian Association of Architects, EAA; Estonian: Eesti Arhitektide Liit) organizes architects, landscape architects and architecture researchers.

EAA re-established 27 June 1989. EAA is a legal successor of Estonian Association of Architects, which was established on 8 October 1921.

Since 2010 the head of EAA is Peeter Pere.

Every year EAA gives out annual prize to Estonian architects or to Estonian architectural firms who have projected the most notable structure in the past year.

EAA publishes Newsletter of the Estonian Association of Architects. It is issued once or twice per year.
1996 Conference USA baseball tournament
The 1996 Conference USA baseball tournament was the 1996 postseason college baseball championship of the NCAA Division I Conference USA, held at Pete Taylor Park in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, from May 14 through 19.  Tulane won the tournament and received Conference USA's automatic bid to the 1996 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.  The tournament consisted of nine teams with a play-in game, two double-elimination brackets, and a single-game final.

1996 NCAA Division I baseball tournament
The 1996 NCAA Division I baseball tournament was played at the end of the 1996 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball.  The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series, a double-elimination tournament in its fiftieth year.  Eight regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event.  Each region was composed of six teams, resulting in 48 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season, and in some cases, after a conference tournament.  The fiftieth tournament's champion was LSU, coached by Skip Bertman.  The Most Outstanding Player was Pat Burrell of Miami (FL).
Thomas J. Pilgrim
Thomas Jefferson Pilgrim (December 14, 1804 – October 30, 1877) started the first school in Texas.  The town of Pilgrim, Texas, is named for Thomas J. Pilgrim.  Thomas was born to Thomas and Dorcas Pilgrim, in East Haddam, Connecticut. Thomas attended the Hamilton Literary and Theological Institute at Colgate University. In 1828, Pilgrim heard about the settlements in Texas and left school in New York to travel to Texas in the company of approximately sixty men. The pilgrimage (npi) was led by Elias R. Wightman. Pilgrim arrived at Matagorda, Texas.  Soon thereafter, Pilgrim served the Austin Colony as a Spanish interpreter. Pilgrim was also a close friend of Stephen F. Austin.

Matagorda, Texas
Matagorda (/ˈmætəˈɡɔːrdə/ ⓘ) is a census-designated place in Matagorda County, Texas, United States. It is located near the mouth of the Colorado River on the upper Texas coast in the United States. In 2020, its population was 313. Matagorda is primarily a tourist town, with commercial and recreational fishing being the top industries. Approximately 23 miles (37 km) of the beach are accessible by vehicle and 35 additional miles are accessible only by boat. Matagorda is at the end of State Highway 60 and the beginning of Farm to Market Road 2031, which runs over the Intracoastal Waterway and south to the Gulf of Mexico.
K.I.Z
K.I.Z is a German hip hop group from Berlin consisting of the rappers Tarek, Nico and Maxim. Until 2018, DJ Craft was also part of the group. Their lyrics often contain a lot of dark humor and irony as well as sociocritical content.

German hip-hop
German hip-hop (locally known as Deutschrap) refers to hip hop music in the German language. Elements of American hip hop culture, such as graffiti art and breakdancing, diffused into Western Europe in the early 1980s.
First warrant officer
First warrant officer (1WO) is a warrant officer rank in the Singapore Armed Forces. It is senior to second warrant officer but junior to master warrant officer.

First warrant officers may be given appointments such as battalion regimental sergeant major. They may serve tours as instructors, or on various staffs. As comparatively senior warrant officers, they may be given appointments normally given to commissioned officers at such as quartermaster at non-combat units or platoon commander at training units.

Quartermaster
Quartermaster is a military term, the meaning of which depends on the country and service. In land armies, a quartermaster is an officer or enlisted soldier who supervises logistics and requisitions, manages stores or barracks, and distributes supplies and provisions. In many navies, a quartermaster is a seaman or petty officer with responsibility for navigation and operation of the helm of a ship.

The term appears to derive from the title of a German royal official, the Quartiermeister. This term meant "master of quarters" (where "quarters" refers to lodging or accommodation). Alternatively, it could have been derived from "master of the quarterdeck" where the helmsman and captain controlled the ship.  The term's first use in English was as a naval term, which entered English in the 15th century via the equivalent French and Dutch naval titles quartier-maître and kwartier-meester, respectively. The term began to refer to army officers in English around 1600.
Buzz (DC Thomson)
Buzz was an A3 (broadsheet) British comic book magazine that ran from 20 January 1973 to 4 January 1975, when it merged with The Topper. Edited by Roy Patterson Buzz ran for 103 Issues.

Other staff that worked on the comic included Euan Kerr, who went on to edit The Beano for 20 years, and Garry Fraser, future editor of Classics from the Comics and the Fun Size Dandy. Notable artists included Ken H. Harrison and Gordon Bell.

Ken H. Harrison
Ken H. Harrison (born c. 1940) is a British comic artist best known for his work for DC Thomson. His credits include Robbie Rebel, Big Brad Wolf and Lord Snooty for The Beano, The Hoot Squad for Hoot (later reprinted as The Beano's The Riot Squad), The Broons and Oor Wullie for The Sunday Post, Skookum Skool, Spookum Skool and The Snookums for Buzz and Cracker comics.

He drew Oor Wullie and The Broons for The Sunday Post for many years, Desperate Dan for The Dandy between 1983 and 2007 until The Dandy was revamped. He drew the front cover illustration for Classics from the Comics. Until 2012 he drew Minnie the Minx from The Beano, in a style reminiscent of original artist Leo Baxendale.
The Wings of the Dove (Playhouse 90)
"The Wings of the Dove" was an American television play broadcast on January 8, 1959 as part of the CBS television series, Playhouse 90.  The cast included Dana Wynter, James Donald, and Isabel Jeans. Robert Stevens was the director. The teleplay was written by Meade Roberts as an adaptation of the novel, The Wings of the Dove, by Henry James.

Dana Wynter
Dana Wynter (born Dagmar Winter; 8 June 1931 – 5 May 2011) was a German-born British actress, who was raised in the United Kingdom and southern Africa. She appeared in film and television for more than 40 years, beginning in the 1950s. Her best-known film performance was in Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956). A tall, dark, elegant beauty, she played both victim and villain. Her characters both in film and on television sometimes faced horrific dangers, which they often did not survive, but she also played scheming, manipulative women on television mysteries and crime procedural dramas.
Borka, Kamrup
Borka, also known as Borka Satgaon, is a large village in Kamalpur tehsil, Kamrup Rural district, Assam, India. It is situated near Changsari and is a 30 km distance from Guwahati. The village is a distance of 5 km from AIIMS Guwahati.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati (AIIMS Guwahati) is a public medical institute and hospital based in  Guwahati, Assam under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government Of India, and one of the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMSs). On 26 May 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of the Institute. The institute was inaugurated on 14 April 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The institute has an annual intake of 100 MBBS students. The academic activity for the first batch of 50 MBBS students started in January 2021.
Beyond Infinity (mathematics book)
Beyond Infinity : An Expedition to the Outer Limits of Mathematics is a popular mathematics book by Eugenia Cheng centered on concepts of infinity. It was published by Basic Books and (with a slightly different title) by Profile Books in 2017, and in a paperback edition in 2018. It was shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize.

Basic Books
Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group. It publishes books in the fields of psychology, philosophy, economics, science, politics, sociology, current affairs, and history.
Holme Valley
Holme Valley, formerly Holmfirth is a large civil parish in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It has a population of 25,049 (2001 census), increasing to 34,680 for the two wards in the 2011 Census.  Its administrative centre is in Holmfirth. Other sizeable settlements in the parish include, Brockholes, Honley and New Mill. It is named from the River Holme that runs through the parish.

The parish is the successor to the Holmfirth urban district.  An urban district covering Holmfirth was created in 1894 by the Local Government Act 1894 and then in 1938, under a County Review Order, absorbed parts of the Holme, Honley, New Mill, South Crosland and Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas urban districts, keeping the name.  Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Holmfirth urban district was abolished on 1 April 1974, but its area was retained as a single civil parish with a parish council. On 1 April 1976 the parish was renamed from "Holmfirth" to "Holme Valley".

Local Government Act 1929
The Local Government Act 1929 (19 & 20 Geo. 5. c. 17) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made changes to the Poor Law and local government in England and Wales.

The act abolished the system of poor law unions in England and Wales and their boards of guardians, transferring their powers to local authorities. It also gave county councils increased powers over highways, and made provisions for the restructuring of urban and rural districts as more efficient local government areas.
Alabama State Route 52
State Route 52 (SR 52) is an 82.805-mile-long (133.262 km) state highway in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The western terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 331 (US 331) at Opp. The eastern terminus of the highway is at the Georgia state line east of Columbia, where the highway crosses over the Chattahoochee River and enter Hilton, Georgia as Georgia State Route 62 (SR 62).

Chattahoochee River
The Chattahoochee River (/ˌtʃætəˈhuːtʃi/) is a river in the Southeastern United States. It forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida and Georgia border. It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River, a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles (690 km) long. The Chattahoochee, Flint, and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin (ACF River Basin). The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF's drainage basin.
KYIS
KYIS (98.9 FM, "98.9 KISS FM") is a hot adult contemporary radio station serving the Oklahoma City area and is owned by Cumulus Media.  KYIS-FM's studios are located in Northwest Oklahoma City and a transmitter site is in the Northside of the city.

Oklahoma City metropolitan area
The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is an urban region in Central Oklahoma. It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Oklahoma and contains the state capital and principal city, Oklahoma City. It is often known as the Oklahoma City Metro (sometimes shortened to simply "the Metro"), or Greater Oklahoma City in addition to the nicknames Oklahoma City itself is known for, such as OKC or "the 405".

Counties in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area include Canadian, Cleveland, Grady, Lincoln, Logan, McClain, and Oklahoma. According to the 2020 U.S. census, the metropolitan region had a population of 1,425,695, up from 1,083,346 at the 2000 census.

The Micropolitan Statistical Area of Shawnee (in Pottawatomie County) is included in Oklahoma City's Combined Statistical Area (CSA) which brings the area population to 1,498,693.
Newman Wachs Racing
Newman Wachs Racing (also referred to as NWR) is an auto racing team owned by Eddie Wachs and, until his death, Paul Newman. NWR was based outside of Chicago in Mundelein, Illinois. Newman and Wachs met when they both competed in Can-Am series in the mid-1970s and over the years talked about joining forces to create a driver development race team. They formed a Champ Car Atlantic team for the 2006 season to meet their objectives.

In 2009, John Edwards won the Atlantic Championship, beating teammate Jonathan Summerton in a tiebreaker.

For 2010, the team entered a SpeedSource-prepared Mazda RX-8 in the Rolex Sports Car Series GT class for Edwards and Adam Christodoulou.

In 2016, the team announced a return to open wheel racing in the U.S. F2000 National Championship.

Mundelein, Illinois
Mundelein is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States and a northern suburb of Chicago. Per the 2020 census, the population was 31,560, making this the fourth largest town in Lake County. The village straddles Libertyville Township and Fremont Township, and borders Grayslake, Ivanhoe, Diamond Lake, and Libertyville. The village lies 33 miles northwest of the Chicago Loop.

Mundelein was first settled by European settlers in 1835, and was incorporated in 1909 after a spur line connected the village to the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad. The University of Saint Mary of the Lake opened in 1921, and in June 1926 the village hosted the closing events of the 28th International Eucharistic Congress, bringing hundreds of thousands of people to the village. Its name was changed four times over its history, including two after incorporation.
Government Medical College, Badaun
28°1′4″N 79°4′54″E﻿ / ﻿28.01778°N 79.08167°E﻿ / 28.01778; 79.08167

Government Medical College, Badaun, also known as Badaun Medical College, is a tertiary government medical college and hospital. It is located at Badaun in Uttar Pradesh. The college is affiliated with Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission.

National Medical Commission
The National Medical Commission (NMC) is a statutory body in India that regulates medical education, medical professionals, institutes, and research. Established on 25 September 2020, it replaced the Medical Council of India. The Commission grants recognition of medical qualifications, gives accreditation to medical schools, grants registration to medical practitioners, and monitors medical practice and assesses the medical infrastructure in India.

It was earlier established for 6 months by an ordinance in January 2019 and later became a permanent law passed by Parliament of India and later approved by President of India on 08-August-2019.
Katun
Katun mainly refers to a form of autonomous medieval community in the Balkans, generally made up of semi-nomadic herders (see Katun (community)). The term has been preserved in some local place names:

Katun (Vranje), a village in Vranje Municipality, Serbia

Katun (Aleksinac), a village in Aleksinac Municipality, Serbia

Gornji Katun, a village in Varvarin Municipality, Serbia

Donji Katun, a village in Varvarin Municipality, Serbia

Katun, Pljevlja, a village in Pljevlja Municipality, Montenegro

Katun nahiya, a small province (nahiya) during the Ottoman rule in Montenegro

Katun, Poreč, a village in Poreč Municipality, Croatia

Poreč
Poreč (pronounced [ˈpɔrɛtʃ]; Italian: Parenzo; known also by several alternative names) is a town and municipality on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula, in Istria County, west Croatia. Its major landmark is the 6th-century Euphrasian Basilica, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.

The town is almost 2,000 years old, and is set around a harbour protected from the sea by the small island of Sveti Nikola. Its population of approximately 12,000 resides mostly on the outskirts, while the wider Poreč area has a population of approximately 16,600 inhabitants. The municipal area covers 142 square kilometres (55 sq mi), with the 37 kilometres (23 miles) long shoreline stretching from the Mirna River near Novigrad (Cittanova) to Funtana (Fontane) and Vrsar (Orsera) in the south.
Ambadwet
Ambadwet is a village situated near the banks of the Mula river, Taluka Mulshi, Pune district, India. Mahindra Conveyor Systems, a subdivision of the Indian automobile manufacturer Mahindra & Mahindra, has a facility of manufacturing material handling equipment like conveyor belts in this village.

Pune district
Pune district (Marathi pronunciation: [puɳeː]) is a district in Western Maharashtra with Administrative Headquarters in Pune city. Pune district is the most populous district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is one of the most industrialized districts in India.